@article{RN337,
   author = {Voorter, P. H. M. and van Dinther, M. and Jansen, W. J. and Postma, A. A. and Staals, J. and Jansen, J. F. A. and van Oostenbrugge, R. J. and van der Thiel, M. M. and Backes, W. H.},
   title = {Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption and Perivascular Spaces in Small Vessel Disease and Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Review on MRI Methods and Insights},
   journal = {J Magn Reson Imaging},
   note = {Voorter, Paulien H M
van Dinther, Maud
Jansen, Willemijn J
Postma, Alida A
Staals, Julie
Jansen, Jacobus F A
van Oostenbrugge, Robert J
van der Thiel, Merel M
Backes, Walter H
eng
848109/European Union's Horizon 2020 project "CRUCIAL"/
Review
J Magn Reson Imaging. 2023 Sep 1. doi: 10.1002/jmri.28989.},
   abstract = {Perivascular spaces (PVS) and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption are two key features of cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) and neurodegenerative diseases that have been linked to cognitive impairment and are involved in the cerebral waste clearance system. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers the possibility to study these pathophysiological processes noninvasively in vivo. This educational review provides an overview of the MRI techniques used to assess PVS functionality and BBB disruption. MRI-visible PVS can be scored on structural images by either (subjectively) counting or (automatically) delineating the PVS. We highlight emerging (diffusion) techniques to measure proxies of perivascular fluid and its movement, which may provide a more comprehensive understanding of the role of PVS in diseases. For the measurement of BBB disruption, we explain the most commonly used MRI technique, dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI, as well as a more recently developed technique based on arterial spin labeling (ASL). DCE MRI and ASL are thought to measure complementary characteristics of the BBB. Furthermore, we describe clinical studies that have utilized these MRI techniques in cSVD and neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD). These studies demonstrate the role of PVS and BBB dysfunction in these diseases and provide insight into the large overlap, but also into the differences between cSVD and AD. Overall, MRI techniques may provide valuable insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these diseases and have the potential to be used as markers for disease progression and treatment response. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.},
   keywords = {Alzheimer's disease
blood-brain barrier breakdown
brain clearance
cerebral small vessel disease
magnetic resonance imaging
perivascular spaces},
   ISSN = {1522-2586 (Electronic)
1053-1807 (Linking)},
   DOI = {10.1002/jmri.28989},
   url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37658640},
   year = {2023},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

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H."],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"article","type":"Journal Article","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Voorter"],"firstnames":["P.","H.","M."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":["van"],"lastnames":["Dinther"],"firstnames":["M."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Jansen"],"firstnames":["W.","J."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Postma"],"firstnames":["A.","A."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Staals"],"firstnames":["J."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Jansen"],"firstnames":["J.","F.","A."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":["van"],"lastnames":["Oostenbrugge"],"firstnames":["R.","J."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":["van","der"],"lastnames":["Thiel"],"firstnames":["M.","M."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Backes"],"firstnames":["W.","H."],"suffixes":[]}],"title":"Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption and Perivascular Spaces in Small Vessel Disease and Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Review on MRI Methods and Insights","journal":"J Magn Reson Imaging","note":"Voorter, Paulien H M van Dinther, Maud Jansen, Willemijn J Postma, Alida A Staals, Julie Jansen, Jacobus F A van Oostenbrugge, Robert J van der Thiel, Merel M Backes, Walter H eng 848109/European Union's Horizon 2020 project \"CRUCIAL\"/ Review J Magn Reson Imaging. 2023 Sep 1. doi: 10.1002/jmri.28989.","abstract":"Perivascular spaces (PVS) and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption are two key features of cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) and neurodegenerative diseases that have been linked to cognitive impairment and are involved in the cerebral waste clearance system. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers the possibility to study these pathophysiological processes noninvasively in vivo. This educational review provides an overview of the MRI techniques used to assess PVS functionality and BBB disruption. MRI-visible PVS can be scored on structural images by either (subjectively) counting or (automatically) delineating the PVS. We highlight emerging (diffusion) techniques to measure proxies of perivascular fluid and its movement, which may provide a more comprehensive understanding of the role of PVS in diseases. For the measurement of BBB disruption, we explain the most commonly used MRI technique, dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI, as well as a more recently developed technique based on arterial spin labeling (ASL). DCE MRI and ASL are thought to measure complementary characteristics of the BBB. Furthermore, we describe clinical studies that have utilized these MRI techniques in cSVD and neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD). These studies demonstrate the role of PVS and BBB dysfunction in these diseases and provide insight into the large overlap, but also into the differences between cSVD and AD. Overall, MRI techniques may provide valuable insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these diseases and have the potential to be used as markers for disease progression and treatment response. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.","keywords":"Alzheimer's disease blood-brain barrier breakdown brain clearance cerebral small vessel disease magnetic resonance imaging perivascular spaces","issn":"1522-2586 (Electronic) 1053-1807 (Linking)","doi":"10.1002/jmri.28989","url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37658640","year":"2023","bibtex":"@article{RN337,\n author = {Voorter, P. H. M. and van Dinther, M. and Jansen, W. J. and Postma, A. A. and Staals, J. and Jansen, J. F. A. and van Oostenbrugge, R. J. and van der Thiel, M. M. and Backes, W. H.},\n title = {Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption and Perivascular Spaces in Small Vessel Disease and Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Review on MRI Methods and Insights},\n journal = {J Magn Reson Imaging},\n note = {Voorter, Paulien H M\nvan Dinther, Maud\nJansen, Willemijn J\nPostma, Alida A\nStaals, Julie\nJansen, Jacobus F A\nvan Oostenbrugge, Robert J\nvan der Thiel, Merel M\nBackes, Walter H\neng\n848109/European Union's Horizon 2020 project \"CRUCIAL\"/\nReview\nJ Magn Reson Imaging. 2023 Sep 1. doi: 10.1002/jmri.28989.},\n abstract = {Perivascular spaces (PVS) and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption are two key features of cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) and neurodegenerative diseases that have been linked to cognitive impairment and are involved in the cerebral waste clearance system. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers the possibility to study these pathophysiological processes noninvasively in vivo. This educational review provides an overview of the MRI techniques used to assess PVS functionality and BBB disruption. MRI-visible PVS can be scored on structural images by either (subjectively) counting or (automatically) delineating the PVS. We highlight emerging (diffusion) techniques to measure proxies of perivascular fluid and its movement, which may provide a more comprehensive understanding of the role of PVS in diseases. For the measurement of BBB disruption, we explain the most commonly used MRI technique, dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI, as well as a more recently developed technique based on arterial spin labeling (ASL). DCE MRI and ASL are thought to measure complementary characteristics of the BBB. 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