@Article{Wilbur2009,
  author   = {Ronnie B Wilbur},
  journal  = {Lang Speech},
  title    = {Effects of varying rate of signing on {ASL} manual signs and nonmanual markers.},
  year     = {2009},
  number   = {Pt 2-3},
  pages    = {245-85},
  volume   = {52},
  abstract = {Spoken languages are characterized by flexible, multivariate prosodic
	systems. As a natural language, American Sign Language (ASL), and
	other sign languages (SLs), are also expected to be characterized
	in the same way. Artificially created signing systems for classroom
	use, such as signed English, serve as a contrast to natural sign
	languages. The present article explores the effects of changes in
	signing rate on signs, pauses, and, unlike previous studies, a variety
	of nonmanual markers. Rate was a main effect on the duration of signs,
	the number of pauses and pause duration, the duration of brow raises,
	the duration of licensed lowered brows, the number and duration of
	blinks, all of which decreased with increased signing rate. This
	indicates that signers produced their different signing rates without
	making dramatic changes in the number of signs, but instead by varying
	the sign duration, in accordance with previous observations (Grosjean,
	1978, 1979). These results can be brought to bear on three different
	issues: (1) the difference between grammatical nonmanuals and non-grammatical
	nonmanuals; (2) the fact that nonmanuals in general are not just
	a modality effect; and (3) the use of some nonmanuals as pragmatically
	determined as opposed to overt morphophonological markers reflecting
	the semantic-syntax-pragmatic interfaces.},
  keywords = {19624032},
}

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