Ultra-Low Duty Cycle MAC with Scheduled Channel Polling. Ye, W. & Heidemann, J. Technical Report ISI-TR-2005-604b, USC/Information Sciences Institute, July, 2005. ![Ultra-Low Duty Cycle MAC with Scheduled Channel Polling [link]](https://bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg "link")
Paper abstract bibtex Radio is a major source of energy consumption in sensor networks. MAC protocols such as S-MAC and T-MAC coordinate sleep schedules to reduce energy consumption. Recently, low-power listening (LPL) approaches such as WiseMAC and B-MAC exploit very inexpensive polling of channel activity combined with long preambles before each transmission, reducing energy consumption particularly during low network utilization. Synchronization cost, either explicitly in scheduling, or implicitly in long preambles, limit all these protocols to duty cycles of 1–2%. We demonstrate that \emphultra-low duty cycles of 0.1% and below are possible with a new MAC protocol (SCP-MAC) by optimally combining \emphscheduled communication with \emphchannel polling. This combination prompts three new contributions: First, we establish optimal configurations for both LPL and SCP under fixed conditions, developing a \emphlower bound of energy consumption. We show that scheduling can typically extend lifetime of a network by a factor of 3–6 times over LPL. Second, we demonstrate that SCP works well even when \emphtraffic load varies. While LPL is optimized for known, periodic traffic, long preambles become very costly when traffic varies. In one experiment, SCP reduces energy consumption by a factor of 10 when traffic is bursty. We also show how it can adapt to heavy traffic and stream data in multi-hop networks, reducing latency by 85% and energy by 95% at 9 hops. Finally, we show that SCP can \emphoperate effectively on recent hardware such as 802.15.4 radios. In fact, power consumption of SCP decreases with faster radios, that of LPL-based approaches increases. To our knowledge, SCP is the first MAC that exploits channel polling on this hardware.
@TechReport{Ye06b,
author = "Wei Ye and John Heidemann",
title = "Ultra-Low Duty Cycle {MAC} with Scheduled
Channel Polling",
institution = "USC/Information Sciences Institute",
year = 2005,
sortdate = "2005-07-01",
project = "ilense, snuse, cisoft",
jsubject = "chronological",
number = "ISI-TR-2005-604b",
month = jul,
notes = "Originally released July 2005 (available at \url{http:///www.isi.edu/%7ejohnh/PAPERS/Ye05a_200607.pdf}, updated April 2006",
location = "johnh: pafile",
keywords = "s-mac, scp-mac, b-mac, lpl",
url = "http://www.isi.edu/%7ejohnh/PAPERS/Ye05a.html",
pdfurl = "http://www.isi.edu/%7ejohnh/PAPERS/Ye05a.pdf",
myorganization = "USC/Information Sciences Institute",
copyrightholder = "authors",
abstract = "
Radio is a major source of energy consumption in sensor networks. MAC
protocols such as S-MAC and T-MAC coordinate sleep schedules to reduce
energy consumption. Recently, low-power listening (LPL) approaches
such as WiseMAC and B-MAC exploit very inexpensive polling of channel
activity combined with long preambles before each transmission,
reducing energy consumption particularly during low network
utilization. Synchronization cost, either explicitly in scheduling,
or implicitly in long preambles, limit all these protocols to duty
cycles of 1--2\%. We demonstrate that \emph{ultra-low} duty cycles of
0.1\% and below are possible with a new MAC protocol (SCP-MAC) by
optimally combining \emph{scheduled communication} with \emph{channel
polling}. This combination prompts three new contributions: First,
we establish optimal configurations for both LPL and SCP under fixed
conditions, developing a \emph{lower bound of energy consumption}. We
show that scheduling can typically extend lifetime of a network by a
factor of 3--6 times over LPL. Second, we demonstrate that SCP works
well even when \emph{traffic load varies}. While LPL is optimized for
known, periodic traffic, long preambles become very costly when
traffic varies. In one experiment, SCP reduces energy consumption by
a factor of 10 when traffic is bursty. We also show how it can adapt
to heavy traffic and stream data in multi-hop networks, reducing
latency by 85\% and energy by 95\% at 9 hops. Finally, we show that
SCP can \emph{operate effectively on recent hardware} such as 802.15.4
radios. In fact, power consumption of SCP decreases with faster
radios, that of LPL-based approaches increases. To our knowledge, SCP
is the first MAC that exploits channel polling on this hardware.
",
}
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{"_id":"q3XvCofKzSRMbcFaC","bibbaseid":"ye-heidemann-ultralowdutycyclemacwithscheduledchannelpolling-2005","author_short":["Ye, W.","Heidemann, J."],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"techreport","type":"techreport","author":[{"firstnames":["Wei"],"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Ye"],"suffixes":[]},{"firstnames":["John"],"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Heidemann"],"suffixes":[]}],"title":"Ultra-Low Duty Cycle MAC with Scheduled Channel Polling","institution":"USC/Information Sciences Institute","year":"2005","sortdate":"2005-07-01","project":"ilense, snuse, cisoft","jsubject":"chronological","number":"ISI-TR-2005-604b","month":"July","notes":"Originally released July 2005 (available at ˘rlhttp:///www.isi.edu/%7ejohnh/PAPERS/Ye05a_200607.pdf, updated April 2006","location":"johnh: pafile","keywords":"s-mac, scp-mac, b-mac, lpl","url":"http://www.isi.edu/%7ejohnh/PAPERS/Ye05a.html","pdfurl":"http://www.isi.edu/%7ejohnh/PAPERS/Ye05a.pdf","myorganization":"USC/Information Sciences Institute","copyrightholder":"authors","abstract":"Radio is a major source of energy consumption in sensor networks. MAC protocols such as S-MAC and T-MAC coordinate sleep schedules to reduce energy consumption. Recently, low-power listening (LPL) approaches such as WiseMAC and B-MAC exploit very inexpensive polling of channel activity combined with long preambles before each transmission, reducing energy consumption particularly during low network utilization. Synchronization cost, either explicitly in scheduling, or implicitly in long preambles, limit all these protocols to duty cycles of 1–2%. We demonstrate that \\emphultra-low duty cycles of 0.1% and below are possible with a new MAC protocol (SCP-MAC) by optimally combining \\emphscheduled communication with \\emphchannel polling. This combination prompts three new contributions: First, we establish optimal configurations for both LPL and SCP under fixed conditions, developing a \\emphlower bound of energy consumption. We show that scheduling can typically extend lifetime of a network by a factor of 3–6 times over LPL. Second, we demonstrate that SCP works well even when \\emphtraffic load varies. While LPL is optimized for known, periodic traffic, long preambles become very costly when traffic varies. In one experiment, SCP reduces energy consumption by a factor of 10 when traffic is bursty. We also show how it can adapt to heavy traffic and stream data in multi-hop networks, reducing latency by 85% and energy by 95% at 9 hops. Finally, we show that SCP can \\emphoperate effectively on recent hardware such as 802.15.4 radios. In fact, power consumption of SCP decreases with faster radios, that of LPL-based approaches increases. To our knowledge, SCP is the first MAC that exploits channel polling on this hardware. ","bibtex":"@TechReport{Ye06b,\n\tauthor = \"Wei Ye and John Heidemann\",\n\ttitle = \t\"Ultra-Low Duty Cycle {MAC} with Scheduled\n Channel Polling\",\n\tinstitution = \t\"USC/Information Sciences Institute\",\n\tyear = \t\t2005,\n\tsortdate = \"2005-07-01\",\n\tproject = \"ilense, snuse, cisoft\",\n\tjsubject = \"chronological\",\n\tnumber =\t\"ISI-TR-2005-604b\",\n\tmonth =\t\tjul,\n\tnotes =\t\t\"Originally released July 2005 (available at \\url{http:///www.isi.edu/%7ejohnh/PAPERS/Ye05a_200607.pdf}, updated April 2006\",\n\tlocation =\t\"johnh: pafile\",\n\tkeywords =\t\"s-mac, scp-mac, b-mac, lpl\",\n\turl =\t\t\"http://www.isi.edu/%7ejohnh/PAPERS/Ye05a.html\",\n\tpdfurl =\t\t\"http://www.isi.edu/%7ejohnh/PAPERS/Ye05a.pdf\",\n\tmyorganization =\t\"USC/Information Sciences Institute\",\n\tcopyrightholder = \"authors\",\n\tabstract = \"\nRadio is a major source of energy consumption in sensor networks. MAC\nprotocols such as S-MAC and T-MAC coordinate sleep schedules to reduce\nenergy consumption. Recently, low-power listening (LPL) approaches\nsuch as WiseMAC and B-MAC exploit very inexpensive polling of channel\nactivity combined with long preambles before each transmission,\nreducing energy consumption particularly during low network\nutilization. Synchronization cost, either explicitly in scheduling,\nor implicitly in long preambles, limit all these protocols to duty\ncycles of 1--2\\%. We demonstrate that \\emph{ultra-low} duty cycles of\n0.1\\% and below are possible with a new MAC protocol (SCP-MAC) by\noptimally combining \\emph{scheduled communication} with \\emph{channel\npolling}. This combination prompts three new contributions: First,\nwe establish optimal configurations for both LPL and SCP under fixed\nconditions, developing a \\emph{lower bound of energy consumption}. We\nshow that scheduling can typically extend lifetime of a network by a\nfactor of 3--6 times over LPL. Second, we demonstrate that SCP works\nwell even when \\emph{traffic load varies}. While LPL is optimized for\nknown, periodic traffic, long preambles become very costly when\ntraffic varies. In one experiment, SCP reduces energy consumption by\na factor of 10 when traffic is bursty. We also show how it can adapt\nto heavy traffic and stream data in multi-hop networks, reducing\nlatency by 85\\% and energy by 95\\% at 9 hops. Finally, we show that\nSCP can \\emph{operate effectively on recent hardware} such as 802.15.4\nradios. In fact, power consumption of SCP decreases with faster\nradios, that of LPL-based approaches increases. To our knowledge, SCP\nis the first MAC that exploits channel polling on this hardware.\n\",\n}\n\n","author_short":["Ye, W.","Heidemann, J."],"bibbaseid":"ye-heidemann-ultralowdutycyclemacwithscheduledchannelpolling-2005","role":"author","urls":{"Paper":"http://www.isi.edu/%7ejohnh/PAPERS/Ye05a.html"},"keyword":["s-mac","scp-mac","b-mac","lpl"],"metadata":{"authorlinks":{}}},"bibtype":"techreport","biburl":"https://bibbase.org/f/dHevizJoWEhWowz8q/johnh-2023-2.bib","dataSources":["YLyu3mj3xsBeoqiHK","fLZcDgNSoSuatv6aX","fxEParwu2ZfurScPY","7nuQvtHTqKrLmgu99"],"keywords":["s-mac","scp-mac","b-mac","lpl"],"search_terms":["ultra","low","duty","cycle","mac","scheduled","channel","polling","ye","heidemann"],"title":"Ultra-Low Duty Cycle MAC with Scheduled Channel Polling","year":2005}