@article{zagoDoubleDissociationCortical2026a,
	title = {The double dissociation between cortical blindness and aphantasia: {A} review of 55 cases},
	volume = {203},
	issn = {00109452},
	shorttitle = {The double dissociation between cortical blindness and aphantasia},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S001094522600170X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cortex.2026.06.011},
	abstract = {A long-standing assumption in cognitive neuroscience is that visual mental imagery (VMI) is “visual perception in reverse” and, as such, requires reactivation of the primary visual cortex (V1). On this view, total destruction of V1 should abolish VMI and provoke neurological aphantasia. We tested this prediction by reviewing 55 published cases of cortical blindness (CB) in which VMI abilities were assessed. Vivid VMI is repeatedly documented in CB patients with complete or near-complete bilateral destruction, disconnection, or functional loss of V1; in impaired-VMI cases with informative anatomical or functional evidence, the lesion extends well beyond V1, typically into left temporal or temporooccipital cortex. No impaired-VMI case with informative anatomical or functional evidence shows damage confined to V1. These data are difficult to reconcile with a necessary role for V1 in VMI. They are also compatible with, but do not by themselves establish, network accounts that assign an important role to ventral temporal and frontoparietal systems. We outline practical guidelines for future neuropsychological studies of visual mental imagery in CB.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2026-07-23},
	journal = {Cortex},
	author = {Zago, Stefano and Hajhajate, Dounia and Preti, Alice Naomi and Difonzo, Teresa and Cattaneo, Silvia and Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	month = oct,
	year = {2026},
	keywords = {/unread},
	pages = {13--29},
}

A long-standing assumption in cognitive neuroscience is that visual mental imagery (VMI) is “visual perception in reverse” and, as such, requires reactivation of the primary visual cortex (V1). On this view, total destruction of V1 should abolish VMI and provoke neurological aphantasia. We tested this prediction by reviewing 55 published cases of cortical blindness (CB) in which VMI abilities were assessed. Vivid VMI is repeatedly documented in CB patients with complete or near-complete bilateral destruction, disconnection, or functional loss of V1; in impaired-VMI cases with informative anatomical or functional evidence, the lesion extends well beyond V1, typically into left temporal or temporooccipital cortex. No impaired-VMI case with informative anatomical or functional evidence shows damage confined to V1. These data are difficult to reconcile with a necessary role for V1 in VMI. They are also compatible with, but do not by themselves establish, network accounts that assign an important role to ventral temporal and frontoparietal systems. We outline practical guidelines for future neuropsychological studies of visual mental imagery in CB.

@article{takamuraSimilarEyeMovements2026,
	title = {Similar eye movements in aphantasia and visualizers during mental map exploration},
	volume = {203},
	issn = {00109452},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0010945226001693},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cortex.2026.06.010},
	abstract = {During visual mental imagery, our eyes tend to reproduce patterns of movement similar to those observed in visual perception, even in the absence of external stimuli. However, imagery vividness varies along a spectrum, with congenital aphantasia at the lower extreme, where individuals report a reduced or absent ability to visualize voluntarily. Nevertheless, they can typically state from memory that Bordeaux is to the left of Paris on a map of France while denying having conjured any mental image. What cognitive mechanisms underlie this dissociation? Some theories suggest aphantasia stems from impaired image generation, while others propose it reflects a lack of metacognitive awareness of visual mental imagery. This study examines oculomotor patterns in aphantasia and visualizers during a mental exploration task involving an imagined map of France. We tested four competing hypotheses: H1: reduced eye movements in aphantasia are due to absent mental images; H2: increased exploratory eye movements in aphantasia as a sensorimotor compensatory strategy; H3: typical eye movements in aphantasia are associated with impaired metacognitive access, or H4: heterogeneous eye movement patterns in aphantasia. Results revealed that aphantasic individuals tended to look toward imagined targets just as visualizers do, consistent with H3. This suggests that congenital aphantasia is not the absence of visual mental images but may instead reflect reduced metacognitive access to imagery or a reliance on effective non-visual strategies capable of producing performance patterns similar to those of visualizers.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2026-07-23},
	journal = {Cortex},
	author = {Takamura, Yusaku and Coustaty, Sarah and Liu, Jianghao and Razzak, Emaad and Pouget, Pierre and Spagna, Alfredo and Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	month = oct,
	year = {2026},
	keywords = {/unread},
	pages = {48--73},
}

During visual mental imagery, our eyes tend to reproduce patterns of movement similar to those observed in visual perception, even in the absence of external stimuli. However, imagery vividness varies along a spectrum, with congenital aphantasia at the lower extreme, where individuals report a reduced or absent ability to visualize voluntarily. Nevertheless, they can typically state from memory that Bordeaux is to the left of Paris on a map of France while denying having conjured any mental image. What cognitive mechanisms underlie this dissociation? Some theories suggest aphantasia stems from impaired image generation, while others propose it reflects a lack of metacognitive awareness of visual mental imagery. This study examines oculomotor patterns in aphantasia and visualizers during a mental exploration task involving an imagined map of France. We tested four competing hypotheses: H1: reduced eye movements in aphantasia are due to absent mental images; H2: increased exploratory eye movements in aphantasia as a sensorimotor compensatory strategy; H3: typical eye movements in aphantasia are associated with impaired metacognitive access, or H4: heterogeneous eye movement patterns in aphantasia. Results revealed that aphantasic individuals tended to look toward imagined targets just as visualizers do, consistent with H3. This suggests that congenital aphantasia is not the absence of visual mental images but may instead reflect reduced metacognitive access to imagery or a reliance on effective non-visual strategies capable of producing performance patterns similar to those of visualizers.

@article{spagnaBetaGammaDynamics2026a,
	title = {Beta and {Gamma} {Dynamics} in {Attentional} {Networks} {Predict} {Conscious} {Reports}},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1529-2401},
	doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0590-25.2026},
	abstract = {What neural events precede conscious reports? Hemisphere-asymmetric attentional networks are causally related to conscious perception (Bartolomeo et al., 2025; Kaufmann et al., 2024), but their spectrotemporal dynamics remain unclear. Here, we used magnetoencephalography to examine brain oscillations occurring in human participants (male and female) before a near-threshold target during the cue-target period. In 67\% of trials, a supra-threshold visual cue appeared near the target placeholder box, indicating that the target would appear at that location (valid condition). In the remaining 33\% of trials, the target appeared at the opposite location (invalid condition). We analyzed brain oscillations, coherence, and theta-gamma phase-amplitude (PAC) coupling in 18 regions of interest involved in attentional and perception (Martín-Signes et al., 2024). Results revealed that: (1) Report of validly cued targets was preceded by early (∼58 ms post-cue) beta-band activity in the right-hemisphere superior parietal lobule. (2) Report of invalidly cued targets was preceded by late (∼166 ms post-cue) beta-band activity in the right temporo-occipital (TO) region, PAC in the right lateral visual cortex, and low gamma coherence between this region and the left temporo-parietal junction, (3) Unreported invalidly cued targets were preceded by PAC in the right TO, and by high gamma coherence between this region and the right middle frontal gyrus suggesting a pre-target bias. We show that conscious report is preceded by temporally dissociable, frequency-specific reconfigurations of right-lateralized attentional networks, with an early parietal beta-mediated orienting window and a later ventral beta- and gamma-mediated window that predict conscious reports before target onset.Significance statement Conscious perception depends not only on sensory signals, but also on how attentional networks prepare the brain in advance. Using MEG and a spatial cueing task with near-threshold targets, we show distinct right-hemisphere beta- and gamma-band dynamics predicting whether an upcoming stimulus will be reported or missed. Validly cued reports rely on early beta activity in the right superior parietal lobule, whereas invalid reports and omission errors are linked to later beta activity in the right temporo-occipital region, early theta-gamma coupling between this region and the right middle frontal gyrus, and theta-gamma phase-amplitude coupling. These findings reveal hemisphere-asymmetric spectrotemporal signatures by which attention biases predictive processing and shapes the conscious report of future stimuli, informing theories of conscious perception.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {21},
	journal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},
	author = {Spagna, Alfredo and Liu, Jianghao and Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	month = apr,
	year = {2026},
	pages = {e0590252026},
}

What neural events precede conscious reports? Hemisphere-asymmetric attentional networks are causally related to conscious perception (Bartolomeo et al., 2025; Kaufmann et al., 2024), but their spectrotemporal dynamics remain unclear. Here, we used magnetoencephalography to examine brain oscillations occurring in human participants (male and female) before a near-threshold target during the cue-target period. In 67% of trials, a supra-threshold visual cue appeared near the target placeholder box, indicating that the target would appear at that location (valid condition). In the remaining 33% of trials, the target appeared at the opposite location (invalid condition). We analyzed brain oscillations, coherence, and theta-gamma phase-amplitude (PAC) coupling in 18 regions of interest involved in attentional and perception (Martín-Signes et al., 2024). Results revealed that: (1) Report of validly cued targets was preceded by early (∼58 ms post-cue) beta-band activity in the right-hemisphere superior parietal lobule. (2) Report of invalidly cued targets was preceded by late (∼166 ms post-cue) beta-band activity in the right temporo-occipital (TO) region, PAC in the right lateral visual cortex, and low gamma coherence between this region and the left temporo-parietal junction, (3) Unreported invalidly cued targets were preceded by PAC in the right TO, and by high gamma coherence between this region and the right middle frontal gyrus suggesting a pre-target bias. We show that conscious report is preceded by temporally dissociable, frequency-specific reconfigurations of right-lateralized attentional networks, with an early parietal beta-mediated orienting window and a later ventral beta- and gamma-mediated window that predict conscious reports before target onset.Significance statement Conscious perception depends not only on sensory signals, but also on how attentional networks prepare the brain in advance. Using MEG and a spatial cueing task with near-threshold targets, we show distinct right-hemisphere beta- and gamma-band dynamics predicting whether an upcoming stimulus will be reported or missed. Validly cued reports rely on early beta activity in the right superior parietal lobule, whereas invalid reports and omission errors are linked to later beta activity in the right temporo-occipital region, early theta-gamma coupling between this region and the right middle frontal gyrus, and theta-gamma phase-amplitude coupling. These findings reveal hemisphere-asymmetric spectrotemporal signatures by which attention biases predictive processing and shapes the conscious report of future stimuli, informing theories of conscious perception.

@article{takamuraDisruptedIntegrationSegregation2026a,
	title = {Disrupted integration–segregation balance in the intact hemisphere in chronic spatial neglect},
	volume = {231},
	issn = {1863-2661},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-026-03137-1},
	doi = {10.1007/s00429-026-03137-1},
	abstract = {Spatial neglect is a common and disabling consequence of right hemisphere stroke, characterized by a failure to attend to the contralesional left space, and frequently persists into the chronic stage. There is robust evidence on the role of right-hemisphere frontoparietal dysfunction, interhemispheric structural disconnection and maladaptive activity in the left hemisphere in the persistence of neglect. However, the specific impact of right frontoparietal dysfunction on the functional (re)organization of the left, non-lesioned hemisphere remains poorly understood. In this study, we introduce a novel application of functional connectivity gradient analysis to investigate macroscale functional reorganization in the non-lesioned left hemisphere of patients with chronic left spatial neglect. Focusing on resting-state fMRI data, we demonstrate that abnormal segregation patterns in the left frontoparietal and default mode networks are robustly associated with neglect severity and spatial attentional bias. Notably, the gradient capturing the unimodal-to-transmodal hierarchy was associated with neglect severity, and gradients related to the frontoparietal control network were altered in neglect patients. Single-subject analyses confirmed the presence of this pattern in 11 of the 13 patients included in the study. We also show that greater structural integrity of the left inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF) is positively associated with these functional dynamics. These findings reveal a previously overlooked aspect of neglect pathophysiology: the maladaptive dominance of the non-lesioned hemisphere’s intrinsic architecture. By combining innovative gradient-based metrics with classical lesion approaches, our study offers a new framework for understanding neglect as an emergent property of large-scale network imbalance, with clinical implications for diagnosis and intervention, and theoretical consequences for models of hemispheric asymmetries and conscious access.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2026-06-09},
	journal = {Brain Structure and Function},
	author = {Takamura, Yusaku and Lunven, Marine and Serhan, Yvonne and Bourlon, Clémence and Ovadia-Caro, Smadar and Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	month = jun,
	year = {2026},
	keywords = {Functional Connectivity Gradients, Inferior Fronto-Occipital Fasciculus (IFOF), Left Hemisphere Reorganization, Network Integration and Segregation, Spatial Neglect},
	pages = {82},
}

Spatial neglect is a common and disabling consequence of right hemisphere stroke, characterized by a failure to attend to the contralesional left space, and frequently persists into the chronic stage. There is robust evidence on the role of right-hemisphere frontoparietal dysfunction, interhemispheric structural disconnection and maladaptive activity in the left hemisphere in the persistence of neglect. However, the specific impact of right frontoparietal dysfunction on the functional (re)organization of the left, non-lesioned hemisphere remains poorly understood. In this study, we introduce a novel application of functional connectivity gradient analysis to investigate macroscale functional reorganization in the non-lesioned left hemisphere of patients with chronic left spatial neglect. Focusing on resting-state fMRI data, we demonstrate that abnormal segregation patterns in the left frontoparietal and default mode networks are robustly associated with neglect severity and spatial attentional bias. Notably, the gradient capturing the unimodal-to-transmodal hierarchy was associated with neglect severity, and gradients related to the frontoparietal control network were altered in neglect patients. Single-subject analyses confirmed the presence of this pattern in 11 of the 13 patients included in the study. We also show that greater structural integrity of the left inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF) is positively associated with these functional dynamics. These findings reveal a previously overlooked aspect of neglect pathophysiology: the maladaptive dominance of the non-lesioned hemisphere’s intrinsic architecture. By combining innovative gradient-based metrics with classical lesion approaches, our study offers a new framework for understanding neglect as an emergent property of large-scale network imbalance, with clinical implications for diagnosis and intervention, and theoretical consequences for models of hemispheric asymmetries and conscious access.

@article{bartolomeoFusiformImageryNode2026,
	title = {The {Fusiform} {Imagery} {Node}: {Where} {Vision} {Meets} {Concepts} in the {Left} {Temporal} {Lobe}},
	volume = {224},
	issn = {0028-3932},
	shorttitle = {The {Fusiform} {Imagery} {Node}},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028393226000448},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2026.109398},
	abstract = {We present a perspective that integrates clinical and neuroimaging evidence to argue that voluntary visual mental imagery is supported by a distributed network organized around the Fusiform Imagery Node (FIN) of the left fusiform gyrus. Lesion evidence shows that imagery is consistently impaired when the FIN is damaged or disconnected, while neuroimaging confirms robust, domain-independent activation of this cortical area. Recent 7T fMRI data further clarify the putative functional attributes of the FIN. First, the FIN appears to subserve domain-general processes, supporting imagery for objects, colors, words, faces, and spatial relationships, whereas adjacent ventral temporal regions display domain selectivity. Second, it encodes semantic information, as shown by shared multivoxel activity patterns between the FIN, the left inferior frontal gyrus, and the intraparietal sulcus, indicating common representational codes for semantic content. Third, FIN representational overlap between imagery and perception correlates with subjective vividness—the more perceptual-like the representation, the more vivid the experience. This overlap is absent in aphantasia. Fourth, the FIN exhibits functional connectivity with both frontoparietal control regions and domain-specific areas, consistent with a role as a semantic integration hub. Notably, FIN–prefrontal connectivity is markedly reduced in aphantasia. Fifth, the FIN is strongly left-lateralized, mirroring the asymmetry of the semantic system that provides a major input to imagery. Collectively, these features suggest that the FIN serves as a central bridge between semantic and visual information, essential for constructing mental images. Its connectivity may account for individual variability in imagery vividness—from aphantasia to typical imagery—and offers theoretical insight into the neural mechanisms of conscious processing and hemispheric asymmetries, with implications for both clinical and applied domains.},
	urldate = {2026-02-13},
	journal = {Neuropsychologia},
	author = {Bartolomeo, Paolo and Liu, Jianghao and Spagna, Alfredo},
	month = feb,
	year = {2026},
	keywords = {Fusiform Imagery Node (FIN), Visual mental imagery, aphantasia, conscious access, functional connectivity, hemispheric asymmetries, lesion neuropsychology, semantic system, ultra–high field fMRI, ventral temporal cortex},
	pages = {109398},
}

We present a perspective that integrates clinical and neuroimaging evidence to argue that voluntary visual mental imagery is supported by a distributed network organized around the Fusiform Imagery Node (FIN) of the left fusiform gyrus. Lesion evidence shows that imagery is consistently impaired when the FIN is damaged or disconnected, while neuroimaging confirms robust, domain-independent activation of this cortical area. Recent 7T fMRI data further clarify the putative functional attributes of the FIN. First, the FIN appears to subserve domain-general processes, supporting imagery for objects, colors, words, faces, and spatial relationships, whereas adjacent ventral temporal regions display domain selectivity. Second, it encodes semantic information, as shown by shared multivoxel activity patterns between the FIN, the left inferior frontal gyrus, and the intraparietal sulcus, indicating common representational codes for semantic content. Third, FIN representational overlap between imagery and perception correlates with subjective vividness—the more perceptual-like the representation, the more vivid the experience. This overlap is absent in aphantasia. Fourth, the FIN exhibits functional connectivity with both frontoparietal control regions and domain-specific areas, consistent with a role as a semantic integration hub. Notably, FIN–prefrontal connectivity is markedly reduced in aphantasia. Fifth, the FIN is strongly left-lateralized, mirroring the asymmetry of the semantic system that provides a major input to imagery. Collectively, these features suggest that the FIN serves as a central bridge between semantic and visual information, essential for constructing mental images. Its connectivity may account for individual variability in imagery vividness—from aphantasia to typical imagery—and offers theoretical insight into the neural mechanisms of conscious processing and hemispheric asymmetries, with implications for both clinical and applied domains.

@book{UnderstandingBrainShort,
	title = {Understanding the {Brain}: {A} {Short} {Guide}},
	shorttitle = {Understanding the {Brain}},
	url = {https://www.routledge.com/Understanding-the-Brain-A-Short-Guide/Bartolomeo/p/book/9781041244875},
	abstract = {Understanding the Brain: A Short Guide tackles some of the most profound questions about what it means to be human, exploring the origins of consciousness, the development of language, and the future of brain research. This book examines the brain’s mysteries through the lens of cognitive neuroscience, offering readers a compelling journey from historical discoveries to cutting-edge advancements. It also poses intriguing questions about the possibilities of decoding dreams and thoughts by anal},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2026-05-21},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Bartolomeo, P},
	year = {2026},
	keywords = {/unread},
}

Understanding the Brain: A Short Guide tackles some of the most profound questions about what it means to be human, exploring the origins of consciousness, the development of language, and the future of brain research. This book examines the brain’s mysteries through the lens of cognitive neuroscience, offering readers a compelling journey from historical discoveries to cutting-edge advancements. It also poses intriguing questions about the possibilities of decoding dreams and thoughts by anal

@article{bartolomeoSyndromeParietooccipital,
	title = {Syndrome pariéto-occipital},
	language = {fr},
	number = {Article 17-018-A-10},
	journal = {EMC - Neurologie},
	publisher = {Elsevier Masson},
	author = {Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	year = {2026},
	pages = {1--9},
}

@article{heStage1_TrackingMindsEyes_Spatiotemporal2025,
	title = {Tracking the mind’s eyes - {Spatiotemporal} {Dynamics} of {Domain}-{General} and {Domain}- {Specific} {Visual} {Mental} {Imagery}},
	url = {https://osf.io/28wmf},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2026-04-21},
	publisher = {OSF},
	author = {He, Chen and Liu, Jianghao and Bartolomeo, Paolo and Spagna, Alfredo},
	month = oct,
	year = {2025},
}

@article{takamuraMapFrance_Aph_ET_Draft_v1_revise2pdf2025,
	title = {Oculomotor {Markers} of {Visuospatial} {Mental} {Imagery} in {Aphantasia} and {Visualizers}},
	url = {https://osf.io/ahq87},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2026-05-21},
	journal = {OSF},
	publisher = {OSF},
	author = {Takamura, Yusaku and Coustaty, Sarah and Liu, Jianghao and Razzak, Emaad and Pouget, Pierre and Spagna, Alfredo and Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	month = jun,
	year = {2025},
	keywords = {/unread},
}

@article{cheaListeningClassicalMusic2024,
	title = {Listening to classical music influences brain connectivity in post-stroke aphasia: {A} pilot study},
	volume = {67},
	issn = {1877-0657},
	shorttitle = {Listening to classical music influences brain connectivity in post-stroke aphasia},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877065724000095},
	doi = {10.1016/j.rehab.2024.101825},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2024-03-12},
	journal = {Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine},
	author = {Chea, Maryane and Ben Salah, Amina and Toba, Monica N. and Zeineldin, Ryan and Kaufmann, Brigitte and Weill-Chounlamountry, Agnès and Naccache, Lionel and Bayen, Eléonore and Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	month = may,
	year = {2024},
	keywords = {Aphasia, Brain connectivity, Music-assisted rehabilitation, Stroke rehabilitation},
	pages = {101825},
}

@article{hajhajateConnectionalAnatomyVisual2022,
	title = {The connectional anatomy of visual mental imagery: evidence from a patient with left occipito-temporal damage},
	volume = {227},
	issn = {1863-2661},
	shorttitle = {The connectional anatomy of visual mental imagery},
	url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35622159/},
	doi = {10.1007/s00429-022-02505-x},
	abstract = {Most of us can use our "mind's eye" to mentally visualize things that are not in our direct line of sight, an ability known as visual mental imagery. Extensive left temporal damage can impair patients' visual mental imagery experience, but the critical locus of lesion is unknown. Our recent meta-ana …},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2023-09-14},
	journal = {Brain structure \& function},
	publisher = {Brain Struct Funct},
	author = {Hajhajate, D. and Kaufmann, B.C. and Liu, J. and Siuda-Krzywicka, K. and Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	month = dec,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {3075--3083},
}

Most of us can use our "mind's eye" to mentally visualize things that are not in our direct line of sight, an ability known as visual mental imagery. Extensive left temporal damage can impair patients' visual mental imagery experience, but the critical locus of lesion is unknown. Our recent meta-ana …

@article{kaufmannAuditorySpatialCueing2022,
	title = {Auditory spatial cueing reduces neglect after right-hemispheric stroke: {A} proof of concept study},
	volume = {148},
	issn = {00109452},
	shorttitle = {Auditory spatial cueing reduces neglect after right-hemispheric stroke},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0010945222000028},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cortex.2021.12.009},
	abstract = {Spatial neglect after right-hemispheric stroke, characterized by the failure to attend or respond to the contralesional space, is a strong negative outcome predictor. Neglect is a supramodal syndrome affecting not only the visual but also the auditory modality. Preliminary studies used this audio-visual cross-modal effect to show short-lasting effects on attention towards the neglected space. The aim of the present study was to introduce a new technique of auditory stimulation combining the unspecific effect of music (i.e., patients choose their preferred music) with the effects of auditory spatial cueing (i.e., the music is presented dynamically as moving from right to left). The effect of this new auditory stimulation technique was investigated in two proof-of-concept experiments using repeated-measures, cross-over designs including 21 patients with visual neglect after a first right-hemispheric stroke. In Experiment I (n ¼ 9), neglect patients showed a significantly larger improvement in Letter Cancellation after listening to preferred music with than without auditory spatial cueing. After granting the feasibility of this new auditory stimulation technique, we investigated the long-term aftereffects in Experiment II (n ¼ 12). Herefore, we used video-oculography during Free Visual Exploration, a sensitive and reliable tool to assess spatial attention over time. Listening to music with auditory spatial cueing e as compared to music without auditory spatial cueing e significantly improved neglect severity in terms of visual exploration behaviour for up to 3h. A voxel-based-lesionsymptom mapping analysis over all patients revealed that the response variability in listening to music with auditory spatial cueing is determined by the integrity of the right inferior parietal lobule, the second branch of the superior longitudinal fascicle, and parietoparietal callosal fibres. Our study shows that listening to music with auditory spatial cueing significantly reduces neglect severity and has the potential to be used as an add-on in the neurorehabilitation of neglect.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-01-03},
	journal = {Cortex},
	author = {Kaufmann, B.C. and Cazzoli, D. and Bartolomeo, Paolo and Frey, J. and Pflugshaupt, T. and Knobel, S.E.J. and Nef, T. and Müri, R.M. and Nyffeler, T.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {152--167},
}

Spatial neglect after right-hemispheric stroke, characterized by the failure to attend or respond to the contralesional space, is a strong negative outcome predictor. Neglect is a supramodal syndrome affecting not only the visual but also the auditory modality. Preliminary studies used this audio-visual cross-modal effect to show short-lasting effects on attention towards the neglected space. The aim of the present study was to introduce a new technique of auditory stimulation combining the unspecific effect of music (i.e., patients choose their preferred music) with the effects of auditory spatial cueing (i.e., the music is presented dynamically as moving from right to left). The effect of this new auditory stimulation technique was investigated in two proof-of-concept experiments using repeated-measures, cross-over designs including 21 patients with visual neglect after a first right-hemispheric stroke. In Experiment I (n ¼ 9), neglect patients showed a significantly larger improvement in Letter Cancellation after listening to preferred music with than without auditory spatial cueing. After granting the feasibility of this new auditory stimulation technique, we investigated the long-term aftereffects in Experiment II (n ¼ 12). Herefore, we used video-oculography during Free Visual Exploration, a sensitive and reliable tool to assess spatial attention over time. Listening to music with auditory spatial cueing e as compared to music without auditory spatial cueing e significantly improved neglect severity in terms of visual exploration behaviour for up to 3h. A voxel-based-lesionsymptom mapping analysis over all patients revealed that the response variability in listening to music with auditory spatial cueing is determined by the integrity of the right inferior parietal lobule, the second branch of the superior longitudinal fascicle, and parietoparietal callosal fibres. Our study shows that listening to music with auditory spatial cueing significantly reduces neglect severity and has the potential to be used as an add-on in the neurorehabilitation of neglect.

@article{kaufmannResponseLetterSchenke2022,
	title = {Response to the {Letter} by {Schenke} et al. on “{Auditory} spatial cueing reduces neglect after righthemispheric stroke: {A} proof of concept study” by {Kaufmann} et al., 2022},
	volume = {157},
	issn = {0010-9452},
	shorttitle = {Response to the {Letter} by {Schenke} et al. on “{Auditory} spatial cueing reduces neglect after righthemispheric stroke},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010945222002714},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cortex.2022.09.009},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-01-02},
	journal = {Cortex},
	author = {Kaufmann, B. C. and Cazzoli, D. and Bartolomeo, Paolo and Geiser, N. and Nef, T. and Nyffeler, T.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {336--337},
}

@article{bartolomeoVisualMotorNeglect2021,
	title = {Visual and motor neglect: {Clinical} and neurocognitive aspects},
	volume = {177},
	issn = {00353787},
	shorttitle = {Visual and motor neglect},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0035378720307384},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neurol.2020.09.003},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2023-01-03},
	journal = {Revue Neurologique},
	author = {Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	month = jun,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {619--626},
}

@article{bartolomeoCompetitionCooperationVisual2021,
	title = {From competition to cooperation: {Visual} neglect across the hemispheres},
	volume = {177},
	issn = {00353787},
	shorttitle = {From competition to cooperation},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0035378721006561},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neurol.2021.07.015},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2023-01-02},
	journal = {Revue Neurologique},
	author = {Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	month = nov,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1104--1111},
}

@article{henriquezFluctuatingMindsSpontaneous2016,
	title = {Fluctuating {Minds}: {Spontaneous} {Psychophysical} {Variability} during {Mind}-{Wandering}},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	shorttitle = {Fluctuating {Minds}},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0147174},
	abstract = {Mind-wandering is the occasional distraction we experience while performing a cognitive task. It arises without any external precedent, varies over time, and interferes with the processing of sensory information. Here, we asked whether the transition from the on-task state to mind-wandering is a gradual process or an abrupt event. We developed a new experimental approach, based on the continuous, online assessment of individual psychophysical performance. Probe questions were asked whenever response times (RTs) exceeded 2 standard deviations from the participant's average RT. Results showed that mind-wandering reports were generally preceded by slower RTs, as compared to trials preceding on-task reports. Mind-wandering episodes could be reliably predicted from the response time difference between the last and the second-to-last trials. Thus, mind-wandering reports follow an abrupt increase in behavioral variability, lasting between 2.5 and 10 seconds.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {2},
	journal = {PloS One},
	author = {Henríquez, Rodrigo A. and Chica, Ana B. and Billeke, Pablo and Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {/unread, Adolescent, Adult, Attention, Humans, Male, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Thinking, Young Adult},
	pages = {e0147174},
}

Mind-wandering is the occasional distraction we experience while performing a cognitive task. It arises without any external precedent, varies over time, and interferes with the processing of sensory information. Here, we asked whether the transition from the on-task state to mind-wandering is a gradual process or an abrupt event. We developed a new experimental approach, based on the continuous, online assessment of individual psychophysical performance. Probe questions were asked whenever response times (RTs) exceeded 2 standard deviations from the participant's average RT. Results showed that mind-wandering reports were generally preceded by slower RTs, as compared to trials preceding on-task reports. Mind-wandering episodes could be reliably predicted from the response time difference between the last and the second-to-last trials. Thus, mind-wandering reports follow an abrupt increase in behavioral variability, lasting between 2.5 and 10 seconds.

@article{migliaccioFunctionalConnectivityVentral2016,
	title = {Functional {Connectivity} of {Ventral} and {Dorsal} {Visual} {Streams} in {Posterior} {Cortical} {Atrophy}},
	volume = {51},
	issn = {1387-2877},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-150934},
	doi = {10.3233/JAD-150934},
	abstract = {Background:Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) induces progressive dysfunction of ventral and dorsal visual networks. Little is known, however, about corresponding changes in functional connectivity (FC).Objectives:To investigate FC changes in the visual networks, their relationship with cortical atrophy, and the association with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology.Methods:Ten PCA patients and 28 age-matched controls participated in the study. Using resting state fMRI, we measured FC in ventral and dorsal cortical visual networks, defined on the basis of a priori knowledge of long-range white matter connections. To assess the relationships with AD, we determined AD biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid and FC in the default mode network (DMN), which is vulnerable to AD pathology. Voxel-based morphometry analysis assessed the pattern of grey matter (GM) atrophy.Results:PCA patients showed GM atrophy in bilateral occipital and inferior parietal regions. PCA patients had lower FC levels in a ventral network than controls, but higher FC in inferior components of the dorsal network. In particular, the increased connectivity correlated with greater GM atrophy in occipital regions. All PCA patients had positive cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for AD; however, FC in global DMN did not differ from controls.Conclusions:FC in PCA reflects brain structure in a non-univocal way. Hyperconnectivity of dorsal networks may indicate aberrant communication in response to posterior brain atrophy or processes of neural resilience during the initial stage of brain dysfunction. The lack of difference from controls in global DMN FC highlights the atypical nature of PCA with respect to typical AD.},
	language = {EN},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2026-06-08},
	journal = {Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease},
	publisher = {SAGE Publications},
	author = {Migliaccio, Raffaella and Gallea, Cécile and Kas, Aurélie and Perlbarg, Vincent and Samri, Dalila and Trotta, Laura and Michon, Agnès and Lacomblez, Lucette and Dubois, Bruno and Lehericy, Stéphane and Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	month = apr,
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {/unread},
	pages = {1119--1130},
}

Background:Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) induces progressive dysfunction of ventral and dorsal visual networks. Little is known, however, about corresponding changes in functional connectivity (FC).Objectives:To investigate FC changes in the visual networks, their relationship with cortical atrophy, and the association with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology.Methods:Ten PCA patients and 28 age-matched controls participated in the study. Using resting state fMRI, we measured FC in ventral and dorsal cortical visual networks, defined on the basis of a priori knowledge of long-range white matter connections. To assess the relationships with AD, we determined AD biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid and FC in the default mode network (DMN), which is vulnerable to AD pathology. Voxel-based morphometry analysis assessed the pattern of grey matter (GM) atrophy.Results:PCA patients showed GM atrophy in bilateral occipital and inferior parietal regions. PCA patients had lower FC levels in a ventral network than controls, but higher FC in inferior components of the dorsal network. In particular, the increased connectivity correlated with greater GM atrophy in occipital regions. All PCA patients had positive cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for AD; however, FC in global DMN did not differ from controls.Conclusions:FC in PCA reflects brain structure in a non-univocal way. Hyperconnectivity of dorsal networks may indicate aberrant communication in response to posterior brain atrophy or processes of neural resilience during the initial stage of brain dysfunction. The lack of difference from controls in global DMN FC highlights the atypical nature of PCA with respect to typical AD.

@article{rabuffettiDifferentialActigraphyMonitoring2016,
	title = {Differential actigraphy for monitoring asymmetry in upper limb motor activities},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {0967-3334, 1361-6579},
	url = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0967-3334/37/10/1798},
	doi = {2016092113130400},
	abstract = {Most applications of accelerometry-based actigraphy require a single sensor, properly located onto the body, to estimate, for example, the level of activity or the energy expenditure. Some approaches adopt a multi-sensor setup to improve those analyses or to classify different types of activity. The specific case of two symmetrically placed actigraphs allowing, by some kind of differential analysis, for the assessment of asymmetric motor behaviors, has been considered in relatively few studies.},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2023-01-03},
	journal = {Physiological Measurement},
	author = {Rabuffetti, M and Meriggi, P and Pagliari, C and Bartolomeo, Paolo and Ferrarin, M},
	month = oct,
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {⚠️ Invalid DOI},
	pages = {1798--1812},
}

Most applications of accelerometry-based actigraphy require a single sensor, properly located onto the body, to estimate, for example, the level of activity or the energy expenditure. Some approaches adopt a multi-sensor setup to improve those analyses or to classify different types of activity. The specific case of two symmetrically placed actigraphs allowing, by some kind of differential analysis, for the assessment of asymmetric motor behaviors, has been considered in relatively few studies.

@article{thiebautdeschottenDamageWhiteMatter2014,
	title = {Damage to {White} {Matter} {Pathways} in {Subacute} and {Chronic} {Spatial} {Neglect}: {A} {Group} {Study} and 2 {Single}-{Case} {Studies} with {Complete} {Virtual} "{In} {Vivo}" {Tractography} {Dissection}},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {1047-3211, 1460-2199},
	shorttitle = {Damage to {White} {Matter} {Pathways} in {Subacute} and {Chronic} {Spatial} {Neglect}},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/cercor/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/cercor/bhs351},
	doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhs351},
	abstract = {The exact anatomical localization of right hemisphere lesions that lead to left spatial neglect is still debated. The effect of confounding factors such as acute diaschisis and hypoperfusion, visual field defects, and lesion size may account for conflicting results that have been reported in the literature. Here, we present a comprehensive anatomical investigation of the gray- and white matter lesion correlates of left spatial neglect, which was run in a sample 58 patients with subacute or chronic vascular strokes in the territory of the right middle cerebral artery. Standard voxel-based correlates confirmed the role played by lesions in the posterior parietal cortex (supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus, and temporal–parietal junction), in the frontal cortex (frontal eye field, middle and inferior frontal gyrus), and in the underlying parietal–frontal white matter. Using a new diffusion tensor imaging-based atlas of the human brain, we were able to run, for the first time, a detailed analysis of the lesion involvement of subcortical white matter pathways. The results of this analysis revealed that, among the different pathways linking parietal with frontal areas, damage to the second branch of the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF II) was the best predictor of left spatial neglect. The group study also revealed a subsample of patients with neglect due to focal lesion in the lateral–dorsal portion of the thalamus, which connects the premotor cortex with the inferior parietal lobule. The relevance of fronto-parietal disconnection was further supported by complete in vivo tractography dissection of white matter pathways in 2 patients, one with and the other without signs of neglect. These 2 patients were studied both in the acute phase and 1 year after stroke and were perfectly matched for age, handedness, stroke onset, lesion size, and for cortical lesion involvement. Taken together, the results of the present study support the hypothesis that anatomical disconnections leading to a functional breakdown of parietal–frontal networks are an important pathophysiological factor leading to chronic left spatial neglect. Here, we propose that different loci of SLF disconnection on the rostro-caudal axis can also be associated with disconnection of short-range white matter pathways within the frontal or parietal areas. Such different local disconnection patterns can play a role in the important clinical variability of the neglect syndrome.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2023-01-03},
	journal = {Cerebral Cortex},
	author = {Thiebaut de Schotten, M. and Tomaiuolo, F. and Aiello, M. and Merola, S. and Silvetti, M. and Lecce, F. and Bartolomeo, Paolo and Doricchi, F.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {691--706},
}

The exact anatomical localization of right hemisphere lesions that lead to left spatial neglect is still debated. The effect of confounding factors such as acute diaschisis and hypoperfusion, visual field defects, and lesion size may account for conflicting results that have been reported in the literature. Here, we present a comprehensive anatomical investigation of the gray- and white matter lesion correlates of left spatial neglect, which was run in a sample 58 patients with subacute or chronic vascular strokes in the territory of the right middle cerebral artery. Standard voxel-based correlates confirmed the role played by lesions in the posterior parietal cortex (supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus, and temporal–parietal junction), in the frontal cortex (frontal eye field, middle and inferior frontal gyrus), and in the underlying parietal–frontal white matter. Using a new diffusion tensor imaging-based atlas of the human brain, we were able to run, for the first time, a detailed analysis of the lesion involvement of subcortical white matter pathways. The results of this analysis revealed that, among the different pathways linking parietal with frontal areas, damage to the second branch of the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF II) was the best predictor of left spatial neglect. The group study also revealed a subsample of patients with neglect due to focal lesion in the lateral–dorsal portion of the thalamus, which connects the premotor cortex with the inferior parietal lobule. The relevance of fronto-parietal disconnection was further supported by complete in vivo tractography dissection of white matter pathways in 2 patients, one with and the other without signs of neglect. These 2 patients were studied both in the acute phase and 1 year after stroke and were perfectly matched for age, handedness, stroke onset, lesion size, and for cortical lesion involvement. Taken together, the results of the present study support the hypothesis that anatomical disconnections leading to a functional breakdown of parietal–frontal networks are an important pathophysiological factor leading to chronic left spatial neglect. Here, we propose that different loci of SLF disconnection on the rostro-caudal axis can also be associated with disconnection of short-range white matter pathways within the frontal or parietal areas. Such different local disconnection patterns can play a role in the important clinical variability of the neglect syndrome.

@article{chicaCausalContributionsLeft2014,
	title = {Causal {Contributions} of the {Left} {Frontal} {Eye} {Field} to {Conscious} {Perception}},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {1047-3211, 1460-2199},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/cercor/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/cercor/bhs357},
	doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhs357},
	abstract = {The quest for the neural correlates of consciousness has led to controversial results. When contrasting consciously seen versus unseen stimuli, some authors have proposed that consciousness is related to activity in visual areas along the ventral cortical visual stream, while others propose the implication of parietal and frontal regions (Dehaene and Changeux 2011). When invisibility is caused by neglect or inattention, high levels of activity recorded in early visual areas (Vuilleumier et al. 2001) suggest that further activity in fronto-parietal regions might be necessary for conscious perception. Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence (Chica, Paz-Alonso, et al. 2012) suggested a key role for the left frontal eye field (FEF) in the attentional modulation of visual consciousness. Here, we used the high temporal resolution and causal power of event-related transcranial magnetic stimulation to explore the causal contributions of the left FEF on conscious perception and to assess whether or not these effects are mediated by the orienting of spatial attention. Our results provide the first causal evidence on the contribution of the left FEF to conscious visual perception and indicate that such effects are likely to be mediated by its known role on attentional orienting.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2023-01-03},
	journal = {Cerebral Cortex},
	author = {Chica, A. B. and Valero-Cabre, A. and Paz-Alonso, P. M. and Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	month = mar,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {745--753},
}

The quest for the neural correlates of consciousness has led to controversial results. When contrasting consciously seen versus unseen stimuli, some authors have proposed that consciousness is related to activity in visual areas along the ventral cortical visual stream, while others propose the implication of parietal and frontal regions (Dehaene and Changeux 2011). When invisibility is caused by neglect or inattention, high levels of activity recorded in early visual areas (Vuilleumier et al. 2001) suggest that further activity in fronto-parietal regions might be necessary for conscious perception. Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence (Chica, Paz-Alonso, et al. 2012) suggested a key role for the left frontal eye field (FEF) in the attentional modulation of visual consciousness. Here, we used the high temporal resolution and causal power of event-related transcranial magnetic stimulation to explore the causal contributions of the left FEF on conscious perception and to assess whether or not these effects are mediated by the orienting of spatial attention. Our results provide the first causal evidence on the contribution of the left FEF to conscious visual perception and indicate that such effects are likely to be mediated by its known role on attentional orienting.

@article{urbanskiDTIMRTractographyWhite2011,
	title = {{DTI}-{MR} tractography of white matter damage in stroke patients with neglect},
	volume = {208},
	issn = {0014-4819},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-010-2496-8},
	doi = {10.1007/s00221-010-2496-8},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Experimental Brain Research},
	author = {Urbanski, M. and Thiebaut de Schotten, M. and Rodrigo, S. and Oppenheim, C. and Touzé, E. and Méder, J.-F. and Moreau, K. and Loeper-Jeny, C. and Dubois, B. and Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	month = feb,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anisotropy, Biomedical and Life Sciences, Brain, Female, Functional Laterality, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Male, Middle Aged, Nerve Net, Neuropsychological Tests, Perceptual Disorders, Prospective Studies, Psychomotor Performance, Pyramidal Tracts, Socioeconomic Factors, Stroke, Visual Fields, diffusion tensor imaging},
	pages = {491--505},
}

@article{migliaccioVentralDorsalVisual2011,
	title = {Ventral and dorsal visual streams in posterior cortical atrophy},
	volume = {258},
	url = {://000289992800044},
	journal = {Journal of Neurology},
	author = {Migliaccio, R. and Agosta, F. and Scola, E. and Magnani, G. and Cappa, S. and Pagani, E. and Comi, G. and Falini, A. and Bartolomeo, Paolo and Filippi, M.},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {\#nosource, ⛔ No DOI found},
	pages = {17--18},
}

@article{rodeRepresentationDisconnectionImaginal2010,
	title = {Representation and disconnection in imaginal neglect},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {00283932},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0028393210002265},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.05.032},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2023-01-16},
	journal = {Neuropsychologia},
	author = {Rode, G. and Cotton, F. and Revol, P. and Jacquin-Courtois, S. and Rossetti, Y. and Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	month = aug,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Aged, Anisotropy, Brain, Brain Mapping, Functional Laterality, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Imagination, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Perceptual Disorders, Photic Stimulation},
	pages = {2903--2911},
}

@article{risoliValutazioneDisturbiImmaginativi2009,
	title = {La valutazione dei disturbi immaginativi visuo-spaziali finalizzata al trattamento riabilitativo},
	volume = {45},
	language = {it},
	number = {3},
	journal = {EUROPA MEDICOPHYSICA},
	author = {Risoli, A and Incorpora, C and Ramella, M and Oliveri, S and Antonietti, A and Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {⛔ No DOI found},
}

@article{dulinTroubleVisionImagerie2009,
	title = {Trouble de la vision et imagerie mentale visuelle du matériel orthographique, des couleurs, des visages et des relations spatiales},
	volume = {1},
	doi = {10.3917/rne.013.0201},
	abstract = {L’imagerie mentale suscite un intérêt croissant au sein des études en neuropsychologie. Toutefois, la nature de ces  images reste encore mal connue. L’observation de sujets porteurs de troubles visuels d’origine périphérique peut nous permettre d’approfondir nos connaissances dans ce domaine. Le but 
de cette étude était de déterminer si les troubles perceptifs de ces sujets affectaient leurs 
capacités d’imagerie mentale, du matériel orthographique, des couleurs, des visages et des 
relations spatiales. De plus, les effets de la modalité haptique lorsqu’elle peut participer à la 
résolution de tâches d’imagerie mentale visuelle ont été évalués. Les résultats révèlent que les 
capacités d’imagerie mentale du matériel orthographique, des couleurs et des visages sont 
affectées par le déficit visuel d’origine périphérique, mais qu’une stratégie fondée sur l’écriture 
permet aux sujets d’améliorer leurs performances au cours des tâches d’imagerie du matériel 
orthographique.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Revue de Neuropsychologie},
	author = {Dulin, D. and Cavézian, C. and Serrière, C. and Kergoat, M. and Bachoud-Levi, A.-C. and Bartolomeo, Paolo and Chokron, S.},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {201--209},
}

L’imagerie mentale suscite un intérêt croissant au sein des études en neuropsychologie. Toutefois, la nature de ces images reste encore mal connue. L’observation de sujets porteurs de troubles visuels d’origine périphérique peut nous permettre d’approfondir nos connaissances dans ce domaine. Le but de cette étude était de déterminer si les troubles perceptifs de ces sujets affectaient leurs capacités d’imagerie mentale, du matériel orthographique, des couleurs, des visages et des relations spatiales. De plus, les effets de la modalité haptique lorsqu’elle peut participer à la résolution de tâches d’imagerie mentale visuelle ont été évalués. Les résultats révèlent que les capacités d’imagerie mentale du matériel orthographique, des couleurs et des visages sont affectées par le déficit visuel d’origine périphérique, mais qu’une stratégie fondée sur l’écriture permet aux sujets d’améliorer leurs performances au cours des tâches d’imagerie du matériel orthographique.

@article{miglinoPlaceCognitionActive2009,
	title = {Place cognition and active perception: a study with evolved robots},
	volume = {21},
	doi = {10.1080/09540090802364769},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Connection Science},
	author = {Miglino, O. and Ponticorvo, M. and Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {3--14},
}

@article{bourlonPresentationAssessmentBattery2009,
	title = {[{Presentation} of an assessment battery for visual mental imagery and visual perception]},
	volume = {165},
	issn = {0035-3787},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19487005},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neurol.2009.04.010},
	abstract = {INTRODUCTION

The relationship between visual perception and visual mental imagery are at the center of a lively theoretical debate between those postulating common neurocognitive processes between perception and imagery and those who emphasize the differences between these two entities. Neuropsychology can make an important contribution to this debate, by assessing associations and dissociations between perceptual and imaginal deficits in patients with brain damage. However, currently there is no standardized test battery available for such assessments.


MATERIAL AND METHODS

Here we present a battery of paper-and-pencil tests assessing different domains of visual mental imagery and visual perception abilities: object form and color, animals, orthographic material, numbers, faces, and space. We also explored the effects of age, educational level and gender on performance on a group of 103 participants free of neurological damage.


RESULTS

The battery includes two parts: one composed of 14 tests assessing mental imagery and the second part composed of eight tests assessing the abilities of visual perception. We calculated the correlations between the tests, and found that, with the exception of orthographic material, there were generally poor correlations between imagery and perceptual tests.


CONCLUSION

This result seems inconsistent with hypotheses postulating a strict correspondence between perceptual and imagery abilities.},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2012-05-18},
	journal = {Revue neurologique},
	author = {Bourlon, C and Chokron, S and Bachoud-Lévi, A-C and Coubard, O and Bergeras, I and Moulignier, A and Viret, A-C and Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	month = dec,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Imagery (Psychotherapy), Male, Middle Aged, Patient Selection, Personality Assessment, Visual Perception, Young Adult},
	pages = {1045--1054},
}

INTRODUCTION The relationship between visual perception and visual mental imagery are at the center of a lively theoretical debate between those postulating common neurocognitive processes between perception and imagery and those who emphasize the differences between these two entities. Neuropsychology can make an important contribution to this debate, by assessing associations and dissociations between perceptual and imaginal deficits in patients with brain damage. However, currently there is no standardized test battery available for such assessments. MATERIAL AND METHODS Here we present a battery of paper-and-pencil tests assessing different domains of visual mental imagery and visual perception abilities: object form and color, animals, orthographic material, numbers, faces, and space. We also explored the effects of age, educational level and gender on performance on a group of 103 participants free of neurological damage. RESULTS The battery includes two parts: one composed of 14 tests assessing mental imagery and the second part composed of eight tests assessing the abilities of visual perception. We calculated the correlations between the tests, and found that, with the exception of orthographic material, there were generally poor correlations between imagery and perceptual tests. CONCLUSION This result seems inconsistent with hypotheses postulating a strict correspondence between perceptual and imagery abilities.

@article{urbanskiBrainNetworksSpatial2008,
	title = {Brain networks of spatial awareness: evidence from diffusion tensor imaging tractography},
	volume = {79},
	issn = {0022-3050},
	shorttitle = {Brain networks of spatial awareness},
	url = {https://jnnp.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/jnnp.2007.126276},
	doi = {10.1136/jnnp.2007.126276},
	abstract = {Left unilateral neglect, a dramatic condition which impairs awareness of left-sided events, has been classically reported after right hemisphere cortical lesions involving the inferior parietal region. More recently, the involvement of long range white matter tracts has been highlighted, consistent with the idea that awareness of events occurring in space depends on the coordinated activity of anatomically distributed brain regions. Damage to the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), linking parietal to frontal cortical regions, or to the inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF), connecting occipital and temporal lobes, has been described in neglect patients. In this study, four right-handed patients with right hemisphere strokes underwent a high definition anatomical MRI with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) sequences and a pencil and paper neglect battery of tests. We used DTI tractography to visualise the SLF, ILF and the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF), a pathway running the depth of the temporal lobe, not hitherto associated with neglect. Two patients with cortical involvement of the inferior parietal and superior temporal regions, but intact and symmetrical fasciculi, showed no signs of neglect. The other two patients with signs of left neglect had superficial damage to the inferior parietal cortex and white matter damage involving the IFOF. These findings suggest that superficial damage to the inferior parietal cortex per se may not be sufficient to produce visual neglect. In some cases, a lesion to the direct connections between ventral occipital and frontal regions (ie, IFOF) may contribute to the manifestation of neglect by impairing the top down modulation of visual areas from the frontal cortex.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2025-10-08},
	journal = {Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery \& Psychiatry},
	author = {Urbanski, M and Thiebaut De Schotten, M and Rodrigo, S and Catani, M and Oppenheim, C and Touze, E and Chokron, S and Meder, J-F and Levy, R and Dubois, B and Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	month = may,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {598--601},
}

Left unilateral neglect, a dramatic condition which impairs awareness of left-sided events, has been classically reported after right hemisphere cortical lesions involving the inferior parietal region. More recently, the involvement of long range white matter tracts has been highlighted, consistent with the idea that awareness of events occurring in space depends on the coordinated activity of anatomically distributed brain regions. Damage to the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), linking parietal to frontal cortical regions, or to the inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF), connecting occipital and temporal lobes, has been described in neglect patients. In this study, four right-handed patients with right hemisphere strokes underwent a high definition anatomical MRI with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) sequences and a pencil and paper neglect battery of tests. We used DTI tractography to visualise the SLF, ILF and the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF), a pathway running the depth of the temporal lobe, not hitherto associated with neglect. Two patients with cortical involvement of the inferior parietal and superior temporal regions, but intact and symmetrical fasciculi, showed no signs of neglect. The other two patients with signs of left neglect had superficial damage to the inferior parietal cortex and white matter damage involving the IFOF. These findings suggest that superficial damage to the inferior parietal cortex per se may not be sufficient to produce visual neglect. In some cases, a lesion to the direct connections between ventral occipital and frontal regions (ie, IFOF) may contribute to the manifestation of neglect by impairing the top down modulation of visual areas from the frontal cortex.

@article{thiebautdeschottenInhibitionReturnDamage2008,
	title = {Inhibition of return after damage to the frontal eye fields},
	number = {Annual Meeting Program of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society},
	journal = {Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience},
	author = {Thiebaut de Schotten, M. and Levy, R. and Duffau, H. and Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {\#nosource, ⛔ No DOI found},
}

@article{antoniettiRapportiTraCapacita2008,
	title = {Rapporti tra capacità percettive e immaginative nell'anziano},
	volume = {1-2},
	journal = {Ricerche di Psicologia},
	author = {Antonietti, A. and Bartolomeo, Paolo and Colombi, A. and Incorpora, C. and Oliveri, S.},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {\#nosource, ⛔ No DOI found},
	pages = {105--120},
}

@article{thiebautdeschottenNetworksSpatialAttention2007,
	title = {Networks for spatial attention in the human left hemisphere: evidence from intra-operative stimulation},
	number = {Annual Meeting Program of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society},
	journal = {Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience},
	author = {Thiebaut de Schotten, M. and Urbanski, M. and Duffau, H. and Volle, E. and Dubois, B. and Levy, R. and Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {\#nosource, ⛔ No DOI found},
	pages = {212},
}

@article{urbanskiNegligenceSpatialeUnilaterale2007,
	title = {Négligence spatiale unilatérale : {Une} conséquence dramatique mais souvent négligée des lésions de l'hémisphère droit [{Unilateral} spatial neglect: {A} dramatic but often neglected consequence of right brain damage]},
	volume = {162},
	abstract = {Introduction. La Négligence Spatiale Unilatérale (NSU) est l'un des principaux syndromes observables après une lésion touchant l'hémisphère non dominant pour le langage. L'handicap important qu'elle produit justifie la nécessité d'un diagnostic et d'une prise en charge appropriés. Etats des connaissances. L'étude de la NSU est motivée par son lien avec des phénomènes cognitifs importants sur le plan théorique (attention visuo-spatiale et conscience perceptive). Les localisations cérébrales des lésions pouvant engendrer une NSU sont multiples mais souvent centrées sur la jonction temporo-pariétale droite et la substance blanche sous-jacente. Les manifestations de ce syndrome sont hétérogènes, mais on peut observer des régularités comme un biais d'orientation automatique de l'attention vers le côté de la lésion. Perspectives. Les progrès des techniques d'imagerie permettent de mieux comprendre les bases anatomiques de ce syndrome et d'appréhender les corrélats neuronaux de la conscience perceptive. Parallèlement, cela permet le développement d'outils cliniques d'évaluation et de rééducation. Conclusion. Après une description clinique de la NSU et de ses bases anatomiques, cette revue abordera l'état des connaissances sur le plan théorique (modèles anatomo-cliniques et simulatifs). Enfin seront présentées plusieurs méthodes de rééducations qui offrent des perspectives pour la prise en charge de ce syndrome.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Revue Neurologique},
	author = {Urbanski, M. and Angeli, V. and Bourlon, C. and Cristinzio, C. and Ponticorvo, M. and Rastelli, F. and Thiebaut de Schotten, M. and Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {\#nosource, neglect, ⛔ No DOI found},
	pages = {1--18},
}

Introduction. La Négligence Spatiale Unilatérale (NSU) est l'un des principaux syndromes observables après une lésion touchant l'hémisphère non dominant pour le langage. L'handicap important qu'elle produit justifie la nécessité d'un diagnostic et d'une prise en charge appropriés. Etats des connaissances. L'étude de la NSU est motivée par son lien avec des phénomènes cognitifs importants sur le plan théorique (attention visuo-spatiale et conscience perceptive). Les localisations cérébrales des lésions pouvant engendrer une NSU sont multiples mais souvent centrées sur la jonction temporo-pariétale droite et la substance blanche sous-jacente. Les manifestations de ce syndrome sont hétérogènes, mais on peut observer des régularités comme un biais d'orientation automatique de l'attention vers le côté de la lésion. Perspectives. Les progrès des techniques d'imagerie permettent de mieux comprendre les bases anatomiques de ce syndrome et d'appréhender les corrélats neuronaux de la conscience perceptive. Parallèlement, cela permet le développement d'outils cliniques d'évaluation et de rééducation. Conclusion. Après une description clinique de la NSU et de ses bases anatomiques, cette revue abordera l'état des connaissances sur le plan théorique (modèles anatomo-cliniques et simulatifs). Enfin seront présentées plusieurs méthodes de rééducations qui offrent des perspectives pour la prise en charge de ce syndrome.

@article{thiebautdeschottenOVERTRACKNewTool2006,
	title = {{OVER}-{TRACK}: {A} new tool to visualize the white matter organization in {Talairach} space},
	volume = {31},
	number = {Supplement 1},
	journal = {Neuroimage},
	author = {Thiebaut de Schotten, M. and Kinkingnéhun, S.R. and Delmaire, C. and Lévy, R. and Volle, E. and Dubois, B. and Lehéricy, S. and Duffau, H. and Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {\#nosource, ⛔ No DOI found},
	pages = {S110},
}

@article{thiebautdeschottenUnilateralNeglectParietofrontal2006,
	title = {Unilateral neglect and parieto-frontal disconnection: a reappraisal of lesion overlapping studies},
	number = {Annual Meeting Program of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society},
	journal = {Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience},
	author = {Thiebaut de Schotten, M. and Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {\#nosource, ⛔ No DOI found},
	pages = {212},
}

@article{lupianezInhibitionReturnTwenty2006,
	title = {Inhibition of return: {Twenty} years after},
	volume = {23},
	doi = {10.1080/02643290600588095},
	abstract = {In the present series of experiments peripheral informative cues were used in order to dissociate endogenous and exogenous orienting of spatial attention using the same set of stimuli. For each block of trials, the cue predicted either the same or the opposite location of target appearance. Crucially, using this manipulation, both expected and unexpected locations could be either cued or uncued. If one accepts the hypothesis that Inhibition of Return (IOR) is an attentional effect that inhibits the returning of attention to a previously attended location (Posner \& Cohen, 1984), one would not predict an IOR effect at the expected location, since attention should not disengage from the location predicted by the cue. Detection and discrimination tasks were used to examine any potential difference in the mechanism responsible for IOR as a function of the task at hand. Two major results emerged: First, IOR was consistently observed at the expected location, where, according to the traditional "reorienting" hypothesis, IOR is not supposed to occur. Second, a different time course of cuing effects was found in detection vs. discrimination tasks, even after controlling for the orienting of attention. We conclude that IOR cannot be solely accounted for by the "reorienting of attention" hypothesis. Moreover, we argue that the observed time course differences in cuing effects between detection and discrimination tasks can not be explained by attention disengaging later from cues in discrimination than in detection tasks, as proposed by Klein (2000). The described endogenous-exogenous dissociation is consistent with models postulating that endogenous and exogenous attentional processes rely on different neural mechanisms.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Cognitive Neuropsychology},
	author = {Lupiáñez, J. and Klein, R.M. and Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {\#nosource, *Attention, *Discrimination Learning, *Inhibition (Psychology), *Orientation, *Reaction Time, Adult, Cues, Eye Movements, Female, Human, Male, Psychophysics},
	pages = {1003--1014},
}

In the present series of experiments peripheral informative cues were used in order to dissociate endogenous and exogenous orienting of spatial attention using the same set of stimuli. For each block of trials, the cue predicted either the same or the opposite location of target appearance. Crucially, using this manipulation, both expected and unexpected locations could be either cued or uncued. If one accepts the hypothesis that Inhibition of Return (IOR) is an attentional effect that inhibits the returning of attention to a previously attended location (Posner & Cohen, 1984), one would not predict an IOR effect at the expected location, since attention should not disengage from the location predicted by the cue. Detection and discrimination tasks were used to examine any potential difference in the mechanism responsible for IOR as a function of the task at hand. Two major results emerged: First, IOR was consistently observed at the expected location, where, according to the traditional "reorienting" hypothesis, IOR is not supposed to occur. Second, a different time course of cuing effects was found in detection vs. discrimination tasks, even after controlling for the orienting of attention. We conclude that IOR cannot be solely accounted for by the "reorienting of attention" hypothesis. Moreover, we argue that the observed time course differences in cuing effects between detection and discrimination tasks can not be explained by attention disengaging later from cues in discrimination than in detection tasks, as proposed by Klein (2000). The described endogenous-exogenous dissociation is consistent with models postulating that endogenous and exogenous attentional processes rely on different neural mechanisms.

@article{chicaDissociatingInhibitionReturn2006,
	title = {Dissociating inhibition of return from endogenous orienting of spatial attention: {Evidence} from detection and discrimination tasks},
	volume = {23},
	doi = {10.1080/02643290600588277},
	abstract = {In the present series of experiments peripheral informative cues were used in order to dissociate endogenous and exogenous orienting of spatial attention using the same set of stimuli. For each block of trials, the cue predicted either the same or the opposite location of target appearance. Crucially, using this manipulation, both expected and unexpected locations could be either cued or uncued. If one accepts the hypothesis that Inhibition of Return (IOR) is an attentional effect that inhibits the returning of attention to a previously attended location (Posner \& Cohen, 1984), one would not predict an IOR effect at the expected location, since attention should not disengage from the location predicted by the cue. Detection and discrimination tasks were used to examine any potential difference in the mechanism responsible for IOR as a function of the task at hand. Two major results emerged: First, IOR was consistently observed at the expected location, where, according to the traditional "reorienting" hypothesis, IOR is not supposed to occur. Second, a different time course of cuing effects was found in detection vs. discrimination tasks, even after controlling for the orienting of attention. We conclude that IOR cannot be solely accounted for by the "reorienting of attention" hypothesis. Moreover, we argue that the observed time course differences in cuing effects between detection and discrimination tasks can not be explained by attention disengaging later from cues in discrimination than in detection tasks, as proposed by Klein (2000). The described endogenous-exogenous dissociation is consistent with models postulating that endogenous and exogenous attentional processes rely on different neural mechanisms.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Cognitive Neuropsychology},
	author = {Chica, A.B. and Lupiáñez, J. and Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {\#nosource, *Attention, *Discrimination Learning, *Inhibition (Psychology), *Orientation, *Reaction Time, Adult, Cues, Eye Movements, Female, Human, Male, Psychophysics},
	pages = {1015--1034},
}

In the present series of experiments peripheral informative cues were used in order to dissociate endogenous and exogenous orienting of spatial attention using the same set of stimuli. For each block of trials, the cue predicted either the same or the opposite location of target appearance. Crucially, using this manipulation, both expected and unexpected locations could be either cued or uncued. If one accepts the hypothesis that Inhibition of Return (IOR) is an attentional effect that inhibits the returning of attention to a previously attended location (Posner & Cohen, 1984), one would not predict an IOR effect at the expected location, since attention should not disengage from the location predicted by the cue. Detection and discrimination tasks were used to examine any potential difference in the mechanism responsible for IOR as a function of the task at hand. Two major results emerged: First, IOR was consistently observed at the expected location, where, according to the traditional "reorienting" hypothesis, IOR is not supposed to occur. Second, a different time course of cuing effects was found in detection vs. discrimination tasks, even after controlling for the orienting of attention. We conclude that IOR cannot be solely accounted for by the "reorienting of attention" hypothesis. Moreover, we argue that the observed time course differences in cuing effects between detection and discrimination tasks can not be explained by attention disengaging later from cues in discrimination than in detection tasks, as proposed by Klein (2000). The described endogenous-exogenous dissociation is consistent with models postulating that endogenous and exogenous attentional processes rely on different neural mechanisms.

@article{azouviBatteryTestsQuantitative2006,
	title = {A battery of tests for the quantitative assessment of unilateral neglect},
	volume = {24},
	abstract = {Purpose: The lack of agreement regarding assessment methods is responsible for the variability in the reported rate of occurrence of unilateral neglect (UN) after stroke. In addition, dissociations have been reported between performance on traditional paper-and-pencil tests and UN in everyday life situations. 
Methods: In this paper, we summarize a series of studies with a quantitative test battery for UN, including paper-and-pencil tests, an assessment of personal neglect, extinction, and anosognosia, and a behavioural assessment, the Catherine Bergego Scale (CBS).
Results: In healthy subjects, a significant effect of age, education duration and acting hand was found in several tasks. In patients with right hemisphere stroke, the most sensitive paper and pencil measure was the starting point in the cancellation task. The whole battery was more sensitive than any single test alone. An important finding was that behavioural assessment was more sensitive than any other single test. Neglect was two to four times less frequent, but also less severe and less consistent after left hemisphere stroke.
Conclusion:  Assessment of UN should rely on a battery of quantitative and normalised tests. Some patients may show clinically significant UN in everyday life while obtaining a normal performance on paper-and-pencil measures. This underlines the necessity to use a behavioural assessment of UN.},
	number = {4-6},
	journal = {Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience},
	author = {Azouvi, P. and Bartolomeo, Paolo and Beis, J.-M. and Perennou, D. and Pradat-Diehl, P. and Rousseaux, M.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {\#nosource, ⛔ No DOI found},
	pages = {273--285},
}

Purpose: The lack of agreement regarding assessment methods is responsible for the variability in the reported rate of occurrence of unilateral neglect (UN) after stroke. In addition, dissociations have been reported between performance on traditional paper-and-pencil tests and UN in everyday life situations. Methods: In this paper, we summarize a series of studies with a quantitative test battery for UN, including paper-and-pencil tests, an assessment of personal neglect, extinction, and anosognosia, and a behavioural assessment, the Catherine Bergego Scale (CBS). Results: In healthy subjects, a significant effect of age, education duration and acting hand was found in several tasks. In patients with right hemisphere stroke, the most sensitive paper and pencil measure was the starting point in the cancellation task. The whole battery was more sensitive than any single test alone. An important finding was that behavioural assessment was more sensitive than any other single test. Neglect was two to four times less frequent, but also less severe and less consistent after left hemisphere stroke. Conclusion: Assessment of UN should rely on a battery of quantitative and normalised tests. Some patients may show clinically significant UN in everyday life while obtaining a normal performance on paper-and-pencil measures. This underlines the necessity to use a behavioural assessment of UN.

@article{bartolomeoReseauParietofrontalDroit2006,
	title = {Un réseau pariéto-frontal droit dédié au traitement de l’espace},
	volume = {1},
	abstract = {Un réseau pariéto-frontal droit dédié au traitement de l’espace
C’est sans effort apparent que nous pouvons explorer notre bureau à la recherche d’un stylo ou lire ce texte. Cela pourrait nous donner l’impression que les mécanismes cérébraux que nous utilisons pour percevoir la multitude d’objets situés dans notre espace visuel ou pour agir sur eux sont relativement simples. Cette impression est illusoire, comme le montrent d’une part les problèmes rencontrés par ceux qui essayent de simuler ces fonctions chez des robots, et d’autre part la complexité d’architecture fonctionnelle des aires visuelles dans le cerveau. Les troubles rencontrés dans la pathologie cérébrale montrent la variété des fonctions et des mécanismes qui sont impliqués dans ces fonctions visuelles « de haut niveau » (par opposition aux processus plus « élémentaires » assumés par les étapes d’élaboration visuelle qui vont de la rétine aux aires visuelles primaires). Certains patients porteurs d’une lésion cérébrale n’arrivent pas à trouver leur stylo s’il est à gauche d’une tasse, bien que leur champ visuel puisse être intact. Environ la moitié des patients porteurs d’une lésion hémisphérique droite, soit plusieurs milliers de cas par an en France, souffre de ce trouble, appelé négligence spatiale unilatérale. Ces patients se comportent comme si la moitié gauche du monde n’existait plus (Fig. 1). 
 	Fig. 1. Copie d’un dessin et bissection d’une ligne par un patient présentant une négligence gauche


Sur le plan de la santé publique la négligence pose des problèmes importants, du fait qu’elle aggrave le handicap en gênant la rééducation motrice (1). La compréhension des mécanismes de la négligence est importante pour fournir aux cliniciens des outils adaptés au diagnostic et au traitement (rééducation). La recherche sur la négligence peut en outre contribuer à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes cérébraux du traitement de l’espace et des corrélats neuronaux de la conscience perceptive. Il faut cependant remarquer que l’étude de la négligence spatiale unilatérale est l’un des domaines les plus controversés en neurosciences cognitives, car il n’existe pas de consensus parmi les chercheurs sur les mécanismes de ce syndrome, ni même sur la localisation anatomique des lésions pouvant provoquer une négligence. 
Après avoir testé différentes hypothèses sur l’origine fonctionnelle des signes de négligence, les résultats de nos travaux ont conclu à une association de déficits attentionnels qui interviennent selon une séquence temporelle spécifique : une attraction « automatique » de l’attention vers la droite suivie d’une difficulté de réorientation vers la gauche (2). L'attention spatiale s’oriente grâce à deux systèmes : le système d’orientation endogène, volontaire et le système de capture exogène, automatique de l’attention. Nos travaux ont démontré que l’orientation exogène est spécialement atteinte dans la négligence gauche, alors que l’orientation endogène est relativement épargnée, mais ralentie (3). 
Un défi important consiste maintenant à lier les déficits fonctionnels des patients négligents à leurs bases neurales spécifiques. Notre hypothèse d’une atteinte prédominante de l’orientation exogène de l’attention est cohérente avec les résultats de la neuroimagerie fonctionnelle, qui montrent une implication de la jonction temporo-pariétale droite, avec le cortex frontal inférieur, dans la capture exogène de l’attention par un stimulus visuel (4). La jonction temporo-pariétale droite semble effectivement être la localisation lésionnelle typique de la négligence gauche (5). Toutefois, d’autres auteurs, en faisant référence à la distinction entre voie visuelle corticale occipito-pariétale, dédiée aux mouvements pour atteindre un objet visuel, et voie occipito-temporale, utilisée pour l’identification perceptive des objets, font la prédiction que la négligence gauche devrait plutôt résulter d’une atteinte de la voie occipito-temporale, car les mouvements de saisie des objets peuvent être normaux chez ces patients (6). En accord avec cette prédiction, une étude récente a indiqué le gyrus temporal supérieur droit comme base lésionnelle de la négligence (du moins chez les patients n’ayant pas de déficit de champ visuel associé) (7) (Fig. 2). 
 
Fig. 2. Lésions critiques donnant lieu à une négligence selon Vallar (5) (en pointillé) et selon Karnath et al. (7) (en blanc)

Les lésions des voies de communications entre différentes zones corticales ont reçu moins d’attention (8), bien que la complexité des signes de négligence suggère qu’il s’agit d’une pathologie de réseau plutôt que d’un dysfonctionnement d’une région corticale unique (9). Jusqu’à présent, la méthode anatomo-clinique utilisée pour identifier les lésions donnant lieu à un déficit cognitif était la superposition de lésions vasculaires de plusieurs patients. Cette approche fournit une résolution spatiale assez grossière ; de plus, elle risque de mettre en évidence les territoires d’irroration vasculaire plutôt que les régions importantes d’un point de vue fonctionnel (10). Nous avons récemment pu utiliser une méthode avec une résolution spatio-temporelle bien supérieure. Nous avons testé des patients pendant l’ablation chirurgicale de gliomes cérébraux de bas grade (11). Pour éviter des séquelles cognitives lors de l’ablation de ces tumeurs, le chirurgien peut réveiller les patients pendant l'intervention et inactiver temporairement de petites régions du cerveau (environ 5 mm) avec des stimulations électriques. Si le patient arrête de parler ou produit des réponses incorrectes, le neurochirurgien laisse cette région intacte afin de préserver les fonctions cognitives du patient. Habituellement, seules les fonctions sensori-motrices et le langage sont testées à l’occasion de telles interventions. En appliquant cette procédure aux fonctions visuo-spatiales, nous avons pu explorer directement et précisément les bases neurales de la négligence gauche chez l’homme. Nous avons demandé à deux patients soumis à l’ablation de gliomes situés dans la région temporo-pariétale droite de marquer d’un trait de crayon le centre d’une ligne horizontale. Selon les zones du cerveau inactivées, les traits dessinés par les patients déviaient vers la droite, comme chez les patients avec négligence gauche (voir Fig. 1), ou restaient centrés. En particulier, l’inactivation de deux structures corticales déterminait une déviation. Il s’agissait du gyrus supramarginalis (la partie rostrale du lobule pariétal inférieur) et de la partie caudale du lobe temporal. En revanche, l’inactivation d’une partie plus rostrale du lobe temporal, qui selon Karnath et al. (7) aurait dû être impliquée dans la négligence, ainsi que celle du champ oculomoteur frontal, ne provoquaient pas de déviation significative. Toutefois, les déviations les plus massives (de l’ordre de 30\% de la longueur de l’hémi-segment de droite de la ligne) étaient observées lors de l’inactivation de la substance blanche au fond du lobule pariétal inférieur. Grâce à une technique récente d'imagerie cérébrale, le tracking de fibres, nous avons pu identifier précisément cette région de la substance blanche (Fig. 3). Il s’agissait d’une voie de communication liant les lobes pariétaux et les lobes frontaux du cerveau peu connue à ce jour, appelée le faisceau occipito-frontal supérieur. Cette appellation, qui vient de travaux anciens, semble aujourd’hui impropre, car l’origine postérieure de ce faisceau semble bien être dans le lobe pariétal et non pas dans le lobe occipital du cerveau (12). Ces résultats indiquent que les atteintes de la jonction temporo-pariétale, et surtout des voies de communication pariéto-frontales, sont à l’origine de la survenue de la négligence spatiale unilatérale. De ce fait, ils confirment un modèle neurocognitif influent de la négligence et de l’attention visuo-spatiale chez l’homme (9). Sur le plan clinique, le test de bissection de lignes a permis au chirurgien de respecter les régions dont l'inactivation temporaire donnait lieu à une négligence; par conséquent, les patients étudiés n'ont pas développé de signes de négligence post-opératoire. Ce résultat souligne l'importance de tester en situation intra-opératoire les fonctions visuo-spatiales, et pas seulement les fonctions sensori-motrices ou le langage, chez les patients qui doivent subir l'ablation d'une tumeur cérébrale, afin d’éviter le développement de troubles invalidants du traitement de l’espace.
 
Fig. 3. Reconstruction 3D du cerveau d'un des patients étudiés (11), avec l'exérèse chirurgicale et le faisceau occipito-frontale supérieur, la voie pariéto-frontale dont l'inactivation a provoqué une déviation à droite en bissection de lignes.
Références
1.	Denes G, Semenza C, Stoppa E, Lis A. Unilateral spatial neglect and recovery from hemiplegia: A follow-up study. Brain 1982;105(3):543-552.
2.	Bartolomeo P, Chokron S. Orienting of attention in left unilateral neglect. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 2002;26(2):217-234.
3.	Bartolomeo P, Siéroff E, Decaix C, Chokron S. Modulating the attentional bias in unilateral neglect: The effects of the strategic set. Experimental Brain Research 2001;137(3/4):424-431.
4.	Corbetta M, Shulman GL. Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2002;3(3):201-215.
5.	Vallar G. Extrapersonal visual unilateral spatial neglect and its neuroanatomy. Neuroimage 2001;14(1 Pt 2):S52-S58.
6.	Milner AD, Goodale MA. The Visual Brain in Action. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1995.
7.	Karnath HO, Ferber S, Himmelbach M. Spatial awareness is a function of the temporal not the posterior parietal lobe. Nature 2001;411(6840):950-963.
8.	Doricchi F, Tomaiuolo F. The anatomy of neglect without hemianopia: a key role for parietal-frontal disconnection? NeuroReport 2003;14(17):2239-2243.
9.	Mesulam MM. Spatial attention and neglect: parietal, frontal and cingulate contributions to the mental representation and attentional targeting of salient extrapersonal events. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society  of London B 1999;354(1387):1325-1346.
10.	Godefroy O, Duhamel A, Leclerc X, Saint Michel T, Henon H, Leys D. Brain-behaviour relationships. Some models and related statistical procedures for the study of brain-damaged patients. Brain 1998;121 (Pt 8):1545-1556.
11.	Thiebaut de Schotten M, Urbanski M, Duffau H, Volle E, Lévy R, Dubois B, et al. Direct evidence for a parietal-frontal pathway subserving spatial awareness in humans. Science 2005;309(5744):2226-2228.
12.	Catani M, Howard RJ, Pajevic S, Jones DK. Virtual in vivo interactive dissection of white matter fasciculi in the human brain. Neuroimage 2002;17(1):77-94.},
	number = {Juin 2006},
	journal = {Actualités en Neurologie},
	author = {Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Unilateral neglect; Attention; Brain-damaged patients; Space processing, ⛔ No DOI found},
}

Un réseau pariéto-frontal droit dédié au traitement de l’espace C’est sans effort apparent que nous pouvons explorer notre bureau à la recherche d’un stylo ou lire ce texte. Cela pourrait nous donner l’impression que les mécanismes cérébraux que nous utilisons pour percevoir la multitude d’objets situés dans notre espace visuel ou pour agir sur eux sont relativement simples. Cette impression est illusoire, comme le montrent d’une part les problèmes rencontrés par ceux qui essayent de simuler ces fonctions chez des robots, et d’autre part la complexité d’architecture fonctionnelle des aires visuelles dans le cerveau. Les troubles rencontrés dans la pathologie cérébrale montrent la variété des fonctions et des mécanismes qui sont impliqués dans ces fonctions visuelles « de haut niveau » (par opposition aux processus plus « élémentaires » assumés par les étapes d’élaboration visuelle qui vont de la rétine aux aires visuelles primaires). Certains patients porteurs d’une lésion cérébrale n’arrivent pas à trouver leur stylo s’il est à gauche d’une tasse, bien que leur champ visuel puisse être intact. Environ la moitié des patients porteurs d’une lésion hémisphérique droite, soit plusieurs milliers de cas par an en France, souffre de ce trouble, appelé négligence spatiale unilatérale. Ces patients se comportent comme si la moitié gauche du monde n’existait plus (Fig. 1). Fig. 1. Copie d’un dessin et bissection d’une ligne par un patient présentant une négligence gauche Sur le plan de la santé publique la négligence pose des problèmes importants, du fait qu’elle aggrave le handicap en gênant la rééducation motrice (1). La compréhension des mécanismes de la négligence est importante pour fournir aux cliniciens des outils adaptés au diagnostic et au traitement (rééducation). La recherche sur la négligence peut en outre contribuer à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes cérébraux du traitement de l’espace et des corrélats neuronaux de la conscience perceptive. Il faut cependant remarquer que l’étude de la négligence spatiale unilatérale est l’un des domaines les plus controversés en neurosciences cognitives, car il n’existe pas de consensus parmi les chercheurs sur les mécanismes de ce syndrome, ni même sur la localisation anatomique des lésions pouvant provoquer une négligence. Après avoir testé différentes hypothèses sur l’origine fonctionnelle des signes de négligence, les résultats de nos travaux ont conclu à une association de déficits attentionnels qui interviennent selon une séquence temporelle spécifique : une attraction « automatique » de l’attention vers la droite suivie d’une difficulté de réorientation vers la gauche (2). L'attention spatiale s’oriente grâce à deux systèmes : le système d’orientation endogène, volontaire et le système de capture exogène, automatique de l’attention. Nos travaux ont démontré que l’orientation exogène est spécialement atteinte dans la négligence gauche, alors que l’orientation endogène est relativement épargnée, mais ralentie (3). Un défi important consiste maintenant à lier les déficits fonctionnels des patients négligents à leurs bases neurales spécifiques. Notre hypothèse d’une atteinte prédominante de l’orientation exogène de l’attention est cohérente avec les résultats de la neuroimagerie fonctionnelle, qui montrent une implication de la jonction temporo-pariétale droite, avec le cortex frontal inférieur, dans la capture exogène de l’attention par un stimulus visuel (4). La jonction temporo-pariétale droite semble effectivement être la localisation lésionnelle typique de la négligence gauche (5). Toutefois, d’autres auteurs, en faisant référence à la distinction entre voie visuelle corticale occipito-pariétale, dédiée aux mouvements pour atteindre un objet visuel, et voie occipito-temporale, utilisée pour l’identification perceptive des objets, font la prédiction que la négligence gauche devrait plutôt résulter d’une atteinte de la voie occipito-temporale, car les mouvements de saisie des objets peuvent être normaux chez ces patients (6). En accord avec cette prédiction, une étude récente a indiqué le gyrus temporal supérieur droit comme base lésionnelle de la négligence (du moins chez les patients n’ayant pas de déficit de champ visuel associé) (7) (Fig. 2). Fig. 2. Lésions critiques donnant lieu à une négligence selon Vallar (5) (en pointillé) et selon Karnath et al. (7) (en blanc) Les lésions des voies de communications entre différentes zones corticales ont reçu moins d’attention (8), bien que la complexité des signes de négligence suggère qu’il s’agit d’une pathologie de réseau plutôt que d’un dysfonctionnement d’une région corticale unique (9). Jusqu’à présent, la méthode anatomo-clinique utilisée pour identifier les lésions donnant lieu à un déficit cognitif était la superposition de lésions vasculaires de plusieurs patients. Cette approche fournit une résolution spatiale assez grossière ; de plus, elle risque de mettre en évidence les territoires d’irroration vasculaire plutôt que les régions importantes d’un point de vue fonctionnel (10). Nous avons récemment pu utiliser une méthode avec une résolution spatio-temporelle bien supérieure. Nous avons testé des patients pendant l’ablation chirurgicale de gliomes cérébraux de bas grade (11). Pour éviter des séquelles cognitives lors de l’ablation de ces tumeurs, le chirurgien peut réveiller les patients pendant l'intervention et inactiver temporairement de petites régions du cerveau (environ 5 mm) avec des stimulations électriques. Si le patient arrête de parler ou produit des réponses incorrectes, le neurochirurgien laisse cette région intacte afin de préserver les fonctions cognitives du patient. Habituellement, seules les fonctions sensori-motrices et le langage sont testées à l’occasion de telles interventions. En appliquant cette procédure aux fonctions visuo-spatiales, nous avons pu explorer directement et précisément les bases neurales de la négligence gauche chez l’homme. Nous avons demandé à deux patients soumis à l’ablation de gliomes situés dans la région temporo-pariétale droite de marquer d’un trait de crayon le centre d’une ligne horizontale. Selon les zones du cerveau inactivées, les traits dessinés par les patients déviaient vers la droite, comme chez les patients avec négligence gauche (voir Fig. 1), ou restaient centrés. En particulier, l’inactivation de deux structures corticales déterminait une déviation. Il s’agissait du gyrus supramarginalis (la partie rostrale du lobule pariétal inférieur) et de la partie caudale du lobe temporal. En revanche, l’inactivation d’une partie plus rostrale du lobe temporal, qui selon Karnath et al. (7) aurait dû être impliquée dans la négligence, ainsi que celle du champ oculomoteur frontal, ne provoquaient pas de déviation significative. Toutefois, les déviations les plus massives (de l’ordre de 30% de la longueur de l’hémi-segment de droite de la ligne) étaient observées lors de l’inactivation de la substance blanche au fond du lobule pariétal inférieur. Grâce à une technique récente d'imagerie cérébrale, le tracking de fibres, nous avons pu identifier précisément cette région de la substance blanche (Fig. 3). Il s’agissait d’une voie de communication liant les lobes pariétaux et les lobes frontaux du cerveau peu connue à ce jour, appelée le faisceau occipito-frontal supérieur. Cette appellation, qui vient de travaux anciens, semble aujourd’hui impropre, car l’origine postérieure de ce faisceau semble bien être dans le lobe pariétal et non pas dans le lobe occipital du cerveau (12). Ces résultats indiquent que les atteintes de la jonction temporo-pariétale, et surtout des voies de communication pariéto-frontales, sont à l’origine de la survenue de la négligence spatiale unilatérale. De ce fait, ils confirment un modèle neurocognitif influent de la négligence et de l’attention visuo-spatiale chez l’homme (9). Sur le plan clinique, le test de bissection de lignes a permis au chirurgien de respecter les régions dont l'inactivation temporaire donnait lieu à une négligence; par conséquent, les patients étudiés n'ont pas développé de signes de négligence post-opératoire. Ce résultat souligne l'importance de tester en situation intra-opératoire les fonctions visuo-spatiales, et pas seulement les fonctions sensori-motrices ou le langage, chez les patients qui doivent subir l'ablation d'une tumeur cérébrale, afin d’éviter le développement de troubles invalidants du traitement de l’espace. Fig. 3. Reconstruction 3D du cerveau d'un des patients étudiés (11), avec l'exérèse chirurgicale et le faisceau occipito-frontale supérieur, la voie pariéto-frontale dont l'inactivation a provoqué une déviation à droite en bissection de lignes. Références 1. Denes G, Semenza C, Stoppa E, Lis A. Unilateral spatial neglect and recovery from hemiplegia: A follow-up study. Brain 1982;105(3):543-552. 2. Bartolomeo P, Chokron S. Orienting of attention in left unilateral neglect. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 2002;26(2):217-234. 3. Bartolomeo P, Siéroff E, Decaix C, Chokron S. Modulating the attentional bias in unilateral neglect: The effects of the strategic set. Experimental Brain Research 2001;137(3/4):424-431. 4. Corbetta M, Shulman GL. Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2002;3(3):201-215. 5. Vallar G. Extrapersonal visual unilateral spatial neglect and its neuroanatomy. Neuroimage 2001;14(1 Pt 2):S52-S58. 6. Milner AD, Goodale MA. The Visual Brain in Action. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1995. 7. Karnath HO, Ferber S, Himmelbach M. Spatial awareness is a function of the temporal not the posterior parietal lobe. Nature 2001;411(6840):950-963. 8. Doricchi F, Tomaiuolo F. The anatomy of neglect without hemianopia: a key role for parietal-frontal disconnection? NeuroReport 2003;14(17):2239-2243. 9. Mesulam MM. Spatial attention and neglect: parietal, frontal and cingulate contributions to the mental representation and attentional targeting of salient extrapersonal events. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 1999;354(1387):1325-1346. 10. Godefroy O, Duhamel A, Leclerc X, Saint Michel T, Henon H, Leys D. Brain-behaviour relationships. Some models and related statistical procedures for the study of brain-damaged patients. Brain 1998;121 (Pt 8):1545-1556. 11. Thiebaut de Schotten M, Urbanski M, Duffau H, Volle E, Lévy R, Dubois B, et al. Direct evidence for a parietal-frontal pathway subserving spatial awareness in humans. Science 2005;309(5744):2226-2228. 12. Catani M, Howard RJ, Pajevic S, Jones DK. Virtual in vivo interactive dissection of white matter fasciculi in the human brain. Neuroimage 2002;17(1):77-94.

@article{bartolomeoInhibitoryAftereffectsSpatial2006a,
	title = {Inhibitory after-effects in spatial processing: {Experimental} and theoretical issues on {Inhibition} of {Return}},
	volume = {23},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Cognitive Neuropsychology},
	author = {Bartolomeo, Paolo and Lupiáñez, J.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {\#nosource, ⛔ No DOI found},
}

@article{couetteDisengageDeficitAttention2005,
	title = {A disengage deficit of attention in {Huntington}'s disease?},
	volume = {76},
	url = {://000233316200057},
	number = {Suppl. 4},
	journal = {Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry},
	author = {Couette, M. and Bartolomeo, Paolo and Bachoud-Levi, A.C. and Brugières, P. and Siéroff, E.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {\#nosource, ⛔ No DOI found},
}

@article{bartolomeoTwentyfiveYearsBooks2005,
	title = {Twenty-five years of books on spatial neglect: {What} have we learned?},
	volume = {17},
	number = {1},
	journal = {European Journal of Cognitive Psychology},
	author = {Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Book, ⛔ No DOI found},
	pages = {151--158},
}

@article{bartolomeoNegligenceSpatialeUnilaterale2004,
	title = {Négligence spatiale unilatérale : compression de l'espace ou biais de l'attention ?},
	abstract = {On considère souvent la négligence spatiale unilatérale gauche comme résultant d'un biais d'orientation de l'attention vers la droite. Dans les deux dernières décennies, il a cependant été proposé que la négligence puisse résulter d'un endommagement des processus neuronaux sous-tendant une représentation mentale de l'espace. Une version de l'hypothèse représentationnelle prévoit que le côté gauche de la représentation mentale de l'espace est " compressé ". Ainsi, une patiente avec négligence et hémianopsie gauche qui devait identifier parmi des chiffres disposés horizontalement celui correspondant à l'emplacement d'une flèche située plus bas, indiquait systématiquement un chiffre à droite de la cible, comme si une compression de l'espace gauche déplaçait ses réponses vers la droite (Halligan \& Marshall, Spatial compression in visual neglect: A case study. Cortex, 27(4), 623-629, 1991). Cependant, une interprétation attentionnelle de ces résultats est également possible. En effet, si l'attention de la patiente était attirée par les chiffres situés à droite, cela aurait pu biaiser ses réponses vers ce côté. Nous avons testé cette suggestion en étudiant des patients négligents avec ou sans hémianopsie gauche, des patients hémianopsiques sans négligence, des patients avec lésion cérébrale droite sans troubles visuels ou cognitifs et des sujets normaux. Ces sujets ont marqué dans la marge horizontale (supérieure ou inférieure) d'une feuille l'endroit indiqué par une flèche partant de la marge opposée sous trois conditions: la marge indiquée par la flèche est (1) vide ; (2) segmentée de petits traits verticaux ; (3) contient des chiffres comme dans l'étude originale de Halligan et Marshall. Si la représentation de l'espace est compressée dans la négligence, les performances des patients négligents ne devraient pas varier d'une condition à l'autre ; si la déviation provient d'un biais attentionnel, les patients devraient dévier plus dans la condition avec les cibles visuelles que dans la condition sans cibles, les cibles de droite constituant des objets perceptifs qui devraient attirer l'attention des patients négligents. Les résultats confirment cette dernière prédiction. Seuls les patients négligents dévient vers la droite, et seulement dans les conditions avec cibles visuelles (traits ou chiffres). La déviation est particulièrement importante chez les patients avec négligence plus hémianopsie, car le déficit de champ visuel réduit ultérieurement le nombre de cibles de gauche susceptibles de participer à la compétition. Nos résultats étayent les modèles de traitement de l'espace qui prennent explicitement en considération les interactions compétitives entre objets dans l'espace.},
	journal = {Revue Neurologique},
	author = {Bartolomeo, Paolo and Urbanski, M. and Chokron, S. and Chainay, H. and Moroni, C. and Siéroff, E. and Belin, C. and Halligan, P.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {\#nosource, ⛔ No DOI found},
}

On considère souvent la négligence spatiale unilatérale gauche comme résultant d'un biais d'orientation de l'attention vers la droite. Dans les deux dernières décennies, il a cependant été proposé que la négligence puisse résulter d'un endommagement des processus neuronaux sous-tendant une représentation mentale de l'espace. Une version de l'hypothèse représentationnelle prévoit que le côté gauche de la représentation mentale de l'espace est " compressé ". Ainsi, une patiente avec négligence et hémianopsie gauche qui devait identifier parmi des chiffres disposés horizontalement celui correspondant à l'emplacement d'une flèche située plus bas, indiquait systématiquement un chiffre à droite de la cible, comme si une compression de l'espace gauche déplaçait ses réponses vers la droite (Halligan & Marshall, Spatial compression in visual neglect: A case study. Cortex, 27(4), 623-629, 1991). Cependant, une interprétation attentionnelle de ces résultats est également possible. En effet, si l'attention de la patiente était attirée par les chiffres situés à droite, cela aurait pu biaiser ses réponses vers ce côté. Nous avons testé cette suggestion en étudiant des patients négligents avec ou sans hémianopsie gauche, des patients hémianopsiques sans négligence, des patients avec lésion cérébrale droite sans troubles visuels ou cognitifs et des sujets normaux. Ces sujets ont marqué dans la marge horizontale (supérieure ou inférieure) d'une feuille l'endroit indiqué par une flèche partant de la marge opposée sous trois conditions: la marge indiquée par la flèche est (1) vide ; (2) segmentée de petits traits verticaux ; (3) contient des chiffres comme dans l'étude originale de Halligan et Marshall. Si la représentation de l'espace est compressée dans la négligence, les performances des patients négligents ne devraient pas varier d'une condition à l'autre ; si la déviation provient d'un biais attentionnel, les patients devraient dévier plus dans la condition avec les cibles visuelles que dans la condition sans cibles, les cibles de droite constituant des objets perceptifs qui devraient attirer l'attention des patients négligents. Les résultats confirment cette dernière prédiction. Seuls les patients négligents dévient vers la droite, et seulement dans les conditions avec cibles visuelles (traits ou chiffres). La déviation est particulièrement importante chez les patients avec négligence plus hémianopsie, car le déficit de champ visuel réduit ultérieurement le nombre de cibles de gauche susceptibles de participer à la compétition. Nos résultats étayent les modèles de traitement de l'espace qui prennent explicitement en considération les interactions compétitives entre objets dans l'espace.

@article{beisRightSpatialNeglect2004,
	title = {Right spatial neglect after left hemisphere stroke: qualitative and quantitative study},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {1526632},
	doi = {10.1212/01.wnl.0000142967.60579.32},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Comparatively little research has been conducted on right neglect after left brain damage. The authors sought to assess contralateral neglect in subacute left hemisphere stroke patients using a comprehensive test battery validated in a large control group after right hemisphere stroke. METHODS: Seventy-eight left hemisphere stroke patients were assessed. The test battery included a preliminary assessment of anosognosia and visual extinction, a clinical assessment of gaze orientation and personal neglect, and paper-and-pencil tests of spatial neglect in the peripersonal space. Only nonverbal tests were used. RESULTS: Drawing and cancellation tasks revealed neglect in 10 to 13\% of patients. The combined battery was more sensitive than any single test alone. A total of 43.5\% of patients showed some degree of neglect on at least one measure. Anatomic analyses showed that neglect was more common and severe when the posterior association cortex was damaged. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of occurrence of right neglect was, as expected, much lower than that reported in a study using the same assessment battery in right brain damage stroke patients. Nevertheless, neglect was found in a substantial proportion of patients at a subacute stage, suggesting that it should be considered in the rehabilitation planning of left brain damage stroke patients.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Neurology},
	author = {Beis, J-M and Keller, C and Morin, N and Bartolomeo, Paolo and Bernati, T and Chokron, S and Leclercq, M and Louis-Dreyfus, A and Marchal, F and Martin, Y and Perennou, D and Pradat-Diehl, P and Prairial, C and Rode, G and Rousseaux, M and Samuel, C and Siéroff, E and Wiart, L and Azouvi, P},
	month = nov,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Awareness, Cerebral Cortex, Female, Hemianopsia, Hemiplegia, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Motor Skills, Stroke},
	pages = {1600--5},
}

OBJECTIVES: Comparatively little research has been conducted on right neglect after left brain damage. The authors sought to assess contralateral neglect in subacute left hemisphere stroke patients using a comprehensive test battery validated in a large control group after right hemisphere stroke. METHODS: Seventy-eight left hemisphere stroke patients were assessed. The test battery included a preliminary assessment of anosognosia and visual extinction, a clinical assessment of gaze orientation and personal neglect, and paper-and-pencil tests of spatial neglect in the peripersonal space. Only nonverbal tests were used. RESULTS: Drawing and cancellation tasks revealed neglect in 10 to 13% of patients. The combined battery was more sensitive than any single test alone. A total of 43.5% of patients showed some degree of neglect on at least one measure. Anatomic analyses showed that neglect was more common and severe when the posterior association cortex was damaged. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of occurrence of right neglect was, as expected, much lower than that reported in a study using the same assessment battery in right brain damage stroke patients. Nevertheless, neglect was found in a substantial proportion of patients at a subacute stage, suggesting that it should be considered in the rehabilitation planning of left brain damage stroke patients.

@article{bartolomeoInfluenceLimbCrossing2004,
	title = {The influence of limb crossing on left tactile extinction},
	volume = {75},
	issn = {00223050},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Previous research on patients with left tactile extinction has shown that crossing of hands, so that each hand is on the opposite side of the body midline relative to the other, improves detection of stimuli given to the left hand. OBJECTIVES: To study the influence of the spatial position of limbs on left tactile extinction, and its relations with left visual neglect. METHODS: Normal participants and patients with right cerebral hemisphere damage and left tactile extinction were asked to detect single or double light touch stimuli applied to their cheeks, hands, or knees with their arm and legs either in anatomical or in crossed position, increasing the attentional load of the task. RESULTS: In patients with left extinction, limb crossing caused a deterioration in performance for stimuli applied to right body parts, with only a tendency to an improvement in detection for left body parts (only two of 24 patients showed substantial ({\textgreater}20\%) improvement in left extinction after limb crossing). After crossing, left limb detections of double stimuli decreased with increasing degrees of visual neglect. CONCLUSIONS: In conditions of high attentional load, limb crossing may impair tactile detection in most patients with left extinction, and particularly in those showing signs of left visual neglect. These results underline the importance of general attentional capacity in determining tactile extinction. Attentional and somatotopic mechanisms of extinction may assume different weights in different patients.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry},
	author = {Bartolomeo, Paolo and Perri, R and Gainotti, G},
	month = jan,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Agnosia, Attention, Brain, Female, Functional Laterality, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Perceptual Disorders, Perceptual disorders, Attention, Somatosensory disorders, Right brain damage, Neglect, Task Performance and Analysis, Touch, ⛔ No DOI found},
	pages = {49--55},
}

BACKGROUND: Previous research on patients with left tactile extinction has shown that crossing of hands, so that each hand is on the opposite side of the body midline relative to the other, improves detection of stimuli given to the left hand. OBJECTIVES: To study the influence of the spatial position of limbs on left tactile extinction, and its relations with left visual neglect. METHODS: Normal participants and patients with right cerebral hemisphere damage and left tactile extinction were asked to detect single or double light touch stimuli applied to their cheeks, hands, or knees with their arm and legs either in anatomical or in crossed position, increasing the attentional load of the task. RESULTS: In patients with left extinction, limb crossing caused a deterioration in performance for stimuli applied to right body parts, with only a tendency to an improvement in detection for left body parts (only two of 24 patients showed substantial (\textgreater20%) improvement in left extinction after limb crossing). After crossing, left limb detections of double stimuli decreased with increasing degrees of visual neglect. CONCLUSIONS: In conditions of high attentional load, limb crossing may impair tactile detection in most patients with left extinction, and particularly in those showing signs of left visual neglect. These results underline the importance of general attentional capacity in determining tactile extinction. Attentional and somatotopic mechanisms of extinction may assume different weights in different patients.

@article{bartolomeoReviewVisionBrain2003,
	title = {Review of "{Vision} in the {Brain}", by {Panagiotis} {G}. {Simos}},
	volume = {114},
	abstract = {As a neurologist interested in disorders of visual attention, I often looked for a reference book covering the neurosciences of the visual system. Panagiotis G. Simos has achieved the impressive task of collecting in a book of 200 pages in length a state-of-art review of such an intimidating topic. As a further bonus, the book offers a final section on the development of the visual system which conveys information which is difficult to find in such a concise form. The author has managed to integrate evidence coming from such disparate research fields as histology, neurophysiology, brain imaging and neuropsychology. 
After an introductory chapter dedicated to an overview of the methods of visual neuroscience and to terminological issues, there is an ample review of general neuronal functioning and synaptic transmission. The third chapter deals with psychophysical findings, always with reference to "wet" neurosciences. The following three chapters present the anatomy and physiology of the visual pathways, from the retina to the temporal and parietal visual association areas, with some useful reference to visual disorders (visual field defects, prosopagnosia). It is a pity that the author did not go a step further and address the relations between visual association areas and more anterior brain regions, such as the frontal lobes.  This would have offered a more general idea - if perhaps speculative - of brain functioning, and of its relation to attentional processes and visual consciousness. The final three chapters are dedicated to the development of the visual brain. 
The book is written very clearly, and generously illustrated by 81 black-and-white diagrams, even if a few of them lack proper definition and several would have greatly benefited from being in color (e.g., the illustration of brain activation during color processing, picturing two Mondrian displays that should be identical in all respects except that one is colored; in fact, they are identical to the reader, since both appear in shades of gray!). A second edition should add an analytical index and correct a few minor errors, such as the lack of some references in the final list and the statement (page 153) that images are projected in front of the retina in hyperopia, and behind the retina in myopia (in fact, the reverse is true). 
In conclusion, this book will constitute a useful and handy reference for students and professionals in the fields of visual neuroscience, psychology of perception and neuropsychology, and a valuable addition to the library of ophthalmologists, neurologists and neuropshysiologists.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Clinical Neurophysiology},
	author = {Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Book, ⛔ No DOI found},
	pages = {750},
}

As a neurologist interested in disorders of visual attention, I often looked for a reference book covering the neurosciences of the visual system. Panagiotis G. Simos has achieved the impressive task of collecting in a book of 200 pages in length a state-of-art review of such an intimidating topic. As a further bonus, the book offers a final section on the development of the visual system which conveys information which is difficult to find in such a concise form. The author has managed to integrate evidence coming from such disparate research fields as histology, neurophysiology, brain imaging and neuropsychology. After an introductory chapter dedicated to an overview of the methods of visual neuroscience and to terminological issues, there is an ample review of general neuronal functioning and synaptic transmission. The third chapter deals with psychophysical findings, always with reference to "wet" neurosciences. The following three chapters present the anatomy and physiology of the visual pathways, from the retina to the temporal and parietal visual association areas, with some useful reference to visual disorders (visual field defects, prosopagnosia). It is a pity that the author did not go a step further and address the relations between visual association areas and more anterior brain regions, such as the frontal lobes. This would have offered a more general idea - if perhaps speculative - of brain functioning, and of its relation to attentional processes and visual consciousness. The final three chapters are dedicated to the development of the visual brain. The book is written very clearly, and generously illustrated by 81 black-and-white diagrams, even if a few of them lack proper definition and several would have greatly benefited from being in color (e.g., the illustration of brain activation during color processing, picturing two Mondrian displays that should be identical in all respects except that one is colored; in fact, they are identical to the reader, since both appear in shades of gray!). A second edition should add an analytical index and correct a few minor errors, such as the lack of some references in the final list and the statement (page 153) that images are projected in front of the retina in hyperopia, and behind the retina in myopia (in fact, the reverse is true). In conclusion, this book will constitute a useful and handy reference for students and professionals in the fields of visual neuroscience, psychology of perception and neuropsychology, and a valuable addition to the library of ophthalmologists, neurologists and neuropshysiologists.

@article{chokronEffectGazeOrientation2002,
	title = {Effect of gaze orientation on tactilo-kinesthetic perception},
	volume = {48},
	doi = {10.1006/brcg.2001.1368},
	abstract = {Normal right-handed subjects indicated with their index finger the midpoint of a horizontal rod that they could not see. Subjects performed this task while directing their gaze centrally or toward two different locations (5° or 30°) to the left or to the right of the midline. Results showed an overall leftward bias in rod bisection, which increased when subjects used their right hand and fixated a right-sided visual target. We demonstrated that orienting of gaze can affect a non-visual, tactilo-kinesthetic spatial task. The possible mechanisms of this interaction are discussed with respect to activation-orienting theory, egocentric hypotheses and directional trends.},
	number = {2-3},
	journal = {Brain and Cognition},
	author = {Chokron, S. and Bartolomeo, Paolo and Colliot, P. and Auclair, L.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {\#nosource, neglect, egocentric frame of reference},
	pages = {312--317},
}

Normal right-handed subjects indicated with their index finger the midpoint of a horizontal rod that they could not see. Subjects performed this task while directing their gaze centrally or toward two different locations (5° or 30°) to the left or to the right of the midline. Results showed an overall leftward bias in rod bisection, which increased when subjects used their right hand and fixated a right-sided visual target. We demonstrated that orienting of gaze can affect a non-visual, tactilo-kinesthetic spatial task. The possible mechanisms of this interaction are discussed with respect to activation-orienting theory, egocentric hypotheses and directional trends.

@article{lamargueNegligenceSpatialeReferentiel2002,
	title = {Négligence spatiale et référentiel égocentrique [{Unilateral} neglect and egocentric reference]},
	volume = {79},
	journal = {Glossa},
	author = {Lamargue, D. and Chokron, S. and Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {\#nosource, ⛔ No DOI found},
	pages = {50--67},
}

@article{bartolomeoCanAttentionCapture2002,
	title = {Can attention capture visual awareness? ({Commentary} on {Ruz} and {Lupiáñez}: {A} review of {Attentional} {Capture})},
	volume = {23},
	url = {http://www.uv.es/psicologica/paraARCHIVES/2002.html},
	journal = {Psicológica},
	author = {Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {⛔ No DOI found},
	pages = {314--317},
}

@article{bartolomeoCanWeChange2002,
	title = {Can we change our vantage point to explore imaginal neglect? ({Commentary} on {Pylyshyn}: {Mental} imagery: {In} search of a theory)},
	volume = {25},
	doi = {10.1017/s0140525x02240042},
	abstract = {Right brain-damaged patients with unilateral neglect, who ignore left-sided visual events, may also omit left-sided details when describing known places from memory. Modulating the orienting of visual attention may ameliorate imaginal neglect. A first step toward explaining these phenomena might be to postulate that space-related imagery is a cognitive activity involving attentional and intentional aspects.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Behavioral and Brain Sciences},
	author = {Bartolomeo, Paolo and Chokron, S.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {184--185},
}

Right brain-damaged patients with unilateral neglect, who ignore left-sided visual events, may also omit left-sided details when describing known places from memory. Modulating the orienting of visual attention may ameliorate imaginal neglect. A first step toward explaining these phenomena might be to postulate that space-related imagery is a cognitive activity involving attentional and intentional aspects.

@article{azouviSensitivityClinicalBehavioural2002,
	title = {Sensitivity of clinical and behavioural tests of spatial neglect after right hemisphere stroke},
	volume = {73},
	issn = {00223050},
	doi = {10.1136/jnnp.73.2.160},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The lack of agreement regarding assessment methods is responsible for the variability in the reported rate of occurrence of spatial neglect after stroke. The aim of this study was to assess the sensitivity of different tests of neglect after right hemisphere stroke. METHODS: Two hundred and six subacute right hemisphere stroke patients were given a test battery including a preliminary assessment of anosognosia and of visual extinction, a clinical assessment of gaze orientation and of personal neglect, and paper and pencil tests of spatial neglect in the peripersonal space. Patients were compared with a previously reported control group. A subgroup of patients (n=69) received a behavioural assessment of neglect in daily life situations. RESULTS: The most sensitive paper and pencil measure was the starting point in the cancellation task. The whole battery was more sensitive than any single test alone. About 85\% of patients presented some degree of neglect on at least one measure. An important finding was that behavioural assessment of neglect in daily life was more sensitive than any other single measure of neglect. Behavioural neglect was considered as moderate to severe in 36\% of cases. A factorial analysis revealed that paper and pencil tests were related to two underlying factors. Dissociations were found between extrapersonal neglect, personal neglect, anosognosia, and extinction. Anatomical analyses showed that neglect was more common and severe when the posterior association cortex was damaged. CONCLUSIONS: The automatic rightward orientation bias is the most sensitive clinical measure of neglect. Behavioural assessment is more sensitive than any single paper and pencil test. The results also support the assumption that neglect is a heterogeneous disorder.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry},
	author = {Azouvi, P and Samuel, C and Louis-Dreyfus, A and Bernati, T and Bartolomeo, Paolo and Beis, J-M and Chokron, S and Leclercq, M and Marchal, F and Martin, Y and De Montety, G and Olivier, S and Perennou, D and Pradat-Diehl, P and Prairial, C and Rode, G and Siéroff, E and Wiart, L and Rousseaux, M},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Activities of Daily Living, Adult, Aged, Attention, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Cerebral Hemorrhage, Cerebral Infarction, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neurologic Examination, Neuropsychological Tests, Orientation, Perceptual Disorders, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychomotor Performance, Sensitivity and Specificity},
	pages = {160--6},
}

OBJECTIVES: The lack of agreement regarding assessment methods is responsible for the variability in the reported rate of occurrence of spatial neglect after stroke. The aim of this study was to assess the sensitivity of different tests of neglect after right hemisphere stroke. METHODS: Two hundred and six subacute right hemisphere stroke patients were given a test battery including a preliminary assessment of anosognosia and of visual extinction, a clinical assessment of gaze orientation and of personal neglect, and paper and pencil tests of spatial neglect in the peripersonal space. Patients were compared with a previously reported control group. A subgroup of patients (n=69) received a behavioural assessment of neglect in daily life situations. RESULTS: The most sensitive paper and pencil measure was the starting point in the cancellation task. The whole battery was more sensitive than any single test alone. About 85% of patients presented some degree of neglect on at least one measure. An important finding was that behavioural assessment of neglect in daily life was more sensitive than any other single measure of neglect. Behavioural neglect was considered as moderate to severe in 36% of cases. A factorial analysis revealed that paper and pencil tests were related to two underlying factors. Dissociations were found between extrapersonal neglect, personal neglect, anosognosia, and extinction. Anatomical analyses showed that neglect was more common and severe when the posterior association cortex was damaged. CONCLUSIONS: The automatic rightward orientation bias is the most sensitive clinical measure of neglect. Behavioural assessment is more sensitive than any single paper and pencil test. The results also support the assumption that neglect is a heterogeneous disorder.

@article{bachoud-leviRetestEffectsCognitive2001,
	title = {Retest effects and cognitive decline in longitudinal follow-up of patients with early {HD}},
	volume = {56},
	issn = {00283878},
	doi = {10.1212/wnl.56.8.1052},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To assess the natural progression of cognitive impairment in Huntington's disease (HD) and to reveal factors that may mask this progression. BACKGROUND: Although numerous cross-sectional studies reported cognitive deterioration at different stages of the disease, progressive cognitive deterioration has been, up to now, difficult to demonstrate in neuropsychological longitudinal studies. METHODS: The authors assessed 22 patients in early stages of HD at yearly intervals for 2 to 4 years (average, 31.2 +/- 10 months), using a comprehensive neuropsychological battery based on the Core Assessment Program for Intracerebral Transplantation in Huntington's Disease (CAPIT-HD). RESULTS: The authors observed a significant decline in different cognitive functions over time: these involved primarily attention and executive functions but also involved language comprehension, and visuospatial immediate memory. Episodic memory impairment that was already present at the time of enrollment did not show significant decline. The authors found a significant retest effect at the second assessment in many tasks. CONCLUSION: Many attention and executive tasks adequately assess the progression of the disease at an early stage. For other functions, the overlapping of retest effects and disease progression may confuse the results. High interindividual and intraindividual variability seem to be hallmarks of the disease.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Neurology},
	author = {Bachoud-Lévi, A C and Maison, P and Bartolomeo, Paolo and Boissé, M F and Dalla Barba, G and Ergis, A M and Baudic, S and Degos, J D and Cesaro, P and Peschanski, M},
	month = apr,
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Adult, Attention, Cognition, Disease Progression, Female, Humans, Huntington Disease, Linear Models, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Motor Skills, Neuropsychological Tests},
	pages = {1052--8},
}

OBJECTIVE: To assess the natural progression of cognitive impairment in Huntington's disease (HD) and to reveal factors that may mask this progression. BACKGROUND: Although numerous cross-sectional studies reported cognitive deterioration at different stages of the disease, progressive cognitive deterioration has been, up to now, difficult to demonstrate in neuropsychological longitudinal studies. METHODS: The authors assessed 22 patients in early stages of HD at yearly intervals for 2 to 4 years (average, 31.2 +/- 10 months), using a comprehensive neuropsychological battery based on the Core Assessment Program for Intracerebral Transplantation in Huntington's Disease (CAPIT-HD). RESULTS: The authors observed a significant decline in different cognitive functions over time: these involved primarily attention and executive functions but also involved language comprehension, and visuospatial immediate memory. Episodic memory impairment that was already present at the time of enrollment did not show significant decline. The authors found a significant retest effect at the second assessment in many tasks. CONCLUSION: Many attention and executive tasks adequately assess the progression of the disease at an early stage. For other functions, the overlapping of retest effects and disease progression may confuse the results. High interindividual and intraindividual variability seem to be hallmarks of the disease.

@article{bartolomeoLaterallyDirectedArm2001,
	title = {Laterally directed arm movements and right unilateral neglect after left hemisphere damage},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {00283932},
	doi = {10.1016/s0028-3932(01)00042-2},
	abstract = {Signs of unilateral neglect for events occurring in one hemispace most often result from right hemisphere lesions. Right unilateral neglect after left hemisphere damage is much rarer, and has received less attention. The present study explores the relationships between right unilateral neglect and asymmetries in producing laterally directed arm movements in the horizontal plane in left brain-damaged (LBD) patients. Participants produced right- or left-directed arm movements with their left arm in response to centrally located visual stimuli. Results showed that LBD patients with signs of right unilateral neglect were consistently slowed when producing arm movements toward the right (neglected) side, as compared to left-directed movements. Taking into account patients with and without signs of neglect, this directional asymmetry positively correlated with a reaction-time measure of perceptual spatial bias. These findings stand in contrast with previous results obtained with the same experimental paradigm in right brain-damaged patients, in whom a consistent slowing of leftward-directed movements was rare and apparently unrelated to the presence and severity of left neglect. These conflicting results are discussed with respect to the hypothesis that different mechanisms may underlie left and right unilateral neglect.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Neuropsychologia},
	author = {Bartolomeo, Paolo and Chokron, S and Gainotti, G},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Cerebral Hemorrhage, Cerebral Infarction, Dominance, Cerebral, Female, Hemianopsia, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Orientation, Perceptual Disorders, Psychomotor Performance},
	pages = {1013--21},
}

Signs of unilateral neglect for events occurring in one hemispace most often result from right hemisphere lesions. Right unilateral neglect after left hemisphere damage is much rarer, and has received less attention. The present study explores the relationships between right unilateral neglect and asymmetries in producing laterally directed arm movements in the horizontal plane in left brain-damaged (LBD) patients. Participants produced right- or left-directed arm movements with their left arm in response to centrally located visual stimuli. Results showed that LBD patients with signs of right unilateral neglect were consistently slowed when producing arm movements toward the right (neglected) side, as compared to left-directed movements. Taking into account patients with and without signs of neglect, this directional asymmetry positively correlated with a reaction-time measure of perceptual spatial bias. These findings stand in contrast with previous results obtained with the same experimental paradigm in right brain-damaged patients, in whom a consistent slowing of leftward-directed movements was rare and apparently unrelated to the presence and severity of left neglect. These conflicting results are discussed with respect to the hypothesis that different mechanisms may underlie left and right unilateral neglect.

@article{bartolomeoUnilateralNeglectEffect2001,
	title = {Unilateral neglect: the effect of competing stimuli on estimated line length},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {02782626},
	doi = {10.1016/s0278-2626(01)80028-2},
	abstract = {Normal subjects and patients with right hemisphere lesions with or without signs of left unilateral neglect judged the length of a horizontal line presented on the left or on the right side of space. In half of the trials, the line was presented with a centrally located square or diamond, and subjects had to identify the central stimulus before performing the judgment of length. The presence of the central stimulus improved accuracy of performance in controls and in patients without neglect; neglect patients, however, produced more overestimations of left-sided lines when these was presented with a central stimulus than when the lines occurred in isolation. This finding underlines the importance of attentional factors in length estimates performed by neglect patients in their neglected space.},
	number = {1-2},
	journal = {Brain and cognition},
	author = {Bartolomeo, Paolo and Chokron, S},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Attention, Brain, Female, Functional Laterality, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Perceptual Disorders, Random Allocation, Severity of Illness Index, Visual Fields},
	pages = {34--8},
}

Normal subjects and patients with right hemisphere lesions with or without signs of left unilateral neglect judged the length of a horizontal line presented on the left or on the right side of space. In half of the trials, the line was presented with a centrally located square or diamond, and subjects had to identify the central stimulus before performing the judgment of length. The presence of the central stimulus improved accuracy of performance in controls and in patients without neglect; neglect patients, however, produced more overestimations of left-sided lines when these was presented with a central stimulus than when the lines occurred in isolation. This finding underlines the importance of attentional factors in length estimates performed by neglect patients in their neglected space.

@article{bartolomeoVariabilityResponseTimes2001,
	title = {Variability of response times as a marker of diverted attention},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {00283932},
	doi = {10.1016/s0028-3932(00)00135-4},
	abstract = {Anderson et al. (Variability not ability: another basis for performance decrements in neglect. Neuropsychologia 2000;38:785-796) have recently reported that variability of response times (RTs) progressively increases from the right to the left side in left neglect patients. Anderson et al. propose that this lack of consistency is an important determinant of patients' behaviour, and may result from a deficit independent of other mechanisms causing neglect. Here we suggest that an increase of variability, and not only of RTs, is to be expected when attention is exogenously biased away from the probed location. Consequently, space-based variability can be interpreted in the framework of existing models of unilateral neglect. According to one such model, a basic impairment in left neglect is a bias toward rightward exogenous orienting of attention. As a result, left targets often fail to rapidly capture patients' attention, thus yielding slow RTs. However, since the probability for a left target attracting attention is low but not null, relatively fast RTs can occur on those rare occasions in which a left target does capture patients' attention. The coexistence of these relatively fast with slow RTs could be at the basis of space-based variability in neglect. Empirical support for our hypothesis comes from the results of a re-analysis for variability of cued RTs obtained in 18 normal individuals and six left neglect patients. Cues were peripheral and non-informative, thus eliciting an exogenous attentional shift. For normal individuals, invalid trials yielded less consistent response times than valid trials at short (150 ms) cue-target interval; for neglect patients, a similar phenomenon occurred for left invalidly-cued targets, thus paralleling the disproportionate cost in RTs typically evoked by this condition in unilateral neglect. We conclude by discussing some possible determinants of gradient-shaped effects and by outlining the implications of space-based variability for current models of unilateral neglect.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Neuropsychologia},
	author = {Bartolomeo, Paolo and Siéroff, E and Chokron, S and Decaix, C},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Adult, Aged, Attention, Female, Functional Laterality, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Perceptual Disorders, Reaction Time, Space Perception, Task Performance and Analysis},
	pages = {358--63},
}

Anderson et al. (Variability not ability: another basis for performance decrements in neglect. Neuropsychologia 2000;38:785-796) have recently reported that variability of response times (RTs) progressively increases from the right to the left side in left neglect patients. Anderson et al. propose that this lack of consistency is an important determinant of patients' behaviour, and may result from a deficit independent of other mechanisms causing neglect. Here we suggest that an increase of variability, and not only of RTs, is to be expected when attention is exogenously biased away from the probed location. Consequently, space-based variability can be interpreted in the framework of existing models of unilateral neglect. According to one such model, a basic impairment in left neglect is a bias toward rightward exogenous orienting of attention. As a result, left targets often fail to rapidly capture patients' attention, thus yielding slow RTs. However, since the probability for a left target attracting attention is low but not null, relatively fast RTs can occur on those rare occasions in which a left target does capture patients' attention. The coexistence of these relatively fast with slow RTs could be at the basis of space-based variability in neglect. Empirical support for our hypothesis comes from the results of a re-analysis for variability of cued RTs obtained in 18 normal individuals and six left neglect patients. Cues were peripheral and non-informative, thus eliciting an exogenous attentional shift. For normal individuals, invalid trials yielded less consistent response times than valid trials at short (150 ms) cue-target interval; for neglect patients, a similar phenomenon occurred for left invalidly-cued targets, thus paralleling the disproportionate cost in RTs typically evoked by this condition in unilateral neglect. We conclude by discussing some possible determinants of gradient-shaped effects and by outlining the implications of space-based variability for current models of unilateral neglect.

@article{bartolomeoModulatingAttentionalBias2001,
	title = {Modulating the attentional bias in unilateral neglect: the effects of the strategic set},
	volume = {137},
	issn = {00144819},
	abstract = {Left unilateral neglect is a neurological condition characterized by an impairment in orienting and responding to events occurring on the left side. To gain insight into the brain mechanisms of space processing and to provide theoretical foundations for patient rehabilitation, it is important to explore the attentional bias shown by neglect patients in the light of existing models of normal attentional orienting. Three experiments tested the hypothesis that attentional bias in neglect involves primarily exogenous, or stimulus-based, orienting of attention, with relatively preserved endogenous, or voluntary, orienting. Six patients with right hemisphere damage and left unilateral neglect and 18 age-matched participants without brain damage performed a cued reaction time (RT) task to targets which could appear in one of two lateral boxes. Cues consisted of a brief brightening of the contour of one of the boxes. The target followed the cue at 150, 550, or 1000 ms stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA). In experiment 1, the cues were not informative about the future location of the target, and thus elicited a purely exogenous orienting of attention. Controls showed slowed RTs to the cued locations at SOAs {\textgreater} 150 ms, consistent with the notion of inhibition of return (IOR). Neglect patients had no evidence of IOR for right targets; they showed a disproportionate cost for left targets preceded by right (invalid) cues; this cost was maximal at the shortest SOA, consistent with the idea of a biased exogenous orienting in neglect. In experiment 2, 80\% of the cues were valid (i.e., they correctly predicted the location of the impending target), thus inducing an initially exogenous, and later endogenous, attentional shift toward the cued box. Neglect patients showed again a cost for left invalidly cued targets, which this time persisted at SOAs {\textgreater} 150 ms, as if patients' attention had been cued to the right side not only exogenously, but also endogenously, thus rendering more difficult an endogenous reorienting toward the left. In experiment 3, only 20\% of the cues were valid, so that the best response strategy was to endogenously orient attention toward the box opposite to the cued one. Controls were able to take advantage of invalid cues to rapidly respond to targets. In this condition, neglect patients were able to nullify their spatial bias; they achieved their fastest RTs to left targets, which were in the range of their RTs to right targets. However, for neglect patients fast responses to left targets occurred only at 1000 ms SOA, while controls were able to redirect their attention to the uncued box already at 550 ms SOA. Altogether, these results suggest that endogenous orienting is relatively spared, if slowed, in unilateral neglect.},
	number = {3-4},
	journal = {Experimental brain research},
	author = {Bartolomeo, Paolo and Siéroff, E and Decaix, C and Chokron, S},
	month = apr,
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Attention, Cognition Disorders, Cues, Female, Functional Laterality, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Orientation, Photic Stimulation, Reaction Time, Stroke, ⛔ No DOI found},
	pages = {432--44},
}

Left unilateral neglect is a neurological condition characterized by an impairment in orienting and responding to events occurring on the left side. To gain insight into the brain mechanisms of space processing and to provide theoretical foundations for patient rehabilitation, it is important to explore the attentional bias shown by neglect patients in the light of existing models of normal attentional orienting. Three experiments tested the hypothesis that attentional bias in neglect involves primarily exogenous, or stimulus-based, orienting of attention, with relatively preserved endogenous, or voluntary, orienting. Six patients with right hemisphere damage and left unilateral neglect and 18 age-matched participants without brain damage performed a cued reaction time (RT) task to targets which could appear in one of two lateral boxes. Cues consisted of a brief brightening of the contour of one of the boxes. The target followed the cue at 150, 550, or 1000 ms stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA). In experiment 1, the cues were not informative about the future location of the target, and thus elicited a purely exogenous orienting of attention. Controls showed slowed RTs to the cued locations at SOAs \textgreater 150 ms, consistent with the notion of inhibition of return (IOR). Neglect patients had no evidence of IOR for right targets; they showed a disproportionate cost for left targets preceded by right (invalid) cues; this cost was maximal at the shortest SOA, consistent with the idea of a biased exogenous orienting in neglect. In experiment 2, 80% of the cues were valid (i.e., they correctly predicted the location of the impending target), thus inducing an initially exogenous, and later endogenous, attentional shift toward the cued box. Neglect patients showed again a cost for left invalidly cued targets, which this time persisted at SOAs \textgreater 150 ms, as if patients' attention had been cued to the right side not only exogenously, but also endogenously, thus rendering more difficult an endogenous reorienting toward the left. In experiment 3, only 20% of the cues were valid, so that the best response strategy was to endogenously orient attention toward the box opposite to the cued one. Controls were able to take advantage of invalid cues to rapidly respond to targets. In this condition, neglect patients were able to nullify their spatial bias; they achieved their fastest RTs to left targets, which were in the range of their RTs to right targets. However, for neglect patients fast responses to left targets occurred only at 1000 ms SOA, while controls were able to redirect their attention to the uncued box already at 550 ms SOA. Altogether, these results suggest that endogenous orienting is relatively spared, if slowed, in unilateral neglect.

@article{rousseauxPresentingBatteryAssessing2001,
	title = {[{Presenting} a battery for assessing spatial neglect. {Norms} and effects of age, educational level, sex, hand and laterality]},
	volume = {157},
	issn = {00353787},
	abstract = {The aim of this study was to build up a battery for assessing spatial neglect, then to analyse the norms and potential effects of age, education level, sex, hand used, and laterality. It was also to contribute evaluating the pseudoneglect phenomenon described by Heilman, which consists in a tendency of normal subjects to neglect the right peripersonal space. Tasks selected were presented to important groups of normal subjects, most often larger than 450. The battery comprised of a bell cancellation test, scene copy, clock drawing, two line bisection tasks, identification of overlapping figures, text reading, writing task, and the representational task of the France map. For each of them, different variables were selected, especially investigating the difference between performance in the right and the left hemispaces. This study allowed defining the threshold values (percentiles 5 and 95) for deciding of the pathological character of a patient performance. It also showed that the pseudoneglect phenomenon is more obvious in some tasks such as line bisection, and probably also in the representational task of the France map and writing. His importance and at times his side were influenced by the factors we studied, with between tasks differences, but also by the nature of the task to be performed, and especially his verbal component.},
	number = {11 Pt 1},
	journal = {Revue neurologique},
	author = {Rousseaux, M and Beis, J M and Pradat-Diehl, P and Martin, Y and Bartolomeo, Paolo and Bernati, T and Chokron, S and Leclercq, M and Louis-Dreyfus, A and Marchal, F and Perennou, D and Prairial, C and Rode, G and Samuel, C and Siéroff, E and Wiart, L and Azouvi, P},
	month = nov,
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Analysis of Variance, Diagnosis, Differential, Educational Status, Extinction, Psychological, Female, Functional Laterality, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Perceptual Disorders, Psychological Tests, Sex Characteristics, Space Perception, ⛔ No DOI found},
	pages = {1385--400},
}

The aim of this study was to build up a battery for assessing spatial neglect, then to analyse the norms and potential effects of age, education level, sex, hand used, and laterality. It was also to contribute evaluating the pseudoneglect phenomenon described by Heilman, which consists in a tendency of normal subjects to neglect the right peripersonal space. Tasks selected were presented to important groups of normal subjects, most often larger than 450. The battery comprised of a bell cancellation test, scene copy, clock drawing, two line bisection tasks, identification of overlapping figures, text reading, writing task, and the representational task of the France map. For each of them, different variables were selected, especially investigating the difference between performance in the right and the left hemispaces. This study allowed defining the threshold values (percentiles 5 and 95) for deciding of the pathological character of a patient performance. It also showed that the pseudoneglect phenomenon is more obvious in some tasks such as line bisection, and probably also in the representational task of the France map and writing. His importance and at times his side were influenced by the factors we studied, with between tasks differences, but also by the nature of the task to be performed, and especially his verbal component.

@article{perriLackImpairmentsLeftward2000,
	title = {Lack of impairments on leftward and rightward line extension tasks in neglect patients},
	volume = {103},
	issn = {0020-7454},
	doi = {10.3109/00207450009003256},
	abstract = {We asked 16 right-brain damaged patients with left unilateral neglect, 9 right-brain damaged patients without neglect and 11 healthy control subjects to bisect horizontal lines or to extend them rightward or leftward. Although in the line bisection task patients with neglect showed the typical rightward deviation of the subjective line midpoint, they did not show any significant difference when compared to the other two experimental groups in both rightward and leftward line extension tasks. These results suggest that neglect for the left side of space is usually observed in tasks requiring an automatic lateral orienting of attention, but not in tasks in which this lateral orienting is submitted to a continuous intentional control.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {1-4},
	journal = {The International Journal of Neuroscience},
	author = {Perri, R. and Bartolomeo, Paolo and Gainotti, G.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Agnosia, Attention, Brain Injuries, DIRECTIONAL HYPOKINESIA, Fixation, Ocular, Functional Laterality, Hand, Humans, Motor Activity, Psychomotor Performance},
	pages = {101--113},
}

We asked 16 right-brain damaged patients with left unilateral neglect, 9 right-brain damaged patients without neglect and 11 healthy control subjects to bisect horizontal lines or to extend them rightward or leftward. Although in the line bisection task patients with neglect showed the typical rightward deviation of the subjective line midpoint, they did not show any significant difference when compared to the other two experimental groups in both rightward and leftward line extension tasks. These results suggest that neglect for the left side of space is usually observed in tasks requiring an automatic lateral orienting of attention, but not in tasks in which this lateral orienting is submitted to a continuous intentional control.

@article{chokronCorrelationPositionEgocentric2000,
	title = {Correlation between the position of the egocentric reference and right neglect signs in left-brain-damaged patients},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {0278-2626},
	abstract = {Fourteen control subjects and thirty left-brain-damaged (LBD) patients with or without neglect performed a straight-ahead pointing task with their left hand while blindfolded. Results showed a significant correlation between the position of the egocentric reference and the presence of right neglect signs. We discuss here the egocentric hypotheses of spatial bias.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {1-3},
	journal = {Brain and Cognition},
	author = {Chokron, S. and Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Brain, Female, Functional Laterality, Hemianopsia, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Severity of Illness Index, Space Perception, Visual Fields, neglect, egocentric frame of reference, ⛔ No DOI found},
	pages = {99--104},
}

Fourteen control subjects and thirty left-brain-damaged (LBD) patients with or without neglect performed a straight-ahead pointing task with their left hand while blindfolded. Results showed a significant correlation between the position of the egocentric reference and the presence of right neglect signs. We discuss here the egocentric hypotheses of spatial bias.

@article{bachoud-leviMotorCognitiveImprovements2000,
	title = {Motor and cognitive improvements in patients with {Huntington}'s disease after neural transplantation},
	volume = {356},
	issn = {01406736},
	doi = {10.1016/s0140-6736(00)03310-9},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Huntington's disease is a neurodegenerative disease of genetic origin that mainly affects the striatum. It has severe motor and cognitive consequences and, up to now, no treatment. Motor and cognitive functions can be restored in experimental animal models by means of intrastriatal transplantation of fetal striatal neuroblasts. We explored whether grafts of human fetal striatal tissue could survive and have detectable effects in five patients with mild to moderate Huntington's disease. METHODS: After 2 years of preoperative assessment, patients were grafted with human fetal neuroblasts into the right striatum then, after a year, the left striatum. Final results were assessed 1 year later on the basis of neurological, neuropsychological, neurophysiological, and psychiatric tests. The results obtained were compared with those of a cohort of 22 untreated patients at similar stages of the disease who were followed up in parallel. Repeated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) scanning with fluorine-18-labelled fluorodeoxyglucose was also done to assess metabolic activity. FINDINGS: The final PET-scan assessment showed increased metabolic activity in various subnuclei of the striatum in three of five patients, contrasting with the progressive decline recorded in the two other patients in the series, as seen in patients with untreated Huntington's disease. Small areas of even higher metabolic activity, coregistering with spherical hyposignals on MRI were also present in the same three patients, suggesting that grafts were functional. Accordingly, motor and cognitive functions were improved or maintained within the normal range, and functional benefits were seen in daily-life activities in these three patients, but not in the other two. INTERPRETATION: Fetal neural allografts could be associated with functional, motor, and cognitive improvements in patients with Huntington's disease.},
	number = {9246},
	journal = {Lancet},
	author = {Bachoud-Lévi, A C and Rémy, P and Nguyen, J P and Brugières, P and Lefaucheur, J P and Bourdet, C and Baudic, S and Gaura, V and Maison, P and Haddad, B and Boissé, M F and Grandmougin, T and Jény, R and Bartolomeo, Paolo and Dalla Barba, G and Degos, J D and Lisovoski, F and Ergis, A M and Pailhous, E and Cesaro, P and Hantraye, P and Peschanski, M},
	month = dec,
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Brain, Brain Tissue Transplantation, Cognition, Corpus Striatum, Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory, Fetal Tissue Transplantation, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Huntington Disease, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Motor Activity, Neuropsychological Tests, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Treatment Outcome},
	pages = {1975--9},
}

BACKGROUND: Huntington's disease is a neurodegenerative disease of genetic origin that mainly affects the striatum. It has severe motor and cognitive consequences and, up to now, no treatment. Motor and cognitive functions can be restored in experimental animal models by means of intrastriatal transplantation of fetal striatal neuroblasts. We explored whether grafts of human fetal striatal tissue could survive and have detectable effects in five patients with mild to moderate Huntington's disease. METHODS: After 2 years of preoperative assessment, patients were grafted with human fetal neuroblasts into the right striatum then, after a year, the left striatum. Final results were assessed 1 year later on the basis of neurological, neuropsychological, neurophysiological, and psychiatric tests. The results obtained were compared with those of a cohort of 22 untreated patients at similar stages of the disease who were followed up in parallel. Repeated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) scanning with fluorine-18-labelled fluorodeoxyglucose was also done to assess metabolic activity. FINDINGS: The final PET-scan assessment showed increased metabolic activity in various subnuclei of the striatum in three of five patients, contrasting with the progressive decline recorded in the two other patients in the series, as seen in patients with untreated Huntington's disease. Small areas of even higher metabolic activity, coregistering with spherical hyposignals on MRI were also present in the same three patients, suggesting that grafts were functional. Accordingly, motor and cognitive functions were improved or maintained within the normal range, and functional benefits were seen in daily-life activities in these three patients, but not in the other two. INTERPRETATION: Fetal neural allografts could be associated with functional, motor, and cognitive improvements in patients with Huntington's disease.

@article{bachoud-leviSafetyTolerabilityAssessment2000,
	title = {Safety and tolerability assessment of intrastriatal neural allografts in five patients with {Huntington}'s disease},
	volume = {161},
	issn = {00144886},
	doi = {10.1006/exnr.1999.7239},
	abstract = {This study describes issues related to the safety and tolerability of fetal striatal neural allografts as assessed in five patients with Huntington's disease. Huntington's disease (HD) is characterized by motor, cognitive, and behavioral disturbances. The latter include psychological disturbances and, as a consequence, we took particular care to analyze behavioral changes, in addition to the usual "safety" follow-up. We conducted multidisciplinary follow-up at least 2 years before and 1 year after grafting. Psychological care extended to close relatives. The grafting procedure itself was altogether safe and uneventful, and there were no apparent clinical deleterious effects for 1 year. The immunosuppressive treatment, however, was complicated by various problems (irregular compliance, errors of handling, side effects). Direct psychological consequences of the transplantation procedure were rare and not worrisome, although mood alteration requiring treatment was observed in one patient. Indirectly, however, the procedure required patients and relatives to accept constraints that tended to complicate familial situations already marred by aggressivity and depression. All patients and close relatives expressed major expectations, in spite of our strong and repeated cautioning. It is clearly important to be aware of these particular conditions since they may eventually translate into psychological difficulties in coping with the long-term clinical outcome of the procedure, if not beneficial. Despite an overall good tolerance, therefore, this follow-up calls for caution regarding the involvement of HD patients in experimental surgical protocols.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Experimental neurology},
	author = {Bachoud-Lévi, A and Bourdet, C and Brugières, P and Nguyen, J P and Grandmougin, T and Haddad, B and Jény, R and Bartolomeo, Paolo and Boissé, M F and Barba, G D and Degos, J D and Ergis, A M and Lefaucheur, J P and Lisovoski, F and Pailhous, E and Rémy, P and Palfi, S and Defer, G L and Cesaro, P and Hantraye, P and Peschanski, M},
	month = jan,
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Adult, Brain Tissue Transplantation, Cognition, Corpus Striatum, Cyclosporine, Family, Female, Fetal Tissue Transplantation, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Huntington Disease, Immunosuppressive Agents, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Satisfaction, Postoperative Care, Preoperative Care, Safety, Treatment Outcome},
	pages = {194--202},
}

This study describes issues related to the safety and tolerability of fetal striatal neural allografts as assessed in five patients with Huntington's disease. Huntington's disease (HD) is characterized by motor, cognitive, and behavioral disturbances. The latter include psychological disturbances and, as a consequence, we took particular care to analyze behavioral changes, in addition to the usual "safety" follow-up. We conducted multidisciplinary follow-up at least 2 years before and 1 year after grafting. Psychological care extended to close relatives. The grafting procedure itself was altogether safe and uneventful, and there were no apparent clinical deleterious effects for 1 year. The immunosuppressive treatment, however, was complicated by various problems (irregular compliance, errors of handling, side effects). Direct psychological consequences of the transplantation procedure were rare and not worrisome, although mood alteration requiring treatment was observed in one patient. Indirectly, however, the procedure required patients and relatives to accept constraints that tended to complicate familial situations already marred by aggressivity and depression. All patients and close relatives expressed major expectations, in spite of our strong and repeated cautioning. It is clearly important to be aware of these particular conditions since they may eventually translate into psychological difficulties in coping with the long-term clinical outcome of the procedure, if not beneficial. Despite an overall good tolerance, therefore, this follow-up calls for caution regarding the involvement of HD patients in experimental surgical protocols.

@article{dallabarbaAwarenessAnosognosiaFollowing1999,
	title = {Awareness of anosognosia following head trauma},
	volume = {5},
	abstract = {We report on a patient, JA who, following a head trauma, developed a dysexecutive syndrome and a moderate learning deficit. JA was completely unaware of his cognitive deficits. However, he was aware of his anosognosia. This dissociation between anosognosia and awareness of anosognosia is discussed in terms of the independence of reflective and irreflective consciousness.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Neurocase},
	author = {Dalla Barba, G. and Bartolomeo, Paolo and Ergis, A.M. and Boissé, M.F. and Bachoud-Lévi, A.C.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Consciousness, Memory, ❓ Multiple DOI},
	pages = {59--67},
}

We report on a patient, JA who, following a head trauma, developed a dysexecutive syndrome and a moderate learning deficit. JA was completely unaware of his cognitive deficits. However, he was aware of his anosognosia. This dissociation between anosognosia and awareness of anosognosia is discussed in terms of the independence of reflective and irreflective consciousness.

@article{chokronPointingStraightaheadReversed1999,
	title = {Pointing straight-ahead: {Reversed} patterns of performance in right brain-damaged patients with or without extensive parietal lesion},
	volume = {40},
	journal = {Brain and Cognition},
	author = {Chokron, S. and Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {\#nosource, neglect, egocentric frame of reference, ⛔ No DOI found},
	pages = {79--84},
}

@article{chokronReduireExperimentalementNegligence1999,
	title = {Réduire expérimentalement la négligence spatiale unilatérale : revue de la littérature et implications théoriques},
	volume = {9},
	number = {2-3},
	journal = {Revue de Neuropsychologie},
	author = {Chokron, S. and Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {\#nosource, neglect, egocentric frame of reference, ⛔ No DOI found},
	pages = {129--165},
}

@article{bartolomeoLeftUnilateralNeglect1999,
	title = {Left unilateral neglect or right hyperattention?},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {00283878},
	doi = {10.1212/wnl.53.9.2023},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Contradictory interpretations of left unilateral neglect suggest that it reflects either decreased attention toward the left or increased attention toward the right. According to the right-hyperattention postulate, increasing severity of neglect should result from an increasingly stronger bias toward the right. Thus, response times to right-sided targets should become progressively faster as neglect increases in severity across patients. The left-hypoattention postulate predicts that as neglect increases, progressively less-attentional resources are deployed in both hemispaces. Thus, response times to right targets should progressively increase with increasing neglect. METHODS: We analyzed the distribution of manual response times to left- and right-sided targets in 24 patients with right hemisphere lesions and varying degrees of left neglect. RESULTS: Not only the responses to left targets but also those to right targets became progressively slower as neglect increased, consistent with the hypoattention account. However, the two regression lines were not parallel. With increasing neglect, responses to left targets increased more steeply than those to right targets did. CONCLUSIONS: A rightward attentional bias is present in patients with left neglect, together with left hypoattention. However, this rightward bias is one of defective, and not enhanced, attention.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Neurology},
	author = {Bartolomeo, Paolo and Chokron, S},
	month = dec,
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Attention, Brain Damage, Chronic, Dominance, Cerebral, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Orientation, Perceptual Disorders, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time},
	pages = {2023--7},
}

BACKGROUND: Contradictory interpretations of left unilateral neglect suggest that it reflects either decreased attention toward the left or increased attention toward the right. According to the right-hyperattention postulate, increasing severity of neglect should result from an increasingly stronger bias toward the right. Thus, response times to right-sided targets should become progressively faster as neglect increases in severity across patients. The left-hypoattention postulate predicts that as neglect increases, progressively less-attentional resources are deployed in both hemispaces. Thus, response times to right targets should progressively increase with increasing neglect. METHODS: We analyzed the distribution of manual response times to left- and right-sided targets in 24 patients with right hemisphere lesions and varying degrees of left neglect. RESULTS: Not only the responses to left targets but also those to right targets became progressively slower as neglect increased, consistent with the hypoattention account. However, the two regression lines were not parallel. With increasing neglect, responses to left targets increased more steeply than those to right targets did. CONCLUSIONS: A rightward attentional bias is present in patients with left neglect, together with left hypoattention. However, this rightward bias is one of defective, and not enhanced, attention.

@article{bartolomeoEgocentricFrameReference1999,
	title = {Egocentric frame of reference: its role in spatial bias after right hemisphere lesions},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {00283932},
	doi = {10.1016/s0028-3932(98)00150-x},
	abstract = {The reference shift hypothesis of unilateral neglect holds that spatial bias in left neglect stems from a rightward deviation of patients' egocentric frame of reference (ER). Twenty five unselected right brain-damaged patients participated in a straight-ahead pointing task to assess the position of their ER (Experiment 1). A rightward ER shift emerged only in the subgroup of patients with extensive parietal lesions. In Experiment 2, we found that the position of the ER did not predict the outcome of various visuospatial neglect tests (r = 0.07 to 0.27). In Experiment 3, no significant positive correlation emerged between the ER position and visual (r = 0.26) or tactile (r = -0.48) extinction. Two further experiments examined the relationships between the ER position and patients' performance on a reaction time test of directional motor bias (Experiment 4), and on a test of response times to lateralised visual stimuli (Experiment 5). Results showed that the ER position did not predict the distribution of accuracy scores or response times in either task (Experiment 3: accuracy: r = 0.06; response times: r = 0.16; Experiment 4: accuracy: r = 0.09; response times: r = 0.04). We concluded that the position of the ER plays no crucial role in the behavioural consequences of spatial bias induced by right hemisphere lesions.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Neuropsychologia},
	author = {Bartolomeo, Paolo and Chokron, S},
	month = jul,
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Aged, Brain Damage, Chronic, Extinction, Psychological, Female, Functional Laterality, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Orientation, Parietal Lobe, Proprioception, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Space Perception},
	pages = {881--94},
}

The reference shift hypothesis of unilateral neglect holds that spatial bias in left neglect stems from a rightward deviation of patients' egocentric frame of reference (ER). Twenty five unselected right brain-damaged patients participated in a straight-ahead pointing task to assess the position of their ER (Experiment 1). A rightward ER shift emerged only in the subgroup of patients with extensive parietal lesions. In Experiment 2, we found that the position of the ER did not predict the outcome of various visuospatial neglect tests (r = 0.07 to 0.27). In Experiment 3, no significant positive correlation emerged between the ER position and visual (r = 0.26) or tactile (r = -0.48) extinction. Two further experiments examined the relationships between the ER position and patients' performance on a reaction time test of directional motor bias (Experiment 4), and on a test of response times to lateralised visual stimuli (Experiment 5). Results showed that the ER position did not predict the distribution of accuracy scores or response times in either task (Experiment 3: accuracy: r = 0.06; response times: r = 0.16; Experiment 4: accuracy: r = 0.09; response times: r = 0.04). We concluded that the position of the ER plays no crucial role in the behavioural consequences of spatial bias induced by right hemisphere lesions.

@article{bartolomeoFacilitationInsteadInhibition1999,
	title = {Facilitation instead of inhibition for repeated right-sided events in left neglect},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {09594965},
	doi = {10.1097/00001756-199911080-00018},
	abstract = {When two visual events appear consecutively in the same spatial location, our response to the second event is slower than that to the first. This inhibition for repeated events may reflect a bias toward sampling novel locations, a bias useful for exploring the visual space. Patients with right hemisphere damage and left neglect explore asymmetrically a visual scene. They are initially attracted by right-sided items and become stuck to them, being unable to reorient their attention toward the left. Here we show that neglect patients show facilitation instead of inhibition for repeated events on the right, non-neglected side. Patients without neglect showed normal inhibition. Our observation may explain why neglect patients' exploration of space cannot extend beyond a few right-sided objects.},
	number = {16},
	journal = {Neuroreport},
	author = {Bartolomeo, Paolo and Chokron, S and Siéroff, E},
	month = nov,
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Aged, Attention, Cognition Disorders, Female, Functional Laterality, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Reaction Time, Stroke},
	pages = {3353--7},
}

When two visual events appear consecutively in the same spatial location, our response to the second event is slower than that to the first. This inhibition for repeated events may reflect a bias toward sampling novel locations, a bias useful for exploring the visual space. Patients with right hemisphere damage and left neglect explore asymmetrically a visual scene. They are initially attracted by right-sided items and become stuck to them, being unable to reorient their attention toward the left. Here we show that neglect patients show facilitation instead of inhibition for repeated events on the right, non-neglected side. Patients without neglect showed normal inhibition. Our observation may explain why neglect patients' exploration of space cannot extend beyond a few right-sided objects.

@article{helftHeparinManagementTest1999,
	title = {The heparin management test: a new device for monitoring anticoagulation during coronary intervention},
	volume = {96},
	issn = {00493848},
	doi = {10.1016/s0049-3848(99)00136-x},
	abstract = {Whole blood coagulation analysers are widely used during percutaneous coronary interventions. The precise degree of anticoagulation in patients is important in this setting. The aim of this investigation was to compare the results obtained with ACT (Hemochron) and HMT, the Heparin Management Test (TAS) in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions. Patients (n = 100) were enrolled prospectively. Each patient received 10,000 units of heparin. At the end of the procedure, the mean ACT was 284+/-31 seconds and the mean HMT was 292+/-33 seconds. The correlation between the two methods was highly significant (r = 0.64, p{\textless}0.001). The HMT correlates well with ACT values in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions. Its use in the management of these patients should be considered.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Thrombosis research},
	author = {Helft, G and Bartolomeo, Paolo and Zaman, A G and Worthley, S G and Chokron, S and Le Pailleur, C and Beygui, F and Le Feuvre, C and Metzger, J P and Vacheron, A and Samama, M M},
	month = dec,
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Angina, Unstable, Angioplasty, Transluminal, Percutaneous Coronary, Anticoagulants, Blood Coagulation, Blood Coagulation Tests, Drug Monitoring, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Female, Heparin, Humans, Injections, Intravenous, Linear Models, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Reproducibility of Results, Whole Blood Coagulation Time},
	pages = {481--5},
}

Whole blood coagulation analysers are widely used during percutaneous coronary interventions. The precise degree of anticoagulation in patients is important in this setting. The aim of this investigation was to compare the results obtained with ACT (Hemochron) and HMT, the Heparin Management Test (TAS) in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions. Patients (n = 100) were enrolled prospectively. Each patient received 10,000 units of heparin. At the end of the procedure, the mean ACT was 284+/-31 seconds and the mean HMT was 292+/-33 seconds. The correlation between the two methods was highly significant (r = 0.64, p\textless0.001). The HMT correlates well with ACT values in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions. Its use in the management of these patients should be considered.

@article{dallabarbaConoscenzaImplicitaAnosognosia1998,
	title = {Conoscenza implicita e anosognosia: verso una neuropsicologia della coscienza [{Toward} a neuropsychology of consciousness: implicit knowledge and anosognosia]},
	volume = {59},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Archivio di Psicologia, Neurologia e Psichiatria},
	author = {Dalla Barba, G. and Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {\#nosource, ⛔ No DOI found},
	pages = {644--678},
}

@article{dallabarbaConscienceDanosognosie1998,
	title = {Conscience d'anosognosie},
	volume = {154},
	number = {Suppl. 1},
	journal = {Revue Neurologique},
	author = {Dalla Barba, G. and Bartolomeo, Paolo and Ergis, A.M. and Boissé, M.F. and Bachoud-Lévi, A.C.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {\#nosource, ⛔ No DOI found},
	pages = {95},
}

@article{bartolomeoLheminegligenceSpatialePerception1998,
	title = {L'héminégligence spatiale de la perception à l'action [{Spatial} hemineglect between perception and action]},
	volume = {8},
	abstract = {Spatial hemineglect is characterised by the reduction of responses to stimuli presented to the side opposite a brain lesion. Mechanisms operating upon various stages ranging from perception to action have been invoked to explain neglect. Evidence concerning some of these possible levels of impairment is reviewed. It is concluded that the interaction of a number of attentional deficits, mainly operating upon a visual-perceptual frame of reference, is the most plausible explanation of neglect phenomena.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Revue de Neuropsychologie},
	author = {Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {\#nosource, neglect, ⛔ No DOI found},
	pages = {83--99},
}

Spatial hemineglect is characterised by the reduction of responses to stimuli presented to the side opposite a brain lesion. Mechanisms operating upon various stages ranging from perception to action have been invoked to explain neglect. Evidence concerning some of these possible levels of impairment is reviewed. It is concluded that the interaction of a number of attentional deficits, mainly operating upon a visual-perceptual frame of reference, is the most plausible explanation of neglect phenomena.

@article{bartolomeoUnilateralNeglectPerception1998a,
	title = {Unilateral neglect: {From} perception to action},
	volume = {10},
	number = {Suppl. 10},
	journal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},
	author = {Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {\#nosource, ⛔ No DOI found},
	pages = {432},
}

@article{bartolomeoLeffetLesionsParietales1998a,
	title = {L’effet des lésions pariétales droites sur la position de la référence égocentrique},
	volume = {154},
	number = {Suppl. 1},
	journal = {Revue Neurologique},
	author = {Bartolomeo, Paolo and Chokron, S. and Degos, J.-D.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {\#nosource, ⛔ No DOI found},
	pages = {93},
}

@article{chokronScanningDirectionLine1998,
	title = {Scanning direction and line bisection: a study of normal subjects and unilateral neglect patients with opposite reading habits},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {09266410},
	doi = {10.1016/s0926-6410(98)00022-6},
	abstract = {Sixty normal dextrals (30 left-to-right and 30 right-to-left readers) and two left unilateral neglect patient with opposite reading habits performed a passive line bisection task. In order to study the effect of scanning direction on performance, subjects had to stop a mark moving on the to-be-bisected line either from the left to the right or in the opposite direction. Results showed that the position of the subjective middle was dependent upon the scanning direction of the line for all the subjects. A leftward deviation appeared for left to right scanning, whereas a rightward shift occurred when the mark moved from the right to the left. These results emphasize the role of scanning direction in space organization and are discussed with respect to the explanatory hypotheses of unilateral neglect.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Brain research. Cognitive brain research},
	author = {Chokron, S and Bartolomeo, Paolo and Perenin, M T and Helft, G and Imbert, M},
	month = oct,
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Cerebral Cortex, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Female, Functional Laterality, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Perceptual Disorders, Photic Stimulation, Reading, Space Perception},
	pages = {173--8},
}

Sixty normal dextrals (30 left-to-right and 30 right-to-left readers) and two left unilateral neglect patient with opposite reading habits performed a passive line bisection task. In order to study the effect of scanning direction on performance, subjects had to stop a mark moving on the to-be-bisected line either from the left to the right or in the opposite direction. Results showed that the position of the subjective middle was dependent upon the scanning direction of the line for all the subjects. A leftward deviation appeared for left to right scanning, whereas a rightward shift occurred when the mark moved from the right to the left. These results emphasize the role of scanning direction in space organization and are discussed with respect to the explanatory hypotheses of unilateral neglect.

@article{bartolomeoMultipledomainDissociationImpaired1998,
	title = {Multiple-domain dissociation between impaired visual perception and preserved mental imagery in a patient with bilateral extrastriate lesions},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {00283932},
	doi = {10.1016/s0028-3932(97)00103-6},
	abstract = {A brain-damaged patient is described whose pattern of performance provides insight into both the functional mechanisms and the neural structures involved in visual mental imagery. The patient became severely agnosic, alexic, achromatopsic and prosopagnosic following bilateral brain lesions in the temporo-occipital cortex. However, her mental imagery for the same visual entities that she could not perceive was perfectly preserved. This clear-cut dissociation held across all the major domains of high-level vision: object recognition, reading, colour and face processing. Our findings, together with other reports on domain-specific dissociations and functional brain imaging studies, provide evidence to support the view that visual perception and visual mental imagery are subserved by independent functional mechanisms, which do not share the same cortical implementation. In particular, our results suggest that mental imagery abilities need not be mediated by early visual cortices.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Neuropsychologia},
	author = {Bartolomeo, Paolo and Bachoud-Lévi, A C and de Gelder, B and Denes, G and Dalla Barba, G and Brugières, P and Degos, J D},
	month = mar,
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Aged, Agnosia, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Color Perception, Dyslexia, Acquired, Female, Form Perception, Humans, Imagination, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Occipital Lobe, Temporal Lobe, Visual Perception},
	pages = {239--49},
}

A brain-damaged patient is described whose pattern of performance provides insight into both the functional mechanisms and the neural structures involved in visual mental imagery. The patient became severely agnosic, alexic, achromatopsic and prosopagnosic following bilateral brain lesions in the temporo-occipital cortex. However, her mental imagery for the same visual entities that she could not perceive was perfectly preserved. This clear-cut dissociation held across all the major domains of high-level vision: object recognition, reading, colour and face processing. Our findings, together with other reports on domain-specific dissociations and functional brain imaging studies, provide evidence to support the view that visual perception and visual mental imagery are subserved by independent functional mechanisms, which do not share the same cortical implementation. In particular, our results suggest that mental imagery abilities need not be mediated by early visual cortices.

@article{chokronPositionEgocentricReference1998,
	title = {Position of the egocentric reference and directional arm movements in right-brain-damaged patients},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {02782626},
	doi = {10.1006/brcg.1998.1005},
	abstract = {We asked 12 right-brain-damaged patients (6 with left neglect signs and 6 without left neglect signs) to perform a straight ahead pointing task and a visual detection task with lateralized motor response, in order to investigate the relationship between the position of the egocentric reference and response time and accuracy in producing lateralized arm movements. Results showed that there was no correlation between the position of the egocentric reference and neglect signs, nor between the position of the egocentric reference and the latencies to direct a motor response toward either side of space. These findings were interpreted within the context of egocentric hypotheses of neglect. In particular, it was suggested that attentional or intentional neglect signs cannot be considered as a direct consequence of an ipsilesional deviation of the egocentric reference.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Brain and cognition},
	author = {Chokron, S and Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Adult, Aged, Arm, Brain Ischemia, Cerebral Hemorrhage, Functional Laterality, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Movement Disorders, Perceptual Disorders, Questionnaires, Reaction Time, Space Perception, Spatial Behavior, Visual Fields, neglect, directional hypokinesia},
	pages = {405--18},
}

We asked 12 right-brain-damaged patients (6 with left neglect signs and 6 without left neglect signs) to perform a straight ahead pointing task and a visual detection task with lateralized motor response, in order to investigate the relationship between the position of the egocentric reference and response time and accuracy in producing lateralized arm movements. Results showed that there was no correlation between the position of the egocentric reference and neglect signs, nor between the position of the egocentric reference and the latencies to direct a motor response toward either side of space. These findings were interpreted within the context of egocentric hypotheses of neglect. In particular, it was suggested that attentional or intentional neglect signs cannot be considered as a direct consequence of an ipsilesional deviation of the egocentric reference.

@article{bartolomeoDisruptionResidualReading1998,
	title = {Disruption of residual reading capacity in a pure alexic patient after a mirror-image right-hemispheric lesion},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {00283878},
	doi = {10.1212/wnl.50.1.286},
	abstract = {A 74-year-old woman became a letter-by-letter reader after the occurrence of a left occipito-temporal hematoma. Seven months later, she suffered a second, mirror-image hematoma in the right hemisphere. After this second lesion, her residual reading capacity deteriorated dramatically in terms of both accuracy and reading latencies for words and isolated letters. Our findings support the hypothesis that the right hemisphere contributes to the residual reading capacities of pure alexic patients.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Neurology},
	author = {Bartolomeo, Paolo and Bachoud-Lévi, A C and Degos, J D and Boller, F},
	month = jan,
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Aged, Cerebral Cortex, Dominance, Cerebral, Dyslexia, Acquired, Female, Hematoma, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, PURE ALEXIA, Reading},
	pages = {286--8},
}

A 74-year-old woman became a letter-by-letter reader after the occurrence of a left occipito-temporal hematoma. Seven months later, she suffered a second, mirror-image hematoma in the right hemisphere. After this second lesion, her residual reading capacity deteriorated dramatically in terms of both accuracy and reading latencies for words and isolated letters. Our findings support the hypothesis that the right hemisphere contributes to the residual reading capacities of pure alexic patients.

@article{bartolomeoRightsideNeglectAlzheimers1998,
	title = {Right-side neglect in {Alzheimer}'s disease},
	volume = {51},
	issn = {00283878},
	doi = {10.1212/wnl.51.4.1207},
	abstract = {Unilateral neglect--the inability to pay attention to events occurring on one side of space--usually occurs for left-side events after focal right-hemisphere damage. We report a 73-year-old woman with probable AD and no evidence of focal brain lesions who showed signs of right-side neglect and extinction. Neglect was more severe after 1 year. Neuroimaging techniques demonstrated an asymmetry of cortical involvement, with cortical atrophy and hypoperfusion predominant in the left posterior regions. Unilateral neglect should be assessed systematically in AD.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Neurology},
	author = {Bartolomeo, Paolo and Dalla Barba, G and Boissé, M F and Bachoud-Lévi, A C and Degos, J D and Boller, F},
	month = oct,
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Attention, Cerebral Cortex, Dominance, Cerebral, Female, Humans, Mental Status Schedule, Perceptual Disorders, Psychomotor Performance, Space Perception, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon},
	pages = {1207--9},
}

Unilateral neglect–the inability to pay attention to events occurring on one side of space–usually occurs for left-side events after focal right-hemisphere damage. We report a 73-year-old woman with probable AD and no evidence of focal brain lesions who showed signs of right-side neglect and extinction. Neglect was more severe after 1 year. Neuroimaging techniques demonstrated an asymmetry of cortical involvement, with cortical atrophy and hypoperfusion predominant in the left posterior regions. Unilateral neglect should be assessed systematically in AD.

@article{danieleObsessivecompulsiveBehaviourCognitive1997,
	title = {Obsessive-compulsive behaviour and cognitive impairment in a parkinsonian patient after left putaminal lesion},
	volume = {62},
	issn = {00223050},
	doi = {10.1136/jnnp.62.3.288},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry},
	author = {Daniele, A and Bartolomeo, Paolo and Cassetta, E and Bentivoglio, A R and Gainotti, G and Albanese, A and Partolomeo, B},
	month = mar,
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Basal Ganglia, Brain, Cerebral Cortex, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Cognition Disorders, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Parkinson Disease, Thalamus, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon},
	pages = {288--9},
}

@article{bartolomeoPreservedImageryColours1997,
	title = {Preserved imagery for colours in a patient with cerebral achromatopsia},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {00109452},
	doi = {10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70012-1},
	abstract = {We report the case of a patient who, after sequential bilateral strokes in the occipital regions sparing the primary visual cortex, developed a severe deficit of colour perception. At variance with other reports of acquired achromatopsic patients, she showed a perfectly vivid visual imagery for colours. These findings, together with similar data in domains other than colour processing, challenge the theories which posit that the same cognitive processes are involved in both the perception and the retrieval from memory of a given stimulus.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Cortex},
	author = {Bartolomeo, Paolo and Bachoud-Lévi, A C and Denes, G},
	month = jun,
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Aged, Anomia, Attention, Brain Mapping, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Color Perception, Color Vision Defects, Discrimination Learning, Dominance, Cerebral, Female, Hemianopsia, Humans, Imagery, colour perception, vision, Imagination, Mental Recall, Occipital Lobe, Visual Cortex},
	pages = {369--78},
}

We report the case of a patient who, after sequential bilateral strokes in the occipital regions sparing the primary visual cortex, developed a severe deficit of colour perception. At variance with other reports of acquired achromatopsic patients, she showed a perfectly vivid visual imagery for colours. These findings, together with similar data in domains other than colour processing, challenge the theories which posit that the same cognitive processes are involved in both the perception and the retrieval from memory of a given stimulus.

@article{danieleZolpidemParkinsonsDisease1997,
	title = {Zolpidem in {Parkinson}'s disease},
	volume = {349},
	issn = {01406736},
	doi = {10.1016/s0140-6736(05)62416-6},
	number = {9060},
	journal = {Lancet},
	author = {Daniele, A and Albanese, A and Gainotti, G and Gregori, B and Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	month = apr,
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Antiparkinson Agents, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Female, Globus Pallidus, Humans, Hypnotics and Sedatives, Middle Aged, Motor Skills, Parkinson Disease, Placebos, Pyridines, Receptors, GABA, Substantia Nigra},
	pages = {1222--3},
}

@article{chokronPatternsDissociationLeft1997,
	title = {Patterns of dissociation between left hemineglect and deviation of the egocentric reference},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {00283932},
	doi = {10.1016/s0028-3932(97)00079-1},
	abstract = {Sixteen control subjects and six right brain-damaged patients with left hemiparesis (three showing signs of left unilateral neglect, three with no signs of neglect) performed a straight-ahead pointing task with their right hand while blindfolded. The aim was to test the hypothesis that the egocentric reference shows significant ipsilesional deviation in left neglect patients. We found no correlation between the position of the egocentric reference and the presence of neglect signs. Neglect patients, like non-neglect patients, showed leftward, rightward or no significant deviation when pointing straight ahead. Results are discussed with reference to egocentric hypotheses of neglect and experimental remission of neglect.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Neuropsychologia},
	author = {Chokron, S and Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	month = nov,
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Adult, Attention, Brain, Female, Functional Laterality, Humans, Male, Orientation, Space Perception, neglect},
	pages = {1503--8},
}

Sixteen control subjects and six right brain-damaged patients with left hemiparesis (three showing signs of left unilateral neglect, three with no signs of neglect) performed a straight-ahead pointing task with their right hand while blindfolded. The aim was to test the hypothesis that the egocentric reference shows significant ipsilesional deviation in left neglect patients. We found no correlation between the position of the egocentric reference and the presence of neglect signs. Neglect patients, like non-neglect patients, showed leftward, rightward or no significant deviation when pointing straight ahead. Results are discussed with reference to egocentric hypotheses of neglect and experimental remission of neglect.

@article{bartolomeoNoveltyEffectRecovered1997,
	title = {The novelty effect in recovered hemineglect},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {00109452},
	doi = {10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70008-X},
	abstract = {Left neglect patients, patients who had recovered from left neglect and control subjects performed a task of simple motor reaction times (RTs) to lateralised visual stimuli. Neglect and recovered patients were slower than controls on left-sided targets. To explore the time course of the allocation of attention across space, an analysis of responses as a function of the serial order of the trials was performed. While neglect patients' performance did not substantially change over time, recovered patients showed a stereotyped 'novelty effect', consisting of larger left/right RT differences at the beginning of the task than at the end of it. To explain this practice-related change, a trade-off is hypothesised between the process of learning the motor task and the mechanisms involved in recovery from neglect, such as the reorienting of attention toward the contralesional side following the initial ipsilesional orienting. A possible role is proposed for the prefrontal cortex as the crucial neural structure that mediates both processes.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Cortex},
	author = {Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	month = jun,
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Adult, Aged, Attention, Brain Damage, Chronic, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Infarction, Dominance, Cerebral, Female, Hemianopsia, Hemiplegia, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Orientation, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, neglect},
	pages = {323--32},
}

Left neglect patients, patients who had recovered from left neglect and control subjects performed a task of simple motor reaction times (RTs) to lateralised visual stimuli. Neglect and recovered patients were slower than controls on left-sided targets. To explore the time course of the allocation of attention across space, an analysis of responses as a function of the serial order of the trials was performed. While neglect patients' performance did not substantially change over time, recovered patients showed a stereotyped 'novelty effect', consisting of larger left/right RT differences at the beginning of the task than at the end of it. To explain this practice-related change, a trade-off is hypothesised between the process of learning the motor task and the mechanisms involved in recovery from neglect, such as the reorienting of attention toward the contralesional side following the initial ipsilesional orienting. A possible role is proposed for the prefrontal cortex as the crucial neural structure that mediates both processes.

@article{dallabarbaConfabulationFollowingRupture1997,
	title = {Confabulation following rupture of posterior communicating artery},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {00109452},
	doi = {10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70237-5},
	abstract = {In this study we report a patient, MG, who following rupture of left posterior communicating artery exhibited an amnesic-confabulatory syndrome. Neuropsychological examination showed severe impairment on episodic memory tasks, which were marred by florid but plausible and semantically appropriate confabulation. Performance on tasks involving various kinds of semantic knowledge was normal or only mildly impaired. Performance on tasks traditionally considered sensitive to frontal dysfunction was severely impaired with the exception of Cognitive Estimates where MG's performance was completely normal. There was no evidence of structural (CT scan) or metabolic (SPECT) damage to the frontal lobe. It is argued that tasks traditionally considered sensitive to frontal dysfunction are not specifically implemented by cognitive resources based on frontal structures. MG's confabulation is discussed in terms of a possible disruption of cognitive functions involved in the control of the subjective experience of feeling of remembering.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Cortex},
	author = {Dalla Barba, G and Boissé, M F and Bartolomeo, Paolo and Bachoud-Lévi, A C},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Adult, Aneurysm, Ruptured, Brain Damage, Chronic, Brain Mapping, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Intracranial Aneurysm, Male, Mental Recall, Neuropsychological Tests, Semantics, Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Thalamus, Verbal Behavior},
	pages = {563--70},
}

In this study we report a patient, MG, who following rupture of left posterior communicating artery exhibited an amnesic-confabulatory syndrome. Neuropsychological examination showed severe impairment on episodic memory tasks, which were marred by florid but plausible and semantically appropriate confabulation. Performance on tasks involving various kinds of semantic knowledge was normal or only mildly impaired. Performance on tasks traditionally considered sensitive to frontal dysfunction was severely impaired with the exception of Cognitive Estimates where MG's performance was completely normal. There was no evidence of structural (CT scan) or metabolic (SPECT) damage to the frontal lobe. It is argued that tasks traditionally considered sensitive to frontal dysfunction are not specifically implemented by cognitive resources based on frontal structures. MG's confabulation is discussed in terms of a possible disruption of cognitive functions involved in the control of the subjective experience of feeling of remembering.

@article{pagliariniEvoluzioneDiFovea1996,
	title = {Evoluzione di una "fovea" in un organismo artificiale ["{FOVEA}" evolution in an artificial organism]},
	volume = {42},
	abstract = {We describe some simulations using neural networks that examine in which conditions a "fovea" develops on the sensory surface of an organism, i.e., a portion of this surface with greater discriminative power than the remaining portions. A population of simple artificial organisms lives in an environment that contains food and dangerous elements, and it reporduces selectively based on the capacity of each individual to eat the food elements and to avoid the dangerous ones. When the computational resources (number of hidden units of a neural network) are adequate to the complexity of the task, the sensory surface of the organism is homogeneous and there is no formation of a "fovea". When the computational reources are scarce the central portion of the sensory surface becomes a "fovea" in that it has greater discriminative power than the lateral portions. Therefore, when an organism perceives an object laterally it must turn in order to foveate the object and identify it as food or danger, before the organism can decide whether to eat or to avoid the object.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Riv. Neurobiologia},
	author = {Pagliarini, L. and Bartolomeo, Paolo and Parisi, D.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {\#nosource, neural networks, ⛔ No DOI found},
	pages = {221--225},
}

We describe some simulations using neural networks that examine in which conditions a "fovea" develops on the sensory surface of an organism, i.e., a portion of this surface with greater discriminative power than the remaining portions. A population of simple artificial organisms lives in an environment that contains food and dangerous elements, and it reporduces selectively based on the capacity of each individual to eat the food elements and to avoid the dangerous ones. When the computational resources (number of hidden units of a neural network) are adequate to the complexity of the task, the sensory surface of the organism is homogeneous and there is no formation of a "fovea". When the computational reources are scarce the central portion of the sensory surface becomes a "fovea" in that it has greater discriminative power than the lateral portions. Therefore, when an organism perceives an object laterally it must turn in order to foveate the object and identify it as food or danger, before the organism can decide whether to eat or to avoid the object.

@article{perriLetterDyslexiaLetterbyletter1996,
	title = {Letter dyslexia in a letter-by-letter reader},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {0093934},
	doi = {10.1006/brln.1996.0055},
	abstract = {We describe a letter-by-letter patient who produced misreading errors in both letters in isolation and in words. All errors were visual in nature. We hypothesized an access deficit to the abstract visual representation of letters that prevents letter identification. This deficit could account for the patient's letter-by-letter behavior, since each letter constituted a potential identification problem. An access deficit, moreover, could also explain the patient's letter visual errors. In access processing, in fact, the letters sharing common structural features in their abstract representations were the ones more frequently mismatched.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Brain and language},
	author = {Perri, R and Bartolomeo, Paolo and Silveri, M C},
	month = jun,
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Aged, Dyslexia, Humans, Male, Occipital Lobe, PURE ALEXIA, Tomography, X-Ray Computed},
	pages = {390--407},
}

We describe a letter-by-letter patient who produced misreading errors in both letters in isolation and in words. All errors were visual in nature. We hypothesized an access deficit to the abstract visual representation of letters that prevents letter identification. This deficit could account for the patient's letter-by-letter behavior, since each letter constituted a potential identification problem. An access deficit, moreover, could also explain the patient's letter visual errors. In access processing, in fact, the letters sharing common structural features in their abstract representations were the ones more frequently mismatched.

@article{bartolomeoRelationshipVisuospatialRepresentational1994,
	title = {The relationship between visuospatial and representational neglect},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {00283878},
	doi = {10.1212/wnl.44.9.1710},
	abstract = {Using a quantitative measure, we analyzed the relationship between visuospatial and representational neglect in right- and left-brain-damaged patients and found signs of representational neglect only in right-brain-damaged patients. Although representational neglect was always associated with visuospatial neglect, suggesting that the two forms share a common underlying mechanism, the most frequent finding in right-brain--damaged patients was that of visuospatial neglect in isolation. A strong influence of the phenomenon of attentional attraction toward space ipsilateral to the lesion in visuospatial, as opposed to imaginal, tasks can account for this finding.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Neurology},
	author = {Bartolomeo, Paolo and D'Erme, P and Gainotti, G},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Attention, Brain Damage, Chronic, Dominance, Cerebral, Humans, Spatial Behavior, Visual Perception, neglect, representational, imaginal, visuospatial, mental imagery},
	pages = {1710--4},
}

Using a quantitative measure, we analyzed the relationship between visuospatial and representational neglect in right- and left-brain-damaged patients and found signs of representational neglect only in right-brain-damaged patients. Although representational neglect was always associated with visuospatial neglect, suggesting that the two forms share a common underlying mechanism, the most frequent finding in right-brain–damaged patients was that of visuospatial neglect in isolation. A strong influence of the phenomenon of attentional attraction toward space ipsilateral to the lesion in visuospatial, as opposed to imaginal, tasks can account for this finding.

@article{dermeEarlyRightwardsOrienting1992,
	title = {Early rightwards orienting of attention on simple reaction time performance in patients with left-sided neglect},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {00283932},
	doi = {10.1016/0028-3932(92)90050-v},
	abstract = {A specific disruption in the ability to automatically disengage attention from its previous focus has been hypothesized to account for the extinction phenomenon often observed in the unilateral spatial neglect syndrome. Recent literature, however, also brings out the role played in neglect by an imbalance in the attentional orienting systems, resulting in an early shift of attention towards the side of space ipsilateral to the brain lesion. In the present study we hypothesized that this attentional bias in orienting of attention might be demonstrated in a paradigm of simple reaction time to lateralized visual stimuli by contrasting the presence vs the absence on the computer screen of the square boxes used to facilitate position expectancy. A main prediction was made that patients with neglect would show a significant increase in reaction time to contralateral visual stimuli in the presence of bilateral reference boxes as compared to conditions in which no boxes were displayed. The right-sided box was in fact expected to exert an early attraction on the patient's attention, thus modifying the pattern of reaction times to the proper targets. This prediction was confirmed in right brain-damaged patients with moderate to severe neglect.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Neuropsychologia},
	author = {D'Erme, P and Robertson, I and Bartolomeo, Paolo and Daniele, A and Gainotti, G},
	month = nov,
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Adult, Aged, Attention, Attention/*physiology, Brain Damage, Chronic, Brain Damage, Chronic/*physiopathology/psychology/rehabilitation, Brain Neoplasms, Brain Neoplasms/physiopathology/psychology/rehabilitation, Cerebral Cortex, Cerebral Cortex/physiopathology, Cerebral Hemorrhage, Cerebral Hemorrhage/physiopathology/psychology/rehabilitation, Cerebral Infarction, Cerebral Infarction/physiopathology/psychology/rehabilitation, Dominance, Cerebral, Dominance, Cerebral/*physiology, Humans, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Orientation, Orientation/*physiology, Psychomotor Performance, Psychomotor Performance/physiology, Reaction Time, Reaction Time/*physiology},
	pages = {989--1000},
}

A specific disruption in the ability to automatically disengage attention from its previous focus has been hypothesized to account for the extinction phenomenon often observed in the unilateral spatial neglect syndrome. Recent literature, however, also brings out the role played in neglect by an imbalance in the attentional orienting systems, resulting in an early shift of attention towards the side of space ipsilateral to the brain lesion. In the present study we hypothesized that this attentional bias in orienting of attention might be demonstrated in a paradigm of simple reaction time to lateralized visual stimuli by contrasting the presence vs the absence on the computer screen of the square boxes used to facilitate position expectancy. A main prediction was made that patients with neglect would show a significant increase in reaction time to contralateral visual stimuli in the presence of bilateral reference boxes as compared to conditions in which no boxes were displayed. The right-sided box was in fact expected to exert an early attraction on the patient's attention, thus modifying the pattern of reaction times to the proper targets. This prediction was confirmed in right brain-damaged patients with moderate to severe neglect.

@article{gainottiEarlyOrientationAttention1991,
	title = {Early orientation of attention toward the half space ipsilateral to the lesion in patients with unilateral brain damage},
	volume = {54},
	issn = {00223050},
	doi = {10.1136/jnnp.54.12.1082},
	abstract = {Posner has suggested that unilateral spatial neglect could be due to a difficulty in disengaging attention from its current focus to orient it toward the neglected half space. Clinical and experimental data suggest, however, that this disengaging difficulty could be only one aspect of a more complex disturbance also characterized by an early automatic orienting of attention toward the half space ipsilateral to the lesion. To test this hypothesis, two different investigations in unselected groups of patients with right and left brain-damage were carried out. The first investigation, to evaluate forms of lateral orienting of attention severe enough to provoke an overt gaze deviation, consisted of the systematic assessment of the phenomenon of "magnetic gaze attraction". The second investigation, to detect milder forms of automatic orienting of attention, analysed the temporal sequence followed in identifying the pictures represented in an "Overlapping Figures task", to see if patients tended to identify first figures lying in the half space ipsilateral to the lesion. In both investigations results consistently showed: a) that patients with right brain damage tend to orient attention automatically toward the ipsilateral half space more than patients with left brain damage; b) that this tendency is tightly linked to the presence of behavioural manifestations of hemi-neglect. These results are therefore consistent with the hypothesis that hemi-neglect is a multi-component syndrome with an early orienting of attention toward the half space ipsilateral to the lesion as the first of these components.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry},
	author = {Gainotti, G and D'Erme, P and Bartolomeo, Paolo},
	month = dec,
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Analysis of Variance, Attention, Brain Damage, Chronic, Denial (Psychology), Functional Laterality, Humans, Middle Aged, Orientation, Space Perception, Visual Fields},
	pages = {1082--9},
}

Posner has suggested that unilateral spatial neglect could be due to a difficulty in disengaging attention from its current focus to orient it toward the neglected half space. Clinical and experimental data suggest, however, that this disengaging difficulty could be only one aspect of a more complex disturbance also characterized by an early automatic orienting of attention toward the half space ipsilateral to the lesion. To test this hypothesis, two different investigations in unselected groups of patients with right and left brain-damage were carried out. The first investigation, to evaluate forms of lateral orienting of attention severe enough to provoke an overt gaze deviation, consisted of the systematic assessment of the phenomenon of "magnetic gaze attraction". The second investigation, to detect milder forms of automatic orienting of attention, analysed the temporal sequence followed in identifying the pictures represented in an "Overlapping Figures task", to see if patients tended to identify first figures lying in the half space ipsilateral to the lesion. In both investigations results consistently showed: a) that patients with right brain damage tend to orient attention automatically toward the ipsilateral half space more than patients with left brain damage; b) that this tendency is tightly linked to the presence of behavioural manifestations of hemi-neglect. These results are therefore consistent with the hypothesis that hemi-neglect is a multi-component syndrome with an early orienting of attention toward the half space ipsilateral to the lesion as the first of these components.

@article{takamuraCongenitalAphantasiaReveals2026,
	title = {Congenital aphantasia reveals frontotemporal and cingulate structural alterations underlying conscious access to imagery},
	copyright = {© 2026, Posted by openRxiv. This pre-print is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International), CC BY-NC-ND 4.0, as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/},
	url = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.22.713248v2},
	doi = {10.64898/2026.03.22.713248},
	abstract = {Congenital aphantasia is characterized by a lifelong absence of voluntary visual imagery despite preserved visual knowledge, offering a natural model for dissociating sensory representation from conscious imagery. Functional imaging evidence suggests that this dissociation may arise from altered top-down interactions between higher-order control systems and high-level visual cortex, but its structural correlates remain unknown. Here, using diffusion and structural MRI in 18 individuals with congenital aphantasia and 18 matched visualisers, we tested two competing accounts of aphantasia: one predicting structural differences in visual pathways, the other predicting differences in higher-order associative networks. Across complementary analyses of white-matter tract microstructure, functional-ROI tractography, graph-theoretic network organization, and cortical morphometry, aphantasia was associated with selective structural differences in frontotemporal and cingulate white-matter tracts, including the uncinate fasciculus, posterior interparietal callosal fibers, and dorsal cingulum, and in frontotemporal cortical regions, including the anterior insula, anterior prefrontal cortex, and medial temporal cortex. By contrast, we found no reliable group differences in early visual cortex, major visual tracts, or the direct structural connections of the core imagery network. Congenital aphantasia therefore exhibits a selective structural phenotype centered on frontotemporal and cingulate systems, sparing the principal visual pathways. These findings suggest that higher-order systems supporting integration and conscious access, rather than visual representations themselves, constitute the primary structural substrate of absent conscious imagery in congenital aphantasia.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2026-04-23},
	journal = {eLife},
	author = {Takamura, Yusaku and Delsanti, Romain and Cohen, Laurent and Bartolomeo, Paolo and Liu, Jianghao},
	note = {ISSN: 2692-8205
Pages: 2026.03.22.713248
Section: New Results},
}

Congenital aphantasia is characterized by a lifelong absence of voluntary visual imagery despite preserved visual knowledge, offering a natural model for dissociating sensory representation from conscious imagery. Functional imaging evidence suggests that this dissociation may arise from altered top-down interactions between higher-order control systems and high-level visual cortex, but its structural correlates remain unknown. Here, using diffusion and structural MRI in 18 individuals with congenital aphantasia and 18 matched visualisers, we tested two competing accounts of aphantasia: one predicting structural differences in visual pathways, the other predicting differences in higher-order associative networks. Across complementary analyses of white-matter tract microstructure, functional-ROI tractography, graph-theoretic network organization, and cortical morphometry, aphantasia was associated with selective structural differences in frontotemporal and cingulate white-matter tracts, including the uncinate fasciculus, posterior interparietal callosal fibers, and dorsal cingulum, and in frontotemporal cortical regions, including the anterior insula, anterior prefrontal cortex, and medial temporal cortex. By contrast, we found no reliable group differences in early visual cortex, major visual tracts, or the direct structural connections of the core imagery network. Congenital aphantasia therefore exhibits a selective structural phenotype centered on frontotemporal and cingulate systems, sparing the principal visual pathways. These findings suggest that higher-order systems supporting integration and conscious access, rather than visual representations themselves, constitute the primary structural substrate of absent conscious imagery in congenital aphantasia.