Evaluation of seabirds as hosts of influenza A viruses

Evaluation of seabirds as hosts of influenza A viruses. Wille, M., Huang, Y., Robertson, G., J., Ryan, P., Wilhelm, S., I., Fifield, D., Bond, A., L., Granter, A., Munro, H., Buxton, R., Jones, I., L., Fitzsimmons, M., G., Burke, C., McFarlane Tranquilla, L., Rector, M., Takahashi, L., Kouwenberg, A., Storey, A., Walsh, C., Hedd, A., Montevecchi, W., A., Runstadler, J., A., Ojkic, D., Whitney, H., & Lang, A., S.

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Influenza A viruses infect a wide range of hosts, including many species of birds. Avian influenza A virus (AIV) infection appears to be most common in Anseriformes (ducks, geese, and swans) and some Charadriiformes (shorebirds and gulls), but many other birds also serve as hosts of AIV. Here, we evaluated the role of seabirds as hosts for AIV. In this study we tested 3124 swab samples from 13 seabird species between May 2008 and December 2011 in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. We also tested 156 serum samples for evidence of previous infection by AIV in Common Murres (Uria aalgae) and Atlantic Puffins (Fratercula arctica). AIV was detected in breeding Common Murres and non-breeding Thick-billed Murres (U. lomvia), across multiple years, and Common Murres also had high seroprevalence (44%). From these findings, combined with other studies showing AIV infection in murres around the globe, we conclude that AIV is endemic in these species. For other species (Razorbill, Alca torda; Leach’s Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma leucorhoa; Black- legged Kittiwake, Rissa tridactyla; Atlantic Puffin) with good coverage (>100 samples) we did not detect AIV. Despite no detection of virus from Atlantic Puffin by RT-PCR, serology indicated infection does occur in this species (22% seroprevalence). We have also examined other existing seabird surveillance data, which accounts for ~9000 additional samples collected globally. However, regardless of the large number of samples, few conclusions can be drawn due to limited temporal, spatial and host species structure of previous sample collections, which is certainly biased by the logistical challenge faced in sampling seabirds. Although most seabird species may only be spillover hosts for AIV, the possibility of virus spread through dense breeding colonies and the long distance movements of these hosts makes a more thorough evaluation of the role for seabirds as hosts of AIV imperative.

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 abstract = {Influenza A viruses infect a wide range of hosts, including many species of birds. Avian influenza A virus (AIV) infection appears to be most common in Anseriformes (ducks, geese, and swans) and some Charadriiformes (shorebirds and gulls), but many other birds also serve as hosts of AIV. Here, we evaluated the role of seabirds as hosts for AIV. In this study we tested 3124 swab samples from 13 seabird species between May 2008 and December 2011 in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. We also tested 156 serum samples for evidence of previous infection by AIV in Common Murres (Uria aalgae) and Atlantic Puffins (Fratercula arctica). AIV was detected in breeding Common Murres and non-breeding Thick-billed Murres (U. lomvia), across multiple years, and Common Murres also had high seroprevalence (44%). From these findings, combined with other studies showing AIV infection in murres around the globe, we conclude that AIV is endemic in these species. For other species (Razorbill, Alca torda; Leach’s Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma leucorhoa; Black- legged Kittiwake, Rissa tridactyla; Atlantic Puffin) with good coverage (>100 samples) we did not detect AIV. Despite no detection of virus from Atlantic Puffin by RT-PCR, serology indicated infection does occur in this species (22% seroprevalence). We have also examined other existing seabird surveillance data, which accounts for ~9000 additional samples collected globally. However, regardless of the large number of samples, few conclusions can be drawn due to limited temporal, spatial and host species structure of previous sample collections, which is certainly biased by the logistical challenge faced in sampling seabirds. Although most seabird species may only be spillover hosts for AIV, the possibility of virus spread through dense breeding colonies and the long distance movements of these hosts makes a more thorough evaluation of the role for seabirds as hosts of AIV imperative.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Wille, Michelle and Huang, Yanyan and Robertson, Gregory J. and Ryan, Pierre and Wilhelm, Sabina I. and Fifield, David and Bond, Alexander L. and Granter, Alissa and Munro, Hannah and Buxton, Rachel and Jones, Ian L. and Fitzsimmons, Michelle G. and Burke, Chantelle and McFarlane Tranquilla, Laura and Rector, Megan and Takahashi, Linda and Kouwenberg, Amy-Lee and Storey, Anne and Walsh, Carolyn and Hedd, April and Montevecchi, William A. and Runstadler, Johnathan A. and Ojkic, Davor and Whitney, Hugh and Lang, Andrew S.}
}

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For other species (Razorbill, Alca torda; Leach’s Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma leucorhoa; Black- legged Kittiwake, Rissa tridactyla; Atlantic Puffin) with good coverage (>100 samples) we did not detect AIV. Despite no detection of virus from Atlantic Puffin by RT-PCR, serology indicated infection does occur in this species (22% seroprevalence). We have also examined other existing seabird surveillance data, which accounts for ~9000 additional samples collected globally. However, regardless of the large number of samples, few conclusions can be drawn due to limited temporal, spatial and host species structure of previous sample collections, which is certainly biased by the logistical challenge faced in sampling seabirds. 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