Ultra-Low Duty Cycle MAC with Scheduled Channel Polling. Ye, W., Silva, F., & Heidemann, J. In Proceedings of the FourthACM SenSys Conference , pages 321–333, Boulder, Colorado, USA, November, 2006. ACM.
Ultra-Low Duty Cycle MAC with Scheduled Channel Polling [link]Paper  abstract   bibtex   
Energy is a critical resource in sensor networks. MAC protocols such as S-MAC and T-MAC coordinate sleep schedules to reduce energy consumption. Recently, low-power listening (LPL) approaches such as WiseMAC and B-MAC exploit very brief polling of channel activity combined with long preambles before each transmission, saving energy particularly during low network utilization. Synchronization cost, either explicitly in scheduling, or implicitly in long preambles, limits all these protocols to duty cycles of 1–2%. We demonstrate that \emphultra-low duty cycles of 0.1% and below are possible with a new MAC protocol called scheduled channel polling (SCP). This work prompts three new contributions: First, we establish optimal configurations for both LPL and SCP under fixed conditions, developing a \emphlower bound of energy consumption. Under these conditions, SCP can extend lifetime of a network by a factor of 3–6 times over LPL. Second, SCP is designed to \emphadapt well to variable traffic. LPL is optimized for known, periodic traffic, and long preambles become very costly when traffic varies. In one experiment, SCP reduces energy consumption by a factor of 10 under bursty traffic. We also show how SCP adapts to heavy traffic and streams data in multi-hop networks, reducing latency by 85% and energy by 95% at 9 hops. Finally, we show that SCP can \emphoperate effectively on recent hardware such as 802.15.4 radios. In fact, power consumption of SCP decreases with faster radios, but that of LPL increases.
@InProceedings{Ye06a,
	author = 	"Wei Ye and Fabio Silva and John Heidemann",
	title = 	"Ultra-Low Duty Cycle {MAC} with Scheduled
            Channel Polling",
	booktitle = 	"Proceedings of the " # "Fourth" # " ACM {SenSys} Conference ",
	year = 		2006,
	sortdate = "2006-11-01",
	project = "ilense, snuse, cisoft",
	jsubject = "sensornet_subtransport",
	publisher =	"ACM",
	address =	"Boulder, Colorado, USA",
	month =		nov,
	pages =		"321--333",
	location =	"johnh: pafile",
	keywords =	"s-mac, scp-mac, b-mac, lpl",
	url =		"http://www.isi.edu/%7ejohnh/PAPERS/Ye06a.html",
	pdfurl =		"http://www.isi.edu/%7ejohnh/PAPERS/Ye06a.pdf",
	myorganization =	"USC/Information Sciences Institute",
	copyrightholder = "ACM",
	copyrightterms = "Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. ", 
	abstract = "
Energy is a critical resource in sensor networks.  MAC protocols such
as S-MAC and T-MAC coordinate sleep schedules to reduce energy
consumption.  Recently, low-power listening (LPL) approaches such as
WiseMAC and B-MAC exploit very brief polling of channel activity
combined with long preambles before each transmission, saving energy
particularly during low network utilization.  Synchronization cost,
either explicitly in scheduling, or implicitly in long preambles,
limits all these protocols to duty cycles of 1--2\%.  We demonstrate
that \emph{ultra-low} duty cycles of 0.1\% and below are possible with
a new MAC protocol called scheduled channel polling (SCP).  This work
prompts three new contributions:  First, we establish optimal
configurations for both LPL and SCP under fixed conditions, developing
a \emph{lower bound of energy consumption}.  Under these conditions,
SCP can extend lifetime of a network by a factor of 3--6 times over
LPL.  Second, SCP is designed
to \emph{adapt well to variable traffic}.
LPL is optimized for known, periodic traffic, and long
preambles become very costly when traffic varies.  In one experiment,
SCP reduces energy consumption by a factor of 10 under bursty traffic.
We also show how SCP adapts to heavy traffic and streams data in
multi-hop networks, reducing latency by 85\% and energy by 95\% at 9
hops.  Finally, we show that SCP can \emph{operate effectively on
recent hardware} such as 802.15.4 radios.  In fact, power consumption
of SCP decreases with faster radios, but that of LPL increases.
",
}
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