@article{wingfieldPlantedForestHealth2015,
  title = {Planted Forest Health: {{The}} Need for a Global Strategy},
  author = {Wingfield, M. J. and Brockerhoff, E. G. and Wingfield, B. D. and Slippers, B.},
  year = {2015},
  month = aug,
  volume = {349},
  pages = {832--836},
  issn = {1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.aac6674},
  abstract = {Several key tree genera are used in planted forests worldwide, and these represent valuable global resources. Planted forests are increasingly threatened by insects and microbial pathogens, which are introduced accidentally and/or have adapted to new host trees. Globalization has hastened tree pest emergence, despite a growing awareness of the problem, improved understanding of the costs, and an increased focus on the importance of quarantine. To protect the value and potential of planted forests, innovative solutions and a better-coordinated global approach are needed. Mitigation strategies that are effective only in wealthy countries fail to contain invasions elsewhere in the world, ultimately leading to global impacts. Solutions to forest pest problems in the future should mainly focus on integrating management approaches globally, rather than single-country strategies. A global strategy to manage pest issues is vitally important and urgently needed.

[Excerpt] Forests and woodland ecosystems are a hugely important natural resource, easily overlooked and often undervalued (1-3). Globally, one in six people is estimated to rely on forests for food (3), and many more depend on forests for other critical ecosystem services, such as climate regulation, carbon storage, human health, and the genetic resources that underpin important wood and wood products-based industries. However, the health of forests, both natural and managed, is more heavily threatened at present than ever before (4-6). The most rapidly changing of these threats arise from direct and indirect anthropogenic influences on fungal pathogens and insect pests (hereafter referred to as pests), especially their distribution and patterns of interactions.

[] Here we focus on the importance of pests of planted forests, which are particularly vulnerable to invasive organisms yet are of growing importance as an economic resource and for various ecosystem services. Planted forests are typically of a single species. In plantations in the tropics and Southern Hemisphere, they are usually of non-native species, such as species of Pinus, Eucalyptus, and Acacia. Northern Hemisphere plantations often comprise species of Pinus, Picea, Populus, Eucalyptus, and other genera, often in native areas or with closely related native species. These intensively managed tree farms cover huge areas [currently 7\,\% and potentially 20\,\% of global forests by the end of the century (1)], and they sustain major industries producing wood and pulp products. These tree genera have become natural resources of global importance, much like major agricultural crops, and are unlikely to be easily replaced. [...]

[Outlook]

The future of planted forests will be influenced by our ability to respond to damaging pests and the threat of biological invasions. The trends are clear, with at best a constant suite of emerging pests and sometimes a dramatically increasing rate of pest impacts. Increasing numbers of damaging hybrid genotypes and abiotic influences linked to global changes in the environment are further increasing the impact of these pests (4). It would be na\"ive to believe that local solutions such as quarantine at national borders can present a complete barrier to the global impact of pests on forests. For this reason, much greater focus will need to be placed on global strategies aimed at reducing pest movement and improving pest surveillance and incursion response, as well as optimizing the use of the most powerful tools to mitigate damage. 

[] Pest problems in forests are well recognized and of considerable concern in many parts of the world, but this is not balanced with the investment that would be required to make a significant difference. This is a situation that should change, but funding and coordinated efforts from across a variety of disciplines and institutions would be needed to make this possible. For example, all the tools and much of the knowledge exist to develop an international database on the diversity of insects and fungi associated with trees used in plantations [there are various unlinked databases on pests and diseases, and with various levels of accessibility, that could be linked via a central database such as, for example, QBOL: Quarantine organisms Barcode Of Life (www.qbol.org)]. Such a database could be powerfully linked to metadata related to host use, natural enemies, climate, surveillance tools and information, and more.

[] It is not possible to predict which tree pest problems are likely to be most important and damaging in the future. The so-called unknown unknowns and black swan diseases will remain a challenge (35). The appearance of new pests can still surprise local industries and governments, and responses are often erratic and inadequate. Through a more coordinated global investment in relevant research, it should be possible to respond more rapidly and mitigate problems more effectively in the future. There are also increasing opportunities to capture the imagination and support of the public, to create awareness, and to expand the capacity for surveillance beyond the limited number of specialists, through the implementation of citizen science and crowdsourcing mechanisms. [...]

[] Our capacity to deal with serious tree pest problems will remain minimal unless we can find the support and vision to launch a more global and holistic approach to study these problems and to implement mitigation strategies.

[] A global strategy for dealing with pests in planted forests is urgently needed and should include:

[::] A clearly identified body with the mandate to coordinate and raise funds for global responses to key pests and to monitor compliance with regulations.

[::] A central database on pests and diseases of key forest plantation species.

[::] Shared information on tools for and information from the surveillance of pests and pathogens in planted forests.

[::] Identification of measures with potentially high global impact for pest mitigation, and support for the development and sharing of capacity.

[::] More-structured systems for facilitating biological control, including global sharing of knowledge, best practices, and the selection of agents (organisms).

[::] Protection of the genetic resources of the key forest plantation genera.},
  journal = {Science},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13708354,~to-add-doi-URL,forest-pests,forest-resources,global-scale,integration-techniques,invasive-species,mitigation,quarantine},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13708354},
  number = {6250}
}

{"_id":"s2ucdSFvkfBeNduJH","bibbaseid":"wingfield-brockerhoff-wingfield-slippers-plantedforesthealththeneedforaglobalstrategy-2015","downloads":0,"creationDate":"2016-06-22T10:19:41.150Z","title":"Planted Forest Health: The Need for a Global Strategy","author_short":["Wingfield, M. J.","Brockerhoff, E. G.","Wingfield, B. D.","Slippers, B."],"year":2015,"bibtype":"article","biburl":"https://sharefast.me/php/download.php?id=zOUKvA&token=29","bibdata":{"bibtype":"article","type":"article","title":"Planted Forest Health: The Need for a Global Strategy","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Wingfield"],"firstnames":["M.","J."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Brockerhoff"],"firstnames":["E.","G."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Wingfield"],"firstnames":["B.","D."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Slippers"],"firstnames":["B."],"suffixes":[]}],"year":"2015","month":"August","volume":"349","pages":"832–836","issn":"1095-9203","doi":"10.1126/science.aac6674","abstract":"Several key tree genera are used in planted forests worldwide, and these represent valuable global resources. Planted forests are increasingly threatened by insects and microbial pathogens, which are introduced accidentally and/or have adapted to new host trees. Globalization has hastened tree pest emergence, despite a growing awareness of the problem, improved understanding of the costs, and an increased focus on the importance of quarantine. To protect the value and potential of planted forests, innovative solutions and a better-coordinated global approach are needed. Mitigation strategies that are effective only in wealthy countries fail to contain invasions elsewhere in the world, ultimately leading to global impacts. Solutions to forest pest problems in the future should mainly focus on integrating management approaches globally, rather than single-country strategies. A global strategy to manage pest issues is vitally important and urgently needed. [Excerpt] Forests and woodland ecosystems are a hugely important natural resource, easily overlooked and often undervalued (1-3). Globally, one in six people is estimated to rely on forests for food (3), and many more depend on forests for other critical ecosystem services, such as climate regulation, carbon storage, human health, and the genetic resources that underpin important wood and wood products-based industries. However, the health of forests, both natural and managed, is more heavily threatened at present than ever before (4-6). The most rapidly changing of these threats arise from direct and indirect anthropogenic influences on fungal pathogens and insect pests (hereafter referred to as pests), especially their distribution and patterns of interactions. [] Here we focus on the importance of pests of planted forests, which are particularly vulnerable to invasive organisms yet are of growing importance as an economic resource and for various ecosystem services. Planted forests are typically of a single species. In plantations in the tropics and Southern Hemisphere, they are usually of non-native species, such as species of Pinus, Eucalyptus, and Acacia. Northern Hemisphere plantations often comprise species of Pinus, Picea, Populus, Eucalyptus, and other genera, often in native areas or with closely related native species. These intensively managed tree farms cover huge areas [currently 7\\,% and potentially 20\\,% of global forests by the end of the century (1)], and they sustain major industries producing wood and pulp products. These tree genera have become natural resources of global importance, much like major agricultural crops, and are unlikely to be easily replaced. [...] [Outlook] The future of planted forests will be influenced by our ability to respond to damaging pests and the threat of biological invasions. The trends are clear, with at best a constant suite of emerging pests and sometimes a dramatically increasing rate of pest impacts. Increasing numbers of damaging hybrid genotypes and abiotic influences linked to global changes in the environment are further increasing the impact of these pests (4). It would be naïve to believe that local solutions such as quarantine at national borders can present a complete barrier to the global impact of pests on forests. For this reason, much greater focus will need to be placed on global strategies aimed at reducing pest movement and improving pest surveillance and incursion response, as well as optimizing the use of the most powerful tools to mitigate damage. [] Pest problems in forests are well recognized and of considerable concern in many parts of the world, but this is not balanced with the investment that would be required to make a significant difference. This is a situation that should change, but funding and coordinated efforts from across a variety of disciplines and institutions would be needed to make this possible. For example, all the tools and much of the knowledge exist to develop an international database on the diversity of insects and fungi associated with trees used in plantations [there are various unlinked databases on pests and diseases, and with various levels of accessibility, that could be linked via a central database such as, for example, QBOL: Quarantine organisms Barcode Of Life (www.qbol.org)]. Such a database could be powerfully linked to metadata related to host use, natural enemies, climate, surveillance tools and information, and more. [] It is not possible to predict which tree pest problems are likely to be most important and damaging in the future. The so-called unknown unknowns and black swan diseases will remain a challenge (35). The appearance of new pests can still surprise local industries and governments, and responses are often erratic and inadequate. Through a more coordinated global investment in relevant research, it should be possible to respond more rapidly and mitigate problems more effectively in the future. There are also increasing opportunities to capture the imagination and support of the public, to create awareness, and to expand the capacity for surveillance beyond the limited number of specialists, through the implementation of citizen science and crowdsourcing mechanisms. [...] [] Our capacity to deal with serious tree pest problems will remain minimal unless we can find the support and vision to launch a more global and holistic approach to study these problems and to implement mitigation strategies. [] A global strategy for dealing with pests in planted forests is urgently needed and should include: [::] A clearly identified body with the mandate to coordinate and raise funds for global responses to key pests and to monitor compliance with regulations. [::] A central database on pests and diseases of key forest plantation species. [::] Shared information on tools for and information from the surveillance of pests and pathogens in planted forests. [::] Identification of measures with potentially high global impact for pest mitigation, and support for the development and sharing of capacity. [::] More-structured systems for facilitating biological control, including global sharing of knowledge, best practices, and the selection of agents (organisms). [::] Protection of the genetic resources of the key forest plantation genera.","journal":"Science","keywords":"*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13708354,~to-add-doi-URL,forest-pests,forest-resources,global-scale,integration-techniques,invasive-species,mitigation,quarantine","lccn":"INRMM-MiD:c-13708354","number":"6250","bibtex":"@article{wingfieldPlantedForestHealth2015,\n title = {Planted Forest Health: {{The}} Need for a Global Strategy},\n author = {Wingfield, M. J. and Brockerhoff, E. G. and Wingfield, B. D. and Slippers, B.},\n year = {2015},\n month = aug,\n volume = {349},\n pages = {832--836},\n issn = {1095-9203},\n doi = {10.1126/science.aac6674},\n abstract = {Several key tree genera are used in planted forests worldwide, and these represent valuable global resources. Planted forests are increasingly threatened by insects and microbial pathogens, which are introduced accidentally and/or have adapted to new host trees. Globalization has hastened tree pest emergence, despite a growing awareness of the problem, improved understanding of the costs, and an increased focus on the importance of quarantine. To protect the value and potential of planted forests, innovative solutions and a better-coordinated global approach are needed. Mitigation strategies that are effective only in wealthy countries fail to contain invasions elsewhere in the world, ultimately leading to global impacts. Solutions to forest pest problems in the future should mainly focus on integrating management approaches globally, rather than single-country strategies. A global strategy to manage pest issues is vitally important and urgently needed.\n\n[Excerpt] Forests and woodland ecosystems are a hugely important natural resource, easily overlooked and often undervalued (1-3). Globally, one in six people is estimated to rely on forests for food (3), and many more depend on forests for other critical ecosystem services, such as climate regulation, carbon storage, human health, and the genetic resources that underpin important wood and wood products-based industries. However, the health of forests, both natural and managed, is more heavily threatened at present than ever before (4-6). The most rapidly changing of these threats arise from direct and indirect anthropogenic influences on fungal pathogens and insect pests (hereafter referred to as pests), especially their distribution and patterns of interactions.\n\n[] Here we focus on the importance of pests of planted forests, which are particularly vulnerable to invasive organisms yet are of growing importance as an economic resource and for various ecosystem services. Planted forests are typically of a single species. In plantations in the tropics and Southern Hemisphere, they are usually of non-native species, such as species of Pinus, Eucalyptus, and Acacia. Northern Hemisphere plantations often comprise species of Pinus, Picea, Populus, Eucalyptus, and other genera, often in native areas or with closely related native species. These intensively managed tree farms cover huge areas [currently 7\\,\\% and potentially 20\\,\\% of global forests by the end of the century (1)], and they sustain major industries producing wood and pulp products. These tree genera have become natural resources of global importance, much like major agricultural crops, and are unlikely to be easily replaced. [...]\n\n[Outlook]\n\nThe future of planted forests will be influenced by our ability to respond to damaging pests and the threat of biological invasions. The trends are clear, with at best a constant suite of emerging pests and sometimes a dramatically increasing rate of pest impacts. Increasing numbers of damaging hybrid genotypes and abiotic influences linked to global changes in the environment are further increasing the impact of these pests (4). It would be na\\\"ive to believe that local solutions such as quarantine at national borders can present a complete barrier to the global impact of pests on forests. For this reason, much greater focus will need to be placed on global strategies aimed at reducing pest movement and improving pest surveillance and incursion response, as well as optimizing the use of the most powerful tools to mitigate damage. \n\n[] Pest problems in forests are well recognized and of considerable concern in many parts of the world, but this is not balanced with the investment that would be required to make a significant difference. This is a situation that should change, but funding and coordinated efforts from across a variety of disciplines and institutions would be needed to make this possible. For example, all the tools and much of the knowledge exist to develop an international database on the diversity of insects and fungi associated with trees used in plantations [there are various unlinked databases on pests and diseases, and with various levels of accessibility, that could be linked via a central database such as, for example, QBOL: Quarantine organisms Barcode Of Life (www.qbol.org)]. Such a database could be powerfully linked to metadata related to host use, natural enemies, climate, surveillance tools and information, and more.\n\n[] It is not possible to predict which tree pest problems are likely to be most important and damaging in the future. The so-called unknown unknowns and black swan diseases will remain a challenge (35). The appearance of new pests can still surprise local industries and governments, and responses are often erratic and inadequate. Through a more coordinated global investment in relevant research, it should be possible to respond more rapidly and mitigate problems more effectively in the future. There are also increasing opportunities to capture the imagination and support of the public, to create awareness, and to expand the capacity for surveillance beyond the limited number of specialists, through the implementation of citizen science and crowdsourcing mechanisms. [...]\n\n[] Our capacity to deal with serious tree pest problems will remain minimal unless we can find the support and vision to launch a more global and holistic approach to study these problems and to implement mitigation strategies.\n\n[] A global strategy for dealing with pests in planted forests is urgently needed and should include:\n\n[::] A clearly identified body with the mandate to coordinate and raise funds for global responses to key pests and to monitor compliance with regulations.\n\n[::] A central database on pests and diseases of key forest plantation species.\n\n[::] Shared information on tools for and information from the surveillance of pests and pathogens in planted forests.\n\n[::] Identification of measures with potentially high global impact for pest mitigation, and support for the development and sharing of capacity.\n\n[::] More-structured systems for facilitating biological control, including global sharing of knowledge, best practices, and the selection of agents (organisms).\n\n[::] Protection of the genetic resources of the key forest plantation genera.},\n journal = {Science},\n keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13708354,~to-add-doi-URL,forest-pests,forest-resources,global-scale,integration-techniques,invasive-species,mitigation,quarantine},\n lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13708354},\n number = {6250}\n}\n\n","author_short":["Wingfield, M. 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