Surfactant-free CZTS nanoparticles as building blocks for low-cost solar cell absorbers. Zaberca, O., Oftinger, F., Chane-Ching, J. Y., Datas, L., Lafond, A., Puech, P., Balocchi, A., Lagarde, D., & Marie, X. Nanotechnology, 23(18):185402, May, 2012.
doi  abstract   bibtex   
A process route for the fabrication of solvent-redispersible, surfactant-free Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) nanoparticles has been designed with the objective to have the benefit of a simple sulfide source which advantageously acts as (i) a complexing agent inhibiting crystallite growth, (ii) a surface additive providing redispersion in low ionic strength polar solvents and (iii) a transient ligand easily replaced by an carbon-free surface additive. This multifunctional use of the sulfide source has been achieved through a fine tuning of ((Cu2+)(a)(Zn2+)(b)(Sn4+)(c)(Tu)(d)(OH-)(e))(t+), Tu = thiourea) oligomers, leading after temperature polycondensation and S2- exchange to highly concentrated (c \textgreater 100 g l(-1)), stable, ethanolic CZTS dispersions. The good electronic properties and low-defect concentration of the sintered, crack-free CZTSe films resulting from these building blocks was shown by photoluminescence investigation, making these building blocks interesting for low-cost, high-performance CZTSe solar cells.
@article{ zaberca_surfactant-free_2012,
  title = {Surfactant-free {CZTS} nanoparticles as building blocks for low-cost solar cell absorbers},
  volume = {23},
  issn = {0957-4484},
  doi = {10.1088/0957-4484/23/18/185402},
  abstract = {A process route for the fabrication of solvent-redispersible, surfactant-free {Cu2ZnSnS4} ({CZTS)} nanoparticles has been designed with the objective to have the benefit of a simple sulfide source which advantageously acts as (i) a complexing agent inhibiting crystallite growth, (ii) a surface additive providing redispersion in low ionic strength polar solvents and (iii) a transient ligand easily replaced by an carbon-free surface additive. This multifunctional use of the sulfide source has been achieved through a fine tuning of ((Cu2+)(a)(Zn2+)(b)(Sn4+)(c)(Tu)(d)({OH-)(e))(t+)}, Tu = thiourea) oligomers, leading after temperature polycondensation and S2- exchange to highly concentrated (c {\textgreater} 100 g l(-1)), stable, ethanolic {CZTS} dispersions. The good electronic properties and low-defect concentration of the sintered, crack-free {CZTSe} films resulting from these building blocks was shown by photoluminescence investigation, making these building blocks interesting for low-cost, high-performance {CZTSe} solar cells.},
  language = {English},
  number = {18},
  journal = {Nanotechnology},
  author = {Zaberca, O. and Oftinger, F. and Chane-Ching, J. Y. and Datas, L. and Lafond, A. and Puech, P. and Balocchi, A. and Lagarde, D. and Marie, X.},
  month = {May},
  year = {2012},
  keywords = {cu2znsns4 thin-films, cuins2, growth, nanocrystals, optical-properties, photovoltaics, precursors, raman-scattering, sulfurization},
  pages = {185402}
}

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