Tackling wicked problems in infection prevention and control: a guideline for co-creation with stakeholders. van Woezik, A., F., Braakman-Jansen, L., M., Kulyk, O., Siemons, L., & van Gemert-Pijnen, J., E. Antimicrobial resistance and infection control, 5:20-016-0119-2. eCollection 2016, 5, 2016.
abstract   bibtex   
BACKGROUND: Infection prevention and control can be seen as a wicked public health problem as there is no consensus regarding problem definition and solution, multiple stakeholders with different needs and values are involved, and there is no clear end-point of the problem-solving process. Co-creation with stakeholders has been proposed as a suitable strategy to tackle wicked problems, yet little information and no clear step-by-step guide exist on how to do this. The objectives of this study were to develop a guideline to assist developers in tackling wicked problems using co-creation with stakeholders, and to apply this guideline to practice with an example case in the field of infection prevention and control. METHODS: A mixed-method approach consisting of the integration of both quantitative and qualitative research was used. Relevant stakeholders from the veterinary, human health, and public health sectors were identified using a literature scan, expert recommendations, and snowball sampling. The stakeholder salience approach was used to select key stakeholders based on 3 attributes: power, legitimacy, and urgency. Key values of stakeholders (N = 20) were derived by qualitative semi-structured interviews and quantitatively weighted and prioritized using an online survey. RESULTS: Our method showed that stakeholder identification and analysis are prerequisites for understanding the complex stakeholder network that characterizes wicked problems. A total of 73 stakeholders were identified of which 36 were selected as potential key stakeholders, and only one was seen as a definite stakeholder. In addition, deriving key stakeholder values is a necessity to gain insights into different problem definitions, solutions and needs stakeholders have regarding the wicked problem. Based on the methods used, we developed a step-by-step guideline for co-creation with stakeholders when tackling wicked problems. CONCLUSIONS: The mixed-methods guideline presented here provides a systematic, transparent method to identify, analyze, and co-create with stakeholders, and to recognize and prioritize their values, problem definitions, and solutions in the context of wicked problems. This guideline consists of a general framework and although it was applied in an eHealth context, may be relevant outside of eHealth as well.
@article{
 title = {Tackling wicked problems in infection prevention and control: a guideline for co-creation with stakeholders},
 type = {article},
 year = {2016},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Guideline,One health,Stakeholder,Wicked problem,Zoonosis,eHealth},
 pages = {20-016-0119-2. eCollection 2016},
 volume = {5},
 month = {5},
 day = {21},
 city = {Center for eHealth and Wellbeing Research; Department of Psychology, Health and Technology. Faculty of Behavioral, Management and Social Sciences, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands.; Center for eHealth and Wellbeing Research; Department of Psych},
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 created = {2016-08-21T22:19:04.000Z},
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 notes = {JID: 101585411; OTO: NOTNLM; 2016 [ecollection]; 2016/03/18 [received]; 2016/05/10 [accepted]; 2016/05/21 [epublish]; epublish},
 folder_uuids = {73e8a6b0-723d-49a5-bdf3-8e7a7d6e5be0},
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 abstract = {BACKGROUND: Infection prevention and control can be seen as a wicked public health problem as there is no consensus regarding problem definition and solution, multiple stakeholders with different needs and values are involved, and there is no clear end-point of the problem-solving process. Co-creation with stakeholders has been proposed as a suitable strategy to tackle wicked problems, yet little information and no clear step-by-step guide exist on how to do this. The objectives of this study were to develop a guideline to assist developers in tackling wicked problems using co-creation with stakeholders, and to apply this guideline to practice with an example case in the field of infection prevention and control. METHODS: A mixed-method approach consisting of the integration of both quantitative and qualitative research was used. Relevant stakeholders from the veterinary, human health, and public health sectors were identified using a literature scan, expert recommendations, and snowball sampling. The stakeholder salience approach was used to select key stakeholders based on 3 attributes: power, legitimacy, and urgency. Key values of stakeholders (N = 20) were derived by qualitative semi-structured interviews and quantitatively weighted and prioritized using an online survey. RESULTS: Our method showed that stakeholder identification and analysis are prerequisites for understanding the complex stakeholder network that characterizes wicked problems. A total of 73 stakeholders were identified of which 36 were selected as potential key stakeholders, and only one was seen as a definite stakeholder. In addition, deriving key stakeholder values is a necessity to gain insights into different problem definitions, solutions and needs stakeholders have regarding the wicked problem. Based on the methods used, we developed a step-by-step guideline for co-creation with stakeholders when tackling wicked problems. CONCLUSIONS: The mixed-methods guideline presented here provides a systematic, transparent method to identify, analyze, and co-create with stakeholders, and to recognize and prioritize their values, problem definitions, and solutions in the context of wicked problems. This guideline consists of a general framework and although it was applied in an eHealth context, may be relevant outside of eHealth as well.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {van Woezik, A F and Braakman-Jansen, L M and Kulyk, O and Siemons, L and van Gemert-Pijnen, J E},
 journal = {Antimicrobial resistance and infection control}
}

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