@article{RN278,
   author = {Verheggen, I. C. M. and de Jong, J. J. A. and van Boxtel, M. P. J. and Postma, A. A. and Verhey, F. R. J. and Jansen, J. F. A. and Backes, W. H.},
   title = {Permeability of the windows of the brain: feasibility of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of the circumventricular organs},
   journal = {Fluids Barriers CNS},
   volume = {17},
   number = {1},
   pages = {66},
   note = {Verheggen, Inge C M
de Jong, Joost J A
van Boxtel, Martin P J
Postma, Alida A
Verhey, Frans R J
Jansen, Jacobus F A
Backes, Walter H
eng
406-15-031/Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
England
Fluids Barriers CNS. 2020 Oct 28;17(1):66. doi: 10.1186/s12987-020-00228-x.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Circumventricular organs (CVOs) are small structures without a blood-brain barrier surrounding the brain ventricles that serve homeostasic functions and facilitate communication between the blood, cerebrospinal fluid and brain. Secretory CVOs release peptides and sensory CVOs regulate signal transmission. However, pathogens may enter the brain through the CVOs and trigger neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. We investigated the feasibility of dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI to assess the CVO permeability characteristics in vivo, and expected significant contrast uptake in these regions, due to blood-brain barrier absence. METHODS: Twenty healthy, middle-aged to older males underwent brain DCE MRI. Pharmacokinetic modeling was applied to contrast concentration time-courses of CVOs, and in reference to white and gray matter. We investigated whether a significant and positive transfer from blood to brain could be measured in the CVOs, and whether this differed between secretory and sensory CVOs or from normal-appearing brain matter. RESULTS: In both the secretory and sensory CVOs, the transfer constants were significantly positive, and all secretory CVOs had significantly higher transfer than each sensory CVO. The transfer constants in both the secretory and sensory CVOs were higher than in the white and gray matter. CONCLUSIONS: Current measurements confirm the often-held assumption of highly permeable CVOs, of which the secretory types have the strongest blood-to-brain transfer. The current study suggests that DCE MRI could be a promising technique to further assess the function of the CVOs and how pathogens can potentially enter the brain via these structures. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Netherlands Trial Register number: NL6358, date of registration: 2017-03-24.},
   keywords = {Circumventricular organs
Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging
Permeability
Pharmacokinetic modeling},
   ISSN = {2045-8118 (Electronic)
2045-8118 (Linking)},
   DOI = {10.1186/s12987-020-00228-x},
   url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33115484},
   year = {2020},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

{"_id":"MHQoL7zGhELxhFJXj","bibbaseid":"verheggen-dejong-vanboxtel-postma-verhey-jansen-backes-permeabilityofthewindowsofthebrainfeasibilityofdynamiccontrastenhancedmriofthecircumventricularorgans-2020","authorIDs":["TEAWLnKpXtQE8hs6C"],"author_short":["Verheggen, I. C. M.","de Jong, J. J. A.","van Boxtel, M. P. J.","Postma, A. A.","Verhey, F. R. J.","Jansen, J. F. A.","Backes, W. H."],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"article","type":"Journal Article","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Verheggen"],"firstnames":["I.","C.","M."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":["de"],"lastnames":["Jong"],"firstnames":["J.","J.","A."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":["van"],"lastnames":["Boxtel"],"firstnames":["M.","P.","J."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Postma"],"firstnames":["A.","A."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Verhey"],"firstnames":["F.","R.","J."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Jansen"],"firstnames":["J.","F.","A."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Backes"],"firstnames":["W.","H."],"suffixes":[]}],"title":"Permeability of the windows of the brain: feasibility of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of the circumventricular organs","journal":"Fluids Barriers CNS","volume":"17","number":"1","pages":"66","note":"Verheggen, Inge C M de Jong, Joost J A van Boxtel, Martin P J Postma, Alida A Verhey, Frans R J Jansen, Jacobus F A Backes, Walter H eng 406-15-031/Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek England Fluids Barriers CNS. 2020 Oct 28;17(1):66. doi: 10.1186/s12987-020-00228-x.","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Circumventricular organs (CVOs) are small structures without a blood-brain barrier surrounding the brain ventricles that serve homeostasic functions and facilitate communication between the blood, cerebrospinal fluid and brain. Secretory CVOs release peptides and sensory CVOs regulate signal transmission. However, pathogens may enter the brain through the CVOs and trigger neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. We investigated the feasibility of dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI to assess the CVO permeability characteristics in vivo, and expected significant contrast uptake in these regions, due to blood-brain barrier absence. METHODS: Twenty healthy, middle-aged to older males underwent brain DCE MRI. Pharmacokinetic modeling was applied to contrast concentration time-courses of CVOs, and in reference to white and gray matter. We investigated whether a significant and positive transfer from blood to brain could be measured in the CVOs, and whether this differed between secretory and sensory CVOs or from normal-appearing brain matter. RESULTS: In both the secretory and sensory CVOs, the transfer constants were significantly positive, and all secretory CVOs had significantly higher transfer than each sensory CVO. The transfer constants in both the secretory and sensory CVOs were higher than in the white and gray matter. CONCLUSIONS: Current measurements confirm the often-held assumption of highly permeable CVOs, of which the secretory types have the strongest blood-to-brain transfer. The current study suggests that DCE MRI could be a promising technique to further assess the function of the CVOs and how pathogens can potentially enter the brain via these structures. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Netherlands Trial Register number: NL6358, date of registration: 2017-03-24.","keywords":"Circumventricular organs Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging Permeability Pharmacokinetic modeling","issn":"2045-8118 (Electronic) 2045-8118 (Linking)","doi":"10.1186/s12987-020-00228-x","url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33115484","year":"2020","bibtex":"@article{RN278,\n author = {Verheggen, I. C. M. and de Jong, J. J. A. and van Boxtel, M. P. J. and Postma, A. A. and Verhey, F. R. J. and Jansen, J. F. A. and Backes, W. H.},\n title = {Permeability of the windows of the brain: feasibility of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of the circumventricular organs},\n journal = {Fluids Barriers CNS},\n volume = {17},\n number = {1},\n pages = {66},\n note = {Verheggen, Inge C M\nde Jong, Joost J A\nvan Boxtel, Martin P J\nPostma, Alida A\nVerhey, Frans R J\nJansen, Jacobus F A\nBackes, Walter H\neng\n406-15-031/Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek\nEngland\nFluids Barriers CNS. 2020 Oct 28;17(1):66. doi: 10.1186/s12987-020-00228-x.},\n abstract = {BACKGROUND: Circumventricular organs (CVOs) are small structures without a blood-brain barrier surrounding the brain ventricles that serve homeostasic functions and facilitate communication between the blood, cerebrospinal fluid and brain. Secretory CVOs release peptides and sensory CVOs regulate signal transmission. However, pathogens may enter the brain through the CVOs and trigger neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. We investigated the feasibility of dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI to assess the CVO permeability characteristics in vivo, and expected significant contrast uptake in these regions, due to blood-brain barrier absence. METHODS: Twenty healthy, middle-aged to older males underwent brain DCE MRI. Pharmacokinetic modeling was applied to contrast concentration time-courses of CVOs, and in reference to white and gray matter. We investigated whether a significant and positive transfer from blood to brain could be measured in the CVOs, and whether this differed between secretory and sensory CVOs or from normal-appearing brain matter. RESULTS: In both the secretory and sensory CVOs, the transfer constants were significantly positive, and all secretory CVOs had significantly higher transfer than each sensory CVO. The transfer constants in both the secretory and sensory CVOs were higher than in the white and gray matter. 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