@article{Wilkinson2021b,
abstract = {The progression of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic in Africa has so far been heterogeneous, and the full impact is not yet well understood. In this study, we describe the genomic epidemiology using a dataset of 8746 genomes from 33 African countries and two overseas territories. We show that the epidemics in most countries were initiated by importations predominantly from Europe, which diminished after the early introduction of international travel restrictions. As the pandemic progressed, ongoing transmission in many countries and increasing mobility led to the emergence and spread within the continent of many variants of concern and interest, such as B.1.351, B.1.525, A.23.1, and C.1.1. Although distorted by low sampling numbers and blind spots, the findings highlight that Africa must not be left behind in the global pandemic response, otherwise it could become a source for new variants.},
author = {Wilkinson, Eduan and Giovanetti, Marta and Tegally, Houriiyah and San, James E. and Lessells, Richard and Cuadros, Diego and Martin, Darren P. and Rasmussen, David A. and Zekri, Abdel-Rahman N. and Sangare, Abdoul K. and Ouedraogo, Abdoul-Salam and Sesay, Abdul K. and Priscilla, Abechi and Kemi, Adedotun-Sulaiman and Olubusuyi, Adewunmi M. and Oluwapelumi, Adeyemi O. O. and Hammami, Adn{\`{e}}ne and Amuri, Adrienne A. and Sayed, Ahmad and Ouma, Ahmed E. O. and Elargoubi, Aida and Ajayi, Nnennaya A. and Victoria, Ajogbasile F. and Kazeem, Akano and George, Akpede and Trotter, Alexander J. and Yahaya, Ali A. and Keita, Alpha K. and Diallo, Amadou and Kone, Amadou and Souissi, Amal and Chtourou, Amel and Gutierrez, Ana V. and Page, Andrew J. and Vinze, Anika and Iranzadeh, Arash and Lambisia, Arnold and Ismail, Arshad and Rosemary, Audu and Sylverken, Augustina and Femi, Ayoade and Ibrahimi, Azeddine and Marycelin, Baba and Oderinde, Bamidele S. and Bolajoko, Bankole and Dhaala, Beatrice and Herring, Belinda L. and Njanpop-Lafourcade, Berthe-Marie and Kleinhans, Bronwyn and McInnis, Bronwyn and Tegomoh, Bryan and Brook, Cara and Pratt, Catherine B. and Scheepers, Cathrine and Akoua-Koffi, Chantal G. and Agoti, Charles N. and Peyrefitte, Christophe and Daubenberger, Claudia and Morang'a, Collins M. and Nokes, D. James and Amoako, Daniel G. and Bugembe, Daniel L. and Park, Danny and Baker, David and Doolabh, Deelan and Ssemwanga, Deogratius and Tshiabuila, Derek and Bassirou, Diarra and Amuzu, Dominic S. Y. and Goedhals, Dominique and Omuoyo, Donwilliams O. and Maruapula, Dorcas and Foster-Nyarko, Ebenezer and Lusamaki, Eddy K. and Simulundu, Edgar and Ong'era, Edidah M. and Ngabana, Edith N. and Shumba, Edwin and {El Fahime}, Elmostafa and Lokilo, Emmanuel and Mukantwari, Enatha and Philomena, Eromon and Belarbi, Essia and Simon-Loriere, Etienne and Anoh, Etil{\'{e}} A. and Leendertz, Fabian and Ajili, Faida and Enoch, Fakayode O. and Wasfi, Fares and Abdelmoula, Fatma and Mosha, Fausta S. and Takawira, Faustinos T. and Derrar, Fawzi and Bouzid, Feriel and Onikepe, Folarin and Adeola, Fowotade and Muyembe, Francisca M. and Tanser, Frank and Dratibi, Fred A. and Mbunsu, Gabriel K. and Thilliez, Gaetan and Kay, Gemma L. and Githinji, George and van Zyl, Gert and Awandare, Gordon A. and Schubert, Grit and Maphalala, Gugu P. and Ranaivoson, Hafaliana C. and Lemriss, Hajar and Anise, Happi and Abe, Haruka and Karray, Hela H. and Nansumba, Hellen and Elgahzaly, Hesham A. and Gumbo, Hlanai and Smeti, Ibtihel and Ayed, Ikhlas B. and Odia, Ikponmwosa and {Ben Boubaker}, Ilhem Boutiba and Gaaloul, Imed and Gazy, Inbal and Mudau, Innocent and Ssewanyana, Isaac and Konstantinus, Iyaloo and Lekana-Douk, Jean B. and Makangara, Jean-Claude C. and Tamfum, Jean-Jacques M. and Heraud, Jean-Michel and Shaffer, Jeffrey G. and Giandhari, Jennifer and Li, Jingjing and Yasuda, Jiro and Mends, Joana Q. and Kiconco, Jocelyn and Morobe, John M. and Gyapong, John O. and Okolie, Johnson C. and Kayiwa, John T. and Edwards, Johnathan A. and Gyamfi, Jones and Farah, Jouali and Nakaseegu, Joweria and Ngoi, Joyce M. and Namulondo, Joyce and Andeko, Julia C. and Lutwama, Julius J. and O'Grady, Justin and Siddle, Katherine and Adeyemi, Kayode T. and Tumedi, Kefentse A. and Said, Khadija M. and Hae-Young, Kim and Duedu, Kwabena O. and Belyamani, Lahcen and Fki-Berrajah, Lamia and Singh, Lavanya and Martins, Leonardo de O. and Tyers, Lynn and Ramuth, Magalutcheemee and Mastouri, Maha and Aouni, Mahjoub and el Hefnawi, Mahmoud and Matsheka, Maitshwarelo I. and Kebabonye, Malebogo and Diop, Mamadou and Turki, Manel and Paye, Marietou and Nyaga, Martin M. and Mareka, Mathabo and Damaris, Matoke-Muhia and Mburu, Maureen W. and Mpina, Maximillian and Nwando, Mba and Owusu, Michael and Wiley, Michael R. and Youtchou, Mirabeau T. and Ayekaba, Mitoha O. and Abouelhoda, Mohamed and Seadawy, Mohamed G. and Khalifa, Mohamed K. and Sekhele, Mooko and Ouadghiri, Mouna and Diagne, Moussa M. and Mwenda, Mulenga and Allam, Mushal and Phan, My V. T. and Abid, Nabil and Touil, Nadia and Rujeni, Nadine and Kharrat, Najla and Ismael, Nalia and Dia, Ndongo and Mabunda, Nedio and Hsiao, Nei-yuan and Silochi, Nelson B. and Nsenga, Ngoy and Gumede, Nicksy and Mulder, Nicola and Ndodo, Nnaemeka and Razanajatovo, Norosoa H and Iguosadolo, Nosamiefan and Judith, Oguzie and Kingsley, Ojide C. and Sylvanus, Okogbenin and Peter, Okokhere and Femi, Oladiji and Idowu, Olawoye and Testimony, Olumade and Chukwuma, Omoruyi E. and Ogah, Onwe E. and Onwuamah, Chika K. and Cyril, Oshomah and Faye, Ousmane and Tomori, Oyewale and Ondoa, Pascale and Combe, Patrice and Semanda, Patrick and Oluniyi, Paul E. and Arnaldo, Paulo and Quashie, Peter K. and Dussart, Philippe and Bester, Phillip A. and Mbala, Placide K. and Ayivor-Djanie, Reuben and Njouom, Richard and Phillips, Richard O. and Gorman, Richmond and Kingsley, Robert A. and Carr, Rosina A. A. and {El Kabbaj}, Sa{\^{a}}d and Gargouri, Saba and Masmoudi, Saber and Sankhe, Safietou and Lawal, Salako B. and Kassim, Samar and Trabelsi, Sameh and Metha, Samar and Kammoun, Sami and Lemriss, Sana{\^{a}} and Agwa, Sara H. A. and Calvignac-Spencer, S{\'{e}}bastien and Schaffner, Stephen F. and Doumbia, Seydou and Mandanda, Sheila M. and Aryeetey, Sherihane and Ahmed, Shymaa S. and Elhamoumi, Siham and Andriamandimby, Soafy and Tope, Sobajo and Lekana-Douki, Sonia and Prosolek, Sophie and Ouangraoua, Soumeya and Mundeke, Steve A. and Rudder, Steven and Panji, Sumir and Pillay, Sureshnee and Engelbrecht, Susan and Nabadda, Susan and Behillil, Sylvie and Budiaki, Sylvie L. and van der Werf, Sylvie and Mashe, Tapfumanei and Aanniz, Tarik and Mohale, Thabo and Le-Viet, Thanh and Schindler, Tobias and Anyaneji, Ugochukwu J. and Chinedu, Ugwu and Ramphal, Upasana and Jessica, Uwanibe and George, Uwem and Fonseca, Vagner and Enouf, Vincent and Gorova, Vivianne and Roshdy, Wael H. and Ampofo, William K. and Preiser, Wolfgang and Choga, Wonderful T. and Bediako, Yaw and Naidoo, Yeshnee and Butera, Yvan and de Laurent, Zaydah R. and Sall, Amadou A. and Rebai, Ahmed and von Gottberg, Anne and Kouriba, Bourema and Williamson, Carolyn and Bridges, Daniel J. and Chikwe, Ihekweazu and Bhiman, Jinal N. and Mine, Madisa and Cotten, Matthew and Moyo, Sikhulile and Gaseitsiwe, Simani and Saasa, Ngonda and Sabeti, Pardis C. and Kaleebu, Pontiano and Tebeje, Yenew K. and Tessema, Sofonias K. and Happi, Christian and Nkengasong, John and de Oliveira, Tulio},
doi = {10.1126/science.abj4336},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/01462563/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Wilkinson et al. - 2021 - A year of genomic surveillance reveals how the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic unfolded in Africa.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0036-8075},
journal = {Science},
keywords = {OA,genomics{\_}fund{\_}ack,original},
mendeley-tags = {OA,genomics{\_}fund{\_}ack,original},
month = {oct},
number = {6566},
pages = {423--431},
pmid = {34672751},
publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)},
title = {{A year of genomic surveillance reveals how the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic unfolded in Africa}},
url = {https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.abj4336},
volume = {374},
year = {2021}
}

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L.","Njanpop-Lafourcade, B.","Kleinhans, B.","McInnis, B.","Tegomoh, B.","Brook, C.","Pratt, C. B.","Scheepers, C.","Akoua-Koffi, C. G.","Agoti, C. N.","Peyrefitte, C.","Daubenberger, C.","Morang'a, C. M.","Nokes, D. J.","Amoako, D. G.","Bugembe, D. L.","Park, D.","Baker, D.","Doolabh, D.","Ssemwanga, D.","Tshiabuila, D.","Bassirou, D.","Amuzu, D. S. Y.","Goedhals, D.","Omuoyo, D. O.","Maruapula, D.","Foster-Nyarko, E.","Lusamaki, E. K.","Simulundu, E.","Ong'era, E. M.","Ngabana, E. N.","Shumba, E.","El Fahime, E.","Lokilo, E.","Mukantwari, E.","Philomena, E.","Belarbi, E.","Simon-Loriere, E.","Anoh, E. A.","Leendertz, F.","Ajili, F.","Enoch, F. O.","Wasfi, F.","Abdelmoula, F.","Mosha, F. S.","Takawira, F. T.","Derrar, F.","Bouzid, F.","Onikepe, F.","Adeola, F.","Muyembe, F. M.","Tanser, F.","Dratibi, F. A.","Mbunsu, G. K.","Thilliez, G.","Kay, G. L.","Githinji, G.","van Zyl, G.","Awandare, G. A.","Schubert, G.","Maphalala, G. P.","Ranaivoson, H. 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R.","Youtchou, M. T.","Ayekaba, M. O.","Abouelhoda, M.","Seadawy, M. G.","Khalifa, M. K.","Sekhele, M.","Ouadghiri, M.","Diagne, M. M.","Mwenda, M.","Allam, M.","Phan, M. V. T.","Abid, N.","Touil, N.","Rujeni, N.","Kharrat, N.","Ismael, N.","Dia, N.","Mabunda, N.","Hsiao, N.","Silochi, N. B.","Nsenga, N.","Gumede, N.","Mulder, N.","Ndodo, N.","Razanajatovo, N. H","Iguosadolo, N.","Judith, O.","Kingsley, O. C.","Sylvanus, O.","Peter, O.","Femi, O.","Idowu, O.","Testimony, O.","Chukwuma, O. E.","Ogah, O. E.","Onwuamah, C. K.","Cyril, O.","Faye, O.","Tomori, O.","Ondoa, P.","Combe, P.","Semanda, P.","Oluniyi, P. E.","Arnaldo, P.","Quashie, P. K.","Dussart, P.","Bester, P. A.","Mbala, P. K.","Ayivor-Djanie, R.","Njouom, R.","Phillips, R. O.","Gorman, R.","Kingsley, R. A.","Carr, R. A. A.","El Kabbaj, S.","Gargouri, S.","Masmoudi, S.","Sankhe, S.","Lawal, S. B.","Kassim, S.","Trabelsi, S.","Metha, S.","Kammoun, S.","Lemriss, S.","Agwa, S. H. A.","Calvignac-Spencer, S.","Schaffner, S. 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K.","Happi, C.","Nkengasong, J.","de Oliveira, T."],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"article","type":"article","abstract":"The progression of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic in Africa has so far been heterogeneous, and the full impact is not yet well understood. In this study, we describe the genomic epidemiology using a dataset of 8746 genomes from 33 African countries and two overseas territories. We show that the epidemics in most countries were initiated by importations predominantly from Europe, which diminished after the early introduction of international travel restrictions. As the pandemic progressed, ongoing transmission in many countries and increasing mobility led to the emergence and spread within the continent of many variants of concern and interest, such as B.1.351, B.1.525, A.23.1, and C.1.1. Although distorted by low sampling numbers and blind spots, the findings highlight that Africa must not be left behind in the global pandemic response, otherwise it could become a source for new 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In this study, we describe the genomic epidemiology using a dataset of 8746 genomes from 33 African countries and two overseas territories. We show that the epidemics in most countries were initiated by importations predominantly from Europe, which diminished after the early introduction of international travel restrictions. As the pandemic progressed, ongoing transmission in many countries and increasing mobility led to the emergence and spread within the continent of many variants of concern and interest, such as B.1.351, B.1.525, A.23.1, and C.1.1. Although distorted by low sampling numbers and blind spots, the findings highlight that Africa must not be left behind in the global pandemic response, otherwise it could become a source for new variants.},\r\nauthor = {Wilkinson, Eduan and Giovanetti, Marta and Tegally, Houriiyah and San, James E. and Lessells, Richard and Cuadros, Diego and Martin, Darren P. and Rasmussen, David A. and Zekri, Abdel-Rahman N. and Sangare, Abdoul K. and Ouedraogo, Abdoul-Salam and Sesay, Abdul K. and Priscilla, Abechi and Kemi, Adedotun-Sulaiman and Olubusuyi, Adewunmi M. and Oluwapelumi, Adeyemi O. O. and Hammami, Adn{\\`{e}}ne and Amuri, Adrienne A. and Sayed, Ahmad and Ouma, Ahmed E. 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James and Amoako, Daniel G. and Bugembe, Daniel L. and Park, Danny and Baker, David and Doolabh, Deelan and Ssemwanga, Deogratius and Tshiabuila, Derek and Bassirou, Diarra and Amuzu, Dominic S. 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T. and Abid, Nabil and Touil, Nadia and Rujeni, Nadine and Kharrat, Najla and Ismael, Nalia and Dia, Ndongo and Mabunda, Nedio and Hsiao, Nei-yuan and Silochi, Nelson B. and Nsenga, Ngoy and Gumede, Nicksy and Mulder, Nicola and Ndodo, Nnaemeka and Razanajatovo, Norosoa H and Iguosadolo, Nosamiefan and Judith, Oguzie and Kingsley, Ojide C. and Sylvanus, Okogbenin and Peter, Okokhere and Femi, Oladiji and Idowu, Olawoye and Testimony, Olumade and Chukwuma, Omoruyi E. and Ogah, Onwe E. and Onwuamah, Chika K. and Cyril, Oshomah and Faye, Ousmane and Tomori, Oyewale and Ondoa, Pascale and Combe, Patrice and Semanda, Patrick and Oluniyi, Paul E. and Arnaldo, Paulo and Quashie, Peter K. and Dussart, Philippe and Bester, Phillip A. and Mbala, Placide K. and Ayivor-Djanie, Reuben and Njouom, Richard and Phillips, Richard O. and Gorman, Richmond and Kingsley, Robert A. and Carr, Rosina A. A. and {El Kabbaj}, Sa{\\^{a}}d and Gargouri, Saba and Masmoudi, Saber and Sankhe, Safietou and Lawal, Salako B. and Kassim, Samar and Trabelsi, Sameh and Metha, Samar and Kammoun, Sami and Lemriss, Sana{\\^{a}} and Agwa, Sara H. A. and Calvignac-Spencer, S{\\'{e}}bastien and Schaffner, Stephen F. and Doumbia, Seydou and Mandanda, Sheila M. and Aryeetey, Sherihane and Ahmed, Shymaa S. and Elhamoumi, Siham and Andriamandimby, Soafy and Tope, Sobajo and Lekana-Douki, Sonia and Prosolek, Sophie and Ouangraoua, Soumeya and Mundeke, Steve A. and Rudder, Steven and Panji, Sumir and Pillay, Sureshnee and Engelbrecht, Susan and Nabadda, Susan and Behillil, Sylvie and Budiaki, Sylvie L. and van der Werf, Sylvie and Mashe, Tapfumanei and Aanniz, Tarik and Mohale, Thabo and Le-Viet, Thanh and Schindler, Tobias and Anyaneji, Ugochukwu J. and Chinedu, Ugwu and Ramphal, Upasana and Jessica, Uwanibe and George, Uwem and Fonseca, Vagner and Enouf, Vincent and Gorova, Vivianne and Roshdy, Wael H. and Ampofo, William K. and Preiser, Wolfgang and Choga, Wonderful T. and Bediako, Yaw and Naidoo, Yeshnee and Butera, Yvan and de Laurent, Zaydah R. and Sall, Amadou A. and Rebai, Ahmed and von Gottberg, Anne and Kouriba, Bourema and Williamson, Carolyn and Bridges, Daniel J. and Chikwe, Ihekweazu and Bhiman, Jinal N. and Mine, Madisa and Cotten, Matthew and Moyo, Sikhulile and Gaseitsiwe, Simani and Saasa, Ngonda and Sabeti, Pardis C. and Kaleebu, Pontiano and Tebeje, Yenew K. and Tessema, Sofonias K. and Happi, Christian and Nkengasong, John and de Oliveira, Tulio},\r\ndoi = {10.1126/science.abj4336},\r\nfile = {:C$\\backslash$:/Users/01462563/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Wilkinson et al. - 2021 - A year of genomic surveillance reveals how the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic unfolded in Africa.pdf:pdf},\r\nissn = {0036-8075},\r\njournal = {Science},\r\nkeywords = {OA,genomics{\\_}fund{\\_}ack,original},\r\nmendeley-tags = {OA,genomics{\\_}fund{\\_}ack,original},\r\nmonth = {oct},\r\nnumber = {6566},\r\npages = {423--431},\r\npmid = {34672751},\r\npublisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)},\r\ntitle = {{A year of genomic surveillance reveals how the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic unfolded in Africa}},\r\nurl = {https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.abj4336},\r\nvolume = {374},\r\nyear = {2021}\r\n}\r\n","author_short":["Wilkinson, E.","Giovanetti, M.","Tegally, H.","San, J. 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K.","Happi, C.","Nkengasong, J.","de Oliveira, T."],"key":"Wilkinson2021b","id":"Wilkinson2021b","bibbaseid":"wilkinson-giovanetti-tegally-san-lessells-cuadros-martin-rasmussen-etal-ayearofgenomicsurveillancerevealshowthesarscov2pandemicunfoldedinafrica-2021","role":"author","urls":{"Paper":"https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.abj4336"},"keyword":["OA","genomics_fund_ack","original"],"metadata":{"authorlinks":{}}},"bibtype":"article","biburl":"https://drive.google.com/uc?export=download&id=1-YbiDDZeTcX0VKKZlqqSKulhgmeoOpLm","dataSources":["y6ojaHcuarkmc4yRQ","wrEvssexmuYudwQw9","9bX4N36CTXtCXNFMd","6GMFi5DCojy3jHY44"],"keywords":["oa","genomics_fund_ack","original"],"search_terms":["year","genomic","surveillance","reveals","sars","cov","pandemic","unfolded","africa","wilkinson","giovanetti","tegally","san","lessells","cuadros","martin","rasmussen","zekri","sangare","ouedraogo","sesay","priscilla","kemi","olubusuyi","oluwapelumi","hammami","amuri","sayed","ouma","elargoubi","ajayi","victoria","kazeem","george","trotter","yahaya","keita","diallo","kone","souissi","chtourou","gutierrez","page","vinze","iranzadeh","lambisia","ismail","rosemary","sylverken","femi","ibrahimi","marycelin","oderinde","bolajoko","dhaala","herring","njanpop-lafourcade","kleinhans","mcinnis","tegomoh","brook","pratt","scheepers","akoua-koffi","agoti","peyrefitte","daubenberger","morang'a","nokes","amoako","bugembe","park","baker","doolabh","ssemwanga","tshiabuila","bassirou","amuzu","goedhals","omuoyo","maruapula","foster-nyarko","lusamaki","simulundu","ong'era","ngabana","shumba","el fahime","lokilo","mukantwari","philomena","belarbi","simon-loriere","anoh","leendertz","ajili","enoch","wasfi","abdelmoula","mosha","takawira","derrar","bouzid","onikepe","adeola","muyembe","tanser","dratibi","mbunsu","thilliez","kay","githinji","van zyl","awandare","schubert","maphalala","ranaivoson","lemriss","anise","abe","karray","nansumba","elgahzaly","gumbo","smeti","ayed","odia","ben boubaker","gaaloul","gazy","mudau","ssewanyana","konstantinus","lekana-douk","makangara","tamfum","heraud","shaffer","giandhari","li","yasuda","mends","kiconco","morobe","gyapong","okolie","kayiwa","edwards","gyamfi","farah","nakaseegu","ngoi","namulondo","andeko","lutwama","o'grady","siddle","adeyemi","tumedi","said","hae-young","duedu","belyamani","fki-berrajah","singh","martins","tyers","ramuth","mastouri","aouni","el hefnawi","matsheka","kebabonye","diop","turki","paye","nyaga","mareka","damaris","mburu","mpina","nwando","owusu","wiley","youtchou","ayekaba","abouelhoda","seadawy","khalifa","sekhele","ouadghiri","diagne","mwenda","allam","phan","abid","touil","rujeni","kharrat","ismael","dia","mabunda","hsiao","silochi","nsenga","gumede","mulder","ndodo","razanajatovo","iguosadolo","judith","kingsley","sylvanus","peter","femi","idowu","testimony","chukwuma","ogah","onwuamah","cyril","faye","tomori","ondoa","combe","semanda","oluniyi","arnaldo","quashie","dussart","bester","mbala","ayivor-djanie","njouom","phillips","gorman","kingsley","carr","el kabbaj","gargouri","masmoudi","sankhe","lawal","kassim","trabelsi","metha","kammoun","lemriss","agwa","calvignac-spencer","schaffner","doumbia","mandanda","aryeetey","ahmed","elhamoumi","andriamandimby","tope","lekana-douki","prosolek","ouangraoua","mundeke","rudder","panji","pillay","engelbrecht","nabadda","behillil","budiaki","van der werf","mashe","aanniz","mohale","le-viet","schindler","anyaneji","chinedu","ramphal","jessica","george","fonseca","enouf","gorova","roshdy","ampofo","preiser","choga","bediako","naidoo","butera","de laurent","sall","rebai","von gottberg","kouriba","williamson","bridges","chikwe","bhiman","mine","cotten","moyo","gaseitsiwe","saasa","sabeti","kaleebu","tebeje","tessema","happi","nkengasong","de oliveira"],"title":"A year of genomic surveillance reveals how the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic unfolded in Africa","year":2021}