The Religious and Spiritual Struggles (RSS) Scale: Stability Over One Year. Stauner, N., Exline, J. J., Grubbs, J. B., & Pargament, K. I. In Ai, A. L., Wink, P., Paloutzian, R. F., & Harris, K. A., editors, Assessing Spirituality in a Diverse World, pages 141–163. Springer International Publishing, Cham, February, 2021.
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The Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale (RSS) measures important psychological constructs involved in the complex relationship between religion and well-being. Religious/spiritual struggles are distinct from religiousness, distress, and each other, but the RSS’ internal discriminant validity has not been tested longitudinally. Previously, we published three alternative measurement models with a large sample of undergraduates in the USA (N = 3851), including two bifactor models with unidentified general factors. We reused this sample as our baseline measurement, and tested each measurement model’s ability to predict new measurements collected a year later (n = 583). Both general factors predicted themselves best over time with strength and specificity similar to the original six group factors, all of which also predicted themselves strongly and specifically in all three models. Correlations one year after baseline weakened slightly but remained positive, continuing to reflect both the general and group factors’ mutual influence. All group and general factors appear valid and meaningfully different as independent psychological constructs. Significant evidence that certain RSS factors independently predict certain others only emerged in the restricted bifactor model, where we least expected it. These effects did not diminish discriminant validity, but suggested subtle ways that some R/S struggles could predict changes in others, pending replication of these results. Overall, the RSS appears to measure distinct phases that are more stable than states, yet more transitory than traits. The RSS is well-suited to longitudinal research into many important questions about the dynamics of R/S struggles, which we discuss within.
@incollection{staunerReligiousSpiritualStruggles2021,
  title = {The {{Religious}} and {{Spiritual Struggles}} ({{RSS}}) {{Scale}}: {{Stability Over One Year}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Religious}} and {{Spiritual Struggles}} ({{RSS}}) {{Scale}}},
  booktitle = {Assessing {{Spirituality}} in a {{Diverse World}}},
  author = {Stauner, Nick and Exline, Julie J. and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Pargament, Kenneth I.},
  editor = {Ai, Amy L. and Wink, Paul and Paloutzian, Raymond F. and Harris, Kevin A.},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  pages = {141--163},
  publisher = {{Springer International Publishing}},
  address = {{Cham}},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-52140-0_7},
  abstract = {The Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale (RSS) measures important psychological constructs involved in the complex relationship between religion and well-being. Religious/spiritual struggles are distinct from religiousness, distress, and each other, but the RSS’ internal discriminant validity has not been tested longitudinally. Previously, we published three alternative measurement models with a large sample of undergraduates in the USA (N = 3851), including two bifactor models with unidentified general factors. We reused this sample as our baseline measurement, and tested each measurement model’s ability to predict new measurements collected a year later (n = 583). Both general factors predicted themselves best over time with strength and specificity similar to the original six group factors, all of which also predicted themselves strongly and specifically in all three models. Correlations one year after baseline weakened slightly but remained positive, continuing to reflect both the general and group factors’ mutual influence. All group and general factors appear valid and meaningfully different as independent psychological constructs. Significant evidence that certain RSS factors independently predict certain others only emerged in the restricted bifactor model, where we least expected it. These effects did not diminish discriminant validity, but suggested subtle ways that some R/S struggles could predict changes in others, pending replication of these results. Overall, the RSS appears to measure distinct phases that are more stable than states, yet more transitory than traits. The RSS is well-suited to longitudinal research into many important questions about the dynamics of R/S struggles, which we discuss within.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  isbn = {978-3-030-52140-0},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Autoregression,Bifactor,Longitudinal,Meaning,Measurement,Morality,Religion,Spirituality,Struggle,Supernatural}
}
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