@book{ciulaModellingDigitalHumanities2023,
	title = {Modelling {Between} {Digital} and {Humanities}: {Thinking} in {Practice}},
	isbn = {978-1-80511-098-9 978-1-80064-811-1 978-1-80064-846-3 978-1-80064-970-5 978-1-80064-895-1},
	shorttitle = {Modelling {Between} {Digital} and {Humanities}},
	url = {https://www.openbookpublishers.com/books/10.11647/obp.0369},
	abstract = {This volume presents an exploration of Digital Humanities (DH), a field focused on the reciprocal transformation of digital technologies and humanities scholarship. Central to DH research is the practice of modelling, which involves translating intricate knowledge systems into computational models. This book addresses a fundamental query: How can an effective language be developed to conceptualize and guide modelling in DH?},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2023-12-18},
	publisher = {Open Book Publishers},
	editor = {Ciula, Arianna and Eide, Øyvind and Marras, Cristina and Sahle, Patrick},
	month = dec,
	year = {2023},
	doi = {10.11647/obp.0369},
}

This volume presents an exploration of Digital Humanities (DH), a field focused on the reciprocal transformation of digital technologies and humanities scholarship. Central to DH research is the practice of modelling, which involves translating intricate knowledge systems into computational models. This book addresses a fundamental query: How can an effective language be developed to conceptualize and guide modelling in DH?

@inproceedings{bleier2023,
	title = {20 {Years} of {Digital} {Medievalist} – {A} {Reflection} on the {Development} of a {Community}},
	copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, Open Access},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/record/8107541},
	doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.8107541},
	abstract = {Initially, Digital Medievalist was understood to be a group of supportive scholars, that wanted to test digital methods for their research projects. Since then, it has developed into a scholarly community with 1500 members and has become an integral part of the field nowadays called Digital Humanities.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-12-22},
	publisher = {Zenodo},
	author = {Bleier, Roman and Borek, Luise and Campagnolo, Alberto and Fischer, Franz and Gengnagel, Tessa and Hodel, Tobias},
	editor = {Vogeler, Georg and Tasovac, Toma and Baillot, Anne and Helling, Patrick},
	collaborator = {Scholger, Walter and Raunig, Elisabeth and Scholger, Martina and Steiner, Elisabeth and {Centre For Information Modelling}},
	month = jun,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Community Building, Cultural studies, History, Literary studies, Medieval Studies, Outreach, Paper, Poster, Scholarly Community, digital ecologies and digital communities creation management and analysis, digital research infrastructures development and analysis, public humanities collaborations and methods},
}

Initially, Digital Medievalist was understood to be a group of supportive scholars, that wanted to test digital methods for their research projects. Since then, it has developed into a scholarly community with 1500 members and has become an integral part of the field nowadays called Digital Humanities.

@article{fafinski_facsimile_2022,
	title = {Facsimile narratives: {Researching} the past in the age of digital reproduction},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {2055-7671},
	shorttitle = {Facsimile narratives},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqab017},
	doi = {10.1093/llc/fqab017},
	abstract = {Taking a cue from the reflections and contributions made by manuscript, archival and historical studies, this paper proposes a new approach to the methodology of digital facsimiles. It asks how we research the past in the age of digital facsimiles and what are our biggest challenges and opportunities. By broadening the definition of what digital facsimiles are and re-evaluating their relationship with databases seeing databases as primarily aggregations of digital facsimiles the paper argues that the key methodological challenge lies in acknowledging the narrative within them. This can only be achieved if we incorporate the existing humanities methodologies in any data-related pursuits. The article demonstrates how notions of objective thresholds in data aggregations are in reality failures to notice and acknowledge the inherent narratives within the digital facsimiles that constitute them. At the same time, while deeply connected, digital facsimiles have to be recognised as ontologically separate from their exemplars. This influences greatly the way we research the past and a failure to recognize both the inherent narrativity and the cognitive gap will always lead to questionable results.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-08-05},
	journal = {Digital Scholarship in the Humanities},
	author = {Fafinski, Mateusz},
	month = apr,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {94--108},
}

Taking a cue from the reflections and contributions made by manuscript, archival and historical studies, this paper proposes a new approach to the methodology of digital facsimiles. It asks how we research the past in the age of digital facsimiles and what are our biggest challenges and opportunities. By broadening the definition of what digital facsimiles are and re-evaluating their relationship with databases seeing databases as primarily aggregations of digital facsimiles the paper argues that the key methodological challenge lies in acknowledging the narrative within them. This can only be achieved if we incorporate the existing humanities methodologies in any data-related pursuits. The article demonstrates how notions of objective thresholds in data aggregations are in reality failures to notice and acknowledge the inherent narratives within the digital facsimiles that constitute them. At the same time, while deeply connected, digital facsimiles have to be recognised as ontologically separate from their exemplars. This influences greatly the way we research the past and a failure to recognize both the inherent narrativity and the cognitive gap will always lead to questionable results.

@article{burrell2021,
	title = {The {Society} of {Algorithms}},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {0360-0572, 1545-2115},
	url = {https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-soc-090820-020800},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev-soc-090820-020800},
	abstract = {The pairing of massive data sets with processes—or algorithms—written in computer code to sort through, organize, extract, or mine them has made inroads in almost every major social institution. This article proposes a reading of the scholarly literature concerned with the social implications of this transformation. First, we discuss the rise of a new occupational class, which we call the coding elite. This group has consolidated power through their technical control over the digital means of production and by extracting labor from a newly marginalized or unpaid workforce, the cybertariat. Second, we show that the implementation of techniques of mathematical optimization across domains as varied as education, medicine, credit and finance, and criminal justice has intensified the dominance of actuarial logics of decision-making, potentially transforming pathways to social reproduction and mobility but also generating a pushback by those so governed. Third, we explore how the same pervasive algorithmic intermediation in digital communication is transforming the way people interact, associate, and think. We conclude by cautioning against the wildest promises of artificial intelligence but acknowledging the increasingly tight coupling between algorithmic processes, social structures, and subjectivities.},
	language = {en},
	number = {Volume 47, 2021},
	urldate = {2024-08-02},
	journal = {Annual Review of Sociology},
	author = {Burrell, Jenna and Fourcade, Marion},
	month = jul,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Annual Reviews},
	pages = {213--237},
}

The pairing of massive data sets with processes—or algorithms—written in computer code to sort through, organize, extract, or mine them has made inroads in almost every major social institution. This article proposes a reading of the scholarly literature concerned with the social implications of this transformation. First, we discuss the rise of a new occupational class, which we call the coding elite. This group has consolidated power through their technical control over the digital means of production and by extracting labor from a newly marginalized or unpaid workforce, the cybertariat. Second, we show that the implementation of techniques of mathematical optimization across domains as varied as education, medicine, credit and finance, and criminal justice has intensified the dominance of actuarial logics of decision-making, potentially transforming pathways to social reproduction and mobility but also generating a pushback by those so governed. Third, we explore how the same pervasive algorithmic intermediation in digital communication is transforming the way people interact, associate, and think. We conclude by cautioning against the wildest promises of artificial intelligence but acknowledging the increasingly tight coupling between algorithmic processes, social structures, and subjectivities.

@book{mullaney_your_2021,
	address = {Cambridge, MA, USA},
	title = {Your {Computer} {Is} on {Fire}},
	isbn = {978-0-262-53973-9},
	abstract = {Techno-utopianism is dead: Now is the time to pay attention to the inequality, marginalization, and biases woven into our technological systems.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {MIT Press},
	editor = {Mullaney, Thomas S. and Peters, Benjamin and Hicks, Mar and Philip, Kavita},
	month = mar,
	year = {2021},
}

Techno-utopianism is dead: Now is the time to pay attention to the inequality, marginalization, and biases woven into our technological systems.

@article{makhortykh_memoriae_2021,
	title = {Memoriae ex machina: {How} {Algorithms} {Make} {Us} {Remember} and {Forget}},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {2471-8831},
	shorttitle = {Memoriae ex machina},
	url = {https://muse.jhu.edu/article/805843},
	doi = {10.1353/gia.2021.0027},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-09-23},
	journal = {Georgetown Journal of International Affairs},
	author = {Makhortykh, Mykola},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Johns Hopkins University Press},
	pages = {180--185},
}

@article{glaser_digital_2021,
	title = {Digital {Humanities} aus dem {Fachreferat} heraus},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {,},
	url = {https://0277.pubpub.org/pub/ujrsqaxm/release/1},
	doi = {10.21428/1bfadeb6.3daa6c49},
	abstract = {Bibliotheken bauen seit Jahren eine forschungsunterstützende Infrastruktur und Dienstleistungen für digitale Geisteswissenschaften auf. So wichtig Retrodigitalisierung, Publikationsserver, Meta- und Forschungsdaten- sowie andere Services auch sind, so erreichen Bibliotheken jedoch einen Großteil ihrer Zielklientel aus den digitalen Geisteswissenschaften damit nicht. Ausgehend von Studien zum Information and Research Behavior in den Geisteswissenschaft wird in dem Artikel ein auf mikrologischem Blick und empathischer Praxis beruhendes Konzept entworfen, mit dem Bibliotheken aus dem Fachreferat heraus Forschende in den digitalen Geisteswissenschaften unterstützen können.Libraries have been building research-supporting infrastructure and services for digital humanities for years. As important as digitization of print publications, institutional repositories, meta- and research data services as well as other services are, libraries do not reach a large part of their target clientele from the digital humanities. Based on studies of information and research behavior in the humanities, the article outlines a concept rooted in a micrological view and empathic practice that libraries can implement to support researchers in the digital humanities on the subject librarians’ level.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-06-11},
	journal = {027.7 Zeitschrift für Bibliothekskultur / Journal for Library Culture},
	author = {Glaser, Timo},
	month = apr,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: PubPub},
}

Bibliotheken bauen seit Jahren eine forschungsunterstützende Infrastruktur und Dienstleistungen für digitale Geisteswissenschaften auf. So wichtig Retrodigitalisierung, Publikationsserver, Meta- und Forschungsdaten- sowie andere Services auch sind, so erreichen Bibliotheken jedoch einen Großteil ihrer Zielklientel aus den digitalen Geisteswissenschaften damit nicht. Ausgehend von Studien zum Information and Research Behavior in den Geisteswissenschaft wird in dem Artikel ein auf mikrologischem Blick und empathischer Praxis beruhendes Konzept entworfen, mit dem Bibliotheken aus dem Fachreferat heraus Forschende in den digitalen Geisteswissenschaften unterstützen können.Libraries have been building research-supporting infrastructure and services for digital humanities for years. As important as digitization of print publications, institutional repositories, meta- and research data services as well as other services are, libraries do not reach a large part of their target clientele from the digital humanities. Based on studies of information and research behavior in the humanities, the article outlines a concept rooted in a micrological view and empathic practice that libraries can implement to support researchers in the digital humanities on the subject librarians’ level.

@article{fickers_inside_2020,
	title = {Inside the {Trading} {Zone}: {Thinkering} in a {Digital} {History} {Lab}},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1938-4122},
	shorttitle = {Inside the {Trading} {Zone}},
	url = {https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/44323},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-08-26},
	journal = {Digital Humanities Quarterly},
	author = {Fickers, Andreas and van der Heijden, Tim},
	month = sep,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Northeastern University},
}

@book{murray_william_2020,
	address = {Iowa City},
	series = {The new {American} canon : the {Iowa} series in contemporary literature and culture},
	title = {William {Gibson} and the futures of contemporary culture},
	isbn = {978-1-60938-749-5},
	abstract = {"William Gibson is frequently described as one of the most influential writers of the past few decades, yet his oeuvre has only been studied partially and without full recognition of its implications for literature and culture beyond science fiction. It is high time, then, for a book that explores the significance and wide-ranging impact of Gibson's fiction. This book brings together emerging and established literary critics and exciting new voices in contemporary science fiction to discuss the importance of Gibson's work for recent literary and cultural history. In the 1970s and 80s, Gibson, the "Godfather of Cyberpunk," rejuvenated science fiction. In groundbreaking works such as Neuromancer (1984) that changed SF as we knew it, Gibson provided us with a language and imaginary through which it became possible to make sense of the newly emerging world of globalization and the digital and media age. Ever since, Gibson's reformulation of SF has provided us with not just with radically innovative visions of the future but indeed with trenchant analyses of our historical present and of the emergence and exhaustion of possible futures. The essays collected in this book therefore not only trace the influence of Gibson's work on literature and culture over the past four decades, but they also illustrate how Gibson's work helps us understand the historical development of recent culture, such as the transition from the rise of cyberpunk to the new forms of realism that determine literary culture of the 2000s and toward a new turn to SF in the context of the crises of futurity that define the contemporary moment. Understanding Gibson, this book shows, allows us to understand some of the most fundamental historical developments of recent literature and culture, and it thereby offers us new ways of interrogating and understanding our own time"--},
	publisher = {University of Iowa Press},
	editor = {Murray, Mitch R. and Nilges, Mathias},
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Criticism and interpretation, Gibson, William, Influence, Literature and society},
}

"William Gibson is frequently described as one of the most influential writers of the past few decades, yet his oeuvre has only been studied partially and without full recognition of its implications for literature and culture beyond science fiction. It is high time, then, for a book that explores the significance and wide-ranging impact of Gibson's fiction. This book brings together emerging and established literary critics and exciting new voices in contemporary science fiction to discuss the importance of Gibson's work for recent literary and cultural history. In the 1970s and 80s, Gibson, the "Godfather of Cyberpunk," rejuvenated science fiction. In groundbreaking works such as Neuromancer (1984) that changed SF as we knew it, Gibson provided us with a language and imaginary through which it became possible to make sense of the newly emerging world of globalization and the digital and media age. Ever since, Gibson's reformulation of SF has provided us with not just with radically innovative visions of the future but indeed with trenchant analyses of our historical present and of the emergence and exhaustion of possible futures. The essays collected in this book therefore not only trace the influence of Gibson's work on literature and culture over the past four decades, but they also illustrate how Gibson's work helps us understand the historical development of recent culture, such as the transition from the rise of cyberpunk to the new forms of realism that determine literary culture of the 2000s and toward a new turn to SF in the context of the crises of futurity that define the contemporary moment. Understanding Gibson, this book shows, allows us to understand some of the most fundamental historical developments of recent literature and culture, and it thereby offers us new ways of interrogating and understanding our own time"–

@book{noauthor_digital_2020,
	title = {Digital {Methods} in the {Humanities}. {Challenges}, {Ideas}, {Perspectives}},
	volume = {1},
	isbn = {978-3-8376-5419-6},
	url = {https://pub.uni-bielefeld.de/record/2949410},
	abstract = {Digital Humanities is a transformational endeavor that not only changes the perception, storage, and interpretation of information but also of research processes and questions. It also prompts new ways of interdisciplinary communication between humanities scholars and computer scientists.
This volume offers a unique perspective on digital methods for and in the humanities. It comprises case studies from various fields to illustrate the challenge of matching existing textual research practices and digital tools.
Problems and solutions with and for training tools as well as the adjustment of research practices are presented and discussed with an interdisciplinary focus.},
	language = {eng},
	urldate = {2021-08-26},
	year = {2020},
	doi = {10/2949410},
}

Digital Humanities is a transformational endeavor that not only changes the perception, storage, and interpretation of information but also of research processes and questions. It also prompts new ways of interdisciplinary communication between humanities scholars and computer scientists. This volume offers a unique perspective on digital methods for and in the humanities. It comprises case studies from various fields to illustrate the challenge of matching existing textual research practices and digital tools. Problems and solutions with and for training tools as well as the adjustment of research practices are presented and discussed with an interdisciplinary focus.

@misc{lucchesi_for_2020,
	type = {{PhD} {Thesis}},
	title = {For a {New} {Hermeneutics} of {Practice} in {Digital} {Public} {History}. {Thinkering} with memorecord.uni.lu},
	url = {https://pubmemo.uni.lu/projects/shaping-a-digital-memory-platform-on-migration-narratives},
	abstract = {*For a new hermeneutics of practice in Digital Public History* presents all the chapters and resources for the homonymous Ph.D thesis originated by the doctoral studies conducted de by Anita Lucchesi at the **Luxembourg Centre for Contemporary and Digital History** (C²DH ), **University of Luxembourg**, with support of the **Luxembourg National Research Fund** (FNR).  The content co-created and collected through the digital memory platform is publicly accessible on the website of the project: Memorecord - Memory Harvest.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2021-02-23},
	journal = {C²DH Scholarship},
	author = {Lucchesi, Anita},
	year = {2020},
}

*For a new hermeneutics of practice in Digital Public History* presents all the chapters and resources for the homonymous Ph.D thesis originated by the doctoral studies conducted de by Anita Lucchesi at the **Luxembourg Centre for Contemporary and Digital History** (C²DH ), **University of Luxembourg**, with support of the **Luxembourg National Research Fund** (FNR). The content co-created and collected through the digital memory platform is publicly accessible on the website of the project: Memorecord - Memory Harvest.

@article{fickers_update_2020,
	title = {Update für die {Hermeneutik}. {Geschichtswissenschaft} auf dem {Weg} zur digitalen {Forensik}?},
	volume = {1},
	copyright = {ZZF - Clio Lizenz},
	url = {https://zeitgeschichte-digital.de/doks/1765},
	doi = {10.14765/ZZF.DOK-1765},
	abstract = {»[…] wenn ›die Quelle‹ die Reliquie historischen Arbeitens ist – nicht nur Überbleibsel, sondern auch Objekt wissenschaftlicher Verehrung –, dann wäre analog ›das Archiv‹ die Kirche der Geschichtswissenschaft, in der die heiligen Handlungen des Suchens, Findens, Entdeckens und Erforschens vollzogen werden.« Achim Landwehr wirft in seinem geschichtstheoretischen Essay den Historikern ihren »Quellenglauben« vor – diese Kritik ließe sich im digitalen Zeitalter leicht auf die Heilsversprechen der Apostel der »Big Data Revolution« übertragen. Zwar regen sich mittlerweile vermehrt Stimmen, die den »Wahnwitz« der digitalen Utopie in Frage stellen, doch wird der öffentliche Diskurs weiterhin von jener Revolutionsrhetorik dominiert, die standardmäßig als Begleitmusik neuer Technologien ertönt. Statt in der intellektuell wenig fruchtbaren Dichotomie von Gegnern und Befürwortern, »First Movers« und Ignoranten zu verharren, welche die Landschaft der »Digital Humanities« ein wenig überspitzt auch heute noch kennzeichnet, ist das Ziel dieses Beitrages eine praxeologische Reflexion, die den Einfluss von digitalen Infrastrukturen, digitalen Werkzeugen und digitalen »Quellen« auf die Praxis historischen Arbeitens zeigen möchte. Ausgehend von der These, dass ebenjene digitalen Infrastrukturen, Werkzeuge und »Quellen« heute einen zentralen Einfluss darauf haben, wie wir Geschichte denken, erforschen und erzählen, plädiert der Beitrag für ein »Update« der klassischen Hermeneutik in der Geschichtswissenschaft. Die kritische Reflexion über die konstitutive Rolle des Digitalen in der Konstruktion und Vermittlung historischen Wissens ist nicht nur eine Frage epistemologischer Dringlichkeit, sondern zentraler Bestandteil der Selbstverständigung eines Faches, dessen Anspruch als Wissenschaft sich auf die Methoden der Quellenkritik gründet.},
	language = {de},
	urldate = {2020-07-10},
	journal = {Zeithistorische Forschungen},
	author = {Fickers, Andreas},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: ZZF – Centre for Contemporary History: Zeithistorische Forschungen},
	pages = {157--168},
}

»[…] wenn ›die Quelle‹ die Reliquie historischen Arbeitens ist – nicht nur Überbleibsel, sondern auch Objekt wissenschaftlicher Verehrung –, dann wäre analog ›das Archiv‹ die Kirche der Geschichtswissenschaft, in der die heiligen Handlungen des Suchens, Findens, Entdeckens und Erforschens vollzogen werden.« Achim Landwehr wirft in seinem geschichtstheoretischen Essay den Historikern ihren »Quellenglauben« vor – diese Kritik ließe sich im digitalen Zeitalter leicht auf die Heilsversprechen der Apostel der »Big Data Revolution« übertragen. Zwar regen sich mittlerweile vermehrt Stimmen, die den »Wahnwitz« der digitalen Utopie in Frage stellen, doch wird der öffentliche Diskurs weiterhin von jener Revolutionsrhetorik dominiert, die standardmäßig als Begleitmusik neuer Technologien ertönt. Statt in der intellektuell wenig fruchtbaren Dichotomie von Gegnern und Befürwortern, »First Movers« und Ignoranten zu verharren, welche die Landschaft der »Digital Humanities« ein wenig überspitzt auch heute noch kennzeichnet, ist das Ziel dieses Beitrages eine praxeologische Reflexion, die den Einfluss von digitalen Infrastrukturen, digitalen Werkzeugen und digitalen »Quellen« auf die Praxis historischen Arbeitens zeigen möchte. Ausgehend von der These, dass ebenjene digitalen Infrastrukturen, Werkzeuge und »Quellen« heute einen zentralen Einfluss darauf haben, wie wir Geschichte denken, erforschen und erzählen, plädiert der Beitrag für ein »Update« der klassischen Hermeneutik in der Geschichtswissenschaft. Die kritische Reflexion über die konstitutive Rolle des Digitalen in der Konstruktion und Vermittlung historischen Wissens ist nicht nur eine Frage epistemologischer Dringlichkeit, sondern zentraler Bestandteil der Selbstverständigung eines Faches, dessen Anspruch als Wissenschaft sich auf die Methoden der Quellenkritik gründet.

@techreport{piotrowski_decomposer_2020,
	type = {preprint},
	title = {Décomposer les humanités numériques},
	url = {https://osf.io/v9t8d},
	abstract = {The definition of the digital humanities has been a matter of heated discussion ever since the introduction of the term, earning the field the dubious reputation of being undefinable. While some seem to take pride in this reputation, the absence of a coherent definition frequently sparks off acrimonious criticism and debates. More importantly, though, it increasingly becomes a liability in the context of the progressive institutionalization of the digital humanities.    Rather than vainly trying to find a definition of digital humanities that is at the same time descriptive and rigorous, we propose a stipulative definition that separates them into theoretical and applied digital humanities: the theoretical digital humanities are the metascientific discipline whose goal is the conception of formal methods that the applied digital humanities use to create formal models in the various humanities disciplines.},
	urldate = {2020-03-23},
	institution = {SocArXiv},
	author = {Piotrowski, Michael and Xanthos, Aris},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
	doi = {10.31235/osf.io/v9t8d},
}

The definition of the digital humanities has been a matter of heated discussion ever since the introduction of the term, earning the field the dubious reputation of being undefinable. While some seem to take pride in this reputation, the absence of a coherent definition frequently sparks off acrimonious criticism and debates. More importantly, though, it increasingly becomes a liability in the context of the progressive institutionalization of the digital humanities. Rather than vainly trying to find a definition of digital humanities that is at the same time descriptive and rigorous, we propose a stipulative definition that separates them into theoretical and applied digital humanities: the theoretical digital humanities are the metascientific discipline whose goal is the conception of formal methods that the applied digital humanities use to create formal models in the various humanities disciplines.

@article{piotrowski_historical_2019,
	title = {Historical {Models} and {Serial} {Sources}},
	volume = {4},
	copyright = {Copyright (c) 2019 Michael Piotrowski},
	issn = {2506-6587},
	url = {https://ojs.ugent.be/jeps/article/view/10226},
	doi = {10.21825/jeps.v4i1.10226},
	abstract = {Serial sources such as records, registers, and inventories are the ‘classic’ sources for quantitative history. Unstructured, narrative texts such as newspaper articles or reports were out of reach for historical analyses, both for practical reasons — availability, time needed for manual processing — and for methodological reasons: manual coding of texts is notoriously difficult and hampered by low inter-coder reliability. The recent availability of large amounts of digitized sources allows for the application of natural language processing, which has the potential to overcome these problems. However, the automatic evaluation of large amounts of texts — and historical texts in particular — for historical research also brings new challenges. First of all, it requires a source criticism that goes beyond the individual source and also considers the corpus as a whole. It is a well-known problem in corpus linguistics to determine the ‘balancedness’ of a corpus, but when analyzing the content of texts rather than ‘just’ the language, determining the ‘meaningfulness’ of a corpus is even more important. Second, automatic analyses require operationalizable descriptions of the information you are looking for. Third, automatically produced results require interpretation, in particular, when — as in history — the ultimate research question is qualitative, not quantitative. This, finally, poses the question, whether the insights gained could inform formal, i.e., machine-processable, models, which could serve as foundation and stepping stones for further research.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-02-23},
	journal = {Journal of European Periodical Studies},
	author = {Piotrowski, Michael},
	month = jun,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Number: 1},
	pages = {8--18},
}

Serial sources such as records, registers, and inventories are the ‘classic’ sources for quantitative history. Unstructured, narrative texts such as newspaper articles or reports were out of reach for historical analyses, both for practical reasons — availability, time needed for manual processing — and for methodological reasons: manual coding of texts is notoriously difficult and hampered by low inter-coder reliability. The recent availability of large amounts of digitized sources allows for the application of natural language processing, which has the potential to overcome these problems. However, the automatic evaluation of large amounts of texts — and historical texts in particular — for historical research also brings new challenges. First of all, it requires a source criticism that goes beyond the individual source and also considers the corpus as a whole. It is a well-known problem in corpus linguistics to determine the ‘balancedness’ of a corpus, but when analyzing the content of texts rather than ‘just’ the language, determining the ‘meaningfulness’ of a corpus is even more important. Second, automatic analyses require operationalizable descriptions of the information you are looking for. Third, automatically produced results require interpretation, in particular, when — as in history — the ultimate research question is qualitative, not quantitative. This, finally, poses the question, whether the insights gained could inform formal, i.e., machine-processable, models, which could serve as foundation and stepping stones for further research.

@book{risam_new_2019,
	address = {Evanston, Illinois},
	title = {New digital worlds: {Postcolonial} digital humanities in theory, praxis, and pedagogy},
	isbn = {978-0-8101-3885-8},
	shorttitle = {New digital worlds},
	publisher = {Northwestern University Press},
	author = {Risam, Roopika},
	year = {2019},
}

@book{benjamin_race_2019,
	address = {Medford, MA},
	edition = {1.},
	title = {Race {After} {Technology}: {Abolitionist} {Tools} for the {New} {Jim} {Code}},
	isbn = {978-1-5095-2640-6},
	shorttitle = {Race {After} {Technology}},
	language = {Englisch},
	publisher = {Polity},
	author = {Benjamin, Ruha},
	month = jun,
	year = {2019},
}

@book{benjamin_captivating_2019,
	address = {Durham},
	title = {Captivating {Technology}},
	isbn = {978-1-4780-0381-6},
	abstract = {The contributors to Captivating Technology examine how carceral technologies such as electronic ankle monitors and predictive-policing algorithms are being deployed to classify and coerce specific populations and whether these innovations can be appropriated and reimagined for more liberatory ends.},
	language = {Englisch},
	publisher = {Duke University Press Books},
	author = {Benjamin, Ruha},
	month = jun,
	year = {2019},
}

The contributors to Captivating Technology examine how carceral technologies such as electronic ankle monitors and predictive-policing algorithms are being deployed to classify and coerce specific populations and whether these innovations can be appropriated and reimagined for more liberatory ends.

@book{fitzpatrick_generous_2019,
	address = {Baltimore},
	title = {Generous {Thinking}: {A} {Radical} {Approach} to {Saving} the {University}},
	isbn = {978-1-4214-2946-5},
	shorttitle = {Generous {Thinking}},
	abstract = {How do we solve the social and political crisis in America? The university may be the answer.Higher education occupies a difficult place in twenty-first-century American culture. Universities―the institutions that bear so much responsibility for the future health of our nation―are at odds with the very publics they are intended to serve. As Kathleen Fitzpatrick asserts, it is imperative that we re-center the mission of the university to rebuild that lost trust. In Generous Thinking, Fitzpatrick roots this crisis in the work of scholars. Critical thinking―the heart of what academics do―can today often negate, refuse, and reject new ideas. In an age characterized by rampant anti-intellectualism, Fitzpatrick charges the academy with thinking constructively rather than competitively, building new ideas rather than tearing old ones down. She urges us to rethink how we teach the humanities and to refocus our attention on the very human ends―the desire for community and connection―that the humanities can best serve. One key aspect of that transformation involves fostering an atmosphere of what Fitzpatrick dubs "generous thinking," a mode of engagement that emphasizes listening over speaking, community over individualism, and collaboration over competition.Fitzpatrick proposes ways that anyone who cares about the future of higher education can work to build better relationships between our colleges and universities and the public, thereby transforming the way our society functions. She encourages interested stakeholders to listen to and engage openly with one another's concerns by reading and exploring ideas together; by creating collective projects focused around common interests; and by ensuring that our institutions of higher education are structured to support and promote work toward the public good. Meditating on how and why we teach the humanities, Generous Thinking is an audacious book that privileges the ability to empathize and build rather than simply tear apart.},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Johns Hopkins University Press},
	author = {Fitzpatrick, Kathleen},
	month = feb,
	year = {2019},
}

How do we solve the social and political crisis in America? The university may be the answer.Higher education occupies a difficult place in twenty-first-century American culture. Universities―the institutions that bear so much responsibility for the future health of our nation―are at odds with the very publics they are intended to serve. As Kathleen Fitzpatrick asserts, it is imperative that we re-center the mission of the university to rebuild that lost trust. In Generous Thinking, Fitzpatrick roots this crisis in the work of scholars. Critical thinking―the heart of what academics do―can today often negate, refuse, and reject new ideas. In an age characterized by rampant anti-intellectualism, Fitzpatrick charges the academy with thinking constructively rather than competitively, building new ideas rather than tearing old ones down. She urges us to rethink how we teach the humanities and to refocus our attention on the very human ends―the desire for community and connection―that the humanities can best serve. One key aspect of that transformation involves fostering an atmosphere of what Fitzpatrick dubs "generous thinking," a mode of engagement that emphasizes listening over speaking, community over individualism, and collaboration over competition.Fitzpatrick proposes ways that anyone who cares about the future of higher education can work to build better relationships between our colleges and universities and the public, thereby transforming the way our society functions. She encourages interested stakeholders to listen to and engage openly with one another's concerns by reading and exploring ideas together; by creating collective projects focused around common interests; and by ensuring that our institutions of higher education are structured to support and promote work toward the public good. Meditating on how and why we teach the humanities, Generous Thinking is an audacious book that privileges the ability to empathize and build rather than simply tear apart.

@article{martinez_not_2019,
	title = {‘{Not} {Adopted}’: {The} {UK} {Orphan} {Works} {Licensing} {Scheme} and how the crisis of copyright in the cultural heritage sector restricts access to digital content},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {2056-6700},
	shorttitle = {‘{Not} {Adopted}’},
	url = {https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/not-adopted(4b54f86f-11a9-4835-bffa-6eb998863bd1).html},
	doi = {10.16995/olh.335/},
	abstract = {Description},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-01-02},
	journal = {Open Library of the Humanities},
	author = {Martinez, Merisa and Terras, Melissa},
	month = may,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {36},
}

Description

@book{heyer_generic_2019,
	title = {Generic tools and individual research needs in the {Digital} {Humanities} – {Can} agile development help?},
	isbn = {978-3-88579-689-3},
	url = {http://dl.gi.de/handle/20.500.12116/25051},
	abstract = {Many Digital Humanities research projects from many different target disciplines regularly encounter the same recurring key problems and key procedures such as preprocessing, standard text analytics, and visualization, which would be very time consuming if conducted without DH tools. This calls for the use of generic platforms. However, there is a trade-off, since different researchers from many different disciplines look at their objects from different theoretical perspectives. This raises the general question how we can deal with this very typical conflict, and whether agile development might be a suitable development method to cope with it. By addressing this question, we report on an experience during a DH summer school as a condensed experiment in dealing with this trade-off using the iLCM as a generic platform. In summary, although we have not arrived at a procedural solutions for balancing individual user needs and generic problems which call for generic tools, our summer academy experience well illustrates the high potential of a software eco-system supporting the approach of agile development in Digital Humanities, and may help to better understand the role of generic software tools and their role in DH.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-10-10},
	publisher = {Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V.},
	author = {Heyer, Gerhard and Kahmann, Christian and Kantner, Cathleen},
	year = {2019},
	doi = {10.18420/inf2019_ws19},
}

Many Digital Humanities research projects from many different target disciplines regularly encounter the same recurring key problems and key procedures such as preprocessing, standard text analytics, and visualization, which would be very time consuming if conducted without DH tools. This calls for the use of generic platforms. However, there is a trade-off, since different researchers from many different disciplines look at their objects from different theoretical perspectives. This raises the general question how we can deal with this very typical conflict, and whether agile development might be a suitable development method to cope with it. By addressing this question, we report on an experience during a DH summer school as a condensed experiment in dealing with this trade-off using the iLCM as a generic platform. In summary, although we have not arrived at a procedural solutions for balancing individual user needs and generic problems which call for generic tools, our summer academy experience well illustrates the high potential of a software eco-system supporting the approach of agile development in Digital Humanities, and may help to better understand the role of generic software tools and their role in DH.

@article{gibson_history_2019,
	title = {The {History} of {Science} and the {Science} of {History}: {Computational} {Methods}, {Algorithms}, and the {Future} of the {Field}},
	volume = {110},
	issn = {0021-1753},
	shorttitle = {The {History} of {Science} and the {Science} of {History}},
	url = {https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/705543},
	doi = {10.1086/705543},
	abstract = {Many researchers insist that computational methods will transform the historical profession, while an equally large number reject these claims as unwarranted hype. This study attempts to place the debate in historical and social context. The essay is divided into three parts. The first part offers a brief review of computational history. It asks whether the “computational turn” bears any resemblance to quantitative history and how it fits within the digital humanities. The second part describes the authors’ recent attempts to apply computational methods to an existing project in the history of science using a standardized workflow. It demonstrates that each step of the workflow adds another layer of subjectivity. The third part reflects on what computational methods mean for the historical profession. It systematically reviews the positive aspects of computational history (open access, interdisciplinary collaboration, and new perspectives) as well as the negative aspects (inequality, fragility, and the threat of automation) and offers prescriptions based on the authors’ experiences.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-10-10},
	journal = {Isis},
	author = {Gibson, Abraham and Ermus, Cindy},
	month = aug,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {555--566},
}

Many researchers insist that computational methods will transform the historical profession, while an equally large number reject these claims as unwarranted hype. This study attempts to place the debate in historical and social context. The essay is divided into three parts. The first part offers a brief review of computational history. It asks whether the “computational turn” bears any resemblance to quantitative history and how it fits within the digital humanities. The second part describes the authors’ recent attempts to apply computational methods to an existing project in the history of science using a standardized workflow. It demonstrates that each step of the workflow adds another layer of subjectivity. The third part reflects on what computational methods mean for the historical profession. It systematically reviews the positive aspects of computational history (open access, interdisciplinary collaboration, and new perspectives) as well as the negative aspects (inequality, fragility, and the threat of automation) and offers prescriptions based on the authors’ experiences.

@article{nardelli_we_2019,
	title = {Do we really need computational thinking?},
	volume = {62},
	issn = {0001-0782},
	url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3310134.3231587},
	doi = {10.1145/3231587},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2019-10-10},
	journal = {Communications of the ACM},
	author = {Nardelli, Enrico},
	month = jan,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {32--35},
}

@book{flanders_shape_2018,
	address = {Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. {\textbar} Series: Digital research in the arts and humanities},
	edition = {1},
	title = {The {Shape} of {Data} in the {Digital} {Humanities}: {Modeling} {Texts} and {Text}-based {Resources}},
	isbn = {978-1-315-55294-1},
	shorttitle = {The {Shape} of {Data} in the {Digital} {Humanities}},
	url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317016151},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-01-14},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	editor = {Flanders, Julia and Jannidis, Fotis},
	month = nov,
	year = {2018},
	doi = {10.4324/9781315552941},
}

@article{schwandt_digitale_2018,
	title = {Digitale {Methoden} für die {Historische} {Semantik}. {Auf} den {Spuren} von {Begriffen} in digitalen {Korpora}},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {0340-613X},
	url = {https://pub.uni-bielefeld.de/record/2919326},
	abstract = {One of the biggest challenges associated with semantic analysis is to obtain a distance from existing semantic knowledge. Methods from the field of Digital Humanities allow us to find new ways to cope with that challenge. Text mining or topic modeling tools offer a new perspective on words and their combination within a text. The following article highlights the relevance of digital methods for historical semantics, using the Latin term virtus and its medieval use as an example. It raises the question of genre and diachronic semantic change and demonstrates howdigital tools have the potential to not only challenge our knowledge about texts but also help to reorganize what we already know.},
	language = {ger},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-08-26},
	journal = {GESCHICHTE UND GESELLSCHAFT},
	author = {Schwandt, Silke},
	year = {2018},
}

One of the biggest challenges associated with semantic analysis is to obtain a distance from existing semantic knowledge. Methods from the field of Digital Humanities allow us to find new ways to cope with that challenge. Text mining or topic modeling tools offer a new perspective on words and their combination within a text. The following article highlights the relevance of digital methods for historical semantics, using the Latin term virtus and its medieval use as an example. It raises the question of genre and diachronic semantic change and demonstrates howdigital tools have the potential to not only challenge our knowledge about texts but also help to reorganize what we already know.

@book{broussard_artificial_2018,
	title = {Artificial {Unintelligence}.
How {Computers} {Misunderstand} the {World}},
	isbn = {9780262038003},
	publisher = {MIT Press},
	author = {Broussard, Meredith},
	year = {2018},
}

@book{tufekci_twitter_2017,
	address = {New Haven, London},
	title = {Twitter and tear gas: the power and fragility of networked protest},
	isbn = {978-0-300-21512-0},
	shorttitle = {Twitter and tear gas},
	abstract = {A firsthand account and incisive analysis of modern protest, revealing internet-fueled social movements' greatest strengths and frequent challenges To understand a thwarted Turkish coup, an anti-Wall Street encampment, and a packed Tahrir Square, we must first comprehend the power and the weaknesses of using new technologies to mobilize large numbers of people. An incisive observer, writer, and participant in today's social movements, Zeynep Tufekci explains in this accessible and compelling book the nuanced trajectories of modern protests-how they form, how they operate differently from past protests, and why they have difficulty persisting in their long-term quests for change. Tufekci speaks from direct experience, combining on-the-ground interviews with insightful analysis. She describes how the internet helped the Zapatista uprisings in Mexico, the necessity of remote Twitter users to organize medical supplies during Arab Spring, the refusal to use bullhorns in the Occupy Movement that started in New York, and the empowering effect of tear gas in Istanbul's Gezi Park. These details from life inside social movements complete a moving investigation of authority, technology, and culture-and offer essential insights into the future of governance},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Yale University Press},
	author = {Tufekci, Zeynep},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Bewegung Soziologie, Internet, Online social networks Political aspects, Protestbewegung, Social Media, Social media Political aspects, Sozialbewegung, Soziale Bewegung, Soziale Bewegungen, Soziale Medien, Sozialer Protest Protestbewegung, Twitter Softwareplattform, Volksbewegung},
}

A firsthand account and incisive analysis of modern protest, revealing internet-fueled social movements' greatest strengths and frequent challenges To understand a thwarted Turkish coup, an anti-Wall Street encampment, and a packed Tahrir Square, we must first comprehend the power and the weaknesses of using new technologies to mobilize large numbers of people. An incisive observer, writer, and participant in today's social movements, Zeynep Tufekci explains in this accessible and compelling book the nuanced trajectories of modern protests-how they form, how they operate differently from past protests, and why they have difficulty persisting in their long-term quests for change. Tufekci speaks from direct experience, combining on-the-ground interviews with insightful analysis. She describes how the internet helped the Zapatista uprisings in Mexico, the necessity of remote Twitter users to organize medical supplies during Arab Spring, the refusal to use bullhorns in the Occupy Movement that started in New York, and the empowering effect of tear gas in Istanbul's Gezi Park. These details from life inside social movements complete a moving investigation of authority, technology, and culture-and offer essential insights into the future of governance

@book{butz_mensch-maschine-interaktion_2017,
	address = {Berlin},
	edition = {2., erweiterte auflage},
	title = {Mensch-{Maschine}-{Interaktion}},
	isbn = {978-3-11-047636-1},
	publisher = {Walter de Gruyter GmbH},
	author = {Butz, Andreas and Krüger, Antonio},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Human-computer interaction, Human-machine systems},
}

@book{ramsay_reading_2017,
	title = {Reading machines: toward an algorithmic criticism},
	isbn = {978-0-252-09344-9},
	shorttitle = {Reading machines},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036415.001.0001},
	abstract = {Besides familiar and now-commonplace tasks that computers do all the time, of what else are they capable? Stephen Ramsay's intriguing study of computational text analysis examines how computers can be used as 'reading machines' to open up entirely new possibilities for literary critics.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2020-01-14},
	author = {Ramsay, Stephen},
	year = {2017},
	note = {OCLC: 1004370798},
}

Besides familiar and now-commonplace tasks that computers do all the time, of what else are they capable? Stephen Ramsay's intriguing study of computational text analysis examines how computers can be used as 'reading machines' to open up entirely new possibilities for literary critics.

@book{thomas_s._mullaney_chinese_2017,
	address = {Cambridge Massachusetts},
	series = {Studies of the {Weatherhead} {East} {Asian} {Institute}, {Columbia} {University}},
	title = {The {Chinese} typewriter: a history},
	isbn = {978-0-262-03636-8},
	shorttitle = {The {Chinese} typewriter},
	abstract = {Includes bibliographical references and index},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {The MIT Press},
	author = {{Thomas S. Mullaney}},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {CHINESE (LINGUISTICS) 809.51, CHINESISCH (SPRACHWISSENSCHAFT) 809.51, CHINOIS (LINGUISTIQUE) 809.51, China, Chinese language Writing, Chinese language Writing History, Communication and technology, Communication and technology China History, ENGINEERING/HISTORY OF ENGINEERING, FEINWERKTECHNIK/GESCHICHTE DER FEINWERKTECHNIK, FEINWERKTECHNIKGESCHICHTE, FINE MECHANICS/HISTORY OF FINE MECHANICS, GESCHICHTE DER FEINWERKTECHNIK 680(091), GESCHICHTE/INGENIEURWESEN, GESCHICHTE/TECHNIKGESCHICHTE, HISTOIRE DE LA MÉCANIQUE DE PRÉCISION 680(091), HISTOIRE DE LA TECHNOLOGIE, HISTOIRE DES TECHNIQUES + HISTOIRE DE L'INGÉNIERIE 62.01(091), HISTORY OF ENGINEERING, HISTORY OF PRECISION TECHNOLOGY 680(091), HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY + HISTORY OF ENGINEERING 62.01(091), INGENIEURWESEN/HISTORISCHE ASPEKTE, INGÉNIERIE/ASPECTS HISTORIQUES, Information technology, Information technology China History, MACHINES À ÉCRIRE (MÉCANIQUE DE PRÉCISION) 681.612, MICROTECHNIQUE/HISTOIRE DE LA MICROTECHNIQUE, MÉCANIQUE DE PRÉCISION/HISTOIRE DE LA MÉCANIQUE DE PRÉCISION, PRECISION ENGINEERING/HISTORY OF PRECISION ENGINEERING, PRECISION MECHANICS/HISTORY OF PRECISION MECHANICS, PRECISION TECHNOLOGY/HISTORY OF PRECISION TECHNOLOGY, SCHREIBMASCHINEN (FEINWERKTECHNIK) 681.612, SINOLOGIE (LINGUISTIQUE), SINOLOGIE (SPRACHWISSENSCHAFT), SINOLOGY (LINGUISTICS), TECHNIKGESCHICHTE + GESCHICHTE DES INGENIEURWESENS 62.01(091), TECHNIQUES/HISTOIRE DES TECHNIQUES, TECHNOLOGIE/HISTOIRE DE LA TECHNOLOGIE, TECHNOLOGIEGESCHICHTE, TECHNOLOGY/HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY, TYPEWRITERS (PRECISION TECHNOLOGY) 681.612, Typewriters, Typewriters History, Typewriters, Chinese, Typewriters, Chinese History, Written communication Technological innovations, Written communication Technological innovations China History},
}

Includes bibliographical references and index

@incollection{schreibman_screwmeneutics_2016,
	title = {Screwmeneutics and {Hermenumericals}: {The} {Computationality} of {Hermeneutics}},
	isbn = {978-1-118-68059-9},
	abstract = {This highly-anticipated volume has been extensively revised to reflect changes in technology, digital humanities methods and practices, and institutional culture surrounding the valuation and publication of digital scholarship.  A fully revised edition of a celebrated reference work, offering the most comprehensive and up-to-date collection of research currently available in this rapidly evolving discipline Includes new articles addressing topical and provocative issues and ideas such as retro computing, desktop fabrication, gender dynamics, and globalization Brings together a global team of authors who are pioneers of innovative research in the digital humanities Accessibly structured into five sections exploring infrastructures, creation, analysis, dissemination, and the future of digital humanities Surveys the past, present, and future of the field, offering essential research for anyone interested in better understanding the theory, methods, and application of the digital humanities},
	language = {en},
	booktitle = {A {New} {Companion} to {Digital} {Humanities}},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons},
	author = {Zundert, Joris J. van},
	editor = {Schreibman, Susan and Siemens, Ray and Unsworth, John},
	month = jan,
	year = {2016},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: VFTKCQAAQBAJ},
	keywords = {Language Arts \& Disciplines / Linguistics / Historical \& Comparative, Literary Criticism / General},
	pages = {331--347},
}

This highly-anticipated volume has been extensively revised to reflect changes in technology, digital humanities methods and practices, and institutional culture surrounding the valuation and publication of digital scholarship. A fully revised edition of a celebrated reference work, offering the most comprehensive and up-to-date collection of research currently available in this rapidly evolving discipline Includes new articles addressing topical and provocative issues and ideas such as retro computing, desktop fabrication, gender dynamics, and globalization Brings together a global team of authors who are pioneers of innovative research in the digital humanities Accessibly structured into five sections exploring infrastructures, creation, analysis, dissemination, and the future of digital humanities Surveys the past, present, and future of the field, offering essential research for anyone interested in better understanding the theory, methods, and application of the digital humanities

@article{beck_theory_2016,
	title = {A {Theory} of {Persuasive} {Computer} {Algorithms} for {Rhetorical} {Code} {Studies}},
	issn = {1525-3120},
	url = {http://enculturation.net/a-theory-of-persuasive-computer-algorithms},
	urldate = {2018-10-17},
	journal = {enculturation.  journal of rhetoric, writing, and culture},
	author = {Beck, Estee},
	year = {2016},
}

@book{frabetti_software_2015,
	series = {Media {Philosophy}},
	title = {Software {Theory}. {A} {Cultural} and {Philosophical} {Study}.},
	isbn = {978-1-78348-197-2},
	url = {http://www.rowmaninternational.com/books/software-theory},
	abstract = {This book engages directly in close readings of technical texts and computer code in order to show how software works. It offers an analysis of the cultural, political, and philosophical implications of software technologies that demonstrates the significance of software for the relationship between technology, philosophy, culture, and society.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Rowman \& Littlefield},
	author = {Frabetti, Frederica},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {activity: Assess, obj\_Code},
}

This book engages directly in close readings of technical texts and computer code in order to show how software works. It offers an analysis of the cultural, political, and philosophical implications of software technologies that demonstrates the significance of software for the relationship between technology, philosophy, culture, and society.

@book{svensson_between_2015,
	address = {Cambridge, Mass. [u.a.]},
	title = {Between humanities and the digital},
	isbn = {978-0-262-02868-4},
	publisher = {MIT Press},
	editor = {Svensson, Patrik and Goldberg, David Theo},
	year = {2015},
}

@article{schwandt_virtus_2015,
	title = {Virtus as a {Political} {Concept} in the {Middle} {Ages}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1807-9326},
	url = {https://pub.uni-bielefeld.de/record/2902770},
	language = {eng},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-08-26},
	journal = {Contributions to the History of Concepts},
	author = {Schwandt, Silke},
	year = {2015},
}

@incollection{presner_critical_2015,
	title = {Critical {Theory} and the {Mangle} of {Digital} {Humanities}},
	booktitle = {Between humanities and the digital},
	author = {Presner, Todd},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {55--68},
}

@incollection{shah_beyond_2015,
	title = {Beyond {Infrastructure}: {Re}-humanizing {Digital} {Humanities} in {India}},
	shorttitle = {Beyond {Infrastructure}},
	booktitle = {Between humanities and the digital},
	author = {Shah, Nishant},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {95--108},
}

@misc{admin_vom_2015,
	type = {Text},
	title = {Vom {Urheber} zur {Crowd}, vom {Werk} zur {Version}, vom {Schutz} zur Öffnung? {Kollaboratives} {Schreiben} und {Bewerten} in den {Digital} {Humanities}},
	shorttitle = {Vom {Urheber} zur {Crowd}, vom {Werk} zur {Version}, vom {Schutz} zur Öffnung?},
	url = {http://zfdg.de/sb001_021},
	abstract = {Open-Review-Plattformen und Wikis verändern die wissenschaftliche        Erkenntnisproduktion, Soziale Medien und Wissenschaftsblogs die        Wissenschaftskommunikation.},
	language = {de},
	urldate = {2018-05-28},
	author = {admin},
	month = feb,
	year = {2015},
}

Open-Review-Plattformen und Wikis verändern die wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisproduktion, Soziale Medien und Wissenschaftsblogs die Wissenschaftskommunikation.

@article{underwood_theorizing_2014,
	title = {Theorizing {Research} {Practices} {We} {Forgot} to {Theorize} {Twenty} {Years} {Ago}},
	volume = {127},
	issn = {07346018, 1533855X},
	url = {http://rep.ucpress.edu/cgi/doi/10.1525/rep.2014.127.1.64},
	doi = {10.1525/rep.2014.127.1.64},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-05-08},
	journal = {Representations},
	author = {Underwood, Ted},
	month = aug,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {64--72},
}

@book{manovich_software_2013,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Software takes command},
	isbn = {978-1-62356-745-3},
	url = {http://manovich.net/index.php/projects/software-takes-command},
	abstract = {Software has replaced a diverse array of physical, mechanical, and electronic technologies used before 21st century to create, store, distribute and interact with cultural artifacts. It has become our interface to the world, to others, to our memory and our imagination - a universal language through which the world speaks, and a universal engine on which the world runs. What electricity and combustion engine were to the early 20th century, software is to the early 21st century. Offering the the first theoretical and historical account of software for media authoring and its effects on the practice and the very concept of 'media,' the author of The Language of New Media (2001) develops his own theory for this rapidly-growing, always-changing field. What was the thinking and motivations of people who in the 1960 and 1970s created concepts and practical techniques that underlie contemporary media software such as Photoshop, Illustrator, Maya, Final Cut and After Effects? How do their interfaces and tools shape the visual aesthetics of contemporary media and design? What happens to the idea of a 'medium' after previously media-specific tools have been simulated and extended in software? Is it still meaningful to talk about different mediums at all? Lev Manovich answers these questions and supports his theoretical arguments by detailed analysis of key media applications such as Photoshop and After Effects, popular web services such as Google Earth, and the projects in motion graphics, interactive environments, graphic design and architecture. Software Takes Command is a must for all practicing designers and media artists and scholars concerned with contemporary media.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Bloomsbury},
	author = {Manovich, Lev},
	year = {2013},
}

Software has replaced a diverse array of physical, mechanical, and electronic technologies used before 21st century to create, store, distribute and interact with cultural artifacts. It has become our interface to the world, to others, to our memory and our imagination - a universal language through which the world speaks, and a universal engine on which the world runs. What electricity and combustion engine were to the early 20th century, software is to the early 21st century. Offering the the first theoretical and historical account of software for media authoring and its effects on the practice and the very concept of 'media,' the author of The Language of New Media (2001) develops his own theory for this rapidly-growing, always-changing field. What was the thinking and motivations of people who in the 1960 and 1970s created concepts and practical techniques that underlie contemporary media software such as Photoshop, Illustrator, Maya, Final Cut and After Effects? How do their interfaces and tools shape the visual aesthetics of contemporary media and design? What happens to the idea of a 'medium' after previously media-specific tools have been simulated and extended in software? Is it still meaningful to talk about different mediums at all? Lev Manovich answers these questions and supports his theoretical arguments by detailed analysis of key media applications such as Photoshop and After Effects, popular web services such as Google Earth, and the projects in motion graphics, interactive environments, graphic design and architecture. Software Takes Command is a must for all practicing designers and media artists and scholars concerned with contemporary media.

@incollection{cohen_open_2013,
	series = {New {Approaches} to {Scholarship} and {Teaching} from {Digital} {Humanities}},
	title = {Open {Access} and {Scholarly} {Values}:{A} {CONVERSATION}},
	isbn = {null},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv65swj3.12},
	abstract = {There is a supply side and a demand side to scholarly communication. The supply side is the creation of scholarly works, including writing, peer review, editing, and the form of publication. The demand side is much more elusive—the mental state of the audience that leads them to “buy” what the supply side has produced. In order for the social contract to work, for engaged reading to happen, and for credit to be given to the author—or editor of a scholarly collection—both sides need to be aligned properly.  How can we increase the supply of open-access scholarship and},
	urldate = {2020-01-14},
	booktitle = {Hacking the {Academy}},
	publisher = {University of Michigan Press},
	author = {Cohen, Daniel J. and Ramsay, Stephen and Fitzpatrick, Kathleen},
	editor = {Cohen, Daniel J. and Scheinfeldt, Tom},
	year = {2013},
	doi = {10.2307/j.ctv65swj3.12},
	pages = {39--47},
}

There is a supply side and a demand side to scholarly communication. The supply side is the creation of scholarly works, including writing, peer review, editing, and the form of publication. The demand side is much more elusive—the mental state of the audience that leads them to “buy” what the supply side has produced. In order for the social contract to work, for engaged reading to happen, and for credit to be given to the author—or editor of a scholarly collection—both sides need to be aligned properly. How can we increase the supply of open-access scholarship and

@incollection{ramsay_interdisciplinary_2013,
	series = {New {Approaches} to {Scholarship} and {Teaching} from {Digital} {Humanities}},
	title = {Interdisciplinary {Centers} and {Spaces}},
	isbn = {null},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv65swj3.34},
	abstract = {I’ve been around digital humanities centers for a long time—fifteen years at least. I’ve worked at them—in positions ranging from part-time staff member to Fellow—consulted for them, given speeches at various openings and anniversaries, and been present at a few center funerals. So, I’m always interested in how these things get started and how they end.  One of my favorite founding stories involves the Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities (IATH) at the University of Virginia, where a lot of my ideas about centers were formed. According to the story, IBM offered to donate a server},
	urldate = {2020-01-14},
	booktitle = {Hacking the {Academy}},
	publisher = {University of Michigan Press},
	author = {Ramsay, Stephen and Turner, Adam},
	editor = {Cohen, Daniel J. and Scheinfeldt, Tom},
	year = {2013},
	doi = {10.2307/j.ctv65swj3.34},
	pages = {150--153},
}

I’ve been around digital humanities centers for a long time—fifteen years at least. I’ve worked at them—in positions ranging from part-time staff member to Fellow—consulted for them, given speeches at various openings and anniversaries, and been present at a few center funerals. So, I’m always interested in how these things get started and how they end. One of my favorite founding stories involves the Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities (IATH) at the University of Virginia, where a lot of my ideas about centers were formed. According to the story, IBM offered to donate a server

@article{hitchcock_confronting_2013,
	title = {Confronting the {Digital}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1478-0038},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.2752/147800413X13515292098070},
	doi = {10.2752/147800413X13515292098070},
	abstract = {This discussion piece argues that the design and structure of online historical resources and the process of search and discover embodied within them create a series of substantial problems for historians. Algorithm-driven discovery and misleading forms of search, poor OCR, and all the selection biases of a new edition of the Western print archive have changed how we research the past, and the underlying character of the object of study (inherited text). This piece argues that academic historians have largely failed to respond effectively to these challenges and suggests that while they have preserved the form of scholarly good practice, they have ignored important underlying principles.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-10-10},
	journal = {Cultural and Social History},
	author = {Hitchcock, Tim},
	month = mar,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {OCR, digital history, digital humanities, referencing, scholarship, search, standards},
	pages = {9--23},
}

This discussion piece argues that the design and structure of online historical resources and the process of search and discover embodied within them create a series of substantial problems for historians. Algorithm-driven discovery and misleading forms of search, poor OCR, and all the selection biases of a new edition of the Western print archive have changed how we research the past, and the underlying character of the object of study (inherited text). This piece argues that academic historians have largely failed to respond effectively to these challenges and suggests that while they have preserved the form of scholarly good practice, they have ignored important underlying principles.

@article{fickers_towards_2012,
	title = {Towards {A} {New} {Digital} {Historicism}? {Doing} {History} {In} {The} {Age} {Of} {Abundance}.},
	shorttitle = {Towards {A} {New} {Digital} {Historicism}?},
	url = {https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/7615},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-08-26},
	journal = {VIEW Journal of European Television History and Culture},
	author = {Fickers, Andreas},
	year = {2012},
}

@incollection{mounier_faire_2012,
	title = {Faire des humanités numériques},
	copyright = {© OpenEdition Press, 2012 Conditions d'utilisation : http://www.openedition.org/6540},
	url = {http://books.openedition.org/oep/226},
	abstract = {Qu’est-ce que les humanités numériques ? Apparue en 2006, l’expression connaît depuis un véritable succès. Mais au-delà du slogan à la mode, quelle est la réalité des pratiques qu’il désigne ? Si tout le monde s’accorde sur une définition minimale à l’intersection des technologies numériques et des sciences humaines et sociales, les vues divergent lorsqu’on entre dans le vif du sujet. Les humanités numériques représentent-elles une véritable révolution des pratiques de recherche et des paradigmes intellectuels qui les fondent ou, plus simplement, une optimisation des méthodes existantes ? Constituent-elles un champ suffisamment structuré pour justifier une réforme des modes de financement de la recherche, des cursus de formation, des critères d’évaluation ? L’archive numérique offre-t-elle à la recherche suffisamment de garanties ? Quelle place la recherche « dirigée par les données » laisse-t-elle à l’interprétation ? Telles sont quelques-unes des questions abordées par ce deuxième opus de la collection « Read/Write Book ». Ces dix-huit textes essentiels, rédigés ou traduits en français par des chercheurs de différentes nationalités, proposent une introduction aux humanités numériques accessible à tous ceux qui souhaitent en savoir plus sur ce domaine de recherche en constante évolution.},
	language = {fr},
	urldate = {2013-10-19},
	booktitle = {Read/{Write} {Book} 2 : {Une} introduction aux humanités numériques},
	publisher = {OpenEdition Press},
	author = {Berra, Aurélien},
	editor = {Mounier, Pierre},
	year = {2012},
}

Qu’est-ce que les humanités numériques ? Apparue en 2006, l’expression connaît depuis un véritable succès. Mais au-delà du slogan à la mode, quelle est la réalité des pratiques qu’il désigne ? Si tout le monde s’accorde sur une définition minimale à l’intersection des technologies numériques et des sciences humaines et sociales, les vues divergent lorsqu’on entre dans le vif du sujet. Les humanités numériques représentent-elles une véritable révolution des pratiques de recherche et des paradigmes intellectuels qui les fondent ou, plus simplement, une optimisation des méthodes existantes ? Constituent-elles un champ suffisamment structuré pour justifier une réforme des modes de financement de la recherche, des cursus de formation, des critères d’évaluation ? L’archive numérique offre-t-elle à la recherche suffisamment de garanties ? Quelle place la recherche « dirigée par les données » laisse-t-elle à l’interprétation ? Telles sont quelques-unes des questions abordées par ce deuxième opus de la collection « Read/Write Book ». Ces dix-huit textes essentiels, rédigés ou traduits en français par des chercheurs de différentes nationalités, proposent une introduction aux humanités numériques accessible à tous ceux qui souhaitent en savoir plus sur ce domaine de recherche en constante évolution.

@book{becher_xml_2011,
	address = {Herdecke Dortmund},
	edition = {1., korrigierter Nachdruck},
	series = {Informatik},
	title = {{XML}: {DTD}, {XML}-{Schema}, {XPath}, {XQuery}, {XSLT}, {XSL}-{FO}, {SAX}, {DOM}},
	isbn = {978-3-937137-69-8},
	shorttitle = {{XML}},
	abstract = {XML (Extensible Markup Language) ist eine Auszeichnungssprache, die zur Darstellung hierarchisch strukturierter Daten benutzt wird. Sie ist von großer Bedeutung für den Austausch von Daten zwischen Computersystemen. Eine gute Darstellung, allerdings für Leser mit Vorkenntnissen, ist das Videotraining "XML" (BA 7/08). Das vorliegende Buch wendet sich an Einsteiger. Kenntnisse in HTML und in Java erleichtern aber die Lektüre. Die einzelnen Kapitel der praxisnahen Darstellung sind durch ein Sternesystem klassifiziert (Grundwissen, Vertiefungswissen, Spezialwissen, Expertenwissen). Dies erleichtert einen schnellen 1. Überblick sehr. Ergänzend angeboten wird ein kostenpflichtiger Onlinekurs mit Mentor-/Tutorunterstützung. Schwerpunkte liegen bei der modularen Dokumenterstellung, bei Techniken zur Weiterverarbeitung von XML und bei Schnittstellen zum Zugriff auf XML-Dokumente. Anschauliche Verständniskontrolle mittels eines durchgehenden Fallbeispiels "Hochschulwelt". Empfehlenswert insbesondere für Bibliotheken an Hochschulstandorten oder mit EDV-Schwerpunkt. Sehr aktuelles Literaturverzeichnis. (3)},
	language = {ger},
	publisher = {W3L-Verlag},
	author = {Becher, Margit},
	year = {2011},
	note = {OCLC: 935145167},
}

XML (Extensible Markup Language) ist eine Auszeichnungssprache, die zur Darstellung hierarchisch strukturierter Daten benutzt wird. Sie ist von großer Bedeutung für den Austausch von Daten zwischen Computersystemen. Eine gute Darstellung, allerdings für Leser mit Vorkenntnissen, ist das Videotraining "XML" (BA 7/08). Das vorliegende Buch wendet sich an Einsteiger. Kenntnisse in HTML und in Java erleichtern aber die Lektüre. Die einzelnen Kapitel der praxisnahen Darstellung sind durch ein Sternesystem klassifiziert (Grundwissen, Vertiefungswissen, Spezialwissen, Expertenwissen). Dies erleichtert einen schnellen 1. Überblick sehr. Ergänzend angeboten wird ein kostenpflichtiger Onlinekurs mit Mentor-/Tutorunterstützung. Schwerpunkte liegen bei der modularen Dokumenterstellung, bei Techniken zur Weiterverarbeitung von XML und bei Schnittstellen zum Zugriff auf XML-Dokumente. Anschauliche Verständniskontrolle mittels eines durchgehenden Fallbeispiels "Hochschulwelt". Empfehlenswert insbesondere für Bibliotheken an Hochschulstandorten oder mit EDV-Schwerpunkt. Sehr aktuelles Literaturverzeichnis. (3)

@book{fitzpatrick_planned_2011,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Planned {Obsolescence}: {Publishing}, {Technology}, and the {Future} of the {Academy}},
	isbn = {978-0-8147-2788-1},
	shorttitle = {Planned {Obsolescence}},
	abstract = {Choice's Outstanding Academic Title list for 2013Academic institutions are facing a crisis in scholarly publishing at multiple levels: presses are stressed as never before, library budgets are squeezed, faculty are having difficulty publishing their work, and promotion and tenure committees are facing a range of new ways of working without a clear sense of how to understand and evaluate them. Planned Obsolescence is both a provocation to think more broadly about the academy’s future and an argument for reconceiving that future in more communally-oriented ways. Facing these issues head-on, Kathleen Fitzpatrick focuses on the technological changes—especially greater utilization of internet publication technologies, including digital archives, social networking tools, and multimedia—necessary to allow academic publishing to thrive into the future. But she goes further, insisting that the key issues that must be addressed are social and institutional in origin. Springing from original research as well as Fitzpatrick’s own hands-on experiments in new modes of scholarly communication through MediaCommons, the digital scholarly network she co-founded, Planned Obsolescence explores these aspects of scholarly work, as well as issues surrounding the preservation of digital scholarship and the place of publishing within the structure of the contemporary university. Written in an approachable style designed to bring administrators and scholars into a conversation, Planned Obsolescence explores both symptom and cure to ensure that scholarly communication will remain relevant in the digital future. Check out the author's website here.For more information on MediaCommons, click here.Listen to an interview with the author on The Critical Lede podcast here. Related Articles: "Do 'the Risky Thing' in Digital Humanities" - Chronicle of Higher Education"Academic Publishing and Zombies" - Inside Higher Ed},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {NYU Press},
	author = {Fitzpatrick, Kathleen},
	month = nov,
	year = {2011},
}

Choice's Outstanding Academic Title list for 2013Academic institutions are facing a crisis in scholarly publishing at multiple levels: presses are stressed as never before, library budgets are squeezed, faculty are having difficulty publishing their work, and promotion and tenure committees are facing a range of new ways of working without a clear sense of how to understand and evaluate them. Planned Obsolescence is both a provocation to think more broadly about the academy’s future and an argument for reconceiving that future in more communally-oriented ways. Facing these issues head-on, Kathleen Fitzpatrick focuses on the technological changes—especially greater utilization of internet publication technologies, including digital archives, social networking tools, and multimedia—necessary to allow academic publishing to thrive into the future. But she goes further, insisting that the key issues that must be addressed are social and institutional in origin. Springing from original research as well as Fitzpatrick’s own hands-on experiments in new modes of scholarly communication through MediaCommons, the digital scholarly network she co-founded, Planned Obsolescence explores these aspects of scholarly work, as well as issues surrounding the preservation of digital scholarship and the place of publishing within the structure of the contemporary university. Written in an approachable style designed to bring administrators and scholars into a conversation, Planned Obsolescence explores both symptom and cure to ensure that scholarly communication will remain relevant in the digital future. Check out the author's website here.For more information on MediaCommons, click here.Listen to an interview with the author on The Critical Lede podcast here. Related Articles: "Do 'the Risky Thing' in Digital Humanities" - Chronicle of Higher Education"Academic Publishing and Zombies" - Inside Higher Ed

@incollection{noiret_y_2011,
	title = {Y a-t-il une histoire numérique 2.0?},
	booktitle = {Les historiens et l'informatique. {Un} métier à réinventer},
	author = {Noiret, Serge},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {235--288},
}

@misc{presner_promise_2009,
	title = {The {Promise} of {Digital} {Humanities}. {A} {Whitepaper}},
	shorttitle = {Whitepaper},
	url = {http://humanitiesblast.com/Promise%20of%20Digital%20Humanities.pdf},
	author = {Presner, Todd and Johanson, Chris},
	year = {2009},
}

@misc{anonym_digital_2009,
	title = {A {Digital} {Humanities} {Manifesto} » {The} {Digital} {Humanities} {Manifesto} 2.0},
	shorttitle = {Manifesto},
	url = {http://manifesto.humanities.ucla.edu/2009/05/29/the-digital-humanities-manifesto-20/},
	urldate = {2016-06-20},
	author = {Anonym},
	year = {2009},
}

@article{haber_wikipedia_2009,
	title = {Wikipedia und die {Geschichtswissenschaft}. {Eine} {Forschungsskizze}},
	volume = {4},
	journal = {Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Geschichte},
	author = {Haber, Peter and Hodel, Jan},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {(discipline), Histoire, histoire (discipline)},
}

@incollection{kuni_abfall_2007,
	title = {Abfall für alle?: {Einige} {Gedanken} zum {Netz} als digitalem {Archiv} der {Wissens}- und {Kulturproduktion}},
	shorttitle = {Abfall für alle?},
	booktitle = {Literatur und {Literaturwissenschaft} auf dem {Weg} zu den neuen {Medien}. {Eine} {Standortsbestimmung}},
	author = {Kuni, Verena},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {44--63},
}

@incollection{schreibman_history_2004,
	address = {Oxford},
	edition = {Hardcover},
	series = {Blackwell {Companions} to {Literature} and {Culture}},
	title = {The {History} of {Humanities} {Computing}},
	isbn = {978-1-4051-0321-3},
	url = {http://www.digitalhumanities.org/companion/},
	booktitle = {Companion to {Digital} {Humanities}},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Professional},
	author = {Hockey, Susan},
	editor = {Schreibman, Susan and Siemens, Ray and Unsworth, John},
	month = dec,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {1--19},
}

@incollection{wenzel_den_1999,
	title = {An den {Fingern} abzulesen: {Zur} mittelalterlichen {Vorgeschichte} digitaler {Speicher}},
	shorttitle = {An den {Fingern} abzulesen},
	booktitle = {Orte der {Erinnerung}. {Denkmal}, {Gedenkstätte}, {Museum}},
	author = {Wenzel, Horst},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {33--58},
}

@misc{piotrowski_what_nodate,
	type = {Billet},
	title = {What {Are} {We} {Uncertain} {About}? {The} {Challenge} of {Historiographical} {Uncertainty}},
	shorttitle = {What {Are} {We} {Uncertain} {About}?},
	url = {https://nlphist.hypotheses.org/596},
	abstract = {When people talk about uncertainty in a historical context in digital humanities, most of the time they talk about questions such as the exact date of birth of a person, whether two names refer to one or two persons, what geographical location a place name refers to, or the location of a person at a … Continue reading "What Are We Uncertain About? The Challenge of Historiographical Uncertainty"},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2020-08-12},
	journal = {NLP for Historical Texts},
	author = {Piotrowski, Michael},
}

When people talk about uncertainty in a historical context in digital humanities, most of the time they talk about questions such as the exact date of birth of a person, whether two names refer to one or two persons, what geographical location a place name refers to, or the location of a person at a … Continue reading "What Are We Uncertain About? The Challenge of Historiographical Uncertainty"

@article{best_surface_nodate,
	series = {Representations, {University} of {California} {Press}},
	title = {Surface {Reading}: {An} {Introduction}},
	volume = {108},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/rep.2009.108.1.1},
	doi = {DOI:10.1525/rep.2009.108.1.1},
	abstract = {In the text-based disciplines, psychoanalysis and Marxism have had a major influence on how we read, and this has been expressed most consistently in the practice of symptomatic reading, a mode of interpretation that assumes that a text's truest meaning lies in what it does not say, describes textual surfaces as superfluous, and seeks to unmask hidden meanings. For symptomatic readers, texts possess meanings that are veiled, latent, all but absent if it were not for their irrepressible and recurring symptoms. Noting the recent trend away from ideological demystification, this essay proposes various modes of "surface reading" that together strive to accurately depict the truth to which a text bears witness. Surface reading broadens the scope of critique to include the kinds of interpretive activity that seek to understand the complexity of literary surfaces---surfaces that have been rendered invisible by symptomatic reading.},
	number = {1 (Fall 2009)},
	author = {Best, Stephen and Marcus, Sharon},
	keywords = {act\_ContentAnalysis, act\_Query/Retrieve, act\_RelationalAnalysis, act\_Theorizing, obj\_Text},
	pages = {1--21},
}

In the text-based disciplines, psychoanalysis and Marxism have had a major influence on how we read, and this has been expressed most consistently in the practice of symptomatic reading, a mode of interpretation that assumes that a text's truest meaning lies in what it does not say, describes textual surfaces as superfluous, and seeks to unmask hidden meanings. For symptomatic readers, texts possess meanings that are veiled, latent, all but absent if it were not for their irrepressible and recurring symptoms. Noting the recent trend away from ideological demystification, this essay proposes various modes of "surface reading" that together strive to accurately depict the truth to which a text bears witness. Surface reading broadens the scope of critique to include the kinds of interpretive activity that seek to understand the complexity of literary surfaces—surfaces that have been rendered invisible by symptomatic reading.