@article{RN177,
   author = {van Veenendaal, T. M. and M., IJff D. and Aldenkamp, A. P. and Hofman, P. A. and Vlooswijk, M. C. and Rouhl, R. P. and de Louw, A. J. and Backes, W. H. and Jansen, J. F.},
   title = {Metabolic and functional MR biomarkers of antiepileptic drug effectiveness: A review},
   journal = {Neurosci Biobehav Rev},
   volume = {59},
   pages = {92-9},
   note = {van Veenendaal, Tamar M
IJff, Dominique M
Aldenkamp, Albert P
Hofman, Paul A M
Vlooswijk, Marielle C G
Rouhl, Rob P W
de Louw, Anton J
Backes, Walter H
Jansen, Jacobus F A
eng
Review
2015/10/18 06:00
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2015 Dec;59:92-9. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.10.004. Epub 2015 Oct 22.},
   abstract = {As a large number of patients with epilepsy do not respond favorably to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), a better understanding of treatment failure and the cause of adverse side effects is required. The working mechanisms of AEDs also alter neurotransmitter concentrations and brain activity, which can be measured using MR spectroscopy and functional MR imaging, respectively. This review presents an overview of clinical research of MR spectroscopy and functional MR imaging studies to the effects of AEDs on the brain. Despite the scarcity of studies associating MR findings to the effectiveness of AEDs, the current research shows clear potential regarding this matter. Several GABAergic AEDs have been shown to increase the GABA concentration, which was related to seizure reductions, while language problems due to topiramate have been associated with altered activation patterns measured with functional MR imaging. MR spectroscopy and functional MR imaging provide biomarkers that may predict individual treatment outcomes, and enable the assessment of mechanisms of treatment failure and cognitive side effects.},
   keywords = {Animals
Anticonvulsants/*therapeutic use
Biomarkers/*analysis
Brain/*drug effects/*physiopathology
Epilepsy/*drug therapy/physiopathology
Humans
Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism
Treatment Outcome
Anticonvulsant
Cognitive side effects
Functional MRI
MR spectroscopy
Treatment failure},
   ISSN = {1873-7528 (Electronic)
0149-7634 (Linking)},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.10.004},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26475992
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S014976341500264X?via%3Dihub},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

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F."],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"article","type":"Journal Article","author":[{"propositions":["van"],"lastnames":["Veenendaal"],"firstnames":["T.","M."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["M."],"firstnames":["IJff","D."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Aldenkamp"],"firstnames":["A.","P."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Hofman"],"firstnames":["P.","A."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Vlooswijk"],"firstnames":["M.","C."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Rouhl"],"firstnames":["R.","P."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":["de"],"lastnames":["Louw"],"firstnames":["A.","J."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Backes"],"firstnames":["W.","H."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Jansen"],"firstnames":["J.","F."],"suffixes":[]}],"title":"Metabolic and functional MR biomarkers of antiepileptic drug effectiveness: A review","journal":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev","volume":"59","pages":"92-9","note":"van Veenendaal, Tamar M IJff, Dominique M Aldenkamp, Albert P Hofman, Paul A M Vlooswijk, Marielle C G Rouhl, Rob P W de Louw, Anton J Backes, Walter H Jansen, Jacobus F A eng Review 2015/10/18 06:00 Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2015 Dec;59:92-9. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.10.004. Epub 2015 Oct 22.","abstract":"As a large number of patients with epilepsy do not respond favorably to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), a better understanding of treatment failure and the cause of adverse side effects is required. The working mechanisms of AEDs also alter neurotransmitter concentrations and brain activity, which can be measured using MR spectroscopy and functional MR imaging, respectively. This review presents an overview of clinical research of MR spectroscopy and functional MR imaging studies to the effects of AEDs on the brain. Despite the scarcity of studies associating MR findings to the effectiveness of AEDs, the current research shows clear potential regarding this matter. Several GABAergic AEDs have been shown to increase the GABA concentration, which was related to seizure reductions, while language problems due to topiramate have been associated with altered activation patterns measured with functional MR imaging. MR spectroscopy and functional MR imaging provide biomarkers that may predict individual treatment outcomes, and enable the assessment of mechanisms of treatment failure and cognitive side effects.","keywords":"Animals Anticonvulsants/*therapeutic use Biomarkers/*analysis Brain/*drug effects/*physiopathology Epilepsy/*drug therapy/physiopathology Humans Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism Treatment Outcome Anticonvulsant Cognitive side effects Functional MRI MR spectroscopy Treatment failure","issn":"1873-7528 (Electronic) 0149-7634 (Linking)","doi":"10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.10.004","url":"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26475992 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S014976341500264X?via%3Dihub","year":"2015","bibtex":"@article{RN177,\n author = {van Veenendaal, T. M. and M., IJff D. and Aldenkamp, A. P. and Hofman, P. A. and Vlooswijk, M. C. and Rouhl, R. P. and de Louw, A. J. and Backes, W. H. and Jansen, J. F.},\n title = {Metabolic and functional MR biomarkers of antiepileptic drug effectiveness: A review},\n journal = {Neurosci Biobehav Rev},\n volume = {59},\n pages = {92-9},\n note = {van Veenendaal, Tamar M\nIJff, Dominique M\nAldenkamp, Albert P\nHofman, Paul A M\nVlooswijk, Marielle C G\nRouhl, Rob P W\nde Louw, Anton J\nBackes, Walter H\nJansen, Jacobus F A\neng\nReview\n2015/10/18 06:00\nNeurosci Biobehav Rev. 2015 Dec;59:92-9. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.10.004. Epub 2015 Oct 22.},\n abstract = {As a large number of patients with epilepsy do not respond favorably to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), a better understanding of treatment failure and the cause of adverse side effects is required. The working mechanisms of AEDs also alter neurotransmitter concentrations and brain activity, which can be measured using MR spectroscopy and functional MR imaging, respectively. This review presents an overview of clinical research of MR spectroscopy and functional MR imaging studies to the effects of AEDs on the brain. Despite the scarcity of studies associating MR findings to the effectiveness of AEDs, the current research shows clear potential regarding this matter. Several GABAergic AEDs have been shown to increase the GABA concentration, which was related to seizure reductions, while language problems due to topiramate have been associated with altered activation patterns measured with functional MR imaging. 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