@article{borgognaUnderstandingDifferencesProblematic2022,
  title = {Understanding {{Differences}} in {{Problematic Pornography Use}}: {{Considerations}} for {{Gender}} and {{Sexual Orientation}}},
  shorttitle = {Understanding {{Differences}} in {{Problematic Pornography Use}}},
  author = {Borgogna, Nicholas C. and Griffin, Kaelyn R. and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Kraus, Shane W.},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {The Journal of Sexual Medicine},
  issn = {1743-6095},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jsxm.2022.05.144},
  abstract = {Background While preliminary research suggests non-heterosexual men and women view more pornography than their heterosexual counterparts, few studies have examined how problematic use differs across sexual and gender identity groups. Aim We sought to test measurement invariance across popular measures of problematic pornography use (PPU) and examine mean PPU differences across heterosexual men, non-heterosexual men, heterosexual women, and non-heterosexual women. Methods We used 3 large archival datasets to examine psychometrics/group differences on the Brief Pornography Screen (BPS; N~=~1,439), Problematic Pornography Use Scale (PPUS; N~=~5,859), and Cyber Pornography Use Inventory-4 (CPUI-4; N~=~893). Outcomes Most PPU scales/subscales demonstrated acceptable fit, and non-heterosexual men and women tended to report more PPU than heterosexual men and women (though exceptions were evident). Results Confirmatory factor analyses revealed good fit across each group and instrument, with exception to sexual minority women on the CPUI-4. Each instrument demonstrated at least metric invariance between groups, with exception to one item between heterosexual and sexual minority men on the CPUI-4. Mean differences suggested that sexual minority men and women tend to report more PPU than heterosexual men and women, though several exceptions were evident depending on the PPU dimension. Men tended to report more PPU than women, though exceptions were also evident. Effect sizes ranged from large-to-non-significant depending on PPU dimension. Clinical Implications Researchers and clinicians should consider sexual orientation, gender, and PPU dimension when addressing PPU concerns. Strengths \& Limitations A primary strength of this study is the use of multiple large samples, meaning our results are likely highly generalizable. However, this study is limited in that it only examined sexual orientation groups broadly and did not account for non-cisgender identities. Conclusions The BPS, PPUS, and CPUI-4 are all appropriate tools to measure PPU depending on researcher and clinician needs. Borgogna NC, Griffin KR, Grubbs JB, and Kraus SW. Understanding Differences in Problematic Pornography Use: Considerations for Gender and Sexual Orientation. J Sex Med 2022;XX:XXX–XXX.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder,Gender,Measurement,Problematic Pornography Use,Sexual Orientation},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/6LX4PANU/Borgogna et al. - 2022 - Understanding Differences in Problematic Pornograp.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/E9SEFU64/S1743609522014618.html}
}

Background While preliminary research suggests non-heterosexual men and women view more pornography than their heterosexual counterparts, few studies have examined how problematic use differs across sexual and gender identity groups. Aim We sought to test measurement invariance across popular measures of problematic pornography use (PPU) and examine mean PPU differences across heterosexual men, non-heterosexual men, heterosexual women, and non-heterosexual women. Methods We used 3 large archival datasets to examine psychometrics/group differences on the Brief Pornography Screen (BPS; N = 1,439), Problematic Pornography Use Scale (PPUS; N = 5,859), and Cyber Pornography Use Inventory-4 (CPUI-4; N = 893). Outcomes Most PPU scales/subscales demonstrated acceptable fit, and non-heterosexual men and women tended to report more PPU than heterosexual men and women (though exceptions were evident). Results Confirmatory factor analyses revealed good fit across each group and instrument, with exception to sexual minority women on the CPUI-4. Each instrument demonstrated at least metric invariance between groups, with exception to one item between heterosexual and sexual minority men on the CPUI-4. Mean differences suggested that sexual minority men and women tend to report more PPU than heterosexual men and women, though several exceptions were evident depending on the PPU dimension. Men tended to report more PPU than women, though exceptions were also evident. Effect sizes ranged from large-to-non-significant depending on PPU dimension. Clinical Implications Researchers and clinicians should consider sexual orientation, gender, and PPU dimension when addressing PPU concerns. Strengths & Limitations A primary strength of this study is the use of multiple large samples, meaning our results are likely highly generalizable. However, this study is limited in that it only examined sexual orientation groups broadly and did not account for non-cisgender identities. Conclusions The BPS, PPUS, and CPUI-4 are all appropriate tools to measure PPU depending on researcher and clinician needs. Borgogna NC, Griffin KR, Grubbs JB, and Kraus SW. Understanding Differences in Problematic Pornography Use: Considerations for Gender and Sexual Orientation. J Sex Med 2022;XX:XXX–XXX.

@article{exlineRSS14DevelopmentPreliminary2022,
  title = {The {{RSS-14}}: {{Development}} and Preliminary Validation of a 14-Item Form of the {{Religious}} and {{Spiritual Struggles Scale}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{RSS-14}}},
  author = {Exline, Julie J. and Pargament, Kenneth I. and Wilt, Joshua A. and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Yali, Ann Marie},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Psychology of Religion and Spirituality},
  pages = {No Pagination Specified-No Pagination Specified},
  publisher = {{Educational Publishing Foundation}},
  address = {{US}},
  issn = {1943-1562},
  doi = {10.1037/rel0000472},
  abstract = {The Religious and Spiritual Struggles (RSS) Scale (Exline, Pargament, Grubbs, \& Yali, 2014) is a 26-item measure assessing six types of religious/spiritual (r/s) struggles: divine, demonic, interpersonal (IP), moral, ultimate meaning (Ult. mean.), and doubt. A need has emerged for shorter measures when administration of the full RSS is not practical. The Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale-14 (RSS-14) uses 14 items drawn directly from the full RSS, with subscales of two or three items each (vs. 4 or 5 items each on the RSS). Following preregistered hypotheses and analysis plans, our aim here was to gather initial data on the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the RSS-14 drawing from a longitudinal, Internet sample of U.S. adults who had reported some r/s struggle on an initial six-item screener (N = 2,889). Structural analyses at the 2-week (N = 1,911; Wave 1) and 4-week (N = 1,003; Wave 2) timepoints suggested a good fit for the six-factor model, although this structure emerged only in confirmatory analyses, not in exploratory analyses. Wave 1 analyses suggested reasonable evidence of reliability and validity (emphasizing convergent validity), using preregistered hypotheses with measures similar to those from the original RSS validation study (e.g., anger toward God, attributions for a specific struggle, depression, anxiety, other distress, and struggle indicators). RSS-14 scores correlated positively with religious participation (Rlg. partic.) and negatively with social desirability, as expected, suggesting that it may be wise to control these variables when doing analyses with the RSS-14. Taken together, these findings provide preliminary support for the RSS-14 as a relatively brief measure of r/s struggles. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)},
  keywords = {Anger,Coping Behavior,Distress,Factor Structure,Major Depression,Measurement,Religious Beliefs,Spirituality,Test Construction,Test Reliability,Test Validity},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/FHC4WRTB/2022-58392-001.html}
}

The Religious and Spiritual Struggles (RSS) Scale (Exline, Pargament, Grubbs, & Yali, 2014) is a 26-item measure assessing six types of religious/spiritual (r/s) struggles: divine, demonic, interpersonal (IP), moral, ultimate meaning (Ult. mean.), and doubt. A need has emerged for shorter measures when administration of the full RSS is not practical. The Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale-14 (RSS-14) uses 14 items drawn directly from the full RSS, with subscales of two or three items each (vs. 4 or 5 items each on the RSS). Following preregistered hypotheses and analysis plans, our aim here was to gather initial data on the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the RSS-14 drawing from a longitudinal, Internet sample of U.S. adults who had reported some r/s struggle on an initial six-item screener (N = 2,889). Structural analyses at the 2-week (N = 1,911; Wave 1) and 4-week (N = 1,003; Wave 2) timepoints suggested a good fit for the six-factor model, although this structure emerged only in confirmatory analyses, not in exploratory analyses. Wave 1 analyses suggested reasonable evidence of reliability and validity (emphasizing convergent validity), using preregistered hypotheses with measures similar to those from the original RSS validation study (e.g., anger toward God, attributions for a specific struggle, depression, anxiety, other distress, and struggle indicators). RSS-14 scores correlated positively with religious participation (Rlg. partic.) and negatively with social desirability, as expected, suggesting that it may be wise to control these variables when doing analyses with the RSS-14. Taken together, these findings provide preliminary support for the RSS-14 as a relatively brief measure of r/s struggles. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

@article{floydContextMattersHow2022,
  title = {Context {{Matters}}: {{How Religion}} and {{Morality Shape Pornography Use Effects}}},
  shorttitle = {Context {{Matters}}},
  author = {Floyd, Christopher G. and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Current Sexual Health Reports},
  issn = {1548-3592},
  doi = {10.1007/s11930-022-00329-8},
  abstract = {Purpose of the Review\hspace{0.6em} Pornography use itself and research related to pornography use remain controversial topics, due in large part to the morally charged subject matter. Given the historical relationship between religion and sexual morality, an argument could be made for attributing some of the contemporary increases in empirical attention to pornography, and thus some of the most substantial advances in research regarding its effects, to public outcry or moral panic. Due to a general lack of consensus among pornography researchers and contrasting findings regarding the potential for pornography use to be problematic or addictive, the last 5 years of pornography research is marked by increased attention to the impact of context and individual differences when assessing pornography use effects. Particularly, researchers have provided compelling evidence that differences in religious and moral values regarding sexual behavior can impact estimates of pornography use and perceptions regarding the problematic or addictive nature of pornography. Considering recent findings, a systematic review of recent research (within the past 5 years) on how religion and morality shape pornography use effects was conducted, with a particular focus on findings regarding pornography problems due to moral incongruence.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/633F35WG/11930_2022_329_Author.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/Y86FCD2Q/Floyd and Grubbs - 2022 - Context Matters How Religion and Morality Shape P.pdf}
}

Purpose of the Review  Pornography use itself and research related to pornography use remain controversial topics, due in large part to the morally charged subject matter. Given the historical relationship between religion and sexual morality, an argument could be made for attributing some of the contemporary increases in empirical attention to pornography, and thus some of the most substantial advances in research regarding its effects, to public outcry or moral panic. Due to a general lack of consensus among pornography researchers and contrasting findings regarding the potential for pornography use to be problematic or addictive, the last 5 years of pornography research is marked by increased attention to the impact of context and individual differences when assessing pornography use effects. Particularly, researchers have provided compelling evidence that differences in religious and moral values regarding sexual behavior can impact estimates of pornography use and perceptions regarding the problematic or addictive nature of pornography. Considering recent findings, a systematic review of recent research (within the past 5 years) on how religion and morality shape pornography use effects was conducted, with a particular focus on findings regarding pornography problems due to moral incongruence.

@article{golaWhatShouldBe2022,
  title = {What Should Be Included in the Criteria for Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder?},
  author = {Gola, Mateusz and Lewczuk, Karol and Potenza, Marc N. and Kingston, Drew A. and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Stark, Rudolf and Reid, Rory C.},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Journal of Behavioral Addictions},
  volume = {11},
  number = {2},
  pages = {160--165},
  publisher = {{Akadémiai Kiadó}},
  issn = {2063-5303, 2062-5871},
  doi = {10.1556/2006.2020.00090},
  abstract = {Abstract Compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD) is currently defined in the eleventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) as an impulse control disorder. Criteria for hypersexual disorder (HD) had been proposed in 2010 for the fifth revision of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5). In this article, we compare differences between HD and CSBD and discuss their relevance. Significant differences between HD and CSBD criteria include: (1) the role of sexual behavior as a maladaptive coping and emotion regulation strategy listed in criteria for HD but not in those for CSBD; (2) different exclusionary criteria including bipolar and substance use disorders in HD but not in CSBD, and (3) inclusion of new considerations in CSBD, such as moral incongruence (as an exclusion criterion), and diminished pleasure from sexual activity. Each of these aspects has clinical and research-related implications. The inclusion of CSBD in the ICD-11 will have a significant impact on clinical practice and research. Researchers should continue to investigate core and related features of CSBD, inlcuding those not included in the current criteria, in order to provide additional insight into the disorder and to help promote clinical advances.},
  chapter = {Journal of Behavioral Addictions},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/ZBHZQVY5/Gola et al. - 2020 - What should be included in the criteria for compul.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/TFW3DKGP/article-p160.html}
}

Abstract Compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD) is currently defined in the eleventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) as an impulse control disorder. Criteria for hypersexual disorder (HD) had been proposed in 2010 for the fifth revision of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5). In this article, we compare differences between HD and CSBD and discuss their relevance. Significant differences between HD and CSBD criteria include: (1) the role of sexual behavior as a maladaptive coping and emotion regulation strategy listed in criteria for HD but not in those for CSBD; (2) different exclusionary criteria including bipolar and substance use disorders in HD but not in CSBD, and (3) inclusion of new considerations in CSBD, such as moral incongruence (as an exclusion criterion), and diminished pleasure from sexual activity. Each of these aspects has clinical and research-related implications. The inclusion of CSBD in the ICD-11 will have a significant impact on clinical practice and research. Researchers should continue to investigate core and related features of CSBD, inlcuding those not included in the current criteria, in order to provide additional insight into the disorder and to help promote clinical advances.

@article{grantweinandyAnxietyCompulsiveSexual2022,
  title = {Anxiety and {{Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder}}: {{A Systematic Review}}},
  shorttitle = {Anxiety and {{Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder}}},
  author = {Grant Weinandy, Jennifer T. and Lee, Brinna and Hoagland, K. Camille and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Bőthe, Beáta},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {The Journal of Sex Research},
  pages = {1--13},
  issn = {0022-4499, 1559-8519},
  doi = {10.1080/00224499.2022.2066616},
  abstract = {The inclusion of the novel diagnosis of Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder in the forthcoming 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases has spurred increasing interest in the clinical profile of the disorder. Such attention has included a focus on potential comorbidities, risk factors, or symptoms resulting from such behaviors, including anxiety. Anxiety disorders have long been noted as comorbid with many other diagnoses, such as posttraumatic stress disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and substance use disorders. This review aims to understand the relationship between anxiety and compulsive sexual behavior in adults and adolescents, based on available quantitative studies. A search of PsycInfo and PubMed revealed 40 studies which quantitatively assessed a relationship between an anxiety measure and a Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder measure, including dissertations and published articles using clinical and community samples. A qualitative synthesis and risk of bias analysis of the studies was conducted, rather than a meta-analysis, due to the variety of methods. Overall, studies were primarily cross-sectional and the relationship between these two constructs was unclear, likely due to several factors, including inconsistent measurement of Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder, lack of gender diversity, and very little longitudinal data. Directions for future research are discussed.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/8SSNTTFZ/Grant Weinandy et al. - 2022 - Anxiety and Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder A.pdf}
}

The inclusion of the novel diagnosis of Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder in the forthcoming 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases has spurred increasing interest in the clinical profile of the disorder. Such attention has included a focus on potential comorbidities, risk factors, or symptoms resulting from such behaviors, including anxiety. Anxiety disorders have long been noted as comorbid with many other diagnoses, such as posttraumatic stress disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and substance use disorders. This review aims to understand the relationship between anxiety and compulsive sexual behavior in adults and adolescents, based on available quantitative studies. A search of PsycInfo and PubMed revealed 40 studies which quantitatively assessed a relationship between an anxiety measure and a Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder measure, including dissertations and published articles using clinical and community samples. A qualitative synthesis and risk of bias analysis of the studies was conducted, rather than a meta-analysis, due to the variety of methods. Overall, studies were primarily cross-sectional and the relationship between these two constructs was unclear, likely due to several factors, including inconsistent measurement of Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder, lack of gender diversity, and very little longitudinal data. Directions for future research are discussed.

@article{grubbsCostCrisisClinical2022,
  title = {The Cost of Crisis in Clinical Psychological Science},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Behavioral and Brain Sciences},
  volume = {45},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  issn = {0140-525X, 1469-1825},
  doi = {10.1017/S0140525X21000388},
  abstract = {Yarkoni has argued that psychology is facing a generalizability crisis, but the real cost of this crisis is obscured by a focus on topics from psychology's most academic subfields. Psychology is also filled with applied subfields, and it is within those subfields – especially clinical science – where the cost of a generalizability crisis will be most severe.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/327M7WSS/39E7032238F45F75AE98018CA25FDD7F.html}
}

Yarkoni has argued that psychology is facing a generalizability crisis, but the real cost of this crisis is obscured by a focus on topics from psychology's most academic subfields. Psychology is also filled with applied subfields, and it is within those subfields – especially clinical science – where the cost of a generalizability crisis will be most severe.

@article{grubbsKateManneEntitled2022,
  title = {Kate {{Manne}}, {{Entitled}}: {{How Male Privilege Hurts Women}}},
  shorttitle = {Kate {{Manne}}, {{Entitled}}},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Warmke, Brandon},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Journal of Moral Philosophy},
  volume = {19},
  number = {1},
  pages = {85--90},
  publisher = {{Brill}},
  issn = {1745-5243, 1740-4681},
  doi = {10.1163/17455243-19010003},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Ethics \& Moral Philosophy,General,Journal,Philosophy},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/4PV48FJD/Grubbs and Warmke - 2022 - Kate Manne, Entitled How Male Privilege Hurts Wom.pdf}
}

@article{grubbsMoralGrandstandingNarcissism2022,
  title = {Moral Grandstanding, Narcissism, and Self-Reported Responses to the {{COVID-19}} Crisis},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and James, A. Shanti and Warmke, Brandon and Tosi, Justin},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Journal of Research in Personality},
  volume = {97},
  pages = {104187},
  issn = {0092-6566},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104187},
  abstract = {The present study aimed to understand how status-oriented individual differences such as narcissistic antagonism, narcissistic extraversion, and moral grandstanding motivations may havelongitudinally predicted both behavioral and social media responses during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Via YouGov, a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults was recruited in August of 2019 (N~=~2,519;Mage~=~47.5,SD~=~17.8; 51.4\% women) and resampled in May of 2020, (N~=~1,533). Results indicated that baseline levels of narcissistic antagonism were associated with lower levels of social distancing and lower compliance with public health recommended behaviors. Similarly, dominance oriented moral grandstanding motivations predicted greater conflict with others over COVID-19, greater engagement in status-oriented social media behaviors about COVID-19, and lower levels of social distancing.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {antisocial behavior,Antisocial behavior,entitlement,Entitlement,Status seeking,virtue signaling,Virtue signaling},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/KSL2BL2A/Grubbs et al. - 2022 - Moral grandstanding, narcissism, and self-reported.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/Z4PRMZHC/Grubbs et al. - 2022 - Moral Grandstanding, Narcissism, and Self-Reported.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/4P8ARTKD/S0092656621001240.html;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/68BW2CK2/S0092656621001240.html}
}

The present study aimed to understand how status-oriented individual differences such as narcissistic antagonism, narcissistic extraversion, and moral grandstanding motivations may havelongitudinally predicted both behavioral and social media responses during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Via YouGov, a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults was recruited in August of 2019 (N = 2,519;Mage = 47.5,SD = 17.8; 51.4% women) and resampled in May of 2020, (N = 1,533). Results indicated that baseline levels of narcissistic antagonism were associated with lower levels of social distancing and lower compliance with public health recommended behaviors. Similarly, dominance oriented moral grandstanding motivations predicted greater conflict with others over COVID-19, greater engagement in status-oriented social media behaviors about COVID-19, and lower levels of social distancing.

@article{grubbsMoralIncongruenceAddiction2022,
  title = {Moral {{Incongruence}} and {{Addiction}}: {{A Registered Report}}},
  shorttitle = {Moral {{Incongruence}} and {{Addiction}}},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Floyd, Christopher and Kraus, Shane W. and Griffin, Kaelyn and Jennings, Todd Lucas},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Psychology of Addictive Behaviors},
  publisher = {{OSF}},
  doi = {10.1037/adb0000876},
  abstract = {Objectives: Diagnostic criteria for Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD) specifically note that moral distress related to sexual behavior is not sufficient to receive the diagnosis. At present, CSBD is the only recognized disorder in any diagnostic manual to include such a caveat, pointing to the unique role of morality in shaping feelings of compulsivity in or addiction to sexual behaviors. Even so, recent work has called into the question the uniqueness of moral distress or disapproval in predicting self-reported feelings of behavioral addiction, demonstrating that other so-called addictive behaviors (e.g., gaming and internet use) are well-predicted by moral disapproval of those behaviors and speculating that moral disapproval is likely present in the full spectrum of addictions, both substance and behavioral.  Methods: The present work seeks to clarify if moral incongruence (the interaction of behavioral frequency and moral disapproval of a behavior) is uniquely related to sexual behavior, or if it generalizes to other addictions as well. This work will make use of an upcoming study (N=4,000) involving a representative sample of the U.S. population (n=2,500) and a sample of sports-wagering individuals in the U.S. (n=1,500).  Results: Interactions between moral disapproval and behavioral frequency will be tested for a variety of behaviors (i.e., pornography use, gambling, and several commonly used substances) to establish whether moral incongruence is related to self-reported feelings of addiction in various domains or if such links are unique to compulsive sexual behaviors. Conclusions: We will draw appropriate conclusions after completion of the project.},
  langid = {american},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/QWPPM4LI/Grubbs, Joshua - 2022 - Moral Incongruence and Addiction A Registered Rep.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/XIDJVC4L/2022-95644-001.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/GTI7BFFH/npk9x.html}
}

Objectives: Diagnostic criteria for Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD) specifically note that moral distress related to sexual behavior is not sufficient to receive the diagnosis. At present, CSBD is the only recognized disorder in any diagnostic manual to include such a caveat, pointing to the unique role of morality in shaping feelings of compulsivity in or addiction to sexual behaviors. Even so, recent work has called into the question the uniqueness of moral distress or disapproval in predicting self-reported feelings of behavioral addiction, demonstrating that other so-called addictive behaviors (e.g., gaming and internet use) are well-predicted by moral disapproval of those behaviors and speculating that moral disapproval is likely present in the full spectrum of addictions, both substance and behavioral. Methods: The present work seeks to clarify if moral incongruence (the interaction of behavioral frequency and moral disapproval of a behavior) is uniquely related to sexual behavior, or if it generalizes to other addictions as well. This work will make use of an upcoming study (N=4,000) involving a representative sample of the U.S. population (n=2,500) and a sample of sports-wagering individuals in the U.S. (n=1,500). Results: Interactions between moral disapproval and behavioral frequency will be tested for a variety of behaviors (i.e., pornography use, gambling, and several commonly used substances) to establish whether moral incongruence is related to self-reported feelings of addiction in various domains or if such links are unique to compulsive sexual behaviors. Conclusions: We will draw appropriate conclusions after completion of the project.

@article{grubbsPorndemicLongitudinalStudy2022,
  title = {Porndemic? {{A}} Longitudinal Study of Pornography Use before and during the {{COVID-19}} Pandemic in a Nationally Representative Sample of {{Americans}}},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B and Perry, Samuel L and Grant Weinandy, Jennifer T and Kraus, Shane W},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Archives of Sexual Behavior},
  volume = {51},
  number = {1},
  pages = {123--137},
  publisher = {{Springer}},
  issn = {1573-2800},
  keywords = {*Addiction,*Compulsive sexual behavior disorder,*COVID-19,*Pandemics,*Problematic pornography use,*Sexual media,Adult,Communicable Disease Control,Erotica,Female,Humans,Longitudinal Studies,Male,SARS-CoV-2,United States/epidemiology},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/DGLZRNE2/Grubbs et al. - 2021 - Porndemic A Longitudinal Study of Pornography Use.pdf}
}

@article{grubbsSymptomsProblemGambling2022,
  title = {Symptoms of {{Problem Gambling Among U}}.{{S}}. {{Adults Who Wager}} on {{Sports}}},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Kraus, Shane W.},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {JAMA Network Open},
  doi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.39670}
}

@article{magyar-russellExperienceSacredMoments2022,
  title = {The Experience of Sacred Moments and Mental Health Benefits over Time},
  author = {{Magyar-Russell}, Gina and Pargament, Kenneth I. and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Wilt, Joshua A. and Exline, Julie J.},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Psychology of Religion and Spirituality},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {161--169},
  publisher = {{Educational Publishing Foundation}},
  address = {{US}},
  issn = {1943-1562(Electronic),1941-1022(Print)},
  doi = {10.1037/rel0000394},
  abstract = {Sacred moments refer to experiences during which people perceive they encountered the sacred. The goal of the present study was to identify potential salutary effects of experiencing sacred moments over time. Participants included 2,889 adults (M age = 45.46 years; SD = 14.65) who completed online self-report questionnaires at baseline (T1) and 2 weeks (T2), 4 weeks (T3), 3 months (T4), and 6 months (T5) after baseline. Sacred moments were significantly related to engagement in religious and spiritual (r/s) activities and r/s belief salience at the T1 assessment. Relations between sacred moments and mental health variables over time were examined by conducting bivariate latent growth curve models (LCGMs). We included age, sex, and participation in r/s activities (measured at T1) as time-invariant covariates of intercepts and slopes for all variables. Results from LCGMs indicated that people who had higher levels of sacred moments over the course of the study had greater levels of mental health. In addition, people with lower levels of mental health overall were more likely to experience increases in sacred moments over time. Finally, people who had higher levels of sacred moments at baseline showed no change in level of perceived stress, depressed distress, or anxious distress. The paper concludes with a discussion of limitations and future directions for research, as well as the potential benefits of helping individuals cultivate the sacred in their daily lives. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  keywords = {Anxiety,Meaning,Mental Health,Spiritual Well Being,Spirituality,Stress,Test Construction},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/VMK4F4LV/2020-69777-001.html}
}

Sacred moments refer to experiences during which people perceive they encountered the sacred. The goal of the present study was to identify potential salutary effects of experiencing sacred moments over time. Participants included 2,889 adults (M age = 45.46 years; SD = 14.65) who completed online self-report questionnaires at baseline (T1) and 2 weeks (T2), 4 weeks (T3), 3 months (T4), and 6 months (T5) after baseline. Sacred moments were significantly related to engagement in religious and spiritual (r/s) activities and r/s belief salience at the T1 assessment. Relations between sacred moments and mental health variables over time were examined by conducting bivariate latent growth curve models (LCGMs). We included age, sex, and participation in r/s activities (measured at T1) as time-invariant covariates of intercepts and slopes for all variables. Results from LCGMs indicated that people who had higher levels of sacred moments over the course of the study had greater levels of mental health. In addition, people with lower levels of mental health overall were more likely to experience increases in sacred moments over time. Finally, people who had higher levels of sacred moments at baseline showed no change in level of perceived stress, depressed distress, or anxious distress. The paper concludes with a discussion of limitations and future directions for research, as well as the potential benefits of helping individuals cultivate the sacred in their daily lives. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)

@article{perryDevilThatYou2022,
  title = {The {{Devil That You Know}}: {{Christian Nationalism}} and {{Intent}} to {{Change One}}'s {{Voting Behavior For}} or {{Against Trump}} in 2020},
  shorttitle = {The {{Devil That You Know}}},
  author = {Perry, Samuel L. and Whitehead, Andrew L. and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Politics and Religion},
  volume = {15},
  number = {2},
  pages = {229--246},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  issn = {1755-0483, 1755-0491},
  doi = {10.1017/S175504832100002X},
  abstract = {Christian nationalist ideology was among the strongest predictors of Americans voting for Trump in 2016 and remained a strong predictor of intent to vote for him prior to the 2020 election. This study uses national data to examine whether Christian nationalism could potentially convert the previously-unconverted to supporting Trump or, conversely, prevent apostatizing from Trump. Among Americans who did not vote for Trump in 2016, Christian nationalism increased the likelihood that they intended to vote for Trump in 2020, but only those who earlier did not vote at all or voted third party. Conversely, among Americans who did vote for Trump in 2016, Christian nationalism reduced the likelihood that they planned on voting for a Democratic or third party candidate. Christian nationalism thus potentially inclined Americans who previously did not vote for Trump in 2016 to vote his way in 2020 and inoculated previous Trump-voters from considering other candidates in 2020.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/J4X2PSW3/Perry et al. - 2022 - The Devil That You Know Christian Nationalism and.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/DWQZA7U2/75F4DE9A5F8D298C8743C917B5A86AA9.html}
}

Christian nationalist ideology was among the strongest predictors of Americans voting for Trump in 2016 and remained a strong predictor of intent to vote for him prior to the 2020 election. This study uses national data to examine whether Christian nationalism could potentially convert the previously-unconverted to supporting Trump or, conversely, prevent apostatizing from Trump. Among Americans who did not vote for Trump in 2016, Christian nationalism increased the likelihood that they intended to vote for Trump in 2020, but only those who earlier did not vote at all or voted third party. Conversely, among Americans who did vote for Trump in 2016, Christian nationalism reduced the likelihood that they planned on voting for a Democratic or third party candidate. Christian nationalism thus potentially inclined Americans who previously did not vote for Trump in 2016 to vote his way in 2020 and inoculated previous Trump-voters from considering other candidates in 2020.

@article{perryDidWorshipAttendance2022,
  title = {Did {{Worship Attendance During Lockdown Promote COVID-19 Infection}}? {{Evidence}} from {{National Panel Data}}},
  shorttitle = {Did {{Worship Attendance During Lockdown Promote COVID-19 Infection}}?},
  author = {Perry, Samuel L. and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Socius},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {23780231221100376},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications}},
  issn = {2378-0231},
  doi = {10.1177/23780231221100376},
  abstract = {During late spring 2020, when states were issuing stay-at-home orders, the majority of congregations and Americans followed protocols and avoided in-person worship. Yet a vocal minority of Americans defied protocols and gathered in worship. The authors use national panel data collected in mid-May and August 2020 to assess whether Americans who attended worship more frequently during lockdown restrictions were more likely to report testing positive for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) three months later. Accounting for relevant correlates including mask use, general attendance at large gatherings, and knowing others who had tested positive, the likelihood that Americans tested positive for COVID-19 between May and August 2020 grew almost linearly as Americans attended in-person worship more frequently during lockdown. However, interactions indicate that this increase was limited primarily to those who were not regular attenders previously. The results suggest that worship attendance during lockdown substantially increased COVID-19 infections for the minority who attended possibly as a form of protest.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {church attendance,COVID-19,lockdown,shelter-in-place orders,social distancing,stay-at-home orders},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/45PQBBXN/Perry and Grubbs - 2022 - Did Worship Attendance During Lockdown Promote COV.pdf}
}

During late spring 2020, when states were issuing stay-at-home orders, the majority of congregations and Americans followed protocols and avoided in-person worship. Yet a vocal minority of Americans defied protocols and gathered in worship. The authors use national panel data collected in mid-May and August 2020 to assess whether Americans who attended worship more frequently during lockdown restrictions were more likely to report testing positive for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) three months later. Accounting for relevant correlates including mask use, general attendance at large gatherings, and knowing others who had tested positive, the likelihood that Americans tested positive for COVID-19 between May and August 2020 grew almost linearly as Americans attended in-person worship more frequently during lockdown. However, interactions indicate that this increase was limited primarily to those who were not regular attenders previously. The results suggest that worship attendance during lockdown substantially increased COVID-19 infections for the minority who attended possibly as a form of protest.

@article{perryDonWantEverybody2022,
  title = {“{{I Don}}’t {{Want Everybody}} to {{Vote}}”: {{Christian Nationalism}} and {{Restricting Voter Access}} in the {{United States}}},
  shorttitle = {“{{I Don}}’t {{Want Everybody}} to {{Vote}}”},
  author = {Perry, Samuel L. and Whitehead, Andrew L. and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Sociological Forum},
  pages = {socf.12776},
  issn = {0884-8971, 1573-7861},
  doi = {10.1111/socf.12776},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {2020 election,Christian nationalism,Christian Right,disenfranchisement,Political Sociology,Racial and Ethnic Minorities,Social and Behavioral Sciences,Sociology,Sociology of Religion,Trump,voter fraud,voter suppression,voting rights},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/3DAFXFCW/Perry et al. - 2022 - “I Don’t Want Everybody to Vote” Christian Nation.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/CFZF5Z9L/Perry et al. - 2021 - I Don't Want Everybody to Vote Christian Nation.pdf}
}

@article{perryFillEarthSubdue2022a,
  title = {Fill the {{Earth}} and {{Subdue It}}: {{Christian Nationalism}}, {{Ethno}}‐{{Religious Threat}}, and {{Nationalist Pronatalism}}},
  shorttitle = {Fill the {{Earth}} and {{Subdue It}}},
  author = {Perry, Samuel L. and McElroy, Elizabeth E. and Schnabel, Landon and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2022},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Sociological Forum},
  pages = {socf.12854},
  issn = {0884-8971, 1573-7861},
  doi = {10.1111/socf.12854},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {American religion,authoritarianism,birth rates,Buffalo,Christian nationalism,conservative Christians,Culture,culture war,Family,fertility,Great Replacement Theory,nationalism,Political Sociology,politics,pronatalism,race,Racial and Ethnic Minorities,religion,Social and Behavioral Sciences,sociology,Sociology,sociology of religion,Sociology of Religion,Tucker Carlson,United States},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/WJYM5HYZ/Perry et al. - 2022 - Fill the Earth and Subdue It Christian Nationalis.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/BH78NKKT/socf.html}
}

@article{perryHistoricalFundamentalismChristian2022,
  title = {Historical {{Fundamentalism}}? {{Christian Nationalism}} and {{Ignorance About Religion}} in {{American Political History}}},
  shorttitle = {Historical {{Fundamentalism}}?},
  author = {Perry, Samuel L. and Braunstein, Ruth and Gorski, Philip S. and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion},
  volume = {61},
  number = {1},
  pages = {21--40},
  issn = {1468-5906},
  doi = {10.1111/jssr.12760},
  abstract = {Religious right leaders often promulgate views of Christianity's historical preeminence, privilege, and persecution in the United States that are factually incorrect, suggesting credulity, ignorance, or perhaps, a form of ideologically motivated ignorance on the part of their audience. This study examines whether Christian nationalism predicts explicit misconceptions regarding religion in American political history and explores theories about the connection. Analyzing nationally representative panel data containing true/false statements about religion's place in America's founding documents, policies, and court decisions, Christian nationalism is the strongest predictor that Americans fail to affirm factually correct answers. This association is stronger among whites compared to black Americans and religiosity actually predicts selecting factually correct answers once we account for Christian nationalism. Analyses of “do not know” response patterns find more confident correct answers from Americans who reject Christian nationalism and more confident incorrect answers from Americans who embrace Christian nationalism. We theorize that, much like conservative Christians have been shown to incorrectly answer science questions that are “religiously contested,” Christian nationalism inclines Americans to affirm factually incorrect views about religion in American political history, likely through their exposure to certain disseminators of such misinformation, but also through their allegiance to a particular political-cultural narrative they wish to privilege.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {America,Christian nationalism,history,politics,religion},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jssr.12760},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/5RRV4BMR/Perry et al. - Historical Fundamentalism Christian Nationalism a.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/A77RVTT5/jssr.html;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/X8KKJZTS/jssr.html}
}

Religious right leaders often promulgate views of Christianity's historical preeminence, privilege, and persecution in the United States that are factually incorrect, suggesting credulity, ignorance, or perhaps, a form of ideologically motivated ignorance on the part of their audience. This study examines whether Christian nationalism predicts explicit misconceptions regarding religion in American political history and explores theories about the connection. Analyzing nationally representative panel data containing true/false statements about religion's place in America's founding documents, policies, and court decisions, Christian nationalism is the strongest predictor that Americans fail to affirm factually correct answers. This association is stronger among whites compared to black Americans and religiosity actually predicts selecting factually correct answers once we account for Christian nationalism. Analyses of “do not know” response patterns find more confident correct answers from Americans who reject Christian nationalism and more confident incorrect answers from Americans who embrace Christian nationalism. We theorize that, much like conservative Christians have been shown to incorrectly answer science questions that are “religiously contested,” Christian nationalism inclines Americans to affirm factually incorrect views about religion in American political history, likely through their exposure to certain disseminators of such misinformation, but also through their allegiance to a particular political-cultural narrative they wish to privilege.

@article{exlineReligiousSpiritualStruggles2021,
  title = {Religious and Spiritual Struggles around the 2016 and 2020 {{U}}.{{S}}. Presidential Elections},
  author = {Exline, Julie J. and Stauner, Nick and Wilt, Joshua A. and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Psychology of Religion and Spirituality},
  pages = {No Pagination Specified-No Pagination Specified},
  publisher = {{Educational Publishing Foundation}},
  address = {{US}},
  issn = {1943-1562},
  doi = {10.1037/rel0000449},
  abstract = {This project focused on religious/spiritual (r/s) struggles reported by U.S. adults around the 2016 and 2020 U.S. Presidential elections. Two separate samples of U.S. Mechanical Turk workers completed surveys about the 2016 (N = 504) and 2020 (N = 618) elections, with cross-sectional data collected between each election and the inauguration. Overall levels of r/s struggle were similar between the two elections. In 2016, Democratic voters (those voting for Clinton) struggled more than Republican voters (those voting for Trump), whereas in 2020, Trump and Biden voters struggled at similar levels. In both elections, interpersonal struggles around religion were the top-rated r/s struggle for Democratic voters, whereas Republican voters showed a more even balance of struggles (divine, demonic, interpersonal, moral, ultimate meaning, and doubt). Yet, aside from these straightforward differences in struggle based on whether one’s preferred candidate won or lost, correlations, regressions, and path models revealed similar predictors of struggle across both elections: more negative reactions to election results, greater religiousness, more demonic attributions, more divine attributions (especially negative attributions about God’s intent), more right-wing authoritarianism (specifically, authoritarian aggression/submission; clearest in 2020), and more anger at both Democrats and Republicans. Taken together, these findings suggest that major societal events such as Presidential elections have the potential to trigger r/s struggles for many individuals. Given the current level of political polarization in the U.S., along with the many ways in which politics and religion can become intertwined, the nature, causes, and consequences of politically focused r/s struggles merit more research attention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  keywords = {Anger,Attribution,Political Attitudes,Political Elections,Religion,Spirituality,Surveys},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/8HFYPWBW/2022-10715-001.html}
}

This project focused on religious/spiritual (r/s) struggles reported by U.S. adults around the 2016 and 2020 U.S. Presidential elections. Two separate samples of U.S. Mechanical Turk workers completed surveys about the 2016 (N = 504) and 2020 (N = 618) elections, with cross-sectional data collected between each election and the inauguration. Overall levels of r/s struggle were similar between the two elections. In 2016, Democratic voters (those voting for Clinton) struggled more than Republican voters (those voting for Trump), whereas in 2020, Trump and Biden voters struggled at similar levels. In both elections, interpersonal struggles around religion were the top-rated r/s struggle for Democratic voters, whereas Republican voters showed a more even balance of struggles (divine, demonic, interpersonal, moral, ultimate meaning, and doubt). Yet, aside from these straightforward differences in struggle based on whether one’s preferred candidate won or lost, correlations, regressions, and path models revealed similar predictors of struggle across both elections: more negative reactions to election results, greater religiousness, more demonic attributions, more divine attributions (especially negative attributions about God’s intent), more right-wing authoritarianism (specifically, authoritarian aggression/submission; clearest in 2020), and more anger at both Democrats and Republicans. Taken together, these findings suggest that major societal events such as Presidential elections have the potential to trigger r/s struggles for many individuals. Given the current level of political polarization in the U.S., along with the many ways in which politics and religion can become intertwined, the nature, causes, and consequences of politically focused r/s struggles merit more research attention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)

@article{grantweinandyGamblingGodEffect2021,
  title = {Gambling with {{God}}: The Effect of Gambling on Religious and Spiritual Struggles},
  shorttitle = {Gambling with {{God}}},
  author = {Grant Weinandy, Jennifer T. and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Mental Health, Religion \& Culture},
  pages = {1--13},
  issn = {1367-4676, 1469-9737},
  doi = {10.1080/13674676.2021.1878491},
  abstract = {Religion and spirituality are often related to various addictive behaviors, such as substance use disorders, excessive internet pornography use, and Gambling Disorder. However, presently, very few published articles have considered the relationship between Gambling Disorder and negative aspects of religion and spirituality such as religious and spiritual struggles. This study aimed to better understand how problem gambling severity may be uniquely associated with religious and spiritual struggles, both cross-sectionally and over time. The study used secondary data from a longitudinal MTurk Survey (n = 764; follow-up n = 342) and controlled for neuroticism, age, gender, income, and gambling preference. Problem gambling severity was uniquely associated with several types of religious and spiritual struggles at baseline and most struggles at a six-month follow-up, even after controlling for baseline levels of such struggles. Further research is necessary to understand the nature of these links and how they might inform clinical care.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cross Sectional Studies,CROSS-sectional method,Gambling,GAMBLING,gambling disorder,Human,NEUROSES,Neurotic Disorders,No terms assigned,problem gambling,PSYCHOLOGY \& religion,Religion,Religion and Psychology,religious and spiritual struggles,Severity of Illness,SEVERITY of illness index,spirituality,Spirituality,SPIRITUALITY},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/BLCMA2KS/Grant Weinandy and Grubbs - 2021 - Gambling with God the effect of gambling on relig.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/P7SZY7IT/Grant and Grubbs - 2019 - Gambling with God The Effect of Gambling on Relig.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/ZLXK6BR9/13674676.2021.html}
}

Religion and spirituality are often related to various addictive behaviors, such as substance use disorders, excessive internet pornography use, and Gambling Disorder. However, presently, very few published articles have considered the relationship between Gambling Disorder and negative aspects of religion and spirituality such as religious and spiritual struggles. This study aimed to better understand how problem gambling severity may be uniquely associated with religious and spiritual struggles, both cross-sectionally and over time. The study used secondary data from a longitudinal MTurk Survey (n = 764; follow-up n = 342) and controlled for neuroticism, age, gender, income, and gambling preference. Problem gambling severity was uniquely associated with several types of religious and spiritual struggles at baseline and most struggles at a six-month follow-up, even after controlling for baseline levels of such struggles. Further research is necessary to understand the nature of these links and how they might inform clinical care.

@article{grantweinandyReligiousSpiritualBeliefs2021,
  title = {Religious and {{Spiritual Beliefs}} and {{Attitudes Towards Addiction}} and {{Addiction Treatment}}: {{A Scoping Review}}},
  shorttitle = {Religious and {{Spiritual Beliefs}} and {{Attitudes Towards Addiction}} and {{Addiction Treatment}}},
  author = {Grant Weinandy, Jennifer T. and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Addictive Behaviors Reports},
  pages = {100393},
  issn = {2352-8532},
  doi = {10.1016/j.abrep.2021.100393},
  abstract = {Introduction Throughout history, ideas about addiction have been informed and influenced by religious belief and practice. Even continuing into the present, religion and spirituality are often thought to impact attitudes towards addiction and its treatment, particularly given the use of religion and spirituality in various well-known treatments such as Alcoholics Anonymous. Although research has flourished with regards to the role that addiction and spirituality might play in vulnerability to addiction or the treatment of addiction, there has been comparatively less research examining how religion might impact attitudes toward addiction more broadly. Method The present work sought to examine the current state of empirical literature evaluating the relationships between religion and attitudes toward addiction and addiction treatment. In service of the above aim, a scoping review was conducted. Results This summary of peer-reviewed, quantitative studies (n=36) found that higher religiosity is related to more belief in the disease model of addiction in providers, negative attitudes towards addiction, and a stronger support for spiritually based treatments. However, results varied based on the measures used and many relationships tested were not significant. There also appeared to be differences in the interaction between religion and spirituality and other variables, such as the respondent’s sex or whether the individual was a student or provider, in terms of attitudes. Conclusions Further research is needed to fully understand the nuances in the relationship between these variables, including more clear operationalization and standardized measurement. Until such research is conducted, no cohesive conclusions can be drawn, and clinical implications remain unclear.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {addiction,addiction treatment,and attitudes,religion and spirituality},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/HA4VZ5K5/Grant Weinandy and Grubbs - 2021 - Religious and spiritual beliefs and attitudes towa.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/I5YQLBXD/S2352853221000560.html}
}

Introduction Throughout history, ideas about addiction have been informed and influenced by religious belief and practice. Even continuing into the present, religion and spirituality are often thought to impact attitudes towards addiction and its treatment, particularly given the use of religion and spirituality in various well-known treatments such as Alcoholics Anonymous. Although research has flourished with regards to the role that addiction and spirituality might play in vulnerability to addiction or the treatment of addiction, there has been comparatively less research examining how religion might impact attitudes toward addiction more broadly. Method The present work sought to examine the current state of empirical literature evaluating the relationships between religion and attitudes toward addiction and addiction treatment. In service of the above aim, a scoping review was conducted. Results This summary of peer-reviewed, quantitative studies (n=36) found that higher religiosity is related to more belief in the disease model of addiction in providers, negative attitudes towards addiction, and a stronger support for spiritually based treatments. However, results varied based on the measures used and many relationships tested were not significant. There also appeared to be differences in the interaction between religion and spirituality and other variables, such as the respondent’s sex or whether the individual was a student or provider, in terms of attitudes. Conclusions Further research is needed to fully understand the nuances in the relationship between these variables, including more clear operationalization and standardized measurement. Until such research is conducted, no cohesive conclusions can be drawn, and clinical implications remain unclear.

@article{grubbsCommentaryLewczukMoral2021,
  title = {Commentary on {{Lewczuk}} et al : {{Moral}} Incongruence, Disapproval and Behavioral 'Addiction'.},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2021},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Addiction (Abingdon, England)},
  volume = {116},
  number = {4},
  pages = {900--901},
  address = {{England}},
  issn = {1360-0443 0965-2140},
  doi = {10.1111/add.15326},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {33314391},
  keywords = {*Behavior; Addictive,*Compulsive sexual behavior disorder,*gaming disorder,*moral incongruence,*morality,*perceived addiction,*pornography addiction,*Video Games,Behavior Disorders,Compulsive sexual behavior disorder,Erotica,gaming disorder,Humans,Internet Addiction,Internet Use,moral incongruence,morality,Morality,Morals,Nonsubstance Related Addictions,perceived addiction,Pornography,pornography addiction,Prediction,Sexual Addiction,Social Networking},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/BLXL3RN7/Grubbs - 2021 - Commentary on Lewczuk et al  Moral incongruence, .pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/T893BRGQ/add.html}
}

@article{grubbsPornographyUsePsychological2021,
  title = {Pornography {{Use}} and {{Psychological Science}}: {{A Call}} for {{Consideration}}},
  shorttitle = {Pornography {{Use}} and {{Psychological Science}}},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Kraus, Shane W.},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Current Directions in Psychological Science},
  pages = {096372142097959},
  issn = {0963-7214, 1467-8721},
  doi = {10.1177/0963721420979594},
  abstract = {Pornography use is both ubiquitous and controversial in developed nations. Although research related to pornography use has flourished in topical and special-interest journals for several decades, much of this work has remained in the periphery of mainstream interests. The current article reviews how pornography use is likely relevant to various domains within psychological science, particularly emphasizing its significance in relationship research, adolescentdevelopment research, and clinical science. Specifically, pornography use is likely salient to research examining both sexual and romantic satisfaction. Additionally, it is also likely relevant to understanding adolescent sexual development, particularly among sexual-minority populations. Finally, a large body of research suggests that pornography use may become problematic, either because of excessive use or moral incongruence about such use, illustrating its salience in clinical psychological science. Collectively, the current research related to pornography use suggests that it is of interest to multiple domains in psychological science and that its effects can range from positive to neutral to negative.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {ADOLESCENCE,Compulsions,COMPULSIVE behavior,compulsive sexual behavior,DEVELOPED countries,Mass Media,media effects,pornography,Pornography,PORNOGRAPHY,Sexual Addiction,SEXUAL excitement,sexually explicit media,technology,Technology},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/N5V469Q2/Grubbs and Kraus - Pornography Use and Psychological Science A Call .pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/PMC9RINN/Grubbs and Kraus - 2021 - Pornography Use and Psychological Science A Call .pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/8PRXVQFV/full.html}
}

Pornography use is both ubiquitous and controversial in developed nations. Although research related to pornography use has flourished in topical and special-interest journals for several decades, much of this work has remained in the periphery of mainstream interests. The current article reviews how pornography use is likely relevant to various domains within psychological science, particularly emphasizing its significance in relationship research, adolescentdevelopment research, and clinical science. Specifically, pornography use is likely salient to research examining both sexual and romantic satisfaction. Additionally, it is also likely relevant to understanding adolescent sexual development, particularly among sexual-minority populations. Finally, a large body of research suggests that pornography use may become problematic, either because of excessive use or moral incongruence about such use, illustrating its salience in clinical psychological science. Collectively, the current research related to pornography use suggests that it is of interest to multiple domains in psychological science and that its effects can range from positive to neutral to negative.

@article{hoaglandPornographyUseHolistic2021,
  title = {Pornography {{Use}} and {{Holistic Sexual Functioning}}: A {{Systematic Review}} of {{Recent Research}}},
  shorttitle = {Pornography {{Use}} and {{Holistic Sexual Functioning}}},
  author = {Hoagland, K. Camille and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Current Addiction Reports},
  volume = {8},
  number = {3},
  pages = {408--421},
  publisher = {{Springer International Publishing}},
  issn = {2196-2952},
  doi = {10.1007/s40429-021-00378-4},
  abstract = {Purpose of Review Pornography use is a common recreational activity in most developed nations with unrestricted internet access. As public awareness of pornography’s popularity has grown, so have concerns about potentially deleterious effects of pornography. One domain of particular concern has been the impact of pornography use and online sexual behaviors on sexual wellbeing. Over recent years, a number of studies have examined how pornography use relates to sexual wellbeing. The present work seeks to review such literature, with a particular focus on the effects of pornography on sexual functioning and sexual satisfaction. To this end, a systematic review of recent research (within the past 5 years) was conducted. Recent Findings A total of 44 articles were included in the systematic review. In some situations, pornography use is associated with greater sexual functioning and greater sexual satisfaction, and in other cases it seems to be associated with lower sexual functioning and lower sexual satisfaction. Specifically, mere pornography use itself was most often not associated with sexual functioning in either direction, but self-reported problematic use of pornography was consistently associated with more sexual functioning problems. Summary Collectively, results suggest a nuanced understanding of the effects of pornography on sexual wellbeing, with the context of and perceptions about pornography use being extremely important in predicting whether or not pornography has negative effects.},
  copyright = {2021 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {and Family,behavioral addiction,Clinical Psychology,Couples,erectile dysfunction,Health Psychology,Marriage,online sexual activity,other,pornography addiction,Psychiatry,Psychology,Sexual Dysfunctions,sexually explicit media,Social and Behavioral Sciences},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/EYTUEV3B/Hoagland and Grubbs - 2021 - Pornography Use and Holistic Sexual Functioning a.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/GSXDDWVH/Hoagland and Grubbs - 2021 - Pornography Use and Holistic Sexual Functioning a.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/WUJJY75Z/Hoagland and Grubbs - 2021 - Pornography Use and Holistic Sexual Functioning A.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/VFMIGK3H/s40429-021-00378-4.html}
}

Purpose of Review Pornography use is a common recreational activity in most developed nations with unrestricted internet access. As public awareness of pornography’s popularity has grown, so have concerns about potentially deleterious effects of pornography. One domain of particular concern has been the impact of pornography use and online sexual behaviors on sexual wellbeing. Over recent years, a number of studies have examined how pornography use relates to sexual wellbeing. The present work seeks to review such literature, with a particular focus on the effects of pornography on sexual functioning and sexual satisfaction. To this end, a systematic review of recent research (within the past 5 years) was conducted. Recent Findings A total of 44 articles were included in the systematic review. In some situations, pornography use is associated with greater sexual functioning and greater sexual satisfaction, and in other cases it seems to be associated with lower sexual functioning and lower sexual satisfaction. Specifically, mere pornography use itself was most often not associated with sexual functioning in either direction, but self-reported problematic use of pornography was consistently associated with more sexual functioning problems. Summary Collectively, results suggest a nuanced understanding of the effects of pornography on sexual wellbeing, with the context of and perceptions about pornography use being extremely important in predicting whether or not pornography has negative effects.

@article{perryChristianNationalismPerceived2021,
  title = {Christian Nationalism, Perceived anti‐{{Christian}} Discrimination, and Prioritising “Religious Freedom” in the 2020 Presidential Election.},
  author = {Perry, Samuel L. and Schnabel, Landon and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Nations \& Nationalism},
  pages = {1},
  issn = {13545078},
  abstract = {For decades now and particularly during the 2020 presidential campaign, American conservatives have stressed the need to protect “religious freedom.” Building on research documenting a connection between Trump‐support, a desire to privilege conservative Christianity, and perceptions that conservative Christianity is persecuted due to its anti‐LGT (lesbian, gay, or transgender) views, we theorise such factors were the ideological driving force behind prioritising “religious freedom” in the 2020 presidential election. Drawing on national survey data from just after the November election, we find Christian nationalism and perceptions of anti‐Christian discrimination are strong predictors that (1) Americans feel “religious freedom” was an important factor influencing their vote and (2) that they ranked it the single greatest factor influencing their vote. In contrast, the perception that LGT persons are {$<$}italic{$>$}not{$<$}/italic{$>$} discriminated against also predicts viewing religious freedom as important, as does a perception of anti‐Semitism, but never perceptions of anti‐atheist or anti‐Muslim discrimination. Findings suggest conservative Christian supremacism, fear of (Judeo‐)Christian persecution and belief that LGT persons are privileged are ideological antecedents of votes for “religious freedom.” [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  keywords = {atheists,conservatives,Jews,LGBT issues,Muslims,religious persecution},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/3DGGJ89K/nana.html}
}

For decades now and particularly during the 2020 presidential campaign, American conservatives have stressed the need to protect “religious freedom.” Building on research documenting a connection between Trump‐support, a desire to privilege conservative Christianity, and perceptions that conservative Christianity is persecuted due to its anti‐LGT (lesbian, gay, or transgender) views, we theorise such factors were the ideological driving force behind prioritising “religious freedom” in the 2020 presidential election. Drawing on national survey data from just after the November election, we find Christian nationalism and perceptions of anti‐Christian discrimination are strong predictors that (1) Americans feel “religious freedom” was an important factor influencing their vote and (2) that they ranked it the single greatest factor influencing their vote. In contrast, the perception that LGT persons are $<$italic$>$not$<$/italic$>$ discriminated against also predicts viewing religious freedom as important, as does a perception of anti‐Semitism, but never perceptions of anti‐atheist or anti‐Muslim discrimination. Findings suggest conservative Christian supremacism, fear of (Judeo‐)Christian persecution and belief that LGT persons are privileged are ideological antecedents of votes for “religious freedom.” [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

@article{perryDividedFaithChristian2021,
  title = {Divided by {{Faith}} (in {{Christian America}}): {{Christian Nationalism}}, {{Race}}, and {{Divergent Perceptions}} of {{Racial Injustice}}},
  shorttitle = {Divided by {{Faith}} (in {{Christian America}})},
  author = {Perry, Samuel L and Cobb, Ryon J and Whitehead, Andrew L and Grubbs, Joshua B},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Social Forces},
  number = {soab134},
  issn = {0037-7732},
  doi = {10.1093/sf/soab134},
  abstract = {Sociologists have long identified a “perception gap” between Black and White Americans regarding racial injustice, often emphasizing either “epistemologies of ignorance” or “religio-cultural” mechanisms. Integrating and extending these insights, we theorize that conceptions of America’s religio-cultural heritage and identity are racially coded and grounded in White supremacy, but only for those atop the racial hierarchy. From this, we predict the perception gap is largely driven by Whites’ racialized idealization of their own religio-cultural preeminence in American civic life—what we call “White Christian nationalism.” Drawing on nationally representative data with currently relevant measures of Americans’ perceptions of racial injustice, we show the more Whites affirm seemingly race-neutral statements promoting Christianity’s preeminence in American life, the more they affirm White victimhood and deny anti-Black injustice. This association seems to drive the perception gap. Specifically, for Whites, Christian nationalism is powerfully associated with refusing to acknowledge anti-Black discrimination while affirming supposed anti-White discrimination; lower likelihood of attributing Ahmaud Arbery’s murder to racism or to even know about the incident; and greater likelihood of denying racial inequality in policing. For Black Americans, however, affirming the same measures of Christian nationalism produces no consistent change in their recognition of racial injustice. Thus, for Whites, appeals to America’s “Christian” heritage are racially coded and contribute to an ideological defense of White supremacy, including the denial of blatant anti-Black injustice and a commitment to White victimhood.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/Y7BK7HDV/6425239.html}
}

Sociologists have long identified a “perception gap” between Black and White Americans regarding racial injustice, often emphasizing either “epistemologies of ignorance” or “religio-cultural” mechanisms. Integrating and extending these insights, we theorize that conceptions of America’s religio-cultural heritage and identity are racially coded and grounded in White supremacy, but only for those atop the racial hierarchy. From this, we predict the perception gap is largely driven by Whites’ racialized idealization of their own religio-cultural preeminence in American civic life—what we call “White Christian nationalism.” Drawing on nationally representative data with currently relevant measures of Americans’ perceptions of racial injustice, we show the more Whites affirm seemingly race-neutral statements promoting Christianity’s preeminence in American life, the more they affirm White victimhood and deny anti-Black injustice. This association seems to drive the perception gap. Specifically, for Whites, Christian nationalism is powerfully associated with refusing to acknowledge anti-Black discrimination while affirming supposed anti-White discrimination; lower likelihood of attributing Ahmaud Arbery’s murder to racism or to even know about the incident; and greater likelihood of denying racial inequality in policing. For Black Americans, however, affirming the same measures of Christian nationalism produces no consistent change in their recognition of racial injustice. Thus, for Whites, appeals to America’s “Christian” heritage are racially coded and contribute to an ideological defense of White supremacy, including the denial of blatant anti-Black injustice and a commitment to White victimhood.

@article{perryIgnoranceCultureWar2021,
  title = {Ignorance or Culture War? {{Christian}} Nationalism and Scientific Illiteracy},
  author = {Perry, Samuel L and Baker, Joseph O and Grubbs, Joshua B},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Public Understanding of Science},
  doi = {10.1177/09636625211006271},
  abstract = {Religiously conservative Americans consistently demonstrate lower scientific literacy than other Americans. Some argue, however, that Americans’ scientific literacy is contingent on subcultural conflict, showing differences in scientific literacy that emerge only on religiously contested scientific claims. Building on these insights, we find that the most salient factor explaining Americans’ divergence on contested (though not on uncontested) scientific claims is not religious commitment or conservatism per se, but an ideology that seeks political—and consequently epistemic—dominance: Christian nationalism. National data show that Christian nationalism is unassociated with Americans’ answers on questions about uncontested scientific knowledge. However, Christian nationalism is the strongest predictor of incorrect answers on questions about religiously contested scientific claims. Contemporary “culture war” debates over science have little to do with outright ignorance of science, nor are they strictly about religiosity or theological conservatism. Rather, disputes over science and religion reflect politically motivated denials of scientific facts that threaten Christian nationalism’s claims to epistemic and cultural authority.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/6CNN8VAQ/Perry et al. - Ignorance or culture war Christian nationalism an.pdf}
}

Religiously conservative Americans consistently demonstrate lower scientific literacy than other Americans. Some argue, however, that Americans’ scientific literacy is contingent on subcultural conflict, showing differences in scientific literacy that emerge only on religiously contested scientific claims. Building on these insights, we find that the most salient factor explaining Americans’ divergence on contested (though not on uncontested) scientific claims is not religious commitment or conservatism per se, but an ideology that seeks political—and consequently epistemic—dominance: Christian nationalism. National data show that Christian nationalism is unassociated with Americans’ answers on questions about uncontested scientific knowledge. However, Christian nationalism is the strongest predictor of incorrect answers on questions about religiously contested scientific claims. Contemporary “culture war” debates over science have little to do with outright ignorance of science, nor are they strictly about religiosity or theological conservatism. Rather, disputes over science and religion reflect politically motivated denials of scientific facts that threaten Christian nationalism’s claims to epistemic and cultural authority.

@article{perryPrejudicePandemicPromised2021a,
  title = {Prejudice and Pandemic in the Promised Land: How White {{Christian}} Nationalism Shapes {{Americans}}’ Racist and Xenophobic Views of {{COVID-19}}},
  author = {Perry, Samuel L. and Whitehead, Andrew L. and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Ethnic and Racial Studies},
  pages = {1--14},
  publisher = {{Routledge}},
  issn = {0141-9870},
  doi = {10.1080/01419870.2020.1839114},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/9UA6D5LF/Perry et al. - 2020 - Prejudice and pandemic in the promised land how w.pdf}
}

@article{perrySexItsDiscontents2021,
  title = {Sex and {{Its Discontents}}: {{How Moral Incongruence Connects Same-Sex}} and {{Non-Marital Sexual Activity}} with {{Unhappiness}}},
  shorttitle = {Sex and {{Its Discontents}}},
  author = {Perry, Samuel L. and Grubbs, Joshua B. and McElroy, Elizabeth E.},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Archives of Sexual Behavior},
  issn = {0004-0002, 1573-2800},
  doi = {10.1007/s10508-020-01860-2},
  abstract = {A growing body of research has demonstrated how the link between pornography use and various manifestations of psychological distress and dissatisfaction is explained by moral incongruence—the experience of violating one’s deeply held moral values. The predictive power of moral incongruence, however, has yet to be applied to other sexual activities. Drawing on data from available waves of the General Social Surveys (1988–2018: nmen\,=\,6590, nwomen\,=\,7047; 1989–2018: nmen\,=\,3558, nwomen\,=\,4841), this study extended moral incongruence theory by testing whether engaging in same-sex or non-marital sexual activity when one rejects either as morally wrong is associated with a greater likelihood of reporting unhappiness. Analyses demonstrated that American men (but not women) who reported engaging in same-sex sex in the previous year were more likely than other men to say they were unhappy, but only if they viewed homosexuality as “always wrong.” Analyses also showed that American women (not men) who reported higher frequencies of non-marital sex in the previous year were more likely than other women to report being unhappy, but only if they viewed non-marital sex as “always wrong.” Though nuanced by gender, findings affirmed expectations from moral incongruence research: Sexual behavior per se is not associated with unhappiness, but moral inconsistency or conflict regarding one’s sexual behavior is.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {*Happiness,*Homosexuality,*Moral incongruence,*Non-marital sex,*Pornography,Adult,Conflict; Psychological,Erotica/psychology,Extramarital Relations/*psychology,Female,Happiness,HAPPINESS,Homosexuality,HOMOSEXUALITY,HUMAN sexuality,Humans,Male,Marital Status/statistics \& numerical data,Middle Aged,Moral incongruence,Morals,Non-marital sex,Pornography,PORNOGRAPHY,PSYCHOLOGICAL distress,Sadness/*psychology,Sex Factors,Sexual Behavior/*psychology,SEXUAL intercourse,Sexual Partners/*psychology,Young Adult},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/G5JXYT35/Perry - Sex and Its Discontents How Moral Incongruence Co.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/S354V6TG/Perry et al. - 2021 - Sex and Its Discontents How Moral Incongruence Co.pdf}
}

A growing body of research has demonstrated how the link between pornography use and various manifestations of psychological distress and dissatisfaction is explained by moral incongruence—the experience of violating one’s deeply held moral values. The predictive power of moral incongruence, however, has yet to be applied to other sexual activities. Drawing on data from available waves of the General Social Surveys (1988–2018: nmen\,=\,6590, nwomen\,=\,7047; 1989–2018: nmen\,=\,3558, nwomen\,=\,4841), this study extended moral incongruence theory by testing whether engaging in same-sex or non-marital sexual activity when one rejects either as morally wrong is associated with a greater likelihood of reporting unhappiness. Analyses demonstrated that American men (but not women) who reported engaging in same-sex sex in the previous year were more likely than other men to say they were unhappy, but only if they viewed homosexuality as “always wrong.” Analyses also showed that American women (not men) who reported higher frequencies of non-marital sex in the previous year were more likely than other women to report being unhappy, but only if they viewed non-marital sex as “always wrong.” Though nuanced by gender, findings affirmed expectations from moral incongruence research: Sexual behavior per se is not associated with unhappiness, but moral inconsistency or conflict regarding one’s sexual behavior is.

@article{perryWhoIdentifiesAntiRacist2021,
  title = {Who {{Identifies}} as {{Anti-Racist}}? {{Racial Identity}}, {{Color-Blindness}}, and {{Generic Liberalism}}},
  shorttitle = {Who {{Identifies}} as {{Anti-Racist}}?},
  author = {Perry, Samuel L. and Frantz, Kenneth E. and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Socius},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {23780231211052945},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications}},
  issn = {2378-0231},
  doi = {10.1177/23780231211052945},
  abstract = {Although decades old, the terms “anti-racism/antiracism” and “anti-racist/antiracist” have grown in usage by scholars, authors, and activists to convey the necessity of active opposition to racial injustice. But as the terms have become more mainstream, researchers have yet to examine the social and ideological correlates of actually describing oneself as “anti-racist.” Drawing on nationally representative survey data fielded at the height of national interest in “antiracist/anti-racist” language, the authors find that Blacks and Hispanics are significantly less likely than whites to describe themselves as “anti-racist,” and only the “very liberal” are more likely than other political orientations to identify with the label. Considering ideological correlates, progressive racial ideology is the strongest predictor of identifying as “anti-racist.” However, the second strongest correlate is describing oneself as “color-blind.” Analyses of quadratic terms suggests that this correlation is curvilinear for nonwhites but more linear for whites. Although originally conveying more radical and subversive ideals, those currently most likely to self-describe as “anti-racist” are white progressives with what we call “generically liberal” racial views.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {antiracism,antiracist,color-blindness,liberals,whiteness},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/2DCMY57S/Perry et al. - 2021 - Who Identifies as Anti-Racist Racial Identity, Co.pdf}
}

Although decades old, the terms “anti-racism/antiracism” and “anti-racist/antiracist” have grown in usage by scholars, authors, and activists to convey the necessity of active opposition to racial injustice. But as the terms have become more mainstream, researchers have yet to examine the social and ideological correlates of actually describing oneself as “anti-racist.” Drawing on nationally representative survey data fielded at the height of national interest in “antiracist/anti-racist” language, the authors find that Blacks and Hispanics are significantly less likely than whites to describe themselves as “anti-racist,” and only the “very liberal” are more likely than other political orientations to identify with the label. Considering ideological correlates, progressive racial ideology is the strongest predictor of identifying as “anti-racist.” However, the second strongest correlate is describing oneself as “color-blind.” Analyses of quadratic terms suggests that this correlation is curvilinear for nonwhites but more linear for whites. Although originally conveying more radical and subversive ideals, those currently most likely to self-describe as “anti-racist” are white progressives with what we call “generically liberal” racial views.

@incollection{staunerReligiousSpiritualStruggles2021,
  title = {The {{Religious}} and {{Spiritual Struggles}} ({{RSS}}) {{Scale}}: {{Stability Over One Year}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Religious}} and {{Spiritual Struggles}} ({{RSS}}) {{Scale}}},
  booktitle = {Assessing {{Spirituality}} in a {{Diverse World}}},
  author = {Stauner, Nick and Exline, Julie J. and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Pargament, Kenneth I.},
  editor = {Ai, Amy L. and Wink, Paul and Paloutzian, Raymond F. and Harris, Kevin A.},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  pages = {141--163},
  publisher = {{Springer International Publishing}},
  address = {{Cham}},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-52140-0_7},
  abstract = {The Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale (RSS) measures important psychological constructs involved in the complex relationship between religion and well-being. Religious/spiritual struggles are distinct from religiousness, distress, and each other, but the RSS’ internal discriminant validity has not been tested longitudinally. Previously, we published three alternative measurement models with a large sample of undergraduates in the USA (N = 3851), including two bifactor models with unidentified general factors. We reused this sample as our baseline measurement, and tested each measurement model’s ability to predict new measurements collected a year later (n = 583). Both general factors predicted themselves best over time with strength and specificity similar to the original six group factors, all of which also predicted themselves strongly and specifically in all three models. Correlations one year after baseline weakened slightly but remained positive, continuing to reflect both the general and group factors’ mutual influence. All group and general factors appear valid and meaningfully different as independent psychological constructs. Significant evidence that certain RSS factors independently predict certain others only emerged in the restricted bifactor model, where we least expected it. These effects did not diminish discriminant validity, but suggested subtle ways that some R/S struggles could predict changes in others, pending replication of these results. Overall, the RSS appears to measure distinct phases that are more stable than states, yet more transitory than traits. The RSS is well-suited to longitudinal research into many important questions about the dynamics of R/S struggles, which we discuss within.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  isbn = {978-3-030-52140-0},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Autoregression,Bifactor,Longitudinal,Meaning,Measurement,Morality,Religion,Spirituality,Struggle,Supernatural}
}

The Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale (RSS) measures important psychological constructs involved in the complex relationship between religion and well-being. Religious/spiritual struggles are distinct from religiousness, distress, and each other, but the RSS’ internal discriminant validity has not been tested longitudinally. Previously, we published three alternative measurement models with a large sample of undergraduates in the USA (N = 3851), including two bifactor models with unidentified general factors. We reused this sample as our baseline measurement, and tested each measurement model’s ability to predict new measurements collected a year later (n = 583). Both general factors predicted themselves best over time with strength and specificity similar to the original six group factors, all of which also predicted themselves strongly and specifically in all three models. Correlations one year after baseline weakened slightly but remained positive, continuing to reflect both the general and group factors’ mutual influence. All group and general factors appear valid and meaningfully different as independent psychological constructs. Significant evidence that certain RSS factors independently predict certain others only emerged in the restricted bifactor model, where we least expected it. These effects did not diminish discriminant validity, but suggested subtle ways that some R/S struggles could predict changes in others, pending replication of these results. Overall, the RSS appears to measure distinct phases that are more stable than states, yet more transitory than traits. The RSS is well-suited to longitudinal research into many important questions about the dynamics of R/S struggles, which we discuss within.

@article{wiltAuthenticityPresenceMeaning2021,
  title = {Authenticity, Presence of Meaning, and Struggle with Ultimate Meaning: {{Nuanced}} between-and within-Person Associations},
  shorttitle = {Authenticity, Presence of Meaning, and Struggle with Ultimate Meaning},
  author = {Wilt, Joshua A. and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Exline, Julie J. and Pargament, Kenneth I.},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal of Research in Personality},
  volume = {93},
  pages = {104104},
  issn = {0092-6566},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104104},
  abstract = {Authenticity predicts greater presence of meaning in life, in general (between-persons) and in the moment (within-persons). However, little is known about whether authenticity predicts negative aspects of life meaning, such as struggles with ultimate meaning. Across three studies (total N~=~719), two of which used daily diaries (daily reports~=~1,980), correlations, confirmatory factor analyses, and multilevel path models together showed that higher levels of authenticity related positively to presence of meaning and negatively to struggle with ultimate meaning at the between- and within-person levels. These findings are consistent with humanistic, existential, and positive psychology theories of authenticity and meaning and raise the possibility that increasing authenticity states over time may predict sustained improvement in multiple aspects of meaning.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Authenticity,Presence of meaning,Struggle with ultimate meaning},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/LBRM4IZ6/S0092656621000416.html}
}

Authenticity predicts greater presence of meaning in life, in general (between-persons) and in the moment (within-persons). However, little is known about whether authenticity predicts negative aspects of life meaning, such as struggles with ultimate meaning. Across three studies (total N = 719), two of which used daily diaries (daily reports = 1,980), correlations, confirmatory factor analyses, and multilevel path models together showed that higher levels of authenticity related positively to presence of meaning and negatively to struggle with ultimate meaning at the between- and within-person levels. These findings are consistent with humanistic, existential, and positive psychology theories of authenticity and meaning and raise the possibility that increasing authenticity states over time may predict sustained improvement in multiple aspects of meaning.

@article{2020-68332-00920200901,
  title = {Addiction or Transgression? {{Moral}} Incongruence and Self-Reported Problematic Pornography Use in a Nationally Representative Sample},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Lee, Brinna N. and Hoagland, K. Camille and Kraus, Shane W. and Perry, Samuel L.},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {Clinical Psychological Science},
  volume = {8},
  number = {5},
  pages = {936--946},
  issn = {2167-7026, 2167-7034},
  abstract = {In the United States, pornography use is common, and it is increasingly a clinical concern under some circumstances. Excessive pornography use may qualify for the new diagnosis of compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD) in the forthcoming 11th version of the International Classification of Diseases. There is also evidence, however, that moral incongruence (i.e., a misalignment of moral beliefs about sexual behavior and actual sexual behavior) may inflate self-reports of problems associated with pornography use. Prior work suggests religiousness may drive such moral incongruence. Using a large sample matched to U.S. representative norms (total: N = 2,519; past-year pornography users: n = 1,424, 66.4\% men), we examined the interaction between pornography use and religiousness in predicting self-reported addiction to pornography. Results indicated that religiousness moderated the association between pornography use and self-reported addiction so that, despite a negative association between religiousness and use, at higher levels of religiousness, pornography use was more strongly related to self-reports of addiction. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)},
  keywords = {addiction,Behavior Disorders,compulsive sexual behavior disorder,moral incongruence,Morality,Nonsubstance Related Addictions,open materials,Pornography,Psychosexual Behavior,Self-Report,Sexual Addiction,sexually explicit media},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/KE8G8MB8/Grubbs et al. - 2020 - Addiction or transgression Moral incongruence and.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/FUBQ7NTJ/full.html}
}

In the United States, pornography use is common, and it is increasingly a clinical concern under some circumstances. Excessive pornography use may qualify for the new diagnosis of compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD) in the forthcoming 11th version of the International Classification of Diseases. There is also evidence, however, that moral incongruence (i.e., a misalignment of moral beliefs about sexual behavior and actual sexual behavior) may inflate self-reports of problems associated with pornography use. Prior work suggests religiousness may drive such moral incongruence. Using a large sample matched to U.S. representative norms (total: N = 2,519; past-year pornography users: n = 1,424, 66.4% men), we examined the interaction between pornography use and religiousness in predicting self-reported addiction to pornography. Results indicated that religiousness moderated the association between pornography use and self-reported addiction so that, despite a negative association between religiousness and use, at higher levels of religiousness, pornography use was more strongly related to self-reports of addiction. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)

@article{borgognaMilitaryVeteransPsychological2020,
  title = {Military {{Veterans}}’ {{Psychological Distress Associated}} with {{Problematic Pornography Viewing}}},
  author = {Borgogna, Nicholas C. and Kraus, Shane W. and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction},
  issn = {1557-1874, 1557-1882},
  doi = {10.1007/s11469-021-00508-z},
  abstract = {Problematic pornography use represents a common feature reported by those with compulsive sexual behavior disorder. While prior research suggests US military veterans may experience disproportional rates of problematic pornography use, few comparative studies exist. Moreover, no measurement invariance analyses between veterans and non-veterans exist on measures designed to assess problematic pornography use. The purposes of the present report were to explore whether differences exist between veteran and non-veteran men on indices of problematic pornography use, determine whether veteran status is associated with an exacerbation of psychological distress in conjunction with problematic pornography use, and establish measurement invariance psychometric data between veteran and non-veteran men on the Brief Pornography Screen (Kraus et al., 2020). We analyzed data drawn from a nationally representative panel of men from the USA (N = 658 nonveterans, N = 186 veterans). When adjusting for age, veteran men experienced significantly more problematic pornography use compared to non-veteran men. A substantial moderation effect was also evident, with veterans experiencing significantly more psychological distress associated with their problematic pornography use (β = .65) compared to non-veterans (β = .29), while adjusting for age and pornography use frequency. The Brief Pornography Screen demonstrated residual invariance (i.e., measurement equivalence of factor structure, loadings, intercepts, and errors) between veteran and non-veteran men. Clinicians working with veterans should explore how pornography use is related to their mental health. The Brief Pornography Screen is an effective tool to assess problematic pornography viewing in veteran and non-veteran men.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/Y3NN9WGW/Borgogna et al. - 2021 - Military Veterans’ Psychological Distress Associat.pdf}
}

Problematic pornography use represents a common feature reported by those with compulsive sexual behavior disorder. While prior research suggests US military veterans may experience disproportional rates of problematic pornography use, few comparative studies exist. Moreover, no measurement invariance analyses between veterans and non-veterans exist on measures designed to assess problematic pornography use. The purposes of the present report were to explore whether differences exist between veteran and non-veteran men on indices of problematic pornography use, determine whether veteran status is associated with an exacerbation of psychological distress in conjunction with problematic pornography use, and establish measurement invariance psychometric data between veteran and non-veteran men on the Brief Pornography Screen (Kraus et al., 2020). We analyzed data drawn from a nationally representative panel of men from the USA (N = 658 nonveterans, N = 186 veterans). When adjusting for age, veteran men experienced significantly more problematic pornography use compared to non-veteran men. A substantial moderation effect was also evident, with veterans experiencing significantly more psychological distress associated with their problematic pornography use (β = .65) compared to non-veterans (β = .29), while adjusting for age and pornography use frequency. The Brief Pornography Screen demonstrated residual invariance (i.e., measurement equivalence of factor structure, loadings, intercepts, and errors) between veteran and non-veteran men. Clinicians working with veterans should explore how pornography use is related to their mental health. The Brief Pornography Screen is an effective tool to assess problematic pornography viewing in veteran and non-veteran men.

@article{cowdenTraitTendenciesForgive2020,
  title = {Trait Tendencies to Forgive, Punish, and Exonerate Oneself: {{A}} Multi-Study Investigation},
  shorttitle = {Trait Tendencies to Forgive, Punish, and Exonerate Oneself},
  author = {Cowden, Richard G. and Worthington, Everett L. and Griffin, Brandon J. and Davis, Don E. and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal of Research in Personality},
  pages = {103934},
  issn = {0092-6566},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jrp.2020.103934},
  abstract = {In two studies (N’s = 515 and 359), we examine the utility of the Dual-Process Model of Self-Forgiveness for conceptualizing and measuring trait self-forgiveness with South African and American adults. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the trait-adapted Dual-Process Self-Forgiveness Scale supported an eight-item, two-factor structure of self-forgivingness consistent with prior theorizing and empirical evidence. The trait-adapted measure predicted incrementally more variance in outcomes beyond an existing measure of trait self-forgiveness. Latent subgroups characterized by tendencies to forgive, punish, and exonerate oneself in response to wrongdoing or failure were identified. Comparisons of mean differences provided preliminary evidence supporting the validity of the subgroups. Implications of the findings for conceptualizing and measuring self-forgiveness are discussed.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {latent profile analysis,measurement,self-exoneration,self-forgiveness,self-punishment},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/33WRGU77/Cowden et al. - 2020 - Trait tendencies to forgive, punish, and exonerate.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/L3DQ7JS6/S0092656620300234.html}
}

In two studies (N’s = 515 and 359), we examine the utility of the Dual-Process Model of Self-Forgiveness for conceptualizing and measuring trait self-forgiveness with South African and American adults. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the trait-adapted Dual-Process Self-Forgiveness Scale supported an eight-item, two-factor structure of self-forgivingness consistent with prior theorizing and empirical evidence. The trait-adapted measure predicted incrementally more variance in outcomes beyond an existing measure of trait self-forgiveness. Latent subgroups characterized by tendencies to forgive, punish, and exonerate oneself in response to wrongdoing or failure were identified. Comparisons of mean differences provided preliminary evidence supporting the validity of the subgroups. Implications of the findings for conceptualizing and measuring self-forgiveness are discussed.

@article{droubaySecrecyDeceptionValues2020,
  title = {Secrecy and Deception: Values, Shame, and Endorsement of Hiding One’s Pornography Viewing},
  shorttitle = {Secrecy and Deception},
  author = {Droubay, Brian A. and Shafer, Kevin and Miles, Rashun J. and Butters, Robert P. and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Sexual and Relationship Therapy},
  volume = {0},
  number = {0},
  pages = {1--28},
  publisher = {{Routledge}},
  issn = {1468-1994},
  doi = {10.1080/14681994.2021.1976403},
  abstract = {Pornography’s effects have received renewed attention, with particular concern about how viewing impacts committed partner relationships. Given that secrecy and deception about pornography viewing are linked with negative relationship outcomes, we sought to identify variables associated with persons’ endorsement of hiding it. We explored this in two studies. Results from a regression analysis suggest that consumer moral disapproval of pornography and experiences of shame were associated with hiding behavior. Results from a path analysis suggest that the positive relationship between sexual conservatism and endorsement of hiding viewing from one’s committed partner is mediated by both moral incongruence (associated with viewing) and perception that pornography causes a host of harms. Persons with moral qualms related to their viewing were especially likely to endorse hiding it if they were shame-prone. These findings point to the importance of sexual values and shame in relation to persons hiding their viewing; they also suggest that individuals who internalize messaging that pornography causes serious harms are more likely to keep their viewing secret. This suggests that practitioners, policymakers, and advocates need to be circumspect about their messaging, avoiding shame-inducing rhetoric, while keeping in mind the centrality of people’s values in informing attitudes and behaviors about pornography.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  keywords = {marriage,Pornography,public health,relationships,sexuality},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/14681994.2021.1976403},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/AWHUZ4JU/Droubay et al. - 2021 - Secrecy and deception values, shame, and endorsem.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/6J3WBFEH/14681994.2021.html}
}

Pornography’s effects have received renewed attention, with particular concern about how viewing impacts committed partner relationships. Given that secrecy and deception about pornography viewing are linked with negative relationship outcomes, we sought to identify variables associated with persons’ endorsement of hiding it. We explored this in two studies. Results from a regression analysis suggest that consumer moral disapproval of pornography and experiences of shame were associated with hiding behavior. Results from a path analysis suggest that the positive relationship between sexual conservatism and endorsement of hiding viewing from one’s committed partner is mediated by both moral incongruence (associated with viewing) and perception that pornography causes a host of harms. Persons with moral qualms related to their viewing were especially likely to endorse hiding it if they were shame-prone. These findings point to the importance of sexual values and shame in relation to persons hiding their viewing; they also suggest that individuals who internalize messaging that pornography causes serious harms are more likely to keep their viewing secret. This suggests that practitioners, policymakers, and advocates need to be circumspect about their messaging, avoiding shame-inducing rhetoric, while keeping in mind the centrality of people’s values in informing attitudes and behaviors about pornography.

@techreport{engelmanExaminingExitRoles2020,
  title = {Examining {{Exit}}: {{The Roles}} of {{Push}} and {{Pull}} in {{Leaving Religion}}},
  shorttitle = {Examining {{Exit}}},
  author = {Engelman, Joel and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Milstein, Glen and Schonfeld, Irvin Sam},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  institution = {{PsyArXiv}},
  doi = {10.31234/osf.io/ax5bg},
  abstract = {The population of religious “nones,” those who do not affiliate with any religion, is continually growing. Many of those who identify as nones have exited from religious traditions. Sparse research has examined the psychological processes involved in religious exit. Although various theories of religious exit have been proposed, they have provided limited empirical utility for psychological research. Immigration psychology, with its empirically well-established paradigms, may provide a better theoretical basis with which to understand religious exit. More specifically, the push (from origin group) and pull (towards destination group) theory of migration may be useful in understanding what motivates individuals to leave religions, and the individual psychological experiences of the religious exit process. Further, the push and pull theory may inform the trajectories of disaffiliates and their psychological wellbeing and adjustment post religious exit. This study’s main aim was to empirically establish a measure of push-pull forces for religious exit. To accomplish this goal, Latent Variable Modeling was performed to reduce a larger push-pull item bank (38 items) to a brief 8-item scale. Hypothesis testing using correlation and Structural Equation Modeling demonstrated that push and pull are associated with mental health outcomes for those leaving religions.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  keywords = {Anxiety Disorders,apostasy,Clinical Psychology,Cultural Psychology,Depressive Disorders,Health Psychology,migration,nones,other,Psychology,religious disaffiliation,religious switching,Social and Behavioral Sciences},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/8QCGEQCU/Engelman et al. - 2020 - Examining Exit The Roles of Push and Pull in Leav.pdf}
}

The population of religious “nones,” those who do not affiliate with any religion, is continually growing. Many of those who identify as nones have exited from religious traditions. Sparse research has examined the psychological processes involved in religious exit. Although various theories of religious exit have been proposed, they have provided limited empirical utility for psychological research. Immigration psychology, with its empirically well-established paradigms, may provide a better theoretical basis with which to understand religious exit. More specifically, the push (from origin group) and pull (towards destination group) theory of migration may be useful in understanding what motivates individuals to leave religions, and the individual psychological experiences of the religious exit process. Further, the push and pull theory may inform the trajectories of disaffiliates and their psychological wellbeing and adjustment post religious exit. This study’s main aim was to empirically establish a measure of push-pull forces for religious exit. To accomplish this goal, Latent Variable Modeling was performed to reduce a larger push-pull item bank (38 items) to a brief 8-item scale. Hypothesis testing using correlation and Structural Equation Modeling demonstrated that push and pull are associated with mental health outcomes for those leaving religions.

@article{engelmanLeavingCovenantalReligion2020,
  title = {Leaving a Covenantal Religion: {{Orthodox Jewish}} Disaffiliation from an Immigration Psychology Perspective},
  shorttitle = {Leaving a Covenantal Religion},
  author = {Engelman, Joel and Milstein, Glen and Schonfeld, Irvin Sam and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Mental Health, Religion \& Culture},
  volume = {Online First},
  doi = {10.1080/13674676.2020.1744547},
  abstract = {This study explored psychological variables associated with disaffiliation from Orthodox Judaism (a covenantal community), and subsequent wellness. A web-based survey (N = 206) assessed factors previously used to study immigrants: push (distress within origin community), pull (toward destination community), and goal attainment. Psychological and emotional wellness, perceived stress, overall health, and loneliness were also assessed. Findings included: 1) strong pull toward opportunities for physical and ideological autonomy; 2) those who experienced more push toward disaffiliation, reported decreased current wellness; 3) goal attainment was associated with increased wellness 4) significant differences in the experiences of disaffiliation between men and women; 5) most who disaffiliated left religion altogether; those who remained religious decreased their participation, few joined non-Jewish faith communities. Results demonstrate that this immigration paradigm can be adapted to advance research on individuals who disaffiliate from covenantal communities.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/CM2HKDBP/Engelman et al. - 2019 - Leaving a Covenantal Religion Orthodox Jewish Dis.pdf}
}

This study explored psychological variables associated with disaffiliation from Orthodox Judaism (a covenantal community), and subsequent wellness. A web-based survey (N = 206) assessed factors previously used to study immigrants: push (distress within origin community), pull (toward destination community), and goal attainment. Psychological and emotional wellness, perceived stress, overall health, and loneliness were also assessed. Findings included: 1) strong pull toward opportunities for physical and ideological autonomy; 2) those who experienced more push toward disaffiliation, reported decreased current wellness; 3) goal attainment was associated with increased wellness 4) significant differences in the experiences of disaffiliation between men and women; 5) most who disaffiliated left religion altogether; those who remained religious decreased their participation, few joined non-Jewish faith communities. Results demonstrate that this immigration paradigm can be adapted to advance research on individuals who disaffiliate from covenantal communities.

@article{etukGamblingProblemsUS2020,
  title = {Gambling {{Problems}} in {{US Military Veterans}}},
  author = {Etuk, Repairer and Shirk, Steven D. and Grubbs, Joshua and Kraus, Shane W.},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Current Addiction Reports},
  issn = {2196-2952},
  doi = {10.1007/s40429-020-00310-2},
  abstract = {Purpose of Review Gambling disorder (GD) is a debilitating mental illness characterized by persistent patterns of dysregulated gambling behaviors. Recent evidence suggests that US military veterans are a high-risk population vulnerable to the development of problem gambling. This systemic review examined the published literature on the rates, correlates, comorbidities, treatment, and genetic contributions to US veterans’ gambling behaviors in 39 studies.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/R7HJK3WS/Etuk et al. - 2020 - Gambling Problems in US Military Veterans.pdf}
}

Purpose of Review Gambling disorder (GD) is a debilitating mental illness characterized by persistent patterns of dysregulated gambling behaviors. Recent evidence suggests that US military veterans are a high-risk population vulnerable to the development of problem gambling. This systemic review examined the published literature on the rates, correlates, comorbidities, treatment, and genetic contributions to US veterans’ gambling behaviors in 39 studies.

@article{grubbsBigNumber182020,
  title = {Big {{Number}}: 18\%},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Boston Sunday Globe},
  edition = {Print},
  pages = {K2},
  chapter = {Ideas},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/7N74Z8ZS/2010393807283220611_20074.pdf}
}

@article{grubbsMoralGrandstandingPolitical2020,
  title = {Moral Grandstanding and Political Polarization: {{A}} Multi-Study Consideration},
  shorttitle = {Moral Grandstanding and Political Polarization},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Warmke, Brandon and Tosi, Justin and James, A. Shanti},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal of Research in Personality},
  volume = {88},
  pages = {104009},
  issn = {00926566},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jrp.2020.104009},
  abstract = {The present work posits that social motives, particularly status seeking in the form of moral grandstanding, are likely at least partially to blame for elevated levels of affective polarization and ideological extremism in the U.S. In Study 1, results from both undergraduates (N = 981; Mean age = 19.4; SD = 2.1; 69.7\% women) and a cross-section of U.S. adults matched to 2010 census norms (N = 1,063; Mean age = 48.20, SD = 16.38; 49.8\% women) indicated that prestige-motived grandstanding was consistently and robustly related to more extreme ideological views on a variety of issues. In Study 2, results from a weighted, nationally-representative cross-section of U.S. adults (N = 2,519; Mean age = 47.5, SD = 17.8; 51.4\% women) found that prestige motivated grandstanding was reliably related to both ideological extremism and affective polarization.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Grandstanding,Narcissism,Polarization,Status-seeking,Virtue-signaling},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/DDQS7FDD/Grubbs et al. - 2020 - Moral Grandstanding and Political Polarization A .pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/U7E88VBT/Grubbs et al. - 2020 - Moral grandstanding and political polarization A .pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/Y95J65DE/Grubbs et al. - 2020 - Moral grandstanding and political polarization A .pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/FJBFSAXX/S0092656620300970.html;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/ZJ6A5RV5/S0092656620300970.html}
}

The present work posits that social motives, particularly status seeking in the form of moral grandstanding, are likely at least partially to blame for elevated levels of affective polarization and ideological extremism in the U.S. In Study 1, results from both undergraduates (N = 981; Mean age = 19.4; SD = 2.1; 69.7% women) and a cross-section of U.S. adults matched to 2010 census norms (N = 1,063; Mean age = 48.20, SD = 16.38; 49.8% women) indicated that prestige-motived grandstanding was consistently and robustly related to more extreme ideological views on a variety of issues. In Study 2, results from a weighted, nationally-representative cross-section of U.S. adults (N = 2,519; Mean age = 47.5, SD = 17.8; 51.4% women) found that prestige motivated grandstanding was reliably related to both ideological extremism and affective polarization.

@article{grubbsMoralIncongruenceCompulsive2020,
  title = {Moral Incongruence and Compulsive Sexual Behavior: {{Results}} from Cross-Sectional Interactions and Parallel Growth Curve Analyses.},
  shorttitle = {Moral Incongruence and Compulsive Sexual Behavior},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Kraus, Shane W. and Perry, Samuel L. and Lewczuk, Karol and Gola, Mateusz},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal of Abnormal Psychology},
  volume = {129},
  number = {3},
  pages = {266--278},
  issn = {1939-1846, 0021-843X},
  doi = {10.1037/abn0000501},
  abstract = {People may report feeling addicted to pornography or sexual behavior for various reasons, but morality and moral distress seem to be key parts of why individuals might think they are addicted to pornography or sexual behavior.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {*Morals,addiction,Addiction,Adolescent,Adult,Behavior Disorders,BEHAVIOR disorders,Compulsions,Compulsive Behavior,COMPULSIVE behavior,Compulsive Behavior/*diagnosis/psychology,CROSS-sectional method,Cross-Sectional Studies,Diagnosis,diagnostic issues,Diagnostic Self Evaluation,Erotica,ETHICS,Female,HUMAN sexuality,Humans,INCONGRUITY,INTERNATIONAL Statistical Classification of Diseases \& Related Health Problems,INTERNET pornography addiction,Male,Middle Aged,morality,Morality,Morals,Pornography,PORNOGRAPHY,pornography use,PREMATURE ejaculation,Psychological,religion,Religion,SELF diagnosis,Self-Report,Sexual Addiction,Sexual Behavior,Sexual Behavior/*psychology,SEXUAL dysfunction,Sexual Dysfunctions,Sexual Dysfunctions; Psychological,Sexual Dysfunctions; Psychological/*diagnosis/psychology,Social Norms,SOCIAL norms,Test Construction,WORLD Health Organization,Young Adult},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/EH6FPYDQ/Grubbs et al. - 2020 - Moral incongruence and compulsive sexual behavior.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/KZ9C7CYU/Grubbs et al. - 2020 - Moral incongruence and compulsive sexual behavior.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/JECXWIN6/2020-04888-001.html}
}

People may report feeling addicted to pornography or sexual behavior for various reasons, but morality and moral distress seem to be key parts of why individuals might think they are addicted to pornography or sexual behavior.

@article{grubbsProblemGamblingCoping2020,
  title = {Problem Gambling, Coping Motivations, and Positive Expectancies: {{A}} Longitudinal Survey Study.},
  shorttitle = {Problem Gambling, Coping Motivations, and Positive Expectancies},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Rosansky, Joseph A.},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Psychology of Addictive Behaviors},
  volume = {34},
  number = {2},
  pages = {414--419},
  issn = {1939-1501, 0893-164X},
  doi = {10.1037/adb0000529},
  abstract = {Previous research suggests that gambling motives are important considerations in understanding the etiology and maintenance of gambling-related problems. The present work sought to examine whether beliefs about gambling, such as positive expectations for gambling, may be related to coping motivations for gambling over time and how both might be related to problem gambling behavior. Additionally, the present study sought to establish these relationships above and beyond trait neuroticism. To accomplish these goals, a 6-month longitudinal survey study of Internet using adults was conducted using Amazon Mechanical Turk. Participants were adults in the United States who acknowledged gambling in some form over the 12 months prior to the survey (N ϭ 812; Mage ϭ 36.00, SD ϭ 11.10; 45.6\% men). A subset of this sample (n ϭ 373) participated in a follow-up survey 6 months after the original survey. Cross-sectional correlations revealed robust associations between coping motivations, positive expectancies, and problem gambling. Structural equation models revealed unique associations between baseline coping motivations for gambling and future problem gambling over a 6-month period, even when controlling for baseline gambling behaviors. Additionally, baseline neuroticism predicted future coping motivations for gambling after controlling for baseline coping motivations.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Adaptation; Psychological/*physiology,Adult,Female,Gambling/*physiopathology,Humans,Longitudinal Studies,Male,Middle Aged,Motivation/*physiology,Surveys and Questionnaires,United States/epidemiology},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/QSZEXLJ3/Grubbs and Rosansky - 2019 - Problem gambling, coping motivations, and positive.pdf}
}

Previous research suggests that gambling motives are important considerations in understanding the etiology and maintenance of gambling-related problems. The present work sought to examine whether beliefs about gambling, such as positive expectations for gambling, may be related to coping motivations for gambling over time and how both might be related to problem gambling behavior. Additionally, the present study sought to establish these relationships above and beyond trait neuroticism. To accomplish these goals, a 6-month longitudinal survey study of Internet using adults was conducted using Amazon Mechanical Turk. Participants were adults in the United States who acknowledged gambling in some form over the 12 months prior to the survey (N ϭ 812; Mage ϭ 36.00, SD ϭ 11.10; 45.6% men). A subset of this sample (n ϭ 373) participated in a follow-up survey 6 months after the original survey. Cross-sectional correlations revealed robust associations between coping motivations, positive expectancies, and problem gambling. Structural equation models revealed unique associations between baseline coping motivations for gambling and future problem gambling over a 6-month period, even when controlling for baseline gambling behaviors. Additionally, baseline neuroticism predicted future coping motivations for gambling after controlling for baseline coping motivations.

@article{grubbsSexualAddiction252020,
  title = {Sexual Addiction 25~Years on: {{A}} Systematic and Methodological Review of Empirical Literature and an Agenda for Future Research},
  shorttitle = {Sexual Addiction 25~Years On},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Hoagland, K. Camille and Lee, Brinna N. and Grant, Jennifer T. and Davison, Paul and Reid, Rory C. and Kraus, Shane W.},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Clinical Psychology Review},
  volume = {82},
  pages = {101925},
  issn = {0272-7358},
  doi = {10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101925},
  abstract = {In 1998, Gold and Heffner authored a landmark review in Clinical Psychology Review on the topic of sexual addiction that concluded that sexual addiction, though increasingly popular in mental health settings, was largely based on speculation, with virtually no empirical basis. In the more than two decades since that review, empirical research around compulsive sexual behaviors (which subsumes prior research about sexual addiction) has flourished, ultimately culminating in the inclusion of a novel diagnosis of Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder in the eleventh edition of the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases. The present work details a systematic review of empirical research published between January 1st, 1995 and August 1st, 2020 related to compulsive sexual behaviors, with a specific focus on evaluating the methodologies of that literature. This review yielded 371 papers detailing 415 individual studies. In general, the present review finds that, although research related to compulsive sexual behaviors has proliferated, much of this work is characterized by simplistic methodological designs, a lack of theoretical integration, and an absence of quality measurement. Moreover, the present review finds a virtual absence of high-quality treatment-related research published within this time frame. Implications of these findings for both clinical practice and future research are discussed.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Behavioral addiction,Compulsive sexual behavior disorder,Hypersexuality,Pornography addiction,Sexual addiction},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/RN56ZN82/Grubbs et al. - 2020 - Sexual addiction 25 years on A systematic and met.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/UB6MHCT5/Grubbs et al. - 2020 - Sexual addiction 25 years on A systematic and met.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/AUPQ4I8N/S0272735820301136.html;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/VJDKLVGH/S0272735820301136.html}
}

In 1998, Gold and Heffner authored a landmark review in Clinical Psychology Review on the topic of sexual addiction that concluded that sexual addiction, though increasingly popular in mental health settings, was largely based on speculation, with virtually no empirical basis. In the more than two decades since that review, empirical research around compulsive sexual behaviors (which subsumes prior research about sexual addiction) has flourished, ultimately culminating in the inclusion of a novel diagnosis of Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder in the eleventh edition of the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases. The present work details a systematic review of empirical research published between January 1st, 1995 and August 1st, 2020 related to compulsive sexual behaviors, with a specific focus on evaluating the methodologies of that literature. This review yielded 371 papers detailing 415 individual studies. In general, the present review finds that, although research related to compulsive sexual behaviors has proliferated, much of this work is characterized by simplistic methodological designs, a lack of theoretical integration, and an absence of quality measurement. Moreover, the present review finds a virtual absence of high-quality treatment-related research published within this time frame. Implications of these findings for both clinical practice and future research are discussed.

@incollection{grubbsSpiritualityReligionBehavioral2020,
  title = {Spirituality/Religion and Behavioral Addictions},
  booktitle = {Handbook of {{Spirituality}}, {{Religion}}, and {{Mental Health}}},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua Briggs and Grant, Jennifer Tegan},
  editor = {Rosmarin, David H. and Koenig, Harold G.},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  pages = {139--157},
  publisher = {{Elsevier}},
  doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-816766-3.00008-2},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  isbn = {978-0-12-816766-3},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/HIZR879J/Grubbs and Grant - 2020 - Spiritualityreligion and behavioral addictions.pdf}
}

@article{gutierrezPrevalenceImpactReligious2020,
  title = {The {{Prevalence}} and {{Impact}} of {{Religious}} and {{Spiritual Struggles}} among {{Veterans}} in a {{Residential Gambling Treatment Program}}},
  author = {Gutierrez, Ian A and Chapman, Heather and Grubbs, Joshua and Grant, Jennifer},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Mental Health, Religion \& Culture},
  doi = {10.31234/osf.io/mtps5},
  abstract = {Veterans of the U. S. Armed Forces are at greater risk for engaging in problem gambling and meeting diagnostic criteria for Gambling Disorder (GD) than are non-veterans. For veterans and non-veterans alike, religious/spiritual beliefs and practices support recovery from addiction and bolster mental health and well-being. Moreover, religious/spiritual ideas pervade Gamblers Anonymous (GA), which remains the predominant community-based treatment modality for GD. However, research has increasingly highlighted the negative impact of religious/spiritual struggles—i.e., conflicts, tensions, or problems associated with aspects of religious/spiritual life—on mental health and well-being. To date, no research has examined the role of religious/spiritual struggles in GD. The current study aimed to fill that gap in the literature by assessing the prevalence and impact of religious/spiritual struggles among U.S. veterans (N = 157) admitted to a residential treatment program for GD. Findings showed that a majority of veterans in the gambling treatment program endorsed each of six types of religious/spiritual struggles assessed. Moral struggles were the most prevalent, severe, and unremitting of the religious/spiritual struggles assessed. Findings highlight the need for clinicians and chaplains working with problem gamblers to address religious/spiritual struggles generally, and moral struggles most specifically, in treatment of GD.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/F76Z4IAS/Gutierrez et al. - 2020 - The Prevalence and Impact of Religious and Spiritu.pdf}
}

Veterans of the U. S. Armed Forces are at greater risk for engaging in problem gambling and meeting diagnostic criteria for Gambling Disorder (GD) than are non-veterans. For veterans and non-veterans alike, religious/spiritual beliefs and practices support recovery from addiction and bolster mental health and well-being. Moreover, religious/spiritual ideas pervade Gamblers Anonymous (GA), which remains the predominant community-based treatment modality for GD. However, research has increasingly highlighted the negative impact of religious/spiritual struggles—i.e., conflicts, tensions, or problems associated with aspects of religious/spiritual life—on mental health and well-being. To date, no research has examined the role of religious/spiritual struggles in GD. The current study aimed to fill that gap in the literature by assessing the prevalence and impact of religious/spiritual struggles among U.S. veterans (N = 157) admitted to a residential treatment program for GD. Findings showed that a majority of veterans in the gambling treatment program endorsed each of six types of religious/spiritual struggles assessed. Moral struggles were the most prevalent, severe, and unremitting of the religious/spiritual struggles assessed. Findings highlight the need for clinicians and chaplains working with problem gamblers to address religious/spiritual struggles generally, and moral struggles most specifically, in treatment of GD.

@article{hartPredictorsSelfReportedGrowth2020,
  title = {Predictors of {{Self-Reported Growth Following Religious}} and {{Spiritual Struggles}}: {{Exploring}} the {{Role}} of {{Wholeness}}},
  shorttitle = {Predictors of {{Self-Reported Growth Following Religious}} and {{Spiritual Struggles}}},
  author = {Hart, Allison C. and Pargament, Kenneth I. and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Exline, Julie J. and Wilt, Joshua A.},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Religions},
  volume = {11},
  number = {9},
  pages = {445},
  publisher = {{Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}},
  doi = {10.3390/rel11090445},
  abstract = {Religious and spiritual (r/s) struggles have been robustly linked to negative outcomes, such as greater psychological distress, reduced well-being, and difficulty finding meaning in life. R/s struggles, however, do not inevitably lead to decline. Many people report post-traumatic and spiritual growth through their r/s struggles, even though correlational studies linking r/s struggles to perceptions of growth have produced mixed results. How do we make sense of this overall pattern of findings? Perhaps growth following r/s struggles occurs under certain conditions. Prior conceptual work by Pargament suggests that specific aspects of one\’s orienting system (i.e., the confluence of r/s, dispositional, and psychosocial factors which help guide people in their search for significance and purpose) may play a pivotal role in predicting growth or decline in the wake of an r/s struggle. In the present empirical study, we expected to find that among r/s strugglers, those with orienting systems marked by greater wholeness would be more likely to report growth and less decline. Four dimensions of greater wholeness (purposiveness, breadth and depth, life affirmation, cohesiveness) were measured by the presence of meaning in one\’s life, self-control, universality, optimism, compassion, openness to change while tolerating doubt, and a collaborative problem-solving relationship with God. We tested these hypotheses using data from a cross-sectional study (N = 1162) of undergraduates at three universities. Results generally supported our hypotheses, with a few exceptions. Greater wholeness was associated with reports of more growth and less decline after an r/s struggle.},
  copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {growth,religion,spirituality,struggles,wholeness},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/JKLTFHDD/Hart et al. - 2020 - Predictors of Self-Reported Growth Following Relig.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/RNPVKPDC/htm.html}
}

Religious and spiritual (r/s) struggles have been robustly linked to negative outcomes, such as greater psychological distress, reduced well-being, and difficulty finding meaning in life. R/s struggles, however, do not inevitably lead to decline. Many people report post-traumatic and spiritual growth through their r/s struggles, even though correlational studies linking r/s struggles to perceptions of growth have produced mixed results. How do we make sense of this overall pattern of findings? Perhaps growth following r/s struggles occurs under certain conditions. Prior conceptual work by Pargament suggests that specific aspects of one’s orienting system (i.e., the confluence of r/s, dispositional, and psychosocial factors which help guide people in their search for significance and purpose) may play a pivotal role in predicting growth or decline in the wake of an r/s struggle. In the present empirical study, we expected to find that among r/s strugglers, those with orienting systems marked by greater wholeness would be more likely to report growth and less decline. Four dimensions of greater wholeness (purposiveness, breadth and depth, life affirmation, cohesiveness) were measured by the presence of meaning in one’s life, self-control, universality, optimism, compassion, openness to change while tolerating doubt, and a collaborative problem-solving relationship with God. We tested these hypotheses using data from a cross-sectional study (N = 1162) of undergraduates at three universities. Results generally supported our hypotheses, with a few exceptions. Greater wholeness was associated with reports of more growth and less decline after an r/s struggle.