@article{Zurcher2019,
abstract = {BACKGROUND Drug resistance is a challenge for the global control of tuberculosis. We examined mortality in patients with tuberculosis from high-burden countries, according to concordance or discordance of results from drug susceptibility testing done locally and in a reference laboratory. METHODS This multicentre cohort study was done in C{\^{o}}te d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Peru, and Thailand. We collected Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates and clinical data from adult patients aged 16 years or older. Patients were stratified by HIV status and tuberculosis drug resistance. Molecular or phenotypic drug susceptibility testing was done locally and at the Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland. We examined mortality during treatment according to drug susceptibility test results and treatment adequacy in multivariable logistic regression models adjusting for sex, age, sputum microscopy, and HIV status. FINDINGS We obtained M tuberculosis isolates from 871 patients diagnosed between 2013 and 2016. After exclusion of 237 patients, 634 patients with tuberculosis were included in this analysis; the median age was 33{\textperiodcentered}2 years (IQR 26{\textperiodcentered}9–42{\textperiodcentered}5), 239 (38{\%}) were women, 272 (43{\%}) were HIV-positive, and 69 (11{\%}) patients died. Based on the reference laboratory drug susceptibility test, 394 (62{\%}) strains were pan-susceptible, 45 (7{\%}) monoresistant, 163 (26{\%}) multidrug-resistant (MDR), and 30 (5{\%}) had pre-extensively or extensively drug resistant (pre-XDR or XDR) tuberculosis. Results of reference and local laboratories were concordant for 513 (81{\%}) of 634 patients and discordant for 121 (19{\%}) of 634. Overall, sensitivity to detect any resistance was 90{\textperiodcentered}8{\%} (95{\%} CI 86{\textperiodcentered}5–94{\textperiodcentered}2) and specificity 84{\textperiodcentered}3{\%} (80{\textperiodcentered}3–87{\textperiodcentered}7). Mortality ranged from 6{\%} (20 of 336) in patients with pan-susceptible tuberculosis treated according to WHO guidelines to 57{\%} (eight of 14) in patients with resistant strains who were under-treated. In logistic regression models, compared with concordant drug susceptibility test results, the adjusted odds ratio of death was 7{\textperiodcentered}33 (95{\%} CI 2{\textperiodcentered}70–19{\textperiodcentered}95) for patients with discordant results potentially leading to under-treatment. INTERPRETATION Inaccurate drug susceptibility testing by comparison with a reference standard leads to under-treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis and increased mortality. Rapid molecular drug susceptibility test of first-line and second-line drugs at diagnosis is required to improve outcomes in patients with MDR tuberculosis and pre-XDR or XDR tuberculosis. FUNDING National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Swiss National Science Foundation, Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria.},
author = {Z{\"{u}}rcher, Kathrin and Ballif, Marie and Fenner, Lukas and Borrell, Sonia and Keller, Peter M and Gnokoro, Joachim and Marcy, Olivier and Yotebieng, Marcel and Diero, Lameck and Carter, E Jane and Rockwood, Neesha and Wilkinson, Robert J and Cox, Helen and Ezati, Nicholas and Abimiku, Alash'le G and Collantes, Jimena and Avihingsanon, Anchalee and Kawkitinarong, Kamon and Reinhard, Miriam and H{\"{o}}mke, Rico and Huebner, Robin and Gagneux, Sebastien and B{\"{o}}ttger, Erik C and Egger, Matthias and {on behalf of the International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) consortium}},
doi = {10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30673-X},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/01462563/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Z{\"{u}}rcher et al. - 2019 - Drug susceptibility testing and mortality in patients treated for tuberculosis in high-burden countries a multic.pdf:pdf},
journal = {The Lancet Infectious Diseases},
keywords = {OA,fund{\_}ack,original},
mendeley-tags = {OA,fund{\_}ack,original},
month = {mar},
number = {3},
pages = {298--307},
pmid = {30744962},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Drug susceptibility testing and mortality in patients treated for tuberculosis in high-burden countries: a multicentre cohort study}},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S147330991830673X?via{\%}3Dihub{\#}!},
volume = {19},
year = {2019}
}

{"_id":"eFwFYupF7xoKmMGEz","bibbaseid":"zrcher-ballif-fenner-borrell-keller-gnokoro-marcy-yotebieng-etal-drugsusceptibilitytestingandmortalityinpatientstreatedfortuberculosisinhighburdencountriesamulticentrecohortstudy-2019","author_short":["Zürcher, K.","Ballif, M.","Fenner, L.","Borrell, S.","Keller, P. M","Gnokoro, J.","Marcy, O.","Yotebieng, M.","Diero, L.","Carter, E J.","Rockwood, N.","Wilkinson, R. J","Cox, H.","Ezati, N.","Abimiku, A. G","Collantes, J.","Avihingsanon, A.","Kawkitinarong, K.","Reinhard, M.","Hömke, R.","Huebner, R.","Gagneux, S.","Böttger, E. C","Egger, M.","on behalf of the International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) consortium"],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"article","type":"article","abstract":"BACKGROUND Drug resistance is a challenge for the global control of tuberculosis. We examined mortality in patients with tuberculosis from high-burden countries, according to concordance or discordance of results from drug susceptibility testing done locally and in a reference laboratory. METHODS This multicentre cohort study was done in Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Peru, and Thailand. We collected Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates and clinical data from adult patients aged 16 years or older. Patients were stratified by HIV status and tuberculosis drug resistance. Molecular or phenotypic drug susceptibility testing was done locally and at the Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland. We examined mortality during treatment according to drug susceptibility test results and treatment adequacy in multivariable logistic regression models adjusting for sex, age, sputum microscopy, and HIV status. FINDINGS We obtained M tuberculosis isolates from 871 patients diagnosed between 2013 and 2016. After exclusion of 237 patients, 634 patients with tuberculosis were included in this analysis; the median age was 33˙2 years (IQR 26˙9–42˙5), 239 (38%) were women, 272 (43%) were HIV-positive, and 69 (11%) patients died. Based on the reference laboratory drug susceptibility test, 394 (62%) strains were pan-susceptible, 45 (7%) monoresistant, 163 (26%) multidrug-resistant (MDR), and 30 (5%) had pre-extensively or extensively drug resistant (pre-XDR or XDR) tuberculosis. Results of reference and local laboratories were concordant for 513 (81%) of 634 patients and discordant for 121 (19%) of 634. Overall, sensitivity to detect any resistance was 90˙8% (95% CI 86˙5–94˙2) and specificity 84˙3% (80˙3–87˙7). Mortality ranged from 6% (20 of 336) in patients with pan-susceptible tuberculosis treated according to WHO guidelines to 57% (eight of 14) in patients with resistant strains who were under-treated. In logistic regression models, compared with concordant drug susceptibility test results, the adjusted odds ratio of death was 7˙33 (95% CI 2˙70–19˙95) for patients with discordant results potentially leading to under-treatment. INTERPRETATION Inaccurate drug susceptibility testing by comparison with a reference standard leads to under-treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis and increased mortality. Rapid molecular drug susceptibility test of first-line and second-line drugs at diagnosis is required to improve outcomes in patients with MDR tuberculosis and pre-XDR or XDR tuberculosis. FUNDING National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Swiss National Science Foundation, Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria.","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Zürcher"],"firstnames":["Kathrin"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Ballif"],"firstnames":["Marie"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Fenner"],"firstnames":["Lukas"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Borrell"],"firstnames":["Sonia"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Keller"],"firstnames":["Peter","M"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Gnokoro"],"firstnames":["Joachim"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Marcy"],"firstnames":["Olivier"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Yotebieng"],"firstnames":["Marcel"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Diero"],"firstnames":["Lameck"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Carter"],"firstnames":["E","Jane"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Rockwood"],"firstnames":["Neesha"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Wilkinson"],"firstnames":["Robert","J"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Cox"],"firstnames":["Helen"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Ezati"],"firstnames":["Nicholas"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Abimiku"],"firstnames":["Alash'le","G"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Collantes"],"firstnames":["Jimena"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Avihingsanon"],"firstnames":["Anchalee"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Kawkitinarong"],"firstnames":["Kamon"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Reinhard"],"firstnames":["Miriam"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Hömke"],"firstnames":["Rico"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Huebner"],"firstnames":["Robin"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Gagneux"],"firstnames":["Sebastien"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Böttger"],"firstnames":["Erik","C"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Egger"],"firstnames":["Matthias"],"suffixes":[]},{"firstnames":[],"propositions":[],"lastnames":["on behalf of the International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) consortium"],"suffixes":[]}],"doi":"10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30673-X","file":":C$\\$:/Users/01462563/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Zürcher et al. - 2019 - Drug susceptibility testing and mortality in patients treated for tuberculosis in high-burden countries a multic.pdf:pdf","journal":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases","keywords":"OA,fund_ack,original","mendeley-tags":"OA,fund_ack,original","month":"mar","number":"3","pages":"298–307","pmid":"30744962","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Drug susceptibility testing and mortality in patients treated for tuberculosis in high-burden countries: a multicentre cohort study","url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S147330991830673X?via\\%3Dihub\\#!","volume":"19","year":"2019","bibtex":"@article{Zurcher2019,\r\nabstract = {BACKGROUND Drug resistance is a challenge for the global control of tuberculosis. We examined mortality in patients with tuberculosis from high-burden countries, according to concordance or discordance of results from drug susceptibility testing done locally and in a reference laboratory. METHODS This multicentre cohort study was done in C{\\^{o}}te d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Peru, and Thailand. We collected Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates and clinical data from adult patients aged 16 years or older. Patients were stratified by HIV status and tuberculosis drug resistance. Molecular or phenotypic drug susceptibility testing was done locally and at the Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland. We examined mortality during treatment according to drug susceptibility test results and treatment adequacy in multivariable logistic regression models adjusting for sex, age, sputum microscopy, and HIV status. FINDINGS We obtained M tuberculosis isolates from 871 patients diagnosed between 2013 and 2016. After exclusion of 237 patients, 634 patients with tuberculosis were included in this analysis; the median age was 33{\\textperiodcentered}2 years (IQR 26{\\textperiodcentered}9–42{\\textperiodcentered}5), 239 (38{\\%}) were women, 272 (43{\\%}) were HIV-positive, and 69 (11{\\%}) patients died. Based on the reference laboratory drug susceptibility test, 394 (62{\\%}) strains were pan-susceptible, 45 (7{\\%}) monoresistant, 163 (26{\\%}) multidrug-resistant (MDR), and 30 (5{\\%}) had pre-extensively or extensively drug resistant (pre-XDR or XDR) tuberculosis. Results of reference and local laboratories were concordant for 513 (81{\\%}) of 634 patients and discordant for 121 (19{\\%}) of 634. Overall, sensitivity to detect any resistance was 90{\\textperiodcentered}8{\\%} (95{\\%} CI 86{\\textperiodcentered}5–94{\\textperiodcentered}2) and specificity 84{\\textperiodcentered}3{\\%} (80{\\textperiodcentered}3–87{\\textperiodcentered}7). Mortality ranged from 6{\\%} (20 of 336) in patients with pan-susceptible tuberculosis treated according to WHO guidelines to 57{\\%} (eight of 14) in patients with resistant strains who were under-treated. In logistic regression models, compared with concordant drug susceptibility test results, the adjusted odds ratio of death was 7{\\textperiodcentered}33 (95{\\%} CI 2{\\textperiodcentered}70–19{\\textperiodcentered}95) for patients with discordant results potentially leading to under-treatment. INTERPRETATION Inaccurate drug susceptibility testing by comparison with a reference standard leads to under-treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis and increased mortality. Rapid molecular drug susceptibility test of first-line and second-line drugs at diagnosis is required to improve outcomes in patients with MDR tuberculosis and pre-XDR or XDR tuberculosis. 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