The Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale: Development and Initial Validation. Exline, J. J., Pargament, K. I., Grubbs, J. B., & Yali, A. M. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 6(3):208–222, January, 2014.
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Many people experience struggle around religious and spiritual aspects of life, as shown in a steadily growing body of research. A need now exists for more comprehensive, reliable, concise measurement of religious and spiritual (r/s) struggles through a scale that covers multiple domains. This article describes the development and initial validation of a 26-item measure, the Religious and Spiritual Struggles (RSS) Scale. The measure assesses six domains of r/s struggle: divine (negative emotion centered on beliefs about God or a perceived relationship with God), demonic (concern that the devil or evil spirits are attacking an individual or causing negative events), interpersonal (concern about negative experiences with religious people or institutions; interpersonal conflict around religious issues), moral (wrestling with attempts to follow moral principles; worry or guilt about perceived offenses by the self), doubt (feeling troubled by doubts or questions about one’s r/s beliefs), and ultimate meaning (concern about not perceiving deep meaning in one’s life). Study 1 used factor analytic techniques in two adult samples (Ns ϭ 400 and 483) to refine the item pool for the RSS. Study 2, which sampled 1141 undergraduates, showed very good fit for a six-factor model using confirmatory factor analysis. Study 2 also provided evidence of convergent, discriminant and predictive validity by relating RSS scores to measures of religiousness, r/s struggle and mental health. Several potentially important demographic differences emerged on the RSS. For example, undergraduates without committed romantic relationships and those who self-identified as homosexual reported greater r/s struggles across multiple domains.
@article{exlineReligiousSpiritualStruggles2014,
  title = {The {{Religious}} and {{Spiritual Struggles Scale}}: {{Development}} and Initial Validation.},
  shorttitle = {The {{Religious}} and {{Spiritual Struggles Scale}}},
  author = {Exline, Julie J. and Pargament, Kenneth I. and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Yali, Ann Marie},
  year = {2014},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Psychology of Religion and Spirituality},
  volume = {6},
  number = {3},
  pages = {208--222},
  issn = {1943-1562, 1941-1022},
  doi = {10.1037/a0036465},
  abstract = {Many people experience struggle around religious and spiritual aspects of life, as shown in a steadily growing body of research. A need now exists for more comprehensive, reliable, concise measurement of religious and spiritual (r/s) struggles through a scale that covers multiple domains. This article describes the development and initial validation of a 26-item measure, the Religious and Spiritual Struggles (RSS) Scale. The measure assesses six domains of r/s struggle: divine (negative emotion centered on beliefs about God or a perceived relationship with God), demonic (concern that the devil or evil spirits are attacking an individual or causing negative events), interpersonal (concern about negative experiences with religious people or institutions; interpersonal conflict around religious issues), moral (wrestling with attempts to follow moral principles; worry or guilt about perceived offenses by the self), doubt (feeling troubled by doubts or questions about one’s r/s beliefs), and ultimate meaning (concern about not perceiving deep meaning in one’s life). Study 1 used factor analytic techniques in two adult samples (Ns ϭ 400 and 483) to refine the item pool for the RSS. Study 2, which sampled 1141 undergraduates, showed very good fit for a six-factor model using confirmatory factor analysis. Study 2 also provided evidence of convergent, discriminant and predictive validity by relating RSS scores to measures of religiousness, r/s struggle and mental health. Several potentially important demographic differences emerged on the RSS. For example, undergraduates without committed romantic relationships and those who self-identified as homosexual reported greater r/s struggles across multiple domains.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/6SKPUUC3/2014-30104-002.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/CH6U3UUT/Exline et al. - The Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale Devel.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/EBY7VZKD/Exline et al. - 2014 - The Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale Devel.pdf}
}
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