@article{Wang2017,
	title = {Monitoring non-adiabatic dynamics in {CS2} with time- and energy-resolved photoelectron spectra of wavepackets},
	issn = {00092614},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2017.02.014},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cplett.2017.02.014},
	abstract = {We report results from a novel fully ab initio method for simulating the time-resolved photoelectron angular distributions around conical intersections in CS2. The technique employs wavepacket densities obtained with the multiple spawning method in conjunction with geometry- and energy-dependent photoionization matrix elements. The robust agreement of the calculated molecular-frame photoelectron angular distributions with measured values for CS2 demonstrates that this approach can successfully illuminate, and disentangle, the underlying coupled nuclear and electronic dynamics around conical intersections in polyatomic molecules.},
	journal = {Chemical Physics Letters},
	author = {Wang, Kwanghsi and McKoy, Vincent and Hockett, Paul and Stolow, Albert and Schuurman, Michael S.},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier B.V.},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

We report results from a novel fully ab initio method for simulating the time-resolved photoelectron angular distributions around conical intersections in CS2. The technique employs wavepacket densities obtained with the multiple spawning method in conjunction with geometry- and energy-dependent photoionization matrix elements. The robust agreement of the calculated molecular-frame photoelectron angular distributions with measured values for CS2 demonstrates that this approach can successfully illuminate, and disentangle, the underlying coupled nuclear and electronic dynamics around conical intersections in polyatomic molecules.

@article{Wang2017a,
	title = {Ab {Initio} {Time}-{Resolved} {Photoelectron} {Spectroscopy} of {Polyatomic} {Molecules}},
	journal = {In Preparation},
	author = {Wang, Kwanghsi and Hockett, Paul and McKoy, Vincent and Stolow, Albert and Schuurman, Michael S.},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@article{Marceau2017,
	title = {Molecular {Frame} {Reconstruction} {Using} {Time}-{Domain} {Photoionization} {Interferometry}},
	volume = {119},
	issn = {0031-9007},
	url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.083401},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.083401},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2017-08-24},
	journal = {Physical Review Letters},
	author = {Marceau, Claude and Makhija, Varun and Platzer, Dominique and Naumov, A. Yu. and Corkum, P. B. and Stolow, Albert and Villeneuve, D. M. and Hockett, Paul},
	month = aug,
	year = {2017},
	note = {arXiv: 1701.08432
Publisher: American Physical Society},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {083401},
}

@article{Makhija2017,
	title = {Towards {Reconstructing} the {Molecular} {Frame} for {Photoionzation} of {Polyatomic} {Molecules} from {Time} {Domain} {Measurements}},
	url = {https://www.authorea.com/users/107294/articles/189101-towards-reconstructing-the-molecular-frame-for-photoionzation-of-polyatomic-molecules-from-time-domain-measurements/_show_article},
	journal = {Authorea},
	author = {Makhija, Varun and Hockett, Paul},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@article{barillot_influence_2017,
	title = {Influence of long-range {Coulomb} interaction in velocity map imaging},
	volume = {147},
	issn = {0021-9606},
	url = {http://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.4982616},
	doi = {10.1063/1.4982616},
	abstract = {The standard velocity-map imaging (VMI) analysis relies on the simple approximation that the residual Coulomb field experienced by the photoelectron ejected from a neutral or ion system may be neglected. Under this almost universal approximation, the photoelectrons follow ballistic (parabolic) trajectories in the externally applied electric field, and the recorded image may be considered as a 2D projection of the initial photoelectron velocity distribution. There are, however, several circumstances where this approximation is not justified and the influence of long-range forces must absolutely be taken into account for the interpretation and analysis of the recorded images. The aim of this paper is to illustrate this influence by discussing two different situations involving isolated atoms or molecules where the analysis of experimental images cannot be performed without considering long-range Coulomb interactions. The first situation occurs when slow (meV) photoelectrons are photoionized from a neutral s...},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2017-05-09},
	journal = {The Journal of Chemical Physics},
	author = {Barillot, T. and Brédy, R. and Celep, G. and Cohen, S. and Compagnon, I. and Concina, B. and Constant, E. and Danakas, S. and Kalaitzis, P. and Karras, G. and Lépine, F. and Loriot, V. and Marciniak, A. and Predelus-Renois, G. and Schindler, B. and Bordas, C.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC},
	keywords = {\#nosource, atom-photon collisions, electron detachment, photoionisation},
	pages = {013929},
}

The standard velocity-map imaging (VMI) analysis relies on the simple approximation that the residual Coulomb field experienced by the photoelectron ejected from a neutral or ion system may be neglected. Under this almost universal approximation, the photoelectrons follow ballistic (parabolic) trajectories in the externally applied electric field, and the recorded image may be considered as a 2D projection of the initial photoelectron velocity distribution. There are, however, several circumstances where this approximation is not justified and the influence of long-range forces must absolutely be taken into account for the interpretation and analysis of the recorded images. The aim of this paper is to illustrate this influence by discussing two different situations involving isolated atoms or molecules where the analysis of experimental images cannot be performed without considering long-range Coulomb interactions. The first situation occurs when slow (meV) photoelectrons are photoionized from a neutral s...

@article{Furch2017a,
	title = {Ion-ion coincidence imaging at high event rate using an in-vacuum pixel detector},
	volume = {147},
	issn = {0021-9606},
	url = {http://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.4981126},
	doi = {10.1063/1.4981126},
	abstract = {A new ion-ion coincidence imaging spectrometer based on a pixelated complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor detector has been developed for the investigation of molecular ionization and fragmentation processes in strong laser fields. Used as a part of a velocity map imaging spectrometer, the detection system is comprised of a set of microchannel plates and a Timepix detector. A fast time-to-digital converter (TDC) is used to enhance the ion time-of-flight resolution by correlating timestamps registered separately by the Timepix detector and the TDC. In addition, sub-pixel spatial resolution ({\textless}6 μm) is achieved by the use of a center-of-mass centroiding algorithm. This performance is achieved while retaining a high event rate (104 per s). The spectrometer was characterized and used in a proof-of-principle experiment on strong field dissociative double ionization of carbon dioxide molecules (CO2), using a 400 kHz repetition rate laser system. The experimental results demonstrate that the spectrometer can de...},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2017-05-02},
	journal = {The Journal of Chemical Physics},
	author = {Furch, Federico J. and Durá, Judith and Tremsin, Anton S. and Vallerga, John and Schulz, Claus Peter and Rouzée, Arnaud and Vrakking, Marc J. J.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC},
	keywords = {carbon compounds, microchannel plates, molecule-photon collisions, photoionisation},
	pages = {013919},
}

A new ion-ion coincidence imaging spectrometer based on a pixelated complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor detector has been developed for the investigation of molecular ionization and fragmentation processes in strong laser fields. Used as a part of a velocity map imaging spectrometer, the detection system is comprised of a set of microchannel plates and a Timepix detector. A fast time-to-digital converter (TDC) is used to enhance the ion time-of-flight resolution by correlating timestamps registered separately by the Timepix detector and the TDC. In addition, sub-pixel spatial resolution (\textless6 μm) is achieved by the use of a center-of-mass centroiding algorithm. This performance is achieved while retaining a high event rate (104 per s). The spectrometer was characterized and used in a proof-of-principle experiment on strong field dissociative double ionization of carbon dioxide molecules (CO2), using a 400 kHz repetition rate laser system. The experimental results demonstrate that the spectrometer can de...

@article{Niederprum2016,
	title = {Observation of pendular butterfly {Rydberg} molecules},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/ncomms12820},
	doi = {10.1038/ncomms12820},
	abstract = {Engineering molecules with a tunable bond length and defined quantum states lies at the heart of quantum chemistry. The unconventional binding mechanism of Rydberg molecules makes them a promising candidate to implement such tunable molecules. A very peculiar type of Rydberg molecules are the so-called butterfly molecules, which are bound by a shape resonance in the electron–perturber scattering. Here we report the observation of these exotic molecules and employ their exceptional properties to engineer their bond length, vibrational state, angular momentum and orientation in a small electric field. Combining the variable bond length with their giant dipole moment of several hundred Debye, we observe counter-intuitive molecules which locate the average electron position beyond the internuclear distance.},
	urldate = {2017-09-27},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	author = {Niederprüm, Thomas and Thomas, Oliver and Eichert, Tanita and Lippe, Carsten and Pérez-Ríos, Jesús and Greene, Chris H and Ott, Herwig},
	month = oct,
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {\#nosource, ★},
	pages = {12820},
}

Engineering molecules with a tunable bond length and defined quantum states lies at the heart of quantum chemistry. The unconventional binding mechanism of Rydberg molecules makes them a promising candidate to implement such tunable molecules. A very peculiar type of Rydberg molecules are the so-called butterfly molecules, which are bound by a shape resonance in the electron–perturber scattering. Here we report the observation of these exotic molecules and employ their exceptional properties to engineer their bond length, vibrational state, angular momentum and orientation in a small electric field. Combining the variable bond length with their giant dipole moment of several hundred Debye, we observe counter-intuitive molecules which locate the average electron position beyond the internuclear distance.

@article{Menssen2016,
	title = {Molecular frame photoelectron angular distributions for core ionization of ethane, carbon tetrafluoride and 1,1-difluoroethylene},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {0953-4075},
	url = {http://stacks.iop.org/0953-4075/49/i=5/a=055203?key=crossref.87dc86888c7a83cd148af430162eae26},
	doi = {10.1088/0953-4075/49/5/055203},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics},
	author = {Menssen, A and Trevisan, C S and Schöffler, M S and Jahnke, T and Bocharova, I and Sturm, F and Gehrken, N and Gaire, B and Gassert, H and Zeller, S and Voigtsberger, J and Kuhlins, A and Trinter, F and Gatton, A and Sartor, J and Reedy, D and Nook, C and Berry, B and Zohrabi, M and Kalinin, A and Ben-Itzhak, I and Belkacem, A and Dörner, R and Weber, T and Landers, A L and Rescigno, T N and McCurdy, C W and Williams, J B},
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {055203},
}

@article{Makhija2016a,
	title = {Orientation {Resolution} through {Rotational} {Coherence} {Spectroscopy}},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1611.06476},
	abstract = {The rich information content of measurements in the molecular frame rather than the laboratory frame has motivated the development of several methods for aligning gas phase molecules in space. Even so, for asymmetric tops the problem of making molecular frame measurements remains challenging due to its inherently multi-dimensional nature. In this Letter we present a method, based on the analysis of observables measured from rotational wavepackets, that does not require either 3D alignment or coincident momentum measurements to access the molecular frame. As an application we describe the first fully-orientation-resolved measurements of strong-field ionization and dissociation of an asymmetric top (ethylene).},
	author = {Makhija, Varun and Ren, Xiaoming and Gockel, Drue and Le, Ahn-Thu and Kumarappan, Vinod},
	year = {2016},
	note = {arXiv: 1611.06476},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {1--6},
}

The rich information content of measurements in the molecular frame rather than the laboratory frame has motivated the development of several methods for aligning gas phase molecules in space. Even so, for asymmetric tops the problem of making molecular frame measurements remains challenging due to its inherently multi-dimensional nature. In this Letter we present a method, based on the analysis of observables measured from rotational wavepackets, that does not require either 3D alignment or coincident momentum measurements to access the molecular frame. As an application we describe the first fully-orientation-resolved measurements of strong-field ionization and dissociation of an asymmetric top (ethylene).

@misc{Champenois2016,
	title = {{cpBasex}},
	url = {https://github.com/e-champenois/CPBASEX},
	publisher = {Github},
	author = {Champenois, Elio},
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@incollection{Wollenhaupt2014,
	title = {Control of {Ultrafast} {Electron} {Dynamics} with {Shaped} {Femtosecond} {Laser} {Pulses}: {From} {Atoms} to {Solids}},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-20173-3_4},
	booktitle = {Ultrafast {Dynamics} {Driven} by {Intense} {Light} {Pulses}},
	publisher = {Springer (in press)},
	author = {Wollenhaupt, Matthias and Bayer, Tim and Baumert, Thomas},
	editor = {Gräfe, S. and Kitzler-Zeiler, M.},
	year = {2016},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-20173-3_4},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {63--122},
}

@article{McDonald2016,
	title = {Photodissociation of ultracold diatomic strontium molecules with quantum state control},
	volume = {534},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature18314},
	doi = {10.1038/nature18314},
	number = {7610},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {McDonald, M. and McGuyer, B. H. and Apfelbeck, F. and Lee, C. -H. and Majewska, I. and Moszynski, R. and Zelevinsky, T.},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {\#nosource, ★},
	pages = {122--126},
}

@article{Scholak2016,
	title = {An {Approach} to "{Quantumness}" in {Coherent} {Control}},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1605.00256},
	abstract = {Developments in the foundations of quantum mechanics have identified several attributes and tests associated with the "quantumness" of systems, including entanglement, nonlocality, quantum erasure, Bell test, etc. Here we introduce and utilize these tools to examine the role of quantum coherence and nonclassical effects in 1 vs. N photon coherent phase control, a paradigm for an all-optical method for manipulating molecular dynamics. In addition, truly quantum control scenarios are introduced and examined. The approach adopted here serves as a template for studies of the role of quantum mechanics in other coherent control and optimal control scenarios.},
	urldate = {2016-08-27},
	journal = {arXiv},
	author = {Scholak, Torsten and Brumer, Paul},
	month = may,
	year = {2016},
	note = {arXiv: 1605.00256},
	keywords = {\#nosource, ★},
}

Developments in the foundations of quantum mechanics have identified several attributes and tests associated with the "quantumness" of systems, including entanglement, nonlocality, quantum erasure, Bell test, etc. Here we introduce and utilize these tools to examine the role of quantum coherence and nonclassical effects in 1 vs. N photon coherent phase control, a paradigm for an all-optical method for manipulating molecular dynamics. In addition, truly quantum control scenarios are introduced and examined. The approach adopted here serves as a template for studies of the role of quantum mechanics in other coherent control and optimal control scenarios.

@book{Wall2015,
	address = {Cham},
	title = {Quantum {Many}-{Body} {Physics} of {Ultracold} {Molecules} in {Optical} {Lattices}},
	isbn = {978-3-319-14251-7},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-14252-4},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	author = {Wall, Michael L.},
	year = {2015},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-14252-4},
	note = {Series Title: Springer Theses},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@article{Yagishita2015,
	title = {Photoelectron angular distributions from single oriented molecules: {Past}, present and future},
	volume = {200},
	issn = {03682048},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0368204815000882},
	doi = {10.1016/j.elspec.2015.04.016},
	abstract = {We provide a simple physical picture of the molecular frame photoelectron angular distributions (MFPAD). In the energy region near the ionization threshold, it has been demonstrated that the MFPAD can be understood by the interference between several partial waves. In the energy region higher than 100eV, the MFPAD has been interpreted by the intra-molecule photoelectron diffraction. That is, it has been verified that multiple-scattering X-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPD) theory is a promising probe of the dynamical process. Therefore, we look into the future: a new methodology for molecular structure determination will be applied to determine ultrafast molecular structure changes due to ultrafast core-level XPD imaging from within, as demonstrated in our simulations for elemental processes of photo-induced unimolecular reactions.},
	journal = {Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena},
	author = {Yagishita, Akira},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier B.V.},
	keywords = {\#nosource, MFPAD, XFEL, XPD},
	pages = {247--256},
}

We provide a simple physical picture of the molecular frame photoelectron angular distributions (MFPAD). In the energy region near the ionization threshold, it has been demonstrated that the MFPAD can be understood by the interference between several partial waves. In the energy region higher than 100eV, the MFPAD has been interpreted by the intra-molecule photoelectron diffraction. That is, it has been verified that multiple-scattering X-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPD) theory is a promising probe of the dynamical process. Therefore, we look into the future: a new methodology for molecular structure determination will be applied to determine ultrafast molecular structure changes due to ultrafast core-level XPD imaging from within, as demonstrated in our simulations for elemental processes of photo-induced unimolecular reactions.

@article{Lux2015,
	title = {Photoelectron {Circular} {Dichroism} of {Bicyclic} {Ketones} from {Multiphoton} {Ionization} with {Femtosecond} {Laser} {Pulses}},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {14394235},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25492564},
	doi = {10.1002/cphc.201402643},
	abstract = {Photoelectron circular dichroism (PECD) is a CD effect up to the ten-percent regime and shows contributions from higher-order Legendre polynomials when multiphoton ionization is compared to single-photon ionization. We give a full account of our experimental methodology for measuring the multiphoton PECD and derive quantitative measures that we apply on camphor, fenchone and norcamphor. Different modulations and amplitudes of the contributing Legendre polynomials are observed despite the similarity in chemical structure. In addition, we study PECD for elliptically polarized light employing tomographic reconstruction methods. Intensity studies reveal dissociative ionization as the origin of the observed PECD effect, whereas ionization of the intermediate resonance is dominating the signal. As a perspective, we suggest to make use of our tomographic data as an experimental basis for a complete photoionization experiment and give a prospect of PECD as an analytic tool.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2015-01-06},
	journal = {ChemPhysChem},
	author = {Lux, Christian and Wollenhaupt, Matthias and Sarpe, Cristian and Baumert, Thomas},
	month = jan,
	year = {2015},
	pmid = {25492564},
	pages = {115--137},
}

Photoelectron circular dichroism (PECD) is a CD effect up to the ten-percent regime and shows contributions from higher-order Legendre polynomials when multiphoton ionization is compared to single-photon ionization. We give a full account of our experimental methodology for measuring the multiphoton PECD and derive quantitative measures that we apply on camphor, fenchone and norcamphor. Different modulations and amplitudes of the contributing Legendre polynomials are observed despite the similarity in chemical structure. In addition, we study PECD for elliptically polarized light employing tomographic reconstruction methods. Intensity studies reveal dissociative ionization as the origin of the observed PECD effect, whereas ionization of the intermediate resonance is dominating the signal. As a perspective, we suggest to make use of our tomographic data as an experimental basis for a complete photoionization experiment and give a prospect of PECD as an analytic tool.

@article{Nosek2015,
	title = {Promoting an open research culture},
	volume = {348},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	url = {http://science.sciencemag.org.proxy.bib.uottawa.ca/content/348/6242/1422.full},
	doi = {10.1126/science.aab2374},
	number = {6242},
	urldate = {2017-04-04},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Nosek, B. A. and Alter, G. and Banks, G. C. and Borsboom, D. and Bowman, S. D. and Breckler, S. J. and Buck, S. and Chambers, C. D. and Chin, G. and Christensen, G. and Contestabile, M. and Dafoe, A. and Eich, E. and Freese, J. and Glennerster, R. and Goroff, D. and Green, D. P. and Hesse, B. and Humphreys, M. and Ishiyama, J. and Karlan, D. and Kraut, A. and Lupia, A. and Mabry, P. and Madon, T. and Malhotra, N. and Mayo-Wilson, E. and McNutt, M. and Miguel, E. and Paluck, E. Levy and Simonsohn, U. and Soderberg, C. and Spellman, B. A. and Turitto, J. and VandenBos, G. and Vazire, S. and Wagenmakers, E. J. and Wilson, R. and Yarkoni, T.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {★},
	pages = {1422--1425},
}

@article{Ilchen2014,
	title = {Angular {Momentum} {Sensitive} {Two}-{Center} {Interference}},
	volume = {112},
	issn = {0031-9007},
	url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.023001},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.023001},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Physical Review Letters},
	author = {Ilchen, M. and Glaser, L. and Scholz, F. and Walter, P. and Deinert, S. and Rothkirch, a. and Seltmann, J. and Viefhaus, J. and Decleva, P. and Langer, B. and Knie, a. and Ehresmann, a. and Al-Dossary, O. M. and Braune, M. and Hartmann, G. and Meissner, a. and Tribedi, L. C. and AlKhaldi, M. and Becker, U.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {\#nosource, ★},
	pages = {023001},
}

@article{Wilkinson2014,
	title = {Excited state dynamics in {SO2}. {I}. {Bound} state relaxation studied by time-resolved photoelectron-photoion coincidence spectroscopy.},
	volume = {140},
	issn = {1089-7690},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24880274},
	doi = {10.1063/1.4875035},
	abstract = {The excited state dynamics of isolated sulfur dioxide molecules have been investigated using the time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and time-resolved photoelectron-photoion coincidence techniques. Excited state wavepackets were prepared in the spectroscopically complex, electronically mixed ([Formula: see text])(1)B1/(Ã)(1)A2, Clements manifold following broadband excitation at a range of photon energies between 4.03 eV and 4.28 eV (308 nm and 290 nm, respectively). The resulting wavepacket dynamics were monitored using a multiphoton ionisation probe. The extensive literature associated with the Clements bands has been summarised and a detailed time domain description of the ultrafast relaxation pathways occurring from the optically bright ([Formula: see text])(1)B1 diabatic state is presented. Signatures of the oscillatory motion on the ([Formula: see text])(1)B1/(Ã)(1)A2 lower adiabatic surface responsible for the Clements band structure were observed. The recorded spectra also indicate that a component of the excited state wavepacket undergoes intersystem crossing from the Clements manifold to the underlying triplet states on a sub-picosecond time scale. Photoelectron signal growth time constants have been predominantly associated with intersystem crossing to the ([Formula: see text])(3)B2 state and were measured to vary between 750 and 150 fs over the implemented pump photon energy range. Additionally, pump beam intensity studies were performed. These experiments highlighted parallel relaxation processes that occurred at the one- and two-pump-photon levels of excitation on similar time scales, obscuring the Clements band dynamics when high pump beam intensities were implemented. Hence, the Clements band dynamics may be difficult to disentangle from higher order processes when ultrashort laser pulses and less-differential probe techniques are implemented.},
	number = {20},
	urldate = {2014-06-04},
	journal = {The Journal of chemical physics},
	author = {Wilkinson, Iain and Boguslavskiy, Andrey E and Mikosch, Jochen and Bertrand, Julien B and Wörner, Hans Jakob and Villeneuve, David M and Spanner, Michael and Patchkovskii, Serguei and Stolow, Albert},
	month = may,
	year = {2014},
	pmid = {24880274},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {204301},
}

The excited state dynamics of isolated sulfur dioxide molecules have been investigated using the time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and time-resolved photoelectron-photoion coincidence techniques. Excited state wavepackets were prepared in the spectroscopically complex, electronically mixed ([Formula: see text])(1)B1/(Ã)(1)A2, Clements manifold following broadband excitation at a range of photon energies between 4.03 eV and 4.28 eV (308 nm and 290 nm, respectively). The resulting wavepacket dynamics were monitored using a multiphoton ionisation probe. The extensive literature associated with the Clements bands has been summarised and a detailed time domain description of the ultrafast relaxation pathways occurring from the optically bright ([Formula: see text])(1)B1 diabatic state is presented. Signatures of the oscillatory motion on the ([Formula: see text])(1)B1/(Ã)(1)A2 lower adiabatic surface responsible for the Clements band structure were observed. The recorded spectra also indicate that a component of the excited state wavepacket undergoes intersystem crossing from the Clements manifold to the underlying triplet states on a sub-picosecond time scale. Photoelectron signal growth time constants have been predominantly associated with intersystem crossing to the ([Formula: see text])(3)B2 state and were measured to vary between 750 and 150 fs over the implemented pump photon energy range. Additionally, pump beam intensity studies were performed. These experiments highlighted parallel relaxation processes that occurred at the one- and two-pump-photon levels of excitation on similar time scales, obscuring the Clements band dynamics when high pump beam intensities were implemented. Hence, the Clements band dynamics may be difficult to disentangle from higher order processes when ultrashort laser pulses and less-differential probe techniques are implemented.

@article{Wang2014,
	title = {Time-{Resolved} {Photoelectron} {Spectra} of {CS2}: {Dynamics} at {Conical} {Intersections}},
	volume = {112},
	issn = {0031-9007},
	url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.113007},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.113007},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2014-03-22},
	journal = {Physical Review Letters},
	author = {Wang, Kwanghsi and McKoy, Vincent and Hockett, Paul and Schuurman, Michael S.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {113007},
}

@article{Krausz2014a,
	title = {Attosecond metrology: from electron capture to future signal processing},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {1749-4885},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nphoton.2014.28},
	doi = {10.1038/nphoton.2014.28},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2014-02-28},
	journal = {Nature Photonics},
	author = {Krausz, Ferenc and Stockman, Mark I.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {205--213},
}

@phdthesis{Makhija2014,
	title = {Laser-{Induced} {Rotational} {Dynamics} {As} a {Route} {To} {Molecular} {Frame} {Measurements}},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18522},
	school = {Kansas State University},
	author = {Makhija, Varun},
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@article{Laurent2014,
	title = {Attosecond control of electron emission from atoms},
	volume = {488},
	issn = {1742-6588},
	url = {http://stacks.iop.org/1742-6596/488/i=1/a=012008},
	doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/488/1/012008},
	abstract = {We demonstrate that the electron emission from atoms can be temporally controlled on an attosecond
 time scale. Electron wave-packets are formed by ionizing an atomic target with an attosecond pulse
 train composed of both odd and even high-order harmonics in the presence of a relatively weak
 infrared field. We show that interference between one- and two-photon transitions produces a large
 asymmetry in the angular distribution of the photoelectrons. The direction of the emission can be
 controlled on an attosecond time scale by varying the time delay between the two pulses. In
 addition, we show that such asymmetric emission is also related to the properties of the attosecond
 pulse train. The temporal analysis of the modulated electron emission, based on an accurate
 description of the atomic physics of the photoionization process, then provides a way to measure the
 temporal profile of the attosecond pulse.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2015-06-04},
	journal = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
	author = {Laurent, G and Cao, W and Ben-Itzhak, I and Cocke, C L},
	month = apr,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {012008},
}

We demonstrate that the electron emission from atoms can be temporally controlled on an attosecond time scale. Electron wave-packets are formed by ionizing an atomic target with an attosecond pulse train composed of both odd and even high-order harmonics in the presence of a relatively weak infrared field. We show that interference between one- and two-photon transitions produces a large asymmetry in the angular distribution of the photoelectrons. The direction of the emission can be controlled on an attosecond time scale by varying the time delay between the two pulses. In addition, we show that such asymmetric emission is also related to the properties of the attosecond pulse train. The temporal analysis of the modulated electron emission, based on an accurate description of the atomic physics of the photoionization process, then provides a way to measure the temporal profile of the attosecond pulse.

@article{Leone2014,
	title = {What will it take to observe processes in 'real time'?},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {1749-4885},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nphoton.2014.48},
	doi = {10.1038/nphoton.2014.48},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2014-02-28},
	journal = {Nature Photonics},
	author = {Leone, Stephen R. and McCurdy, C. William and Burgdörfer, Joachim and Cederbaum, Lorenz S. and Chang, Zenghu and Dudovich, Nirit and Feist, Johannes and Greene, Chris H. and Ivanov, Misha and Kienberger, Reinhard and Keller, Ursula and Kling, Matthias F. and Loh, Zhi-Heng and Pfeifer, Thomas and Pfeiffer, Adrian N. and Santra, Robin and Schafer, Kenneth and Stolow, Albert and Thumm, Uwe and Vrakking, Marc J. J.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {162--166},
}

@techreport{Lucchese2014,
	title = {Uncertainty in {Molecular} {Photoionization}},
	author = {Lucchese, Robert R},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Issue: July},
	keywords = {\#nosource, ★},
	pages = {1--32},
}

@misc{hockettBrief2014,
	title = {Quantum {Dynamical} {Imaging} via {Time}-resolved {Photoelectron} {Interferometry}: {Beyond} a {Phenomenological} {Imaging} of {Molecular} {Dynamics}, {DOI}: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3580734},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.3580734},
	publisher = {Figshare},
	author = {Hockett, Paul},
	year = {2014},
	doi = {10.6084/m9.figshare.3580734},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@book{Yuen-Zhou2014c,
	title = {Ultrafast {Spectroscopy}: {Quantum} information and wavepackets},
	isbn = {978-0-7503-1062-8},
	url = {http://iopscience.iop.org/book/978-0-750-31062-8},
	abstract = {This book provides a self-contained introduction to quantum process tomography and nonlinear spectroscopy, which underlie the study of excited state dynamics in molecular aggregates, such as photosynthetic complexes.},
	publisher = {IOP Publishing},
	author = {Yuen-Zhou, Joel and Krich, Jacob J and Kassal, Ivan and Johnson, Allan S and Aspuru-Guzik, Alán},
	year = {2014},
	doi = {10.1088/978-0-750-31062-8},
}

This book provides a self-contained introduction to quantum process tomography and nonlinear spectroscopy, which underlie the study of excited state dynamics in molecular aggregates, such as photosynthetic complexes.

@book{Yuen-Zhou2014,
	title = {Ultrafast {Spectroscopy}: {Quantum} {Information} and {Wavepackets}},
	isbn = {978-0-7503-1062-8},
	url = {http://iopscience.iop.org/book/978-0-750-31062-8},
	abstract = {This book provides a self-contained introduction to quantum process tomography and nonlinear spectroscopy, which underlie the study of excited state dynamics in molecular aggregates, such as photosynthetic complexes.},
	urldate = {2017-09-25},
	publisher = {IOP Publishing},
	author = {Yuen-Zhou, Joel and Krich, Jacob J and Kassal, Ivan and Johnson, Allan S and Aspuru-Guzik, Alán},
	year = {2014},
	doi = {10.1088/978-0-750-31062-8},
}

This book provides a self-contained introduction to quantum process tomography and nonlinear spectroscopy, which underlie the study of excited state dynamics in molecular aggregates, such as photosynthetic complexes.

@article{Wollenhaupt2013,
	title = {Tomographic reconstruction of designer free-electron wave packets.},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1439-7641},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23526773},
	doi = {10.1002/cphc.201200968},
	abstract = {We review the generation and tomographic reconstruction of designer electron wave packets, that is, electron wave packets with a tailored momentum distribution in the continuum. Generation is accomplished by means of multiphoton ionization of an atomic prototype using polarization-shaped femtosecond laser pulses. Both the electronic structure of the neutral and interference of matter wave packets in the continuum contribute to the final shape. For the measurement of the resulting three-dimensional photoelectron angular distributions (3dPAD) we combine the established technique of velocity map imaging (VMI) with a tomographic reconstruction method. This novel experimental approach can be employed to characterize the 3dPAD in the laboratory frame as well as in the molecular frame of larger molecules. Due to its sensitivity to electronic structure this method can be further developed to highly sensitive analytic techniques in the gas phase, for instance for the identification of chiral molecules.},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2013-12-20},
	journal = {Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry},
	author = {Wollenhaupt, Matthias and Lux, Christian and Krug, Marc and Baumert, Thomas},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23526773},
	keywords = {\#nosource, ★},
	pages = {1341--9},
}

We review the generation and tomographic reconstruction of designer electron wave packets, that is, electron wave packets with a tailored momentum distribution in the continuum. Generation is accomplished by means of multiphoton ionization of an atomic prototype using polarization-shaped femtosecond laser pulses. Both the electronic structure of the neutral and interference of matter wave packets in the continuum contribute to the final shape. For the measurement of the resulting three-dimensional photoelectron angular distributions (3dPAD) we combine the established technique of velocity map imaging (VMI) with a tomographic reconstruction method. This novel experimental approach can be employed to characterize the 3dPAD in the laboratory frame as well as in the molecular frame of larger molecules. Due to its sensitivity to electronic structure this method can be further developed to highly sensitive analytic techniques in the gas phase, for instance for the identification of chiral molecules.

@article{Ramakrishna2013,
	title = {Rotational wave-packet imaging of molecules},
	volume = {87},
	issn = {1050-2947},
	url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.87.023411},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.87.023411},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2014-02-10},
	journal = {Physical Review A},
	author = {Ramakrishna, S. and Seideman, Tamar},
	month = feb,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {023411},
}

@article{Dixit2013,
	title = {Role of electron-electron interference in ultrafast time-resolved imaging of electronic wavepackets.},
	volume = {138},
	issn = {1089-7690},
	url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1303.2869},
	doi = {10.1063/1.4798321},
	abstract = {Ultrafast time-resolved x-ray scattering is an emerging approach to image the dynamical evolution of the electronic charge distribution during complex chemical and biological processes in real-space and real-time. Recently, the differences between semiclassical and quantum-electrodynamical (QED) theory of light-matter interaction for scattering of ultrashort x-ray pulses from the electronic wavepacket were formally demonstrated and visually illustrated by scattering patterns calculated for an electronic wavepacket in atomic hydrogen [G. Dixit, O. Vendrell, and R. Santra, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109, 11636 (2012)]. In this work, we present a detailed analysis of time-resolved x-ray scattering from a sample containing a mixture of non-stationary and stationary electrons within both the theories. In a many-electron system, the role of scattering interference between a non-stationary and several stationary electrons to the total scattering signal is investigated. In general, QED and semiclassical theory provide different results for the contribution from the scattering interference, which depends on the energy resolution of the detector and the x-ray pulse duration. The present findings are demonstrated by means of a numerical example of x-ray time-resolved imaging for an electronic wavepacket in helium. It is shown that the time-dependent scattering interference vanishes within semiclassical theory and the corresponding patterns are dominated by the scattering contribution from the time-independent interference, whereas the time-dependent scattering interference contribution do not vanish in the QED theory and the patterns are dominated by the scattering contribution from the non-stationary electron scattering.},
	number = {13},
	urldate = {2015-02-11},
	journal = {The Journal of chemical physics},
	author = {Dixit, Gopal and Santra, Robin},
	month = apr,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23574231},
	note = {arXiv: 1303.2869v1},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Algorithms, Electrons, Helium, Helium: chemistry, Models, Molecular, Motion, Quantum Theory, Radiation, Scattering, X-Rays, ★},
	pages = {134311},
}

Ultrafast time-resolved x-ray scattering is an emerging approach to image the dynamical evolution of the electronic charge distribution during complex chemical and biological processes in real-space and real-time. Recently, the differences between semiclassical and quantum-electrodynamical (QED) theory of light-matter interaction for scattering of ultrashort x-ray pulses from the electronic wavepacket were formally demonstrated and visually illustrated by scattering patterns calculated for an electronic wavepacket in atomic hydrogen [G. Dixit, O. Vendrell, and R. Santra, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109, 11636 (2012)]. In this work, we present a detailed analysis of time-resolved x-ray scattering from a sample containing a mixture of non-stationary and stationary electrons within both the theories. In a many-electron system, the role of scattering interference between a non-stationary and several stationary electrons to the total scattering signal is investigated. In general, QED and semiclassical theory provide different results for the contribution from the scattering interference, which depends on the energy resolution of the detector and the x-ray pulse duration. The present findings are demonstrated by means of a numerical example of x-ray time-resolved imaging for an electronic wavepacket in helium. It is shown that the time-dependent scattering interference vanishes within semiclassical theory and the corresponding patterns are dominated by the scattering contribution from the time-independent interference, whereas the time-dependent scattering interference contribution do not vanish in the QED theory and the patterns are dominated by the scattering contribution from the non-stationary electron scattering.

@article{Vallance2013,
	title = {Fast sensors for time-of-flight imaging applications.},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {1463-9084},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cp53183j},
	doi = {10.1039/c3cp53183j},
	abstract = {The development of sensors capable of detecting particles and radiation with both high time and high positional resolution is key to improving our understanding in many areas of science. Example applications of such sensors range from fundamental scattering studies of chemical reaction mechanisms through to imaging mass spectrometry of surfaces, neutron scattering studies aimed at probing the structure of materials, and time-resolved fluorescence measurements to elucidate the structure and function of biomolecules. In addition to improved throughput resulting from parallelisation of data collection - imaging of multiple different fragments in velocity-map imaging studies, for example - fast image sensors also offer a number of fundamentally new capabilities in areas such as coincidence detection. In this Perspective, we review recent developments in fast image sensor technology, provide examples of their implementation in a range of different experimental contexts, and discuss potential future developments and applications.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2014-01-10},
	journal = {Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP},
	author = {Vallance, Claire and Brouard, Mark and Lauer, Alexandra and Slater, Craig S and Halford, Edward and Winter, Benjamin and King, Simon J and Lee, Jason W L and Pooley, Daniel E and Sedgwick, Iain and Turchetta, Renato and Nomerotski, Andrei and John, Jaya John and Hill, Laura},
	month = dec,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {24002354},
	keywords = {\#nosource, ★},
	pages = {383--95},
}

The development of sensors capable of detecting particles and radiation with both high time and high positional resolution is key to improving our understanding in many areas of science. Example applications of such sensors range from fundamental scattering studies of chemical reaction mechanisms through to imaging mass spectrometry of surfaces, neutron scattering studies aimed at probing the structure of materials, and time-resolved fluorescence measurements to elucidate the structure and function of biomolecules. In addition to improved throughput resulting from parallelisation of data collection - imaging of multiple different fragments in velocity-map imaging studies, for example - fast image sensors also offer a number of fundamentally new capabilities in areas such as coincidence detection. In this Perspective, we review recent developments in fast image sensor technology, provide examples of their implementation in a range of different experimental contexts, and discuss potential future developments and applications.

@article{Dahlstrom2013,
	title = {Theory of attosecond delays in laser-assisted photoionization},
	volume = {414},
	issn = {03010104},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301010412000298},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemphys.2012.01.017},
	urldate = {2014-03-02},
	journal = {Chemical Physics},
	author = {Dahlström, J.M. and Guénot, D. and Klünder, K. and Gisselbrecht, M. and Mauritsson, J. and L'Huillier, A. and Maquet, A. and Taïeb, R.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Above-threshold ionization, Atomic delay, Atomic phase, Attosecond, Attosecond pulse characterization, Delay in photoionization, High-order harmonics, Laser-assisted, PROOF, Phase of ATI, Photoionization, RABBIT, RABITT, Steaking, Temporal characterization, ★},
	pages = {53--64},
}

@article{Le2013,
	title = {Quantitative rescattering theory of high-order harmonic generation for polyatomic molecules},
	volume = {87},
	issn = {1050-2947},
	url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.87.063406},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.87.063406},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2013-10-18},
	journal = {Physical Review A},
	author = {Le, Anh-Thu and Lucchese, R. R. and Lin, C. D.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {063406},
}

@article{Ren2013,
	title = {Measuring the angle-dependent photoionization cross section of nitrogen using high-harmonic generation},
	volume = {88},
	issn = {1050-2947},
	url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.88.043421},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.88.043421},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2013-11-13},
	journal = {Physical Review A},
	author = {Ren, Xiaoming and Makhija, Varun and Le, Anh-Thu and Troß, Jan and Mondal, Sudipta and Jin, Cheng and Kumarappan, Vinod and Trallero-Herrero, Carlos},
	month = oct,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {043421},
}

@article{Jin2013,
	title = {Sequential {Path} {Entanglement} for {Quantum} {Metrology}},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/srep01779},
	doi = {10.1038/srep01779},
	urldate = {2014-08-15},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {Jin, Xian-Min and Peng, Cheng-Zhi and Deng, Youjin and Barbieri, Marco and Nunn, Joshua and Walmsley, Ian a.},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {\#nosource, ★},
	pages = {1--6},
}

@article{Laurent2013,
	title = {Attosecond pulse characterization},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1094-4087},
	url = {https://www.osapublishing.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-21-14-16914},
	doi = {10.1364/OE.21.016914},
	number = {14},
	journal = {Optics Express},
	author = {Laurent, G and Cao, W and Ben-Itzhak, I. and Cocke, C L},
	month = jul,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {16914},
}

@article{Menzel-Jones2013a,
	title = {Using time-resolved experiments and coherent control to determine the phase of transition dipole moments between individual energy eigenstates},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {19487185},
	doi = {10.1021/jz4014272},
	number = {18},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters},
	author = {Menzel-Jones, Cian and Shapiro, Moshe},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {\#nosource, coherent control, fluorescence, molecular, time-dependent, transition dipole moments, wave packet},
	pages = {3083--3088},
}

@article{Dixit2012b,
	title = {Imaging electronic quantum motion with light.},
	volume = {109},
	issn = {1091-6490},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22753505},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1202226109},
	abstract = {Imaging the quantum motion of electrons not only in real-time, but also in real-space is essential to understand for example bond breaking and formation in molecules, and charge migration in peptides and biological systems. Time-resolved imaging interrogates the unfolding electronic motion in such systems. We find that scattering patterns, obtained by X-ray time-resolved imaging from an electronic wavepacket, encode spatial and temporal correlations that deviate substantially from the common notion of the instantaneous electronic density as the key quantity being probed. Surprisingly, the patterns provide an unusually visual manifestation of the quantum nature of light. This quantum nature becomes central only for non-stationary electronic states and has profound consequences for time-resolved imaging.},
	number = {29},
	urldate = {2012-07-12},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Dixit, Gopal and Vendrell, Oriol and Santra, Robin},
	month = jul,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22753505},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {11636--11640},
}

Imaging the quantum motion of electrons not only in real-time, but also in real-space is essential to understand for example bond breaking and formation in molecules, and charge migration in peptides and biological systems. Time-resolved imaging interrogates the unfolding electronic motion in such systems. We find that scattering patterns, obtained by X-ray time-resolved imaging from an electronic wavepacket, encode spatial and temporal correlations that deviate substantially from the common notion of the instantaneous electronic density as the key quantity being probed. Surprisingly, the patterns provide an unusually visual manifestation of the quantum nature of light. This quantum nature becomes central only for non-stationary electronic states and has profound consequences for time-resolved imaging.

@article{Laurent2012,
	title = {Attosecond {Control} of {Orbital} {Parity} {Mix} {Interferences} and the {Relative} {Phase} of {Even} and {Odd} {Harmonics} in an {Attosecond} {Pulse} {Train}},
	volume = {109},
	issn = {0031-9007},
	url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.083001},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.083001},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2014-02-07},
	journal = {Physical Review Letters},
	author = {Laurent, G. and Cao, W. and Li, H. and Wang, Z. and Ben-Itzhak, I. and Cocke, C. L.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {083001},
}

@article{Ramakrishna2012,
	title = {On the information content of time- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {0953-4075},
	url = {http://stacks.iop.org/0953-4075/45/i=19/a=194012?key=crossref.68faa78abc832ed11020afde085ac486},
	doi = {10.1088/0953-4075/45/19/194012},
	number = {19},
	urldate = {2012-11-06},
	journal = {Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics},
	author = {Ramakrishna, S and Seideman, Tamar},
	month = oct,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {\#nosource, ★},
	pages = {194012},
}

@article{Dahlstrom2012,
	title = {Introduction to attosecond delays in photoionization},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {0953-4075},
	url = {http://stacks.iop.org/0953-4075/45/i=18/a=183001?key=crossref.c064b9e1f1761bc7e34faada211145d5},
	doi = {10.1088/0953-4075/45/18/183001},
	number = {18},
	urldate = {2014-01-21},
	journal = {Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics},
	author = {Dahlström, J M and L'Huillier, A and Maquet, A},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {\#nosource, ★},
	pages = {183001},
}

@phdthesis{Clarkin2012,
	title = {Chemical {Reaction} {Dynamics} at the {Statistical} {Ensemble} and {Molecular} {Frame} {Limits}},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1974/7456},
	school = {Queen's University},
	author = {Clarkin, Owen J},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Issue: September},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@article{Lopez-Dominguez2012,
	title = {Mechanisms of {Franck}-{Condon} breakdown over a broad energy range in the valence photoionization of {N2} and {CO}},
	volume = {185},
	issn = {03682048},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0368204812000710},
	doi = {10.1016/j.elspec.2012.06.016},
	number = {8-9},
	urldate = {2012-11-02},
	journal = {Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena},
	author = {López-Domínguez, J.A. and Hardy, David and Das, Aloke and Poliakoff, E.D. and Aguilar, Alex and Lucchese, Robert R.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier B.V.},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {211--218},
}

@article{Makhija2012,
	title = {Metric for three-dimensional alignment of molecules},
	volume = {85},
	issn = {1050-2947},
	url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.85.033425},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.85.033425},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2013-06-12},
	journal = {Physical Review A},
	author = {Makhija, Varun and Ren, Xiaoming and Kumarappan, Vinod},
	month = mar,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {\#nosource, ★},
	pages = {033425},
}

@article{Rouzee2012,
	title = {Photoelectron kinetic and angular distributions for the ionization of aligned molecules using a {HHG} source},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {0953-4075},
	url = {http://stacks.iop.org/0953-4075/45/i=7/a=074016?key=crossref.a524a08ee71b5e818124278277df5208},
	doi = {10.1088/0953-4075/45/7/074016},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2012-07-27},
	journal = {Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics},
	author = {Rouzée, Arnaud and Kelkensberg, Freek and Siu, Wing Kiu and Gademann, Georg and Lucchese, Robert R and Vrakking, Marc J J},
	month = apr,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {\#nosource, ★},
	pages = {074016},
}

@article{Weinstein2012,
	title = {In search of molecular movies},
	volume = {4},
	number = {March},
	journal = {Nature chemistry},
	author = {Weinstein, Julia A and Hunt, Neil T},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {4--5},
}

@article{Lucchese2012,
	title = {Molecular-frame photoelectron angular distributions},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {0953-4075},
	url = {http://stacks.iop.org/0953-4075/45/i=19/a=190201?key=crossref.637c916c7be0bc7a382ff310cf353da3},
	doi = {10.1088/0953-4075/45/19/190201},
	number = {19},
	urldate = {2017-09-27},
	journal = {Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics},
	author = {Lucchese, Robert R and Stolow, Albert},
	month = oct,
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: IOP Publishing},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {190201},
}

@article{Schoffler2011,
	title = {Matter wave optics perspective at molecular photoionization: {K}-shell photoionization and {Auger} decay of {N} 2},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1367-2630},
	url = {http://stacks.iop.org/1367-2630/13/i=9/a=095013?key=crossref.4f6b93db60c2bfabaee36161ecd7c93e},
	doi = {10.1088/1367-2630/13/9/095013},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {New Journal of Physics},
	author = {Schöffler, M S and Jahnke, T and Titze, J and Petridis, N and Cole, K and Ph H Schmidt, L and Czasch, a and Jagutzki, O and Williams, J B and Cocke, C L and Osipov, T and Lee, S and Prior, M H and Belkacem, a and Landers, a L and Schmidt-Böcking, H and Dörner, R and Weber, Th},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {095013},
}

@article{Huismans2011,
	title = {Time-resolved holography with photoelectrons.},
	volume = {331},
	issn = {1095-9203},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21163963},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1198450},
	abstract = {Ionization is the dominant response of atoms and molecules to intense laser fields and is at the basis of several important techniques, such as the generation of attosecond pulses that allow the measurement of electron motion in real time. We present experiments in which metastable xenon atoms were ionized with intense 7-micrometer laser pulses from a free-electron laser. Holographic structures were observed that record underlying electron dynamics on a sublaser-cycle time scale, enabling photoelectron spectroscopy with a time resolution of almost two orders of magnitude higher than the duration of the ionizing pulse.},
	number = {6013},
	urldate = {2012-07-15},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Huismans, Y and Rouzée, A and Gijsbertsen, A and Jungmann, J H and Smolkowska, A S and Logman, P S W M and Lépine, F and Cauchy, C and Zamith, S and Marchenko, T and Bakker, J M and Berden, G and Redlich, B and van der Meer, A F G and Muller, H G and Vermin, W and Schafer, K J and Spanner, M and Ivanov, M Yu and Smirnova, O and Bauer, D and Popruzhenko, S V and Vrakking, M J J},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21163963},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {61--4},
}

Ionization is the dominant response of atoms and molecules to intense laser fields and is at the basis of several important techniques, such as the generation of attosecond pulses that allow the measurement of electron motion in real time. We present experiments in which metastable xenon atoms were ionized with intense 7-micrometer laser pulses from a free-electron laser. Holographic structures were observed that record underlying electron dynamics on a sublaser-cycle time scale, enabling photoelectron spectroscopy with a time resolution of almost two orders of magnitude higher than the duration of the ionizing pulse.

@article{Canton2011,
	title = {Direct observation of {Young}'s double-slit interferences in vibrationally resolved photoionization of diatomic molecules.},
	volume = {108},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1018534108},
	abstract = {Vibrationally resolved valence-shell photoionization spectra of H(2), N(2) and CO have been measured in the photon energy range 20-300 eV using third-generation synchrotron radiation. Young's double-slit interferences lead to oscillations in the corresponding vibrational ratios, showing that the molecules behave as two-center electron-wave emitters and that the associated interferences leave their trace in the angle-integrated photoionization cross section. In contrast to previous work, the oscillations are directly observable in the experiment, thereby removing any possible ambiguity related to the introduction of external parameters or fitting functions. A straightforward extension of an original idea proposed by Cohen and Fano [Cohen HD, Fano U (1966) Phys Rev 150:30] confirms this interpretation and shows that it is also valid for diatomic heteronuclear molecules. Results of accurate theoretical calculations are in excellent agreement with the experimental findings.},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Canton, Sophie E and Plésiat, Etienne and Bozek, John D and Rude, Bruce S and Decleva, Piero and Martín, Fernando},
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21498686},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {7302--7306},
}

Vibrationally resolved valence-shell photoionization spectra of H(2), N(2) and CO have been measured in the photon energy range 20-300 eV using third-generation synchrotron radiation. Young's double-slit interferences lead to oscillations in the corresponding vibrational ratios, showing that the molecules behave as two-center electron-wave emitters and that the associated interferences leave their trace in the angle-integrated photoionization cross section. In contrast to previous work, the oscillations are directly observable in the experiment, thereby removing any possible ambiguity related to the introduction of external parameters or fitting functions. A straightforward extension of an original idea proposed by Cohen and Fano [Cohen HD, Fano U (1966) Phys Rev 150:30] confirms this interpretation and shows that it is also valid for diatomic heteronuclear molecules. Results of accurate theoretical calculations are in excellent agreement with the experimental findings.

@article{Tichy2011a,
	title = {Essential entanglement for atomic and molecular physics},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {0953-4075},
	url = {http://stacks.iop.org/0953-4075/44/i=19/a=192001?key=crossref.18d3f3352e48809821ebdd35c6d00cb6},
	doi = {10.1088/0953-4075/44/19/192001},
	number = {19},
	urldate = {2014-08-19},
	journal = {Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics},
	author = {Tichy, Malte C and Mintert, Florian and Buchleitner, Andreas},
	month = oct,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {\#nosource, ★},
	pages = {192001},
}

@article{Wu2011,
	title = {Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy: from wavepackets to observables.},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1463-9084},
	url = {http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2011/cp/c1cp22031d},
	doi = {10.1039/c1cp22031d},
	abstract = {Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (TRPES) is a powerful tool for the study of intramolecular dynamics, particularly excited state non-adiabatic dynamics in polyatomic molecules. Depending on the problem at hand, different levels of TRPES measurements can be performed: time-resolved photoelectron yield; time- and energy-resolved photoelectron yield; time-, energy-, and angle-resolved photoelectron yield. In this pedagogical overview, a conceptual framework for time-resolved photoionization measurements is presented, together with discussion of relevant theory for the different aspects of TRPES. Simple models are used to illustrate the theory, and key concepts are further amplified by experimental examples. These examples are chosen to show the application of TRPES to the investigation of a range of problems in the excited state dynamics of molecules: from the simplest vibrational wavepacket on a single potential energy surface; to disentangling intrinsically coupled electronic and nuclear motions; to identifying the electronic character of the intermediate states involved in non-adiabatic dynamics by angle-resolved measurements in the molecular frame, the most complete measurement.},
	number = {41},
	urldate = {2012-07-17},
	journal = {Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP},
	author = {Wu, Guorong and Hockett, Paul and Stolow, Albert},
	month = nov,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21947027},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {18447--67},
}

Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (TRPES) is a powerful tool for the study of intramolecular dynamics, particularly excited state non-adiabatic dynamics in polyatomic molecules. Depending on the problem at hand, different levels of TRPES measurements can be performed: time-resolved photoelectron yield; time- and energy-resolved photoelectron yield; time-, energy-, and angle-resolved photoelectron yield. In this pedagogical overview, a conceptual framework for time-resolved photoionization measurements is presented, together with discussion of relevant theory for the different aspects of TRPES. Simple models are used to illustrate the theory, and key concepts are further amplified by experimental examples. These examples are chosen to show the application of TRPES to the investigation of a range of problems in the excited state dynamics of molecules: from the simplest vibrational wavepacket on a single potential energy surface; to disentangling intrinsically coupled electronic and nuclear motions; to identifying the electronic character of the intermediate states involved in non-adiabatic dynamics by angle-resolved measurements in the molecular frame, the most complete measurement.

@book{Shapiro2011,
	address = {Weinheim, Germany},
	title = {Quantum {Control} of {Molecular} {Processes}},
	isbn = {978-3-527-63970-0},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84891566811&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	abstract = {Written by two of the world's leading researchers in the field, this is a systematic introduction to the fundamental principles of coherent control, and to the underlying physics and chemistry. This fully updated second edition is enhanced by 80\% and covers the latest techniques and applications, including nanostructures, attosecond processes, optical control of chirality, and weak and strong field quantum control. Developments and challenges in decoherence-sensitive condensed phase control as well as in bimolecular control are clearly described. Indispensable for atomic, molecular and chemical physicists, physical chemists, materials scientists and nanotechnologists. © 2012 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH \& Co. KGaA.},
	urldate = {2015-04-22},
	publisher = {Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA},
	author = {Shapiro, Moshe and Brumer, Paul},
	month = dec,
	year = {2011},
	doi = {10.1002/9783527639700},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

Written by two of the world's leading researchers in the field, this is a systematic introduction to the fundamental principles of coherent control, and to the underlying physics and chemistry. This fully updated second edition is enhanced by 80% and covers the latest techniques and applications, including nanostructures, attosecond processes, optical control of chirality, and weak and strong field quantum control. Developments and challenges in decoherence-sensitive condensed phase control as well as in bimolecular control are clearly described. Indispensable for atomic, molecular and chemical physicists, physical chemists, materials scientists and nanotechnologists. © 2012 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.

@article{Klunder2011,
	title = {Probing {Single}-{Photon} {Ionization} on the {Attosecond} {Time} {Scale}},
	volume = {106},
	issn = {0031-9007},
	url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.143002},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.143002},
	number = {14},
	urldate = {2012-07-15},
	journal = {Physical Review Letters},
	author = {Klünder, K. and Dahlström, J. M. and Gisselbrecht, M. and Fordell, T. and Swoboda, M. and Guénot, D. and Johnsson, P. and Caillat, J. and Mauritsson, J. and Maquet, A. and Taïeb, R. and L'Huillier, A.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {1--4},
}

@article{Wollenhaupt2011,
	title = {Ultrafast laser control of electron dynamics in atoms, molecules and solids},
	volume = {153},
	issn = {1359-6640},
	url = {http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=c1fd00109d},
	doi = {10.1039/c1fd00109d},
	urldate = {2012-08-07},
	journal = {Faraday Discussions},
	author = {Wollenhaupt, Matthias and Baumert, Thomas},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {9},
}

@article{Giovannetti2011,
	title = {Advances in quantum metrology},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {1749-4885},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1102.2318},
	doi = {10.1038/nphoton.2011.35},
	abstract = {In classical estimation theory, the central limit theorem implies that the statistical error in a measurement outcome can be reduced by an amount proportional to n{\textasciicircum}(-1/2) by repeating the measures n times and then averaging. Using quantum effects, such as entanglement, it is often possible to do better, decreasing the error by an amount proportional to 1/n. Quantum metrology is the study of those quantum techniques that allow one to gain advantages over purely classical approaches. In this review, we analyze some of the most promising recent developments in this research field. Specifically, we deal with the developments of the theory and point out some of the new experiments. Then we look at one of the main new trends of the field, the analysis of how the theory must take into account the presence of noise and experimental imperfections.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2017-04-20},
	journal = {Nature Photonics},
	author = {Giovannetti, Vittorio and Lloyd, Seth and Maccone, Lorenzo},
	month = apr,
	year = {2011},
	note = {arXiv: 1102.2318},
	pages = {222--229},
}

In classical estimation theory, the central limit theorem implies that the statistical error in a measurement outcome can be reduced by an amount proportional to n\textasciicircum(-1/2) by repeating the measures n times and then averaging. Using quantum effects, such as entanglement, it is often possible to do better, decreasing the error by an amount proportional to 1/n. Quantum metrology is the study of those quantum techniques that allow one to gain advantages over purely classical approaches. In this review, we analyze some of the most promising recent developments in this research field. Specifically, we deal with the developments of the theory and point out some of the new experiments. Then we look at one of the main new trends of the field, the analysis of how the theory must take into account the presence of noise and experimental imperfections.

@article{Krasniqi2010,
	title = {Imaging molecules from within: {Ultrafast} angström-scale structure determination of molecules via photoelectron holography using free-electron lasers},
	volume = {81},
	issn = {1050-2947},
	url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.81.033411},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.81.033411},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2012-07-17},
	journal = {Physical Review A},
	author = {Krasniqi, F. and Najjari, B. and Strüder, L. and Rolles, D. and Voitkiv, a. and Ullrich, J.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {1--11},
}

@article{Wollenhaupt2010,
	title = {Three-state selective population of dressed states via generalized spectral phase-step modulation},
	volume = {81},
	issn = {10502947},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.81.053422},
	abstract = {We present a joint experimental and theoretical study of selective population of dressed states (SPODS) in a three-level system. Control is exerted by shaped intense femtosecond laser pulses generated by a generalized spectral phase-step modulation function. We show that both control parameters (i.e., the phase-step amplitude and position) can be used to switch population among each three dressed states with high selectivity. The dynamics of the system, and hence the resulting photoelectron signal is studied theoretically by analyzing the time evolution of the adiabatic dressed-state energies and populations.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics},
	author = {Wollenhaupt, Matthias and Bayer, Tim and Vitanov, Nikolay V. and Baumert, Thomas},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {1--9},
}

We present a joint experimental and theoretical study of selective population of dressed states (SPODS) in a three-level system. Control is exerted by shaped intense femtosecond laser pulses generated by a generalized spectral phase-step modulation function. We show that both control parameters (i.e., the phase-step amplitude and position) can be used to switch population among each three dressed states with high selectivity. The dynamics of the system, and hence the resulting photoelectron signal is studied theoretically by analyzing the time evolution of the adiabatic dressed-state energies and populations.

@article{Swoboda2010,
	title = {Phase measurement of resonant two-photon ionization in helium.},
	volume = {104},
	issn = {0031-9007},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.103003},
	abstract = {We study resonant two-color two-photon ionization of helium via the 1s3p (1)P(1) state. The first color is the 15th harmonic of a tunable Ti:sapphire laser, while the second color is the fundamental laser radiation. Our method uses phase-locked high-order harmonics to determine the phase of the two-photon process by interferometry. The measurement of the two-photon ionization phase variation as a function of detuning from the resonance and intensity of the dressing field allows us to determine the intensity dependence of the transition energy.},
	number = {MARCH},
	journal = {Physical review letters},
	author = {Swoboda, M and Fordell, T and Klünder, K and Dahlström, J M and Miranda, M and Buth, C and Schafer, K J and Mauritsson, J and L'Huillier, A and Gisselbrecht, M},
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20366419},
	note = {arXiv: 1002.2550},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {103003},
}

We study resonant two-color two-photon ionization of helium via the 1s3p (1)P(1) state. The first color is the 15th harmonic of a tunable Ti:sapphire laser, while the second color is the fundamental laser radiation. Our method uses phase-locked high-order harmonics to determine the phase of the two-photon process by interferometry. The measurement of the two-photon ionization phase variation as a function of detuning from the resonance and intensity of the dressing field allows us to determine the intensity dependence of the transition energy.

@article{Lucchese2010,
	title = {The effect of vibrational motion on the dynamics of shape resonant photoionization of {BF} 3 leading to the state of},
	volume = {108},
	issn = {0026-8976},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00268971003641866},
	doi = {10.1080/00268971003641866},
	number = {7-9},
	urldate = {2012-07-17},
	journal = {Molecular Physics},
	author = {Lucchese, Robert R. and Montuoro, Raffaele and Kotsis, Konstantinos and Tashiro, Motomichi and Ehara, Masahiro and Bozek, John D. and Das, Aloke and Landry, April and Rathbone, Jeff and Poliakoff, E.D.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2010},
	note = {ISBN: 0026897100364},
	keywords = {\#nosource, molecular photoionization, shape resonance},
	pages = {1055--1067},
}

@article{Jin2010,
	title = {Theoretical study of photoelectron angular distributions in single-photon ionization of aligned {\textless}math display="inline"{\textgreater} {\textless}mrow{\textgreater} {\textless}msub{\textgreater} {\textless}mi mathvariant="normal"{\textgreater}{N}{\textless}/mi{\textgreater} {\textless}mrow{\textgreater} {\textless}mn{\textgreater}2{\textless}/mn{\textgreater} {\textless}/mrow{\textgreater} {\textless}/msub{\textgreater} {\textless}/mrow{\textgreater} {\textless}/math{\textgreater} and {\textless}math display="inline"{\textgreater} {\textless}mrow{\textgreater} {\textless}msu},
	volume = {81},
	issn = {1050-2947},
	url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.81.033421},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.81.033421},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2014-04-05},
	journal = {Physical Review A},
	author = {Jin, Cheng and Le, Anh-Thu and Zhao, Song-Feng and Lucchese, R. R. and Lin, C. D.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {033421},
}

@article{Smeenk2009,
	title = {Momentum space tomographic imaging of photoelectrons},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0953-4075},
	url = {http://stacks.iop.org/0953-4075/42/i=18/a=185402?key=crossref.901cc2b6043bd31df089e38d13fcd599},
	doi = {10.1088/0953-4075/42/18/185402},
	number = {18},
	urldate = {2012-07-17},
	journal = {Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics},
	author = {Smeenk, C and Arissian, L and Staudte, a and Villeneuve, D M and Corkum, P B},
	month = sep,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {185402},
}

@article{Chichinin2009,
	title = {Imaging chemical reactions - {3D} velocity mapping},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {0144-235X},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01442350903235045},
	doi = {10.1080/01442350903235045},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2012-07-16},
	journal = {International Reviews in Physical Chemistry},
	author = {Chichinin, A. I. and Gericke, K.-H. and Kauczok, S. and Maul, C.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {\#nosource, ion imaging, reaction dynamics, rempi, velocity map imaging},
	pages = {607--680},
}

@article{Wollenhaupt2009a,
	title = {Photoelectron angular distributions from strong-field coherent electronic excitation},
	volume = {95},
	issn = {0946-2171},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/s00340-009-3431-1},
	doi = {10.1007/s00340-009-3431-1},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2012-07-17},
	journal = {Applied Physics B},
	author = {Wollenhaupt, M. and Krug, M. and Köhler, J. and Bayer, T. and Sarpe-Tudoran, C. and Baumert, T.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {245--259},
}

@article{Bisgaard2009,
	title = {Time-resolved molecular frame dynamics of fixed-in-space {CS2} molecules.},
	volume = {323},
	issn = {1095-9203},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19286552},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1169183},
	abstract = {Random orientation of molecules within a sample leads to blurred observations of chemical reactions studied from the laboratory perspective. Methods developed for the dynamic imaging of molecular structures and processes struggle with this, as measurements are optimally made in the molecular frame. We used laser alignment to transiently fix carbon disulfide molecules in space long enough to elucidate, in the molecular reference frame, details of ultrafast electronic-vibrational dynamics during a photochemical reaction. These three-dimensional photoelectron imaging results, combined with ongoing efforts in molecular alignment and orientation, presage a wide range of insights obtainable from time-resolved studies in the molecular frame.},
	number = {5920},
	urldate = {2012-07-17},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Bisgaard, Christer Z and Clarkin, Owen J and Wu, Guorong and Lee, Anthony M D and Gessner, Oliver and Hayden, Carl C and Stolow, Albert},
	month = mar,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19286552},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {1464--8},
}

Random orientation of molecules within a sample leads to blurred observations of chemical reactions studied from the laboratory perspective. Methods developed for the dynamic imaging of molecular structures and processes struggle with this, as measurements are optimally made in the molecular frame. We used laser alignment to transiently fix carbon disulfide molecules in space long enough to elucidate, in the molecular reference frame, details of ultrafast electronic-vibrational dynamics during a photochemical reaction. These three-dimensional photoelectron imaging results, combined with ongoing efforts in molecular alignment and orientation, presage a wide range of insights obtainable from time-resolved studies in the molecular frame.

@article{Krausz2009,
	title = {Attosecond physics},
	volume = {81},
	issn = {0034-6861},
	url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.81.163},
	doi = {10.1103/RevModPhys.81.163},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2014-01-09},
	journal = {Reviews of Modern Physics},
	author = {Krausz, Ferenc and Ivanov, Misha},
	month = feb,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {\#nosource, ★},
	pages = {163--234},
}

@article{Krug2009,
	title = {Coherent strong-field control of multiple states by a single chirped femtosecond laser pulse},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1367-2630},
	url = {http://stacks.iop.org/1367-2630/11/i=10/a=105051?key=crossref.55de25b7e39010381345e239f559aee3},
	doi = {10.1088/1367-2630/11/10/105051},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2012-07-17},
	journal = {New Journal of Physics},
	author = {Krug, M and Bayer, T and Wollenhaupt, M and Sarpe-Tudoran, C and Baumert, T and Ivanov, S S and Vitanov, N V},
	month = oct,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {105051},
}

@article{Le2009a,
	title = {Quantitative rescattering theory for high-order harmonic generation from molecules},
	volume = {80},
	issn = {1050-2947},
	url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.80.013401},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.80.013401},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2012-07-17},
	journal = {Physical Review A},
	author = {Le, Anh-Thu and Lucchese, R. and Tonzani, S. and Morishita, T. and Lin, C.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {1--23},
}

@article{Meckel2008,
	title = {Laser-induced electron tunneling and diffraction.},
	volume = {320},
	issn = {1095-9203},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18556555},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1157980},
	abstract = {Molecular structure is usually determined by measuring the diffraction pattern the molecule impresses on x-rays or electrons. We used a laser field to extract electrons from the molecule itself, accelerate them, and in some cases force them to recollide with and diffract from the parent ion, all within a fraction of a laser period. Here, we show that the momentum distribution of the extracted electron carries the fingerprint of the highest occupied molecular orbital, whereas the elastically scattered electrons reveal the position of the nuclear components of the molecule. Thus, in one comprehensive technology, the photoelectrons give detailed information about the electronic orbital and the position of the nuclei.},
	number = {5882},
	urldate = {2012-07-17},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Meckel, M and Comtois, D and Zeidler, D and Staudte, a and Pavicic, D and Bandulet, H C and Pépin, H and Kieffer, J C and Dörner, R and Villeneuve, D M and Corkum, P B},
	month = jun,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18556555},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {1478--82},
}

Molecular structure is usually determined by measuring the diffraction pattern the molecule impresses on x-rays or electrons. We used a laser field to extract electrons from the molecule itself, accelerate them, and in some cases force them to recollide with and diffract from the parent ion, all within a fraction of a laser period. Here, we show that the momentum distribution of the extracted electron carries the fingerprint of the highest occupied molecular orbital, whereas the elastically scattered electrons reveal the position of the nuclear components of the molecule. Thus, in one comprehensive technology, the photoelectrons give detailed information about the electronic orbital and the position of the nuclei.

@article{Kreidi2008,
	title = {Interference in the {Collective} {Electron} {Momentum} in {Double} {Photoionization} of {H2}},
	volume = {100},
	issn = {0031-9007},
	url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.133005},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.133005},
	number = {13},
	urldate = {2014-10-21},
	journal = {Physical Review Letters},
	author = {Kreidi, K. and Akoury, D. and Jahnke, T. and Weber, Th. and Staudte, A. and Schöffler, M. and Neumann, N. and Titze, J. and Schmidt, L. and Czasch, A. and Jagutzki, O. and Costa Fraga, R. and Grisenti, R. and Smolarski, M. and Ranitovic, P. and Cocke, C. and Osipov, T. and Adaniya, H. and Thompson, J. and Prior, M. and Belkacem, A. and Landers, A. and Schmidt-Böcking, H. and Dörner, R.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {133005},
}

@article{Zimmermann2008,
	title = {Localization and loss of coherence in molecular double-slit experiments},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {1745-2473},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nphys993},
	doi = {10.1038/nphys993},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2012-07-17},
	journal = {Nature Physics},
	author = {Zimmermann, Björn and Rolles, Daniel and Langer, Burkhard and Hentges, Rainer and Braune, Markus and Cvejanovic, Slobodan and Geßner, Oliver and Heiser, Franz and Korica, Sanja and Lischke, Toralf and Reinköster, Axel and Viefhaus, Jens and Dörner, Reinhard and McKoy, Vincent and Becker, Uwe},
	month = jun,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {\#nosource, ★},
	pages = {649--655},
}

@article{Jungen2008,
	title = {Renner-{Teller} interactions in the vibrational autoionization of polyatomic molecules.},
	volume = {129},
	issn = {1089-7690},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19045269},
	doi = {10.1063/1.2999553},
	abstract = {Vibrational autoionization induced by the Renner-Teller interaction in linear polyatomic molecules is considered in the context of the three-state electrostatic model developed by Gauyacq and Jungen [Mol. Phys. 41, 383 (1980)]. For small interactions, simple formulas are derived for the quantum defect matrix elements and the autoionization rates in terms of the more common Renner-Teller parameters derived from spectroscopic analyses of low-lying Rydberg states. These formulas should provide guidance for empirical fitting of quantum defect parameters to spectra of high Rydberg states. Consideration of typical values of the Renner-Teller parameters also allows the estimation of vibrational autoionization rates induced by these interactions. These estimates support the validity of the Deltav=-1 propensity rule for vibrational autoionization. Constraints on the vibrational autoionization rates for the symmetric stretching vibration are also discussed. In the following paper, electron capture by polyatomic molecular ions into vibrationally autoionizing Rydberg states is considered from the same perspective, and a simple formula is derived to allow the estimation of the effect of this process on dissociative recombination cross sections.},
	number = {16},
	urldate = {2012-07-17},
	journal = {The Journal of chemical physics},
	author = {Jungen, Ch and Pratt, S T},
	month = oct,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {19045269},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {164310},
}

Vibrational autoionization induced by the Renner-Teller interaction in linear polyatomic molecules is considered in the context of the three-state electrostatic model developed by Gauyacq and Jungen [Mol. Phys. 41, 383 (1980)]. For small interactions, simple formulas are derived for the quantum defect matrix elements and the autoionization rates in terms of the more common Renner-Teller parameters derived from spectroscopic analyses of low-lying Rydberg states. These formulas should provide guidance for empirical fitting of quantum defect parameters to spectra of high Rydberg states. Consideration of typical values of the Renner-Teller parameters also allows the estimation of vibrational autoionization rates induced by these interactions. These estimates support the validity of the Deltav=-1 propensity rule for vibrational autoionization. Constraints on the vibrational autoionization rates for the symmetric stretching vibration are also discussed. In the following paper, electron capture by polyatomic molecular ions into vibrationally autoionizing Rydberg states is considered from the same perspective, and a simple formula is derived to allow the estimation of the effect of this process on dissociative recombination cross sections.

@article{Artamonov2008,
	title = {Theory of three-dimensional alignment by intense laser pulses.},
	volume = {128},
	issn = {0021-9606},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18433215},
	doi = {10.1063/1.2894876},
	abstract = {We introduce a theoretical framework for study of three-dimensional alignment by moderately intense laser pulses and discuss it at an elementary level. Several features of formal interest are noted and clarified. Our approach is nonperturbative, treating the laser field within classical and the material system within quantum mechanics. The theory is implemented numerically using a basis set of rotational eigenstates, transforming the time-dependent Schrodinger equation to a set of coupled differential equations where all matrix elements are analytically soluble. The approach was applied over the past few years to explore different adiabatic and nonadiabatic three-dimensional alignment approaches in conjunction with experiments, but its formal details and numerical implementation were not reported in previous studies. Although we provide simple numerical examples to illustrate the content of the equations, our main goal is to complement previous reports through an introductory discussion of the underlying theory.},
	number = {15},
	urldate = {2012-07-17},
	journal = {The Journal of chemical physics},
	author = {Artamonov, Maxim and Seideman, Tamar},
	month = apr,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18433215},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {154313},
}

We introduce a theoretical framework for study of three-dimensional alignment by moderately intense laser pulses and discuss it at an elementary level. Several features of formal interest are noted and clarified. Our approach is nonperturbative, treating the laser field within classical and the material system within quantum mechanics. The theory is implemented numerically using a basis set of rotational eigenstates, transforming the time-dependent Schrodinger equation to a set of coupled differential equations where all matrix elements are analytically soluble. The approach was applied over the past few years to explore different adiabatic and nonadiabatic three-dimensional alignment approaches in conjunction with experiments, but its formal details and numerical implementation were not reported in previous studies. Although we provide simple numerical examples to illustrate the content of the equations, our main goal is to complement previous reports through an introductory discussion of the underlying theory.

@article{Cina2008,
	title = {Wave-packet interferometry and molecular state reconstruction: spectroscopic adventures on the left-hand side of the {Schrödinger} equation.},
	volume = {59},
	issn = {0066-426X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18031213},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev.physchem.59.032607.093753},
	abstract = {This article summarizes theoretical studies of molecular state determination by wave-packet interferometry (WPI) and recounts some recent experimental applications of molecular WPI. Calculations predict that two-color nonlinear WPI data can be used to reconstruct a rovibronic target wave packet evolving under an incompletely characterized nuclear Hamiltonian. This can be accomplished by the isolation via phase cycling or wave-vector matching of an exhaustive collection of overlaps between the unknown target and the members of a family of reference wave packets whose form is known by construction. This review highlights recent experiments employing WPI to gain amplitude-level information about the photoexcited-state dynamics of small molecules in the gas phase and in rare-gas crystals. I briefly describe a new semiclassical theory for condensed-phase WPI and other coherence-spectroscopy measurements, such as time-resolved coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering, and mention our initial studies of nonlinear WPI from electronic energy-transfer complexes.},
	urldate = {2012-07-18},
	journal = {Annual review of physical chemistry},
	author = {Cina, Jeffrey A},
	month = jan,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18031213},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {319--42},
}

This article summarizes theoretical studies of molecular state determination by wave-packet interferometry (WPI) and recounts some recent experimental applications of molecular WPI. Calculations predict that two-color nonlinear WPI data can be used to reconstruct a rovibronic target wave packet evolving under an incompletely characterized nuclear Hamiltonian. This can be accomplished by the isolation via phase cycling or wave-vector matching of an exhaustive collection of overlaps between the unknown target and the members of a family of reference wave packets whose form is known by construction. This review highlights recent experiments employing WPI to gain amplitude-level information about the photoexcited-state dynamics of small molecules in the gas phase and in rare-gas crystals. I briefly describe a new semiclassical theory for condensed-phase WPI and other coherence-spectroscopy measurements, such as time-resolved coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering, and mention our initial studies of nonlinear WPI from electronic energy-transfer complexes.

@book{rae,
	edition = {5},
	title = {Quantum {Mechanics}},
	publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
	author = {Rae, Alastair M},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@phdthesis{Lee2007,
	title = {Chemical {Reaction} {Dynamics} and {Coincidence} {Imaging} {Spectroscopy}},
	url = {https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/handle/1974/434},
	school = {Queen's University},
	author = {Lee, Anthony M D},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Issue: March},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@article{Gelmukhanov2007a,
	title = {Young’s double-slit experiment using two-center core-level photoemission: {Photoelectron} recoil effects},
	volume = {156-158},
	issn = {03682048},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0368204806002672},
	doi = {10.1016/j.elspec.2006.12.067},
	urldate = {2012-07-17},
	journal = {Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena},
	author = {Gel’mukhanov, F. and Kimberg, V. and Liu, X.-J. and Prümper, G. and Tanaka, T. and Hoshino, M. and Tanaka, H. and Ueda, K.},
	month = may,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {\#nosource, nitrogen, recoil, s double-slit, x-ray photoelectron, young},
	pages = {265--269},
}

@article{Martin2007a,
	title = {Single photon-induced symmetry breaking of {H2} dissociation.},
	volume = {315},
	issn = {1095-9203},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17272717},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1136598},
	abstract = {H2, the smallest and most abundant molecule in the universe, has a perfectly symmetric ground state. What does it take to break this symmetry? We found that the inversion symmetry can be broken by absorption of a linearly polarized photon, which itself has inversion symmetry. In particular, the emission of a photoelectron with subsequent dissociation of the remaining H+2 fragment shows no symmetry with respect to the ionic H+ and neutral H atomic fragments. This lack of symmetry results from the entanglement between symmetric and antisymmetric H+2 states that is caused by autoionization. The mechanisms behind this symmetry breaking are general for all molecules.},
	number = {5812},
	urldate = {2014-11-04},
	journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	author = {Martín, F and Fernández, J and Havermeier, T and Foucar, L and Weber, Th and Kreidi, K and Schöffler, M and Schmidt, L and Jahnke, T and Jagutzki, O and Czasch, a and Benis, E P and Osipov, T and Landers, a L and Belkacem, a and Prior, M H and Schmidt-Böcking, H and Cocke, C L and Dörner, R},
	month = feb,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17272717},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {629--33},
}

H2, the smallest and most abundant molecule in the universe, has a perfectly symmetric ground state. What does it take to break this symmetry? We found that the inversion symmetry can be broken by absorption of a linearly polarized photon, which itself has inversion symmetry. In particular, the emission of a photoelectron with subsequent dissociation of the remaining H+2 fragment shows no symmetry with respect to the ionic H+ and neutral H atomic fragments. This lack of symmetry results from the entanglement between symmetric and antisymmetric H+2 states that is caused by autoionization. The mechanisms behind this symmetry breaking are general for all molecules.

@article{Liu2007c,
	title = {Young’s double-slit experiment using two-center core-level photoemission: {Photoelectron} scattering effects},
	volume = {156-158},
	issn = {03682048},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0368204806001630},
	doi = {10.1016/j.elspec.2006.11.014},
	urldate = {2012-07-17},
	journal = {Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena},
	author = {Liu, X.-J. and Prümper, G. and Gel’mukhanov, F. and Cherepkov, N.a. and Tanaka, H. and Ueda, K.},
	month = may,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {\#nosource, core-level photoemission, double-slit experiment, interference, nitrogen molecule, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy},
	pages = {73--77},
}

@article{Akoury2007,
	title = {The simplest double slit: interference and entanglement in double photoionization of {H2}.},
	volume = {318},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17991857},
	abstract = {The wave nature of particles is rarely observed, in part because of their very short de Broglie wavelengths in most situations. However, even with wavelengths close to the size of their surroundings, the particles couple to their environment (for example, by gravity, Coulomb interaction, or thermal radiation). These couplings shift the wave phases, often in an uncontrolled way, and the resulting decoherence, or loss of phase integrity, is thought to be a main cause of the transition from quantum to classical behavior. How much interaction is needed to induce this transition? Here we show that a photoelectron and two protons form a minimum particle/slit system and that a single additional electron constitutes a minimum environment. Interference fringes observed in the angular distribution of a single electron are lost through its Coulomb interaction with a second electron, though the correlated momenta of the entangled electron pair continue to exhibit quantum interference.},
	number = {5852},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Akoury, D and Kreidi, K and Jahnke, T and Weber, Th and Staudte, A and Schöffler, M and Neumann, N and Titze, J and Schmidt, L Ph H and Czasch, A and Jagutzki, O and Costa Fraga, R A and Grisenti, R E and Díez Muiño, R and Cherepkov, N A and Semenov, S K and Ranitovic, P and Cocke, C L and Osipov, T and Adaniya, H and Thompson, J C and Prior, M H and Belkacem, A and Landers, A L and Schmidt-Böcking, H and Dörner, R},
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17991857},
	note = {Publisher: Institut für Kernphysik, University Frankfurt, Max von Laue Str 1, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany.},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {949--952},
}

The wave nature of particles is rarely observed, in part because of their very short de Broglie wavelengths in most situations. However, even with wavelengths close to the size of their surroundings, the particles couple to their environment (for example, by gravity, Coulomb interaction, or thermal radiation). These couplings shift the wave phases, often in an uncontrolled way, and the resulting decoherence, or loss of phase integrity, is thought to be a main cause of the transition from quantum to classical behavior. How much interaction is needed to induce this transition? Here we show that a photoelectron and two protons form a minimum particle/slit system and that a single additional electron constitutes a minimum environment. Interference fringes observed in the angular distribution of a single electron are lost through its Coulomb interaction with a second electron, though the correlated momenta of the entangled electron pair continue to exhibit quantum interference.

@book{Tannor2007,
	title = {Introduction to quantum mechanics : a time-dependent perspective},
	isbn = {1-891389-23-8},
	urldate = {2017-02-12},
	publisher = {Univ. Science Books},
	author = {Tannor, David Joshua.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@article{Corkum2007,
	title = {Attosecond science},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {1745-2473},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nphys620},
	doi = {10.1038/nphys620},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2012-07-15},
	journal = {Nature Physics},
	author = {Corkum, P. B. and Krausz, Ferenc},
	month = jun,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {381--387},
}

@article{Holmegaard2007,
	title = {Control of rotational wave-packet dynamics in asymmetric top molecules},
	volume = {75},
	issn = {1050-2947},
	url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.75.051403},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.75.051403},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2012-12-07},
	journal = {Physical Review A},
	author = {Holmegaard, Lotte and Viftrup, Simon S. and Kumarappan, Vinod and Bisgaard, Christer Z. and Stapelfeldt, Henrik},
	month = may,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {051403},
}

@article{Teramoto2007a,
	title = {Extensive study on the {C} 1s photoionization of {CS} 2 molecules by multi-coincidence velocity-map imaging spectrometry},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {0953-4075},
	url = {http://stacks.iop.org/0953-4075/40/i=20/a=006},
	doi = {10.1088/0953-4075/40/20/006},
	abstract = {With the full use of the experimental data obtained by multi-coincidence velocity-map imaging spectrometry, we have determined the dipole amplitudes and their relative phases that describe the C 1s photoionization dynamics in CS 2 . It has been found that the σ shape resonance at about 15 eV above the C 1s ionization threshold appears only in the dipole amplitude d f σ . We have also carried out time-dependent density functional theory calculations so as to better understand the photoemission dynamics and shape resonances in the C 1s photoionization of CS 2 molecules with heavy atoms (sulfur) having 3p valence orbitals, which distinguish the present work from well-studied works such as on CO and CO 2 molecules.},
	number = {20},
	urldate = {2012-11-23},
	journal = {Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics},
	author = {Teramoto, T and Adachi, J and Yamazaki, M and Yamanouchi, K and Stener, M and Decleva, P and Yagishita, A},
	month = oct,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {4033--4046},
}

With the full use of the experimental data obtained by multi-coincidence velocity-map imaging spectrometry, we have determined the dipole amplitudes and their relative phases that describe the C 1s photoionization dynamics in CS 2 . It has been found that the σ shape resonance at about 15 eV above the C 1s ionization threshold appears only in the dipole amplitude d f σ . We have also carried out time-dependent density functional theory calculations so as to better understand the photoemission dynamics and shape resonances in the C 1s photoionization of CS 2 molecules with heavy atoms (sulfur) having 3p valence orbitals, which distinguish the present work from well-studied works such as on CO and CO 2 molecules.

@article{Hollenstein2007,
	title = {Rovibronic photoionization dynamics of ammonia isotopomers},
	volume = {105},
	issn = {0026-8976},
	url = {http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/00268970701429889},
	abstract = {PFI-ZEKE photoelectron spectra of the {\textless}a name="ILM0001"{\textgreater}�{\textless}/a{\textgreater} $^{\textrm{2}}$\textit{B}$_{\textrm{1}}$
(\textit{v}$_{\textrm{2}}$$^{\textrm{+=3}}$) cationic vibrational state and
photoionization spectra of autoionizing Rydberg series converging
on the +=1 ionization threshold of the mixed isotopomers of ammonia,
NH$_{\textrm{2}}$D and ND$_{\textrm{2}}$H, are reported for the first time.
The observed rovibronic photoionization propensities and the quantum
defects of the Rydberg series indicate that the photoelectron is
ejected as a superposition of even (s and d) partial-wave components
in agreement with predictions from the orbital-ionization model [S.
Willitsch and F. Merkt, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. \textbf{245,} 14 (2005)].
The ionization energies of the \textit{v}$_{\textrm{2}}$$^{\textrm{+=3}}$
thresholds of NH$_{\textrm{2}}$D and ND$_{\textrm{2}}$H were determined
to be \textit{IE}\ /\ \textit{hc}\ =\ 84\ 792.9(6)
cm$^{\textrm{-\ 1}}$ and \textit{IE}\ /\ \textit{hc}\ =\ 84\ 595.9(8)
cm$^{\textrm{-\ 1}}$, respectively, and rotational constants for
the {\textless}a name="ILM0002"{\textgreater}�{\textless}/a{\textgreater}\ =\ 3 states of both isotopomers
are derived.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Molecular Physics},
	author = {Hollenstein, U and Merkt, F and Meyer, L and Seiler, R and Softley, T P and Willitsch, S},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {1711--1722},
}

PFI-ZEKE photoelectron spectra of the \textlessa name="ILM0001"\textgreater�\textless/a\textgreater $^{\textrm{2}}$B$_{\textrm{1}}$ (v$_{\textrm{2}}$$^{\textrm{+=3}}$) cationic vibrational state and photoionization spectra of autoionizing Rydberg series converging on the +=1 ionization threshold of the mixed isotopomers of ammonia, NH$_{\textrm{2}}$D and ND$_{\textrm{2}}$H, are reported for the first time. The observed rovibronic photoionization propensities and the quantum defects of the Rydberg series indicate that the photoelectron is ejected as a superposition of even (s and d) partial-wave components in agreement with predictions from the orbital-ionization model [S. Willitsch and F. Merkt, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. \textbf245, 14 (2005)]. The ionization energies of the v$_{\textrm{2}}$$^{\textrm{+=3}}$ thresholds of NH$_{\textrm{2}}$D and ND$_{\textrm{2}}$H were determined to be IE / hc = 84 792.9(6) cm$^{\textrm{- 1}}$ and IE / hc = 84 595.9(8) cm$^{\textrm{- 1}}$, respectively, and rotational constants for the \textlessa name="ILM0002"\textgreater�\textless/a\textgreater = 3 states of both isotopomers are derived.

@article{Grum-Grzhimailo2006,
	title = {Controlling the angular distribution of atomic photoelectrons in the region of laser-induced continuum structure in the femtosecond time domain},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {0953-4075},
	url = {http://stacks.iop.org/0953-4075/39/i=22/a=010?key=crossref.af7b1fe4f30fd4cf2748f0f73e824755},
	doi = {10.1088/0953-4075/39/22/010},
	number = {22},
	urldate = {2014-12-31},
	journal = {Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics},
	author = {Grum-Grzhimailo, a N and Kondorskiy, a D and Bartschat, K},
	month = nov,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {\#nosource, ★},
	pages = {4659--4671},
}

@phdthesis{Bisgaard2006,
	title = {Laser-induced alignment},
	school = {University of Aarhus},
	author = {Bisgaard, Christer Zoffmann},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Issue: August},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@article{Lebech2006,
	title = {Molecular {Frame} {Photoelectron} {Emission} in the {Presence} of {Autoionizing} {Resonances}},
	volume = {96},
	issn = {0031-9007},
	url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.073001},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.073001},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2012-07-17},
	journal = {Physical Review Letters},
	author = {Lebech, M. and Houver, J. and Dowek, D. and Lucchese, R.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {1--4},
}

@article{Townsend2006a,
	title = {B21(Σu+1) excited state decay dynamics in {CS2}},
	volume = {125},
	issn = {0021-9606},
	url = {http://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.2403137},
	doi = {10.1063/1.2403137},
	abstract = {The authors report time resolved photoelectron spectra of the B21(Σu+1) state of CS2 at pump wavelengths in the region of 200nm. In contrast to previous studies, the authors find that the predissociation dynamics is not well described by a single exponential decay. Biexponential modeling of the authors’ data reveals a rapid decay pathway (τ{\textless}50fs), in addition to a longer lived channel (τ∼350–650fs) that displays a marked change in apparent lifetime when the polarization of the pump laser is rotated with respect to that of the probe. Since the initially populated B21(Σu+1) state may decay to form either S(D1) or S(P3) products (the latter produced via a spin-orbit induced crossing from a singlet to a triplet electronic surface), this lifetime observation may be rationalized in terms of changes in the relative ionization cross section of these singlet and triplet states of CS2 as a function of laser polarization geometry. The experimentally observed lifetime of the longer lived channel is therefore a superp...},
	number = {23},
	urldate = {2017-11-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Chemical Physics},
	author = {Townsend, Dave and Satzger, Helmut and Ejdrup, Tine and Lee, Anthony M. D. and Stapelfeldt, Henrik and Stolow, Albert},
	month = dec,
	year = {2006},
	note = {Publisher: American Institute of Physics},
	keywords = {\#nosource, carbon compounds, molecule-photon collisions, photoelectron spectra, photoionisation, predissociation, spin-orbit interactions, time resolved spectra, triplet state},
	pages = {234302},
}

The authors report time resolved photoelectron spectra of the B21(Σu+1) state of CS2 at pump wavelengths in the region of 200nm. In contrast to previous studies, the authors find that the predissociation dynamics is not well described by a single exponential decay. Biexponential modeling of the authors’ data reveals a rapid decay pathway (τ\textless50fs), in addition to a longer lived channel (τ∼350–650fs) that displays a marked change in apparent lifetime when the polarization of the pump laser is rotated with respect to that of the probe. Since the initially populated B21(Σu+1) state may decay to form either S(D1) or S(P3) products (the latter produced via a spin-orbit induced crossing from a singlet to a triplet electronic surface), this lifetime observation may be rationalized in terms of changes in the relative ionization cross section of these singlet and triplet states of CS2 as a function of laser polarization geometry. The experimentally observed lifetime of the longer lived channel is therefore a superp...

@book{dielsandrudolph,
	title = {Ultrashort {Laser} {Pulse} {Phenomena}},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	author = {Diels, Jean-Claude and Rudolph, Wolfgang},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@article{Wollenhaupt2006,
	title = {Femtosecond strong-field quantum control with sinusoidally phase-modulated pulses},
	volume = {73},
	issn = {10502947},
	url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.73.063409},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.73.063409},
	abstract = {The quantum control of the ionization of potassium atoms using shaped intense femtosecond laser pulses is investigated. We use sinusoidal phase modulation as a prototype for complex shaped pulses to investigate the physical mechanism of the strong-field quantum control by shaped femtosecond light fields. The influence of all parameters characterizing the sinusoidal phase modulation on strong-field-induced dynamics is studied systematically in experiment and theory. Our results are interpreted in terms of the selective population of dressed states SPODS which gives a natural physical picture of the dynamics in intense laser fields.We show that modulated femtosecond pulses in combination with photoelectron spectroscopy are a versatile tool to prepare and to probe SPODS. The decomposition of the excitation and ionization process induced by shaped pulses into elementary physically transparent steps is discussed},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2012-07-17},
	journal = {Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics},
	author = {Wollenhaupt, M. and Präkelt, A. and Sarpe-Tudoran, C. and Liese, D. and Bayer, T. and Baumert, T.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {063409},
}

The quantum control of the ionization of potassium atoms using shaped intense femtosecond laser pulses is investigated. We use sinusoidal phase modulation as a prototype for complex shaped pulses to investigate the physical mechanism of the strong-field quantum control by shaped femtosecond light fields. The influence of all parameters characterizing the sinusoidal phase modulation on strong-field-induced dynamics is studied systematically in experiment and theory. Our results are interpreted in terms of the selective population of dressed states SPODS which gives a natural physical picture of the dynamics in intense laser fields.We show that modulated femtosecond pulses in combination with photoelectron spectroscopy are a versatile tool to prepare and to probe SPODS. The decomposition of the excitation and ionization process induced by shaped pulses into elementary physically transparent steps is discussed

@article{Winter2006,
	title = {Coherent matter waves for ultrafast laser pulse characterization},
	volume = {264},
	issn = {00304018},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0030401806004895},
	doi = {10.1016/j.optcom.2005.12.079},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2014-10-02},
	journal = {Optics Communications},
	author = {Winter, M. and Wollenhaupt, M. and Baumert, T.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {285--292},
}

@article{Giovannetti2006,
	title = {Quantum {Metrology}},
	volume = {96},
	issn = {0031-9007},
	url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.010401},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.010401},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2017-09-11},
	journal = {Physical Review Letters},
	author = {Giovannetti, Vittorio and Lloyd, Seth and Maccone, Lorenzo},
	month = jan,
	year = {2006},
	note = {Publisher: American Physical Society},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {010401},
}

@article{Wollenhaupt2005,
	title = {Strong field quantum control by selective population of dressed states},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {1464-4266},
	url = {http://stacks.iop.org/1464-4266/7/i=10/a=010?key=crossref.180ce4ecce2f16a3c633bd4778e66be0},
	doi = {10.1088/1464-4266/7/10/010},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2014-02-20},
	journal = {Journal of Optics B: Quantum and Semiclassical Optics},
	author = {Wollenhaupt, M and Präkelt, a and Sarpe-Tudoran, C and Liese, D and Baumert, T},
	month = oct,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {\#nosource, article are in colour, autler, closed loop, coherent control, intense femtosecond fields, multiphoton ionization, only in the electronic, photoelectron spectroscopy, some figures in this, spods, townes, version, ★},
	pages = {S270--S276},
}

@book{Sommese2005,
	title = {The {Numerical} {Solution} of {Systems} of {Polynomials} {Arising} in {Engineering} and {Science}},
	isbn = {978-981-4480-88-8},
	publisher = {World Scientific Publishing Company},
	author = {Sommese, Andrew J and Wampler II, Charles W},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@article{Wohlleben2005,
	title = {Coherent control for spectroscopy and manipulation of biological dynamics},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {14394235},
	doi = {10.1002/cphc.200400414},
	abstract = {Motivated originally by the goal of steering a photoreaction into desired product channels, the concept of coherent control is to adapt the spectral and temporal characteristics of the excitation light to the inherent molecular resonances and dynamics, such that these can be selectively addressed and manipulated. In the last decade, the ultrafast dynamics of many atomic and molecular quantum systems in the gas and condensed phase have been controlled successfully. Motivations in chemistry are now 1) to perform spectroscopy by coherent control, which requires a deeper understanding of control mechanisms, 2) to treat more complex, biological photoreactions, and 3) the pragmatic use of coherent control techniques, for example, for pulse compression or enhanced contrast in multiphoton microscopy. As examples for 1) and 2) we review here the combined effort and interplay of conventional spectroscopy and coherent control experiments, applied to the energy flow in the light-harvesting complex LH2 from bacterial photosynthesis. Closed-loop control experiments allowed the characteristic coupling frequency of internal conversion in the carotenoid in LH2 to be extracted. Open-loop three-pulse control experiments, on the other hand, could directly observe an anticipated Raman-excited carotenoid ground state. As a variant of difference spectroscopy, coherent control has thus served to gain complementary spectroscopic knowledge about the energy flow in carotenoids by comparing natural to manipulated dynamics. Finally, we propose future coherent control experiments on the electronic state structure of carotenoids and discuss prospects of coherent control for other biological chromophores.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {ChemPhysChem},
	author = {Wohlleben, Wendel and Buckup, Tiago and Herek, Jennifer L. and Motzkus, Marcus},
	year = {2005},
	pmid = {15884067},
	note = {ISBN: 1439-4235 (Print){\textbackslash}n1439-4235 (Linking)},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Carotenoids, Coherent control, Femtochemistry, Photochemistry, Photosynthesis},
	pages = {850--857},
}

Motivated originally by the goal of steering a photoreaction into desired product channels, the concept of coherent control is to adapt the spectral and temporal characteristics of the excitation light to the inherent molecular resonances and dynamics, such that these can be selectively addressed and manipulated. In the last decade, the ultrafast dynamics of many atomic and molecular quantum systems in the gas and condensed phase have been controlled successfully. Motivations in chemistry are now 1) to perform spectroscopy by coherent control, which requires a deeper understanding of control mechanisms, 2) to treat more complex, biological photoreactions, and 3) the pragmatic use of coherent control techniques, for example, for pulse compression or enhanced contrast in multiphoton microscopy. As examples for 1) and 2) we review here the combined effort and interplay of conventional spectroscopy and coherent control experiments, applied to the energy flow in the light-harvesting complex LH2 from bacterial photosynthesis. Closed-loop control experiments allowed the characteristic coupling frequency of internal conversion in the carotenoid in LH2 to be extracted. Open-loop three-pulse control experiments, on the other hand, could directly observe an anticipated Raman-excited carotenoid ground state. As a variant of difference spectroscopy, coherent control has thus served to gain complementary spectroscopic knowledge about the energy flow in carotenoids by comparing natural to manipulated dynamics. Finally, we propose future coherent control experiments on the electronic state structure of carotenoids and discuss prospects of coherent control for other biological chromophores.

@book{wright2005,
	address = {Cambridge},
	edition = {1},
	title = {Electronic and {Photoelectron} {Spectroscopy}},
	isbn = {978-1-139-16503-7},
	url = {http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9781139165037},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Ellis, Andrew M. and Feher, Miklos and Wright, Timothy G.},
	year = {2005},
	doi = {10.1017/CBO9781139165037},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@book{qOptics,
	title = {Introductory {Quantum} {Optics}},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Gerry, Christopher and Knight, Peter},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@article{Lepine2004a,
	title = {Atomic photoionization processes under magnification},
	volume = {70},
	issn = {1050-2947},
	url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.70.033417},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.70.033417},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2014-12-31},
	journal = {Physical Review A},
	author = {Lépine, F. and Bordas, Ch. and Nicole, C. and Vrakking, M.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {033417},
}

@article{Rathbone2004,
	title = {Intrachannel vibronic coupling in molecular photoionization},
	volume = {82},
	issn = {0008-4042},
	url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/v04-079},
	doi = {10.1139/v04-079},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2014-04-22},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Chemistry},
	author = {Rathbone, G J and Poliakoff, E D and Bozek, John D and Lucchese, R R},
	month = jun,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {\#nosource, 20, 33, 60, 80, cv, défendues qui accompagnent la, eh, excitation d, excitation des transitions vibrationnelles, inversion de symétrie, molécules triatomiques linéaires, ni, on discute de l, on observe l, pacs nos, photoelectron spectroscopy, photoionisation de, photoionization, pour les molécules avec, résumé, un seul quan-, vibronic coupling, wr},
	pages = {1043--1051},
}

@article{Smith2004,
	title = {Static and {Dynamic} {Polarizabilities} of {Conjugated} {Molecules} and {Their} {Cations}},
	volume = {108},
	issn = {1089-5639},
	url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jp048864k},
	doi = {10.1021/jp048864k},
	number = {50},
	journal = {The Journal of Physical Chemistry A},
	author = {Smith, Stanley M. and Markevitch, Alexei N. and Romanov, Dmitri a. and Li, Xiaosong and Levis, Robert J. and Schlegel, H. Bernhard},
	month = dec,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {11063--11072},
}

@article{Osterwalder2004,
	title = {High resolution photodetachment spectroscopy of negative ions via slow photoelectron imaging},
	volume = {121},
	issn = {00219606},
	doi = {10.1063/1.1787491},
	abstract = {A technique for high resolution anion photodetachment spectroscopy is presented that combines velocity map imaging and anion threshold photodetachment. This method, slow electron velocity-map imaging, provides spectral line widths of better than 1 meV. Spectra over a substantial range of electron kinetic energies are recorded in a single image, providing a dramatic reduction of data acquisition time compared to other techniques with comparable resolution. We apply this technique to atomic iodine and the van der Waals cluster I.CO2 as test systems, and then to the prereactive Cl.D2 complex where partially resolved structure assigned to hindered rotor motion is observed.},
	number = {13},
	journal = {Journal of Chemical Physics},
	author = {Osterwalder, Andreas and Nee, Matthew J. and Zhou, Jia and Neumark, Daniel M.},
	year = {2004},
	pmid = {15446927},
	note = {ISBN: 0021-9606},
	keywords = {\#nosource, ★},
	pages = {6317--6322},
}

A technique for high resolution anion photodetachment spectroscopy is presented that combines velocity map imaging and anion threshold photodetachment. This method, slow electron velocity-map imaging, provides spectral line widths of better than 1 meV. Spectra over a substantial range of electron kinetic energies are recorded in a single image, providing a dramatic reduction of data acquisition time compared to other techniques with comparable resolution. We apply this technique to atomic iodine and the van der Waals cluster I.CO2 as test systems, and then to the prereactive Cl.D2 complex where partially resolved structure assigned to hindered rotor motion is observed.

@article{Giovannetti2004a,
	title = {Quantum-{Enhanced} {Measurements}: {Beating} the {Standard} {Quantum} {Limit}},
	volume = {306},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.1104149},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1104149},
	abstract = {One sentence summary: To attain the limits to measurement preci-sion imposed by quantum mechanics, 'quantum tricks' are often required. Abstract: Quantum mechanics, through the Heisen-berg uncertainty principle, imposes limits to the pre-cision of measurement. Conventional measurement techniques typically fail to reach these limits. Con-ventional bounds to the precision of measurements such as the shot noise limit or the standard quan-tum limit are not as fundamental as the Heisenberg limits, and can be beaten using quantum strategies that employ 'quantum tricks' such as squeezing and entanglement.},
	number = {5700},
	urldate = {2017-09-11},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Giovannetti, Vittorio},
	month = nov,
	year = {2004},
	note = {arXiv: quant-ph/0412078},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {1330--1336},
}

One sentence summary: To attain the limits to measurement preci-sion imposed by quantum mechanics, 'quantum tricks' are often required. Abstract: Quantum mechanics, through the Heisen-berg uncertainty principle, imposes limits to the pre-cision of measurement. Conventional measurement techniques typically fail to reach these limits. Con-ventional bounds to the precision of measurements such as the shot noise limit or the standard quan-tum limit are not as fundamental as the Heisenberg limits, and can be beaten using quantum strategies that employ 'quantum tricks' such as squeezing and entanglement.

@book{CIbook,
	title = {Conical {Intersections}: {Electronic} {Structure}, {Dynamics} \& {Spectroscopy}},
	publisher = {World Scientific},
	editor = {Domcke, Wolfgang and Yarkony, David R and Koppel, Horst},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@article{Craig2004,
	title = {Analysis of the rotational structure in bands in the high-resolution infrared spectra of butadiene and butadiene-2,3-d2: refinement in assignments of fundamentals},
	volume = {695-696},
	issn = {00222860},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022286003008305},
	doi = {10.1016/j.molstruc.2003.11.051},
	urldate = {2012-10-01},
	journal = {Journal of Molecular Structure},
	author = {Craig, Norman C. and Davis, Jedidiah L. and Hanson, Keith A. and Moore, Michael C. and Weidenbaum, Kevin J. and Lock, Michael},
	month = jun,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {high-resolution infrared spectra, quantum chemical calculations, raman spectra, rotational constants, structural parameters},
	pages = {59--69},
}

@book{Whitaker2003,
	title = {Imaging in {Molecular} {Dynamics} {Technology} and {Applications}},
	isbn = {0-521-81059-0},
	url = {http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/chemistry/physical-chemistry/imaging-molecular-dynamics-technology-and-applications},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	editor = {Whitaker, Benjamin J.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@incollection{MauroDAriano2003,
	title = {Quantum {Tomography}},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1076567003800654},
	urldate = {2017-09-11},
	booktitle = {Advances in {Imaging} and {Electron} {Physics}, {Vol}. 128},
	author = {Mauro D’Ariano, G. and Paris, Matteo G.A. and Sacchi, Massimiliano F.},
	year = {2003},
	doi = {10.1016/S1076-5670(03)80065-4},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {205--308},
}

@book{Hufner2003,
	title = {Photoelectron spectroscopy : principles and applications},
	isbn = {3-540-41802-4},
	abstract = {3rd ed. Introduction and basic principles -- Core levels and final states -- Charge-excitation final states: satellites -- Continuous satellites and plasmon satellites: XPS photoemission in nearly free electron systems -- Valence orbitals in simple molecules and insulating solids -- Photoemission of valence electrons from metallic solids in the one-electron approximation -- Band structure and angular-resolved photoelectron spectra -- Surface states, surface effects -- Inverse photoelectron spectroscopy -- Spin-polarized photoelectron spectroscopy -- Photoelectron diffraction.},
	urldate = {2017-09-28},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Hüfner, Stefan},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

3rd ed. Introduction and basic principles – Core levels and final states – Charge-excitation final states: satellites – Continuous satellites and plasmon satellites: XPS photoemission in nearly free electron systems – Valence orbitals in simple molecules and insulating solids – Photoemission of valence electrons from metallic solids in the one-electron approximation – Band structure and angular-resolved photoelectron spectra – Surface states, surface effects – Inverse photoelectron spectroscopy – Spin-polarized photoelectron spectroscopy – Photoelectron diffraction.

@article{merkt2003,
	title = {High-resolution threshold-ionization spectroscopy of {NH3}},
	volume = {118},
	issn = {0021-9606},
	url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?JCP/118/10024/1},
	doi = {10.1063/1.1571528},
	number = {22},
	journal = {The Journal of Chemical Physics},
	author = {Seiler, R and Hollenstein, U and Softley, T P and Merkt, F},
	month = jun,
	year = {2003},
	note = {Publisher: AIP},
	keywords = {Rydberg states, ammonia, ground states, ionisation potential, photoelectron spectra, photoionisation, vibrational states},
	pages = {10024--10033},
}

@article{Stapelfeldt2003,
	title = {Colloquium: {Aligning} molecules with strong laser pulses},
	volume = {75},
	issn = {0034-6861},
	url = {http://rmp.aps.org/abstract/RMP/v75/i2/p543_1},
	doi = {10.1103/RevModPhys.75.543},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2013-01-28},
	journal = {Reviews of Modern Physics},
	author = {Stapelfeldt, Henrik and Seideman, Tamar},
	month = apr,
	year = {2003},
	pages = {543--557},
}

@article{Muller2002,
	title = {Reconstruction of attosecond harmonic beating by interference of two-photon transitions},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {09462171},
	doi = {10.1007/s00340-002-0894-8},
	abstract = {A method is proposed for detailed determination of the temporal structure{\textbackslash}nof XUV pulses. The method is especially suited for diagnostics on{\textbackslash}nattosecond pulses and pulse trains that originate from temporal beating{\textbackslash}nof various harmonics of an ultrashort laser pulse. A recent experiment{\textbackslash}nalready showed the feasibility of this method when applied to long{\textbackslash}nattosecond pulse trains, where it measured the average pulse characteristics.{\textbackslash}nHere we argue that the same method is also suitable for determining{\textbackslash}ndifferences between the individual attosecond pulses in a short train,{\textbackslash}nor the properties of a single attosecond pulse.},
	journal = {Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics},
	author = {Muller, H. G.},
	year = {2002},
	note = {ISBN: 0034000208},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {17--21},
}

A method is proposed for detailed determination of the temporal structure\nof XUV pulses. The method is especially suited for diagnostics on\nattosecond pulses and pulse trains that originate from temporal beating\nof various harmonics of an ultrashort laser pulse. A recent experiment\nalready showed the feasibility of this method when applied to long\nattosecond pulse trains, where it measured the average pulse characteristics.\nHere we argue that the same method is also suitable for determining\ndifferences between the individual attosecond pulses in a short train,\nor the properties of a single attosecond pulse.

@article{Lin2002,
	title = {Total cross sections and molecular frame photoelectron angular distributions in the {N} 1s photoionization of {N}[sub 2]: {An} investigation of electron correlation effects},
	volume = {117},
	issn = {00219606},
	url = {http://link.aip.org/link/JCPSA6/v117/i9/p4348/s1&Agg=doi},
	doi = {10.1063/1.1488576},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2012-07-17},
	journal = {The Journal of Chemical Physics},
	author = {Lin, Ping and Lucchese, Robert R.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {4348},
}

@article{Gessner2002a,
	title = {4σ-1 {Inner} {Valence} {Photoionization} {Dynamics} of {NO} {Derived} from {Photoelectron}-{Photoion} {Angular} {Correlations}},
	volume = {88},
	issn = {0031-9007},
	url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.193002},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.193002},
	number = {19},
	urldate = {2013-02-18},
	journal = {Physical Review Letters},
	author = {Geßner, O. and Hikosaka, Y. and Zimmermann, B. and Hempelmann, A. and Lucchese, R. and Eland, J. and Guyon, P.-M. and Becker, U.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {193002},
}

@article{Wollenhaupt2002,
	title = {Interferences of ultrashort free electron wave packets.},
	volume = {89},
	issn = {0031-9007},
	url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.173001},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.173001},
	abstract = {Interferences of free electron wave packets generated by a pair of identical, time-delayed, femtosecond laser pulses which ionize excited atomic potassium have been observed. Two different schemes are investigated: threshold electrons produced by one-photon ionization with parallel laser polarization and above threshold ionization electrons produced by a two-photon transition with crossed laser polarization. Our results show that the temporal coherence of light pulses is transferred to free electron wave packets, thus opening the door to a whole variety of exciting experiments.},
	number = {17},
	urldate = {2012-07-17},
	journal = {Physical review letters},
	author = {Wollenhaupt, M. and Assion, A. and Liese, D. and Sarpe-Tudoran, Ch. and Baumert, T. and Zamith, S. and Bouchene, M A and Girard, B. and Flettner, A. and Weichmann, U. and Gerber, G.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2002},
	pmid = {12398664},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {173001},
}

Interferences of free electron wave packets generated by a pair of identical, time-delayed, femtosecond laser pulses which ionize excited atomic potassium have been observed. Two different schemes are investigated: threshold electrons produced by one-photon ionization with parallel laser polarization and above threshold ionization electrons produced by a two-photon transition with crossed laser polarization. Our results show that the temporal coherence of light pulses is transferred to free electron wave packets, thus opening the door to a whole variety of exciting experiments.

@article{DeCarvalho2002,
	title = {Time delay},
	volume = {364},
	issn = {03701573},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0370157301000928},
	doi = {10.1016/S0370-1573(01)00092-8},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2012-07-30},
	journal = {Physics Reports},
	author = {de Carvalho, C.A.A. and Nussenzveig, H.M.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {83--174},
}

@book{hecht,
	edition = {4th Intern},
	title = {Optics},
	publisher = {Addison Wesley},
	author = {Hecht, Eugene},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@article{Pratt2002,
	title = {Photoionization dynamics of the {B} {1E}″ state of ammonia},
	volume = {117},
	issn = {0021-9606},
	url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?JCP/117/1055/1},
	doi = {10.1063/1.1484383},
	number = {3},
	journal = {The Journal of Chemical Physics},
	author = {Pratt, S T},
	month = jul,
	year = {2002},
	note = {Publisher: AIP},
	keywords = {Rydberg states, ammonia, photoexcitation, photoionisation, resonant states, rotational states, two-photon processes, ultraviolet photoelectron spectra, vibronic states},
	pages = {1055--1067},
}

@article{Continetti2001,
	title = {Coincidence spectroscopy.},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {0066-426X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11741434},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev.physchem.52.1.165},
	abstract = {The application of coincidence techniques to the study of the reaction dynamics of isolated molecules is reviewed. Coincidence spectroscopy is a powerful approach for carrying out a number of measurements. At its most basic level, coincidence techniques can identify the source of a specific signal, as in the well-known photoelectron-photoion coincidence approach used for several years. By carrying out coincidence experiments in an increasingly differential manner, correlated energy and angular distributions of reaction products may be recorded. Completely energy- and angle-resolved measurements of photoelectrons and ionic or neutral products can reveal molecular-frame photoelectron and photofragment angular distributions and aid in the characterization of dissociative states of molecules and ions. Recent work in this area is reviewed, including examples from studies of dissociative photodetachment, dissociative photoionization, time-resolved studies of dissociative photoionization, and three-body dissociation processes.},
	journal = {Annual review of physical chemistry},
	author = {Continetti, R E},
	month = jan,
	year = {2001},
	pmid = {11326063},
	keywords = {\#nosource, dissociative, dissociative photodetachment, molecular-frame photoelectron angular distribution, of coincidence techniques to, photoionization, reaction, reaction dynamics, s abstract the application, the study of the, three-body dissociation},
	pages = {165--92},
}

The application of coincidence techniques to the study of the reaction dynamics of isolated molecules is reviewed. Coincidence spectroscopy is a powerful approach for carrying out a number of measurements. At its most basic level, coincidence techniques can identify the source of a specific signal, as in the well-known photoelectron-photoion coincidence approach used for several years. By carrying out coincidence experiments in an increasingly differential manner, correlated energy and angular distributions of reaction products may be recorded. Completely energy- and angle-resolved measurements of photoelectrons and ionic or neutral products can reveal molecular-frame photoelectron and photofragment angular distributions and aid in the characterization of dissociative states of molecules and ions. Recent work in this area is reviewed, including examples from studies of dissociative photodetachment, dissociative photoionization, time-resolved studies of dissociative photoionization, and three-body dissociation processes.

@article{Brixner2001,
	title = {Femtosecond polarization pulse shaping.},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {0146-9592},
	doi = {10.1364/OL.26.000557},
	abstract = {We report computer-controlled femtosecond polarization pulse shaping where intensity, momentary frequency, and light polarization are varied as functions of time. For the first time to our knowledge, a pulse shaper is used to modulate the degree of ellipticity as well as the orientation of the elliptical principal axes within a single laser pulse by use of a 256-pixel two-layer liquid-crystal display inside a zero-dispersion compressor. Interferometric stability of the setup is not required. Complete pulse characterization is achieved by dual-channel spectral interferometry. This technology has a large range of applications, especially in the field of quantum control.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Optics letters},
	author = {Brixner, T and Gerber, G},
	year = {2001},
	pmid = {18040384},
	note = {ISBN: 0146-9592},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {557--559},
}

We report computer-controlled femtosecond polarization pulse shaping where intensity, momentary frequency, and light polarization are varied as functions of time. For the first time to our knowledge, a pulse shaper is used to modulate the degree of ellipticity as well as the orientation of the elliptical principal axes within a single laser pulse by use of a 256-pixel two-layer liquid-crystal display inside a zero-dispersion compressor. Interferometric stability of the setup is not required. Complete pulse characterization is achieved by dual-channel spectral interferometry. This technology has a large range of applications, especially in the field of quantum control.

@article{Brixner2001a,
	title = {Photoselective adaptive femtosecond quantum control in the liquid phase.},
	volume = {414},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/35102037},
	abstract = {Coherent light sources can be used to manipulate the outcome of light-matter interactions by exploiting interference phenomena in the time and frequency domain. A powerful tool in this emerging field of 'quantum control' is the adaptive shaping of femtosecond laser pulses, resulting, for instance, in selective molecular excitation. The basis of this method is that the quantum system under investigation itself guides an automated search, via iteration loops, for coherent light fields best suited for achieving a control task designed by the experimenter. The method is therefore ideal for the control of complex experiments. To date, all demonstrations of this technique on molecular systems have focused on controlling the outcome of photo-induced reactions in identical molecules, and little attention has been paid to selectively controlling mixtures of different molecules. Here we report simultaneous but selective multi-photon excitation of two distinct electronically and structurally complex dye molecules in solution. Despite the failure of single parameter variations (wavelength, intensity, or linear chirp control), adaptive femtosecond pulse shaping can reveal complex laser fields to achieve chemically selective molecular excitation. Furthermore, our results prove that phase coherences of the solute molecule persist for more than 100 fs in the solvent environment.},
	number = {6859},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Brixner, T. and Damrauer, N. H. and Niklaus, P. and Gerber, G.},
	year = {2001},
	pmid = {11689940},
	note = {ISBN: 0028-0836},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {57--60},
}

Coherent light sources can be used to manipulate the outcome of light-matter interactions by exploiting interference phenomena in the time and frequency domain. A powerful tool in this emerging field of 'quantum control' is the adaptive shaping of femtosecond laser pulses, resulting, for instance, in selective molecular excitation. The basis of this method is that the quantum system under investigation itself guides an automated search, via iteration loops, for coherent light fields best suited for achieving a control task designed by the experimenter. The method is therefore ideal for the control of complex experiments. To date, all demonstrations of this technique on molecular systems have focused on controlling the outcome of photo-induced reactions in identical molecules, and little attention has been paid to selectively controlling mixtures of different molecules. Here we report simultaneous but selective multi-photon excitation of two distinct electronically and structurally complex dye molecules in solution. Despite the failure of single parameter variations (wavelength, intensity, or linear chirp control), adaptive femtosecond pulse shaping can reveal complex laser fields to achieve chemically selective molecular excitation. Furthermore, our results prove that phase coherences of the solute molecule persist for more than 100 fs in the solvent environment.

@article{softley2001,
	title = {Multichannel {Quantum} {Defect} {Theory} ({MQDT}) {Analysis} of the (2 + 1') {Mass} {Analyzed} {Threshold} {Ionization} ({MATI}) {Spectroscopy} of {NH3}},
	volume = {105},
	issn = {1089-5639},
	url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jp003728a},
	doi = {10.1021/jp003728a},
	number = {23},
	journal = {The Journal of Physical Chemistry A},
	author = {Dickinson, H and Rolland, D and Softley, T P},
	month = jun,
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {5590--5600},
}

@article{Fiss2000,
	title = {Direct observation of a breit-wigner phase of a wave function},
	volume = {85},
	issn = {1079-7114},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10970471},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.2096},
	abstract = {The Breit-Wigner phase of a wave function was obtained by measuring the interference between two independent ionization paths of a molecule. The state of interest was present in only one of the paths, thereby producing a phase shift in the observed signal. An analytical theory was used to determine the phase of the wave function from the observable.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Physical review letters},
	author = {Fiss, J A and Khachatrian, A and Truhins, K and Zhu, L and Gordon, Rj and Seideman, T},
	month = sep,
	year = {2000},
	pmid = {10970471},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {2096--9},
}

The Breit-Wigner phase of a wave function was obtained by measuring the interference between two independent ionization paths of a molecule. The state of interest was present in only one of the paths, thereby producing a phase shift in the observed signal. An analytical theory was used to determine the phase of the wave function from the observable.

@article{Arasaki2000a,
	title = {Femtosecond energy- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy},
	volume = {112},
	issn = {00219606},
	url = {http://link.aip.org/link/JCPSA6/v112/i20/p8871/s1&Agg=doi},
	doi = {10.1063/1.481534},
	number = {20},
	journal = {The Journal of Chemical Physics},
	author = {Arasaki, Yasuki and Takatsuka, Kazuo and Wang, Kwanghsi and McKoy, Vincent},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {8871},
}

@article{Eland2000,
	title = {Photoelectron-fragment ion correlations and fixed-molecule photoelectron angular distributions from velocity imaging coincidence experiments},
	volume = {115},
	issn = {13596640},
	url = {http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2000/fd/a909275g},
	doi = {10.1039/a909275g},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2012-11-23},
	journal = {Faraday Discussions},
	author = {Eland, John H. D. and Takahashi, Masahiko and Hikosaka, Yasumasa},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Publisher: The Royal Society of Chemistry},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {119--126},
}

@article{Schmidtke2000,
	title = {On the impossibility to perform a complete valence-shell photoionization experiment with closed-shell atoms},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {0953-4075},
	url = {http://stacks.iop.org/0953-4075/33/i=13/a=306?key=crossref.ec62c50a4abb6a8ccb8209c7b3c89478},
	doi = {10.1088/0953-4075/33/13/306},
	number = {13},
	journal = {Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics},
	author = {Schmidtke, B and Drescher, M and Cherepkov, N a and Heinzmann, U},
	month = jul,
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {2451--2465},
}

@article{d_ariano_tomography_2000,
	title = {Tomography of {Quantum} {Operations}},
	abstract = {Quantum operations describe any state change allowed in quantum mechanics, including the evolution of an open sys-tem or the state change due to a measurement. In this letter we present a general method based on quantum tomography for measuring experimentally the matrix elements of an arbi-trary quantum operation. As input the method needs only a single entangled state. The feasibility of the technique for the electromagnetic field is shown, and the experimental setup is illustrated based on homodyne tomography of a twin-beam. The typical state change in quantum mechanics is the unitary evolution, where the final state is related to the initial one via the transformation ρ → E(ρ) ≡ U ρU , with U unitary operator on the Hilbert space H of the system. Unitary transformations describe only the evolu-tions of closed systems, and non-unitary transformations occur when the quantum system is coupled to an en-vironment or when a measurement is performed on the system. What is the most general possible state change in quantum mechanics? The answer is provided by the formalism of " quantum operations " by Kraus [1]. Here input and output states are connected via the map ρ → E(ρ) Tr E(ρ) . (1)},
	urldate = {2017-09-11},
	author = {D 'ariano, G M and Presti, P Lo},
	year = {2000},
	note = {arXiv: quant-ph/0012071v1},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

Quantum operations describe any state change allowed in quantum mechanics, including the evolution of an open sys-tem or the state change due to a measurement. In this letter we present a general method based on quantum tomography for measuring experimentally the matrix elements of an arbi-trary quantum operation. As input the method needs only a single entangled state. The feasibility of the technique for the electromagnetic field is shown, and the experimental setup is illustrated based on homodyne tomography of a twin-beam. The typical state change in quantum mechanics is the unitary evolution, where the final state is related to the initial one via the transformation ρ → E(ρ) ≡ U ρU , with U unitary operator on the Hilbert space H of the system. Unitary transformations describe only the evolu-tions of closed systems, and non-unitary transformations occur when the quantum system is coupled to an en-vironment or when a measurement is performed on the system. What is the most general possible state change in quantum mechanics? The answer is provided by the formalism of " quantum operations " by Kraus [1]. Here input and output states are connected via the map ρ → E(ρ) Tr E(ρ) . (1)

@book{Yeazell2000,
	title = {The physics and chemistry of wave packets},
	isbn = {0-471-24684-0},
	url = {https://books.google.ca/books/about/The_Physics_and_Chemistry_of_Wave_Packet.html?id=_sScnHz1kfsC&redir_esc=y&hl=en},
	abstract = {"A Wiley-Interscience publication." Wave packets : past and present / M. Nauenberg -- Semiclassical wave packets / Eric J. Heller -- Excitation of atomic wave packets / John A. Yeazell -- From asteroids to atoms : quantum wave packets and the restricted three-body problem of celestial mechanics / Ernestine Lee [and others] -- Destruction of quantum coherence and wave packet dynamics / Gernot Alber -- Wave packets and half-cycle pulses / Philip Bucksbaum -- Exploring phase space with wave packets / Florentino Borondo and Rosa M. Benito -- Wave packet dynamics in small molecules / Michael Braun [and others] -- Time dependent and time independent wave packet approaches to reactive scattering / Stuart C. Althorpe, Donald J. Kouri, and David K. Hoffman -- Laser-excited wave packets in semiconductor heterostructures / Karl Leo and Martin Koch.},
	urldate = {2017-09-27},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	author = {Yeazell, John and Uzer, Turgay.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

"A Wiley-Interscience publication." Wave packets : past and present / M. Nauenberg – Semiclassical wave packets / Eric J. Heller – Excitation of atomic wave packets / John A. Yeazell – From asteroids to atoms : quantum wave packets and the restricted three-body problem of celestial mechanics / Ernestine Lee [and others] – Destruction of quantum coherence and wave packet dynamics / Gernot Alber – Wave packets and half-cycle pulses / Philip Bucksbaum – Exploring phase space with wave packets / Florentino Borondo and Rosa M. Benito – Wave packet dynamics in small molecules / Michael Braun [and others] – Time dependent and time independent wave packet approaches to reactive scattering / Stuart C. Althorpe, Donald J. Kouri, and David K. Hoffman – Laser-excited wave packets in semiconductor heterostructures / Karl Leo and Martin Koch.

@article{Semenov2000,
	title = {Generalization of the atomic random-phase-approximation method for diatomic molecules: {\textless}math display="inline"{\textgreater} {\textless}mrow{\textgreater} {\textless}msub{\textgreater} {\textless}mrow{\textgreater} {\textless}mi mathvariant="normal"{\textgreater}{N}{\textless}/mi{\textgreater} {\textless}/mrow{\textgreater} {\textless}mrow{\textgreater} {\textless}mn{\textgreater}2{\textless}/mn{\textgreater} {\textless}/mrow{\textgreater} {\textless}/msub{\textgreater} {\textless}/mrow{\textgreater} {\textless}/math{\textgreater} photoionization cross-section cal},
	volume = {61},
	issn = {1050-2947},
	url = {http://pra.aps.org/abstract/PRA/v61/i3/e032704},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.61.032704},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2012-07-19},
	journal = {Physical Review A},
	author = {Semenov, S. K. and Cherepkov, N. A. and Fecher, G. H. and Schönhense, G.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2000},
	pages = {032704},
}

@article{Ben-Nun2000,
	title = {Ab {Initio} {Multiple} {Spawning}: {Photochemistry} from {First} {Principles} {Quantum} {Molecular} {Dynamics}},
	volume = {104},
	issn = {1089-5639},
	url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jp994174i},
	doi = {10.1021/jp994174i},
	abstract = {The ab initio multiple spawning (AIMS) method is a time-dependent formulation of quantum chemistry, whereby the nuclear dynamics and electronic structure problems are solved simultaneously. Quantum mechanical effects in the nuclear dynamics are included, especially the nonadiabatic effects which are crucial in modeling dynamics on multiple electronic states. The AIMS method makes it possible to describe photochemistry from first principles molecular dynamics, with no empirical parameters. We describe the method and present the application to two molecules of interest in organic photochemistryethylene and cyclobutene. We show that the photodynamics of ethylene involves both covalent and ionic electronic excited states and the return to the ground state proceeds through a pyramidalized geometry. For the photoinduced ring opening of cyclobutene, we show that the disrotatory motion predicted by the Woodward−Hoffmann rules is established within the first 50 fs after optical excitation.},
	number = {22},
	urldate = {2017-10-11},
	journal = {The Journal of Physical Chemistry A},
	author = {Ben-Nun, M. and Quenneville, Jason and Martínez, Todd J.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2000},
	note = {Publisher: American Chemical Society},
	pages = {5161--5175},
}

The ab initio multiple spawning (AIMS) method is a time-dependent formulation of quantum chemistry, whereby the nuclear dynamics and electronic structure problems are solved simultaneously. Quantum mechanical effects in the nuclear dynamics are included, especially the nonadiabatic effects which are crucial in modeling dynamics on multiple electronic states. The AIMS method makes it possible to describe photochemistry from first principles molecular dynamics, with no empirical parameters. We describe the method and present the application to two molecules of interest in organic photochemistryethylene and cyclobutene. We show that the photodynamics of ethylene involves both covalent and ionic electronic excited states and the return to the ground state proceeds through a pyramidalized geometry. For the photoinduced ring opening of cyclobutene, we show that the disrotatory motion predicted by the Woodward−Hoffmann rules is established within the first 50 fs after optical excitation.

@article{Reid1999,
	title = {Photoelectron angular distributions as a probe of alignment evolution in a polyatomic molecule: {Picosecond} time- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of {S}[sub 1] para-difluorobenzene},
	volume = {111},
	issn = {00219606},
	url = {http://link.aip.org/link/JCPSA6/v111/i4/p1438/s1&Agg=doi},
	doi = {10.1063/1.479403},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2013-06-12},
	journal = {The Journal of Chemical Physics},
	author = {Reid, Katharine L. and Field, Thomas a. and Towrie, Michael and Matousek, Pavel},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {1438},
}

@article{Snell1999,
	title = {Complete {Description} of the {Xe} \$4d\$ {Photoionization} by {Spin}-{Resolved} {Photoelectron} and {Auger} {Spectroscopy}},
	volume = {82},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.2480},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Physical Review Letters},
	author = {Snell, G and Langer, B and Drescher, M and Müller, N and Zimmermann, B and Hergenhahn, U and Viefhaus, J and Heinzmann, U and Becker, U},
	month = mar,
	year = {1999},
	note = {Publisher: American Physical Society},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {2480--2483},
}

@article{Rakitzis1999,
	title = {Photofragment angular momentum distributions in the molecular frame: {Determination} and interpretation},
	volume = {110},
	issn = {00219606},
	url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?JCPSA6/110/3341/1},
	doi = {10.1063/1.478200},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2012-11-14},
	journal = {The Journal of Chemical Physics},
	author = {Rakitzis, T. Peter and Zare, Richard N.},
	month = feb,
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {\#nosource, matrix algebra, molecule-photon collisions, photodissociation, photoionisation, photolysis, time of flight mass spectra},
	pages = {3341},
}

@article{Averbukh1999,
	title = {Reconstructing wave packets by quantum-state holography},
	volume = {59},
	issn = {1050-2947},
	url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.59.2163},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.59.2163},
	abstract = {We analyze and further develop our method of quantum-state holography for reconstructing quantum su- perposition states in molecules or atoms ?Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 1418 ?1998??. The technique is based on mixing the unknown object state with a known reference state generated in the same system by two delayed laser pulses, and detecting the total time- and frequency-integrated fluorescence as a function of the delay. The feasibility of the method is demonstrated by reconstructing various vibrational wave packets in sodium dimers. Both the cases of completely controlled and noisy relative phase between the laser pulses are considered. In the latter case, we use the technique of coherence observation by interference noise to recover the interference component of the fluorescence signal. Our results clearly demonstrate the robustness of quantum-state holog- raphy and the high quality of reconstruction even in the presence of the external noise. ?S1050-2947?99?06403-3?},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Physical Review A},
	author = {Averbukh, I. Sh and Shapiro, M. and Leichtle, C. and Schleich, W. P.},
	month = mar,
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {2163--2173},
}

We analyze and further develop our method of quantum-state holography for reconstructing quantum su- perposition states in molecules or atoms ?Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 1418 ?1998??. The technique is based on mixing the unknown object state with a known reference state generated in the same system by two delayed laser pulses, and detecting the total time- and frequency-integrated fluorescence as a function of the delay. The feasibility of the method is demonstrated by reconstructing various vibrational wave packets in sodium dimers. Both the cases of completely controlled and noisy relative phase between the laser pulses are considered. In the latter case, we use the technique of coherence observation by interference noise to recover the interference component of the fluorescence signal. Our results clearly demonstrate the robustness of quantum-state holog- raphy and the high quality of reconstruction even in the presence of the external noise. ?S1050-2947?99?06403-3?

@article{Seideman1998,
	title = {The role of a molecular phase in two-pathway excitation schemes},
	volume = {108},
	issn = {00219606},
	url = {http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/jcp/108/5/10.1063/1.475571},
	doi = {10.1063/1.475571},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2015-01-15},
	journal = {The Journal of Chemical Physics},
	author = {Seideman, Tamar},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {1915},
}

@article{ashfold1998,
	title = {The spectroscopy of high {Rydberg} states of ammonia},
	volume = {108},
	url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?JCP/108/6667/1},
	doi = {10.1063/1.476082},
	number = {16},
	journal = {The Journal of Chemical Physics},
	author = {Langford, Stephen R and Orr-Ewing, Andrew J and Morgan, Ross A and Western, Colin M and Ashfold, Michael N R and Rijkenberg, Arjan and Scheper, Connie R and Buma, Wybren Jan and de Lange, Cornelis A},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Publisher: AIP},
	keywords = {\#nosource, ammonia; Rydberg states; multiphoton processes; ph},
	pages = {6667--6680},
}

@book{bunkerMolSymm,
	address = {Ottawa},
	edition = {2nd},
	title = {Molecular {Symmetry} and {Spectroscopy}},
	publisher = {NRC Research Press},
	author = {Bunker, P R and Jensen, P},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@book{hollasHighRes,
	address = {Chichester, UK},
	edition = {2nd},
	title = {High {Resolution} {Spectroscopy}},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons},
	author = {Hollas, J Michael},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@article{Assion1998,
	title = {Control of chemical reactions by feedback-optimized phase-shaped femtosecond laser pulses},
	volume = {282},
	url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.282.5390.919},
	doi = {10.1126/science.282.5390.919},
	number = {5390},
	urldate = {2012-07-26},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Assion, A and Baumert, T and Bergt, M and Brixner, T},
	month = oct,
	year = {1998},
	pages = {919--922},
}

@article{Ben-Nun1998a,
	title = {Nonadiabatic molecular dynamics: {Validation} of the multiple spawning method for a multidimensional problem},
	volume = {108},
	issn = {0021-9606},
	url = {http://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.476142},
	doi = {10.1063/1.476142},
	abstract = {The recently introduced full multiple spawning (FMS) method for molecular dynamics beyond the Born–Oppenheimer approximation is tested against exact numerical solution of the coupled nuclear Schrödinger equation for a two-dimensional model problem with two electronic states. The method uses a multiconfigurational frozen Gaussian ansatz for the wave function and the key idea is to expand the size of the basis set only during nonadiabatic events, using available information to predict the regions of phase space where population will be created. This is accomplished via the spawning procedure which keeps the basis size manageable while ensuring that it provides a reasonable approximation to the exact wave function. The parameters that govern the numerical accuracy of the method are discussed in detail. Expectation values and branching ratios are predicted quantitatively over a broad range of energies.},
	number = {17},
	urldate = {2017-10-11},
	journal = {The Journal of Chemical Physics},
	author = {Ben-Nun, M. and Martı́nez, Todd J.},
	month = may,
	year = {1998},
	note = {Publisher: American Institute of Physics},
	keywords = {Schrodinger equation, molecular electronic states},
	pages = {7244--7257},
}

The recently introduced full multiple spawning (FMS) method for molecular dynamics beyond the Born–Oppenheimer approximation is tested against exact numerical solution of the coupled nuclear Schrödinger equation for a two-dimensional model problem with two electronic states. The method uses a multiconfigurational frozen Gaussian ansatz for the wave function and the key idea is to expand the size of the basis set only during nonadiabatic events, using available information to predict the regions of phase space where population will be created. This is accomplished via the spawning procedure which keeps the basis size manageable while ensuring that it provides a reasonable approximation to the exact wave function. The parameters that govern the numerical accuracy of the method are discussed in detail. Expectation values and branching ratios are predicted quantitatively over a broad range of energies.

@article{Dorner1997a,
	title = {Kinematically complete experiments using cold target recoil ion momentum spectroscopy},
	volume = {124},
	issn = {0168583X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-583X(96)00877-4},
	doi = {10.1016/S0168-583X(96)00877-4},
	abstract = {Cold Target Recoil Ion Momentum Spectroscopy allows the detection of the three-dimensional momentum vector of the recoiling product ion from ion, electron or photon atom collisions with 4π solid angle and high resolution. It can be combined with large area position-sensitive detectors for electron detection or measurement of the projectile charge-state and scattering angle. Such ‘reaction microscopes’ cover the full correlated momentum space of all fragments of an atomic reaction yielding kinematically complete information for each reaction event. For the first time in atomic collision physics fully differential data became available in the sense that not only the momenta of all fragments, but also the complete momentum space is observed in one experiment. Recent results achieved with this new technique for slow p-He collisions and threshold photo ionization of He will be discussed.},
	number = {2-3},
	urldate = {2012-11-12},
	journal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
	author = {Dörner, R. and Mergel, V. and Spielberger, L. and Achler, M. and Khayyat, Kh. and Vogt, T. and Bräuning, H. and Jagutzki, O. and Weber, T. and Ullrich, J. and Moshammer, R. and Unverzagt, M. and Schmitt, W. and Khemliche, H. and Prior, M.H. and Cocke, C.L. and Feagin, J. and Olson, R.E. and Schmidt-Böcking, H.},
	month = apr,
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {225--231},
}

Cold Target Recoil Ion Momentum Spectroscopy allows the detection of the three-dimensional momentum vector of the recoiling product ion from ion, electron or photon atom collisions with 4π solid angle and high resolution. It can be combined with large area position-sensitive detectors for electron detection or measurement of the projectile charge-state and scattering angle. Such ‘reaction microscopes’ cover the full correlated momentum space of all fragments of an atomic reaction yielding kinematically complete information for each reaction event. For the first time in atomic collision physics fully differential data became available in the sense that not only the momenta of all fragments, but also the complete momentum space is observed in one experiment. Recent results achieved with this new technique for slow p-He collisions and threshold photo ionization of He will be discussed.

@article{Parker1997a,
	title = {Photoelectron and photofragment velocity map imaging of state-selected molecular oxygen dissociation/ionization dynamics},
	volume = {107},
	issn = {00219606},
	url = {http://link.aip.org/link/JCPSA6/v107/i7/p2357/s1&Agg=doi},
	doi = {10.1063/1.474624},
	number = {7},
	journal = {The Journal of Chemical Physics},
	author = {Parker, D. H. and Eppink, A. T. J. B.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {2357},
}

@article{Parker1997,
	title = {Velocity map imaging of ions and electrons using electrostatic lenses: {Application} in photoelectron and photofragment ion imaging of molecular oxygen},
	volume = {68},
	issn = {00346748},
	url = {http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/rsi/68/9/10.1063/1.1148310},
	doi = {10.1063/1.1148310},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2014-07-24},
	journal = {Review of Scientific Instruments},
	author = {Eppink, Andre T. J. B. and Parker, David H},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {3477},
}

@book{mqm,
	edition = {3},
	title = {Molecular {Quantum} {Mechanics}},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Atkins, P W and Friedman, R S},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@book{Scully1997,
	address = {Cambridge},
	title = {Quantum optics},
	isbn = {978-0-511-81399-3},
	url = {http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9780511813993},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Scully, Marlan O. and Zubairy, M. Suhail},
	year = {1997},
	doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511813993},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@article{softley1997,
	title = {Rotational propensities in the state selection of {NH3}+ by pulsed-field ionization},
	volume = {355},
	abstract = {NH3+ ions have been prepared in unique vibration-rotation states
v(2)(+), N+, K+, by pulsed-field ionization of high Rydberg states
of NH3, populated by two-colour multiphoton excitation. The selected
states, ranging from v(2)(+) = 0 to 7 and N+, K+ less than or equal
to 4 are accessed via the B and C' states as intermediates. The application
of multichannel quantum defect theory to the understanding of the
rotational propensities in the mass-analysed threshold ionization
spectra is discussed. It is demonstrated that the interactions of
the Rydberg pseudo-continuum both with bound Rydberg states and with
other continua can be modelled.},
	number = {1729},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A},
	author = {Dickinson, H and Rolland, D and Softley, T P},
	month = aug,
	year = {1997},
	note = {Publisher: ROYAL SOC LONDON
Type: Article
Place: 6 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON, ENGLAND SW1Y 5AG},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {1585--1606},
}

NH3+ ions have been prepared in unique vibration-rotation states v(2)(+), N+, K+, by pulsed-field ionization of high Rydberg states of NH3, populated by two-colour multiphoton excitation. The selected states, ranging from v(2)(+) = 0 to 7 and N+, K+ less than or equal to 4 are accessed via the B and C' states as intermediates. The application of multichannel quantum defect theory to the understanding of the rotational propensities in the mass-analysed threshold ionization spectra is discussed. It is demonstrated that the interactions of the Rydberg pseudo-continuum both with bound Rydberg states and with other continua can be modelled.

@book{hollas,
	edition = {3rd},
	title = {Modern {Spectroscopy}},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons},
	author = {Hollas, J Michael},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@book{jortner1997,
	address = {Oxford},
	title = {Molecular {Electronics}},
	publisher = {Blackwell},
	editor = {Jortner, J and Ratner, M A},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@article{Ullrich1999,
	title = {Recoil-ion momentum spectroscopy},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {0953-4075},
	url = {http://iopscience.iop.org/0953-4075/30/13/006},
	doi = {10.1088/0953-4075/30/13/006},
	number = {13},
	urldate = {2012-11-06},
	journal = {Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics},
	author = {Ullrich, J and Moshammer, R and Dörner, R and Jagutzki, O and Mergel, V and Schmidt-Böcking, H and Spielberger, L},
	month = jul,
	year = {1997},
	pages = {2917--2974},
}

@article{Park1996b,
	title = {Molecular-orbital decomposition of the ionization continuum for a diatomic molecule by angle- and energy-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. {II}. {Ionization} continuum of {NO}},
	volume = {104},
	url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?JCP/104/4554/1},
	doi = {10.1063/1.471204},
	number = {12},
	journal = {The Journal of Chemical Physics},
	author = {Park, Hongkun and Zare, Richard N},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Publisher: AIP},
	keywords = {\#nosource, ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION; DECOMPOSITION; DIPOLE MOMENT},
	pages = {4568--4580},
}

@article{Moshammer1996,
	title = {A 4π recoil-ion electron momentum analyzer: a high-resolution “microscope” for the investigation of the dynamics of atomic, molecular and nuclear reactions},
	volume = {108},
	issn = {0168583X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583X(95)01259-1},
	doi = {10.1016/0168-583X(95)01259-1},
	abstract = {A high-resolution recoil-ion momentum spectrometer based on a precooled localized supersonic jet target (COLTRIMS) has been combined with a novel low-energy electron analyzer with 4π solid angle for electrons with energies Ee ≤ 30 eV including Ee = 0 eV. Thus, three recoil-ion momentum components, the recoil-ion charge state and three momentum components of one electron emitted in any collision-induced ionization reaction are measured simultaneously with a coincidence efficiency of 28\%. In order to accept large recoil-ion longitudinal momenta (along the beam) of pR‖ ≤ 160 a.u. and simultaneously guarantee a superior resolution in this direction (Δ PR‖ ≤ ± 0.08 a.u.), recoil ions are extracted in the longitudinal direction different from all former concepts. Test measurements, details on the present design and results of a kinematically complete experiment for single ionization are presented and possible further improvements are discussed. The future potential of such spectrometers for the investigation of collision-induced atomic many-particle reactions, the “Coulomb-explosion” of molecules and the spectroscopy of electronic states in heavy few-electron systems is illustrated. Similar techniques might be used to measure angular correlations and even the neutrino mass in β-decay experiments.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2012-11-12},
	journal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
	author = {Moshammer, R. and Unverzagt, M. and Schmitt, W. and Ullrich, J. and Schmidt-Böcking, H.},
	month = mar,
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {425--445},
}

A high-resolution recoil-ion momentum spectrometer based on a precooled localized supersonic jet target (COLTRIMS) has been combined with a novel low-energy electron analyzer with 4π solid angle for electrons with energies Ee ≤ 30 eV including Ee = 0 eV. Thus, three recoil-ion momentum components, the recoil-ion charge state and three momentum components of one electron emitted in any collision-induced ionization reaction are measured simultaneously with a coincidence efficiency of 28%. In order to accept large recoil-ion longitudinal momenta (along the beam) of pR‖ ≤ 160 a.u. and simultaneously guarantee a superior resolution in this direction (Δ PR‖ ≤ ± 0.08 a.u.), recoil ions are extracted in the longitudinal direction different from all former concepts. Test measurements, details on the present design and results of a kinematically complete experiment for single ionization are presented and possible further improvements are discussed. The future potential of such spectrometers for the investigation of collision-induced atomic many-particle reactions, the “Coulomb-explosion” of molecules and the spectroscopy of electronic states in heavy few-electron systems is illustrated. Similar techniques might be used to measure angular correlations and even the neutrino mass in β-decay experiments.

@article{Wang1995,
	title = {High-{Resolution} {Photoelectron} {Spectroscopy} of {Molecules}},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0066-426X},
	url = {http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.pc.46.100195.001423},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev.pc.46.100195.001423},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2012-07-19},
	journal = {Annual Review of Physical Chemistry},
	author = {Wang, K and McKoy, V},
	month = oct,
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {\#nosource, rempi},
	pages = {275--304},
}

@article{Pratt1995,
	title = {Excited-state molecular photoionization dynamics},
	volume = {58},
	issn = {0034-4885},
	url = {http://stacks.iop.org/0034-4885/58/i=8/a=001?key=crossref.f9185fc1a50418336b06c00500ef2ad0},
	doi = {10.1088/0034-4885/58/8/001},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Reports on Progress in Physics},
	author = {Pratt, S T},
	month = aug,
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {821--883},
}

@article{Stratmann1995,
	title = {A graphical unitary group approach to study multiplet specific multichannel electron correlation effects in the photoionization of {O2}},
	volume = {102},
	issn = {00219606},
	url = {http://link.aip.org/link/JCPSA6/v102/i21/p8493/s1&Agg=doi},
	doi = {10.1063/1.468841},
	number = {21},
	urldate = {2012-07-18},
	journal = {The Journal of Chemical Physics},
	author = {Stratmann, R E and Lucchese, Robert R},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {8493},
}

@book{Mukamel1995,
	title = {Principles of {Nonlinear} {Optical} {Spectroscopy}},
	isbn = {0-19-509278-3},
	author = {Mukamel, Shaul},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Publication Title: Oxford Series on Optical and Imaging Sciences},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@article{Shapiro1995,
	title = {Imaging of wave functions and potentials from time-resolved and frequency-resolved fluorescence data},
	volume = {103},
	issn = {0021-9606},
	url = {http://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.469748},
	doi = {10.1063/1.469748},
	abstract = {Imaging of the amplitude and phase of time-evolving wave functions and excited-state potentials, using fluorescence data, is performed. The method relies on the use of both frequency-resolved and time-resolved fluorescence to reduce the problem of wave function imaging to a solvable set of linear algebraic equations. The potential inversion is performed by a new formula which expresses an excited state potential in terms of the ground state potential, the transition frequencies, and the transition-dipole matrix elements, whose sign is shown to be derivable from the spectral line strengths. (C) 1995 American Institute of Physics.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {The Journal of Chemical Physics},
	author = {Shapiro, Moshe},
	month = aug,
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {1748--1754},
}

Imaging of the amplitude and phase of time-evolving wave functions and excited-state potentials, using fluorescence data, is performed. The method relies on the use of both frequency-resolved and time-resolved fluorescence to reduce the problem of wave function imaging to a solvable set of linear algebraic equations. The potential inversion is performed by a new formula which expresses an excited state potential in terms of the ground state potential, the transition frequencies, and the transition-dipole matrix elements, whose sign is shown to be derivable from the spectral line strengths. (C) 1995 American Institute of Physics.

@article{Dunn1995,
	title = {Experimental {Determination} of the {Quantum}-{Mechanical} {State} of a {Molecular} {Vibrational} {Mode} {Using} {Fluorescence} {Tomography}},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {0031-9007},
	url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.884},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.884},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Physical Review Letters},
	author = {Dunn, T J and Walmsley, I A and Mukamel, S.},
	month = feb,
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {884--887},
}

@article{Moshammer1994,
	title = {Low-{Energy} {Electrons} and {Their} {Dynamical} {Correlation} with {Recoil} {Ions} for {Single} {Ionization} of {Helium} by {Fast}, {Heavy}-{Ion} {Impact}},
	volume = {73},
	issn = {0031-9007},
	shorttitle = {Phys. {Rev}. {Lett}.},
	url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.73.3371},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.73.3371},
	abstract = {Helium single ionization by 3.6 me V/u Ni24+ impact was explored in a kinematically complete experiment by combining a high-resolution recoil-ion momentum spectrometer with a novel 4π low-energy electron analyzer. More than 90\% of the "soft electrons" (Ee≲50 eV) are ejected in the forward direction in agreement with classical-trajectory Monte Carlo predictions. The electron longitudinal momentum is not balanced by the longitudinal momentum change of the projectile but mainly by the backwards recoiling He1+ ion. Energy losses of the 0.2 GeV projectiles as small as ΔEP/EP=3.4×10-7 are observable.},
	number = {25},
	urldate = {2012-11-12},
	journal = {Physical Review Letters},
	author = {Moshammer, R. and Ullrich, J. and Unverzagt, M. and Schmidt, W. and Jardin, P. and Olson, R. and Mann, R. and Dörner, R. and Mergel, V. and Buck, U. and Schmidt-Böcking, H.},
	month = dec,
	year = {1994},
	note = {Publisher: American Physical Society},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {3371--3374},
}

Helium single ionization by 3.6 me V/u Ni24+ impact was explored in a kinematically complete experiment by combining a high-resolution recoil-ion momentum spectrometer with a novel 4π low-energy electron analyzer. More than 90% of the "soft electrons" (Ee≲50 eV) are ejected in the forward direction in agreement with classical-trajectory Monte Carlo predictions. The electron longitudinal momentum is not balanced by the longitudinal momentum change of the projectile but mainly by the backwards recoiling He1+ ion. Energy losses of the 0.2 GeV projectiles as small as ΔEP/EP=3.4×10-7 are observable.

@article{Cramb1994,
	title = {Rydberg states near the ionization continuum: {Autoionization} in ammonia},
	volume = {101},
	url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?JCP/101/6523/1},
	doi = {10.1063/1.468346},
	number = {8},
	journal = {The Journal of Chemical Physics},
	author = {Cramb, D T and Wallace, S C},
	year = {1994},
	note = {Publisher: AIP},
	keywords = {\#nosource, AMMONIA; AUTOIONIZATION; RYDBERG STATES; EXCITED S},
	pages = {6523--6528},
}

@book{thompsonAngMom,
	title = {Angular {Momentum}},
	publisher = {Wiley-Interscience},
	author = {{Thompson William J}},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@article{Yin1993,
	title = {Photoelectron angular distributions for two-photon ionization of atomic rubidium},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {1050-2947},
	url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.47.2881},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.47.2881},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2012-10-02},
	journal = {Physical Review A},
	author = {Yin, Yi-Yian and Elliott, D.},
	month = apr,
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {2881--2887},
}

@article{Chupka1993,
	title = {Factors affecting lifetimes and resolution of {Rydberg} states observed in zero-electron-kinetic-energy spectroscopy},
	volume = {98},
	url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?JCP/98/4520/1},
	doi = {10.1063/1.465011},
	number = {6},
	journal = {The Journal of Chemical Physics},
	author = {Chupka, William A},
	year = {1993},
	note = {Publisher: AIP},
	keywords = {\#nosource, RYDBERG STATES; LIFETIME; RESOLUTION; ELECTRON SPE},
	pages = {4520--4530},
}

@article{Beddard1993,
	title = {Molecular photophysics},
	volume = {56},
	url = {http://iopscience.iop.org/0034-4885/56/1/002},
	number = {March 1992},
	urldate = {2012-07-19},
	journal = {Reports on Progress in Physics},
	author = {Beddard, Godfrey},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {63--171},
}

@article{Reiser1993,
	title = {Zero kinetic energy ({ZEKE}) photoelectron spectroscopy of ammonia by nonresonant two‐photon ionization from the neutral ground state},
	volume = {98},
	issn = {0021-9606},
	url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?JCP/98/8462/1},
	doi = {10.1063/1.464505},
	number = {11},
	journal = {The Journal of Chemical Physics},
	author = {Reiser, Georg and Habenicht, Wieland and Müller‐Dethlefs, Klaus},
	month = jun,
	year = {1993},
	note = {Publisher: AIP},
	keywords = {ADIABATIC APPROXIMATION, AMMONIA, GROUND STATES, IONIZATION POTENTIAL, KINETIC ENERGY, MULTIPHOTON PROCESSES, PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY, PHOTOIONIZATION, PULSES, RESOLUTION, ROTATIONAL STATES, VIBRONIC STATES},
	pages = {8462--8468},
}

@article{Noordam1992,
	title = {Ramsey fringes in atomic {Rydberg} wave packets},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1050-2947},
	url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.45.4734},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.45.4734},
	abstract = {We examine the dynamics of the wave function of a hydrogen Rydberg electron for the case in which the Rydberg states are created by two temporally separated laser pulses. We study the influence of the phase difference between the two pulses. For instance, the electron can make one orbit as a Rydberg wave packet created by the first laser pulse, after which it is sent back to the ground state by the second pulse. The time dependence of the wave packet created by the first pulse can be probed by examination of the total population after the two-pulse sequence. The influence of the relative phase of the two pulses on the total population can be seen as Ramsey fringes. We describe a scheme of wave-packet detection based on this effect. PACS number(s): 32.80.Rm},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2017-08-29},
	journal = {Physical Review A},
	author = {Noordam, L D and Duncan, D I and Gallagher, T F},
	month = apr,
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {4734--4737},
}

We examine the dynamics of the wave function of a hydrogen Rydberg electron for the case in which the Rydberg states are created by two temporally separated laser pulses. We study the influence of the phase difference between the two pulses. For instance, the electron can make one orbit as a Rydberg wave packet created by the first laser pulse, after which it is sent back to the ground state by the second pulse. The time dependence of the wave packet created by the first pulse can be probed by examination of the total population after the two-pulse sequence. The influence of the relative phase of the two pulses on the total population can be seen as Ramsey fringes. We describe a scheme of wave-packet detection based on this effect. PACS number(s): 32.80.Rm

@book{Bevington1992,
	address = {New York},
	edition = {2nd},
	title = {Data {Reduction} and {Error} {Analysis} for the {Physical} {Sciences}},
	publisher = {McGraw-Hill},
	author = {Bevington, Philip R. and Robinson, D. Keith},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@article{Muller-Dethlfes1991,
	title = {High-resolution zero kinetic energy electron spectroscopy of ammonia},
	volume = {95},
	issn = {0021-9606},
	url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?JCP/95/4809/1},
	doi = {10.1063/1.461699},
	number = {7},
	journal = {The Journal of Chemical Physics},
	author = {Habenicht, Wieland and Reiser, Georg and Müller-Dethlefs, Klaus},
	month = oct,
	year = {1991},
	note = {Publisher: AIP},
	keywords = {AMMONIA, CATIONS, ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY, IONIZATION POTENTIAL, ROTATIONAL STATES, VIBRATIONAL STATES},
	pages = {4809--4820},
}

@article{Muller-Dethlefs1991b,
	title = {Zero kinetic energy electron spectroscopy of molecules: {Rotational} symmetry selection rules and intensities},
	volume = {95},
	issn = {0021-9606},
	url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?JCP/95/4821/1},
	doi = {10.1063/1.461700},
	number = {7},
	journal = {The Journal of Chemical Physics},
	author = {Müller‐Dethlefs, Klaus},
	month = oct,
	year = {1991},
	note = {Publisher: AIP},
	keywords = {AMMONIA, MOLECULES, PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY, PHOTOIONIZATION, ROTATIONAL STATES, RYDBERG STATES, SELECTION RULES},
	pages = {4821--4839},
}

@article{Knight1990a,
	title = {Laser-induced continuum structure},
	volume = {190},
	issn = {03701573},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/037015739090089K},
	doi = {10.1016/0370-1573(90)90089-K},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2015-01-07},
	journal = {Physics Reports},
	author = {Knight, P.L and Lauder, M.A and Dalton, B.J},
	month = jun,
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {1--61},
}

@book{Guenther1990,
	title = {Modern {Optics}},
	isbn = {0-471-60538-7},
	publisher = {John Wiley {\textbackslash}\& Sons, Inc.},
	author = {Guenther, Robert},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@book{photochemBook,
	title = {Electronic {Aspects} of {Organic} {Photochemistry}},
	publisher = {Wiley-Interscience},
	author = {Michl, Josef and Bonacic-Koutecky, Vlasta},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@article{Allendorf1989,
	title = {High-resolution angle- and energy-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of {NO}: {Partial} wave decomposition of the ionization continuum},
	volume = {91},
	url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?JCP/91/2216/1},
	doi = {10.1063/1.457030},
	number = {4},
	journal = {The Journal of Chemical Physics},
	author = {Allendorf, Sarah W and Leahy, David J and Jacobs, Dennis C and Zare, Richard N},
	year = {1989},
	note = {Publisher: AIP},
	keywords = {\#nosource, PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY; NITRIC OXIDE; ANGULAR},
	pages = {2216--2234},
}

@article{Barton1988,
	title = {Photoelectron {Holography}},
	volume = {61},
	issn = {0031-9007},
	url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.61.1356},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.61.1356},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2018-02-02},
	journal = {Physical Review Letters},
	author = {Barton, John J.},
	month = sep,
	year = {1988},
	note = {Publisher: American Physical Society},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {1356--1359},
}

@incollection{smith1988,
	title = {Angular {Correlation} in {Multiphoton} {Ionization} of {Atoms}},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0065219908602316},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	author = {Smith, S.J. and Leuchs, G},
	year = {1988},
	doi = {10.1016/S0065-2199(08)60231-6},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {157--221},
}

@book{zareAngMom,
	title = {Angular {Momentum}: {Understanding} spatial aspects in chemistry and physics},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons},
	author = {Zare, Richard N},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@article{Ashfold1988,
	title = {The {B} ̃ 1 {E} ‘ state of ammonia: {Sub}‐{Doppler} spectroscopy at vacuum ultraviolet energies},
	volume = {89},
	issn = {0021-9606},
	url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?JCP/89/1754/1},
	doi = {10.1063/1.455715},
	number = {4},
	journal = {The Journal of Chemical Physics},
	author = {Ashfold, M N R and Dixon, R N and Little, N and Stickland, R J and Western, C M},
	month = aug,
	year = {1988},
	note = {Publisher: AIP},
	keywords = {AMMONIA, ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ENERGYLEVEL TRANSITIONS, LINE SHAPE, PREDISSOCIATION, ROTATIONAL STATES, ULTRAVIOLET SPECTRA},
	pages = {1754--1761},
}

@article{Ashfold1987,
	title = {2+1 {MPI} spectroscopy of {B}̃ {1E}'' state {NH3} and {ND3}: rotational analysis of the origin bands},
	volume = {138},
	issn = {00092614},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TFN-44KWNN4-2T/2/279c00c0dbfa1fabe6c18626fc94372c},
	doi = {10.1016/0009-2614(87)80368-8},
	abstract = {The origin bands of the B 1E''- X 1A'1 transition of both NH3 and ND3 have been observed via the two-photon resonance enhancement they provide to the multiphoton ionisation spectra of these molecules. Spectral analysis, which was greatly aided by the use of controlled molecular beam expansion techniques, yields rotational constants for both origin levels.},
	number = {2-3},
	journal = {Chemical Physics Letters},
	author = {Ashfold, M.N.R. and Dixon, R.N. and Stickland, R.J. and Western, C.M.},
	month = jul,
	year = {1987},
	pages = {201--208},
}

The origin bands of the B 1E''- X 1A'1 transition of both NH3 and ND3 have been observed via the two-photon resonance enhancement they provide to the multiphoton ionisation spectra of these molecules. Spectral analysis, which was greatly aided by the use of controlled molecular beam expansion techniques, yields rotational constants for both origin levels.

@article{Heller1981,
	title = {The semiclassical way to molecular spectroscopy},
	volume = {14},
	url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ar00072a002},
	urldate = {2013-02-08},
	journal = {Accounts of Chemical Research},
	author = {Heller, EJ},
	year = {1981},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {368--375},
}

@article{Heinzmann1980a,
	title = {Experimental determination of the phase differences of continuum wavefunctions describing the photoionisation process of xenon atoms. {II}. {Evaluation} of the matrix elements and the phase differences and their comparison with data in the discrete spectral r},
	volume = {13},
	url = {http://stacks.iop.org/0022-3700/13/4367},
	abstract = {For pt.I see ibid., vol.13, p.4353 (1980). Using the results on spin
polarisation of photoelectrons reported in the previous paper the
bound-free dipole matrix elements and the phase differences of the
continuum wavefunctions have been determined. The comparison of these
data with results obtained by other authors in the discrete spectral
range of xenon shows excellent agreement at the photoionisation threshold.
This agreement is experimental evidence for the validity of the multichannel
quantum defect theory.},
	number = {22},
	journal = {Journal of Physics B: Atomic and Molecular Physics},
	author = {Heinzmann, U},
	year = {1980},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {4367--4381},
}

For pt.I see ibid., vol.13, p.4353 (1980). Using the results on spin polarisation of photoelectrons reported in the previous paper the bound-free dipole matrix elements and the phase differences of the continuum wavefunctions have been determined. The comparison of these data with results obtained by other authors in the discrete spectral range of xenon shows excellent agreement at the photoionisation threshold. This agreement is experimental evidence for the validity of the multichannel quantum defect theory.

@article{Heinzmann1980,
	title = {Experimental determination of the phase differences of continuum wavefunctions describing the photoionisation process of xenon atoms. {I}. {Measurements} of the spin polarisations of photoelectrons and their comparison with theoretical results},
	volume = {13},
	url = {http://stacks.iop.org/0022-3700/13/4353},
	abstract = {The photoionisation of xenon is completely described by the knowledge
of either three or five parameters, corresponding respectively to
the 2P1/2 and 2P3/2 states of the ion, and their dependence on photon
energy. In the photon energy range from 12 to 41 eV two of these
have been experimentally determined from measurements of the spin
polarisation of photoelectrons emitted by unpolarised and circularly
polarised VUV radiation. After a description of the apparatus used
the measured results are presented and compared with different theoretical
results.},
	number = {22},
	journal = {Journal of Physics B: Atomic and Molecular Physics},
	author = {Heinzmann, U},
	year = {1980},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {4353--4366},
}

The photoionisation of xenon is completely described by the knowledge of either three or five parameters, corresponding respectively to the 2P1/2 and 2P3/2 states of the ion, and their dependence on photon energy. In the photon energy range from 12 to 41 eV two of these have been experimentally determined from measurements of the spin polarisation of photoelectrons emitted by unpolarised and circularly polarised VUV radiation. After a description of the apparatus used the measured results are presented and compared with different theoretical results.

@article{Dill1978,
	title = {Molecular-{Photoelectron} {Angular} {Distributions} as a {Probe} of {Dynamic} {Symmetry} {Breaking}},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {0031-9007},
	url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.41.1230},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.41.1230},
	number = {18},
	urldate = {2015-01-06},
	journal = {Physical Review Letters},
	author = {Dill, Dan and Wallace, Scott and Siegel, Jon and Dehmer, J.},
	month = oct,
	year = {1978},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {1230--1233},
}

@book{landau,
	edition = {3},
	title = {Quantum {Mechanics} ({Non}-relativistic {Theory})},
	publisher = {Pergamon Press},
	author = {Landau, L D and Lifshitz, E M},
	year = {1977},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@incollection{fong1970Intro,
	title = {Radiationless {Processes} in {Molecule} and {Condensed} {Phase}},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	author = {Fong, F K},
	editor = {Fong, F K},
	year = {1976},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {1--21},
}

@incollection{fong1970,
	title = {Energy dependence of electronic relaxation processes in polyatomic molecules},
	url = {http://www.springer.com/us/book/9783662309025},
	booktitle = {Radiationless {Processes} in {Molecules} and {Condensed} {Phases}},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	author = {Freed, K F},
	editor = {Fong, F K},
	year = {1976},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {23--168},
}

@book{messiah,
	title = {Quantum {Mechanics} {Volume} {I}},
	publisher = {North-Holland Publishing Company},
	author = {Messiah, Albert},
	year = {1970},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@book{Abramowitz1970,
	title = {Handbook of mathematical functions : with formulas, graphs, and mathematical tables},
	isbn = {0-486-61272-4},
	abstract = {"This ninth Dover printing conforms to the tenth (December 1972)--printing by the Government Printing Office, except that additional corrections have been made on pages 18, 79, 80, 82, 408, 450, 786, 825 and 934." Mathematical constants / David S. Liepman -- Physical constants and conversion factors / A.G. McNish -- Elementary analytical methods / Milton Abramowitz -- Elementary transcendental functions : logarithmic, exponential, circular and hyperbolic functions / Ruth Zucker -- Exponential integral and related functions / Walter Gautschi and William F. Cahill -- Gamma function and related functions / Philip J. Davis -- Error function and Fresnel integrals / Walter Gautschi -- Legendre functions / Irene A. Stegun -- Bessel functions of integer order / F.W.J. Olver -- Bessell functions of fractional order / H.A. Antosiewicz -- Integrals of Bessel functions / Yudell L. Luke -- Struve functions and related functions / Milton Abramowitz -- Confluent hypergeometric functions / Lucy Joan Slater -- Coulomb wave functions / Milton Abramowitz -- Hypergeometric functions / Fritz Oberhettinger -- Jacobian elliptic functions and theta functions ; Elliptic integrals / L.M. Milne-Thomson -- Weierstrass elliptic and related functions / Thomas H. Southard -- Parabolic cylinder functions / J.C.P. Miller -- Mathieu functions / Gertrude Blanch -- Spheroidal wave functions / Arnold N. Lowan -- Orthogonal polynomials / Urs W. Hochstrasser -- Bernoulli and Euler polynomials, Riemann zeta function / Emilie V. Haynesworth and Karl Goldberg -- Combinatorial analysis / K. Goldberg, M. Newman and E. Haynesworth -- Numerical interpolation, differentiation and integration / Philip J. Davis and Ivan Polonsky -- Probability functions / Marvin Zelen and Norman C. Severo -- Miscellaneous functions / Irene A. Stegun -- Scales of notation / S. Peavy and A. Schopf -- Laplace transforms.},
	urldate = {2017-02-13},
	publisher = {Dover Publications},
	author = {Abramowitz, Milton and Stegun, Irene A.},
	year = {1970},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

"This ninth Dover printing conforms to the tenth (December 1972)–printing by the Government Printing Office, except that additional corrections have been made on pages 18, 79, 80, 82, 408, 450, 786, 825 and 934." Mathematical constants / David S. Liepman – Physical constants and conversion factors / A.G. McNish – Elementary analytical methods / Milton Abramowitz – Elementary transcendental functions : logarithmic, exponential, circular and hyperbolic functions / Ruth Zucker – Exponential integral and related functions / Walter Gautschi and William F. Cahill – Gamma function and related functions / Philip J. Davis – Error function and Fresnel integrals / Walter Gautschi – Legendre functions / Irene A. Stegun – Bessel functions of integer order / F.W.J. Olver – Bessell functions of fractional order / H.A. Antosiewicz – Integrals of Bessel functions / Yudell L. Luke – Struve functions and related functions / Milton Abramowitz – Confluent hypergeometric functions / Lucy Joan Slater – Coulomb wave functions / Milton Abramowitz – Hypergeometric functions / Fritz Oberhettinger – Jacobian elliptic functions and theta functions ; Elliptic integrals / L.M. Milne-Thomson – Weierstrass elliptic and related functions / Thomas H. Southard – Parabolic cylinder functions / J.C.P. Miller – Mathieu functions / Gertrude Blanch – Spheroidal wave functions / Arnold N. Lowan – Orthogonal polynomials / Urs W. Hochstrasser – Bernoulli and Euler polynomials, Riemann zeta function / Emilie V. Haynesworth and Karl Goldberg – Combinatorial analysis / K. Goldberg, M. Newman and E. Haynesworth – Numerical interpolation, differentiation and integration / Philip J. Davis and Ivan Polonsky – Probability functions / Marvin Zelen and Norman C. Severo – Miscellaneous functions / Irene A. Stegun – Scales of notation / S. Peavy and A. Schopf – Laplace transforms.

@incollection{Cooper1969,
	title = {Photoelectron {Angular} {Distributions}},
	url = {https://jila.colorado.edu/publications/photoelectron-angular-distributions},
	booktitle = {Lectures in {Theoretical} {Physics}: {Atomic} {Collision} {Processes}, {Vol}. {XI}-{C}},
	publisher = {Gordon and Breach},
	author = {Cooper, J. and Zare, R. N.},
	editor = {Geltman, S. and Mahanthappa, K. T. and Brittin, W. E.},
	year = {1969},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {317--337},
}

@book{Herzberg2,
	address = {New York, USA},
	title = {Molecular {Spectra} and {Molecular} {Structure} {Volume} {II}: {Infrared} and {Raman} {Spectra} of {Polyatomic} {Molecules}},
	publisher = {Van Nostrand Reinhold Company},
	author = {Herzberg, Gerhard},
	year = {1966},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@book{herzberg3,
	address = {New York, USA},
	title = {Molecular {Spectra} and {Molecular} {Structure} {III}: {Electronic} {Spectra} and {Electronic} {Structure} of {Polyatomic} {Molecules}},
	publisher = {Van Nostrand Reinhold Company},
	author = {Herzberg, Gerhard},
	year = {1966},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@article{douglas1963,
	title = {Electronically {Excited} {States} of {Ammonia}},
	volume = {35},
	journal = {Discussions of the Faraday Society},
	author = {Douglas, A E},
	year = {1963},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {158--174},
}

@book{Feynman1963,
	title = {The {Feynman} lectures on physics},
	isbn = {0-201-02118-8},
	urldate = {2017-09-28},
	publisher = {Addison-Wesley Pub. Co},
	author = {Feynman, Richard P. (Richard Phillips) and Leighton, Robert B. and Sands, Matthew L. (Matthew Linzee)},
	year = {1963},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@book{Bethe1957,
	title = {Quantum mechanics of one- and two-electron atoms},
	isbn = {0-486-46667-1},
	abstract = {Dover ed. "This Dover edition, first published in 2008, is an unabridged republication of the work originally published by Academic Press, New York, and Springer-Verlag, Berlin, in 1957 and reprinted by Plenum Press, New York, in 1977." This classic of modern physics includes a vast array of approximation methods, mathematical tricks, and physical pictures useful in applying quantum mechanics to other fields. Students and professionals will find it an essential reference for calculations pertaining to hydrogen- and helium-like atoms and their comparison with experimental results. 1977 edition.},
	urldate = {2017-09-29},
	publisher = {Dover Publications},
	author = {Bethe, Hans A. (Hans Albrecht) and Salpeter, Edwin E.},
	year = {1957},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

Dover ed. "This Dover edition, first published in 2008, is an unabridged republication of the work originally published by Academic Press, New York, and Springer-Verlag, Berlin, in 1957 and reprinted by Plenum Press, New York, in 1977." This classic of modern physics includes a vast array of approximation methods, mathematical tricks, and physical pictures useful in applying quantum mechanics to other fields. Students and professionals will find it an essential reference for calculations pertaining to hydrogen- and helium-like atoms and their comparison with experimental results. 1977 edition.

@article{Wigner1955,
	title = {Lower {Limit} for the {Energy} {Derivative} of the {Scattering} {Phase} {Shift}},
	volume = {98},
	issn = {0031-899X},
	url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.98.145},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRev.98.145},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2012-07-19},
	journal = {Physical Review},
	author = {Wigner, Eugene},
	month = apr,
	year = {1955},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {145--147},
}

@book{herzberg1945molecular,
	title = {Molecular {Spectra} and {Molecular} {Structure}: {Spectra} of diatomic molecules},
	url = {https://books.google.ca/books?id=tSVRAAAAMAAJ},
	publisher = {Van Nostrand},
	author = {Herzberg, Gerhard},
	year = {1945},
	note = {Series Title: Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure
Issue: v. 1},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}