Infectious virus in exhaled breath of symptomatic seasonal influenza cases from a college community. Yan, J., Grantham, M., Pantelic, J., De Mesquita, P., J., B., Albert, B., Liu, F., Ehrman, S., & Milton, D., K. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(5):1081-1086, 2018.
abstract   bibtex   
Little is known about the amount and infectiousness of influenza virus shed into exhaled breath. This contributes to uncertainty about the importance of airborne influenza transmission. We screened 355 symptomatic volunteers with acute respiratory illness and report 142 cases with confirmed influenza infection who provided 218 paired nasopharyngeal (NP) and 30-minute breath samples (coarse >5-μm and fine ≤5-μm fractions) on days 1–3 after symptom onset. We assessed viral RNA copy number for all samples and cultured NP swabs and fine aerosols. We recovered infectious virus from 52 (39%) of the fine aerosols and 150 (89%) of the NP swabs with valid cultures. The geometric mean RNA copy numbers were 3.8 × 104/30-minutes fine-, 1.2 × 104/30-minutes coarse-aerosol sample, and 8.2 × 108 per NP swab. Fine- and coarse-aerosol viral RNA were positively associated with body mass index and number of coughs and negatively associated with increasing days since symptom onset in adjusted models. Fine-aerosol viral RNA was also positively associated with having influenza vaccination for both the current and prior season. NP swab viral RNA was positively associated with upper respiratory symptoms and negatively associated with age but was not significantly associated with fine- or coarse-aerosol viral RNA or their predictors. Sneezing was rare, and sneezing and coughing were not necessary for infectious aerosol generation. Our observations suggest that influenza infection in the upper and lower airways are compartmentalized and independent.
@article{
 title = {Infectious virus in exhaled breath of symptomatic seasonal influenza cases from a college community},
 type = {article},
 year = {2018},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Aerosol,Airborne infection,Influenza virus,Vaccination effects,Viral shedding},
 pages = {1081-1086},
 volume = {115},
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 last_modified = {2020-07-30T09:06:27.487Z},
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 abstract = {Little is known about the amount and infectiousness of influenza virus shed into exhaled breath. This contributes to uncertainty about the importance of airborne influenza transmission. We screened 355 symptomatic volunteers with acute respiratory illness and report 142 cases with confirmed influenza infection who provided 218 paired nasopharyngeal (NP) and 30-minute breath samples (coarse >5-μm and fine ≤5-μm fractions) on days 1–3 after symptom onset. We assessed viral RNA copy number for all samples and cultured NP swabs and fine aerosols. We recovered infectious virus from 52 (39%) of the fine aerosols and 150 (89%) of the NP swabs with valid cultures. The geometric mean RNA copy numbers were 3.8 × 104/30-minutes fine-, 1.2 × 104/30-minutes coarse-aerosol sample, and 8.2 × 108 per NP swab. Fine- and coarse-aerosol viral RNA were positively associated with body mass index and number of coughs and negatively associated with increasing days since symptom onset in adjusted models. Fine-aerosol viral RNA was also positively associated with having influenza vaccination for both the current and prior season. NP swab viral RNA was positively associated with upper respiratory symptoms and negatively associated with age but was not significantly associated with fine- or coarse-aerosol viral RNA or their predictors. Sneezing was rare, and sneezing and coughing were not necessary for infectious aerosol generation. Our observations suggest that influenza infection in the upper and lower airways are compartmentalized and independent.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Yan, Jing and Grantham, Michael and Pantelic, Jovan and De Mesquita, P. Jacob Bueno and Albert, Barbara and Liu, Fengjie and Ehrman, Sheryl and Milton, Donald K.},
 journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
 number = {5}
}

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