@article{RN191,
   author = {van Veenendaal, T. M. and M., IJff D. and Aldenkamp, A. P. and Lazeron, R. H. C. and Puts, N. A. J. and Edden, R. A. E. and Hofman, P. A. M. and de Louw, A. J. A. and Backes, W. H. and Jansen, J. F. A.},
   title = {Glutamate concentrations vary with antiepileptic drug use and mental slowing},
   journal = {Epilepsy Behav},
   volume = {64},
   number = {Pt A},
   pages = {200-205},
   note = {van Veenendaal, Tamar M
IJff, Dominique M
Aldenkamp, Albert P
Lazeron, Richard H C
Puts, Nicolaas A J
Edden, Richard A E
Hofman, Paul A M
de Louw, Anton J A
Backes, Walter H
Jansen, Jacobus F A
eng
2016/10/17 06:00
Epilepsy Behav. 2016 Nov;64(Pt A):200-205. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.08.027. Epub 2016 Oct 13.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Although antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are effective in suppressing epileptic seizures, they also induce (cognitive) side effects, with mental slowing as a general effect. This study aimed to assess whether concentrations of MR detectable neurotransmitters, glutamate and GABA, are associated with mental slowing in patients with epilepsy taking AEDs. METHODS: Cross-sectional data were collected from patients with localization-related epilepsy using a variety of AEDs from three risk categories, i.e., AEDs with low, intermediate, and high risks of developing cognitive problems. Patients underwent 3T MR spectroscopy, including a PRESS (n=55) and MEGA-PRESS (n=43) sequence, to estimate occipital glutamate and GABA concentrations, respectively. The association was calculated between neurotransmitter concentrations and central information processing speed, which was measured using the Computerized Visual Searching Task (CVST) and compared between the different risk categories. RESULTS: Combining all groups, patients with lower processing speeds had lower glutamate concentrations. Patients in the high-risk category had a lower glutamate concentration and lower processing speed compared with patients taking low-risk AEDs. Patients taking intermediate-risk AEDs also had a lower glutamate concentration compared with patients taking low-risk AEDs, but processing speed did not differ significantly between those groups. No associations were found between the GABA concentration and risk category or processing speed. CONCLUSIONS: For the first time, a relation is shown between glutamate concentration and both mental slowing and AED use. It is suggested that the reduced excitatory action, reflected by lowered glutamate concentrations, may have contributed to the slowing of information processing in patients using AEDs with higher risks of cognitive side effects.},
   keywords = {Adult
Anticonvulsants/*therapeutic use
Cognition/*physiology
Cross-Sectional Studies
Epilepsy/diagnostic imaging/drug therapy/*metabolism/psychology
Female
Glutamic Acid/*metabolism
Humans
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Male
Middle Aged
Neuropsychological Tests
Occipital Lobe/diagnostic imaging/*metabolism
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism
*Anticonvulsant
*Cognitive side effects
*Gaba
*Glutamate
*MR spectroscopy},
   ISSN = {1525-5069 (Electronic)
1525-5050 (Linking)},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.08.027},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27744245
https://www.epilepsybehavior.com/article/S1525-5050(16)30430-9/fulltext
https://www.epilepsybehavior.com/article/S1525-5050(16)30430-9/pdf},
   year = {2016},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

{"_id":"dC5CM3rMW3u6rJij4","bibbaseid":"vanveenendaal-m-aldenkamp-lazeron-puts-edden-hofman-delouw-etal-glutamateconcentrationsvarywithantiepilepticdruguseandmentalslowing-2016","authorIDs":["9uYiZAT4SGYEdwuhG","CHX5tw5dNmS7tFMt9","DoNKbgB55xkR6SehT","FEbMpouv9cRyJBZv3","GtL5d4iFpEuoJacN7","Jeci2sNzJiMSDeJvc","QqoDaykDZWJd9YuAu","TEAWLnKpXtQE8hs6C","dR2ye6bifAsonnNMz","eJ9fizm2KNxBgiNfF","hGdeHv63Gb3m6CybW","hShritfXo7Lzr2RkJ","jDvmx9aE5aohaf7P7","rQrciQZhPyL9ovwM8","zTR82AHQxLXLWt4wi"],"author_short":["van Veenendaal, T. M.","M., I. D.","Aldenkamp, A. P.","Lazeron, R. H. C.","Puts, N. A. J.","Edden, R. A. E.","Hofman, P. A. M.","de Louw, A. J. A.","Backes, W. H.","Jansen, J. F. A."],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"article","type":"Journal Article","author":[{"propositions":["van"],"lastnames":["Veenendaal"],"firstnames":["T.","M."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["M."],"firstnames":["IJff","D."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Aldenkamp"],"firstnames":["A.","P."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Lazeron"],"firstnames":["R.","H.","C."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Puts"],"firstnames":["N.","A.","J."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Edden"],"firstnames":["R.","A.","E."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Hofman"],"firstnames":["P.","A.","M."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":["de"],"lastnames":["Louw"],"firstnames":["A.","J.","A."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Backes"],"firstnames":["W.","H."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Jansen"],"firstnames":["J.","F.","A."],"suffixes":[]}],"title":"Glutamate concentrations vary with antiepileptic drug use and mental slowing","journal":"Epilepsy Behav","volume":"64","number":"Pt A","pages":"200-205","note":"van Veenendaal, Tamar M IJff, Dominique M Aldenkamp, Albert P Lazeron, Richard H C Puts, Nicolaas A J Edden, Richard A E Hofman, Paul A M de Louw, Anton J A Backes, Walter H Jansen, Jacobus F A eng 2016/10/17 06:00 Epilepsy Behav. 2016 Nov;64(Pt A):200-205. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.08.027. Epub 2016 Oct 13.","abstract":"OBJECTIVE: Although antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are effective in suppressing epileptic seizures, they also induce (cognitive) side effects, with mental slowing as a general effect. This study aimed to assess whether concentrations of MR detectable neurotransmitters, glutamate and GABA, are associated with mental slowing in patients with epilepsy taking AEDs. METHODS: Cross-sectional data were collected from patients with localization-related epilepsy using a variety of AEDs from three risk categories, i.e., AEDs with low, intermediate, and high risks of developing cognitive problems. Patients underwent 3T MR spectroscopy, including a PRESS (n=55) and MEGA-PRESS (n=43) sequence, to estimate occipital glutamate and GABA concentrations, respectively. The association was calculated between neurotransmitter concentrations and central information processing speed, which was measured using the Computerized Visual Searching Task (CVST) and compared between the different risk categories. RESULTS: Combining all groups, patients with lower processing speeds had lower glutamate concentrations. Patients in the high-risk category had a lower glutamate concentration and lower processing speed compared with patients taking low-risk AEDs. Patients taking intermediate-risk AEDs also had a lower glutamate concentration compared with patients taking low-risk AEDs, but processing speed did not differ significantly between those groups. No associations were found between the GABA concentration and risk category or processing speed. CONCLUSIONS: For the first time, a relation is shown between glutamate concentration and both mental slowing and AED use. It is suggested that the reduced excitatory action, reflected by lowered glutamate concentrations, may have contributed to the slowing of information processing in patients using AEDs with higher risks of cognitive side effects.","keywords":"Adult Anticonvulsants/*therapeutic use Cognition/*physiology Cross-Sectional Studies Epilepsy/diagnostic imaging/drug therapy/*metabolism/psychology Female Glutamic Acid/*metabolism Humans Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Male Middle Aged Neuropsychological Tests Occipital Lobe/diagnostic imaging/*metabolism gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism *Anticonvulsant *Cognitive side effects *Gaba *Glutamate *MR spectroscopy","issn":"1525-5069 (Electronic) 1525-5050 (Linking)","doi":"10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.08.027","url":"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27744245 https://www.epilepsybehavior.com/article/S1525-5050(16)30430-9/fulltext https://www.epilepsybehavior.com/article/S1525-5050(16)30430-9/pdf","year":"2016","bibtex":"@article{RN191,\n author = {van Veenendaal, T. M. and M., IJff D. and Aldenkamp, A. P. and Lazeron, R. H. C. and Puts, N. A. J. and Edden, R. A. E. and Hofman, P. A. M. and de Louw, A. J. A. and Backes, W. H. and Jansen, J. F. A.},\n title = {Glutamate concentrations vary with antiepileptic drug use and mental slowing},\n journal = {Epilepsy Behav},\n volume = {64},\n number = {Pt A},\n pages = {200-205},\n note = {van Veenendaal, Tamar M\nIJff, Dominique M\nAldenkamp, Albert P\nLazeron, Richard H C\nPuts, Nicolaas A J\nEdden, Richard A E\nHofman, Paul A M\nde Louw, Anton J A\nBackes, Walter H\nJansen, Jacobus F A\neng\n2016/10/17 06:00\nEpilepsy Behav. 2016 Nov;64(Pt A):200-205. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.08.027. Epub 2016 Oct 13.},\n abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Although antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are effective in suppressing epileptic seizures, they also induce (cognitive) side effects, with mental slowing as a general effect. This study aimed to assess whether concentrations of MR detectable neurotransmitters, glutamate and GABA, are associated with mental slowing in patients with epilepsy taking AEDs. METHODS: Cross-sectional data were collected from patients with localization-related epilepsy using a variety of AEDs from three risk categories, i.e., AEDs with low, intermediate, and high risks of developing cognitive problems. Patients underwent 3T MR spectroscopy, including a PRESS (n=55) and MEGA-PRESS (n=43) sequence, to estimate occipital glutamate and GABA concentrations, respectively. The association was calculated between neurotransmitter concentrations and central information processing speed, which was measured using the Computerized Visual Searching Task (CVST) and compared between the different risk categories. RESULTS: Combining all groups, patients with lower processing speeds had lower glutamate concentrations. Patients in the high-risk category had a lower glutamate concentration and lower processing speed compared with patients taking low-risk AEDs. Patients taking intermediate-risk AEDs also had a lower glutamate concentration compared with patients taking low-risk AEDs, but processing speed did not differ significantly between those groups. No associations were found between the GABA concentration and risk category or processing speed. CONCLUSIONS: For the first time, a relation is shown between glutamate concentration and both mental slowing and AED use. It is suggested that the reduced excitatory action, reflected by lowered glutamate concentrations, may have contributed to the slowing of information processing in patients using AEDs with higher risks of cognitive side effects.},\n keywords = {Adult\nAnticonvulsants/*therapeutic use\nCognition/*physiology\nCross-Sectional Studies\nEpilepsy/diagnostic imaging/drug therapy/*metabolism/psychology\nFemale\nGlutamic Acid/*metabolism\nHumans\nMagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy\nMale\nMiddle Aged\nNeuropsychological Tests\nOccipital Lobe/diagnostic imaging/*metabolism\ngamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism\n*Anticonvulsant\n*Cognitive side effects\n*Gaba\n*Glutamate\n*MR spectroscopy},\n ISSN = {1525-5069 (Electronic)\n1525-5050 (Linking)},\n DOI = {10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.08.027},\n url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27744245\nhttps://www.epilepsybehavior.com/article/S1525-5050(16)30430-9/fulltext\nhttps://www.epilepsybehavior.com/article/S1525-5050(16)30430-9/pdf},\n year = {2016},\n type = {Journal Article}\n}\n\n","author_short":["van Veenendaal, T. 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