@article{
 title = {Effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection on obstetric outcomes: Results from a prospective cohort in the Netherlands},
 type = {article},
 year = {2023},
 keywords = {19,2 infection,COVID,CoV,SARS,birth weight,gestational age,obstetric outcomes},
 pages = {337-339},
 volume = {160},
 websites = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ijgo.14405,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ijgo.14405,https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijgo.14405},
 month = {9},
 publisher = {John Wiley & Sons, Ltd},
 day = {1},
 id = {e46c1b69-ed40-37aa-b4ec-598aa610fad5},
 created = {2022-12-14T15:22:45.956Z},
 accessed = {2022-09-02},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {031c901b-e377-3792-995f-e5d0201f5174},
 last_modified = {2022-12-14T15:32:43.153Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
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 abstract = {Funding information Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Keywords birth weight, COVID-19, gestational age, obstetric outcomes, SARS-CoV-2 infection Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection during pregnancy has been associated with adverse obstetric outcomes. 1 Most studies included symptomatic or hospitalized patients or patients infected in the third trimester or lacked appropriate control groups. Three studies identified patients infected in early pregnancy based on antibody status and reported no increased risk of adverse outcomes. 2,3 These results suggest that severity and timing are important determinants of adverse outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. We assessed whether SARS-CoV-2 infection before 28 weeks of gestation is associated with selected ob-stetric outcomes. We analyzed data from 1031 participants in a prospective pregnancy cohort in the Netherlands (Brabant study, previously described and approved by the medical ethical committee of the Máxima Medical Center Veldhoven [#NL64091.015.17]). 4 Recruitment started in 2018 prepandemic and continued through November 1, 2021. Demographic, laboratory, and obstetric characteristics were collected at 12, 20, and 28 weeks of gestation and 8 weeks postpartum and did not differ from the main cohort. Past SARS-CoV-2 infection was assessed using repeated serological testing for IgG antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 nucle-ocapsid (N) protein and self-reported results from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) tests. Linear and logistic regression models of each obstetric outcome were adjusted using stepwise procedures for potential covariates in SPSS software version 28.0 (IBM). A total of 77 of 1031 participants (7.5%) were infected with SARS-CoV-2 before 28 weeks of gestation (41 [4%] during pregnancy , 14 [1.4%] before pregnancy, and 22 [2%] unknown timing). Participants with evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection were younger (t[999], 1.99; P = 0.047, d = 0.24) and more often nulliparous (X 2 [1, N = 1031], 5.69; P = 0.017, V = 0.076) compared with uninfected participants. After adjustment, we found no association of SARS-CoV-2 infection before 28 weeks of gestation with selected obstet-ric outcomes (Table 1). A sensitivity analysis restricted to infections during pregnancy (n = 41) also showed no association (results not shown). We did not find an association between SARS-CoV-2 infection before 28 weeks of gestation and adverse obstetric outcomes. Our results are consistent with three studies showing a similar rate of pregnancy complications among participants infected with SARS-CoV-2 in early to mid-pregnancy compared with nonin-fected pregnant women. 2,3 A key strength of this study, inherent to the prospective design, is the unbiased sample of pregnant This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Gigase, Frederieke A.J. J and Boekhorst, Myrthe G.B.M. B M and Rommel, Anna-Sophie Sophie and Dolan, Siobhan M. and Pop, Victor and Bergink, Veerle and De Witte, Lotje D. and Pop, | Victor and Bergink, | Veerle and Lotje, | and De Witte, D},
 doi = {10.1002/IJGO.14405},
 journal = {International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics},
 number = {1}
}

Funding information Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Keywords birth weight, COVID-19, gestational age, obstetric outcomes, SARS-CoV-2 infection Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection during pregnancy has been associated with adverse obstetric outcomes. 1 Most studies included symptomatic or hospitalized patients or patients infected in the third trimester or lacked appropriate control groups. Three studies identified patients infected in early pregnancy based on antibody status and reported no increased risk of adverse outcomes. 2,3 These results suggest that severity and timing are important determinants of adverse outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. We assessed whether SARS-CoV-2 infection before 28 weeks of gestation is associated with selected ob-stetric outcomes. We analyzed data from 1031 participants in a prospective pregnancy cohort in the Netherlands (Brabant study, previously described and approved by the medical ethical committee of the Máxima Medical Center Veldhoven [#NL64091.015.17]). 4 Recruitment started in 2018 prepandemic and continued through November 1, 2021. Demographic, laboratory, and obstetric characteristics were collected at 12, 20, and 28 weeks of gestation and 8 weeks postpartum and did not differ from the main cohort. Past SARS-CoV-2 infection was assessed using repeated serological testing for IgG antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 nucle-ocapsid (N) protein and self-reported results from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) tests. Linear and logistic regression models of each obstetric outcome were adjusted using stepwise procedures for potential covariates in SPSS software version 28.0 (IBM). A total of 77 of 1031 participants (7.5%) were infected with SARS-CoV-2 before 28 weeks of gestation (41 [4%] during pregnancy , 14 [1.4%] before pregnancy, and 22 [2%] unknown timing). Participants with evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection were younger (t[999], 1.99; P = 0.047, d = 0.24) and more often nulliparous (X 2 [1, N = 1031], 5.69; P = 0.017, V = 0.076) compared with uninfected participants. After adjustment, we found no association of SARS-CoV-2 infection before 28 weeks of gestation with selected obstet-ric outcomes (Table 1). A sensitivity analysis restricted to infections during pregnancy (n = 41) also showed no association (results not shown). We did not find an association between SARS-CoV-2 infection before 28 weeks of gestation and adverse obstetric outcomes. Our results are consistent with three studies showing a similar rate of pregnancy complications among participants infected with SARS-CoV-2 in early to mid-pregnancy compared with nonin-fected pregnant women. 2,3 A key strength of this study, inherent to the prospective design, is the unbiased sample of pregnant This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

@article{
 title = {Cross-sectional associations of maternal PFAS exposure on SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels during pregnancy},
 type = {article},
 year = {2023},
 keywords = {COVID19,Immunotoxicity,PFAS,Pregnancy,SARS-CoV-2 IgG},
 pages = {115067},
 volume = {219},
 month = {2},
 publisher = {Academic Press},
 day = {15},
 id = {069c4f6b-8b71-32ab-98f6-5b93bb41d55b},
 created = {2023-01-11T19:00:43.637Z},
 accessed = {2023-01-11},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {031c901b-e377-3792-995f-e5d0201f5174},
 last_modified = {2023-01-11T19:00:48.920Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 folder_uuids = {587bd3ee-2583-429f-bd31-12ed8aa89b37},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Background: Perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) are man-made, persistent organic compounds with immune-modulating potentials. Given that pregnancy itself represents an altered state of immunity, PFAS exposure-related immunotoxicity is an important environmental factor to consider in SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy as it may further affect humoral immune responses. Aim: To investigate the relationship between maternal plasma PFAS concentrations and SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels in a NYC-based pregnancy cohort. Methods: Maternal plasma was collected from 72 SARS-CoV-2 IgG + participants of the Generation C Study, a birth cohort established at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City. Maternal SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG antibody levels were measured using ELISA. A panel of 16 PFAS congeners were measured in maternal plasma using a targeted UHPLC-MS/MS-based assay. Spearman correlations and linear regressions were employed to explore associations between maternal IgG antibody levels and plasma PFAS concentrations. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression was also used to evaluate mixture effects of PFAS. Models were adjusted for maternal age, gestational age at which SARS-CoV-2 IgG titer was measured, COVID-19 vaccination status prior to IgG titer measurement, maternal race/ethnicity, parity, type of insurance and pre-pregnancy BMI. Results: Our study population is ethnically diverse with an average maternal age of 32 years. Of the 16 PFAS congeners measured, nine were detected in more than 60% samples. Importantly, all nine congeners were negatively correlated with SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG antibody levels; n-PFOA and PFHxS, PFHpS, and PFHxA reached statistical significance (p < 0.05) in multivariable analyses. When we examined the mixture effects using WQS, a quartile increase in the PFAS mixture-index was significantly associated with lower maternal IgG antibody titers (beta [95% CI] = −0.35 [-0.52, −0.17]). PFHxA was the top contributor to the overall mixture effect. Conclusions: Our study results support the notion that PFAS, including short-chain emerging PFAS, act as immunosuppressants during pregnancy. Whether such compromised immune activity leads to downstream health effects, such as the severity of COVID-19 symptoms, adverse obstetric outcomes or neonatal immune responses remains to be investigated.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Kaur, Kirtan and Lesseur, Corina and Chen, Lixian and Andra, Syam S. and Narasimhan, Srinivasan and Pulivarthi, Divya and Midya, Vishal and Ma, Yula and Ibroci, Erona and Gigase, Frederieke and Lieber, Molly and Lieb, Whitney and Janevic, Teresa and De Witte, Lotje D. and Bergink, Veerle and Rommel, Anna Sophie and Chen, Jia},
 doi = {10.1016/J.ENVRES.2022.115067},
 journal = {Environmental Research}
}

Background: Perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) are man-made, persistent organic compounds with immune-modulating potentials. Given that pregnancy itself represents an altered state of immunity, PFAS exposure-related immunotoxicity is an important environmental factor to consider in SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy as it may further affect humoral immune responses. Aim: To investigate the relationship between maternal plasma PFAS concentrations and SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels in a NYC-based pregnancy cohort. Methods: Maternal plasma was collected from 72 SARS-CoV-2 IgG + participants of the Generation C Study, a birth cohort established at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City. Maternal SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG antibody levels were measured using ELISA. A panel of 16 PFAS congeners were measured in maternal plasma using a targeted UHPLC-MS/MS-based assay. Spearman correlations and linear regressions were employed to explore associations between maternal IgG antibody levels and plasma PFAS concentrations. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression was also used to evaluate mixture effects of PFAS. Models were adjusted for maternal age, gestational age at which SARS-CoV-2 IgG titer was measured, COVID-19 vaccination status prior to IgG titer measurement, maternal race/ethnicity, parity, type of insurance and pre-pregnancy BMI. Results: Our study population is ethnically diverse with an average maternal age of 32 years. Of the 16 PFAS congeners measured, nine were detected in more than 60% samples. Importantly, all nine congeners were negatively correlated with SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG antibody levels; n-PFOA and PFHxS, PFHpS, and PFHxA reached statistical significance (p < 0.05) in multivariable analyses. When we examined the mixture effects using WQS, a quartile increase in the PFAS mixture-index was significantly associated with lower maternal IgG antibody titers (beta [95% CI] = −0.35 [-0.52, −0.17]). PFHxA was the top contributor to the overall mixture effect. Conclusions: Our study results support the notion that PFAS, including short-chain emerging PFAS, act as immunosuppressants during pregnancy. Whether such compromised immune activity leads to downstream health effects, such as the severity of COVID-19 symptoms, adverse obstetric outcomes or neonatal immune responses remains to be investigated.

@article{
 title = {Impact of prenatal COVID-19 vaccination on delivery and neonatal outcomes: Results from a New York City cohort},
 type = {article},
 year = {2023},
 pages = {649-656},
 volume = {41},
 websites = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0264410X22012269},
 month = {1},
 publisher = {Elsevier},
 day = {16},
 id = {1297b1ec-88c3-38f7-93d4-794ce5aa2330},
 created = {2023-01-11T19:00:43.650Z},
 accessed = {2022-12-15},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {031c901b-e377-3792-995f-e5d0201f5174},
 last_modified = {2023-01-11T19:00:46.810Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 folder_uuids = {587bd3ee-2583-429f-bd31-12ed8aa89b37},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Ibroci, Erona and Liu, Xiaoqin and Lieb, Whitney and Jessel, Rebecca and Gigase, Frederieke A.J. and Chung, Kyle and Graziani, Mara and Lieber, Molly and Ohrn, Sophie and Lynch, Jezelle and Castro, Juliana and Marshall, Christina and Tubassum, Rushna and Mutawakil, Farida and Kaplowitz, Elianna T. and Ellington, Sascha and Molenaar, Nina and Sperling, Rhoda S. and Howell, Elizabeth A. and Janevic, Teresa and Dolan, Siobhan M. and Stone, Joanne and De Witte, Lotje D. and Bergink, Veerle and Rommel, Anna-Sophie},
 doi = {10.1016/J.VACCINE.2022.09.095},
 journal = {Vaccine},
 number = {3}
}

@article{
 title = {Antidepressant discontinuation before or during pregnancy and risk of psychiatric emergency in Denmark: A population-based propensity score–matched cohort study},
 type = {article},
 year = {2022},
 keywords = {Antidepressant drug therapy,Antidepressants,Critical care and emergency medicine,Medical risk factors,Mental health therapies,Mood disorders,Pregnancy,Suicide},
 pages = {e1003895},
 volume = {19},
 websites = {https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003895},
 month = {1},
 publisher = {Public Library of Science},
 day = {31},
 id = {e76c2345-31da-39cf-93d6-fab5c989275e},
 created = {2022-02-01T16:28:35.354Z},
 accessed = {2022-02-01},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {031c901b-e377-3792-995f-e5d0201f5174},
 last_modified = {2022-02-01T16:30:47.941Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 folder_uuids = {587bd3ee-2583-429f-bd31-12ed8aa89b37},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Background Women prescribed antidepressants face the dilemma of whether or not to continue their treatment during pregnancy. Currently, limited evidence is available on the efficacy of continuing versus discontinuing antidepressant treatment during pregnancy to aid their decision. We aimed to estimate whether antidepressant discontinuation before or during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of psychiatric emergency (ascertained by psychiatric admission or emergency room visit), a proxy measure of severe exacerbation of symptoms/mental health crisis. Methods and findings We carried out a propensity score–matched cohort study of women who gave birth to live-born singletons between January 1, 1997 and June 30, 2016 in Denmark and who redeemed an antidepressant prescription in the 90 days before the pregnancy, identified by Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) code N06A. We constructed 2 matched cohorts, matching each woman who discontinued antidepressants before pregnancy (N = 2,669) or during pregnancy (N = 5,467) to one who continued antidepressants based on propensity scores. Maternal characteristics and variables related to disease severity were used to generate the propensity scores in logistic regression models. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) of psychiatric emergency in the perinatal period (pregnancy and 6 months postpartum) using stratified Cox regression. Psychiatric emergencies were observed in 76 women who discontinued antidepressants before pregnancy and 91 women who continued. There was no evidence of higher risk of psychiatric emergency among women who discontinued antidepressants before pregnancy (cumulative incidence: 2.9%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.3% to 3.6% for discontinuation versus 3.4%, 95% CI: 2.8% to 4.2% for continuation; HR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.61 to 1.16, p = 0.298). Overall, 202 women who discontinued antidepressants during pregnancy and 156 who continued had psychiatric emergencies (cumulative incidence: 5.0%, 95% CI: 4.2% to 5.9% versus 3.7%, 95% CI: 3.1% to 4.5%). Antidepressant discontinuation during pregnancy was associated with increased risk of psychiatric emergency (HR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.00 to 1.55, p = 0.048). Study limitations include lack of information on indications for antidepressant treatment and reasons for discontinuing antidepressants. Conclusions In this study, we found that discontinuing antidepressant medication during pregnancy (but not before) is associated with an apparent increased risk of psychiatric emergency compared to continuing treatment throughout pregnancy.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Liu, Xiaoqin and Molenaar, Nina and Agerbo, Esben and Momen, Natalie C and Rommel, Anna-Sophie and Lupattelli, Angela and Bergink, Veerle and Munk-Olsen, Trine},
 editor = {Moyer, Caitlin},
 doi = {10.1371/JOURNAL.PMED.1003895},
 journal = {PLOS Medicine},
 number = {1}
}

Background Women prescribed antidepressants face the dilemma of whether or not to continue their treatment during pregnancy. Currently, limited evidence is available on the efficacy of continuing versus discontinuing antidepressant treatment during pregnancy to aid their decision. We aimed to estimate whether antidepressant discontinuation before or during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of psychiatric emergency (ascertained by psychiatric admission or emergency room visit), a proxy measure of severe exacerbation of symptoms/mental health crisis. Methods and findings We carried out a propensity score–matched cohort study of women who gave birth to live-born singletons between January 1, 1997 and June 30, 2016 in Denmark and who redeemed an antidepressant prescription in the 90 days before the pregnancy, identified by Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) code N06A. We constructed 2 matched cohorts, matching each woman who discontinued antidepressants before pregnancy (N = 2,669) or during pregnancy (N = 5,467) to one who continued antidepressants based on propensity scores. Maternal characteristics and variables related to disease severity were used to generate the propensity scores in logistic regression models. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) of psychiatric emergency in the perinatal period (pregnancy and 6 months postpartum) using stratified Cox regression. Psychiatric emergencies were observed in 76 women who discontinued antidepressants before pregnancy and 91 women who continued. There was no evidence of higher risk of psychiatric emergency among women who discontinued antidepressants before pregnancy (cumulative incidence: 2.9%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.3% to 3.6% for discontinuation versus 3.4%, 95% CI: 2.8% to 4.2% for continuation; HR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.61 to 1.16, p = 0.298). Overall, 202 women who discontinued antidepressants during pregnancy and 156 who continued had psychiatric emergencies (cumulative incidence: 5.0%, 95% CI: 4.2% to 5.9% versus 3.7%, 95% CI: 3.1% to 4.5%). Antidepressant discontinuation during pregnancy was associated with increased risk of psychiatric emergency (HR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.00 to 1.55, p = 0.048). Study limitations include lack of information on indications for antidepressant treatment and reasons for discontinuing antidepressants. Conclusions In this study, we found that discontinuing antidepressant medication during pregnancy (but not before) is associated with an apparent increased risk of psychiatric emergency compared to continuing treatment throughout pregnancy.

@article{
 title = {Antidepressant use during pregnancy and risk of adverse neonatal outcomes: A comprehensive investigation of previously identified associations},
 type = {article},
 year = {2022},
 keywords = {antidepressants,low birthweight,neonatal outcomes,perinatal depression,preterm birth},
 pages = {544-556},
 volume = {145},
 websites = {https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.eresources.mssm.edu/doi/full/10.1111/acps.13409,https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.eresources.mssm.edu/doi/abs/10.1111/acps.13409,https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.eresources.mssm.edu/doi/10.1111/acps.13409},
 publisher = {John Wiley & Sons, Ltd},
 id = {a88957d6-d8bf-39dd-8069-8c7890f59f2f},
 created = {2022-04-14T13:56:25.055Z},
 accessed = {2022-04-14},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {031c901b-e377-3792-995f-e5d0201f5174},
 last_modified = {2022-05-17T14:14:59.932Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Objective: Prenatal antidepressant use is widespread. Observational studies have investigated the neonatal effects of prenatal antidepressant exposure with inconclusive results. We aimed to comprehensively investigate the associations between prenatal antidepressant exposure and the most commonly studied adverse neonatal outcomes: preterm birth, birthweight, poor neonatal adaptation, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the neonate (PPHN), neonatal admission and congenital malformations. Methods: We included 45,590 singletons (born 1998–2011) whose mothers used antidepressants within two years before pregnancy. Children were categorised into two groups: continuation (antidepressant use before and during pregnancy) or discontinuation (antidepressant use before but not during pregnancy). We applied random-effects logistic and linear regressions, adjusting for covariates. Results: After adjusting for confounders, prenatal antidepressant exposure was associated with a 2.3 day (95% CI −2.9; −2.0) decrease in gestational age and a 51 g (95% CI −62g; −41 g) decrease in birthweight. The continuation group was at increased risk for moderate-to-late preterm birth (32–37 weeks) (aOR = 1.43; 95%CI 1.33; 1.55), moderately low birthweight (1500–2499 g) (aOR = 1.28; 95%CI 1.17; 1.41), postnatal adaptation syndrome (aOR = 2.59; 95%CI 1.87; 3.59) and neonatal admission (aOR = 1.52; 95%CI 1.44; 1.60) compared to the discontinuation group. Conclusion: Prenatal antidepressant exposure was associated with small decreases in gestational age and birthweight, as well as higher risk for moderate-to-late preterm birth, moderately low birthweight, neonatal admission and postnatal adaptation syndrome. No differences in risk were found for PPHN, or congenital malformations. The causality of the observed associations cannot be established due to the potential for unmeasured residual confounding linked to the underlying disease.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Rommel, Anna-Sophie and Momen, Natalie C. and Molenaar, Nina Maren and Agerbo, Esben and Bergink, Veerle and Munk-Olsen, Trine and Liu, Xiaoqin},
 doi = {10.1111/ACPS.13409},
 journal = {Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica},
 number = {6}
}

Objective: Prenatal antidepressant use is widespread. Observational studies have investigated the neonatal effects of prenatal antidepressant exposure with inconclusive results. We aimed to comprehensively investigate the associations between prenatal antidepressant exposure and the most commonly studied adverse neonatal outcomes: preterm birth, birthweight, poor neonatal adaptation, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the neonate (PPHN), neonatal admission and congenital malformations. Methods: We included 45,590 singletons (born 1998–2011) whose mothers used antidepressants within two years before pregnancy. Children were categorised into two groups: continuation (antidepressant use before and during pregnancy) or discontinuation (antidepressant use before but not during pregnancy). We applied random-effects logistic and linear regressions, adjusting for covariates. Results: After adjusting for confounders, prenatal antidepressant exposure was associated with a 2.3 day (95% CI −2.9; −2.0) decrease in gestational age and a 51 g (95% CI −62g; −41 g) decrease in birthweight. The continuation group was at increased risk for moderate-to-late preterm birth (32–37 weeks) (aOR = 1.43; 95%CI 1.33; 1.55), moderately low birthweight (1500–2499 g) (aOR = 1.28; 95%CI 1.17; 1.41), postnatal adaptation syndrome (aOR = 2.59; 95%CI 1.87; 3.59) and neonatal admission (aOR = 1.52; 95%CI 1.44; 1.60) compared to the discontinuation group. Conclusion: Prenatal antidepressant exposure was associated with small decreases in gestational age and birthweight, as well as higher risk for moderate-to-late preterm birth, moderately low birthweight, neonatal admission and postnatal adaptation syndrome. No differences in risk were found for PPHN, or congenital malformations. The causality of the observed associations cannot be established due to the potential for unmeasured residual confounding linked to the underlying disease.

@article{
 title = {The long-term impact of elevated C-reactive protein levels during pregnancy on brain morphology in late childhood},
 type = {article},
 year = {2022},
 pages = {63-72},
 volume = {103},
 websites = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0889159122000861},
 month = {7},
 publisher = {Academic Press},
 day = {1},
 id = {a1a4a01f-011d-3ab7-91b6-e8f5c90c1b36},
 created = {2022-04-14T13:56:36.677Z},
 accessed = {2022-04-14},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {031c901b-e377-3792-995f-e5d0201f5174},
 last_modified = {2022-04-14T13:56:41.390Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Suleri, Anna and Blok, Elisabet and Durkut, Melisa and Rommel, Anna-Sophie and Witte, Lot de and Jaddoe, Vincent and Bergink, Veerle and White, Tonya},
 doi = {10.1016/J.BBI.2022.03.018},
 journal = {Brain, Behavior, and Immunity}
}

@article{
 title = {Temperament Dimensions and Awakening Cortisol Levels in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder},
 type = {article},
 year = {2022},
 volume = {13},
 websites = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.803001/full},
 month = {4},
 day = {25},
 id = {7bc353d5-1b7c-3d52-ae27-063d01138e0d},
 created = {2022-04-25T14:09:06.608Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {031c901b-e377-3792-995f-e5d0201f5174},
 last_modified = {2022-04-28T17:42:41.310Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Carta, Alessandra and Vainieri, Isabella and Rommel, Anna-Sophie and Zuddas, Alessandro and Kuntsi, Jonna and Sotgiu, Stefano and Adamo, Nicoletta},
 doi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2022.803001},
 journal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry}
}

@article{
 title = {The influence of structural racism, pandemic stress, and SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy with adverse birth outcomes},
 type = {article},
 year = {2022},
 pages = {100649},
 websites = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2589933322000842},
 month = {4},
 publisher = {Elsevier},
 day = {21},
 id = {5c71bdb9-6e2e-399c-a808-340cefe3df9d},
 created = {2022-04-28T17:42:35.698Z},
 accessed = {2022-04-28},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {031c901b-e377-3792-995f-e5d0201f5174},
 last_modified = {2022-04-28T17:43:02.564Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Janevic, Teresa and Lieb, Whitney and Ibroci, Erona and Lynch, Jezelle and Lieber, Molly and Molenaar, Nina M. and Rommel, Anna-Sophie and de Witte, Lotje and Ohrn, Sophie and Carreño, Juan Manuel and Krammer, Florian and Zapata, Lauren B. and Snead, Margaret Christine and Brody, Rachel I. and Jessel, Rebecca H. and Sestito, Stephanie and Adler, Alan and Afzal, Omara and Gigase, Frederieke and Missall, Roy and Carrión, Daniel and Stone, Joanne and Bergink, Veerle and Dolan, Siobhan M. and Howell, Elizabeth A.},
 doi = {10.1016/J.AJOGMF.2022.100649},
 journal = {American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM}
}

@article{
 title = {Gestational SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with placental expression of immune and trophoblast genes},
 type = {article},
 year = {2022},
 pages = {125-132},
 volume = {126},
 websites = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0143400422002995},
 month = {8},
 publisher = {W.B. Saunders},
 day = {1},
 id = {120990b7-beae-357e-85dd-9212adb04375},
 created = {2022-07-05T13:41:18.779Z},
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 author = {Lesseur, Corina and Jessel, Rebecca H. and Ohrn, Sophie and Ma, Yula and Li, Qian and Dekio, Fumiko and Brody, Rachel I. and Wetmur, James G. and Gigase, Frederieke A.J. and Lieber, Molly and Lieb, Whitney and Lynch, Jezelle and Afzal, Omara and Ibroci, Erona and Rommel, Anna-Sophie and Janevic, Teresa and Stone, Joanne and Howell, Elizabeth A. and Galang, Romeo R. and Dolan, Siobhan M. and Bergink, Veerle and De Witte, Lotje D. and Chen, Jia},
 doi = {10.1016/J.PLACENTA.2022.06.017},
 journal = {Placenta}
}

@article{
 title = {The incidence of depressive episodes is different before, during, and after pregnancy: A population-based study},
 type = {article},
 year = {2022},
 pages = {273-276},
 volume = {322},
 websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.11.031,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165032722012897},
 month = {11},
 publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
 day = {14},
 id = {4633e60d-d612-3c5a-81d7-a6cfdc0e365c},
 created = {2023-01-11T19:00:43.617Z},
 accessed = {2022-11-17},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {031c901b-e377-3792-995f-e5d0201f5174},
 last_modified = {2023-01-11T19:19:51.229Z},
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 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 folder_uuids = {587bd3ee-2583-429f-bd31-12ed8aa89b37},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Molenaar, Nina M. and Maegbaek, Merete L. and Rommel, Anna-Sophie and Ibroci, Erona and Liu, Xiaoqin and Munk-Olsen, Trine and Bergink, Veerle},
 doi = {10.1016/j.jad.2022.11.031},
 journal = {Journal of Affective Disorders},
 number = {January 2022}
}

@article{
 title = {Polygenic association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder liability and cognitive impairments},
 type = {article},
 year = {2021},
 keywords = {ADHD,attention,cognition,inhibition,polygenic risk scores,reaction time variability},
 pages = {1-9},
 websites = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0033291720005218/type/journal_article},
 month = {2},
 publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
 day = {3},
 id = {e02416d4-7caf-3d8d-bedf-200468535fad},
 created = {2021-02-27T21:45:43.534Z},
 accessed = {2021-02-03},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {031c901b-e377-3792-995f-e5d0201f5174},
 last_modified = {2021-04-08T19:07:52.634Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 folder_uuids = {587bd3ee-2583-429f-bd31-12ed8aa89b37},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Vainieri, Isabella and Martin, Joanna and Rommel, Anna-Sophie and Asherson, Philip and Banaschewski, Tobias and Buitelaar, Jan and Cormand, Bru and Crosbie, Jennifer and Faraone, Stephen V. and Franke, Barbara and Loo, Sandra K. and Miranda, Ana and Manor, Iris and Oades, Robert D. and Purves, Kirstin L. and Ramos-Quiroga, J.Antoni and Ribasés, Marta and Roeyers, Herbert and Rothenberger, Aribert and Schachar, Russell and Sergeant, Joseph and Steinhausen, Hans-Christoph and Vuijk, Pieter J. and Doyle, Alysa E. and Kuntsi, Jonna},
 doi = {10.1017/S0033291720005218},
 journal = {Psychological Medicine}
}

@article{
 title = {Long-term prenatal effects of antidepressant use on the risk of affective disorders in the offspring: a register-based cohort study},
 type = {article},
 year = {2021},
 keywords = {Risk factors,Signs and symptoms},
 pages = {1-8},
 websites = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41386-021-01005-6,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-021-01005-6},
 publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
 id = {11261672-531e-32dc-8f95-18ca30b056d7},
 created = {2021-05-07T15:14:16.119Z},
 accessed = {2021-04-08},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {031c901b-e377-3792-995f-e5d0201f5174},
 last_modified = {2021-05-12T18:03:15.991Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 folder_uuids = {587bd3ee-2583-429f-bd31-12ed8aa89b37},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {To investigate the association between intrauterine antidepressant exposure and offspring affective disorders over an 18-year follow-up period using Danish national registers. We included 42,988 singletons born during 1998–2011 and followed-up until 2016, death, emigration, or date of first affective disorder diagnosis. Children were categorised into two groups according to maternal antidepressant use within 2 years before and during pregnancy: continuation (use before and during pregnancy) or discontinuation (use before but not during pregnancy). The outcome was an affective disorders diagnosis in the offspring based on secondary/tertiary care records and primary care prescription data. Hazard ratios (HR) of affective disorders were estimated using Cox regression models. To consider confounding by shared environmental or genetic factors, we investigated the effect of paternal antidepressant use on the risk for affective disorders. Affective disorders were diagnosed in 1538 children. Children whose mothers continued antidepressants during pregnancy had an increased risk of affective disorders (HR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.08–1.34), compared with children whose mothers discontinued before pregnancy. Similarly, continued paternal antidepressant use during pregnancy was associated with higher risk for offspring affective disorders (HR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.12–1.49), compared to discontinuation. Based on data from primary and secondary/tertiary care, maternal antidepressant use during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of affective disorders in the offspring. As similar associations were observed in children whose fathers continued antidepressant use across the pregnancy period, the observed association may be attributable to the underlying parental psychopathology, rather than the direct intrauterine exposure to antidepressants.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Rommel, Anna-Sophie and Momen, Natalie C. and Molenaar, Nina Maren and Liu, Xiaoqin and Munk-Olsen, Trine and Bergink, Veerle},
 doi = {10.1038/s41386-021-01005-6},
 journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology}
}

To investigate the association between intrauterine antidepressant exposure and offspring affective disorders over an 18-year follow-up period using Danish national registers. We included 42,988 singletons born during 1998–2011 and followed-up until 2016, death, emigration, or date of first affective disorder diagnosis. Children were categorised into two groups according to maternal antidepressant use within 2 years before and during pregnancy: continuation (use before and during pregnancy) or discontinuation (use before but not during pregnancy). The outcome was an affective disorders diagnosis in the offspring based on secondary/tertiary care records and primary care prescription data. Hazard ratios (HR) of affective disorders were estimated using Cox regression models. To consider confounding by shared environmental or genetic factors, we investigated the effect of paternal antidepressant use on the risk for affective disorders. Affective disorders were diagnosed in 1538 children. Children whose mothers continued antidepressants during pregnancy had an increased risk of affective disorders (HR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.08–1.34), compared with children whose mothers discontinued before pregnancy. Similarly, continued paternal antidepressant use during pregnancy was associated with higher risk for offspring affective disorders (HR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.12–1.49), compared to discontinuation. Based on data from primary and secondary/tertiary care, maternal antidepressant use during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of affective disorders in the offspring. As similar associations were observed in children whose fathers continued antidepressant use across the pregnancy period, the observed association may be attributable to the underlying parental psychopathology, rather than the direct intrauterine exposure to antidepressants.

@article{
 title = {Discontinuation of antidepressants: Is there a minimum time on treatment that will reduce relapse risk?},
 type = {article},
 year = {2021},
 pages = {254-260},
 volume = {290},
 websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.045},
 id = {77d500b2-32dc-335b-8ace-1853f7bb8476},
 created = {2021-05-17T14:00:02.418Z},
 accessed = {2021-05-17},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {031c901b-e377-3792-995f-e5d0201f5174},
 last_modified = {2021-05-17T14:04:54.307Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Background: Several national guidelines include recommendations for a minimum duration of antidepressant treatment, but these vary from 4-9 months after remission. We aimed to investigate whether there is an optimal minimum duration of antidepressant treatment to reduce relapse risk. Methods: A Danish population-based cohort study among 89,442 adults who initiated antidepressants for depression treatment aged 18-60 years, from 2006-2015. We defined antidepressant discontinuation as ≥30 days without treatment. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to indicate the risk of restarting antidepressants among those who discontinued antidepressants with <4, 4-6, and 7-9 months of use compared with discontinuation after 10-12 months. Results: For individuals on antidepressant treatment <4, 4-6, 7-9 and 10-12 months, cumulative incidence of restarting treatment within one year was 37.4% (95% CI: 36.9-37.8%), 35.1% (95% CI: 34.6-35.7%), 35.0% (95% CI: 34.2-35.8%) and 32.8% (95% CI: 31.7-34.0%), respectively. Individuals on antidepressants <10 months versus 10-12 months had higher risk of restarting antidepressants: the HR for antidepressant treatment <4 months was 1.21 (95% CI: 1.16-1.27), 4-6 months 1.11 (95% CI: 1.06-1.17), and 7-9 months 1.09 (95% CI: 1.04-1.15). Limitations: We were not able to ascertain the reasons why individuals discontinued antidepressants, and systematic errors from unmeasured confounders cannot be ruled out. Conclusions: Based on our findings, a minimum of 10-12 months of treatment appears to be preferable if there is concern about relapse after discontinuation.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Liu, Xiaoqin and Momen, Natalie C and Molenaar, Nina and Rommel, Anna-Sophie and Bergink, Veerle and Munk-Olsen, Trine},
 doi = {10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.045},
 journal = {Journal of Affective Disorders}
}

Background: Several national guidelines include recommendations for a minimum duration of antidepressant treatment, but these vary from 4-9 months after remission. We aimed to investigate whether there is an optimal minimum duration of antidepressant treatment to reduce relapse risk. Methods: A Danish population-based cohort study among 89,442 adults who initiated antidepressants for depression treatment aged 18-60 years, from 2006-2015. We defined antidepressant discontinuation as ≥30 days without treatment. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to indicate the risk of restarting antidepressants among those who discontinued antidepressants with <4, 4-6, and 7-9 months of use compared with discontinuation after 10-12 months. Results: For individuals on antidepressant treatment <4, 4-6, 7-9 and 10-12 months, cumulative incidence of restarting treatment within one year was 37.4% (95% CI: 36.9-37.8%), 35.1% (95% CI: 34.6-35.7%), 35.0% (95% CI: 34.2-35.8%) and 32.8% (95% CI: 31.7-34.0%), respectively. Individuals on antidepressants <10 months versus 10-12 months had higher risk of restarting antidepressants: the HR for antidepressant treatment <4 months was 1.21 (95% CI: 1.16-1.27), 4-6 months 1.11 (95% CI: 1.06-1.17), and 7-9 months 1.09 (95% CI: 1.04-1.15). Limitations: We were not able to ascertain the reasons why individuals discontinued antidepressants, and systematic errors from unmeasured confounders cannot be ruled out. Conclusions: Based on our findings, a minimum of 10-12 months of treatment appears to be preferable if there is concern about relapse after discontinuation.

@article{
 title = {Factors associated with parent views about participation in infant MRI research provide guidance for the design of the Healthy Brain and Child Development (HBCD) study},
 type = {article},
 year = {2021},
 pages = {100986},
 volume = {50},
 websites = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1878929321000761},
 month = {8},
 publisher = {Elsevier},
 day = {1},
 id = {54175068-4633-39dc-a0fc-c06d14680744},
 created = {2021-07-07T01:19:03.571Z},
 accessed = {2021-07-06},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {031c901b-e377-3792-995f-e5d0201f5174},
 last_modified = {2021-07-07T01:22:24.618Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 folder_uuids = {587bd3ee-2583-429f-bd31-12ed8aa89b37},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Kohlasch, Kaelyn L. and Cioffredi, Leigh-Anne and Lenninger, Carly and Stewart, Ellen and Vatalaro, Tessa and Garavan, Hugh and Graham, Alice and Heil, Sarah H. and Krans, Elizabeth E. and Robakis, Thalia and Rommel, Anna-Sophie and Sullivan, Elinor L. and Thomason, Moriah and Potter, Alexandra},
 doi = {10.1016/J.DCN.2021.100986},
 journal = {Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience}
}

@article{
 title = {Long-term outcome of postpartum psychosis: a prospective clinical cohort study in 106 women},
 type = {article},
 year = {2021},
 keywords = {Behavioral Therapy,Clinical Psychology,Neurology,Psychiatry,Psychopharmacology,Psychotherapy},
 pages = {1-10},
 volume = {9},
 websites = {https://journalbipolardisorders.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40345-021-00236-2},
 month = {10},
 publisher = {SpringerOpen},
 day = {28},
 id = {73ed36d1-ea19-365d-b5a4-7aa8a73f05b5},
 created = {2021-10-28T16:38:47.771Z},
 accessed = {2021-10-28},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {031c901b-e377-3792-995f-e5d0201f5174},
 last_modified = {2021-10-28T16:53:06.346Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {We aimed to investigate the outcome of postpartum psychosis over a four-year follow-up, and to identify potential clinical markers of mood/psychotic episodes outside of the postpartum period. One hundred and six women with a diagnosis of first-onset mania or psychosis during the postpartum period were included in this prospective longitudinal study. Women were categorized into either (1) recurrence of non-postpartum mood/psychotic episodes or (2) mania/psychosis limited to the postpartum period. We summarize the longitudinal course of the illness per group. We used a logistic regression model to identify clinical predictors of recurrence of mood/psychotic episodes outside of the postpartum period. Over two thirds of the women included in this study did not have major psychiatric episodes outside of the postpartum period during follow-up. The overall recurrence rate of mood/psychotic episodes outside the postpartum period was ~ 32%. Of these women, most transitioned to a bipolar disorder diagnosis. None of the women fulfilled diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder. No clinical markers significantly predicted recurrence outside of the postpartum period. For the majority of women with first-onset postpartum psychosis, the risk of illness was limited to the period after childbirth. For the remaining women, postpartum psychosis was part of a mood/psychotic disorder with severe non-postpartum recurrence, mainly in the bipolar spectrum. No clinical predictors for risk of severe episodes outside the postpartum period emerged. Our findings add to previous evidence suggesting a fundamental link between postpartum psychosis and bipolar disorder, which may represent two distinct diagnoses within the same spectrum.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Rommel, Anna-Sophie and Molenaar, Nina Maren and Gilden, Janneke and Kushner, Steven A. and Westerbeek, Nicola J. and Kamperman, Astrid M. and Bergink, Veerle},
 doi = {10.1186/S40345-021-00236-2},
 journal = {International Journal of Bipolar Disorders},
 number = {1}
}

We aimed to investigate the outcome of postpartum psychosis over a four-year follow-up, and to identify potential clinical markers of mood/psychotic episodes outside of the postpartum period. One hundred and six women with a diagnosis of first-onset mania or psychosis during the postpartum period were included in this prospective longitudinal study. Women were categorized into either (1) recurrence of non-postpartum mood/psychotic episodes or (2) mania/psychosis limited to the postpartum period. We summarize the longitudinal course of the illness per group. We used a logistic regression model to identify clinical predictors of recurrence of mood/psychotic episodes outside of the postpartum period. Over two thirds of the women included in this study did not have major psychiatric episodes outside of the postpartum period during follow-up. The overall recurrence rate of mood/psychotic episodes outside the postpartum period was ~ 32%. Of these women, most transitioned to a bipolar disorder diagnosis. None of the women fulfilled diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder. No clinical markers significantly predicted recurrence outside of the postpartum period. For the majority of women with first-onset postpartum psychosis, the risk of illness was limited to the period after childbirth. For the remaining women, postpartum psychosis was part of a mood/psychotic disorder with severe non-postpartum recurrence, mainly in the bipolar spectrum. No clinical predictors for risk of severe episodes outside the postpartum period emerged. Our findings add to previous evidence suggesting a fundamental link between postpartum psychosis and bipolar disorder, which may represent two distinct diagnoses within the same spectrum.

@article{
 title = {Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy and associated outcomes: results from an ongoing prospective cohort study, New York City},
 type = {article},
 year = {2021},
 websites = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ppe.12812},
 id = {8871c680-8084-33cb-af14-43b7a0ebf22a},
 created = {2021-11-22T20:09:26.662Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {031c901b-e377-3792-995f-e5d0201f5174},
 last_modified = {2021-11-22T20:16:08.883Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Background In May-July 2020 in the New York City area, up to 16% of pregnant women had reportedly been infected with SARS-CoV-2. Prior studies found associations between SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy and certain adverse outcomes (e.g., preterm birth, cesarean delivery). These studies relied on reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing to establish SARS-CoV-2 infection. This led to overrepresentation of symptomatic or acutely ill cases in scientific studies. Objective To expand our understanding of the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy on pregnancy outcomes, regardless of symptomatology and stage of infection, by using serological tests to measure IgG antibody levels. Study Design The Generation C Study is an ongoing prospective cohort study conducted at the Mount Sinai Health System. All pregnant women receiving obstetrical care at the Mount Sinai Hospital and Mount Sinai West Hospital from April 20, 2020 onwards are eligible for participation. For the current analysis, we included participants who had given birth to a liveborn singleton infant on or before August 15, 2020. Blood was drawn as part of routine clinical care; for each woman, we tested the latest sample available to establish seropositivity using a SARS-CoV-2 serologic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Additionally, RT-PCR testing was performed on a nasopharyngeal swab taken during labor and delivery. Pregnancy outcomes of interest (i.e., gestational age at delivery, birth weight, mode of delivery, Apgar score, ICU/NICU admission, and neonatal hospital length of stay) and covariates were extracted from electronic medical records. Among all Generation C participants who had given birth by August 15, 2020 (n=708), we established the SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence. Excluding women who tested RT-PCR positive at delivery, we conducted crude and adjusted linear and logistic regression models to compare antibody positive women without RT-PCR positivity at delivery with antibody negative women without RT-PCR positivity at delivery. We stratified analyses by race/ethnicity to examine potential effect modification. Results The SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence based on IgG measurement was 16.4% (n=116, 95% CI 13.7-19.3). Twelve women (1.7%) were SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR positive at delivery (11 of these women were seropositive). Seropositive women were generally younger, more often Black or Hispanic, and more often had public insurance and higher pre-pregnancy BMI compared with seronegative women. SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity without RT-PCR positivity at delivery was associated with decreased odds of caesarean delivery (aOR 0.48, 95%CI 0.27; 0.84) compared with seronegative women without RT-PCR positivity at delivery. Stratified by race/ethnicity, the association between seropositivity and decreased odds of caesarean delivery remained for non-Hispanic Black/African-American and Hispanic women, but not for non-Hispanic White women. No other pregnancy outcomes differed by seropositivity, overall or stratified by race/ethnicity. Conclusion Seropositivity for SARS-CoV-2 without RT-PCR positivity at delivery, suggesting that infection occurred earlier during pregnancy, was not associated with selected adverse maternal or neonatal outcomes among live births in a cohort sample of women from New York City. While non-Hispanic Black and Latina women in our cohort had a higher rate of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity compared with non-Hispanic White women, we found no increase in adverse maternal or neonatal outcomes among these groups due to infection. ### Competing Interest Statement Mount Sinai has licensed serological assays to commercial entities and has filed for patent protection for serological assays. D.S and F.K. are listed as inventors on the pending patent application. The other authors have nothing to report. ### Funding Statement This study is partially funded (contract 75D30120C08186) by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), who also provided technical assistance related to analysis and interpretation of data and writing the report. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the CDC. Initial assay development work in the Krammer laboratory was partially supported by the NIAID Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS) contract HHSN272201400008C (FK, for reagent generation), Collaborative Influenza Vaccine Innovation Centers (CIVIC) contract 75N93019C00051 (FK, for reagent generation), and the generous support of the JPB foundation, the Open Philanthropy Project (#2020-215611) and other philanthropic donations. These funding sources were not involved in the current study. ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: All participants provided informed consent per the institutional review board (IRB)-approved study protocol (IRB at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, protocol IRB-20-03352, April 15, 2020). All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable. Yes Data not publicly available. Please contact the corresponding author for data requests.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Molenaar, Nina M. and Rommel, Anna-Sophie and Witte, Lotje de and Dolan, Siobhan M. and Lieb, Whitney and Ibroci, Erona and Ohrn, Sophie and Lynch, Jezelle and Capuano, Christina and Stadlbauer, Daniel and Krammer, Florian and Zapata, Lauren B. and Brody, Rachel I. and Sperling, Rhoda S. and Afzal, Omara and Missall, Mr Roy and Balbierz, Amy and Janevic, Teresa and Stone, Joanne and Howell, Elizabeth A. and Bergink, Veerle},
 doi = {10.1111/ppe.12812},
 journal = {Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology}
}

Background In May-July 2020 in the New York City area, up to 16% of pregnant women had reportedly been infected with SARS-CoV-2. Prior studies found associations between SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy and certain adverse outcomes (e.g., preterm birth, cesarean delivery). These studies relied on reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing to establish SARS-CoV-2 infection. This led to overrepresentation of symptomatic or acutely ill cases in scientific studies. Objective To expand our understanding of the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy on pregnancy outcomes, regardless of symptomatology and stage of infection, by using serological tests to measure IgG antibody levels. Study Design The Generation C Study is an ongoing prospective cohort study conducted at the Mount Sinai Health System. All pregnant women receiving obstetrical care at the Mount Sinai Hospital and Mount Sinai West Hospital from April 20, 2020 onwards are eligible for participation. For the current analysis, we included participants who had given birth to a liveborn singleton infant on or before August 15, 2020. Blood was drawn as part of routine clinical care; for each woman, we tested the latest sample available to establish seropositivity using a SARS-CoV-2 serologic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Additionally, RT-PCR testing was performed on a nasopharyngeal swab taken during labor and delivery. Pregnancy outcomes of interest (i.e., gestational age at delivery, birth weight, mode of delivery, Apgar score, ICU/NICU admission, and neonatal hospital length of stay) and covariates were extracted from electronic medical records. Among all Generation C participants who had given birth by August 15, 2020 (n=708), we established the SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence. Excluding women who tested RT-PCR positive at delivery, we conducted crude and adjusted linear and logistic regression models to compare antibody positive women without RT-PCR positivity at delivery with antibody negative women without RT-PCR positivity at delivery. We stratified analyses by race/ethnicity to examine potential effect modification. Results The SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence based on IgG measurement was 16.4% (n=116, 95% CI 13.7-19.3). Twelve women (1.7%) were SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR positive at delivery (11 of these women were seropositive). Seropositive women were generally younger, more often Black or Hispanic, and more often had public insurance and higher pre-pregnancy BMI compared with seronegative women. SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity without RT-PCR positivity at delivery was associated with decreased odds of caesarean delivery (aOR 0.48, 95%CI 0.27; 0.84) compared with seronegative women without RT-PCR positivity at delivery. Stratified by race/ethnicity, the association between seropositivity and decreased odds of caesarean delivery remained for non-Hispanic Black/African-American and Hispanic women, but not for non-Hispanic White women. No other pregnancy outcomes differed by seropositivity, overall or stratified by race/ethnicity. Conclusion Seropositivity for SARS-CoV-2 without RT-PCR positivity at delivery, suggesting that infection occurred earlier during pregnancy, was not associated with selected adverse maternal or neonatal outcomes among live births in a cohort sample of women from New York City. While non-Hispanic Black and Latina women in our cohort had a higher rate of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity compared with non-Hispanic White women, we found no increase in adverse maternal or neonatal outcomes among these groups due to infection. ### Competing Interest Statement Mount Sinai has licensed serological assays to commercial entities and has filed for patent protection for serological assays. D.S and F.K. are listed as inventors on the pending patent application. The other authors have nothing to report. ### Funding Statement This study is partially funded (contract 75D30120C08186) by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), who also provided technical assistance related to analysis and interpretation of data and writing the report. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the CDC. Initial assay development work in the Krammer laboratory was partially supported by the NIAID Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS) contract HHSN272201400008C (FK, for reagent generation), Collaborative Influenza Vaccine Innovation Centers (CIVIC) contract 75N93019C00051 (FK, for reagent generation), and the generous support of the JPB foundation, the Open Philanthropy Project (#2020-215611) and other philanthropic donations. These funding sources were not involved in the current study. ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: All participants provided informed consent per the institutional review board (IRB)-approved study protocol (IRB at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, protocol IRB-20-03352, April 15, 2020). All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable. Yes Data not publicly available. Please contact the corresponding author for data requests.

@article{
 title = {Association of Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension in Infants With the Timing and Type of Antidepressants In Utero},
 type = {article},
 year = {2021},
 keywords = {antidepressive agents,infant,pulmonary hypertension},
 pages = {e2136639-e2136639},
 volume = {4},
 websites = {https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2786702},
 month = {12},
 publisher = {American Medical Association},
 day = {1},
 id = {d2af2b32-7b43-3ed9-acd9-0e041a5d52db},
 created = {2021-12-02T14:56:11.567Z},
 accessed = {2021-12-02},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {031c901b-e377-3792-995f-e5d0201f5174},
 last_modified = {2021-12-03T17:52:09.410Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 folder_uuids = {587bd3ee-2583-429f-bd31-12ed8aa89b37},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Munk-Olsen, Trine and Bergink, Veerle and Rommel, Anna-Sophie and Momen, Natalie and Liu, Xiaoqin},
 doi = {10.1001/JAMANETWORKOPEN.2021.36639},
 journal = {JAMA Network Open},
 number = {12}
}

@article{
 title = {Mother-to-Infant Bonding in Women with Postpartum Psychosis and Severe Postpartum Depression: A Clinical Cohort Study},
 type = {article},
 year = {2020},
 keywords = {Janneke Gilden,MEDLINE,NCBI,NIH,NLM,National Center for Biotechnology Information,National Institutes of Health,National Library of Medicine,Nina M Molenaar,PMC7408880,PubMed Abstract,Veerle Bergink,doi:10.3390/jcm9072291,pmid:32707679},
 pages = {2291},
 volume = {9},
 websites = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32707679/},
 month = {7},
 publisher = {MDPI AG},
 day = {19},
 id = {cf241876-a238-3b82-a1ae-babe6cc8ac3b},
 created = {2020-09-30T18:42:19.165Z},
 accessed = {2020-09-30},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {031c901b-e377-3792-995f-e5d0201f5174},
 last_modified = {2021-04-08T19:07:52.271Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 folder_uuids = {587bd3ee-2583-429f-bd31-12ed8aa89b37},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Mother-to-infant bonding is important for long-term child development. The aim of this study was to investigate bonding in women admitted to a Mother and Baby Unit with postpartum depression (PD, n = 64) and postpartum psychosis (PP, n = 91). Participants completed the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ), the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) weekly during admission. At admission, 57.1% of women with PD had impaired bonding, compared to only 17.6% of women with PP (p-value < 0.001). At discharge, only 18.2% of women with PD and 5.9% of women with PP still experienced impaired bonding (p-value = 0.02). There was a strong association between decrease of depressive and manic symptoms and improved bonding over an eight-week admission period. In a small group of women (5.7%) impaired bonding persisted despite being in remission of their psychiatric disorder. The results from our study show that impaired bonding is a more present and evidently severe problem in postpartum depression but not so much in postpartum psychosis. Treatment of depressive symptoms will improve bonding in almost all women, but clinicians should assess if impaired bonding is still present after remission because for a small group special care and treatment focused on bonding might be required.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Gilden, Janneke and Molenaar, Nina M. and Smit, Anne K. and Hoogendijk, Witte J. G. and Rommel, Anna-Sophie and Kamperman, Astrid M. and Bergink, Veerle},
 doi = {10.3390/jcm9072291},
 journal = {Journal of Clinical Medicine},
 number = {7}
}

Mother-to-infant bonding is important for long-term child development. The aim of this study was to investigate bonding in women admitted to a Mother and Baby Unit with postpartum depression (PD, n = 64) and postpartum psychosis (PP, n = 91). Participants completed the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ), the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) weekly during admission. At admission, 57.1% of women with PD had impaired bonding, compared to only 17.6% of women with PP (p-value < 0.001). At discharge, only 18.2% of women with PD and 5.9% of women with PP still experienced impaired bonding (p-value = 0.02). There was a strong association between decrease of depressive and manic symptoms and improved bonding over an eight-week admission period. In a small group of women (5.7%) impaired bonding persisted despite being in remission of their psychiatric disorder. The results from our study show that impaired bonding is a more present and evidently severe problem in postpartum depression but not so much in postpartum psychosis. Treatment of depressive symptoms will improve bonding in almost all women, but clinicians should assess if impaired bonding is still present after remission because for a small group special care and treatment focused on bonding might be required.

@article{
 title = {Long-term effects of intrauterine exposure to antidepressants on physical, neurodevelopmental, and psychiatric outcomes: A systematic review},
 type = {article},
 year = {2020},
 keywords = {Anna-Sophie Rommel,Antidepressive Agents / adverse effects*,Child,Child Development / drug effects*,Female,Humans,MEDLINE,Mental Disorders / chemically induced*,NCBI,NIH,NLM,National Center for Biotechnology Information,National Institutes of Health,National Library of Medicine,Neurodevelopmental Disorders / chemically induced*,Nina Maren Molenaar,Non-U.S. Gov't,Pregnancy,Pregnancy Complications / drug therapy,Pregnancy Complications / psychology,Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / chemically ind,Preschool,PubMed Abstract,Research Support,Systematic Review,Veerle Bergink,doi:10.4088/JCP.19r12965,pmid:32412703},
 volume = {81},
 websites = {https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.19r12965,https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32412703/},
 month = {6},
 publisher = {Physicians Postgraduate Press Inc.},
 day = {1},
 id = {ca6bae54-3641-314b-a3dc-554816c2d8b8},
 created = {2021-05-07T15:14:15.459Z},
 accessed = {2020-09-30},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {031c901b-e377-3792-995f-e5d0201f5174},
 last_modified = {2022-02-11T13:29:40.533Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 folder_uuids = {587bd3ee-2583-429f-bd31-12ed8aa89b37},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Objective: Reviews on child outcomes following in utero antidepressant exposure have focused on short-term outcomes. However, several recent individual studies reported on adverse physical, neurodevelopmental, and psychiatric outcomes beyond infancy and early childhood. The objective of this systematic review was to establish the long-term effects of prenatal antidepressant exposure on physical, neurodevelopmental, and psychiatric outcomes in individuals aged 4 years and older. Data Sources: Embase, MEDLINE Ovid, Web of Science, Cochrane Central, and Google Scholar were systematically searched for all relevant articles, written in English and published prior to November 8, 2018, using terms describing antidepressants, pregnancy, and developmental outcomes. Study Selection: All original research articles on long-term outcomes of prenatal antidepressant exposure were eligible for inclusion. After screening and removal of duplicates, a total of 34 studies were identified. Data Extraction: Included articles were qualitatively analyzed to determine inconsistency, indirectness, imprecision, and study bias. Results: The identified studies demonstrated statistically significant associations between prenatal antidepressant exposure and a range of physical, neurodevelopmental, and psychiatric outcomes. Yet, the risk of confounding by indication was high. When controlling for confounders, 5 studies investigating physical outcomes (asthma, cancer, body mass index [BMI], epilepsy) found no association except conflicting outcomes for BMI. Eighteen studies examining neurodevelopmental outcomes (cognition, behavior, IQ, motor development, speech, language, and scholastic outcomes) found no consistent associations with antidepressant exposure after taking confounders into account. Eleven studies investigated psychiatric outcomes. After adjusting for confounders, prenatal antidepressant exposure was associated with affective disorders but not with childhood psychiatric outcomes (eg, autism spectrum disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder). Conclusions: Reported associations between in utero exposure to antidepressants and physical, neurodevelopmental, and psychiatric outcomes, in large part, seem to be driven by the underlying maternal disorder. When limiting confounding by indication, prenatal exposure to antidepressants was significantly associated only with offspring BMI and affective disorders.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Rommel, Anna-Sophie and Bergink, Veerle and Liu, Xiaoqin and Munk-Olsen, Trine and Molenaar, Nina Maren},
 doi = {10.4088/JCP.19r12965},
 journal = {Journal of Clinical Psychiatry},
 number = {3}
}

Objective: Reviews on child outcomes following in utero antidepressant exposure have focused on short-term outcomes. However, several recent individual studies reported on adverse physical, neurodevelopmental, and psychiatric outcomes beyond infancy and early childhood. The objective of this systematic review was to establish the long-term effects of prenatal antidepressant exposure on physical, neurodevelopmental, and psychiatric outcomes in individuals aged 4 years and older. Data Sources: Embase, MEDLINE Ovid, Web of Science, Cochrane Central, and Google Scholar were systematically searched for all relevant articles, written in English and published prior to November 8, 2018, using terms describing antidepressants, pregnancy, and developmental outcomes. Study Selection: All original research articles on long-term outcomes of prenatal antidepressant exposure were eligible for inclusion. After screening and removal of duplicates, a total of 34 studies were identified. Data Extraction: Included articles were qualitatively analyzed to determine inconsistency, indirectness, imprecision, and study bias. Results: The identified studies demonstrated statistically significant associations between prenatal antidepressant exposure and a range of physical, neurodevelopmental, and psychiatric outcomes. Yet, the risk of confounding by indication was high. When controlling for confounders, 5 studies investigating physical outcomes (asthma, cancer, body mass index [BMI], epilepsy) found no association except conflicting outcomes for BMI. Eighteen studies examining neurodevelopmental outcomes (cognition, behavior, IQ, motor development, speech, language, and scholastic outcomes) found no consistent associations with antidepressant exposure after taking confounders into account. Eleven studies investigated psychiatric outcomes. After adjusting for confounders, prenatal antidepressant exposure was associated with affective disorders but not with childhood psychiatric outcomes (eg, autism spectrum disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder). Conclusions: Reported associations between in utero exposure to antidepressants and physical, neurodevelopmental, and psychiatric outcomes, in large part, seem to be driven by the underlying maternal disorder. When limiting confounding by indication, prenatal exposure to antidepressants was significantly associated only with offspring BMI and affective disorders.

@article{
 title = {Associations between urinary biomarkers of oxidative stress in the third trimester of pregnancy and behavioral outcomes in the child at 4 years of age},
 type = {article},
 year = {2020},
 keywords = {Anna-Sophie Rommel,Ginger L Milne,Kelly K Ferguson,MEDLINE,NCBI,NIH,NLM,National Center for Biotechnology Information,National Institutes of Health,National Library of Medicine,PubMed Abstract,doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.08.029,pmid:32905853},
 pages = {272-278},
 volume = {90},
 websites = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32905853/,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.08.029},
 month = {11},
 publisher = {Academic Press Inc.},
 day = {1},
 id = {b86d3c8c-1cd0-37c1-98b8-68e355732470},
 created = {2021-05-07T15:14:15.872Z},
 accessed = {2020-09-30},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {031c901b-e377-3792-995f-e5d0201f5174},
 last_modified = {2021-05-12T18:12:56.645Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 folder_uuids = {587bd3ee-2583-429f-bd31-12ed8aa89b37},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Rommel, Anna-Sophie and Milne, Ginger L. and Barrett, Emily S. and Bush, Nicole R. and Nguyen, Ruby and Sathyanarayana, Sheela and Swan, Shanna H. and Ferguson, Kelly K.},
 doi = {10.1016/j.bbi.2020.08.029},
 journal = {Brain, Behavior, and Immunity}
}

@misc{
 title = {The international prevalence of antidepressant use before, during, and after pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of timing, type of prescriptions and geographical variability},
 type = {misc},
 year = {2020},
 source = {Journal of Affective Disorders},
 keywords = {Antidepressants,Epidemiology,Meta-analysis,Pregnancy,Prevalence,Systematic review},
 pages = {82-89},
 volume = {264},
 websites = {www.elsevier.com/locate/jad,https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31846905/},
 month = {3},
 publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
 day = {1},
 id = {20fd03e2-ee8b-3aba-87ca-fbe2b3d42964},
 created = {2021-05-07T15:14:15.874Z},
 accessed = {2020-09-30},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {031c901b-e377-3792-995f-e5d0201f5174},
 last_modified = {2021-05-12T18:12:56.646Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 folder_uuids = {587bd3ee-2583-429f-bd31-12ed8aa89b37},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Background: Antidepressant use during pregnancy has increased over the last decades, while safety has been under debate. Our aim was to measure the international prevalence of antidepressant use before, during, and after pregnancy and examine timing, type of prescriptions and geographic variability. Methods: We searched Embase, Medline Ovid, Web of Science, Cochrane Central and Google Scholar from their inception until February 19, 2019. We determined pooled prevalence estimates of antidepressants before, during, and after pregnancy, as well as stratified according to substantive variables. Results: We identified 40 cohorts from 15 countries, together reporting on 14,072,251 pregnancies. Included studies had a low risk of bias, often reporting on large representative cohorts. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) were the most commonly used antidepressants during pregnancy, with an international prevalence estimate of 3.0% (95%CI 2.3;3.7). While Europe and Australasia had pooled prevalence estimates of 1.6% and 1.3% respectively, Northern America had a prevalence estimate of 5.5% (Q-value = 126.19; df = 2; p-value<0.01). Highest SSRI prevalence rates were found for sertraline (1.10%), followed by citalopram and fluoxetine (0.77% and 0.76% respectively) (Q-value = 121.25; df = 5; p-value<0.01). Qualitative analysis indicated an increase in antidepressant use over subsequent calendar years. Limitations: Substantial heterogeneity remained unaccounted for throughout the analyses, even after accounting for hypothetical contributors. Conclusions: This meta-analysis revealed substantial regional differences in antidepressant use around pregnancy, which could be due to variability in prescription behavior, healthcare seeking behavior and organization of healthcare. There is an urgent need for evidence on effectiveness, benefit, and harm of antidepressants during pregnancy to guide clinical practice.},
 bibtype = {misc},
 author = {Molenaar, Nina M. and Bais, Babette and Lambregtse-van den Berg, Mijke P. and Mulder, Cornelis L. and Howell, Elizabeth A. and Fox, Nathan S. and Rommel, Anna-Sophie and Bergink, Veerle and Kamperman, Astrid M.},
 doi = {10.1016/j.jad.2019.12.014}
}

Background: Antidepressant use during pregnancy has increased over the last decades, while safety has been under debate. Our aim was to measure the international prevalence of antidepressant use before, during, and after pregnancy and examine timing, type of prescriptions and geographic variability. Methods: We searched Embase, Medline Ovid, Web of Science, Cochrane Central and Google Scholar from their inception until February 19, 2019. We determined pooled prevalence estimates of antidepressants before, during, and after pregnancy, as well as stratified according to substantive variables. Results: We identified 40 cohorts from 15 countries, together reporting on 14,072,251 pregnancies. Included studies had a low risk of bias, often reporting on large representative cohorts. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) were the most commonly used antidepressants during pregnancy, with an international prevalence estimate of 3.0% (95%CI 2.3;3.7). While Europe and Australasia had pooled prevalence estimates of 1.6% and 1.3% respectively, Northern America had a prevalence estimate of 5.5% (Q-value = 126.19; df = 2; p-value<0.01). Highest SSRI prevalence rates were found for sertraline (1.10%), followed by citalopram and fluoxetine (0.77% and 0.76% respectively) (Q-value = 121.25; df = 5; p-value<0.01). Qualitative analysis indicated an increase in antidepressant use over subsequent calendar years. Limitations: Substantial heterogeneity remained unaccounted for throughout the analyses, even after accounting for hypothetical contributors. Conclusions: This meta-analysis revealed substantial regional differences in antidepressant use around pregnancy, which could be due to variability in prescription behavior, healthcare seeking behavior and organization of healthcare. There is an urgent need for evidence on effectiveness, benefit, and harm of antidepressants during pregnancy to guide clinical practice.

@article{
 title = {Impairments in error processing and their association with ADHD symptoms in individuals born preterm},
 type = {article},
 year = {2019},
 keywords = {Adolescent,Adult,Anna-Sophie Rommel,Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / et,Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / ph,Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / ps,Case-Control Studies,Child,Cognitive Dysfunction / etiology,Cognitive Dysfunction / physiopathology,Cognitive Dysfunction / psychology,Conflict,Electroencephalography,Evoked Potentials,Extramural,Female,Humans,Infant,Jonna Kuntsi,MEDLINE,Male,N.I.H.,NCBI,NIH,NLM,National Center for Biotechnology Information,National Institutes of Health,National Library of Medicine,Neuropsychological Tests,Newborn,Non-U.S. Gov't,PMC6459538,Premature Birth / physiopathology,Premature Birth / psychology*,Psychological,Psychomotor Performance,PubMed Abstract,Research Support,Risk Factors,Sarah-Naomi James,Young Adult,doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0214864,pmid:30973908},
 volume = {14},
 websites = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30973908/},
 month = {4},
 publisher = {Public Library of Science},
 day = {1},
 id = {15129f98-7488-3f05-a298-1bda67ca020f},
 created = {2020-09-30T18:42:09.193Z},
 accessed = {2020-09-30},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {031c901b-e377-3792-995f-e5d0201f5174},
 last_modified = {2021-04-08T19:09:07.460Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 folder_uuids = {587bd3ee-2583-429f-bd31-12ed8aa89b37},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Preterm birth is associated with heightened risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-like symptoms and neurocognitive impairments, including impairments in performance monitoring. Here, we investigate the cognitive and neurophysiological processes from a performance-monitoring task in preterm-born adolescents and examine whether these processes in preterm-born adolescents reflect identical neurophysiological impairments to those observed in term-born adolescents with ADHD. We compared 186 pretermborn individuals to 69 term-born individuals with ADHD and 135 term-born controls on cognitive- performance measures and event-related potentials (ERPs) of conflict monitoring (N2) and error processing (ERN, Pe) from a flanker task. Preterm-born adolescents demonstrated reduced N2, ERN and Pe amplitudes, compared to controls, and similar ERN and Pe impairments to term-born adolescents with ADHD. While ADHD symptoms correlated with ERN amplitude at FCz among the preterm-born, ERN amplitude at Fz, N2 and Pe amplitude were not associated with ADHD symptoms. Preterm-born individuals show impairments on neurophysiological indices of conflict monitoring (N2) and error processing (ERN and Pe). Early neurophysiological error processing may be a marker underlying the processes linked to the increased risk for ADHD among preterm-born individuals. Error detection processes are malleable and potential targets for non-pharmacological interventions. Preterm-born individuals are likely to benefit from early interventions.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Rommel, Anna-Sophie and James, Sarah Naomi and Mcloughlin, Gráinne and Michelini, Giorgia and Banaschewski, Tobias and Brandeis, Daniel and Asherson, Philip and Kuntsi, Jonna},
 doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0214864},
 journal = {PLoS ONE},
 number = {4}
}

Preterm birth is associated with heightened risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-like symptoms and neurocognitive impairments, including impairments in performance monitoring. Here, we investigate the cognitive and neurophysiological processes from a performance-monitoring task in preterm-born adolescents and examine whether these processes in preterm-born adolescents reflect identical neurophysiological impairments to those observed in term-born adolescents with ADHD. We compared 186 pretermborn individuals to 69 term-born individuals with ADHD and 135 term-born controls on cognitive- performance measures and event-related potentials (ERPs) of conflict monitoring (N2) and error processing (ERN, Pe) from a flanker task. Preterm-born adolescents demonstrated reduced N2, ERN and Pe amplitudes, compared to controls, and similar ERN and Pe impairments to term-born adolescents with ADHD. While ADHD symptoms correlated with ERN amplitude at FCz among the preterm-born, ERN amplitude at Fz, N2 and Pe amplitude were not associated with ADHD symptoms. Preterm-born individuals show impairments on neurophysiological indices of conflict monitoring (N2) and error processing (ERN and Pe). Early neurophysiological error processing may be a marker underlying the processes linked to the increased risk for ADHD among preterm-born individuals. Error detection processes are malleable and potential targets for non-pharmacological interventions. Preterm-born individuals are likely to benefit from early interventions.

@article{
 title = {Beneficial effects of acute high-intensity exercise on electrophysiological indices of attention processes in young adult men},
 type = {article},
 year = {2019},
 keywords = {Acute exercise,Cognition,Continuous performance test,EEG,Flanker task},
 pages = {474-484},
 volume = {359},
 websites = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30465815/},
 month = {2},
 publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
 day = {1},
 id = {8fd6ad67-877f-38cc-9607-6c68c40011b2},
 created = {2021-02-27T21:45:43.296Z},
 accessed = {2020-09-30},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {031c901b-e377-3792-995f-e5d0201f5174},
 last_modified = {2021-04-08T19:07:52.578Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 folder_uuids = {587bd3ee-2583-429f-bd31-12ed8aa89b37},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {© 2018 The Authors Background: Emerging research suggests that a single bout of aerobic exercise can improve cognition, brain function and psychological health. Our aim was to examine the effects of high-intensity exercise on cognitive-performance and brain measures of attention, inhibition and performance-monitoring across a test-battery of three cognitive tasks. Method: Using a randomised cross-over design, 29 young men completed three successive cognitive tasks (Cued Continuous Performance Task [CPT-OX]; Eriksen Flanker Task; four-choice reaction-time task [Fast Task]) with simultaneous electroencephalogram (EEG) recording before and after a 20-min high-intensity cycling exercise and resting control session. Cognitive-performance measures, EEG power and event-related potential measures, were obtained during the tasks. Random-intercept linear models were used to investigate the effects of exercise, compared to rest, on outcomes. Results: A single bout of exercise significantly (p < 0.05) increased the amplitude of the event-related potential Go P3, but had no effect on the contingent negative variation (CNV), Cue P3 or NoGo P3, during the CPT-OX. Delta power, recorded during the CPT-OX, also significantly increased after exercise, whereas there was no effect on cognitive-performance in this task. Exercise did not influence any cognitive-performance or brain measures in the subsequent Flanker or Fast Tasks. Conclusion: Acute high-intensity exercise improves brain-indices reflecting executive and sustained attention during task performance (Go P3 and delta activity), in the CPT-OX, but not anticipatory attention (Cue P3 and CNV) or response inhibition (NoGo P3) in young-adult men. Exercise had no effect on cognitive-performance or brain measures in the subsequent Flanker and Fast tasks, which may potentially be explained by the time delay after exercise.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Du Rietz, Ebba and Barker, Alan R. and Michelini, Giorgia and Rommel, Anna-Sophie and Vainieri, Isabella and Asherson, Philip and Kuntsi, Jonna},
 doi = {10.1016/j.bbr.2018.11.024},
 journal = {Behavioural Brain Research}
}

© 2018 The Authors Background: Emerging research suggests that a single bout of aerobic exercise can improve cognition, brain function and psychological health. Our aim was to examine the effects of high-intensity exercise on cognitive-performance and brain measures of attention, inhibition and performance-monitoring across a test-battery of three cognitive tasks. Method: Using a randomised cross-over design, 29 young men completed three successive cognitive tasks (Cued Continuous Performance Task [CPT-OX]; Eriksen Flanker Task; four-choice reaction-time task [Fast Task]) with simultaneous electroencephalogram (EEG) recording before and after a 20-min high-intensity cycling exercise and resting control session. Cognitive-performance measures, EEG power and event-related potential measures, were obtained during the tasks. Random-intercept linear models were used to investigate the effects of exercise, compared to rest, on outcomes. Results: A single bout of exercise significantly (p < 0.05) increased the amplitude of the event-related potential Go P3, but had no effect on the contingent negative variation (CNV), Cue P3 or NoGo P3, during the CPT-OX. Delta power, recorded during the CPT-OX, also significantly increased after exercise, whereas there was no effect on cognitive-performance in this task. Exercise did not influence any cognitive-performance or brain measures in the subsequent Flanker or Fast Tasks. Conclusion: Acute high-intensity exercise improves brain-indices reflecting executive and sustained attention during task performance (Go P3 and delta activity), in the CPT-OX, but not anticipatory attention (Cue P3 and CNV) or response inhibition (NoGo P3) in young-adult men. Exercise had no effect on cognitive-performance or brain measures in the subsequent Flanker and Fast tasks, which may potentially be explained by the time delay after exercise.

@article{
 title = {Is association of preterm birth with cognitive-neurophysiological impairments and ADHD symptoms consistent with a causal inference or due to familial confounds?},
 type = {article},
 year = {2019},
 keywords = {Adolescents,ERP,causal pathways,cognitive impairments,preterm birth,sibling-comparison},
 pages = {1-7},
 volume = {50},
 websites = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291719001211,https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31155011/},
 month = {6},
 publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
 day = {1},
 id = {82786cf8-4b7e-3162-a9b9-124a84c446bb},
 created = {2021-05-07T15:14:15.865Z},
 accessed = {2020-09-30},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {031c901b-e377-3792-995f-e5d0201f5174},
 last_modified = {2021-05-12T18:03:15.830Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 folder_uuids = {587bd3ee-2583-429f-bd31-12ed8aa89b37},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Background. Preterm birth is associated with an increased risk for cognitive-neurophysio-logical impairments and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Whether the associations are due to the preterm birth insult per se, or due to other risk factors that characterise families with preterm-born children, is largely unknown. Methods. We employed a within-sibling comparison design, using cognitive-performance and event-related potential (ERP) measures from 104 preterm-born adolescents and 104 of their term-born siblings. Analyses focused on ADHD symptoms and cognitive and ERP measures from a cued continuous performance test, an arrow flanker task and a reaction time task. Results. Within-sibling analyses showed that preterm birth was significantly associated with increased ADHD symptoms (β = 0.32, p = 0.01, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.58) and specific cognitive-ERP impairments, such as IQ (β = −0.20, p = 0.02, 95% CI −0.40 to −0.01), preparation-vigilance measures and measures of error processing (ranging from β = 0.71, −0.35). There was a negligible within-sibling association between preterm birth with executive control measures of inhibition (NoGo-P3, β = −0.07, p = 0.45, 95% CI −0.33 to 0.15) or verbal working memory (digit span backward, β = −0.05, p = 0.63, 95% CI −0.30 to 0.18). Conclusions. Our results suggest that the relationship between preterm birth with ADHD symptoms and specific cognitive-neurophysiological impairments (IQ, preparation-vigilance and error processing) is independent of family-level risk and consistent with a causal inference. In contrast, our results suggest that previously observed associations between preterm birth with executive control processes of inhibition and working memory are instead linked to background characteristics of families with a preterm-born child rather than preterm birth insult per se. These findings suggest that interventions need to target both preterm-birth specific and family-level risk factors.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {James, Sarah-Naomi and Rommel, Anna-Sophie and Rijsdijk, Fruhling and Michelini, Giorgia and Mcloughlin, Gráinne and Brandeis, Daniel and Banaschewski, Tobias and Asherson, Philip and Kuntsi, Jonna},
 doi = {10.1017/S0033291719001211},
 journal = {Psychological Medicine},
 number = {8}
}

Background. Preterm birth is associated with an increased risk for cognitive-neurophysio-logical impairments and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Whether the associations are due to the preterm birth insult per se, or due to other risk factors that characterise families with preterm-born children, is largely unknown. Methods. We employed a within-sibling comparison design, using cognitive-performance and event-related potential (ERP) measures from 104 preterm-born adolescents and 104 of their term-born siblings. Analyses focused on ADHD symptoms and cognitive and ERP measures from a cued continuous performance test, an arrow flanker task and a reaction time task. Results. Within-sibling analyses showed that preterm birth was significantly associated with increased ADHD symptoms (β = 0.32, p = 0.01, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.58) and specific cognitive-ERP impairments, such as IQ (β = −0.20, p = 0.02, 95% CI −0.40 to −0.01), preparation-vigilance measures and measures of error processing (ranging from β = 0.71, −0.35). There was a negligible within-sibling association between preterm birth with executive control measures of inhibition (NoGo-P3, β = −0.07, p = 0.45, 95% CI −0.33 to 0.15) or verbal working memory (digit span backward, β = −0.05, p = 0.63, 95% CI −0.30 to 0.18). Conclusions. Our results suggest that the relationship between preterm birth with ADHD symptoms and specific cognitive-neurophysiological impairments (IQ, preparation-vigilance and error processing) is independent of family-level risk and consistent with a causal inference. In contrast, our results suggest that previously observed associations between preterm birth with executive control processes of inhibition and working memory are instead linked to background characteristics of families with a preterm-born child rather than preterm birth insult per se. These findings suggest that interventions need to target both preterm-birth specific and family-level risk factors.

@article{
 title = {Bright light therapy versus physical exercise to prevent co-morbid depression and obesity in adolescents and young adults with attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial},
 type = {article},
 year = {2018},
 keywords = {Attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder,Bright light therapy,Co-morbidity,Depression,Exercise,Obesity},
 volume = {19},
 websites = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29482662/},
 month = {2},
 publisher = {BioMed Central Ltd.},
 day = {26},
 id = {4a9e5ab3-2af0-3769-9ff8-b6a30ea66315},
 created = {2020-10-09T15:03:33.700Z},
 accessed = {2020-09-30},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {031c901b-e377-3792-995f-e5d0201f5174},
 last_modified = {2021-04-08T19:09:07.438Z},
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 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 folder_uuids = {587bd3ee-2583-429f-bd31-12ed8aa89b37},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Mayer, Jutta S. and Hees, Katharina and Medda, Juliane and Grimm, Oliver and Asherson, Philip and Bellina, Mariano and Colla, Michael and Ibáñez, Pol and Koch, Elena and Martinez-Nicolas, Antonio and Muntaner-Mas, Adrià and Rommel, Anna-Sophie and Rommelse, Nanda and de Ruiter, Saskia and Ebner-Priemer, Ulrich W. and Kieser, Meinhard and Ortega, Francisco B. and Thome, Johannes and Buitelaar, Jan K. and Kuntsi, Jonna and Ramos-Quiroga, J.A. and Reif, Andreas and Freitag, Christine M.},
 doi = {10.1186/s13063-017-2426-1},
 journal = {Trials},
 number = {1}
}

@article{
 title = {Peripheral Hypoarousal but Not Preparation-Vigilance Impairment Endures in ADHD Remission},
 type = {article},
 year = {2017},
 keywords = {Celeste H M Cheung,Jonna Kuntsi,MEDLINE,NCBI,NIH,NLM,National Center for Biotechnology Information,National Institutes of Health,National Library of Medicine,PMC5617106,PubMed Abstract,Sarah-Naomi James,doi:10.1177/1087054717698813,pmid:28363258},
 pages = {108705471769881},
 websites = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28363258/},
 month = {3},
 publisher = {SAGE Publications},
 day = {31},
 id = {a76c8e0f-83c1-3ac0-8a24-4a0b8328427d},
 created = {2020-09-30T18:42:13.542Z},
 accessed = {2020-09-30},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {031c901b-e377-3792-995f-e5d0201f5174},
 last_modified = {2021-04-08T19:07:52.286Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 folder_uuids = {587bd3ee-2583-429f-bd31-12ed8aa89b37},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Objective: This study investigates whether impairments associated with persistent ADHD—impaired attention allocation (P3 amplitude), peripheral hypoarousal (skin conductance level [SCL]), and adjustment in preparatory state (contingent negative variation [CNV])—reflect enduring deficits unrelated to ADHD outcome or are markers of ADHD remission. Method: Young people with childhood ADHD (73 persisters and 18 remitters) and 144 controls were compared on neurophysiological measures during two conditions (baseline and fast-incentive) of a four-choice reaction time task. Results: ADHD remitters differed from persisters, and were indistinguishable from controls, on baseline P3 amplitude and fast-incentive CNV amplitude (p ≤ .05). ADHD remitters differed from controls (p ≤ .01), and were indistinguishable from persisters (p > .05), on baseline SCL. Conclusion: Preparation-vigilance measures were markers of ADHD remission, confirming previous findings with other measures. Yet, SCL-measured peripheral hypoarousal ...},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {James, Sarah-Naomi and Cheung, Celeste H. M. and Rommel, Anna-Sophie and McLoughlin, Gráinne and Brandeis, Daniel and Banaschewski, Tobias and Asherson, Philip and Kuntsi, Jonna},
 doi = {10.1177/1087054717698813},
 journal = {Journal of Attention Disorders}
}

Objective: This study investigates whether impairments associated with persistent ADHD—impaired attention allocation (P3 amplitude), peripheral hypoarousal (skin conductance level [SCL]), and adjustment in preparatory state (contingent negative variation [CNV])—reflect enduring deficits unrelated to ADHD outcome or are markers of ADHD remission. Method: Young people with childhood ADHD (73 persisters and 18 remitters) and 144 controls were compared on neurophysiological measures during two conditions (baseline and fast-incentive) of a four-choice reaction time task. Results: ADHD remitters differed from persisters, and were indistinguishable from controls, on baseline P3 amplitude and fast-incentive CNV amplitude (p ≤ .05). ADHD remitters differed from controls (p ≤ .01), and were indistinguishable from persisters (p > .05), on baseline SCL. Conclusion: Preparation-vigilance measures were markers of ADHD remission, confirming previous findings with other measures. Yet, SCL-measured peripheral hypoarousal ...

@article{
 title = {Altered EEG spectral power during rest and cognitive performance: a comparison of preterm-born adolescents to adolescents with ADHD},
 type = {article},
 year = {2017},
 keywords = {ADHD,Delta power,Neurocognitive impairment,Preterm birth,Quantitative EEG},
 pages = {1511-1522},
 volume = {26},
 websites = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28577262/},
 month = {12},
 publisher = {Dr. Dietrich Steinkopff Verlag GmbH and Co. KG},
 day = {1},
 id = {86ccb307-76fe-33a9-a5a8-91b507f8b6bd},
 created = {2020-10-09T15:03:33.790Z},
 accessed = {2020-09-30},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {031c901b-e377-3792-995f-e5d0201f5174},
 last_modified = {2021-04-08T19:07:52.793Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 folder_uuids = {587bd3ee-2583-429f-bd31-12ed8aa89b37},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Rommel, Anna-Sophie and James, Sarah-Naomi and McLoughlin, Gráinne and Brandeis, Daniel and Banaschewski, Tobias and Asherson, Philip and Kuntsi, Jonna},
 doi = {10.1007/s00787-017-1010-2},
 journal = {European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry},
 number = {12}
}

@article{
 title = {Association of Preterm Birth With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder–Like and Wider-Ranging Neurophysiological Impairments of Attention and Inhibition},
 type = {article},
 year = {2017},
 keywords = {ADHD,EEG,event-related potential,neurocognitive impairment,preterm birth},
 pages = {40-50},
 volume = {56},
 websites = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0890856716318548,https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27993227/},
 month = {1},
 publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},
 day = {1},
 id = {549ad7b7-a595-3911-bf31-0a384abfc643},
 created = {2020-10-09T15:03:33.826Z},
 accessed = {2017-01-04},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {031c901b-e377-3792-995f-e5d0201f5174},
 last_modified = {2021-04-08T19:07:52.673Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 folder_uuids = {587bd3ee-2583-429f-bd31-12ed8aa89b37},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {© 2016 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Objective Preterm birth has been associated with an increased risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)–like symptoms and cognitive impairments similar to those seen in ADHD, including attention and inhibitory control difficulties. Yet data on direct comparisons across ADHD and preterm birth on cognitive-neurophysiological measures are limited. Method We directly compared 186 preterm-born adolescents to 69 term-born adolescents with ADHD and 135 term-born controls on cognitive-performance and event-related potential measures associated with attentional and inhibitory processing from a cued continuous performance test (CPT-OX), which we have previously shown to discriminate between the adolescents with ADHD and controls. We aimed to elucidate whether the ADHD-like symptoms and cognitive impairments in preterm-born individuals reflect identical cognitive-neurophysiological impairments in term-born individuals with ADHD. Results Go-P3 amplitude was reduced, reflecting impaired executive response control, in preterm-born adolescents compared to both controls and adolescents with ADHD. Moreover, in preterm-born adolescents, as in term-born adolescents with ADHD, contingent negative variation amplitude was attenuated, reflecting impairments in response preparation compared to controls. Although the ADHD group showed significantly increased NoGo-P3 amplitude at FCz compared to preterm group, at Cz preterm-born adolescents demonstrated significantly decreased NoGo-P3 amplitude compared to the control group, similar to term-born adolescents with ADHD. Conclusion These findings indicate impairments in response preparation, executive response control, and response inhibition in preterm-born adolescents. Although the response preparation and response inhibition impairments found in preterm-born adolescents overlap with those found in term-born adolescents with ADHD, the preterm group also shows unique impairments, suggesting more wide-ranging impairments in the preterm group compared to the ADHD group.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Rommel, Anna-Sophie and James, Sarah-Naomi and McLoughlin, Gráinne and Brandeis, Daniel and Banaschewski, Tobias and Asherson, Philip and Kuntsi, Jonna},
 doi = {10.1016/j.jaac.2016.10.006},
 journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry},
 number = {1}
}

© 2016 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Objective Preterm birth has been associated with an increased risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)–like symptoms and cognitive impairments similar to those seen in ADHD, including attention and inhibitory control difficulties. Yet data on direct comparisons across ADHD and preterm birth on cognitive-neurophysiological measures are limited. Method We directly compared 186 preterm-born adolescents to 69 term-born adolescents with ADHD and 135 term-born controls on cognitive-performance and event-related potential measures associated with attentional and inhibitory processing from a cued continuous performance test (CPT-OX), which we have previously shown to discriminate between the adolescents with ADHD and controls. We aimed to elucidate whether the ADHD-like symptoms and cognitive impairments in preterm-born individuals reflect identical cognitive-neurophysiological impairments in term-born individuals with ADHD. Results Go-P3 amplitude was reduced, reflecting impaired executive response control, in preterm-born adolescents compared to both controls and adolescents with ADHD. Moreover, in preterm-born adolescents, as in term-born adolescents with ADHD, contingent negative variation amplitude was attenuated, reflecting impairments in response preparation compared to controls. Although the ADHD group showed significantly increased NoGo-P3 amplitude at FCz compared to preterm group, at Cz preterm-born adolescents demonstrated significantly decreased NoGo-P3 amplitude compared to the control group, similar to term-born adolescents with ADHD. Conclusion These findings indicate impairments in response preparation, executive response control, and response inhibition in preterm-born adolescents. Although the response preparation and response inhibition impairments found in preterm-born adolescents overlap with those found in term-born adolescents with ADHD, the preterm group also shows unique impairments, suggesting more wide-ranging impairments in the preterm group compared to the ADHD group.

@article{
 title = {Association of preterm birth with ADHD-like cognitive impairments and additional subtle impairments in attention and arousal malleability},
 type = {article},
 year = {2017},
 keywords = {ADHD,EEG,adolescents,arousal,cognitive impairments,preterm birth},
 pages = {1484-1493},
 volume = {48},
 websites = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29094658/,https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717002963},
 publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
 day = {1},
 id = {e0c77ec3-7d27-3ca7-8b80-6d3dc8a8593a},
 created = {2021-05-07T15:14:16.122Z},
 accessed = {2020-09-30},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {031c901b-e377-3792-995f-e5d0201f5174},
 last_modified = {2021-05-12T18:12:56.844Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 folder_uuids = {587bd3ee-2583-429f-bd31-12ed8aa89b37},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Background. Whilst preterm-born individuals have an increased risk of developing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and are reported to have ADHD-like attention and arousal impairments, direct group comparisons are scarce. Methods. We directly compared preterm-born adolescents (n = 186) to term-born adolescents with ADHD (n = 69), and term-born controls (n = 135), aged 11-23, on cognitive-performance , event-related potential and skin conductance level (SCL) measures associated with attention and arousal. The measures are from baseline and fast-incentive conditions of a four-choice reaction time task, previously shown to discriminate between the individuals with ADHD and controls. We aimed to establish whether preterm-born adolescents show: (a) identical cognitive-neurophysiological impairments to term-born adolescents with ADHD (b) possible additional impairments, and whether (c) the observed impairments correlate with ADHD symptom scores. Results. The preterm group, like the term-born ADHD group, showed increased mean reaction time (MRT) and reaction time variability (RTV) in the baseline condition, and attenuated contingent negative variation (CNV) amplitude (response preparation) in the fast-incentive condition. The preterm group, only, did not show significant within-group adjustments in P3 amplitude (attention allocation) and SCL (peripheral arousal). Dimensional analyses showed that ADHD symptoms scores correlated significantly with MRT, RTV and CNV amplitude only. Conclusions. We find impairments in cognition and brain function in preterm-born adolescents that are linked to increased ADHD symptoms, as well as further impairments, in lack of malleability in neurophysiological processes. Our findings indicate that such impairments extend at least to adolescence. Future studies should extend these investigations into adulthood.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {James, S.-N. and Rommel, Anna-Sophie and Cheung, C. and McLoughlin, G. and Brandeis, D. and Banaschewski, T. and Asherson, P. and Kuntsi, J.},
 doi = {10.1017/S0033291717002963},
 journal = {Psychological Medicine},
 number = {9}
}

Background. Whilst preterm-born individuals have an increased risk of developing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and are reported to have ADHD-like attention and arousal impairments, direct group comparisons are scarce. Methods. We directly compared preterm-born adolescents (n = 186) to term-born adolescents with ADHD (n = 69), and term-born controls (n = 135), aged 11-23, on cognitive-performance , event-related potential and skin conductance level (SCL) measures associated with attention and arousal. The measures are from baseline and fast-incentive conditions of a four-choice reaction time task, previously shown to discriminate between the individuals with ADHD and controls. We aimed to establish whether preterm-born adolescents show: (a) identical cognitive-neurophysiological impairments to term-born adolescents with ADHD (b) possible additional impairments, and whether (c) the observed impairments correlate with ADHD symptom scores. Results. The preterm group, like the term-born ADHD group, showed increased mean reaction time (MRT) and reaction time variability (RTV) in the baseline condition, and attenuated contingent negative variation (CNV) amplitude (response preparation) in the fast-incentive condition. The preterm group, only, did not show significant within-group adjustments in P3 amplitude (attention allocation) and SCL (peripheral arousal). Dimensional analyses showed that ADHD symptoms scores correlated significantly with MRT, RTV and CNV amplitude only. Conclusions. We find impairments in cognition and brain function in preterm-born adolescents that are linked to increased ADHD symptoms, as well as further impairments, in lack of malleability in neurophysiological processes. Our findings indicate that such impairments extend at least to adolescence. Future studies should extend these investigations into adulthood.

@article{
 title = {Commonalities in EEG Spectral Power Abnormalities Between Women With ADHD and Women With Bipolar Disorder During Rest and Cognitive Performance},
 type = {article},
 year = {2016},
 keywords = {ADHD,Bipolar disorder,Quantitative EEG,Spectral power,Theta power},
 pages = {856-866},
 volume = {29},
 websites = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27464584/,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27464584,http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC5054048,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10548-016-0508-0},
 month = {11},
 publisher = {Springer New York LLC},
 day = {27},
 id = {bfb0e404-9840-3ed7-903a-db47f0544e50},
 created = {2021-05-07T15:14:15.878Z},
 accessed = {2017-03-13},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {031c901b-e377-3792-995f-e5d0201f5174},
 last_modified = {2021-05-12T18:12:56.708Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 folder_uuids = {587bd3ee-2583-429f-bd31-12ed8aa89b37},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {While attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and bipolar disorder (BD) denote distinct psychiatric conditions, diagnostic delineation is impeded by considerable symptomatic overlap. Direct comparisons across ADHD and BD on neurophysiological measures are limited. They could inform us on impairments that are specific to or shared between the disorders and, therefore, potential biomarkers that may aid in the identification of the diagnostic boundaries. Our aim was to test whether quantitative EEG (QEEG) identifies differences or similarities between women with ADHD and women with BD during resting-state and task conditions. QEEG activity was directly compared between 20 ADHD, 20 BD and 20 control women during an eyes-open resting-state condition (EO) and a cued continuous performance task (CPT-OX). Both ADHD (t38 = 2.50, p = 0.017) and BD (t38 = 2.54, p = 0.018) participants showed higher absolute theta power during EO than controls. No significant differences emerged between the two clinical groups. While control participants showed a task-related increase in absolute theta power from EO to CPT-OX (t19 = -3.77, p = 0.001), no such change in absolute theta power was observed in the ADHD (t19 = -0.605, p = 0.553) or BD (t19 = 1.82, p = 0.084) groups. Our results provide evidence for commonalities in brain dysfunction between ADHD and BD. Absolute theta power may play a role as a marker of neurobiological processes in both disorders.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Rommel, Anna-Sophie and Kitsune, Glenn and Michelini, Giorgia and Hosang, Georgina M. and Asherson, Philip and Mcloughlin, Gráinne and Brandeis, Daniel and Kuntsi, Jonna},
 doi = {10.1007/s10548-016-0508-0},
 journal = {Brain Topography},
 number = {6}
}

While attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and bipolar disorder (BD) denote distinct psychiatric conditions, diagnostic delineation is impeded by considerable symptomatic overlap. Direct comparisons across ADHD and BD on neurophysiological measures are limited. They could inform us on impairments that are specific to or shared between the disorders and, therefore, potential biomarkers that may aid in the identification of the diagnostic boundaries. Our aim was to test whether quantitative EEG (QEEG) identifies differences or similarities between women with ADHD and women with BD during resting-state and task conditions. QEEG activity was directly compared between 20 ADHD, 20 BD and 20 control women during an eyes-open resting-state condition (EO) and a cued continuous performance task (CPT-OX). Both ADHD (t38 = 2.50, p = 0.017) and BD (t38 = 2.54, p = 0.018) participants showed higher absolute theta power during EO than controls. No significant differences emerged between the two clinical groups. While control participants showed a task-related increase in absolute theta power from EO to CPT-OX (t19 = -3.77, p = 0.001), no such change in absolute theta power was observed in the ADHD (t19 = -0.605, p = 0.553) or BD (t19 = 1.82, p = 0.084) groups. Our results provide evidence for commonalities in brain dysfunction between ADHD and BD. Absolute theta power may play a role as a marker of neurobiological processes in both disorders.

@article{
 title = {Is physical activity causally associated with symptoms of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder?},
 type = {article},
 year = {2015},
 keywords = {ADHD,Key Words physical activity,TCHAD,exercise,twin modeling},
 pages = {565-570},
 volume = {54},
 websites = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26088661/},
 month = {7},
 publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},
 day = {1},
 id = {f016a40c-4534-3327-9b31-80ca7e86ac95},
 created = {2020-10-09T15:03:34.079Z},
 accessed = {2020-09-30},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {031c901b-e377-3792-995f-e5d0201f5174},
 last_modified = {2021-04-08T19:07:52.948Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 folder_uuids = {587bd3ee-2583-429f-bd31-12ed8aa89b37},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Rommel, Anna-Sophie and Lichtenstein, Paul and Rydell, Mina and Kuja-Halkola, Ralf and Asherson, Philip and Kuntsi, Jonna and Larsson, Henrik},
 doi = {10.1016/j.jaac.2015.04.011},
 journal = {JAACAP},
 number = {under review}
}

@article{
 title = {A longitudinal twin study of the direction of effects between ADHD symptoms and IQ},
 type = {article},
 year = {2015},
 keywords = {ADHD,Adolescent,Age Factors,Anna Sophie Rommel,Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / ge,Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / ph,Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / ps,Biometrical genetics,Child,Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disord,Dizygotic / psychology,Etiology,Extramural,Female,Frühling Rijsdijk,Gene-Environment Interaction,Genetics,Heredity,Humans,Intelligence Tests,Intelligence*,Internet,Jonna Kuntsi,Longitudinal Studies,MEDLINE,Male,Models,Monozygotic / psychology,N.I.H.,NCBI,NIH,NLM,National Center for Biotechnology Information,National Institutes of Health,National Library of Medicine,Neurological*,Non-U.S. Gov't,PMC4398424,Phenotype,Phenotypes,PubMed Abstract,Research Support,Twins,Vocabulary,doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124357,pmid:25875897},
 pages = {e0124357},
 volume = {10},
 websites = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25875897/,https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124357},
 month = {4},
 publisher = {Public Library of Science},
 day = {15},
 id = {0e0bc920-0936-3e70-95ae-cdb46a7089a6},
 created = {2021-05-07T15:14:15.875Z},
 accessed = {2020-09-30},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {031c901b-e377-3792-995f-e5d0201f5174},
 last_modified = {2021-05-12T18:12:56.693Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 folder_uuids = {587bd3ee-2583-429f-bd31-12ed8aa89b37},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {© 2015 Rommel et al. While the negative association between ADHD symptoms and IQ is well documented, our knowledge about the direction and aetiology of this association is limited. Here, we examine the association of ADHD symptoms with verbal and performance IQ longitudinally in a population-based sample of twins. In a population-based sample of 4,771 twin pairs, DSM-IV ADHD symptoms were obtained from the Conners ' Parent Rating Scale-Revised. Verbal (vocabulary) and performance (Raven's Progressive Matrices) IQ were assessed online. ADHD symptom ratings and IQ scores were obtained at ages 12, 14 and 16 years. Making use of the genetic sensitivity and time-ordered nature of our data, we use a cross-lagged model to examine the direction of effects, while modelling the aetiologies of the association between ADHD symptoms with vocabulary and Raven's scores over time. Although time-specific aetiological influences emerged for each trait at ages 14 and 16 years, the aetiological factors involved in the association between ADHD symptoms and IQ were stable over time. ADHD symptoms and IQ scores significantly predicted each other over time. ADHD symptoms at age 12 years were a significantly stronger predictor of vocabulary and Raven's scores at age 14 years than vice versa, whereas no differential predictive effects emerged from age 14 to 16 years. The results suggest that ADHD symptoms may put adolescents at risk for decreased IQ scores. Persistent genetic influences seem to underlie the association of ADHD symptoms and IQ over time. Early intervention is likely to be key to reducing ADHD symptoms and the associated risk for lower IQ.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Rommel, Anna-Sophie and Rijsdijk, Frühling and Greven, Corina U. and Asherson, Philip and Kuntsi, Jonna},
 editor = {Cherny, Stacey},
 doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0124357},
 journal = {PloS one},
 number = {4}
}

© 2015 Rommel et al. While the negative association between ADHD symptoms and IQ is well documented, our knowledge about the direction and aetiology of this association is limited. Here, we examine the association of ADHD symptoms with verbal and performance IQ longitudinally in a population-based sample of twins. In a population-based sample of 4,771 twin pairs, DSM-IV ADHD symptoms were obtained from the Conners ' Parent Rating Scale-Revised. Verbal (vocabulary) and performance (Raven's Progressive Matrices) IQ were assessed online. ADHD symptom ratings and IQ scores were obtained at ages 12, 14 and 16 years. Making use of the genetic sensitivity and time-ordered nature of our data, we use a cross-lagged model to examine the direction of effects, while modelling the aetiologies of the association between ADHD symptoms with vocabulary and Raven's scores over time. Although time-specific aetiological influences emerged for each trait at ages 14 and 16 years, the aetiological factors involved in the association between ADHD symptoms and IQ were stable over time. ADHD symptoms and IQ scores significantly predicted each other over time. ADHD symptoms at age 12 years were a significantly stronger predictor of vocabulary and Raven's scores at age 14 years than vice versa, whereas no differential predictive effects emerged from age 14 to 16 years. The results suggest that ADHD symptoms may put adolescents at risk for decreased IQ scores. Persistent genetic influences seem to underlie the association of ADHD symptoms and IQ over time. Early intervention is likely to be key to reducing ADHD symptoms and the associated risk for lower IQ.

@inbook{
 type = {inbook},
 year = {2014},
 pages = {1-32},
 websites = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4614-9509-3_1},
 month = {1},
 publisher = {Springer New York},
 day = {1},
 id = {095b655d-1c08-368b-b069-fe90eac970bb},
 created = {2020-10-09T15:03:33.885Z},
 accessed = {2020-09-30},
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 citation_key = {Frazier-Wood2014},
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 author = {Frazier-Wood, Alexis C. and Rommel, Anna-Sophie and Kuntsi, Jonna},
 doi = {10.1007/978-1-4614-9509-3_1},
 chapter = {Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Insight from quantitative genetic research},
 title = {Behavior Genetics of Psychopathology}
}

@article{
 title = {Protection from genetic diathesis in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: possible complementary roles of exercise.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2013},
 keywords = {attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),epigenetics,exercise,physical activity,protective factors},
 pages = {900-10},
 volume = {52},
 websites = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23972692/,http://www.jaacap.com/article/S0890-8567(13)00376-6/abstract,www.jaacap.org},
 month = {9},
 publisher = {Elsevier},
 day = {1},
 id = {34898cb0-21a4-3b77-82ef-a47c556d80b4},
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 accessed = {2014-02-20},
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 abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The degree of functional impairment and adverse developmental outcomes in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) likely reflect interplay between genes and environment. To establish whether physical exercise might reduce the level of ADHD symptoms or ADHD-related impairments, we conducted a comprehensive review of the effect of exercise in children with ADHD. Findings on the impact of exercise in animals and typically developing human beings, and an overview of putative mechanisms involved, are also presented to provide the context in which to understand this review. METHOD: The electronic databases PubMed, OVID, and Web of Knowledge were searched for all studies investigating the effect of exercise in children and adolescents with ADHD, as well as animal models of ADHD behaviors (available in January 2013). Of 2,150 initially identified records, 16 were included. RESULTS: Animal studies indicate that exercise, especially early in development, may be beneficial for ADHD symptom reduction. The limited research investigating the effect of exercise in children and adolescents with ADHD suggests that exercise may improve executive functioning and behavioral symptoms associated with ADHD. Although animal research suggests that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and catecholamines (CAs) play a role in mediating these effects, the association between BDNF and ADHD remains unclear in human beings. CONCLUSIONS: The potential protective qualities of exercise with regard to reducing symptoms and impairments commonly associated with ADHD may hold promise for the future. Further research is needed to firmly establish whether there are clinically significant effects of exercise on the severity of ADHD symptoms, impairments, and associated developmental outcomes.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Rommel, Anna-Sophie and Halperin, Jeffrey M. and Mill, Jonathan and Asherson, Philip and Kuntsi, Jonna},
 doi = {10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.018},
 journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry},
 number = {9}
}

OBJECTIVE: The degree of functional impairment and adverse developmental outcomes in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) likely reflect interplay between genes and environment. To establish whether physical exercise might reduce the level of ADHD symptoms or ADHD-related impairments, we conducted a comprehensive review of the effect of exercise in children with ADHD. Findings on the impact of exercise in animals and typically developing human beings, and an overview of putative mechanisms involved, are also presented to provide the context in which to understand this review. METHOD: The electronic databases PubMed, OVID, and Web of Knowledge were searched for all studies investigating the effect of exercise in children and adolescents with ADHD, as well as animal models of ADHD behaviors (available in January 2013). Of 2,150 initially identified records, 16 were included. RESULTS: Animal studies indicate that exercise, especially early in development, may be beneficial for ADHD symptom reduction. The limited research investigating the effect of exercise in children and adolescents with ADHD suggests that exercise may improve executive functioning and behavioral symptoms associated with ADHD. Although animal research suggests that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and catecholamines (CAs) play a role in mediating these effects, the association between BDNF and ADHD remains unclear in human beings. CONCLUSIONS: The potential protective qualities of exercise with regard to reducing symptoms and impairments commonly associated with ADHD may hold promise for the future. Further research is needed to firmly establish whether there are clinically significant effects of exercise on the severity of ADHD symptoms, impairments, and associated developmental outcomes.