Observational pain assessment in older persons with dementia in four countries: observer agreement of items and factor structure of the Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition. Waal, M. W. M. d., Dalen‐Kok, A. H. v., Vet, H. C. W. d., Gimenez‐Llort, L., Konstantinovic, L., Tommaso, M. d., Fischer, T., Lukas, A., Kunz, M., Lautenbacher, S., Lobbezoo, F., McGuire, B. E., Steen, J. T. v. d., & Achterberg, W. P. European Journal of Pain.
Observational pain assessment in older persons with dementia in four countries: observer agreement of items and factor structure of the Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition [link]Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   
Background Recognition of pain in people with dementia is challenging. Observational scales have been developed, but there is a need to harmonise and improve the assessment process. In EU initiative COST-Action TD1005, 36 promising items were selected from existing scales to be tested further. We aimed to study the observer agreement of each item, and to analyse the factor structure of the complete set. Methods 190 older persons with dementia were recruited in four different countries (Italy, Serbia, Spain and The Netherlands) from different types of healthcare facilities. Patients represented a convenience sample, with no pre-selection on presence of (suspected) pain. The Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition (PAIC, research version) item pool includes facial expressions of pain (15 items), body movements (10 items), and vocalisations (11 items). Participants were observed by health professionals in two situations, at rest and during movement. Intrarater and interrater reliability was analysed by percentage agreement. The factor structure was examined with principal component analysis with orthogonal rotation. Results Health professionals performed observations in 40 to 57 patients in each country. Intrarater and interrater agreement was generally high (≥70%). However, for some facial expression items, agreement was sometimes below 70%. Factor analyses showed a 6-component solution, which were named as follows: Vocal pain expression, Face anatomical descriptors, Protective body movements, Vocal defence, Tension, and Lack of affect. Conclusions Observation of PAIC items can be done reliably in healthcare settings. Observer agreement is quite promising already without extensive training.
@article{waal_observational_nodate,
	title = {Observational pain assessment in older persons with dementia in four countries: observer agreement of items and factor structure of the {Pain} {Assessment} in {Impaired} {Cognition}},
	volume = {0},
	copyright = {This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {1532-2149},
	shorttitle = {Observational pain assessment in older persons with dementia in four countries},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ejp.1484},
	doi = {10.1002/ejp.1484},
	abstract = {Background Recognition of pain in people with dementia is challenging. Observational scales have been developed, but there is a need to harmonise and improve the assessment process. In EU initiative COST-Action TD1005, 36 promising items were selected from existing scales to be tested further. We aimed to study the observer agreement of each item, and to analyse the factor structure of the complete set. Methods 190 older persons with dementia were recruited in four different countries (Italy, Serbia, Spain and The Netherlands) from different types of healthcare facilities. Patients represented a convenience sample, with no pre-selection on presence of (suspected) pain. The Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition (PAIC, research version) item pool includes facial expressions of pain (15 items), body movements (10 items), and vocalisations (11 items). Participants were observed by health professionals in two situations, at rest and during movement. Intrarater and interrater reliability was analysed by percentage agreement. The factor structure was examined with principal component analysis with orthogonal rotation. Results Health professionals performed observations in 40 to 57 patients in each country. Intrarater and interrater agreement was generally high (≥70\%). However, for some facial expression items, agreement was sometimes below 70\%. Factor analyses showed a 6-component solution, which were named as follows: Vocal pain expression, Face anatomical descriptors, Protective body movements, Vocal defence, Tension, and Lack of affect. Conclusions Observation of PAIC items can be done reliably in healthcare settings. Observer agreement is quite promising already without extensive training.},
	language = {en},
	number = {ja},
	urldate = {2019-09-19},
	journal = {European Journal of Pain},
	author = {Waal, Margot W. M. de and Dalen‐Kok, Annelore H. van and Vet, Henrica C. W. de and Gimenez‐Llort, Lydia and Konstantinovic, Ljubica and Tommaso, Marina de and Fischer, Thomas and Lukas, Albert and Kunz, Miriam and Lautenbacher, Stefan and Lobbezoo, Frank and McGuire, Brian E. and Steen, Jenny T. van der and Achterberg, Wilco P.},
}
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