@article{wyckham2009a,
	title = {Aero-{Optic} {Distortion} in {Transonic} and {Hypersonic} {Turbulent} {Boundary} {Layers}},
	volume = {47},
	url = {http://arc.aiaa.org},
	doi = {10.2514/1.41453},
	abstract = {A two-dimensional Shack-Hartmann wave-front sensor is used to study aero-optic distortion in turbulent boundary layers at transonic and hypersonic speeds, with and without gas injection. The large-scale motions in the outer layer, of the order of the boundary-layer thickness in size, are shown to dominate the aero-optic distortion. Gas injection always reduced the Strehl ratio, with helium injection generally giving lower Strehl ratios than nitrogen injection. The large aperture approximation is shown to be accurate for a wide variety of aberrations regardless of Mach number and gas injection. A new scaling argument for the root-mean-square phase distortion is proposed that appears to collapse the data better than previous models. Nomenclature C B = constant defined by Eq. (20), OPD rms K GD e M 2 e u 0 rms =U e † rms C f = skin friction coefficient C w = constant defined by Eq. (16), OPD rms r 3=2 2 K GD e M 2 e  C f p I = intensity K GD = Galdstone-Dale constant M = Mach number n = index of refraction p = pressure Re = Reynolds number based on freestream values and r = recovery factor r 1 = U i =U e r 2 = T i =T e r 3 = constant defined by Eq. (14),  u 02 w q † 0:5 =  u 02 w q † i T = temperature t = time U = velocity in the streamwise direction x = streamwise distance y = wall-normal distance from the flat plate model z = spanwise distance = ratio of specific heats = 99\% boundary-layer thickness = displacement thickness = momentum thickness = integral length scale = wavelength of light = kinematic viscosity = density SL = sea level density in a standard atmosphere = shear stress Subscripts e = freestream value i = intermediate value rms = root mean square value w = value at the wall 0 = maximum value Superscripts † = mean value 0 = fluctuation from the mean},
	number = {9},
	journal = {AIAA Journal},
	author = {Wyckham, Christopher M and Smits, Alexander J},
	year = {2009},
}

{"_id":"HELBo7FyimEx5xFE6","bibbaseid":"wyckham-smits-aeroopticdistortionintransonicandhypersonicturbulentboundarylayers-2009","author_short":["Wyckham, C. M","Smits, A. J"],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"article","type":"article","title":"Aero-Optic Distortion in Transonic and Hypersonic Turbulent Boundary Layers","volume":"47","url":"http://arc.aiaa.org","doi":"10.2514/1.41453","abstract":"A two-dimensional Shack-Hartmann wave-front sensor is used to study aero-optic distortion in turbulent boundary layers at transonic and hypersonic speeds, with and without gas injection. The large-scale motions in the outer layer, of the order of the boundary-layer thickness in size, are shown to dominate the aero-optic distortion. Gas injection always reduced the Strehl ratio, with helium injection generally giving lower Strehl ratios than nitrogen injection. The large aperture approximation is shown to be accurate for a wide variety of aberrations regardless of Mach number and gas injection. A new scaling argument for the root-mean-square phase distortion is proposed that appears to collapse the data better than previous models. Nomenclature C B = constant defined by Eq. (20), OPD rms K GD e M 2 e u 0 rms =U e † rms C f = skin friction coefficient C w = constant defined by Eq. (16), OPD rms r 3=2 2 K GD e M 2 e  C f p I = intensity K GD = Galdstone-Dale constant M = Mach number n = index of refraction p = pressure Re = Reynolds number based on freestream values and r = recovery factor r 1 = U i =U e r 2 = T i =T e r 3 = constant defined by Eq. (14),  u 02 w q † 0:5 =  u 02 w q † i T = temperature t = time U = velocity in the streamwise direction x = streamwise distance y = wall-normal distance from the flat plate model z = spanwise distance = ratio of specific heats = 99% boundary-layer thickness = displacement thickness = momentum thickness = integral length scale = wavelength of light = kinematic viscosity = density SL = sea level density in a standard atmosphere = shear stress Subscripts e = freestream value i = intermediate value rms = root mean square value w = value at the wall 0 = maximum value Superscripts † = mean value 0 = fluctuation from the mean","number":"9","journal":"AIAA Journal","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Wyckham"],"firstnames":["Christopher","M"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Smits"],"firstnames":["Alexander","J"],"suffixes":[]}],"year":"2009","bibtex":"@article{wyckham2009a,\n\ttitle = {Aero-{Optic} {Distortion} in {Transonic} and {Hypersonic} {Turbulent} {Boundary} {Layers}},\n\tvolume = {47},\n\turl = {http://arc.aiaa.org},\n\tdoi = {10.2514/1.41453},\n\tabstract = {A two-dimensional Shack-Hartmann wave-front sensor is used to study aero-optic distortion in turbulent boundary layers at transonic and hypersonic speeds, with and without gas injection. The large-scale motions in the outer layer, of the order of the boundary-layer thickness in size, are shown to dominate the aero-optic distortion. Gas injection always reduced the Strehl ratio, with helium injection generally giving lower Strehl ratios than nitrogen injection. The large aperture approximation is shown to be accurate for a wide variety of aberrations regardless of Mach number and gas injection. A new scaling argument for the root-mean-square phase distortion is proposed that appears to collapse the data better than previous models. Nomenclature C B = constant defined by Eq. (20), OPD rms K GD e M 2 e u 0 rms =U e † rms C f = skin friction coefficient C w = constant defined by Eq. (16), OPD rms r 3=2 2 K GD e M 2 e  C f p I = intensity K GD = Galdstone-Dale constant M = Mach number n = index of refraction p = pressure Re = Reynolds number based on freestream values and r = recovery factor r 1 = U i =U e r 2 = T i =T e r 3 = constant defined by Eq. (14),  u 02 w q † 0:5 =  u 02 w q † i T = temperature t = time U = velocity in the streamwise direction x = streamwise distance y = wall-normal distance from the flat plate model z = spanwise distance = ratio of specific heats = 99\\% boundary-layer thickness = displacement thickness = momentum thickness = integral length scale = wavelength of light = kinematic viscosity = density SL = sea level density in a standard atmosphere = shear stress Subscripts e = freestream value i = intermediate value rms = root mean square value w = value at the wall 0 = maximum value Superscripts † = mean value 0 = fluctuation from the mean},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {AIAA Journal},\n\tauthor = {Wyckham, Christopher M and Smits, Alexander J},\n\tyear = {2009},\n}\n\n\n\n","author_short":["Wyckham, C. M","Smits, A. J"],"key":"wyckham2009a","id":"wyckham2009a","bibbaseid":"wyckham-smits-aeroopticdistortionintransonicandhypersonicturbulentboundarylayers-2009","role":"author","urls":{"Paper":"http://arc.aiaa.org"},"metadata":{"authorlinks":{}},"downloads":1},"bibtype":"article","biburl":"https://bibbase.org/zotero-group/khanquist/4882481","dataSources":["nLJKf4csMDJ3MJCg9","ya2CyA73rpZseyrZ8","qwkM8ZucCwtxbnXfc","2252seNhipfTmjEBQ"],"keywords":[],"search_terms":["aero","optic","distortion","transonic","hypersonic","turbulent","boundary","layers","wyckham","smits"],"title":"Aero-Optic Distortion in Transonic and Hypersonic Turbulent Boundary Layers","year":2009,"downloads":1}