@article{
 title = {Aero-Optic Distortion in Transonic and Hypersonic Turbulent Boundary Layers},
 type = {article},
 year = {2009},
 volume = {47},
 websites = {http://arc.aiaa.org},
 id = {ad667564-8c74-30c1-a2e9-2bc355d28759},
 created = {2021-07-11T21:50:24.256Z},
 accessed = {2021-07-11},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {6476e386-2170-33cc-8f65-4c12ee0052f0},
 group_id = {5a9f751c-3662-3c8e-b55d-a8b85890ce20},
 last_modified = {2021-07-11T21:51:09.302Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {wyckham:aj:2009},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {A two-dimensional Shack-Hartmann wave-front sensor is used to study aero-optic distortion in turbulent boundary layers at transonic and hypersonic speeds, with and without gas injection. The large-scale motions in the outer layer, of the order of the boundary-layer thickness in size, are shown to dominate the aero-optic distortion. Gas injection always reduced the Strehl ratio, with helium injection generally giving lower Strehl ratios than nitrogen injection. The large aperture approximation is shown to be accurate for a wide variety of aberrations regardless of Mach number and gas injection. A new scaling argument for the root-mean-square phase distortion is proposed that appears to collapse the data better than previous models. Nomenclature C B = constant defined by Eq. (20), OPD rms K GD e M 2 e u 0 rms =U e † rms C f = skin friction coefficient C w = constant defined by Eq. (16), OPD rms r 3=2 2 K GD e M 2 e  C f p I = intensity K GD = Galdstone-Dale constant M = Mach number n = index of refraction p = pressure Re = Reynolds number based on freestream values and r = recovery factor r 1 = U i =U e r 2 = T i =T e r 3 = constant defined by Eq. (14),  u 02 w q † 0:5 =  u 02 w q † i T = temperature t = time U = velocity in the streamwise direction x = streamwise distance y = wall-normal distance from the flat plate model z = spanwise distance = ratio of specific heats = 99% boundary-layer thickness = displacement thickness = momentum thickness = integral length scale = wavelength of light = kinematic viscosity = density SL = sea level density in a standard atmosphere = shear stress Subscripts e = freestream value i = intermediate value rms = root mean square value w = value at the wall 0 = maximum value Superscripts † = mean value 0 = fluctuation from the mean},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Wyckham, Christopher M and Smits, Alexander J},
 doi = {10.2514/1.41453},
 journal = {AIAA Journal},
 number = {9}
}

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The large-scale motions in the outer layer, of the order of the boundary-layer thickness in size, are shown to dominate the aero-optic distortion. Gas injection always reduced the Strehl ratio, with helium injection generally giving lower Strehl ratios than nitrogen injection. The large aperture approximation is shown to be accurate for a wide variety of aberrations regardless of Mach number and gas injection. A new scaling argument for the root-mean-square phase distortion is proposed that appears to collapse the data better than previous models. Nomenclature C B = constant defined by Eq. (20), OPD rms K GD e M 2 e u 0 rms =U e † rms C f = skin friction coefficient C w = constant defined by Eq. (16), OPD rms r 3=2 2 K GD e M 2 e  C f p I = intensity K GD = Galdstone-Dale constant M = Mach number n = index of refraction p = pressure Re = Reynolds number based on freestream values and r = recovery factor r 1 = U i =U e r 2 = T i =T e r 3 = constant defined by Eq. (14),  u 02 w q † 0:5 =  u 02 w q † i T = temperature t = time U = velocity in the streamwise direction x = streamwise distance y = wall-normal distance from the flat plate model z = spanwise distance = ratio of specific heats = 99% boundary-layer thickness = displacement thickness = momentum thickness = integral length scale = wavelength of light = kinematic viscosity = density SL = sea level density in a standard atmosphere = shear stress Subscripts e = freestream value i = intermediate value rms = root mean square value w = value at the wall 0 = maximum value Superscripts † = mean value 0 = fluctuation from the mean","bibtype":"article","author":"Wyckham, Christopher M and Smits, Alexander J","doi":"10.2514/1.41453","journal":"AIAA Journal","number":"9","bibtex":"@article{\n title = {Aero-Optic Distortion in Transonic and Hypersonic Turbulent Boundary Layers},\n type = {article},\n year = {2009},\n volume = {47},\n websites = {http://arc.aiaa.org},\n id = {ad667564-8c74-30c1-a2e9-2bc355d28759},\n created = {2021-07-11T21:50:24.256Z},\n accessed = {2021-07-11},\n file_attached = {true},\n profile_id = {6476e386-2170-33cc-8f65-4c12ee0052f0},\n group_id = {5a9f751c-3662-3c8e-b55d-a8b85890ce20},\n last_modified = {2021-07-11T21:51:09.302Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {false},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {wyckham:aj:2009},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {A two-dimensional Shack-Hartmann wave-front sensor is used to study aero-optic distortion in turbulent boundary layers at transonic and hypersonic speeds, with and without gas injection. The large-scale motions in the outer layer, of the order of the boundary-layer thickness in size, are shown to dominate the aero-optic distortion. Gas injection always reduced the Strehl ratio, with helium injection generally giving lower Strehl ratios than nitrogen injection. The large aperture approximation is shown to be accurate for a wide variety of aberrations regardless of Mach number and gas injection. A new scaling argument for the root-mean-square phase distortion is proposed that appears to collapse the data better than previous models. Nomenclature C B = constant defined by Eq. (20), OPD rms K GD e M 2 e u 0 rms =U e † rms C f = skin friction coefficient C w = constant defined by Eq. (16), OPD rms r 3=2 2 K GD e M 2 e  C f p I = intensity K GD = Galdstone-Dale constant M = Mach number n = index of refraction p = pressure Re = Reynolds number based on freestream values and r = recovery factor r 1 = U i =U e r 2 = T i =T e r 3 = constant defined by Eq. 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