@article{doblas-mirandaReviewCombinationGlobal2017,
  title = {A Review of the Combination among Global Change Factors in Forests, Shrublands and Pastures of the {{Mediterranean Region}}: Beyond Drought Effects},
  author = {{Doblas-Miranda}, E. and Alonso, R. and Arnan, X. and Bermejo, V. and Brotons, L. and {de las Heras}, J. and Estiarte, M. and H{\'o}dar, J. A. and Llorens, P. and Lloret, F. and {L{\'o}pez-Serrano}, F. R. and {Mar{\'t}{\i}nez-Vilalta}, J. and Moya, D. and Pe{\~n}uelas, J. and Pino, J. and Rodrigo, A. and {Roura-Pascual}, N. and Valladares, F. and Vil{\`a}, M. and Zamora, R. and Retana, J.},
  year = {2017},
  month = jan,
  volume = {148},
  pages = {42--54},
  issn = {0921-8181},
  doi = {10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.11.012},
  abstract = {[Highlights]

[::] Different global change factors combine causing unprecedented ecological effects. [::] Much more complex interactions arise when combinations occur together. [::] Drought should be considered when designing and applying management policies. [::] Conserving Mediterranean terrestrial ecosystems is a collective effort.

[Abstract]

Climate change, alteration of atmospheric composition, land abandonment in some areas and land use intensification in others, wildfires and biological invasions threaten forests, shrublands and pastures all over the world. However, the impacts of the combinations between global change factors are not well understood despite its pressing importance. Here we posit that reviewing global change factors combination in an exemplary region can highlight the necessary aspects in order to better understand the challenges we face, warning about the consequences, and showing the challenges ahead of us. The forests, shrublands and pastures of the Mediterranean Basin are an ideal scenario for the study of these combinations due to its spatial and temporal heterogeneity, increasing and diverse human population and the historical legacy of land use transformations. The combination of multiple global change factors in the Basin shows different ecological effects. Some interactions alter the effects of a single factor, as drought enhances or decreases the effects of atmospheric components on plant ecophysiology. Several interactions generate new impacts: drought and land use changes, among others, alter water resources and lead to land degradation, vegetation regeneration decline, and expansion of forest diseases. Finally, different factors can occur alone or simultaneously leading to further increases in the risk of fires and biological invasions. The transitional nature of the Basin between temperate and arid climates involves a risk of irreversible ecosystem change towards more arid states. However, combinations between factors lead to unpredictable ecosystem alteration that goes beyond the particular consequences of drought. Complex global change scenarios should be studied in the Mediterranean and other regions of the world, including interregional studies. Here we show the inherent uncertainty of this complexity, which should be included in any management strategy.},
  journal = {Global and Planetary Change},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14277883,~to-add-doi-URL,agricultural-abandonment,arid-region,climate-change,complexity,degradation,droughts,ecosystem,feedback,forest-fires,forest-management,forest-pests,forest-resources,global-change,integrated-natural-resources-modelling-and-management,land-use,mediterranean-region,non-linearity,pastures,review,shrubs,species-decline,uncertainty,vegetation,water-resources,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14277883}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{citeulike:14174524,
    abstract = {[Highlights]
[::] {LULC} interfaces between forest and other land uses modeled human-caused wildfire.
[::] Euro Mediterranean Europe was analyzed in two time periods, 1990s and 2000s.
[::] Models positive related interface density to an increase in fire density.
[::] At country-level analysis did not revealed significant differences in the models.
[::] A ten year period can be scarce to detect significant {LULC} changes linked to fire.

[Abstract]

In the period 1980s–2010s, 95\% of wildfires in Mediterranean Europe were due to human causes. In this highly populated region, socio-economic changes occurred in the last decades have influenced wildfire activity. Socio-economic drivers are difficult to model at regional/global scales due to lack of spatial and temporal homogeneous data sources. In this paper, human caused-wildfires have been modeled using Land {Use-Land} Cover ({LULC}) interfaces based on the theoretical relationships found in previous works between human activities associated to this areas and fire occurrence. Generalized Additive Models were used to analyze human-caused fire occurrence in the European Mediterranean ({EUMed}) basin (Portugal, Spain, {South-France} and Italy) in two different time periods 1990s and 2000s. The estimated effects of the {LULC} interfaces on fire occurrence were significant in all periods in the whole study area and at country level, except in Portugal. Concerning trends, no significant changes were observed between periods in {EUMed} and in the individual countries. Nevertheless influence of the {LULC} interfaces on wildfire occurrence exhibited different tendencies among the studied sites.},
    author = {Vilar, Lara and Camia, Andrea and San-Miguel-Ayanz, Jes\'{u}s and Mart\'{\i}n, M. Pilar},
    citeulike-article-id = {14174524},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/14174524},
    citeulike-linkout-1 = {https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=3734942458494749136},
    citeulike-linkout-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.07.020},
    doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2016.07.020},
    issn = {0378-1127},
    journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
    keywords = {anthropic-feedback, anthropogenic-impacts, land-cover, land-use, mediterranean-region, wildfires},
    month = oct,
    pages = {68--78},
    posted-at = {2016-10-31 14:02:03},
    priority = {2},
    title = {{Modeling temporal changes in human-caused wildfires in Mediterranean Europe based on Land Use-Land Cover interfaces}},
    url = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/14174524},
    volume = {378},
    year = {2016}
}

@inproceedings{yebraAustralianFlammabilityMonitoring2016,
  title = {The {{Australian}} Flammability Monitoring System},
  booktitle = {Brisbane 2016: Annual Conference},
  author = {Yebra, Marta and Van Dijk, Albert and Quan, Xingwen and Cary, Geoff and Rozas, Pablo},
  year = {2016},
  abstract = {Live fuel moisture content (LFMC) is one of the primary variables affecting bushfire flammability. We have developed the first Australia-wide flammability monitoring system for operational prediction of LFMC and flammability using satellite data.

[Excerpt: Conclusion and future work] [::] We developed the prototype of the first Australia-wide Flammability Monitoring System for operational prediction of LFMC and flammability using satellite observations. [::] LFMC is not the only variable that is related to fire occurrence, and therefore the importance of other factors (e.g. fire weather and total biomass) should also be considered for a comprehensive characterization of fire risk conditions. [::] We plan to assimilate the estimates of LFMC and flammability in the High-resolution Fire Risk and Impact (HiFRI) model-data fusion software (Van Dijk et al. 2015) to forecasts FMC and flammability at a resolution between 25 and 5000m, depending on management requirements. [::] These tools can support the development of the new National Fire Danger Rating System and, with further development, be made available as software tools for fire managers},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14136875,australia,biomass,disturbances,live-fuel-moisture-content,meteorology,monitoring,risk-assessment,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14136875}
}

@article{hansenForestlandscapeStructureMediates2016,
  title = {Forest-Landscape Structure Mediates Effects of a Spruce Bark Beetle ({{Dendroctonus}} Rufipennis) Outbreak on Subsequent Likelihood of Burning in {{Alaskan}} Boreal Forest},
  author = {Hansen, Winslow D. and Chapin, F. Stuart and Naughton, Helen T. and Rupp, T. Scott and Verbyla, David},
  year = {2016},
  month = jun,
  volume = {369},
  pages = {38--46},
  issn = {0378-1127},
  doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2016.03.036},
  abstract = {[Highlights]

[::] We measured forest-landscape structure effects on disturbance patterns in Alaska.

[::] Disturbance patterns and interactions were related to tree-species composition.

[::] Bark beetles lead to increased probability of fire in mixed-spruce stands.

[::] Results can inform management of disturbance in Alaska with climate change.

[Abstract]

Characterizing how variation in forest landscape structure shapes patterns of natural disturbances and mediates interactions between multiple disturbances is critical for anticipating ecological consequences of climate change in high-latitude forest ecosystems. During the 1990s, a massive spruce bark beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) outbreak took place in boreal spruce forest on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska allowing us to ask (1) How did the extent and duration of bark beetle outbreak differ between a homogenous landscape dominated by white spruce (Picea glauca), and a landscape in which white spruce and black spruce (Picea mariana) were intermixed? (2) How has the occurrence and duration of bark beetle outbreak influenced the likelihood of subsequent burning in these two landscapes? Forest landscape structure had a substantial effect on disturbance patterns and interactions between disturbances in this study. The spruce bark beetle outbreak was smaller in extent and duration where white spruce, the beetle's primary host tree, was intermixed with more beetle-resistant black spruce. However, likelihood of subsequent burning increased where outbreak did occur. Surface fuel loads increased substantially in this landscape following the outbreak, potentially increasing the flammability of white spruce where they once served as fire breaks. In contrast, the outbreak was larger and lasted longer in the landscape with homogeneous stands of white spruce, but was not related to likelihood of subsequent burning, which is consistent with the fire history. Our results suggest that bark beetle outbreaks may have different effects on subsequent patterns of burning than in other systems, such as the Rocky Mountains. These results could inform more effective and targeted management strategies to ameliorate fire risk in beetle-killed stands of Alaska and may help us anticipate the dynamics and consequences of future boreal bark beetle outbreaks as climate warms at high latitudes.},
  journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14074431,~to-add-doi-URL,alaska,bark-beetle,dead-wood,dendroctonus-rufipennis,dendroctonus-spp,disturbances,feedback,fire-fuel,forest-pests,forest-resources,integration-techniques,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14074431}
}

@article{arganarazEstimationLiveFuel2016,
  title = {Estimation of Live Fuel Moisture Content from {{MODIS}} Images for Fire Danger Assessment in {{Southern Gran Chaco}}},
  author = {Arganaraz, Juan P. and Landi, Marcos A. and Bravo, Sandra J. and {Gavier-Pizarro}, Gregorio I. and Scavuzzo, Carlos M. and Bellis, Laura M.},
  year = {2016},
  pages = {1--11},
  issn = {1939-1404},
  doi = {10.1109/jstars.2016.2575366},
  abstract = {Moisture content of live fuels (LFMC) is one of the main factors determining fuel flammability and, therefore, a key indicator of fire danger. In this study, we modeled the relationship between spectral indices derived from satellite imagery and field estimations of LFMC in the Chaco Serrano subregion; then, we analyzed the relationship between fire danger estimations based on LFMC calculations and fire activity. Empirical LFMC models fitted for grasslands, Chaco Serrano forests, and glossy privet forests may be considered very accurate R2 {$>$} 0.80, whereas the model corresponding to shrublands still needs to be improved (R2 = 0.57). Monthly maps of fire danger reflected the occurrence of fires consistently during years of both high and low fire activity. Most fires occurred mainly in areas with high or extreme fire danger, demonstrating a clear relationship between LFMC and fire activity in the Chaco Serrano subregion. Our LFMC models may be useful to assess the spatiotemporal distribution of fire danger in the Chaco Serrano subregion using remote sensing data. The associated fire danger maps represent a valuable tool for improving decision making processes to organize early warning and fire suppression activities.},
  journal = {IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14143650,argentina,empirical-equation,live-fuel-moisture-content,mapping,modis,natural-hazards,remote-sensing,risk-assessment,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14143650}
}

@article{bradleyDoesIncreasedForest2016,
  title = {Does Increased Forest Protection Correspond to Higher Fire Severity in Frequent-Fire Forests of the Western {{United States}}?},
  author = {Bradley, Curtis M. and Hanson, Chad T. and DellaSala, Dominick A.},
  year = {2016},
  month = oct,
  volume = {7},
  pages = {e01492+},
  issn = {2150-8925},
  doi = {10.1002/ecs2.1492},
  abstract = {There is a widespread view among land managers and others that the protected status of many forestlands in the western United States corresponds with higher fire severity levels due to historical restrictions on logging that contribute to greater amounts of biomass and fuel loading in less intensively managed areas, particularly after decades of fire suppression. This view has led to recent proposals -- both administrative and legislative -- to reduce or eliminate forest protections and increase some forms of logging based on the belief that restrictions on active management have increased fire severity. We investigated the relationship between protected status and fire severity using the Random Forests algorithm applied to 1500 fires affecting 9.5 million hectares between 1984 and 2014 in pine (Pinus ponderosa, Pinus jeffreyi) and mixed-conifer forests of western United States, accounting for key topographic and climate variables. We found forests with higher levels of protection had lower severity values even though they are generally identified as having the highest overall levels of biomass and fuel loading. Our results suggest a need to reconsider current overly simplistic assumptions about the relationship between forest protection and fire severity in fire management and policy.

[Excerpt: Conclusions]

In general, our findings -- that forests with the highest levels of protection from logging tend to burn least severely -- suggest a need for managers and policymakers to rethink current forest and fire management direction, particularly proposals that seek to weaken forest protections or suspend environmental laws ostensibly to facilitate a more extensive and industrial forest-fire management regime. Such approaches would likely achieve the opposite of their intended consequences and would degrade complex early seral forests (DellaSala et al. 2015). We suggest that the results of our study counsel in favor of increased protection for federal forestlands without the concern that this may lead to more severe fires.

[] Allowing wildfires to burn under safe conditions is an effective restoration tool for achieving landscape heterogeneity and biodiversity conservation objectives in regions where high levels of biodiversity are associated with mixed-intensity fires (i.e., '' pyrodiversity begets biodiversity,'' see DellaSala and Hanson 2015b). Managers concerned about fires can close and decommission roads that contribute to human-caused fire ignitions and treat fire-prone tree plantations where fires have been shown to burn uncharacteristically severe (Odion et al. 2004). Prioritizing fuel treatments to flammable vegetation adjacent to homes along with specific measures that reduce fire risks to home structures are precautionary steps for allowing more fires to proceed safely in the backcountry (Moritz 2014, DellaSala et al. 2015, Moritz and Knowles 2016).

[] Managing for wildfire benefits as we suggest is also consistent with recent national forest policies such as 2012 National Forest Management Act planning rule that emphasizes maintaining and restoring ecological integrity across the national forest system and because complex early forests can only be produced by natural disturbance events not mimicked by mechanical fuel reduction or clear-cut logging (Swanson et al. 2011, DellaSala et al. 2014). Thus, managers wishing to maintain biodiversity in fire-adapted forests should appropriately weigh the benefits of wildfires against the ecological costs of mechanical fuel reduction and fire suppression (Ingalsbee and Raja 2015) and should consider expansion of protected forest areas as a means of maintaining natural ecosystem processes like wildland fire.

[] [...]},
  journal = {Ecosphere},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14178845,~to-add-doi-URL,biodiversity,fire-fuel,fire-severity,forest-fires,forest-management,forest-resources,protected-areas,protection,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14178845},
  number = {10}
}

@article{frejavilleTreeCoverSeasonal2016,
  title = {Tree Cover and Seasonal Precipitation Drive Understorey Flammability in Alpine Mountain Forests},
  author = {Fr{\'e}javille, Thibaut and Curt, Thomas and Carcaillet, Christopher},
  year = {2016},
  month = sep,
  volume = {43},
  pages = {1869--1880},
  issn = {0305-0270},
  doi = {10.1111/jbi.12745},
  abstract = {[Aim]

Little is known about the understorey flammability of European mountain forests. The aim of this study was to determine the relative effects of climate, vegetation structure and composition on the fuel-driven variation in fire spread and intensity.

[Location]

The western Alps.

[Methods]

Fire spread and intensity were simulated under constant moisture and weather conditions for a wide range of understorey fuel parameters measured in the litter, grass and shrub layers. Simulation outputs were used to compare understorey flammability between different forest ecosystem types (FET). The FETs were characterized by using a co-inertia analysis between composition and the environment (vegetation structure and climate). The relationships between these factors, fuel properties and understorey flammability were then tested using partial regression analyses.

[Results]

The most flammable forests displayed an open canopy (dry-subalpine and open-mediterranean) and grew in areas with dry autumns and wet and cold springs. Fire spread and intensity were controlled by the trade-off between tree cover and dead (litter) and live (grass and shrub) biomass load. Fire intensity also increased as a result of seasonal precipitation patterns (differential distribution between the seasons): rainy springs enhanced biomass growth, whereas dry climates, especially in autumn, promoted shrub biomass and stimulated litter accumulation and residence (higher litterfall and lower decomposition rates). Interestingly, we found a positive relationship between fire intensity and the proportion of conifers that disappeared after accounting for tree cover, indicating that, in the Alps, the open canopy structure of needle-leaved forests makes them potentially more flammable than broad-leaved forests because of the higher load and continuity of surface fuels.

[Main conclusions]

Inter-relationships between tree cover, precipitation seasonality and species composition govern the understorey flammability of mountain forests. We also found evidence that tree cover strongly constrains fire spread by driving the amount and type of surface fuel, which suggests that land use change can have a strong influence on flammability patterns.},
  journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14143669,alpine-region,correlation-analysis,empirical-equation,forest-cover,forest-fires,forest-resources,france,precipitation,temperate-mountain-system,understorey,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14143669},
  number = {9}
}

@article{daviesRegionalVariationFire2016,
  title = {Regional Variation in Fire Weather Controls the Reported Occurrence of {{Scottish}} Wildfires},
  author = {Davies, G. Matt and Legg, Colin J.},
  year = {2016},
  month = nov,
  volume = {4},
  pages = {e2649+},
  issn = {2167-8359},
  doi = {10.7717/peerj.2649},
  abstract = {Fire is widely used as a traditional habitat management tool in Scotland, but wildfires pose a significant and growing threat. The financial costs of fighting wildfires are significant and severe wildfires can have substantial environmental impacts. Due to the intermittent occurrence of severe fire seasons, Scotland, and the UK as a whole, remain somewhat unprepared. Scotland currently lacks any form of Fire Danger Rating system that could inform managers and the Fire and Rescue Services (FRS) of periods when there is a risk of increased of fire activity. We aimed evaluate the potential to use outputs from the Canadian Fire Weather Index system (FWI system) to forecast periods of increased fire risk and the potential for ignitions to turn into large wildfires. We collated four and a half years of wildfire data from the Scottish FRS and examined patterns in wildfire occurrence within different regions, seasons, between urban and rural locations and according to FWI system outputs. We used a variety of techniques, including Mahalanobis distances, percentile analysis and Thiel-Sen regression, to scope the best performing FWI system codes and indices. Logistic regression showed significant differences in fire activity between regions, seasons and between urban and rural locations. The Fine Fuel Moisture Code and the Initial Spread Index did a tolerable job of modelling the probability of fire occurrence but further research on fuel moisture dynamics may provide substantial improvements. Overall our results suggest it would be prudent to ready resources and avoid managed burning when FFMC {$>$} 75 and/or ISI {$>$} 2.},
  journal = {PeerJ},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14307584,check-list,effis,fire-weather-index,preparedness,scotland,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14307584}
}

@article{curtModellingSpatialPatterns2016,
  title = {Modelling the Spatial Patterns of Ignition Causes and Fire Regime Features in Southern {{France}}: Implications for Fire Prevention Policy},
  author = {Curt, Thomas and Fr{\'e}javille, Thibaut and Lahaye, S{\'e}bastien},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {25},
  pages = {785+},
  issn = {1049-8001},
  doi = {10.1071/wf15205},
  abstract = {A good knowledge of the spatiotemporal patterns of the causes of wildfire ignition is crucial to an effective fire policy. However, little is known about the situation in south-eastern France because the fire database contains unreliable data. We used data for cases with well-established causes from 1973-2013 to determine the location of spatial hotspots, the seasonal distribution, the underlying anthropogenic and environmental drivers and the tendency of five main causes to generate large fires. Anthropogenic ignitions were predominant (88\,\%) near human settlements and infrastructures in the lowlands, whilst lightning-induced fires were more common in the coastal mountains. In densely populated urban areas, small summer fires were predominating, due to the negligence of private individuals around their homes or accidental ignitions near infrastructures. In rural hinterlands, ignitions due to negligence by professionals generate many medium-sized fires from autumn to spring. Intentional and accidental ignitions contribute the most to the total burned area and to large fires. We conclude that socioeconomic factors partially control the fire regime, influencing the timing, spatial distribution and potential size of fires. This improved understanding of why, where and when ignitions occur provides the opportunity for controlling certain causes of ignitions and adapting French policy to global changes.

[Short summary] The causes of wildfire ignitions vary regionally and seasonally in southern France. Ignitions resulting from negligence and accidents are more frequent in urban areas and during summer, whilst intentional ignitions are more frequent in pastures, and ignitions resulting from professional negligence more frequent in hinterlands from fall to spring.},
  journal = {International Journal of Wildland Fire},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14143673,anthropogenic-impacts,environmental-policy,fire-season,france,mediterranean-region,science-policy-interface,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14143673},
  number = {7}
}

@article{hopeWildfireSuppressionCosts2016,
  title = {Wildfire Suppression Costs for {{Canada}} under a Changing Climate},
  author = {Hope, Emily S. and McKenney, Daniel W. and Pedlar, John H. and Stocks, Brian J. and Gauthier, Sylvie},
  year = {2016},
  month = aug,
  volume = {11},
  pages = {e0157425+},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0157425},
  abstract = {Climate-influenced changes in fire regimes in northern temperate and boreal regions will have both ecological and economic ramifications. We examine possible future wildfire area burned and suppression costs using a recently compiled historical (i.e., 1980-2009) fire management cost database for Canada and several Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) climate projections. Area burned was modelled as a function of a climate moisture index (CMI), and fire suppression costs then estimated as a function of area burned. Future estimates of area burned were generated from projections of the CMI under two emissions pathways for four General Circulation Models (GCMs); these estimates were constrained to ecologically reasonable values by incorporating a minimum fire return interval of 20 years. Total average annual national fire management costs are projected to increase to just under \$1 billion (a 60\,\% real increase from the 1980-2009 period) under the low greenhouse gas emissions pathway and \$1.4 billion (119\,\% real increase from the base period) under the high emissions pathway by the end of the century. For many provinces, annual costs that are currently considered extreme (i.e., occur once every ten years) are projected to become commonplace (i.e., occur once every two years or more often) as the century progresses. It is highly likely that evaluations of current wildland fire management paradigms will be necessary to avoid drastic and untenable cost increases as the century progresses.

[Excerpt: Discussion]

Our findings suggest that most Canadian provinces will experience significant increases in both area burned and suppression costs (in 2009 dollars) by the second half of the current century -- particularly under RCP 8.5. For the country as a whole, annual suppression costs are projected to increase under RCP 8.5 by over 100\,\% by the 2071-2100 period. To put these findings in context, for many provinces, annual costs that are currently considered extreme are projected to become commonplace by century's end. Projections under RCP 2.6 were considerably less dire, providing another rationale for greenhouse gas mitigation efforts, as emission rates are currently tracking close to RCP 8.5 levels. [] [...]},
  journal = {PLoS ONE},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14160210,~to-add-doi-URL,burnt-area,canada,climate-change,climate-moisture-index,rcp26,rcp85,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14160210},
  number = {8}
}

@article{robinneGlobalIndexMapping2016,
  title = {A Global Index for Mapping the Exposure of Water Resources to Wildfire},
  author = {Robinne, Fran{\c c}ois-Nicolas and Miller, Carol and Parisien, Marc-Andr{\'e} and Emelko, Monica and Bladon, Kevin and Silins, Uldis and Flannigan, Mike},
  year = {2016},
  month = jan,
  volume = {7},
  pages = {22+},
  issn = {1999-4907},
  doi = {10.3390/f7010022},
  abstract = {Wildfires are keystone components of natural disturbance regimes that maintain ecosystem structure and functions, such as the hydrological cycle, in many parts of the world. Consequently, critical surface freshwater resources can be exposed to post-fire effects disrupting their quantity, quality and regularity. Although well studied at the local scale, the potential extent of these effects has not been examined at the global scale. We take the first step toward a global assessment of the wildfire water risk (WWR) by presenting a spatially explicit index of exposure. Several variables related to fire activity and water availability were identified and normalized for use as exposure indicators. Additive aggregation of those indicators was then carried out according to their individual weight. The resulting index shows the greatest exposure risk in the tropical wet and dry forests. Intermediate exposure is indicated in mountain ranges and dry shrublands, whereas the lowest index scores are mostly associated with high latitudes. We believe that such an approach can provide important insights for water security by guiding global freshwater resource preservation.},
  journal = {Forests},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14376967,~to-add-doi-URL,disturbances,fire-exposure,forest-resources,integrated-natural-resources-modelling-and-management,integration-techniques,off-site-effects,risk-assessment,runoff,vegetation,water-pollution,water-quality,water-resources,water-scarcity,water-security,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14376967},
  number = {1}
}

@article{harveyHumancausedClimateChange2016,
  title = {Human-Caused Climate Change Is Now a Key Driver of Forest Fire Activity in the Western {{United States}}},
  author = {Harvey, Brian J.},
  year = {2016},
  month = oct,
  pages = {201612926+},
  issn = {1091-6490},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.1612926113},
  abstract = {[Excerpt] Effects of climate warming on natural and human systems are becoming increasingly visible across the globe. For example, the shattering of past yearly records for global high temperatures seems to be a near-annual event, with the five hottest years since 1880 all occurring since 2005. Not coincidentally, the single hottest year on record, 2015, also broke records for area burned by wildfire in the United States [...], eclipsing the previous high mark set just one decade prior. Scientists have known for some time that climate is a key driver of forest fires; records from the past and present provide strong evidence that warmer temperatures are associated with spikes in fire activity. Therefore, recent increases in wildfire activity as the planet warms are not a surprise. However, just how much of the recent increases in forest fire activity can be attributed to human-caused climate change vs. natural variability in climate? This question has profound scientific, management, and policy implications, yet answers have thus far remained elusive. In PNAS, Abatzoglou and Williams present strong evidence that human-caused climate change is increasing wildfire activity across wide swaths of forested land in the western United States. They demonstrate that human-caused climate change has lengthened the annual fire season (i.e., the window of time each year with weather that is conducive to forest fires) and, since 1984, has doubled the cumulative area in the western United States that would have otherwise burned due to natural climate forcing alone.},
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14159388,~to-add-doi-URL,bark-beetle,burnt-area,climate-change,forest-fires,forest-management,forest-pests,forest-resources,global-change,postfire-recovery,resilience,united-states,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14159388}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{citeulike:14176099,
    abstract = {Soils are among the most valuable non-renewable resources on the Earth. They support natural vegetation and human agro-ecosystems, represent the largest terrestrial organic carbon stock, and act as stores and filters for water. Mankind has impacted on soils from its early days in many different ways, with burning being the first human perturbation at landscape scales. Fire has long been used as a tool to fertilize soils and control plant growth, but it can also substantially change vegetation, enhance soil erosion and even cause desertification of previously productive areas. Indeed fire is now regarded by some as the seventh soil-forming factor. Here we explore the effects of fire on soils as influenced by human interference. Human-induced fires have shaped our landscape for thousands of years and they are currently the most common fires in many parts of the world. We first give an overview of fire effect on soils and then focus specifically on 

[::(i)] how traditional land-use practices involving fire, such as slash-and-burn or vegetation clearing, have affected and still are affecting soils;
 
[::(ii)] the effects of more modern uses of fire, such as fuel reduction or ecological burns, on soils; and 

[::(iii)] the ongoing and potential future effects on soils of the complex interactions between human-induced land cover changes, climate warming and fire dynamics.},
    author = {Sant\'{\i}n, Cristina and Doerr, Stefan H.},
    citeulike-article-id = {14176099},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/14176099},
    citeulike-linkout-1 = {https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=2633586574499588961},
    citeulike-linkout-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0171},
    citeulike-linkout-3 = {http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/371/1696/20150171.abstract},
    citeulike-linkout-4 = {http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/371/1696/20150171.full.pdf},
    citeulike-linkout-5 = {http://view.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27216528},
    citeulike-linkout-6 = {http://www.hubmed.org/display.cgi?uids=27216528},
    day = {05},
    doi = {10.1098/rstb.2015.0171},
    issn = {1471-2970},
    journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
    keywords = {anthropic-feedback, anthropocene, anthropogenic-changes, climate-change, instability, land-cover, landslides, postfire-impacts, postfire-recovery, prescribed-burn, soil-erosion, soil-hydrophobicity, soil-resources, sustainability, uncertainty, wildfires},
    month = jun,
    number = {1696},
    pages = {20150171+},
    pmid = {27216528},
    posted-at = {2016-11-02 17:52:41},
    priority = {2},
    publisher = {The Royal Society},
    title = {Fire effects on soils: the human dimension},
    url = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/14176099},
    volume = {371},
    year = {2016}
}

@article{ruthrofHowDroughtinducedForest2016,
  title = {How Drought-Induced Forest Die-off Alters Microclimate and Increases Fuel Loadings and Fire Potentials},
  author = {Ruthrof, Katinka X. and Fontaine, Joseph B. and Matusick, George and Breshears, David D. and Law, Darin J. and Powell, Sarah and Hardy, Giles},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {25},
  pages = {819+},
  issn = {1049-8001},
  doi = {10.1071/wf15028},
  abstract = {Forest die-offs associated with drought and heat have recently occurred across the globe, raising concern that associated changes in fuels and microclimate could link initial die-off disturbance to subsequent fire disturbance. Despite widespread concern, little empirical data exist. Following forest die-off in the Northern Jarrah Forest, south-western Australia, we quantified fuel dynamics and associated microclimate for die-off and control plots. Sixteen months post die-off, die-off plots had significantly increased 1-h fuels (11.8 vs 9.8 tonnes ha-1) but not larger fuel classes (10-h and 100-h fuels). Owing to stem mortality, die-off plots had significantly greater standing dead wood mass (100 vs 10 tonnes ha-1), visible sky (hemispherical images analysis: 31 vs 23\,\%) and potential near-ground solar radiation input (measured as Direct Site Factor: 0.52 vs 0.34). Supplemental mid-summer microclimate measurements (temperature, relative humidity and wind speed) were combined with long-term climatic data and fuel load estimates to parameterise fire behaviour models. Fire spread rates were predicted to be 30\,\% greater in die-off plots with relatively equal contributions from fuels and microclimate, highlighting need for operational consideration by fire managers. Our results underscore potential for drought-induced tree die-off to interact with subsequent fire under climate change.},
  journal = {International Journal of Wildland Fire},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14216041,~to-add-doi-URL,corymbia-calophylla,die-off,droughts,eucalyptus-marginata,feedback,fire-danger-rating,fire-fuel,forest-fires,forest-resources,microclimate,spatial-spread,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14216041},
  number = {8}
}

Paper  doi  bibtex   

@article{pettinari_generation_2016,
	title = {Generation of a global fuel data set using the {Fuel} {Characteristic} {Classification} {System}},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1726-4189},
	url = {http://www.biogeosciences.net/13/2061/2016/},
	doi = {10.5194/bg-13-2061-2016},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2016-06-04TZ},
	journal = {Biogeosciences},
	author = {Pettinari, M. Lucrecia and Chuvieco, Emilio},
	month = apr,
	year = {2016},
	note = {00000},
	keywords = {researchideas, wildfires},
	pages = {2061--2076}
}

@article{tesslerVegetationCoverSpecies2016,
  title = {Vegetation Cover and Species Richness after Recurrent Forest Fires in the {{Eastern Mediterranean}} Ecosystem of {{Mount Carmel}}, {{Israel}}},
  author = {Tessler, Naama and Wittenberg, Lea and Greenbaum, Noam},
  year = {2016},
  month = feb,
  issn = {0048-9697},
  doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.113},
  abstract = {[Highlights]

[::] Vegetation cover changes after recurrent fires, and serve as a good indicator of fire influence. [::] In most fire-damaged areas dominant cover was composed from shrubs and dwarf-shrubs. [::] Tree cover was severely damaged after recurrent fires, and showed drastic decrease. [::] Species richness increased mainly in the first decade after the recurrent fires, and decreased when the forest canopy began to close. [::] Fire recurrence with short intervals (4-6 years) may lower the rehabilitated processes of the ecosystem and change its equilibrium.

[Abstract]

Fire is a common disturbance in Mediterranean ecosystems, and can have a destructive, influential, and even essential, effect on vegetation and wildlife. In recent decades there has been a general increase in the number of fires in the Mediterranean Basin, including in Mount Carmel, Israel. The effects of recurrent forest fires on vegetation cover and species richness were determined in the spring of 2009 and 2010 by field surveys. The results of this study showed that the vegetation cover changes after recurrent forest fires, and can serve as a good indicator of the influence of fire and the resulting ecosystem rehabilitation. The dominant cover in most fire-damaged areas was composed of shrubs and dwarf-shrubs, especially Cistus salviifolius and Calicotome villosa. Tree cover was severely damaged after recurrent fires, and in those areas there was a drastic decrease of the total plant cover. Species richness increased mainly in the first decade after the recurrent fires, and decreased when the forest canopy began to close. Fire recurrence with short intervals (4-6 years) between fires may lower the rehabilitated processes of the ecosystem and change its equilibrium.},
  journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14068793,~to-add-doi-URL,biodiversity,disasters,disturbances,diversity,forest-resources,israel,mediterranean-region,postfire-recovery,species-richness,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14068793}
}

@article{dellaroccaPossibleLandManagement2015,
  title = {Possible Land Management Uses of Common Cypress to Reduce Wildfire Initiation Risk: A Laboratory Study},
  author = {Della Rocca, G. and Hernando, C. and Madrigal, J. and Danti, R. and Moya, J. and Guijarro, M. and Pecchioli, A. and Moya, B.},
  year = {2015},
  month = aug,
  volume = {159},
  pages = {68--77},
  issn = {0301-4797},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.05.020},
  abstract = {The flammability of Cupressus sempervirens has been fully characterized. Two contrasted bench-scale methodologies have been used to ratify the results. Cypress showed low ignitability and consumability and high sustainability and combustibility. The low ignitability of C.~sempervirens suggests a potential resistance to moderate wildfires. Cypress stands could be a promising land management tool to reduce the wildfire initiation risk. Accurate determination of flammability is required in order to improve knowledge about vegetation fire risk. Study of the flammability of different plant species is essential for the Mediterranean area, where most ecosystems are adapted to natural fire but vulnerable to recurrent human-induced fires, which are the main cause of forest degradation. However, the methods used to evaluate vegetation flammability have not yet been standardized. Cupressus sempervirens is a native or naturalized forest tree species in the Mediterranean area that is able to tolerate prolonged drought and high temperatures. The aim of this study was to characterize the flammability of C.~sempervirens var. horizontalis at particle level by using different bench-scale calorimetry techniques (mass loss calorimeter, epiradiator and oxygen bomb) to determine the main flammability descriptors (ignitability, sustainability, combustibility and consumability) in live crown and litter samples. Our findings indicate that this variety of cypress is relatively resistant to ignition because of the high ash content, the high critical heat flux, the high time to ignition displayed by both crown and litter samples and the ability of the leaves to maintain a high water content during the summer. We also discuss the possibility of exploiting some morphological, functional and ecological traits of the species to construct a barrier system (with selected varieties of cypress) as a promising complementary land management tool to reduce the fire spread and intensity in a Mediterranean context.

[Excerpt: Discussion and conclusions]

[...] The FMC of live C. sempervirens samples was relatively high and stable between April and the middle of August (84-96\%). Furthermore, the low variability in the water content across the crown layers ( Fig. 3) may have important implications for crown fire potential ( Van Wagner, 1977). Madrigal et al. (2013) reported a wider range of FMC for Pinus pinaster needles (95-155\%), whereas Viegas et al. (2001) indicated that the FMC of live Mediterranean forest fuels may be as low as 50-60\,\% during the summer season, much lower than the value detected in the present study in live crown samples of cypress. Ignition and fire occurrence are closely related to the moisture content of live and dead fuel ( Dimitrakopoulos and Papaioannou, 2001) and fresh leaves of Mediterranean species appear to become very flammable when the moisture content decreases below 75\,\% ( Chandler et al., 1983) or below 100\,\% in the case of pine needles ( Van Wagner, 1977). An interaction between the physiological state of a live plant (which determines the moisture content) and the concentration of volatile compounds has also been reported ( Weise et al., 2005 and Alessio et al., 2008). During an intense wildfire, the effect due to accumulation of gasified volatile organic compounds (VOCs) may be stronger than the effect due to a low water content, thus explaining specific occurrences such as extreme rate of fire spread and eruptive fire events ( Viegas and Simeoni, 2011).

[\textbackslash n] The live fresh samples of C. sempervirens did not ignite in MLC tests performed at 25 kW/m2, whereas in a previous study, live P. pinaster needles with similar FMC (95\%) ignited at the same heat flux ( Madrigal et al., 2013) ( Supplementary Fig. 1). Notably, the HRR curve obtained for C. sempervirens at 35 kW/m2 was similar to that obtained by Madrigal et al. (2013) for live P. pinaster needles at a lower heat flux (25 kW/m2). In EPI2, at 25 kW/m2 ( Table 5), the IF of fresh cypress live fuel was as low as 23\,\%, while at 55 kW/m2, the IF was 100\,\%, for both crown fresh samples and litter samples (conditioned and oven-dried). These results are consistent with the CHF values determined in MLC tests.

[\textbackslash n][...] 

[\textbackslash n] The TTI and CHF are the most representative descriptors of ignitability. Both TTI (at 50 kW/m2) and CHF of live cypress fuel obtained with MLC in the present study were significantly higher than those determined by Madrigal et al. (2013) for live P. pinaster needles with the same FMC value (95\%). The ignitability of common cypress was much lower than that of P. pinaster. Live C. sempervirens leaves also displayed the longest TTI in a comparative study of ornamental species Ganteaume et al. (2013a). However, based on TTI, common cypress has been reported to be the most flammable of several Mediterranean species tested ( Liodakis et al., 2002). This discrepancy may be due to different ignition devices used in the two studies.

[\textbackslash n] Heat content is known to be highly dependent upon the chemical composition of a fuel. The GHC values obtained in this study for live C. sempervirens samples in the oxygen bomb test were higher than those obtained for litter ( Table 3). Whereas, in contrast to the findings of Elvira and Hernando (1989), only slight differences in GHC values of live samples were found between spring and summer in the present study ( Table 4). Madrigal et al. (2011) reported a higher GHC for live P. halepensis and P. pinaster needles than for C. sempervirens and Pinus pinea. Even greater differences were observed between species on comparing the GHC of litter samples ( Supplementary Table 2). Liodakis et al. (2002) reported a lower GHC for C. sempervirens leaves that for other Mediterranean species, both conifers and broadleaf species, possibly due to differences in the proportion of chemical components in the leaves and to differences in the residual mass fraction.

[\textbackslash n] [...]

[\textbackslash n] In highly resinous species (i.e. pines) and during the heating phase, the effect of volatile flammable gases (VOCs) is crucial in priming and/or accelerating combustion (Chetehouna et al., 2009). Our findings indicate the natural resistance of live fuel of common cypress to the initial stages of combustion (ignitability). The gases produced by thermal degradation of cypress live fuel did not ignite, irrespective of the heat source (EPI or MLC) or the heat flux to which the samples were subjected. The VOCs stored in cypress leaf glands (Della Rocca, 2012 and Moya and Moya, 2013d) are probably degassed (Greenberg et al., 2006 and Ciccioli et al., 2014) when vegetation is warming up (at 60-150 \textdegree C), and thus will not contribute to ignition. Moreover, cypress is not a resinous species in the strict sense. Neither the xylem or the bark produce resin constitutively, but only as consequence of mechanical wounds or lesions due to pathogens or pests.

[\textbackslash n] In Mediterranean regions characterized by long dry summers, litter appears to play a crucial role in fire risk and transmission (Hogkinson, 2002). Both conditioned and oven-dried C. sempervirens litter samples always ignited (IF 100\%); however, in the present study all flammability parameters (except TTI) measured at 35 kW/m2 were lower than those obtained at 25 kW/m2 for P. pinaster litter with the same FMC (11\%) by Madrigal et al. (2011) ( Supplementary Table 2). Comparing different Mediterranean species, Petriccione (2006) classified the flammability of cypress litter as moderate-high, similar to that of Myrtus communis, Q. ilex, O. europea and P. halepensis, but lower than that of Quercus pubescens, Fraxinus ornus, P. pinaster and Genista aetnensis.

[\textbackslash n] In nature, C. sempervirens litter has a high bulk density ( Ganteaume et al., 2013b), as the small segments accumulate in thick layers, also due to a low mineralisation rate ( Della Rocca et al., 2006). These traits reduce the circulation of air in the litter, which may act like a sponge and retain humidity, thus hampering ignition. A thick litter layer is also known to favour self-extinction of fire ( Orme\~no et al., 2009).

[\textbackslash n] In this study, the RMF at the end of the test was considered as ash content. In the MLC tests, the ash content of cypress fresh fine fuel ranged from 3.5 to 6.8\,\%. This is consistent with the results reported by Dimitrakopoulos and Panov (2001) who obtained higher values of mineral ash for C. sempervirens leaves (4.73\%) than for other Mediterranean species such as Q. ilex (2.9\%) and P. brutia (2.8\%). The heat content of plant material has been demonstrated to be negatively related to ash content. A higher ash content essentially indicates that there is less mass to burn ( Mutch and Philpot, 1970 and Philpot, 1970), thus influencing fire sustainability and consumability. [...]

[Management recommendations and future research]

Common cypress is known to produce a deep dense litter that is difficult to ignite and even prevents the development of understory vegetation due to a presumed allelopathic effect. This species is also often planted as a windbreak to protect valuable crops from prevailing winds in the Mediterranean area. In addition to these traits, the findings of our laboratory trials, which have demonstrated the low ignitability of crown and litter cypress samples, encourage further studies at tree and plantation levels to assess the effectiveness of cypress barriers as a silviculture measure to reduce wildfire initiation risk in sensitive sites (e.g. WUIs). Well designed plantations constructed with suitable varieties of cypress (selected for habit and resistance to pathogens causing severe dieback and resin exudation, e.g. cypress canker) and taking into account topography, flammability risk mapping, land use etc. may be useful for creating buffer zones to hinder or prevent the rapid spread of wildfire, also decreasing the likelihood that a surface fire will become a crown fire. The ability of cypress plantations to slow fire progression is derived from a combination of properties of individual trees. The need of transposing laboratory results and empirical observations to a real scale, lead the Diputaci\'on de Valencia (Spain) and the province of Siena (Italy) to plan the realization of the first experimental plantations of the 'cypress system' as a way to conduct further research aimed at improving prevention against wildfires. Useful information on setting up operational cypress plantations as firewalls is reported in Della Rocca et al. (2014).},
  journal = {Journal of Environmental Management},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745883,~to-add-doi-URL,cupressus-sempervirens,fire-fuel,forest-resources,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745883}
}

@article{ascoliBuildingRothermelFire2015,
  title = {Building {{Rothermel}} Fire Behaviour Fuel Models by Genetic Algorithm Optimisation},
  author = {Ascoli, Davide and Vacchiano, Giorgio and Motta, Renzo and Bovio, Giovanni},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {24},
  pages = {317+},
  issn = {1049-8001},
  doi = {10.1071/wf14097},
  abstract = {A method to build and calibrate custom fuel models was developed by linking genetic algorithms (GA) to the Rothermel fire spread model. GA randomly generates solutions of fuel model parameters to form an initial population. Solutions are validated against observations of fire rate of spread via a goodness-of-fit metric. The population is selected for its best members, crossed over and mutated within a range of model parameter values, until a satisfactory fitness is reached. We showed that GA improved the performance of the Rothermel model in three published custom fuel models for litter, grass and shrub fuels (root mean square error decreased by 39, 19 and 26\,\%). We applied GA to calibrate a mixed grass-shrub fuel model, using fuel and fire behaviour data from fire experiments in dry heathlands of Southern Europe. The new model had significantly lower prediction error against a validation dataset than either standard or custom fuel models built using average values of inventoried fuels, and predictions of the Fuel Characteristics Classification System. GA proved a useful tool to calibrate fuel models and improve Rothermel model predictions. GA allows exploration of a continuous space of fuel parameters, making fuel model calibration computational effective and easily reproducible, and does not require fuel sampling. We suggest GA as a viable method to calibrate custom fuel models in fire modelling systems based on the Rothermel model.},
  journal = {International Journal of Wildland Fire},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14351457,environmental-modelling,fire-fuel,genetic-algorithms,grasslands,italy,modelling,optimisation,shrubs,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14351457},
  number = {3}
}

@article{hantsonAnthropogenicEffectsGlobal2015,
  title = {Anthropogenic Effects on Global Mean Fire Size},
  author = {Hantson, Stijn and Lasslop, Gitta and Kloster, Silvia and Chuvieco, Emilio},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {24},
  pages = {589+},
  issn = {1049-8001},
  doi = {10.1071/wf14208},
  abstract = {Wildland fires are an important agent in the earth's system. Multiple efforts are currently in progress to better represent wildland fires in earth system models. Although wildland fires are a natural disturbance factor, humans have an important effect on fire occurrence by directly igniting and suppressing fires and indirectly influencing fire behaviour by changing land cover and landscape structure. Although these factors are recognised, their quantitative effect on fire growth and burned area are not well understood and therefore only partly taken into account in current process-based fire models. Here we analyse the influence of humans on mean fire size globally. The mean fire size was extracted from the global Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) burned area product MCD45. We found a linear decreasing trend between population density and observed mean fire size over the globe, as well as a negative effect of cropland cover and net income. We implemented the effect of population density on fire growth in a global vegetation model including a process-based fire model (SPITFIRE-JSBACH). When including this demographic control, spatial trends in modelled fraction of burned area generally improved when compared with satellite-derived burned area data. More process-based solutions to limit fire spread are needed in the future, but the empirical relations described here serve as an intermediate step to improve current fire models.},
  journal = {International Journal of Wildland Fire},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14174395,~to-add-doi-URL,agricultural-land,agricultural-resources,anthropic-feedback,anthropogenic-impacts,burnt-area,empirical-equation,modis,population-density,remote-sensing,spatial-pattern,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14174395},
  number = {5}
}

@article{wuSensitivityBurnedArea2015,
  title = {Sensitivity of Burned Area in {{Europe}} to Climate Change, Atmospheric {{CO2}} Levels, and Demography: A Comparison of Two Fire-Vegetation Models},
  author = {Wu, Minchao and Knorr, Wolfgang and Thonicke, Kirsten and Schurgers, Guy and Camia, Andrea and Arneth, Almut},
  year = {2015},
  month = nov,
  volume = {120},
  pages = {2256--2272},
  issn = {2169-8953},
  doi = {10.1002/2015jg003036},
  abstract = {Global environmental changes and human activity influence wildland fires worldwide, but the relative importance of the individual factors varies regionally and their interplay can be difficult to disentangle. Here we evaluate projected future changes in burned area at the European and sub-European scale, and we investigate uncertainties in the relative importance of the determining factors. We simulated future burned area with LPJ-GUESS-SIMFIRE, a patch-dynamic global vegetation model with a semi-empirical fire model, and LPJmL-SPITFIRE, a dynamic global vegetation model with a process-based fire model. Applying a range of future projections that combine different scenarios for climate changes, enhanced CO2 concentrations and population growth, we investigated the individual and combined effects of these drivers on the total area and regions affected by fire in the 21st century. The two models differed notably with respect to the dominating drivers and underlying processes. Fire-vegetation interactions and socio-economic effects emerged as important uncertainties for future burned area in some European regions. Burned area of eastern Europe increased in both models, pointing at an emerging new fire-prone region that should gain further attention for future fire management.},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13813380,~to-add-doi-URL,burnt-area,carbon-dioxide-fertilisation,europe,model-comparison,population-density,rcp26,rcp85,vegetation,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13813380},
  number = {11}
}

@article{rippleCollapseWorldLargest2015,
  title = {Collapse of the World's Largest Herbivores},
  author = {Ripple, W. J. and Newsome, T. M. and Wolf, C. and Dirzo, R. and Everatt, K. T. and Galetti, M. and Hayward, M. W. and Kerley, G. I. H. and Levi, T. and Lindsey, P. A. and Macdonald, D. W. and Malhi, Y. and Painter, L. E. and Sandom, C. J. and Terborgh, J. and Van Valkenburgh, B.},
  year = {2015},
  month = may,
  volume = {1},
  pages = {e1400103},
  issn = {2375-2548},
  doi = {10.1126/sciadv.1400103},
  abstract = {Large wild herbivores are crucial to ecosystems and human societies. We highlight the 74 largest terrestrial herbivore species on Earth (body mass {$\geq$}100 kg), the threats they face, their important and often overlooked ecosystem effects, and the conservation efforts needed to save them and their predators from extinction. Large herbivores are generally facing dramatic population declines and range contractions, such that{\~ }60\,\% are threatened with extinction. Nearly all threatened species are in developing countries, where major threats include hunting, land-use change, and resource depression by livestock. Loss of large herbivores can have cascading effects on other species including large carnivores, scavengers, mesoherbivores, small mammals, and ecological processes involving vegetation, hydrology, nutrient cycling, and fire regimes. The rate of large herbivore decline suggests that ever-larger swaths of the world will soon lack many of the vital ecological services these animals provide, resulting in enormous ecological and social costs.},
  journal = {Science Advances},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14037837,~to-add-doi-URL,conservation,ecology,ecosystem-services,global-scale,herbivory,hydrology,nutrients,vegetation,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14037837},
  number = {4}
}

@article{vanlieropGlobalForestArea2015,
  title = {Global Forest Area Disturbance from Fire, Insect Pests, Diseases and Severe Weather Events},
  author = {{van Lierop}, Pieter and Lindquist, Erik and Sathyapala, Shiroma and Franceschini, Gianluca},
  year = {2015},
  month = sep,
  volume = {352},
  pages = {78--88},
  issn = {0378-1127},
  doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2015.06.010},
  abstract = {[Highlights]

[::] Almost 67 Mha of forest land burned annually (2003-2012) mostly in South America. [::] A decreasing global trend of burned forest area. [::] An increasing trend in burned forest area for the boreal climatic domain. [::] Correlation between areas of burned forest and of partial canopy cover reduction. [::] In total, countries reported 142 Mha of forest area affected by other disturbances.

[Abstract]

Reliable global data on forest degradation and disturbances due to fire, insect pests, diseases and severe weather are important to understand ecosystem health and condition, safeguard production of goods and services and avoid negative impacts on human livelihoods. This paper presents a global analysis of forest area affected by fire, significant insect pest outbreaks, diseases and severe weather reported by countries as part of the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015. Between 2003 and 2012, approximately 67 million hectares (1.7\%) of forest land burned annually, mostly in tropical South America and Africa. In a similar reporting period, in total 142 million hectares of forest land were affected by other disturbances than fire. Insect pests affected more than 85 million hectares of forest, of which a major part was in temperate North America. Severe weather disturbed over 38 million hectares, mostly in Asia. About 12.5 million hectares were reported to be disturbed by diseases, mostly in Asia and Europe. There were strong correlations between burned forest area and the area of partial canopy cover reduction, as well as between burned forest area and net forest loss. Partial canopy cover reduction is used as a proxy for forest degradation, although it also includes land under management that is not degraded. A decreasing trend in burned forest area was found, largely accounted for by decreased area burned within the last ten years in tropical South America. However, an increasing trend in burned forest area was found in the boreal climatic domain. The data on other disturbances was not suitable for determining any year on year correlations and should be improved in future data collection exercises.},
  journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14072463,~to-add-doi-URL,disasters,diseases,extreme-weather,forest-pests,forest-resources,global-scale,statistics,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14072463}
}

@article{hantsonGlobalFireSize2015,
  title = {Global Fire Size Distribution Is Driven by Human Impact and Climate},
  author = {Hantson, Stijn and Pueyo, Salvador and Chuvieco, Emilio},
  year = {2015},
  month = jan,
  volume = {24},
  pages = {77--86},
  issn = {1466-822X},
  doi = {10.1111/geb.12246},
  abstract = {[Aim]

In order to understand fire's impacts on vegetation dynamics, it is crucial that the distribution of fire sizes be known. We approached this distribution using a power-law distribution, which derives from self-organized criticality theory (SOC). We compute the global spatial variation in the power-law exponent and determine the main factors that explain its spatial distribution.

[Location]

Global, at 2\textdegree{} grid resolution.

[Methods]

We use satellite-derived MODIS burned-area data (MCD45) to obtain global individual fire size data for 2002-2010, grouped together for each 2\textdegree{} grid. A global map of fire size distribution was produced by plotting the exponent of the power law. The drivers of the spatial trends in fire size distribution, including vegetation productivity, precipitation, population density and net income, were analysed using a generalized additive model (GAM).

[Results]

The power law gave a good fit for 93\,\% of the global 2\textdegree{} grid cells with important fire activity. A global map of the fire size distribution, as approached by the power law shows strong spatial patterns. These are associated both with climatic variables (precipitation and evapotranspiration) and with anthropogenic variables (cropland cover and population density).

[Main conclusions]

Our results indicate that the global fire size distribution changes over gradients of precipitation and aridity, and that it is strongly influenced by human activity. This information is essential for understanding potential changes in fire sizes as a result of climate change and socioeconomic dynamics. The ability to improve SOC fire models by including these human and climatic factors would benefit fire projections as well as fire management and policy.},
  journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14136886,anthropogenic-impacts,arid-climate,climate,feedback,forest-resources,global-change,global-scale,precipitation,self-adaptive-systems,self-organization,vegetation,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14136886},
  number = {1}
}

@article{frejavilleSpatiotemporalPatternsChanges2015,
  title = {Spatiotemporal Patterns of Changes in Fire Regime and Climate: Defining the Pyroclimates of South-Eastern {{France}} ({{Mediterranean Basin}})},
  author = {Fr{\'e}javille, Thibaut and Curt, Thomas},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {129},
  pages = {239--251},
  issn = {1573-1480},
  doi = {10.1007/s10584-015-1332-3},
  abstract = {The impacts of climate change on fires are expected to be highly variable spatially and temporally. In heavily anthropized landscapes, the great number of factors affecting fire regimes further limits our ability to predict future fire activity caused by climate. To address this, we develop a new framework for analysing regional changes in fire regimes from specific spatiotemporal patterns of fires and climate, so-called pyroclimates. We aim to test the trends of fire activity and climate (1973-2009) across the Mediterranean and mountain ecosystems of south-eastern France, and to define the spatial distribution of pyroclimates. Stepwise-PCA and cluster analyses reveal that three pyroclimates capture the spatiotemporal patterns associated with fire regime and climatic conditions. Trend tests indicate a high significant increase in spring temperature and fire weather severity for most of the study area. In contrast, a general decreasing pattern of fire activity is observed since the early 1990s, specifically during summer in historically burned regions. However, winter and spring fires are becoming more frequent and extensive in less fire-prone mountains. Cross-correlation analyses indicate that inter-annual variations in extreme fire weather and fire activity were highly correlated. However, the intensity of relationships is pyroclimate-dependent. Our findings reveal that fire-climate relationships changed rapidly over space and time, presumably according to regional changes in land-use and fire policy. Assessing pyroclimates offers new perspectives for fire management and policy by delineating homogeneous zones with respect to fire, climate and their recent trends, and by revealing geographic contrasts in the underlying fire drivers.},
  journal = {Climatic Change},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14143680,anthropic-feedback,anthropogenic-changes,climate,climate-change,fire-weather-index,france,mediterranean-region,prediction-bias,quantile-95,spatial-pattern,spatio-temporal-disaggregation,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14143680},
  number = {1-2}
}

@book{wangUpdatedSourceCode2015,
  title = {Updated Source Code for Calculating Fire Danger Indices in the {{Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System}}},
  author = {Wang, Yonghe and Anderson, Kerry R. and Suddaby, Rod M.},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {NOR-X-424},
  publisher = {{Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre}},
  address = {{Edmonton, Canada}},
  issn = {0831-8247},
  abstract = {This report presents updated versions of the FORTRAN 77 program originally published by the Canadian Forest Service in 1985 and used to calculate the Canadian forest fire weather indices from daily weather observations. The updated program is presented here in FORTRAN 95, C, C++, Python, Java and SAS/IML programming languages to meet the needs of various users. The updated versions are easier to understand and use than the original source code. The updated source codes were written in a modular programming style, consisting of a main program and several subroutines, to enable easy incorporation into other programs. The updated programs were tested against the original FORTRAN 77 code to ensure that consistent results would be obtained. The availability of these source codes allows users to confidently incorporate the Canadian forest fire weather indices into their own programs.},
  isbn = {978-0-660-03779-0},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14025971,aggregated-indices,featured-publication,fire,fire-weather-index,forest-fires,free-scientific-software,free-software,indices,knowledge-freedom,open-science,reference-manual,scientific-knowledge-sharing,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14025971},
  series = {Canadian {{Forest Service Northern Forestry Centre Information Reports}}}
}

@article{allenUnderestimationGlobalVulnerability2015,
  title = {On Underestimation of Global Vulnerability to Tree Mortality and Forest Die-off from Hotter Drought in the {{Anthropocene}}},
  author = {Allen, Craig D. and Breshears, David D. and McDowell, Nate G.},
  year = {2015},
  month = aug,
  volume = {6},
  pages = {art129+},
  issn = {2150-8925},
  doi = {10.1890/es15-00203.1},
  abstract = {Patterns, mechanisms, projections, and consequences of tree mortality and associated broad-scale forest die-off due to drought accompanied by warmer temperatures -- '' hotter drought'', an emerging characteristic of the Anthropocene -- are the focus of rapidly expanding literature. Despite recent observational, experimental, and modeling studies suggesting increased vulnerability of trees to hotter drought and associated pests and pathogens, substantial debate remains among research, management and policy-making communities regarding future tree mortality risks. We summarize key mortality-relevant findings, differentiating between those implying lesser versus greater levels of vulnerability. Evidence suggesting lesser vulnerability includes forest benefits of elevated [CO2] and increased water-use efficiency; observed and modeled increases in forest growth and canopy greening; widespread increases in woody-plant biomass, density, and extent; compensatory physiological, morphological, and genetic mechanisms; dampening ecological feedbacks; and potential mitigation by forest management. In contrast, recent studies document more rapid mortality under hotter drought due to negative tree physiological responses and accelerated biotic attacks. Additional evidence suggesting greater vulnerability includes rising background mortality rates; projected increases in drought frequency, intensity, and duration; limitations of vegetation models such as inadequately represented mortality processes; warming feedbacks from die-off; and wildfire synergies. Grouping these findings we identify ten contrasting perspectives that shape the vulnerability debate but have not been discussed collectively. We also present a set of global vulnerability drivers that are known with high confidence: (1) droughts eventually occur everywhere; (2) warming produces hotter droughts; (3) atmospheric moisture demand increases nonlinearly with temperature during drought; (4) mortality can occur faster in hotter drought, consistent with fundamental physiology; (5) shorter droughts occur more frequently than longer droughts and can become lethal under warming, increasing the frequency of lethal drought nonlinearly; and (6) mortality happens rapidly relative to growth intervals needed for forest recovery. These high-confidence drivers, in concert with research supporting greater vulnerability perspectives, support an overall viewpoint of greater forest vulnerability globally. We surmise that mortality vulnerability is being discounted in part due to difficulties in predicting threshold responses to extreme climate events. Given the profound ecological and societal implications of underestimating global vulnerability to hotter drought, we highlight urgent challenges for research, management, and policy-making communities.},
  journal = {Ecosphere},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13838963,abiotic-factors,anthropocene,bark-beetle,biotic-factors,die-off,droughts,feedback,forest-pests,forest-resources,global-scale,non-linearity,tree-mortality,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13838963},
  number = {8}
}

@article{chuviecoIntegratingGeospatialInformation2014,
  title = {Integrating Geospatial Information into Fire Risk Assessment},
  author = {Chuvieco, E. and Aguado, I. and Jurdao, S. and Pettinari, M. L. and Yebra, M. and Salas, J. and Hantson, S. and {de la Riva}, J. and Ibarra, P. and Rodrigues, M. and Echever{\'r}{\i}a, M. and Azqueta, D. and Rom{\'a}n, M. V. and Bastarrika, A. and Mar{\'t}{\i}nez, S. and Recondo, C. and Zapico, E. and {Mar{\'t}{\i}nez-Vega}, F. J.},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {23},
  pages = {606+},
  issn = {1049-8001},
  doi = {10.1071/wf12052},
  abstract = {Fire risk assessment should take into account the most relevant components associated to fire occurrence. To estimate when and where the fire will produce undesired effects, we need to model both (a) fire ignition and propagation potential and (b) fire vulnerability. Following these ideas, a comprehensive fire risk assessment system is proposed in this paper, which makes extensive use of geographic information technologies to offer a spatially explicit evaluation of fire risk conditions. The paper first describes the conceptual model, then the methods to generate the different input variables, the approaches to merge those variables into synthetic risk indices and finally the validation of the outputs. The model has been applied at a national level for the whole Spanish Iberian territory at 1-km2 spatial resolution. Fire danger included human factors, lightning probability, fuel moisture content of both dead and live fuels and propagation potential. Fire vulnerability was assessed by analysing values-at-risk and landscape resilience. Each input variable included a particular accuracy assessment, whereas the synthetic indices were validated using the most recent fire statistics available. Significant relations (P {$<$} 0.001) with fire occurrence were found for the main synthetic danger indices, particularly for those associated to fuel moisture content conditions.},
  journal = {International Journal of Wildland Fire},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14136880,environmental-modelling,geospatial,integration-techniques,risk-assessment,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14136880},
  number = {5}
}

@article{fraserDeforestationCarvingAmazon2014,
  title = {Deforestation: Carving up the {{Amazon}}},
  author = {Fraser, Barbara},
  year = {2014},
  month = may,
  volume = {509},
  pages = {418--419},
  issn = {0028-0836},
  doi = {10.1038/509418a},
  abstract = {A rash of road construction is causing widespread change in the world's largest tropical forest with potentially global consequences. [excerpt] The drying brought about by roads influences local atmospheric circulation patterns and can have farther-reaching effects that not only compromise the health of the Amazon but can also contribute to global warming by releasing carbon stored in the forest. [...] Stripping away trees not only eliminates a source of moisture; it also changes the regional air flow. As the forest dries, it transfers less moisture to the atmosphere, changing rainfall patterns hundreds or thousands of kilometres downwind. That could affect not only forests and agriculture across the basin, but also the amount of water available to power hydroelectric dams. In a simulation using climate, hydrological and land-use models, Coe and his colleagues projected that reductions in rainfall caused by deforestation could drastically cut the power-generating capacity of Amazonian dams5. That would upset the plans of Brazil, Peru and Ecuador, which intend to increase hydropower to meet rapidly growing electricity demands.

The drying effect reaches well past the forest's edge. And the more fragmented the forest, the wider the impact, according to one study that found canopy drying 2.7 kilometres from the edge of a highly fragmented forest6.

The influence of roads in the Amazon could even reach around the world. Recent lines of research suggest that changes in several factors prevent trees in disrupted forests from storing as much carbon as they did in the past, a shift that could accelerate global warming. [...] Changes in the Amazon's fire potential are also impeding the forest's ability to store carbon. [...] Because they have not evolved in an environment frequently beset by fires, trees in the Amazon forest are susceptible to heat and damage from flames. [...] As the wider impact of Amazonian roads becomes clearer, planners and conservationists face a dilemma. Although roads threaten the forest's health, they also significantly lower costs for farmers and businesses, and can make a difference between life and death for people in remote areas far from hospitals.},
  journal = {Nature},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13177940,amazonia,anthropogenic-changes,anthropogenic-impacts,cross-disciplinary-perspective,deforestation,forest-resources,fragmentation,global-scale,global-warming,integrated-natural-resources-modelling-and-management,tropical-forests,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13177940},
  number = {7501}
}

@article{veraverbekeMappingDailyProgression2014,
  title = {Mapping the Daily Progression of Large Wildland Fires Using {{MODIS}} Active Fire Data},
  author = {Veraverbeke, Sander and Sedano, Fernando and Hook, Simon J. and Randerson, James T. and Jin, Yufang and Rogers, Brendan M.},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {23},
  pages = {655+},
  issn = {1049-8001},
  doi = {10.1071/wf13015},
  abstract = {High temporal resolution information on burnt area is needed to improve fire behaviour and emissions models. We used the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) thermal anomaly and active fire product (MO(Y)D14) as input to a kriging interpolation to derive continuous maps of the timing of burnt area for 16 large wildland fires. For each fire, parameters for the kriging model were defined using variogram analysis. The optimal number of observations used to estimate a pixel's time of burning varied between four and six among the fires studied. The median standard error from kriging ranged between 0.80 and 3.56 days and the median standard error from geolocation uncertainty was between 0.34 and 2.72 days. For nine fires in the south-western US, the accuracy of the kriging model was assessed using high spatial resolution daily fire perimeter data available from the US Forest Service. For these nine fires, we also assessed the temporal reporting accuracy of the MODIS burnt area products (MCD45A1 and MCD64A1). Averaged over the nine fires, the kriging method correctly mapped 73\,\% of the pixels within the accuracy of a single day, compared with 33\,\% for MCD45A1 and 53\,\% for MCD64A1. Systematic application of this algorithm to wildland fires in the future may lead to new information about vegetation, climate and topographic controls on fire behaviour.},
  journal = {International Journal of Wildland Fire},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13314064,mapping,modelling,modis,regression,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13314064},
  number = {5}
}

@article{gitasAdvancesRemoteSensing2014,
  title = {Advances in Remote Sensing and {{GIS}} Applications in Support of Forest Fire Management},
  author = {Gitas, Ioannis Z. and {San-Miguel-Ayanz}, Jes{\'u}s and Chuvieco, Emilio and Camia, Andrea},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {23},
  pages = {603+},
  issn = {1049-8001},
  doi = {10.1071/wf14117},
  abstract = {[Excerpt: Introduction]

In recent years, the importance of wildfires as a natural or a human-induced phenomenon has gained recognition not only at local but also at regional and global levels. Improved remote sensing and computational capabilities enable the rapid processing of large image datasets in near-real time. As a result, remote sensing and geographic information systems are becoming common tools for fire monitoring at local, regional and global levels [...].

[] Wildland fires, a hot topic of research since the early days of satellite remote sensing, have been used extensively for developing and testing new image analysis techniques and methods and Geographical Information System (GIS) models [...]. The European Association of Remote Sensing Laboratories Special Interest Group on Forest Fires (EARSeL FFSIG) actively promotes the integration of remote sensing and GIS into the day-to-day activities of forest managers at all scales, supporting researchers, local governments and global organizations.

[] Since the launch of the Landsat satellite program in the early 1970s, various satellite sensors with different spectral and spatial resolutions have provided increasing capabilities for monitoring natural resources and disturbances [...]. However, a gap between research and operational use of remote sensing and GIS still exists. The complexity in automating pre-processing and the subsequent classification of remotely sensed imagery poses a challenge for wildfire and civil protection managers. It is thus important for the remote sensing research and applications community to develop user-friendly systems and tools that facilitate the access to ready-to-use information on wildland fires for managers and policy-makers.

[] The EARSeL FFSIG was created in 1995, following the initiative of several researchers studying fires in Mediterranean Europe. Since its start, the group has involved international wildland fire researchers on diverse topics such as fire danger [...], damage assessment [...], vulnerability, ecosystem fire effects [...], and emissions [...]. It has organised several technical meetings and specialised publications over the past 18 years and is one of the most active groups within EARSeL.

[] The 8th International EARSeL FFSIG Workshop on Advances in Remote Sensing and GIS Applications in Forest Fire Management, held in Stresa, Italy (20-21 October 2011), was organised by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission in collaboration with the Laboratory of Forest Management and Remote Sensing, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki.

[] The focus of the workshop was on local, regional, national and global applications of remote sensing in forest fire management. More specifically the aim was to identify requirements for the use of remote sensing at different scales ranging from local to global. As a result, the program included papers related to pre-fire planning and management, real-time detection and monitoring of active fires, and evaluation of the effects of forest fires.

[] [...]},
  journal = {International Journal of Wildland Fire},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14136882,forest-fires,gis,management,remote-sensing,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14136882},
  number = {5}
}

@article{rogersQuantifyingFirewideCarbon2014,
  title = {Quantifying Fire-Wide Carbon Emissions in Interior {{Alaska}} Using Field Measurements and {{Landsat}} Imagery},
  author = {Rogers, B. M. and Veraverbeke, S. and Azzari, G. and Czimczik, C. I. and Holden, S. R. and Mouteva, G. O. and Sedano, F. and Treseder, K. K. and Randerson, J. T.},
  year = {2014},
  month = aug,
  volume = {119},
  pages = {2014JG002657+},
  issn = {2169-8961},
  doi = {10.1002/2014jg002657},
  abstract = {Carbon emissions from boreal forest fires are projected to increase with continued warming and constitute a potentially significant positive feedback to climate change. The highest consistent combustion levels are reported in interior Alaska and can be highly variable depending on the consumption of soil organic matter. Here we present an approach for quantifying emissions within a fire perimeter using remote sensing of fire severity. Combustion from belowground and aboveground pools was quantified at 22 sites (17 black spruce and five white spruce-aspen) within the 2010 Gilles Creek burn in interior Alaska, constrained by data from eight unburned sites. We applied allometric equations and estimates of consumption to calculate carbon losses from aboveground vegetation. The position of adventitious spruce roots within the soil column, together with estimated prefire bulk density and carbon concentrations, was used to quantify belowground combustion. The differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) exhibited a clear but nonlinear relationship with combustion that differed by forest type. We used a multiple regression model based on transformed dNBR and deciduous fraction to scale carbon emissions to the fire perimeter, and a Monte Carlo framework to assess uncertainty. Because of low-severity and unburned patches, mean combustion across the fire perimeter (1.98\,{$\pm$}\,0.34\,kg C m-2) was considerably less than within a defined core burn area (2.67\,{$\pm$}\,0.40\,kg C m-2) and the mean at field sites (2.88\,{$\pm$}\,0.23\,kg C m-2). These areas constitute a significant fraction of burn perimeters in Alaska but are generally not accounted for in regional-scale estimates. Although total combustion in black spruce was slightly lower than in white spruce-aspen forests, black spruce covered most of the fire perimeter (62\%) and contributed the majority (67\,{$\pm$}\,16\%) of total emissions. Increases in spring albedo were found to be a viable alternative to dNBR for modeling emissions.},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13362182,alaska,boreal-forests,carbon-emissions,forest-fires,forest-resources,landsat,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13362182},
  number = {8}
}

@techreport{petrasWildfireModelingGRASS2014,
  title = {Wildfire Modeling in {{GRASS GIS}}},
  author = {Petras, Vaclav},
  year = {2014},
  month = apr,
  abstract = {[Description] This paper introduces implementation of wildfire modeling tool for GRASS GIS named r.fire.spread based on existing r.ros and r.spread modules which were reviewed as part of this project. The new tools was tested in the Lewis Mountain study area in Shenandoah National Park in Virginia and compared to an actual fire which happened in the area in April 2006.

[Excerpt: Introduction] The core of wildre spread modeling in GRASS GIS [Neteler et al. 2012] consists of two modules r.ros and r.spread [Xu 1994]. The r.ros module computes rate of spread and the r.spread performs the re spread simulation including the computation of possible spotting. The additional processing can be done using r.spreadpath or other GRASS GIS modules as well as preparation of the input data for the simulation where for example, r.reclass can by used to convert input data from a certain fuel model to the fuel model used by r.ros and r.spread modules. Additionally, these modules can be used to simulate also other events, not only re spread, when proper inputs are specied [Indruszewski and Barton 2006].

[\textbackslash n] The re models are compared to real wildres or to controlled test res [Clements et al. 2007]. The GRASS GIS wildre modeling tools were developed in the US context but recently these tools were also successfully tested in Europe [Di Leo et al. 2013; de Rigo et al. 2013].

[\textbackslash n] However, the GRASS GIS r.ros and r.spread modules accept only one state of input parameters and changes in weather conditions are not supported. Moreover, the r.spread module produces only the resulting burned area and does not produce states of burned area during simulation. Thus, I implemented a higher level interface for r.ros and r.spread modules in the way that it accepts time series of input data and yields these intermediate states.

[\textbackslash n] In order to ensure quality of the wildre modeling tools the tools will be tested in the Lewis Mountain study area where an actual re happened.

[\textbackslash n] [...]

[Results] I implemented a first prototype of the r.re.spread module which accepts several moisture and wind states and corresponding times. The module performs the simulation of the re spread according to changing moisture and wind conditions. It is possible to specify interval in which intermediate states of the re spread should be exported. The r.re.spread module uses r.ros and r.spread modules in the background.

[\textbackslash n] Unfortunately, due to the fact that input parameters for the simulation were determined by running the simulation several times and changing the input parameters to t the simulation result to the real re data, it is was not possible to use this data for exact testing of the existing modules and newly developed module. Thus, the test of the tools should be seen as a rst step in a calibration of the wildre spread model. [...]

[Future work] Because the input and outputs of the r.re.spread modules are time series of data, the inputs and outputs should be temporal datasets. However, this may limit simple usages of this module and may require user to always use the temporal datasets3 or number of parameters would grow signicantly (if both classic series and temporal datasets would be supported). 

[\textbackslash n] Although some changes in documentation were done already, much more changes are still need due to the fact that the combining of general and re-related terminology is present in all parts of the documentation. Additionally, the module r.re.spread currently lacks documentation. In this case, the documentation will use only re-related terminology.

[\textbackslash n] [...]

[Conclusion] The new higher level interface for wildre modeling in GRASS GIS is in the stage of a rst prototype. The test in the study area showed that the implementation of the higher lever interface as well as the underlying modules are capable of simulating wildre spread at certain conditions. The new interface for wildre modeling, r.re.spread module, is not yet available in the ocial GRASS GIS Addons repository but it will hopefully be available in the future. Currently, r.re.spread module is available at NCSU GeoForAll Lab repository.

[\textbackslash n] [...]},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14133935,data-transformation-modelling,environmental-modelling,geospatial,grass-gis,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14133935}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@electronic{citeulike:14022069,
    abstract = {List of indexed keywords within the transdisciplinary set of domains which relate to the Integrated Natural Resources Modelling and Management ({INRMM}). In particular, the list of keywords maps the semantic tags in the {INRMM} Meta-information Database ({INRMM}-{MiD}).

[\n] The {INRMM}-{MiD} records providing this list are accessible by the special tag: inrmm-list-of-tags ( {http://mfkp.org/INRMM}/tag/inrmm-list-of-tags ).},
    author = {{M.R.I.}},
    citeulike-article-id = {14022069},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://www.citeulike.org/group/15400/tag/inrmm-list-of-tags},
    citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/tag/inrmm-list-of-tags},
    keywords = {inrmm-list-of-tags, vinca-spp, vineyards, violin, viral-disease, virgin-forest, virola-koschnyi, viscum-album, visual-assessment, visual-interpretation, visual-notation, visualization, vitality, vitex-keniensis, vitis-spp, vochysia-divergens, vochysia-ferruginea, vochysia-guatemalensis, volatiles, volcanic-eruptions, volunteered-geographic-information, vulnerability, walnut, walnut-leaf, warming, washingtonia-filifera, washingtonia-robusta, water, water-balance, water-erosion, water-impoundment, water-potential, water-quality, water-reservoir-management, water-reservoir-network, water-resources, water-resources-management, water-scarcity, water-security, water-storage, water-stress, water-use-efficiency, waterlogging, waves-energy, web-and-information-technologies, web-coverage-services, web-map-services, web-processing-services, web-services, weibull-distribution, weighting, wepp, west-antartica, western-alps, western-asia, western-europe, western-mediterranean, westringia-fruticosa, wetland-investigations, wetlands, wheat, wicked-problem, wide-scale, wide-scale-transdisciplinary-modelling-for-environment, widespread-plant-species, wiesa, wiki-communication, wild-service-tree, wilderness, wildfires, wilt, wind, wind-damage, wind-energy, wind-model, windstorm, windthrow, wine-barrel, winter-robustness, wisteria-sinensis, wollemia-nobilis, wood-instrument, wood-market, wood-pellet, wood-production, wood-properties, wood-shreds, wood-structure, wood-technology, wooden-artifact, wooden-foundation, woodland, woods, woodworm, woody-species, word-processor-errors, work-life-balance, workflow, workflow-dependencies, worldclim},
    month = feb,
    posted-at = {2016-04-26 17:31:12},
    priority = {2},
    title = {List of keywords of the {INRMM} meta-information database - part 38},
    url = {http://www.citeulike.org/group/15400/tag/inrmm-list-of-tags},
    year = {2014}
}

@article{seidlIncreasingForestDisturbances2014,
  title = {Increasing Forest Disturbances in {{Europe}} and Their Impact on Carbon Storage},
  author = {Seidl, Rupert and Schelhaas, Mart-Jan and Rammer, Werner and Verkerk, Pieter J.},
  year = {2014},
  month = aug,
  volume = {4},
  pages = {806--810},
  issn = {1758-678X},
  doi = {10.1038/nclimate2318},
  abstract = {Disturbances from wind, bark beetles and wildfires have increased in Europe's forests throughout the twentieth century1. Climatic changes were identified as a key driver behind this increase2, yet how the expected continuation of climate change will affect Europe's forest disturbance regime remains unresolved. Increasing disturbances could strongly impact the forest carbon budget3, 4, and are suggested to contribute to the recently observed carbon sink saturation in Europe's forests5. Here we show that forest disturbance damage in Europe has continued to increase in the first decade of the twenty-first century. On the basis of an ensemble of climate change scenarios we find that damage from wind, bark beetles and forest fires is likely to increase further in coming decades, and estimate the rate of increase to be +0.91 \texttimes{} 106 m3 of timber per year until 2030. We show that this intensification can offset the effect of management strategies aiming to increase the forest carbon sink, and calculate the disturbance-related reduction of the carbon storage potential in Europe's forests to be 503.4 Tg C in 2021-2030. Our results highlight the considerable carbon cycle feedbacks of changing disturbance regimes, and underline that future forest policy and management will require a stronger focus on disturbance risk and resilience.},
  journal = {Nature Climate Change},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13316026,disturbances,europe,forest-fires,forest-pests,forest-resources,integrated-modelling,integration-techniques,organic-carbon,wildfires,windstorm},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13316026},
  number = {9}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@book{ citeulike:13131766,
  abstract = {The objective of the {JRC} {PESETA} {II} project is to gain insights into the sectoral and regional patterns of climate change impacts in Europe by the end of this century. The study uses a large set of climate model runs and impact categories (ten impacts: agriculture, energy, river floods, droughts, forest fires, transport infrastructure, coasts, tourism, habitat suitability of forest tree species and human health). The project integrates biophysical direct climate impacts into a macroeconomic economic model, which enables the comparison of the different impacts based on common metrics (household welfare and economic activity). Under the reference simulation the annual total damages would be around €190 billion/year, almost 2% of {EU} {GDP}. The geographical distribution of the climate damages is very asymmetric with a clear bias towards the southern European regions. More than half of the overall annual {EU} damages are estimated to be due to the additional premature mortality (€120 billion). Moving to a {2°C} world would reduce annual climate damages by €60 billion, to €120 billion (1.2% of {GDP}).},
  author = {Ciscar, Juan-Carlos and Feyen, Luc and Soria, Antonio and Lavalle, Carlo and Raes, Frank and Perry, Miles and Nemry, Fraņ{c}oise and Demirel, Hande and Rozsai, Ḿ{a}té and Dosio, Alessandro and Donatelli, Marcello and Srivastava, Amit K. and Fumagalli, Davide and Niemeyer, Stefan and Shrestha, Shailesh and Ciaian, Pavel and Himics, Mihaly and Van Doorslaer, Benjamin and Barrios, Salvador and Ib́{a}ñez, Nicoĺ{a}s and Forzieri, Giovanni and Rojas, Rodrigo and Bianchi, Alessandra and Dowling, Paul and Camia, Andrea and Libert̀{a}, Giorgio and San-Miguel-Ayanz, Jesús and de Rigo, Daniele and Caudullo, Giovanni and Barredo, Jose I. and Paci, Daniele and Pycroft, Jonathan and Saveyn, Bert and Van Regemorter, Denise and Revesz, Tamas and Vandyck, Toon and Vrontisi, Zoi and Baranzelli, Claudia and Vandecasteele, Ine and Batista e Silva, Filipe and Ibarreta, Dolores},
  citeulike-article-id = {13131766},
  citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/13131766},
  citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=2203058251769302447,6951639428948613913,10849584098055651870},
  citeulike-linkout-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2791/7409},
  citeulike-linkout-3 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2791/7409},
  citeulike-linkout-4 = {http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/55725},
  citeulike-linkout-5 = {http://dx.doi.org/},
  citeulike-linkout-6 = {http://mastrave.org/doc/PESETA-II_EUR-SciTechRes_2014_summary.pdf},
  citeulike-linkout-7 = {http://www.researchgate.net/publication/261509684_Climate_Impacts_in_Europe_-_The_JRC_PESETA_II_project._%28complete_report%29/file/ef3175346bec3ec147.pdf},
  citeulike-linkout-8 = {http://www.researchgate.net/publication/261472653_Climate_Impacts_in_Europe_-_The_JRC_PESETA_II_project/file/60b7d53469d31a5d07.pdf},
  citeulike-linkout-9 = {http://www.worldcat.org/isbn/978-92-79-36833-2},
  comment = {== References ==
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# Reilly, J., Paltsev, S., Strzepek, K., Selin, NE., Cai, Y., Nam, K-M., Monier, E., Dutkiewicz, S., Scott, J., Webster, M., Sokolov, A. (2013). Valuing climate impacts in integrated assessment models: the MIT IGSM. Climatic Change 117(3):561-573. doi: 10.1007/s10584-012-0635-x .
# Ridley, J., Gregory, J.M., Huybrechts, P., Lowe, J. (2009). Thresholds for irreversible decline of the Greenland ice sheet. Clim. Dynam. 35:1049-1057. doi: 10.1007/s00382-009-0646-0 .
# Robinson, A., Calov, R., Ganopolski, A. (2012). Multistability and critical thresholds of the Greenland ice sheet. Nature Climate Change, advance online publication. 2:429– 432. doi: 10.1038/nclimate1449 .
# Rodriguez Aseretto, D., de Rigo, D., Di Leo, M., Cortés, A., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J. (2013). A data-driven model for large wildfire behaviour prediction in Europe. Procedia Computer Science 18:1861–1870. doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2013.05.355 .
# Rojas, R., Feyen, L., Dosio, A., Bavera, D. (2011). Improving pan-European hydrological simulation of extreme events through statistical bias correction of RCM-driven climate simulations. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 15:2599-2620, doi: 10.5194/hess-15-2599-2011 .
# Rojas, R., Feyen, L., Watkiss, P. (2013). Climate change and river floods in the European Union: Socio-economic consequences and the costs and benefits of adaptation. Global Environ. Change 23(6):1737–1751. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.08.006 .
# Schlenker, W., Roberts, M.J. (2009). Nonlinear Temperature Effects indicate Severe Damages to U.S. Crop Yields under Climate Change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106(37):15594-15598. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0906865106 .
# Schmittner, A., Latif, M., Schneider, B. (2005). Model Projections of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation for the 21st century assessed by observations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32:L23710. doi: 10.1029/2005GL024368 .
# Schellnhuber, H.J., Frieler, K., Kabat, P. (2013). The elephant, the blind, and the intersectoral intercomparison of climate impacts, PNAS 111(9):3225–3227. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1321791111 .
# Shrestha, S., Ciaian, P., Himics, M., Van Doorslaer, B. (2013). Impacts of climate change on EU agriculture. Review of Agricultural and Applied Economics 16(2):24-39. http://purl.umn.edu/158096 .
# Slangen, A., Katsman, C., van de Wal, R., Vermeersen, L., Riva, R. (2012). Towards regional projections of twenty-first century sea-level change based on IPCC SRES scenarios, Climate Dynamics 38(5-6):1191-1209. doi: 10.1007/s00382-011-1057-6 .
# Smith, J.B., Schneider, S.H., Oppenheimer, M., Yohe, G.W., Hare, W., Mastrandrea, M.D., Patwardhan, A., Burton, I., Corfee-Morlot, J., Magadza, C.H.D., Fussel, H.M., Pittock, A.B., Rahman, A., Suarez, A., van Ypersele, J.P. (2009). Assessing dangerous climate change through an update of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 'reasons for concern'. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106:4133–4137. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0812355106 .
# Tabor, K., Williams, J.W. (2010). Globally downscaled projections for assessing the conservation impacts of climate change. Ecological Applications 20(2):554–565. doi: 10.1890/09-0173.1 .
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# Watkiss, P., Hunt, A. (2012). Projection of economic impacts of climate change in sectors of Europe based on bottom up analysis: human health. Climatic Change 112(1):101-126. doi: 10.1007/s10584-011-0342-z .
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# Woollings, T. (2010). Dynamical influences on European climate: An uncertain future. Phil. Trans. A. 368:3733-3756. doi: 10.1098/rsta.2010.0040 .
# Wright, L., Chinowsky, P., Strzepek, K., Jones, R., Streeter, R., Smith, J.B., Mayotte, J.M., Powell, A., Jantarasami, L., Perkins, W. (2012). Estimated effects of climate change on flood vulnerability of U.S. bridges. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 17(8)939-955. doi: 10.1007/s11027-011-9354-2 .
# Xoplaki, E., Trigo, R.M., García-Herrera, R., Barriopedro, D., D'Andrea, F., Gimeno, L., Gouveia, C., Hernandez, E., Kuglitsch, F.G., Mariotti, A., Nieto, R., Pinto, J.G., Pozo-V́{a}zquez, D., Saaroni, H., Toreti, A., Trigo, I.F., Vicente-Serrano, S.M., Yiou, P., Ziv, B. (2011). Large-scale ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION driving extreme climate events in the Mediterranean in "Mediterranean Climate: from Past to Future", Ed. P Lionello, Elsevier.
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---=note-separator=---
== Figures ==

* Video:    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1RGyfQplo0
* Source:   https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/news/new-study-quantifies-effects-climate-change-europe
* Caption:  "Reducing emissions saves billions, saves lives" is a video that presents the main conclusions of Joint Research Centre's study PESETA, which investigates climate change impacts across Europe. The research integrates what is known on climate impacts in the various natural science disciplines into the economic analysis. It takes into consideration current projections on estimated CO2 emissions, the potential range of climate variations (temperature, rain, wind, solar radiation, air humidity) and the biophysical impacts (agriculture yields, river floods, and transport infrastructure losses) to assess the economic burden of potential climate scenarios.

According to its conclusions, if no further action is taken and global temperature increases by 3.5°C, climate damages in the EU could amount to at least €190 billion, a net welfare loss of 1.8% of its current GDP. Several weather-related extremes could roughly double their average frequency. As a consequence, heat-related deaths could reach about 200 000, the cost of river flood damages could exceed €10 billion and 8000 km2 of forest could burn in southern Europe. The number of people affected by droughts could increase by a factor of seven and coastal damage, due to sea-level rise, could more than triple. These economic assessments are based on scenarios where the climate expected by the end of the century (2080s) occurs in the current population and economic landscape.


* Figure:   http://www.webcitation.org/getfile.php?fileid=3c3de00e72878639907b744df5efa5dd8e40c9f1
* Source:   http://peseta.jrc.ec.europa.eu/economic_results.html
* Archived: http://www.webcitation.org/6UYSwpqzx
* Caption:  Welfare change is an appropriate metric to interpret the results of GEM-E3, as the economic model is rooted in neoclassical economics, where households pursue the maximisation of their welfare levels. Welfare changes for the core Reference and 2°C runs are shown below, expressed as a percentage of GDP. The net welfare loss is estimated to be 1.8% of GDP under the Reference run. The greatest negative impacts (2/3 of the total) are associated with the damages to human health, illustrating the fact that ignoring non-market impacts in the economic analysis of climate impacts can lead to severe underestimation of the overall climate damages. Other notable negative impacts are demand for energy in Southern Europe and coastal impacts (sea level rise) elsewhere. In Southern Europe, increased energy expenditure reduces consumers' welfare, even though it adds to GDP. This is because consumers have to reduce expenditure on other items and spend more on energy merely to maintain the same level of comfort. In the other regions, the opposite is true.},
  doi = {10.2791/7409},
  editor = {Ciscar, J. C.},
  isbn = {978-92-79-36833-2},
  issn = {1831-9424},
  keywords = {agricultural-resources, anthropogenic-impacts, bias-correction, biodiversity-impacts, climate-change, climate-projections, coastline, economic-impacts, ecosystem, energy, environmental-modelling, europe, forest-resources, integration-techniques, ipcc-scenarios, mastrave-modelling-library, modelling, multiauthor, regional-climate-models, relative-distance-similarity, scenario-analysis, science-policy-interface, semantic-array-programming, tipping-point, transdisciplinary-research, uncertainty, water-resources, wildfires},
  note = {155 pp.},
  posted-at = {2014-04-09 18:07:55},
  priority = {2},
  publisher = {Publications Office of the European Union},
  series = {EUR – Scientific and Technical Research},
  title = {Climate Impacts in {E}urope - The {JRC} {PESETA II} project},
  url = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/13131766},
  volume = {26586},
  year = {2014}
}

Paper  Website  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment},
 type = {article},
 year = {2013},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {ac,aerosol,agricultural area of tocantins,allan,amazon,ams,biomass,black carbon,climate forcing,james,manchester,presenting author email,principally smouldering in nature,sampled fires in an,uk,whereas b742,which,wildfires},
 pages = {5380-5552},
 volume = {118},
 websites = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jgrd.50171},
 month = {1},
 day = {16},
 id = {d909736a-1237-360b-aa8a-d6a11bea06d7},
 created = {2015-05-08T02:34:03.000Z},
 accessed = {2013-05-23},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {f8c267c4-4c39-31dc-80fa-3a9691373386},
 group_id = {63e349d6-2c70-3938-9e67-2f6483f6cbab},
 last_modified = {2015-05-08T11:09:16.000Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 abstract = {Black carbon aerosol plays a unique and important role in Earth's climate system. Black carbon is a type of carbonaceous material with a unique combination of physical properties. This assessment provides an evaluation of black-carbon climate forcing that is comprehensive in its inclusion of all known and relevant processes and that is quantitative in providing best estimates and uncertainties of the main forcing terms: direct solar absorption, influence on liquid, mixed-phase, and ice clouds, and deposition on snow and ice. These effects are calculated with climate models, but when possible, they are evaluated with both microphysical measurements and field observations. Predominant sources are combustion related; namely, fossil fuels for transportation, solid fuels for industrial and residential uses, and open burning of biomass. Total global emissions of black carbon using bottom-up inventory methods are 7500 Gg yr-1 in the year 2000 with an uncertainty range of 2000 to 29000. However, global atmospheric absorption attributable to black carbon is too low in many models, and should be increased by a factor of almost three. After this scaling, the best estimate for the industrial-era (1750 to 2005) direct radiative forcing of atmospheric black carbon is +0.71 W m-2 with 90% uncertainty bounds of (+0.08, +1.27) W m-2. Total direct forcing by all black carbon sources, without subtracting the pre-industrial background, is estimated as +0.88 (+0.17, +1.48) W m-2. Direct radiative forcing alone does not capture important rapid adjustment mechanisms. A framework is described and used for quantifying climate forcings, including rapid adjustments. The best estimate of industrial-era climate forcing of black carbon through all forcing mechanisms, including clouds and cryosphere forcing, is +1.1 W m-2 with 90% uncertainty bounds of +0.17 to +2.1 W m-2. Thus, there is a very high probability that black carbon emissions, independent of co-emitted species, have a positive forcing and warm the climate. We estimate that black carbon, with a total climate forcing of +1.1 W m-2, is the second most important human emission in terms of its climate-forcing in the present-day atmosphere; only carbon dioxide is estimated to have a greater forcing. Sources that emit black carbon also emit other short-lived species that may either cool or warm climate. Climate forcings from co-emitted species are estimated and used in the framework described herein. When the principal effects of co-emissions, including cooling agents such as sulfur dioxide, are included in net forcing, energy-related sources (fossil-fuel and biofuel) have an industrial-era climate forcing of +0.22 (-0.50 to +1.08) W m-2 during the first year after emission. For a few of these sources, such as diesel engines and possibly residential biofuels, warming is strong enough that eliminating all emissions from these sources would reduce net climate forcing (i.e., produce cooling). When open burning emissions, which emit high levels of organic matter, are included in the total, the best estimate of net industrial-era climate forcing by all black-carbon-rich sources becomes slightly negative (-0.06 W m-2 with 90% uncertainty bounds of -1.45 to +1.29 W m-2). The uncertainties in net climate forcing from black-carbon-rich sources are substantial, largely due to lack of knowledge about cloud interactions with both black carbon and co-emitted organic carbon. In prioritizing potential black-carbon mitigation actions, non-science factors, such as technical feasibility, costs, policy design, and implementation feasibility play important roles. The major sources of black carbon are presently in different stages with regard to the feasibility for near-term mitigation. This assessment, by evaluating the large number and complexity of the associated physical and radiative processes in black-carbon climate forcing, sets a baseline from which to improve future climate forcing estimates.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Bond, T. C. and Doherty, S. J. and Fahey, D. W. and Forster, P. M. and Berntsen, T. and Deangelo, B. J. and Flanner, M. G. and Ghan, S. and Kärcher, B. and Koch, D. and Kinne, S. and Kondo, Y. and Quinn, P. K. and Sarofim, M. C. and Schultz, M. G. and Schulz, M. and Venkataraman, C. and Zhang, H. and Zhang, S. and Bellouin, N. and Guttikunda, S. K. and Hopke, P. K. and Jacobson, M. Z. and Kaiser, J. W. and Klimont, Z. and Lohmann, U. and Schwarz, J. P. and Shindell, D. and Storelvmo, T. and Warren, S. G. and Zender, C. S.},
 journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
 number = {11}
}

@article{sullivanDeterminingLandscapeFine2013,
  title = {Determining Landscape Fine Fuel Moisture Content of the {{Kilmore East}} '{{Black Saturday}}' Wildfire Using Spatially-Extended Point-Based Models},
  author = {Sullivan, A. L. and Matthews, S.},
  year = {2013},
  month = feb,
  volume = {40},
  pages = {98--108},
  issn = {1364-8152},
  doi = {10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.08.008},
  abstract = {[Abstract]

Fuel moisture is the most dynamic component of bushfire fuels. It varies rapidly both spatially and temporally and plays a significant role in determining the behaviour and spread of bushfires, particularly through combustibility and ease of ignition of dead fine fuels (i.e. particle diameter {$<$}6 mm). The Kilmore East fire in Victoria, Australia, on 7 February, 2009 ( '' Black Saturday'') was the most destructive bushfire in Australia's history. Its behaviour was characterised by mass spotting (the launch, transport and landing of burning firebrands that ignited new fires downwind of the main fire), an indication of low fine surface fuel moisture content (FMC). However, no direct measurements of FMC were taken during the run of the fire.

[\textbackslash n] Existing point-based models of dead fine FMC of grass and forest litter fuels were used in conjunction with historical weather, topographic and fuel data for the fire area to investigate the likely spatial and temporal variation in landscape FMC during the event for the purpose of reconstructing the fire's propagation. To assess model performance, output was compared with the only suitable fuel moisture data collected in the region of the fire, measured at two locations ten days after the event. The model was found to be within 1\,\% under adsorption conditions at one location and within 33\,\% under desorption conditions at the other. The model was also used to study the effect of an intensive five day heatwave in the week prior to the fire event on FMC. In the absence of the heatwave, predicted FMC was 2.5 times higher than with the heatwave, however the effect of increased FMC was short-lived and would not have had a direct impact on the fine FMC during the fire event a week later, although it may have affected live fuels or larger dead fuels.

[Highlights]

[::] The Kilmore East wildfire on Black Saturday was the deadliest in Australia's history. [::] Understanding the behaviour of such high intensity bushfires is very important. [::] Fine fuel moisture content (FMC) is an important determinant of bushfire behaviour. [::] Non-spatial FMC models were extended to study landscape fuel moisture on the day. [::] Results suggest fuel moisture across the landscape was critically low at {$<$}5\,\%.},
  journal = {Environmental Modelling \& Software},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14074034,~to-add-doi-URL,agricultural-land,agricultural-resources,australia,disasters,disturbances,elevation,fine-fuel-moisture-content,forest-resources,grasslands,slope,solar-radiation,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14074034}
}

@book{allardStateMediterraneanForests2013,
  title = {State of {{Mediterranean}} Forests 2013},
  author = {Allard, Gillian and Berrahmouni, Nora and Besacier, Christophe and Boglio, Denis and Briens, Marion and Brizay, Arnaud and Camia, Andrea and Colletti, Lorenzah and Conigliaro, Michela and D'Annunzio, Remi and Ducci, Fulvio and Duclercq, Marion and Dupuy, Jean-Luc and Fady, Bruno and Fages, Bertille and Garavaglia, Valentina and Gauthier, Michelle and Giraud, Jean-Pierre and Huc, Roland and {Gonz{\'a}lez-Mar{\'t}{\i}nez}, Santiago C. and Gouriveau, Fabrice and Gracia, Carles and Lef{\`e}vre, Fran{\c c}ois and Mavsar, Robert and Michel, Edouard and Milano, Marianne and Moore, Beverly and Mutke, Sven and Muys, Bart and Numa, Catherine and Palahi, Marc and Piazzetta, Renaud and Piqu{\'e}, Miriam and Plana, Eduard and Rego, Francisco and Rigolot, Eric and Salbitano, Fabio and Sanesi, Giovanni and {San-Miguel-Ayanz}, Jes{\'u}s and Sebasti{\`a}, Maria T. and Solano, David and Valdebarrano, Marcos and Vayrand, Remi and Vendramin, Giovanni G. and Anguita, Gonzalo and Besacier, Christophe and Buttoud, G{\'e}rard and Caccianiga, Marco and Florian, Diego and Houston Durrant, Tracy and Jonsson, Orjan and Legros, Dominique and Mariano, Angelo and Santos, Vera and Sarmiento, Tatiana and Sarre, Alastair D. and Steierer, Florian and Vantomme, Paul},
  editor = {Besacier, Christophe and Cenciarelli, Roberto and Giraud, Jean-Pierre and Garavaglia, Valentina and Sarre, Alastair D.},
  year = {2013},
  publisher = {{FAO}},
  abstract = {[Abstract] Forest ecosystems and other wooded lands are an important component of landscapes in the Mediterranean region, contributing significantly to rural development, poverty alleviation and food security. They are sources of wood, cork, energy, food and incomes, and they provide important ecosystem services such as biodiversity conservation, soil and water protection, recreation and carbon storage. They are crucial for many of the region's economic sectors, such as food supply, agriculture, soil and water conservation, drinking water supply, tourism and energy. The State of Mediterranean Forests 2013 (SoMF 2013) represents a major effort of the FAO Committee on Mediterranean Forestry Questions-Silva mediterranea and Plan Bleu, FAO's Forestry Department, Silva Mediterranea member countries, partners and individual experts many of which gave freely their time and expertise.

[Conclusions] The Mediterranean region will be strongly affected by climate change. Data published in this first State of Mediterranean Forests confirm once more that climate change is already a reality in the region. During the twentieth century, temperatures have increased on average by more than 1\textdegree C in the south-western Europe (Iberian Peninsula and southern France) and the trend is clearly accelerating since the 1970s. This is also evident in Mediterranean North African territories. In some parts of southern and eastern Mediterranean region, there was also a decline in rainfall of up to 20\,\%. The current climate change is expected to continue and intensify in the coming decades throughout the region and, by 2100, temperatures are expected to increase by an average of 2\textdegree C to 4\textdegree C, precipitations could decrease by 4\,\% to 30\,\% while the sea level would probably rise by 18 to 59 cm. The vulnerability of Mediterranean countries to climate change is also related to the constant degradation of water resources (e.g. overexploitation, pollution, salinization, reduced rainfall) and to the increase of water demand by agricultural, urban and energy sectors. According to climate scenarios, water availability in some countries of southern and eastern Mediterranean region could be divided by four as a result of a reduction in precipitations. The increased variability in spatial and temporal distribution of precipitations will lead to extreme climatic events (floods, heat waves, droughts, etc.), hazards often associated to disastrous human and economic losses. The effects of climate change, observed and predicted, and in particular the increase of extremes events, are carrying new threats and risks that will exacerbate existing pressures, environmental degradation and vulnerability of Mediterranean ecosystems and populations. As a result, the Mediterranean environment will probably suffer major changes, sometimes irreversible, affecting the most vulnerable forest ecosystems (e.g. populations at the edge of the species distribution area). Water scarcity will probably affect more Mediterranean countries in the next years. This will have serious consequences on the well-being of populations and local economies and will increase pressures on the environment and cause land degradation. Moreover, it should be noted that overcrowded forest stands, due to the lack of forest management, may be more vulnerable to natural hazards such as pest, disease and forest fires. Strategies for the management of Mediterranean forests should carefully take in account issues related to water scarcity in order to strengthen their resilience and to equally distribute resources, based on the needs of different sectors of national economies. In this context, several regional initiatives are already underway to mitigate impacts of climate change on Mediterranean forest ecosystems and other woodlands, however improvements are strongly required.

Four major initiatives should be supported in the long term: 1. Improve sharing available information on Mediterranean forest ecosystems and other wooded lands with the publication, every five years, of the State of Mediterranean Forests. The publication of the State of Mediterranean Forests 2013 shows that countries are fully aware of the need to have a tool to assess and monitor their situation to provide appropriate responses to global changes in the Mediterranean region. 2. Develop and implement a shared vision through the implementation of the recommendations adopted in March 2013 during the Third Mediterranean Forest Week (Tlemcen, Algeria) with the Tlemcen Declaration and the document entitled '' Strategic Framework on Mediterranean Forests (SFMF): policy orientations for integrated management of forest ecosystems in the Mediterranean''. 3. Strengthen the regional cooperation between territories around the Mediterranean Sea with i) the development of the Collaborative Partnership on Mediterranean Forests (CPMF), ii) the implementation of the Mediterranean Forest Research Agenda (MFRA 2010-2020) managed by EFIMED and iii)strengthening the coordinating role of the Committee on Mediterranean Forestry Questions-Silva Mediterranea. 4. Mobilize financial resources to reduce the impacts of climate change on Mediterranean forest ecosystems and other wooded lands. Regarding the mobilization of financial resources, it would be necessary to adapt the existing financial mechanisms and also create innovative financing mechanisms to support implementation of forest policies.},
  isbn = {978-92-5-107984-3},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13160154,climate-change,climate-extremes,disturbances,environmental-policy,floods,forest-fires,forest-resources,heatwaves,mediterranean-region,multiauthor,science-policy-interface,statistics,water-scarcity,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13160154}
}

@article{koutsiasRelationshipsForestFires2013,
  title = {On the Relationships between Forest Fires and Weather Conditions in {{Greece}} from Long-Term National Observations (1894-2010)},
  author = {Koutsias, Nikos and Xanthopoulos, Gavriil and Founda, Dimitra and Xystrakis, Fotios and Nioti, Foula and Pleniou, Magdalini and Mallinis, Giorgos and Arianoutsou, Margarita},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {22},
  pages = {493+},
  issn = {1049-8001},
  doi = {10.1071/wf12003},
  abstract = {Historical fire records and meteorological observations, spanning more than 1 century (1894-2010), were gathered and assembled in a database, to provide long-term fire-weather associations. We investigated the relationships between forest fire activity and meteorological parameters and sought to find temporal patterns and trends in these historical records and to identify any linkages between meteorological parameters and fire occurrence in the eastern Mediterranean region. Trend analysis of the time series revealed a statistically significant increase in the number of fires and air temperature, particularly after the mid-1970s. Fire occurrence, expressed as the annual number of fires and total burnt area, was strongly correlated with the mean maximum and the absolute maximum air temperature which, in turn, was related to the occurrence of summer heat waves. Total burnt area was also strongly negatively correlated with fire-season precipitation, and positively correlated with 2-year-lagged annual and summer precipitation, underlying the effect of precipitation in controlling fuel production and moisture. These findings support the argument that although annually lagged precipitation totals may have a marginal effect on fire risk by influencing biomass production and accumulation, the lag0 weather parameters are the main drivers of fire spread by directly controlling fuel moisture.},
  journal = {International Journal of Wildland Fire},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14174567,~to-add-doi-URL,climate-extremes,extreme-events,extreme-weather,fire-fuel,forest-fires,forest-resources,fuel-moisture,greece,heatwaves,historical-perspective,precipitation,temperature,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14174567},
  number = {4}
}

@article{mcinerneyDesignFunctionEuropean2013,
  title = {Design and Function of the {{European Forest Fire Information System}}},
  author = {McInerney, Daniel and {San-Miguel-Ayanz}, Jesus and Corti, Paolo and Whitmore, Ceri and Giovando, Cristiano and Camia, Andrea},
  year = {2013},
  month = oct,
  volume = {79},
  pages = {965--973},
  issn = {0099-1112},
  doi = {10.14358/pers.79.10.965},
  abstract = {The European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS) is a modular decision support system that monitors forest fires at a continental scale. It delivers real-time, multi-dimensional data on forest fires to civil protection and fire fighting services in Europe, North Africa, and the Middle-East. Since its inception in 2001, EFFIS has evolved into the central reference point for pan-European forest and wildfire information, and this paper describes and current applications demonstrate the state-of-the-art fire information systems that provide data to civil protection authorities across Europe. The objective of EFFIS is to provide accurate data in order to assess and mitigate the impacts of wildfire events on society and the environment. Furthermore, EFFIS provides real-time information on critical fires, supporting decision making for international collaboration on forest fire fighting activities. Its goal is to make these data readily available using Web-based standards and protocols.},
  journal = {Photogrammetric Engineering \& Remote Sensing},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13090546,decision-support-system,effis,europe,forest-fires,forest-resources,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13090546},
  number = {10}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{ citeulike:12540695,
  abstract = {Wildfires in Europe - especially in the Mediterranean region - are one of the major treats at landscape scale.
While their immediate impact ranges from endangering human life to the destruction of economic assets, other damages exceed the spatio-temporal scale of a fire event. Wildfires involving forest resources are associated with intense carbon emissions and alteration of surrounding ecosystems. The induced land cover degradation has also a potential role in exacerbating soil erosion and shallow landslides.
A component of the complexity in assessing fire impacts resides in the difference between uncontrolled wildfires and those for which a control strategy is applied. Robust modelling of wildfire behaviour requires dynamic simulations under an array of multiple fuel models, meteorological disturbances and control strategies for mitigating fire damages.
Uncertainty is associated to meteorological forecast and fuel model estimation. Software uncertainty also derives from the data-transformation models needed for predicting the wildfire behaviour and its consequences. The complex and dynamic interactions of these factors define a context of deep uncertainty. Here an architecture for adaptive and robust modelling of wildfire behaviour is proposed, following the semantic array programming paradigm. The mathematical conceptualisation focuses on the dynamic exploitation of updated meteorological information and the design flexibility in adapting to the heterogeneous European conditions. Also, the modelling architecture proposes a multi-criteria approach for assessing the potential impact with qualitative rapid assessment methods and more accurate a-posteriori assessment.},
  author = {de Rigo, Daniele and Rodriguez-Aseretto, Dario and Bosco, Claudio and Di Leo, Margherita and San-Miguel-Ayanz, Jesús},
  citeulike-article-id = {12540695},
  citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41151-9_35},
  citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41151-9_35},
  citeulike-linkout-2 = {http://mastrave.org/bib/de_Rigo_etal_Wildfire_ISESS2013.pdf},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-41151-9_35},
  editor = {Hrebicek, J. and Schimak, G. and Rizzoli, A. E. and Kubasek, M.},
  issn = {1868-4238},
  journal = {IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology},
  keywords = {assessment, carbon-emission, communicating-uncertainty, data-transformation-modelling, dddas, deep-uncertainty, dynamic-data-driven-application-system, ensemble, environmental-modelling, fire-fuel, integrated-natural-resources-modelling-and-management, integration-techniques, landslides, mastrave-modelling-library, modelling-uncertainty, partial-open-loop-feedback-control, polfc, reproducible-research, risk-assessment, semantic-array-programming, software-uncertainty, soil-erosion, wildfires},
  note = { ISSN:1868-4238. Special issue: "Environmental Software Systems. Fostering sharing information".},
  pages = {367--380},
  posted-at = {2013-08-04 09:24:54},
  priority = {5},
  title = {An Architecture for Adaptive Robust Modelling of Wildfire Behaviour under Deep Uncertainty},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41151-9_35},
  volume = {413},
  year = {2013}
}

@article{stephensManagingForestsFire2013,
  title = {Managing Forests and Fire in Changing Climates},
  author = {Stephens, S. L. and Agee, J. K. and Ful{\'e}, P. Z. and North, M. P. and Romme, W. H. and Swetnam, T. W. and Turner, M. G.},
  year = {2013},
  month = oct,
  volume = {342},
  pages = {41--42},
  issn = {1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1240294},
  abstract = {With projected climate change, we expect to face much more forest fire in the coming decades. Policy-makers are challenged not to categorize all fires as destructive to ecosystems simply because they have long flame lengths and kill most of the trees within the fire boundary. Ecological context matters: In some ecosystems, high-severity regimes are appropriate, but climate change may modify these fire regimes and ecosystems as well. Some undesirable impacts may be avoided or reduced through global strategies, as well as distinct strategies based on a forest's historical fire regime.},
  journal = {Science},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12690480,~to-add-doi-URL,adaptation,adaptive-control,climate-change,climatic-niche-shift,control-problem,disturbances,fire-fuel,fire-severity,forest-fires,forest-resources,habitat-suitability,mitigation,niche-modelling,picea-abies,pinus-contorta,pinus-ponderosa,postfire-impacts,postfire-recovery,prescribed-burn,pseudotsuga-menziesii,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12690480},
  number = {6154}
}

@article{duttaDeepCognitiveImaging2013,
  title = {Deep Cognitive Imaging Systems Enable Estimation of Continental-Scale Fire Incidence from Climate Data},
  author = {Dutta, Ritaban and Aryal, Jagannath and Das, Aruneema and Kirkpatrick, Jamie B.},
  year = {2013},
  month = nov,
  volume = {3},
  issn = {2045-2322},
  doi = {10.1038/srep03188},
  abstract = {Unplanned fire is a major control on the nature of terrestrial ecosystems and causes substantial losses of life and property. Given the substantial influence of climatic conditions on fire incidence, climate change is expected to substantially change fire regimes in many parts of the world. We wished to determine whether it was possible to develop a deep neural network process for accurately estimating continental fire incidence from publicly available climate data. We show that deep recurrent Elman neural network was the best performed out of ten artificial neural networks (ANN) based cognitive imaging systems for determining the relationship between fire incidence and climate. In a decennium data experiment using this ANN we show that it is possible to develop highly accurate estimations of fire incidence from monthly climatic data surfaces. Our estimations for the continent of Australia had over 90\,\% global accuracy and a very low level of false negatives. The technique is thus appropriate for use in estimating the spatial consequences of climate scenarios on the monthly incidence of wildfire at the landscape scale.},
  journal = {Scientific Reports},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14073776,~to-add-doi-URL,artificial-neural-networks,australia,deep-machine-learning,disasters,disturbances,forest-resources,soil-moisture,solar-radiation,wildfires,wind},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14073776}
}

@article{pearsonShiftsArcticVegetation2013,
  title = {Shifts in {{Arctic}} Vegetation and Associated Feedbacks under Climate Change},
  author = {Pearson, Richard G. and Phillips, Steven J. and Loranty, Michael M. and Beck, Pieter S. A. and Damoulas, Theodoros and Knight, Sarah J. and Goetz, Scott J.},
  year = {2013},
  month = jul,
  volume = {3},
  pages = {673--677},
  doi = {10.1038/nclimate1858},
  abstract = {Climate warming has led to changes in the composition, density and distribution of Arctic vegetation in recent decades1, 2, 3, 4. These changes cause multiple opposing feedbacks between the biosphere and atmosphere5, 6, 7, 8, 9, the relative magnitudes of which will have globally significant consequences but are unknown at a pan-Arctic scale10. The precise nature of Arctic vegetation change under future warming will strongly influence climate feedbacks, yet Earth system modelling studies have so far assumed arbitrary increases in shrubs (for example, +20\,\%; refs 6, 11), highlighting the need for predictions of future vegetation distribution shifts. Here we show, using climate scenarios for the 2050s and models that utilize statistical associations between vegetation and climate, the potential for extremely widespread redistribution of vegetation across the Arctic. We predict that at least half of vegetated areas will shift to a different physiognomic class, and woody cover will increase by as much as 52\,\%. By incorporating observed relationships between vegetation and albedo, evapotranspiration and biomass, we show that vegetation distribution shifts will result in an overall positive feedback to climate that is likely to cause greater warming than has previously been predicted. Such extensive changes to Arctic vegetation will have implications for climate, wildlife and ecosystem services.},
  journal = {Nature Climate Change},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12249519,albedo,arctic-region,biodiversity,climate,climate-change,conservation,ecology,ecosystem-services,feedback,global-warming,machine-learning,modis,non-linearity,vegetation,wildfires,worldclim},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12249519},
  number = {7}
}

@article{bistinasRelationshipsHumanPopulation2013,
  title = {Relationships between Human Population Density and Burned Area at Continental and Global Scales},
  author = {Bistinas, Ioannis and Oom, Duarte and S{\'a}, Ana C. L. and Harrison, Sandy P. and Prentice, I. Colin and Pereira, Jos{\'e} M. C.},
  year = {2013},
  month = dec,
  volume = {8},
  pages = {e81188+},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0081188},
  abstract = {We explore the large spatial variation in the relationship between population density and burned area, using continental-scale Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) based on 13 years of satellite-derived burned area maps from the global fire emissions database (GFED) and the human population density from the gridded population of the world (GPW 2005). Significant relationships are observed over 51.5\,\% of the global land area, and the area affected varies from continent to continent: population density has a significant impact on fire over most of Asia and Africa but is important in explaining fire over {$<$} 22\,\% of Europe and Australia. Increasing population density is associated with both increased and decreased in fire. The nature of the relationship depends on land-use: increasing population density is associated with increased burned are in rangelands but with decreased burned area in croplands. Overall, the relationship between population density and burned area is non-monotonic: burned area initially increases with population density and then decreases when population density exceeds a threshold. These thresholds vary regionally. Our study contributes to improved understanding of how human activities relate to burned area, and should contribute to a better estimate of atmospheric emissions from biomass burning.},
  journal = {PLoS ONE},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14174508,~to-add-doi-URL,agricultural-land,burnt-area,complexity,continental-scale,global-scale,non-linearity,population-density,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14174508},
  number = {12}
}

@article{ganteaumeWhatCausesLarge2013,
  title = {What Causes Large Fires in {{Southern France}}},
  author = {Ganteaume, Anne and Jappiot, Marielle},
  year = {2013},
  month = apr,
  volume = {294},
  pages = {76--85},
  issn = {0378-1127},
  doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2012.06.055},
  abstract = {[Highlights]

[::] 0.8\,\% Of fires were larger than 100 ha but accounted for 71\,\% of total burned area. [::] On the whole area, the main cause was arson. [::] Occurrence mainly linked to shrubland population, minor road, fall-spring drought. [::] Burned area linked to shrubland fall-winter rain, summer drought, unemployment. [::] The areas the most affected were located to the East on the Mediterranean coast.

[Abstract] In Southern France, where most wildfires occur, the fire size has never exceeded 6744 ha since 1991, whereas mega-fires have burned huge areas in other Mediterranean countries such as Spain and Portugal. It was interesting to find out what main factors drove the ignition of the largest fires that had occurred in this region of France.

[] The study was carried out using the forest fires database Prom\'eth\'ee that records all fires occurring in the 15 d\'epartements of Southern France since 1973. However, the records preceding 1997 are not reliable, only the 1997-2010 period was investigated.

[] Less than 1\,\% of the fires (N = 260) recorded during this period were equal or larger than 100 ha whereas 78\,\% of the fires were smaller than 1 ha. However these large fires accounted for 78\,\% of the burned area and 66\,\% of these fires occurred during the summer (July-August). The number of large fires and the burned area per year and per d\'epartement were calculated and the proportions of fires causes were determined.

[] In each d\'epartement, the impact of different explanatory variables (land-cover, topographic, climatic or socio-economic) on the number of large fires and on the size of the burned area was investigated using multivariate and regression analyses.

[] Results showed that high shrubland and pasture covers, high population and minor road densities as well as dryness in fall to spring were positively linked to the number of large fires whereas high forest cover, ruggedness, wetness in fall to spring were negatively linked to this parameter. High wildland vegetation cover, especially shrubland, wetness in fall-winter, dryness in summer during a long period, high unemployment rate and tourism pressure were positively linked to the burned area whereas wetness in summer, high farmland and pasture covers and high population density were negatively linked to this parameter. However, only shrubland cover and ruggedness were significant descriptors of both fire occurrence and burned area.

[] The d\'epartements the most affected by such fires were those situated in the eastern part of the region, on the Mediterranean coast and the main fire cause was arson.},
  journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14332895,anthropogenic-impacts,burnt-area,environment-society-economy,france,land-cover,pastures,population-density,roads,shrubs,vegetation,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14332895}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{ citeulike:12541164,
  abstract = {Wildfire information has long been collected in Europe, with particular focus on forest fires. The European Forest Fire Information System ({EFFIS}) of the European Commission complements and harmonises the information collected by member countries and covers the forest fire management cycle. This latter ranges from forest fire preparedness to post-fire impact analysis. However, predicting and simulating fire event dynamics requires the integrated modelling of several sources of uncertainty.
Here we present a case study of a novel conceptualization based on a Semantic Array Programming ({SemAP}) application of the Dynamic Data Driven Application Systems ({DDDAS}) concept. The case study is based on a new architecture for adaptive and robust modelling of wildfire behaviour. It focuses on the module for simulating wildfire dynamics under fire control scenarios. Rapid assessment of the involved impact due to carbon emission and potential soil erosion is also shown.  Uncertainty is assessed by ensembling an array of simulations which consider the uncertainty in meteorology, fuel, software modules.
The event under investigation is a major wildfire occurred in 2012, widely reported as one of the worst in the Valencia region, Spain. The inherent data, modelling and software uncertainty are discussed and preliminary results of the robust data-driven ensemble application are presented. The case study suitably illustrates a typical modelling context in many European areas - for which timely collecting accurate local information on vegetation, fuel, humidity, wind fields is not feasible - where robust and flexible approaches may prove as a viable modelling strategy.},
  author = {Di Leo, Margherita and de Rigo, Daniele and Rodriguez-Aseretto, Dario and Bosco, Claudio and Petroliagkis, Thomas and Camia, Andrea and San-Miguel-Ayanz, Jesús},
  citeulike-article-id = {12541164},
  citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41151-9_2},
  citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41151-9_2},
  citeulike-linkout-2 = {http://mastrave.org/bib/Di_Leo_etal_ISESS2013.pdf},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-41151-9_2},
  editor = {Hrebicek, J. and Schimak, G. and Rizzoli, A. E. and Kubasek, M.},
  issn = {1868-4238},
  journal = {IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology},
  keywords = {assessment, carbon-emission, communicating-uncertainty, dddas, deep-uncertainty, dynamic-data-driven-application-system, environmental-modelling, fire-fuel, integrated-natural-resources-modelling-and-management, landslides, mastrave-modelling-library, meteorology, modelling-uncertainty, partial-open-loop-feedback-control, polfc, reproducible-research, risk-assessment, semantic-array-programming, software-uncertainty, soil-erosion, soil-resources, spain, uncertainty, wildfires},
  note = { ISSN:1868-4238. Special issue: "Environmental Software Systems. Fostering sharing information".},
  pages = {11--22},
  posted-at = {2013-08-04 22:38:11},
  priority = {5},
  title = {Dynamic Data Driven Ensemble for Wildfire Behaviour Assessment: A Case Study},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41151-9_2},
  volume = {413},
  year = {2013}
}

@article{haughianExpectedEffectsClimate2012,
  title = {Expected Effects of Climate Change on Forest Disturbance Regimes in {{British Columbia}}},
  author = {Haughian, Sean and Burton, Philip and Taylor, Steve and Curry, Charles},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {13},
  issn = {1488-4674},
  abstract = {Projections for forest disturbance and damage under a changing climate in British Columbia are summarized, with the objective of collating regionally specific expectations so that land managers can take pro-active steps to avoid or adapt to the changes expected. While some projections are based on extrapolations of recent multi-decadal trends, most are based on global climate models (GCMs) that must make assumptions about the range of CO2 emissions and the status of atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions over the next century. Regardless of emission scenarios, it is universally expected that British Columbia will experience warmer air temperatures, coupled with more precipitation in some regions and less in others. Forest fires are expected to be more frequent and more intense in the southern half of the province and in the Taiga Plains, but less important in other portions of the province. Forest insects and fungal pathogens are expected to more fully occupy the current range of their host tree species and expand ranges northward and to higher elevations along with their hosts. More frequent and detrimental pest outbreaks are expected in some regions when several years of favourable weather align. Wind damage, floods, and landslides can be expected to increase on terrain where they are already a risk factor. For many agents of tree mortality, expected changes in disturbance regime amount to an expansion or shifting of the seasonal window of activity, sometimes with different trends projected for different seasons and different regions of the province. The prediction of future forest disturbance regimes is in its infancy, requiring a much more concerted effort in compiling both empirical and simulated data, but managers may wish to adjust plans accordingly where there is largely a consensus among current and projected trends.},
  journal = {Journal of Ecosystems and Management},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13940422,disturbance-ecology,ecoprovinces,forest-pathogens,insect-outbreaks,tree-mortality,wildfires,wind-damage},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13940422},
  number = {1}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@phdthesis{citeulike:14144443,
    abstract = {La presente tesis doctoral ha tenido como objetivo principal el estimar el contenido de humedad de la vegetaci\'{o}n viva ({LFMC}) en el contexto de la evaluaci\'{o}n del riesgo de incendio. El \'{a}rea de estudio ha sido la comprendida por la regi\'{o}n Mediterr\'{a}nea y  Eurosiberiana, ambas localizadas en el territorio peninsular espa\~{n}ol. La teledetecci\'{o}n espacial es una herramienta \'{u}til y prometedora para estimar par\'{a}metros biof\'{\i}sicos. Por lo tanto, las im\'{a}genes de sat\'{e}lite procedentes del programa {MODIS} ({MODerate}-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) a 500m de resoluci\'{o}n espacial, fueron un elemento clave en el presente estudio. En particular, se seleccionaron las bandas de reflectividad procedentes del producto {MCD43A4}, as\'{\i} como el \'{\i}ndice normalizado de infrarrojo basado en las bandas 2 y 6 ({NDII6}).
Actualmente, para obtener {LFMC} a partir de im\'{a}genes de sat\'{e}lite, se emplean tanto modelos emp\'{\i}ricos como modelos f\'{\i}sicos. \'{E}stos \'{u}ltimos se basan en la teor\'{\i}a de la transferencia radiativa por lo que son conocidos como Modelos de Transferencia Radiativa o {RTM}. Sin embargo, diferentes estudios que compararon ambos tipos de modelos demostraron que los {RTM} son m\'{a}s ventajosos no s\'{o}lo por presentar mayor rigor f\'{\i}sico sino porque adem\'{a}s les caracteriza su mayor potencial de generalizaci\'{o}n a otras \'{a}reas diferentes a las de calibraci\'{o}n. En la presente investigaci\'{o}n, los {RTM} conocidos como {PROSPECT} y {SAILH} han sido empleados para estimar el {LFMC} de pastos y matorrales, mientras que para arbolado se han seleccionado los modelos {PROSPECT} y {GeoSail}.
Una de las mayores dificultades a las que nos hemos enfrentado en el empleo de los modelos f\'{\i}sicos, ha sido la de su correcta parametrizaci\'{o}n. \'{E}sta es cr\'{\i}tica para obtener simulaciones realistas que conlleven a estimaciones precisas y que sean extrapolables a otras \'{a}reas o per\'{\i}odos del a\~{n}o. Debido a esto, se ha realizado un esfuerzo significativo con el fin de obtener criterios ecol\'{o}gicos para ser incluidos en la parametrizaci\'{o}n de los {RTM}. Parte de esta informaci\'{o}n ecol\'{o}gica ha sido derivada de bibliograf\'{\i}a, no obstante, para completar los datos requeridos, fue necesario desarrollar en el marco de la presente tesis doctoral campa\~{n}as de campo as\'{\i} como experimentos en laboratorio. Tras correr los {RTM} en ¿modo directo¿, mediante la incorporaci\'{o}n de la informaci\'{o}n ecol\'{o}gica mencionada previamente, se obtuvo una serie completa de simulaciones tanto de pasto y matorral eurosiberiano como de arbolado mediterr\'{a}neo y eurosiberiano. El pasto y matorral mediterr\'{a}neo no fueron estudiados en la presente tesis, ya que fueron objeto de estudio en una tesis previa.
Para realizar las estimaciones de {LFMC} (¿modo inverso¿ de los {RTM}) se seleccion\'{o} la t\'{e}cnica de inversi\'{o}n que se basa en tablas de referencia (tambi\'{e}n conocidas como Look Up Tables o {LUTs}). Las {LUTs} incluyen diferentes valores de una serie de par\'{a}metros y los espectros resultantes de correr los {RTM} en ¿modo directo¿. Por ello, no es necesario realizar el proceso de inversi\'{o}n para cada pixel de una imagen, sino que m\'{a}s bien el enfoque consiste en encontrar qu\'{e} espectro simulado, contenido en la {LUT}, es m\'{a}s parecido al espectro derivado de un determinado pixel. Normalmente, este proceso es llevado a cabo por medio de una funci\'{o}n de error de ¿similitud espectral¿.
El principal aporte del presente trabajo ha sido el ofrecer escenarios de simulaci\'{o}n que proporcionan como resultado estimaciones precisas de {LFMC} para los tipos de vegetaci\'{o}n y las \'{a}reas de Espa\~{n}a que no se hab\'{\i}an estudiado hasta el momento. El error del modelo de pasto eurosiberiano se acerc\'{o} al 40 \%. Sin embargo, teniendo en cuenta que los valores de {LFMC} en el pasto eurosiberiano ascienden incluso por encima del 200 \% debido al roc\'{\i}o, si se mide la precisi\'{o}n del modelo por debajo de este umbral, el {RMSE} se ve reducido al 30.6 \%. El error del modelo de matorral eurosiberiano estuvo por debajo del 20 \% y los modelos de arbolado para ambas regiones mencionadas presentaron errores por debajo del 30 \%.
Los resultados presentados en la presente tesis doctoral junto con los resultados obtenidos en estudios previos desarrollados por otros autores, proveen las herramientas necesarias para avanzar en la creaci\'{o}n de cartograf\'{\i}a de {LFMC} a nivel nacional. Adem\'{a}s, tomando en consideraci\'{o}n que las estimaciones han sido basadas en {RTM}, se abre paso al inter\'{e}s de determinar si los modelos presentados ofrecen resultados satisfactorios en otras \'{a}reas de caracter\'{\i}sticas similares.},
    address = {Alcal\'{a} de Henares, Spain},
    author = {Jurdao Knecht, Sara},
    citeulike-article-id = {14144443},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/14144443},
    citeulike-linkout-1 = {https://www.educacion.gob.es/teseo/mostrarRef.do?ref=1011108},
    citeulike-linkout-2 = {http://www.webcitation.org/6kpYCSaL5},
    citeulike-linkout-3 = {https://www.educacion.es/teseo/mostrarRef.do?ref=1011108},
    editor = {Chuvieco, Emilio and Yebra, Marta},
    institution = {Alcal\'{a} University},
    keywords = {forest-resources, live-fuel-moisture-content, mcd43a, modis, remote-sensing, spain, vegetation, wildfires},
    posted-at = {2016-09-22 17:35:31},
    priority = {2},
    title = {{Remotely sensed Live Fuel Moisture retrieval using Radiative Transfer Models}},
    url = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/14144443},
    year = {2012}
}

@incollection{cortiFireNewsManagement2012,
  title = {Fire News Management in the Context of the {{European Forest Fire Information System}} ({{EFFIS}})},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of "{{Quinta}} Conferenza Italiana Sul Software Geografico e Sui Dati Geografici Liberi" ({{GFOSS DAY}} 2012)},
  author = {Corti, Paolo and {San-Miguel-Ayanz}, Jes{\'u}s and Camia, Andrea and McInerney, Daniel and Boca, Roberto and Di Leo, Margherita},
  year = {2012},
  doi = {10.6084/m9.figshare.101918},
  abstract = {[Introduction] The European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS) has been established by the Joint Research Centre (JRC) and the Directorate General for Environment (DG ENV) of the European Commission (EC) in close collaboration with the Member States and neighbor countries. EFFIS is intended as complementary system to national and regional systems in the countries, which provides harmonized information required for international collaboration on forest fire prevention and fighting and in cases of trans-boundary fire events. It provides updated information before (fire danger forecast), during (burnt area perimeters, hot spots) and after (damage assessments, erosion, emission, dispersion) forest fires, harmonized at the EU level, enhancing international cooperation (e.g., by aerial fire fighting) and supporting decision making.

The system is built using Free and Open Source Software for Geospatial (FOSS4G), and the current (2012) implementation is based on frameworks such as Django, OpenLayers, jQuery, MapServer, MapProxy, GDAL, PostgreSQL and PostGIS.

All the datasets available in the EFFIS map viewer are also published through interoperable Web services (OGC WMS/WFS/WCS) and supplied with an open data license.

The process of geoparsing, collecting and managing fire news, together with the management of the MODIS hot spots, is a vital task for the operation of the EFFIS, in order to identify fire burnt area perimeters and is performed daily during fire season by the EFFIS operators. To this aim, the FireNews EFFIS module, a web based application integrated within the EFFIS portal, is a toolset which provides automatic geoparsing and simplifies the management of the fire news collected by the operator.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-11825114,~to-add-doi-URL,efdac,effis,europe,european-commission,featured-publication,forest-fires,forest-resource-information,forest-resources,geospatial,information-systems,semantic-array-programming,semap,web-and-information-technologies,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-11825114}
}

@article{shakesbyPostwildfireSoilErosion2011,
  title = {Post-Wildfire Soil Erosion in the {{Mediterranean}}: Review and Future Research Directions},
  author = {Shakesby, R. A.},
  year = {2011},
  month = apr,
  volume = {105},
  pages = {71--100},
  issn = {0012-8252},
  doi = {10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.01.001},
  abstract = {Wildfires increased dramatically in frequency and extent in the European Mediterranean region from the 1960s, aided by a general warming and drying trend, but driven primarily by socio-economic changes, including rural depopulation, land abandonment and afforestation with flammable species. Published research into post-wildfire hydrology and soil erosion, beginning during the 1980s in Spain, has been followed by studies in other European Mediterranean countries together with Israel and has now attained a sufficiently large critical mass to warrant a major review. Although variations in climate, vegetation, soil, topography and fire severity cause differences in Mediterranean post-wildfire erosion, the long history of human landscape impact up to the present day is responsible for some its distinctive characteristics. This paper highlights these characteristics in reviewing wildfire impacts on hydrology, soil properties and soil erosion by water. The 'mosaic' nature of many Mediterranean landscapes (e.g. an intricate land-use pattern, abandoned terraces and tracks interrupting slopes) may explain sometimes conflicting post-fire hydrological and erosional responses at different sites and spatial scales. First-year post-wildfire soil losses at point- (average, 45-56~t~ha-~1) and plot-scales (many {$<~$}1~t~ha-~1 and the majority {$<~$}10~t~ha-~1 in the first year) are similar to or even lower than those reported for fire-affected land elsewhere or other disturbed (e.g. cultivated) and natural poorly-vegetated (e.g. badlands, rangeland) land in the Mediterranean. The few published losses at larger-scales (hillslope and catchment) are variable. Thin soil and high stone content can explain supply-limited erosion preceding significant protection by recovering vegetation. Peak erosion can sometimes be delayed for years, largely through slow vegetation recovery and temporal variability of erosive storms. Preferential removal of organic matter and nutrients in the commonly thin, degraded soils is arguably just as if not more important than the total soil loss. Aspect is important, with more erosion reported for south- than north-facing slopes, which is attributed to greater fire frequency, slower vegetation recovery on the former and with soil characteristics more prone to erosion (e.g. lower aggregate stability). Post-fire wind erosion is a potentially important but largely neglected process. Gauging the degradational significance of wildfires has relied on comparison with unburnt land, but the focus for comparison should be switched to other agents of soil disturbance and/or currently poorly understood soil renewal rates. Human impact on land use and vegetation may alter expected effects (increased fire activity and post-wildfire erosion) arising from future climatic change. Different future wildfire mitigation responses and likely erosional consequences are outlined. Research gaps are identified, and more research effort is suggested to: (1) improve assessment of post-wildfire erosion impact on soil fertility, through further quantification of soil nutrient depletion resulting from single and multiple fire cycles, and on soil longevity; (2) investigate prescribed fire impacts on carbon release, air pollution and nutrient losses as well as on soil loss; (3) isolate hillslope- and catchment-scale impacts of soil water repellency under Mediterranean post-wildfire conditions; (4) test and refine application of cosmogenic radionuclides to post-wildfire hillslope-scale soil redistribution at different temporal scales; (5) use better temporal resolution of sedimentary sequences to understand palaeofire-erosion-sedimentation links; (6) quantify post-wildfire wind erosion; (7) improve the integration of wildfire into an overall assessment of the processes and impacts of land degradation in the Mediterranean; and (8) raise public awareness of wildfire impact on soil degradation.},
  journal = {Earth-Science Reviews},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-8753154,~to-add-doi-URL,aspect,climate-extremes,complexity,erosion,feedback,forest-resources,grasslands,mediterranean-region,non-linearity,postfire-recovery,slope,soil-erosion,soil-resources,solar-radiation,trade-offs,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-8753154},
  number = {3-4}
}

@article{dimitrakopoulosImpactDroughtWildland2011,
  title = {Impact of Drought on Wildland Fires in {{Greece}}: Implications of Climatic Change?},
  author = {Dimitrakopoulos, Alexandros P. and Vlahou, M. and Anagnostopoulou, Ch and Mitsopoulos, I. D.},
  year = {2011},
  month = feb,
  volume = {109},
  pages = {331--347},
  issn = {0165-0009},
  doi = {10.1007/s10584-011-0026-8},
  abstract = {An increasing trend and a statistically significant positive correlation between wildfire occurrence, area burned and drought (as expressed by the Standardized Precipitation Index, SPI) have been observed all over Greece, during the period 1961-1997. In the more humid and colder regions (Northern and Western Greece) the number of fires and area burned were positively correlated to both summer (SPI6\_October) and annual drought (SPI12\_September), whereas in the relatively more dry and hot regions (Southern and Central Greece) the number of fires and area burned were correlated only to summer drought. In 1978, Greece entered a period of prolonged drought, possibly as a result of the global climatic change. Data analysis of the period 1978-1997 revealed a statistically significant increase in the mean annual number of fires, the area burned and the summer and annual drought episodes in the relatively more humid and colder regions (Northern and Western) of Greece (which in the past were characterized by less fires and area burned) compared to the more dry and hot regions (Southern and Eastern Greece), which always presented high fire activity. Additionally, analyzing the two sub-periods (1961-1977, 1978-1997) separately, drought was significantly correlated only to fire occurrence during the years 1961-1977, whereas during 1978-1997 drought was significantly correlated mainly to area burned. It became obvious that drought episodes, although they are not solely responsible for fire occurrence and area burned, they exert an increasingly significant impact on wildfire activity in Greece.},
  journal = {Climatic Change},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-8944348,~to-add-doi-URL,climate-change,disturbances,droughts,feedback,forest-resources,natural-resources-interactions,precipitation,water-resources,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-8944348},
  number = {3-4}
}

@article{zvyagintsevAirPollutionEuropean2011,
  title = {Air Pollution over {{European Russia}} and {{Ukraine}} under the Hot Summer Conditions of 2010},
  author = {Zvyagintsev, A. M. and Blum, O. B. and Glazkova, A. A. and Kotel'nikov, S. N. and Kuznetsova, I. N. and Lapchenko, V. A. and Lezina, E. A. and Miller, E. A. and Milyaev, V. A. and Popikov, A. P. and Semutnikova, E. G. and Tarasova, O. A. and {Shalygina}},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {47},
  pages = {699--707},
  issn = {1555-628X},
  doi = {10.1134/S0001433811060168},
  abstract = {Variations in the concentrations of both primary (PM10, CO, and NOx) and secondary (ozone) pollutants in the atmosphere over the Moscow and Kirov regions, Kiev, and Crimea under the conditions of the anomalously hot summer of 2011 are given and analyzed. The concentrations of ozone, PM10, CO, and NOx in the atmosphere over the Moscow region exceeded their maximum permissible levels almost continuously from late July to late August 2010. The highest level of atmospheric pollution was observed on August 4-9, when the Moscow region was within a severe plume of forest and peatbog fires. The maximum single concentrations of ozone, which exceeded its maximum permissible level two-three times, were accompanied by high concentrations of combustion products: the concentrations of PM10 and CO were also three-seven times higher than their maximum permissible concentrations. The maximum levels of air pollution were observed under the meteorological conditions that were unfavorable for pollution scattering, first of all, at a small vertical temperature gradient in the lower atmospheric boundary layer. The number of additional cases of mortality due to the exceeded maximum permissible concentrations of PM10 and ozone in the atmosphere over Moscow was estimated. Under the weather conditions that were close to those for the Moscow region, the air quality remained mainly satisfactory in the Kirov region, Kiev, and Crimea, which were almost not affected by fires.},
  journal = {Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14226277,~to-add-doi-URL,air-pollution,carbon-monoxide,emissions,extreme-weather,forest-fires,forest-resources,mortality,ozone,particulate-matter,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14226277},
  number = {6}
}

@article{arianoutsouEvaluatingPostfireForest2011,
  title = {Evaluating Post-Fire Forest Resilience Using {{GIS}} and Multi-Criteria Analysis: An Example from {{Cape Sounion National Park}}, {{Greece}}},
  author = {Arianoutsou, Margarita and Koukoulas, Sotirios and Kazanis, Dimitrios},
  year = {2011},
  month = feb,
  volume = {47},
  pages = {384--397},
  issn = {0364-152X},
  doi = {10.1007/s00267-011-9614-7},
  abstract = {Forest fires are one of the major causes of ecological disturbance in the mediterranean climate ecosystems of the world. Despite the fact that a lot of resources have been invested in fire prevention and suppression, the number of fires occurring in the Mediterranean Basin in the recent decades has continued to markedly increase. The understanding of the relationship between landscape and fire lies, among others, in the identification of the system's post-fire resilience. In our study, ecological and landscape data are integrated with decision-support techniques in a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) framework to evaluate the risk of losing post-fire resilience in Pinus halepensis forests, using Cape Sounion National Park, Central Greece, as a pilot case. The multi-criteria decision support approach has been used to synthesize both bio-indicators (woody cover, pine density, legume cover and relative species richness and annual colonizers) and geo-indicators (fire history, parent material, and slope inclination) in order to rank the landscape components. Judgments related to the significance of each factor were incorporated within the weights coefficients and then integrated into the multicriteria rule to map the risk index. Sensitivity analysis was very critical for assessing the contribution of each factor and the sensitivity to subjective weight judgments to the final output. The results of this study include a final ranking map of the risk of losing resilience, which is very useful in identifying the risk hotspots , where post-fire management measures should be applied in priority.},
  journal = {Environmental Management},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-8804314,~to-add-doi-URL,array-of-factors,forest-fires,gis,greece,multi-criteria-decision-analysis,multiplicity,postfire-impacts,resilience,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-8804314},
  number = {3}
}

@inproceedings{cortiUtilizzoDiSoftware2010,
  title = {L'utilizzo Di Software {{GFOSS}} Nello {{European Forest Fire Information System}} ({{EFFIS}})},
  booktitle = {3a Conferenza Italiana Sul Software Geografico Libero ({{GFOSS Day}} 2010)},
  author = {Corti, P. and Giovando, C. and Whitmore, C. and McInerney, D. and Camia, A. and {San-Miguel-Ayanz}, J.},
  year = {2010},
  month = nov,
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-11796330,effis,forest-fires,forest-resource-information,forest-resources,free-scientific-software,free-software,open-science,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-11796330}
}

@incollection{annoniEarthObservationsDynamic2010,
  title = {Earth Observations and Dynamic Mapping: Key Assets for Risk Management},
  booktitle = {Geographic {{Information}} and {{Cartography}} for {{Risk}} and {{Crisis Management}}},
  author = {Annoni, Alessandro and Craglia, Massimo and {de Roo}, Ad and {San-Miguel-Ayanz}, Jes{\'u}s},
  editor = {Konecny, Milan and Zlatanova, Sisi and Bandrova, Temenoujka L.},
  year = {2010},
  pages = {3--21},
  publisher = {{Springer Berlin Heidelberg}},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-03442-8\\_1},
  abstract = {The timelines and the accuracy of information provided and used are recognized as being critical when dealing with emergencies. The traditional ways to display much of the information in maps had many limitations, which are now being overcome with major progress in the way data are collected, organized, accessed, and communicated. This chapter provides an overview of current Earth Observation capacity with some examples in relation to forest fires and floods that serve to illustrate the main characteristics including governance and existing limitations. The chapter also discusses how new developments in the way individuals can contribute georeferenced information may be of considerable value in addressing some of the limitations identified, particularly when time is of the essence, as is the case in emergencies.},
  isbn = {978-3-642-03441-1},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-11803676,~to-add-doi-URL,effis,europe,forest-fires,forest-resources,global-scale,information-systems,mapping,mapping-networks,water-resources,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-11803676},
  series = {Lecture {{Notes}} in {{Geoinformation}} and {{Cartography}}}
}

@inproceedings{san-miguel-ayanzWildfiresEuropeAnalysis2010,
  title = {Wildfires in {{Europe}}: The Analysis of Past and Future Trends within the {{European Forest Fire Information System}}},
  booktitle = {{{EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts}}},
  author = {{San-Miguel-Ayanz}, J.},
  year = {2010},
  month = may,
  volume = {12},
  pages = {15401+},
  abstract = {Forest fires are an integral part of forest dynamics. They have been largely influential in shaping the forest landscape of Europe, especially in the Mediterranean region. Fire event data collected by the countries in the region date back to the 1980s, although longer time series, although less accurate, can be reconstructed on the basis of major events in the region. At the European level, efforts of the countries and the European government to set up forest fire information systems were initiated in the early 1980s; these allowed the collection of base information on forest fires and the creation of what was referred to as common core database on forest fires. These data were mainly collected by the five EU Mediterranean countries, although interest on the analysis of forest fires was also expressed by central and northern European countries. Common core fire data included information on the time and duration of the fire, time for intervention, extent of the fire, and the presumed fire cause. The data were transferred to the European Commission Joint Research Centre in 1998, when the first steps for the establishment of the European Forest Fire Information System took place. Since then, the time series of fire statistics have been rebuilt for most European countries. The EFFIS network is currently made up of 26 countries, and the European Forest Fire database within the system contains nearly 2 million records provided by 21 of these countries. In addition to the data collected by the European countries and included in the European Fire database, EFFIS produces, since the year 2000, information on forest fire danger and estimates of forest fire damages on the basis of meteorological data and satellite imagery, respectively. Through out the years, new modules on the estimation of forest fire emissions and post-fire soil erosion have been added to EFFIS in order to provide a holistic view of forest fire regimes and impacts in Europe. This presentation describes the current status of the EFFIS and its on-going developments. It analyzes the trends of forest fire events stored in European Forest Fire database of EFFIS for the last 20 years, including the spatial and temporal distribution of fires at the country and European levels. Furthermore, current trends of forest fire danger and fire damage in terms of affected forest areas and post-fire effects (e.g. emissions) are analyzed and compared to potential trends of these variables under foreseen climate change scenarios.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-11796142,effis,europe,european-commission,forest-fires,forest-resource-information,forest-resources,information-systems,web-and-information-technologies,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-11796142},
  series = {{{EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts}}}
}

@article{cerdanRatesSpatialVariations2010,
  title = {Rates and Spatial Variations of Soil Erosion in {{Europe}}: A Study Based on Erosion Plot Data},
  author = {Cerdan, O. and Govers, G. and Le Bissonnais, Y. and Van Oost, K. and Poesen, J. and Saby, N. and Gobin, A. and Vacca, A. and Quinton, J. and Auerswald, K. and Klik, A. and Kwaad, F. J. P. M. and Raclot, D. and Ionita, I. and Rejman, J. and Rousseva, S. and Muxart, T. and Roxo, M. J. and Dostal, T.},
  year = {2010},
  month = oct,
  volume = {122},
  pages = {167--177},
  issn = {0169-555X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.06.011},
  abstract = {An extensive database of short to medium-term erosion rates as measured on erosion plots in Europe under natural rainfall was compiled from the literature. Statistical analysis confirmed the dominant influence of land use and cover on soil erosion rates. Sheet and rill erosion rates are highest on bare soil; vineyards show the second highest soil losses, followed by other arable lands (spring crops, orchards and winter crops). A land with a permanent vegetation cover (shrubs, grassland and forest) is characterised by soil losses which are generally more than an order of magnitude lower than those on arable land. Disturbance of permanent vegetation by fire leads to momentarily higher erosion rates but rates are still lower than those measured on arable land. We also noticed important regional differences in erosion rates. Erosion rates are generally much lower in the Mediterranean as compared to other areas in Europe; this is mainly attributed to the high soil stoniness in the Mediterranean. Measured erosion rates on arable and bare land were related to topography (slope steepness and length) and soil texture, while this was not the case for plots with a permanent land cover. We attribute this to a fundamental difference in runoff generation and sediment transfer according to land cover types. On the basis of these results we calculated mean sheet and rill erosion rates for the European area covered by the CORINE database: estimated rill and interrill erosion rates are ca. 1.2~t~ha-~1~year-~1 for the whole CORINE area and ca. 3.6~t~ha-~1~year-~1 for arable land. These estimates are much lower than some earlier estimates which were based on the erroneous extrapolation of small datasets. High erosion rates occur in areas dominated by vineyards, the hilly loess areas in West and Central Europe and the agricultural areas located in the piedmont areas of the major European mountain ranges.

[Excerpt: Conclusions] The compilation of a large database of sheet and rill erosion rates measured in various European environments allowed us to identify some important controls on sheet and rill erosions. Land use has an overwhelming effect on erosion rates: soil losses on conventionally tilled arable land are often more than an order of magnitude higher than those on surfaces with permanent vegetation. Plot erosion rates showed clear regional differences, with much lower values in the Mediterranean than in the rest of Europe. This somewhat counterintuitive result is explained by the stony nature of many soils in the Mediterranean, characterised by low erosion rates due to the protective effect of the rock fragments there. The lower erosion rates in the Mediterranean do not necessarily mean that erosion in the Mediterranean is a lesser threat for the soil resource: as soils are often already very thin, any additional soil loss may be considered to be detrimental. Apart from stoniness and land use, sheet and rill erosion rates on arable and bare land are controlled by topography: on arable land, erosion rates generally increase with slope gradient and length, as expected. No topographical effects could be identified for land under permanent vegetation cover: this is probably due to the fact that hydrological and erosion processes operate differently in these environments, which are often characterised by discontinuous runoff.

[\textbackslash n] We used our data to derive spatially distributed estimates of sheet and rill erosion rates for Europe.Weestimate the average sheet and rill erosion rate for the part of Europe covered by the CORINE database as ca. 1.24 and 3.6 t ha-1 year-1 for arable land, respectively. These values are much lower than some values that were hitherto reported: such overestimations are mostly due to an inadequate extrapolation of local measurements. Evidently, these average values mask a large variation in space: in erosion-prone areas, erosion rates may be several times higher.},
  journal = {Geomorphology},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-7396400,~to-add-doi-URL,agricultural-resources,ecosystem-services,forest-resources,grasslands,land-cover,mountainous-areas,runoff,slope,soil-erosion,soil-resources,stoniness,vegetation,vineyards,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-7396400},
  number = {1-2}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{citeulike:14174559,
    abstract = {This paper reviews the European summer heat wave of 2003, with special emphasis on the first half of August 2003, jointly with its significant societal and environmental impact across Western and Central Europe. We show the pattern of record-breaking temperature anomalies, discuss it in the context of the past, and address the role of the main contributing factors responsible for the occurrence and persistence of this event: blocking episodes, soil moisture deficit, and sea surface temperatures. We show that the anticyclonic pattern corresponds more to an anomalous northern displacement of the North Atlantic subtropical high than a canonical blocking structure, and that soil moisture deficit was a key factor to reach unprecedented temperature anomalies. There are indications that the anomalous Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures ({SSTs}) have contributed to the heat wave of 2003, whereas the role of {SST} anomalies in other oceanic regions is still under debate. There are methodological limitations to evaluate excess mortality due to excessive temperatures; however, the different studies available in the literature allow us to estimate that around 40,000 deaths were registered in Europe during the heat wave, mostly elderly persons. Despite previous efforts undertaken by a few cities to implement warning systems, this dramatic episode has highlighted the widespread un-preparedness of most civil and health authorities to cope with such large events. Therefore, the implementation of early warning systems in most European cities to mitigate the impact of extreme heat is the main consequence to diminish the impact of future similar events. In addition to mortality (by far the most dramatic impact), we have also analyzed the record-breaking forest fires in Portugal and the evidence of other relevant impacts, including agriculture and air pollution.},
    author = {Garc\'{\i}a-Herrera, R. and D\'{\i}az, J. and Trigo, R. M. and Luterbacher, J. and Fischer, E. M.},
    citeulike-article-id = {14174559},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/14174559},
    citeulike-linkout-1 = {https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=11741692474712596093},
    citeulike-linkout-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10643380802238137},
    citeulike-linkout-3 = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10643380802238137},
    day = {9},
    doi = {10.1080/10643380802238137},
    issn = {1547-6537},
    journal = {Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology},
    keywords = {climate-extremes, europe, extreme-events, extreme-weather, forest-fires, forest-resources, heatwaves, review, wildfires},
    month = mar,
    number = {4},
    pages = {267--306},
    posted-at = {2016-10-31 15:27:10},
    priority = {2},
    publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
    title = {{A review of the European summer heat wave of 2003}},
    url = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/14174559},
    volume = {40},
    year = {2010}
}

@inproceedings{camiaEuropeanFireDatabase2010,
  title = {The {{European Fire Database}}: Development, Structure and Implementation},
  booktitle = {6th {{International Conference}} on {{Forest Fire Research}}},
  author = {Camia, Andrea and Houston Durrant, Tracy and {San-Miguel-Ayanz}, Jes{\'u}s},
  year = {2010},
  month = nov,
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-11796274,data,effis,europe,european-commission,forest-fires,forest-resource-information,forest-resources,information-systems,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-11796274}
}

@article{albertsonForecastingOutbreakMoorland2009,
  title = {Forecasting the Outbreak of Moorland Wildfires in the {{English Peak District}}},
  author = {Albertson, Kevin and Aylen, Jonathan and Cavan, Gina and McMorrow, Julia},
  year = {2009},
  month = jun,
  volume = {90},
  pages = {2642--2651},
  issn = {0301-4797},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.02.011},
  abstract = {Warmer, drier summers brought by climate change increase the potential risk of wildfires on the moorland of the Peak District of northern England. Fires are costly to fight, damage the ecosystem, harm water catchments, cause erosion scars and disrupt transport. Fires release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Accurate forecasts of the timing of fires help deployment of fire fighting resources. A probit model is used to assess the chance of fires at different times of the year, days of the week and under various weather conditions. Current and past rainfall damp fire risk. The likelihood of fire increases with maximum temperature. Dry spells or recent fire activity also signal extra fire hazard. Certain days are fire prone due to visitors and some months of the year are more risky reflecting the changing flammability of moorland vegetation. The model back-predicts earlier fires during a hot dry summer. The impact of climate change on fire incidence is not straightforward. Risks may be reduced if wetter winters and earlier onset of spring add to plant moisture content. Yet a warm spring increases biomass and potential fuel load in summer. Climate change may cause the timing of moorland wildfires to shift from a damper and more verdant spring to drought-stressed summer.},
  journal = {Journal of Environmental Management},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-4675260,~to-add-doi-URL,droughts,dry-spells,moorland,temperature,united-kingdom,vegetation,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-4675260},
  number = {8}
}

@book{birotLivingWildfiresWhat2009,
  title = {Living with Wildfires: What Science Can Tell Us - {{A}} Contribution to the Science-Policy Dialogue},
  author = {Birot, Yves and Borgniet, Laurent and Camia, Andrea and Dupuy, Jean-Luc and Fernandes, Paulo and Goldammer, Johann G. and {Gonzalez-Olabarria}, Jos{\'e} R. and Jappiot, Mireille and {Lampin-Maillet}, Corinne and Mavsar, Robert and {Montiel-Molina}, Cristina and Moreira, Francisco and Moreno, Jos{\'e} M. and Rego, Francisco and Rigolot, Eric and {San-Miguel-Ayanz}, Jesus and Vallejo, Ramon and Velez, Ricardo},
  editor = {Birot, Yves},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {15},
  publisher = {{European Forest Institute}},
  address = {{Joensuu, Finland}},
  abstract = {[Excerpt: Introduction] Contrary to other natural hazards such as earthquakes or windstorms, wildfires are certainly among the most predictable ones. Therefore, it is a phenomenon which, in principle, should leave modern societies some degrees of freedom and margins of manoeuvre for implementing efficient counteracting strategies. However, this opportunity has not been properly used. Over the last decades, wildfires have proven to be a subject of growing concern for the Mediterranean Region. Woodlands, rangelands, maquis and garrigues in rural areas or at the interface with urban areas still continue to burn with significant environmental, social and economic impacts, in particular in case of increased frequencies of fires. Although the European statistics show that in average policies and measures related to fire prevention and suppression have been efficient, extreme climatic conditions (in 2003 in western Europe, and in 2007 in eastern Europe) result in catastrophic fires, such as those undergone by Portugal and Greece. The impacts of such disasters are tremendous, also at the political level. Although the occurrence of severe wildfires has been affecting mainly the northern rim of the Mediterranean Basin, some significant changes in climate and land use are already taking place and will most likely result in an expansion of fire threatened areas. For example, Syria, Lebanon and Algeria have recently been exposed to catastrophic wildfires. In a near future, new areas in the north will face a shift to Mediterranean-like ecological conditions, which raises the question of how to anticipate these evolutions.

[] As any risk, wildfires cannot and should not be eradicated, and anyhow, managing fire risk through prevention and suppression has a cost. Therefore, in the context of finite financial resources and increased areas subject to fire, the appropriate response cannot be just to continue business as usual, as it will require a dramatic increase in the means and equipments allocated to fire management. The issue at stake is rather to set up integrated strategies and policies that provide '' reasonable'' trade-offs between environmental, social and economic elements, and allow us to live with wildfire risk. This new approach definitely calls for a profound rethink of these strategies and policies at national and European level, by tackling the problem in all dimensions, including a clear identification of civil protection and forest protection objectives, as they have been in the past quite often mixed up. There is a need for moving from short term driven policy of fire control, mainly based on huge technological investments, to a longer term policy of removing the structural causes of wildfires.

[] Science's traditional mission has been - and still is - to advance knowledge as a support to innovation. Today, the mission is also to provide expertise in the policy making processes. The science community feels that it can and should contribute to feed the debate on wildfire by providing research results and ideas as background material for future options in strategies and policies. Wildfire related research has been very active in Europe over the last two decades, in particular thanks to a number of EU funded projects (Framework Programmes for RTD), so that a structured research community and new expertise and competence have emerged. Time has come to make this knowledge more digestible and available to policy and decision makers, and beyond to the whole society. This is the ambition of the current paper.

[] The document is not a state of the art report covering, in an exhaustive manner, all issues related to wildfires. It focuses rather on a limited number of selected key topics on which scientists have some messages to deliver, and which should be considered in future policy making processes. The overall objective of this discussion paper is to provide understanding for managing.

[] This discussion paper is divided in four sections. The first one presents some statistical figures on wildfire and underlines the trends. The second section deals with two basic questions which should form the background of any rational strategy: why and how do woodlands burn? what is the resulting impact? Practices and strategies for acting on fire risk, including the economic and policy dimensions, are presented in the third section. In the last part, the emphasis is put on the challenges linked to increased and new wildfire risks related to climate change, and ways to cope with them.

[] [...]},
  isbn = {978-952-5453-30-0},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14256110,climate-change,economic-impacts,natural-hazards,science-policy-interface,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14256110},
  series = {Discussion {{Paper}}}
}

@article{jacksonPostfireGeomorphicResponse2009,
  title = {Post-Fire Geomorphic Response in Steep, Forested Landscapes: {{Oregon Coast Range}}, {{USA}}},
  author = {Jackson, Molly and Roering, Joshua J.},
  year = {2009},
  month = jun,
  volume = {28},
  pages = {1131--1146},
  issn = {0277-3791},
  doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.05.003},
  abstract = {The role of fire in shaping steep, forested landscapes depends on a suite of hydrologic, biologic, and geological characteristics, including the propensity for hydrophobic soil layers to promote runoff erosion during subsequent rainfall events. In the Oregon Coast Range, several studies postulate that fire primarily modulates sediment production via root reinforcement and shallow landslide susceptibility, although few studies have documented post-fire geomorphic response. Here, we describe field observations and topographic analyses for three sites in the central Oregon Coast Range that burned in 1999, 2002, and 2003. The fires generated strongly hydrophobic soil layers that did not promote runoff erosion because the continuity of the layers was interrupted by pervasive discontinuities that facilitated rapid infiltration. At each of our sites, fire generated significant colluvial transport via dry ravel, consistent with other field-based studies in the western United States. Fire-driven dry ravel accumulation in low-order valleys of our Sulphur Creek site equated to a slope-averaged landscape lowering of 2.5 mm. Given Holocene estimates of fire frequency, these results suggest that fire may contribute 10-20\,\% of total denudation across steep, dissected portions of the Oregon Coast Range. In addition, we documented more rapid decline of root strength at our sites than has been observed after timber harvest, suggesting that root strength was compromised prior to fire or that intense heat damaged roots in the shallow subsurface. Given that fire frequencies in the Pacific Northwest are predicted to increase with continued climate change, our findings highlight the importance of fire-induced dry ravel and post-fire debris flow activity in controlling sediment delivery to channels.},
  journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14110954,~to-add-doi-URL,burnt-area,debris-flows,forest-resources,geomorphology,landslides,mountainous-areas,postfire-impacts,soil-hydrophobicity,soil-resources,united-states,water-resources,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14110954},
  number = {11-12}
}

@article{terranovaSoilErosionRisk2009a,
  title = {Soil Erosion Risk Scenarios in the {{Mediterranean}} Environment Using {{RUSLE}} and {{GIS}}: {{An}} Application Model for {{Calabria}} (Southern {{Italy}})},
  shorttitle = {Soil Erosion Risk Scenarios in the {{Mediterranean}} Environment Using {{RUSLE}} and {{GIS}}},
  author = {Terranova, O. and Antronico, L. and Coscarelli, R. and Iaquinta, P.},
  year = {2009},
  month = nov,
  volume = {112},
  pages = {228--245},
  issn = {0169-555X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.06.009},
  abstract = {Soil erosion by water (WSE) has become a relevant issue at the Mediterranean level. In particular, natural conditions and human impact have made the Calabria (southern Italy) particularly prone to intense WSE. The purpose of this investigation is to identify areas highly affected by WSE in Calabria by comparing the scenarios obtained by assuming control and preventive measures and actions, as well as actual conditions generated by forest fires, also in the presence of conditions of maximum rainfall erosion. Geographic Information System techniques have been adopted to treat data of reasonable spatial resolution obtained at a regional scale for application to the RUSLE model. This work is based on the comparison of such data with a basic scenario that has been defined by the present situation (present scenario). In this scenario: (i) R has been assessed by means of an experimental relation adjusted to Calabria on the basis of 5-min observations; (ii) K has been drawn from the soil map of Calabria including 160 soilscapes; (iii) LS has been estimated according to the RUSLE2 model by using (among other subfactors) a 40-m square cell DTM; (iv) C has been derived by processing the data inferred from the project Corine Land Cover, whose legend includes 35 different land uses on three levels; and (v) P has been hypothesized as equal to 1. For the remaining three hypothesized scenarios, the RUSLE factors have been adjusted according to experimental data and to data in the literature. In particular, forest areas subject to fire have been randomly generated as far as fire location, extension, structure, and intensity are concerned. The values obtained by the application of the RUSLE model have emphasized that land management by means of measures and actions for reducing WSE causes a notable reduction of the erosive rate decreasing from \textasciitilde 30 to 12.3Mg ha-1 y-1. On the other hand, variations induced by hypothetical wildfires in forests on 10\% of the regional territory bring WSE over the whole region to values varying from 30 to 116Mg ha-1 y-1. This study can be offered to territorial planning authorities as an evaluation instrument as it highlights the merits and limitations of some territorial management actions. In fact, in Calabria no observations exist concerning the implications of these actions.},
  journal = {Geomorphology},
  keywords = {~INRMM-MiD:z-IBF7S4QQ,c-factor,data-uncertainty,erodibility,fire-severity,italy,modelling-uncertainty,post-fire-impacts,soil-erosion,soil-resources,uncertainty,wildfires},
  language = {en},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:z-IBF7S4QQ},
  number = {3}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{citeulike:14136897,
    abstract = {This paper identifies human factors associated with high forest fire risk in Spain and analyses the spatial distribution of fire occurrence in the country. The spatial units were 6,066 municipalities of the Spanish peninsular territory and Balearic Islands. The study covered a 13-year series of fire occurrence data. One hundred and eight variables were generated and input to a dedicated Geographic Information System ({GIS}) to model different factors related to fire ignition. After exploratory analysis, 29 were selected to build a predictive model of human fire ignition using logistic regression analysis. The binary model estimated the probability of high or low occurrence of forest fires, as defined by an ignition danger index that is currently used by the Spanish forest service (number of fires divided by forest area in each municipality). Thirteen explanatory variables were identified by the model. They were related to agricultural landscape fragmentation, agricultural abandonment and development processes. The prediction agreement found between the model binary outputs and the historical fire data was 85.3\% for the model building dataset (60\% of municipalities). A slightly lower predictive power (76.2\%) was found for the validation data (the remaining 40\%). The probabilistic output of the logistic was significantly related to the raw ignition index (Spearman correlation of 0.710) used by the Spanish Forest Service. Therefore, the model can be considered a good predictor of human-caused fire risk, aiding spatial decisions related to prevention planning in Spanish municipalities.},
    author = {Mart\'{\i}nez, Jes\'{u}s and Vega-Garcia, Cristina and Chuvieco, Emilio},
    citeulike-article-id = {14136897},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/14136897},
    citeulike-linkout-1 = {https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=15719501522813452760},
    citeulike-linkout-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.07.005},
    doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.07.005},
    issn = {0301-4797},
    journal = {Journal of Environmental Management},
    keywords = {anthropogenic-impacts, risk-assessment, spain, wildfires},
    month = feb,
    number = {2},
    pages = {1241--1252},
    posted-at = {2016-09-14 09:33:51},
    priority = {2},
    title = {Human-caused wildfire risk rating for prevention planning in Spain},
    url = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/14136897},
    volume = {90},
    year = {2009}
}

@article{donatoVegetationResponseShort2009,
  title = {Vegetation Response to a Short Interval between High-Severity Wildfires in a Mixed-Evergreen Forest},
  author = {Donato, Daniel C. and Fontaine, Joseph B. and Robinson, W. Douglas and Kauffman, J. Boone and Law, Beverly E.},
  year = {2009},
  month = jan,
  volume = {97},
  pages = {142--154},
  issn = {0022-0477},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01456.x},
  abstract = {[::] Variations in disturbance regime strongly influence ecosystem structure and function. A prominent form of such variation is when multiple high-severity wildfires occur in rapid succession (i.e. short-interval (SI) severe fires, or 're-burns'). These events have been proposed as key mechanisms altering successional rates and pathways.

[::] We utilized a natural experiment afforded by two overlapping wildfires occurring within a 15-year interval in forests of the Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon (USA). We tested for unique effects of a SI fire (15-year interval before 2002 fire) by comparing vegetation communities 2 years post-fire to those following a long-interval (LI) fire ({$>$} 100-year interval before 2002 fire) and in mature/old-growth (M/OG) stands (no high-severity fire in {$>$} 100-year).

[::] Nearly all species found in M/OG stands were present at similar relative abundance in both the LI and SI burns, indicating high community persistence through multiple high-severity fires. However, the SI burn had the highest species richness and total plant cover with additions of disturbance-associated forbs and low shrubs, likely due to a propagule bank of early seral species that developed between fires. Persistence of flora was driven by vegetative sprouting, on-site seed banks, and dispersal from off-site seed sources. Several broadly generalizable plant functional traits (e.g. rapid maturation, long-lived seed banks) were strongly associated with the SI burn.

[::] Sprouting capacity of hardwoods and shrubs was unaltered by recurrent fire, but hardwood/shrub biomass was lower in the SI burn because individuals were smaller before the second fire. Conifer regeneration densities were high in both the SI and LI burns (range = 298-6086 and 406-2349 trees ha-1, respectively), reflecting similar availability of seed source and germination substrates.

[::Synthesis] SI severe fires are typically expected to be deleterious to forest flora and development; however, these results indicate that in systems characterized by highly variable natural disturbances (e.g. mixed-severity fire regime), native biota possess functional traits lending resilience to recurrent severe fire. Compound disturbance resulted in a distinct early seral assemblage (i.e. interval-dependent fire effects), thus contributing to the landscape heterogeneity inherent to mixed-severity fire regimes. Process-oriented ecosystem management incorporating variable natural disturbances, including 'extreme' events such as SI severe fires, would likely perpetuate a diversity of habitats and successional pathways on the landscape.},
  journal = {Journal of Ecology},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-3788803,~to-add-doi-URL,biodiversity,disturbances,evergreen,fire-severity,forest-resources,mixed-forests,postfire-impacts,postfire-recovery,species-richness,united-states,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-3788803},
  number = {1}
}

@article{malhiExploringLikelihoodMechanism2009,
  title = {Exploring the Likelihood and Mechanism of a Climate-Change-Induced Dieback of the {{Amazon}} Rainforest},
  author = {Malhi, Yadvinder and Arag{\~a}o, Luiz E. O. C. and Galbraith, David and Huntingford, Chris and Fisher, Rosie and Zelazowski, Przemyslaw and Sitch, Stephen and McSweeney, Carol and Meir, Patrick},
  year = {2009},
  month = feb,
  volume = {106},
  pages = {20610--20615},
  issn = {1091-6490},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.0804619106},
  abstract = {We examine the evidence for the possibility that 21st-century climate change may cause a large-scale '' dieback'' or degradation of Amazonian rainforest. We employ a new framework for evaluating the rainfall regime of tropical forests and from this deduce precipitation-based boundaries for current forest viability. We then examine climate simulations by 19 global climate models (GCMs) in this context and find that most tend to underestimate current rainfall. GCMs also vary greatly in their projections of future climate change in Amazonia. We attempt to take into account the differences between GCM-simulated and observed rainfall regimes in the 20th century. Our analysis suggests that dry-season water stress is likely to increase in E. Amazonia over the 21st century, but the region tends toward a climate more appropriate to seasonal forest than to savanna. These seasonal forests may be resilient to seasonal drought but are likely to face intensified water stress caused by higher temperatures and to be vulnerable to fires, which are at present naturally rare in much of Amazonia. The spread of fire ignition associated with advancing deforestation, logging, and fragmentation may act as nucleation points that trigger the transition of these seasonal forests into fire-dominated, low biomass forests. Conversely, deliberate limitation of deforestation and fire may be an effective intervention to maintain Amazonian forest resilience in the face of imposed 21st-century climate change. Such intervention may be enough to navigate E. Amazonia away from a possible '' tipping point,'' beyond which extensive rainforest would become unsustainable.},
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-5128049,amazonia,biomass,climate-change,forest-biomass,forest-fires,forest-resources,habitat-suitability,precipitation,tipping-point,tree-mortality,tropical-forests,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-5128049},
  number = {49}
}

@article{cannonStormRainfallConditions2008,
  title = {Storm Rainfall Conditions for Floods and Debris Flows from Recently Burned Areas in Southwestern {{Colorado}} and Southern {{California}}},
  author = {Cannon, Susan H. and Gartner, Joseph E. and Wilson, Raymond C. and Bowers, James C. and Laber, Jayme L.},
  year = {2008},
  month = apr,
  volume = {96},
  pages = {250--269},
  issn = {0169-555X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.03.019},
  abstract = {Debris flows generated during rain storms on recently burned areas have destroyed lives and property throughout the Western U.S. Field evidence indicate that unlike landslide-triggered debris flows, these events have no identifiable initiation source and can occur with little or no antecedent moisture. Using rain gage and response data from five fires in Colorado and southern California, we document the rainfall conditions that have triggered post-fire debris flows and develop empirical rainfall intensity-duration thresholds for the occurrence of debris flows and floods following wildfires in these settings. This information can provide guidance for warning systems and planning for emergency response in similar settings. Debris flows were produced from 25 recently burned basins in Colorado in response to 13 short-duration, high-intensity convective storms. Debris flows were triggered after as little as six to 10~min of storm rainfall. About 80\,\% of the storms that generated debris flows lasted less than 3~h, with most of the rain falling in less than 1~h. The storms triggering debris flows ranged in average intensity between 1.0 and 32.0~mm/h, and had recurrence intervals of two years or less. Threshold rainfall conditions for floods and debris flows sufficiently large to pose threats to life and property from recently burned areas in south-central, and southwestern, Colorado are defined by: I~=~6.5D-~0.7 and I~=~9.5D-~0.7, respectively, where I~=~rainfall intensity (in mm/h) and D~=~duration (in hours). Debris flows were generated from 68 recently burned areas in southern California in response to long-duration frontal storms. The flows occurred after as little as two hours, and up to 16~h, of low-intensity (2-10~mm/h) rainfall. The storms lasted between 5.5 and 33~h, with average intensities between 1.3 and 20.4~mm/h, and had recurrence intervals of two years or less. Threshold rainfall conditions for life- and property-threatening floods and debris flows during the first winter season following fires in Ventura County, and in the San Bernardino, San Gabriel and San Jacinto Mountains of southern California are defined by I~=~12.5D-0.4, and I~=~7.2D-0.4, respectively. A threshold defined for flood and debris-flow conditions following a year of vegetative recovery and sediment removal for the San Bernardino, San Gabriel and San Jacinto Mountains of I~=~14.0D-0.5 is approximately 25~mm/h higher than that developed for the first year following fires. The thresholds defined here are significantly lower than most identified for unburned settings, perhaps because of the difference between extremely rapid, runoff-dominated processes acting in burned areas and longer-term, infiltration-dominated processes on unburned hillslopes.},
  journal = {Geomorphology},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12117694,debris-flows,floods,precipitation,runoff,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12117694},
  number = {3-4}
}

@inproceedings{rodriguez-aserettoAdaptiveSystemForest2008,
  title = {An Adaptive System for Forest Fire Behavior Prediction},
  booktitle = {Computational {{Science}} and {{Engineering}}, 2008. {{CSE}} '08. 11th {{IEEE International Conference}} On},
  author = {{Rodriguez-Aseretto}, Dario and Cort{\'e}s, Ana and Margalef, Tom{\`a}s and Luque, Emilio},
  year = {2008},
  month = jul,
  pages = {275--282},
  publisher = {{IEEE / Dept. d' Arquitectura de Computadors i Sistemes Operatius, Univ. Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona}},
  doi = {10.1109/cse.2008.15},
  abstract = {In this paper, we propose a combination of two dynamic data driven application system (DDDAS) methodologies to predict wildfirespsila propagation. Our goal is to build a system that dynamically adapts to constant changes in environmental conditions when a hazard occurs and under strict real-time deadlines. For this purpose, we are on the way of building a parallel wildfire prediction method, which is able to assimilate real-time data to be injected in the prediction process at execution time.},
  isbn = {978-0-7695-3193-9},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12031487,dynamic-data-driven-application-system,forest-fires,forest-resources,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12031487}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{citeulike:12379679,
    abstract = {Devastating fires affected Greece in the summer 2007, with the loss of more than 60 human lives, the destruction of more than 100 villages and hundreds of square kilometres of forest burned. This Letter presents a map of the extent burned and the approximate day of burning in Greece mapped by the {MODIS} burned area product for 22 June to 30 August 2007 and the burned areas mapped independently by the European Forest Fires Information Service ({EFFIS}). The characteristics of the two datasets, and an evaluation of the areas burned comparing the {MODIS} and {EFFIS} data for the same temporal interval are described.},
    author = {Boschetti, Luigi and Roy, David and Barbosa, Paulo and Boca, Roberto and Justice, Chris},
    citeulike-article-id = {12379679},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431160701874561},
    citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://scholar.google.it/scholar?cluster=3005068428547632264},
    citeulike-linkout-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431160701874561},
    citeulike-linkout-3 = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431160701874561},
    day = {25},
    doi = {10.1080/01431160701874561},
    journal = {International Journal of Remote Sensing},
    keywords = {burnt-scar-mapping, data, dataset, effis, greece, modis, wildfires},
    month = mar,
    number = {8},
    pages = {2433--2436},
    posted-at = {2013-08-30 11:08:33},
    priority = {2},
    publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
    title = {A {MODIS} assessment of the summer 2007 extent burned in Greece},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431160701874561},
    volume = {29},
    year = {2008}
}

@article{fernandesFireResistanceEuropean2008,
  title = {Fire Resistance of {{European}} Pines},
  author = {Fernandes, Paulo M. and Vega, Jos{\'e} A. and Jim{\'e}nez, Enrique and Rigolot, Eric},
  year = {2008},
  month = jul,
  volume = {256},
  pages = {246--255},
  issn = {0378-1127},
  doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2008.04.032},
  abstract = {Pine resistance to low- to moderate-intensity fire arises from traits (namely related to tissue insulation from heat) that enable tree survival. Predictive models of the likelihood of tree mortality after fire are quite valuable to assist decision-making after wildfire and to plan prescribed burning. Data and models pertaining to the survival of European pines following fire are reviewed. The type and quality of the current information on fire resistance of the various European species is quite variable. Data from low-intensity fire experiments or regimes is comparatively abundant for Pinus pinaster and Pinus sylvestris, while tree survival after wildfire has been modelled for Pinus pinea and Pinus halepensis. P. pinaster and P. pinea, and Pinus canariensis in special, are better equipped to survive fire, but low-intensity fire is tolerated even by species often referred to as fire-sensitive (P. halepensis and Pinus radiata). The relative fire resistance of European pine species is assessed on the basis of (i) morphological and experimental data, and (ii) mortality modelling that considers fire behaviour. Limitations of these approaches to rate fire resistance are discussed, and the current knowledge gaps are indicated.},
  journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13796018,~to-add-doi-URL,disturbances,europe,forest-resources,mediterranean-region,pinus-canariensis,pinus-halepensis,pinus-pinaster,pinus-pinea,pinus-radiata,pinus-spp,pinus-sylvestris,postfire-impacts,postfire-recovery,prescribed-burn,species-resistance,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13796018},
  number = {3}
}

@article{shakesbyDistinctivenessWildfireEffects2007,
  title = {Distinctiveness of Wildfire Effects on Soil Erosion in South-East {{Australian}} Eucalypt Forests Assessed in a Global Context},
  author = {Shakesby, R. A. and Wallbrink, P. J. and Doerr, S. H. and English, P. M. and Chafer, C. J. and Humphreys, G. S. and Blake, W. H. and Tomkins, K. M.},
  year = {2007},
  month = jan,
  volume = {238},
  pages = {347--364},
  issn = {0378-1127},
  doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2006.10.029},
  abstract = {The premise of this paper is that continued improvement in the understanding of wildfire impacts on soil erosion and better prediction of resulting hazards can be best achieved by adopting a concept of global regional variants and endemic factors that distinguish some regions in terms of post-fire erosion characteristics. The need for such an approach is exemplified here based on the fire-prone eucalypt forests in south-east Australia. Wildfire effects on vegetation, fauna, soil erodibility and erosion in this environment are evaluated and placed in the context of the global state-of-the-art for forest environments. In addition to expected variation resulting from, for example, geology, topography and climate of the area, it is argued that a distinctive post-fire behaviour is caused in these eucalypt forests by the interaction between specific characteristics of the vegetation, litter, soil properties, faunal activity and micro-scale surface features. Soil erosion limited only by post-fire rainfall intensity and quantity, or until bedrock is exposed, might be expected after wildfire on steep slopes in these forests given the non-cohesive character of the often sandy soils and their universally water repellent character. That this scenario is not realised, except possibly under extreme rainfall conditions, which rarely occur during the vulnerable post-fire period, can be attributed to a unique suite of features that disrupt or provide sinks for overland flow, bind the loose in situ soil and trap mobilised sediment. These include mats of fine roots, litter dam-microterrace complexes and faunal activity by small mammals and ants. In combination, these characteristics reduce post-fire hillslope-channel sediment transfer, at least under light to moderate intensity rainfall typical of post-fire periods following recent wildfires. Evidence is discussed suggesting that the long-term geomorphological role of wildfires in south-east Australia may be of relatively minor importance and confined largely to enhanced weathering of exposed outcrops and redistribution of soil across existing erosional and depositional landforms. The soil fertility and downstream water quality implications of widespread transfer of topsoil to watercourses resulting from frequent, often severe wildfires are nevertheless significant.},
  journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12608396,australia,climate-extremes,disturbances,eucalyptus-spp,forest-resources,integrated-natural-resources-modelling-and-management,precipitation,soil-erosion,soil-resources,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12608396},
  number = {1-3}
}

@article{vafeidisProposedMethodModelling2007,
  title = {A Proposed Method for Modelling the Hydrologic Response of Catchments to Burning with the Use of Remote Sensing and {{GIS}}},
  author = {Vafeidis, A. T. and Drake, N. A. and Wainwright, J.},
  year = {2007},
  month = aug,
  volume = {70},
  pages = {396--409},
  issn = {0341-8162},
  doi = {10.1016/j.catena.2006.11.008},
  abstract = {Forest fires can have significant effects on the hydrological response of catchments, resulting in many cases in severe land degradation, flooding and soil erosion. These post-fire hazards often cause extensive damage to public and private property and urban infrastructure, thus carefully planned and designed mitigation activities are required for reducing their magnitude. This study presents a method for the quantitative estimation and mapping of post-fire erosion and runoff, which can provide the basis for the planning of these mitigation activities. Within the context of the proposed method a soil-erosion model is integrated within a GIS and remote sensing and digital cartographic data are used for estimating the model parameters before and after the passage of the fire. The model incorporates the effects of fire on the parameters that control erosion using remotely sensed estimates of the characteristics of the fire, such as the temperature and the extent. The method was implemented in four regions in Greece where severe wildfires took place during the summer of 1998. Pre- and post-fire model runs showed significant changes in runoff and erosion patterns as a result of the passage of the fire and a notable increase in the spatial variability of post-fire erosion rates. Results indicated net increases of up to 0.76 \texttimes{} 10- 2 mm/h in erosion rates, although small decreases were also observed in some areas. The application of the method led to the identification of areas where erosion is expected to accelerate significantly and thus hazard-mitigation works are urgently required. The proposed method can clearly benefit from higher resolution remote-sensing data and more detailed datasets on soil properties and characteristics and is expected to provide a useful tool in planning and prioritising the works that are required for the mitigation of post-fire hazards.},
  journal = {CATENA},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13313616,disturbances,gis,hydrology,remote-sensing,rusle,soil-erosion,soil-resources,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13313616},
  number = {3}
}

@article{andrewsPredictingWildfires2007,
  title = {Predicting {{Wildfires}}},
  author = {Andrews, Patricia and Finney, Mark and Fischetti, Mark},
  year = {2007},
  month = aug,
  volume = {297},
  pages = {46--55},
  issn = {0036-8733},
  doi = {10.1038/scientificamerican0807-46},
  abstract = {The number of catastrophic wildfires in the U.S. has been steadily rising. The nation has spent more than \$1 billion annually to suppress such fires in eight of the past 10 years. In 2005 a record 8.7 million acres burned, only to be succeeded by 9.9 million acres in 2006. And this year is off to a furious start. To a great extent, the increase in fires stems from a buildup of excess fuel, particularly deadwood and underbrush. Forests harbor more fuel than ever in large part because for decades, land management agencies, including the U.S. Forest Service, have followed a policy of trying to quickly put out every fire that starts. Fires, however, can clear out debris, preventing material from accumulating across wide areas and feeding extremely large, intense fires that become impossible to fight. Even in the absence of such a policy, firefighters find themselves compelled to combat many blazes because people continue to build homes further into wildlands, and those structures require protection. Exacerbating the problem, spring snowmelts have been occurring earlier, extending the number of weeks every year when forests are exposed and dangerously dry.},
  journal = {Scientific American},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12131831,climate,climate-projections,data-integration,ecosystem,emergency-events,environmental-modelling,integrated-modelling,integration-techniques,modelling,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12131831},
  number = {2}
}

@article{dipiazzaModellingEffectsBushfire2007,
  title = {Modelling the Effects of a Bushfire on Erosion in a {{Mediterranean}} Basin},
  author = {Di Piazza, Gian V. and Di Stefano, Costanza and Ferro, Vito},
  year = {2007},
  month = dec,
  volume = {52},
  pages = {1253--1270},
  issn = {2150-3435},
  doi = {10.1623/hysj.52.6.1253},
  abstract = {A bushfire occurred in the Asinaro River basin in July 1998. The basin area is 55 km2 and about 74\,\% of the whole area was set on fire. The aim of this paper is to test the influence of fire on both soil erosion and the spatial distribution of the areas characterized by the greatest sediment yield values. The RUSLE model and a spatial disaggregation criterion for sediment delivery processes (SEDD model) were used to test the effects of the bushfire. The basin was divided into 854 morphological units for calculating the topographic factor. The RUSLE climatic factor R was calculated using daily rainfall data. The soil erodibility factor was determined by sampling at sites distributed over the basin. The model was applied using different climatic hypotheses (mean year, rainfall events subsequent to the fire or occurring after 6, 12, 24 months) and was used to simulate different post-fire conditions of erodibility and vegetation cover. The analysis showed that immediately after fire, sediment yield rapidly increases in comparison to the undisturbed value (pre-fire). According to the hypothesis made on the cover and management factor, after 24 months the undisturbed condition is gradually reached. R\'esum\'e Un incendie a s\'evi dans le bassin versant de la Rivi\`ere Asinaro en Juillet 1998. La superficie du bassin est de 55 km2 et environ 74\,\% de cette surface ont \'et\'e incendi\'es. L'objectif de cet article est de tester l'influence de l'incendie sur l'\'erosion des sols et sur la distribution spatiale des zones caract\'eris\'ees par les plus grandes valeurs d'exportation s\'edimentaire. Le mod\`ele RUSLE et un crit\`ere de d\'esagr\'egation spatiale des processus s\'edimentaires (mod\`ele SEDD) ont \'et\'e utilis\'es pour tester les effets de l'incendie. Le bassin a \'et\'e divis\'e en 854 unit\'es morphologiques pour calculer le facteur topographique. Le facteur climatique R de RUSLE a \'et\'e calcul\'e \`a l'aide de donn\'ees journali\`eres de pluie. Le facteur d'\'erodibilit\'e du sol a \'et\'e d\'etermin\'e pour un \'echantillon de sites r\'epartis au sein du bassin. Le mod\`ele a \'et\'e appliqu\'e en utilisant diff\'erentes hypoth\`eses climatiques (ann\'ee moyenne, \'ev\'enements de pluie intervenant imm\'ediatement apr\`es l'incendie ou apr\`es 6, 12, 24 mois) et a \'et\'e utilis\'e pour simuler diff\'erentes conditions post-incendie d'\'erodibilit\'e et de couvert v\'eg\'etal. L'analyse montre que l'exportation s\'edimentaire augmente imm\'ediatement apr\`es l'incendie d'environ 100\,\% par rapport \`a la valeur non-perturb\'ee (pr\'e-incendie). L'analyse montre \'egalement un retour aux conditions nonperturb\'ees apr\`es 24 mois.},
  journal = {Hydrological Sciences Journal},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12116878,integration-techniques,mediterranean-region,risk-assessment,shrubs,soil-erosion,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12116878},
  number = {6}
}

@article{trigoAtmosphericConditionsAssociated2006,
  title = {Atmospheric Conditions Associated with the Exceptional Fire Season of 2003 in {{Portugal}}},
  author = {Trigo, Ricardo M. and Pereira, Jos{\'e} M. C. and Pereira, M{\'a}Rio G. and Mota, Bernardo and Calado, Teresa J. and Dacamara, Carlos C. and Santo, F{\'a}tima E.},
  year = {2006},
  month = nov,
  volume = {26},
  pages = {1741--1757},
  issn = {0899-8418},
  doi = {10.1002/joc.1333},
  abstract = {The summer of 2003 was characterised by exceptional warm weather in Europe, particularly during the first two weeks of August, when a devastating sequence of large fires was observed, reaching an amount of circa 450 000 ha, the largest figure ever recorded in Portugal in modern times. They were concentrated in two relatively confined regions of Portugal and a considerable proportion of burnt area was due to fires started on the 2nd and 3rd of August.

[\textbackslash n] It is shown that the 850 hPa temperature values observed over Portugal for the 1st and 2nd of August 2003 were the highest recorded since 1958. Using data from synoptic stations covering the entire Portuguese territory, the event was characterised in fine detail, including the evolution of both maximum and minimum temperatures, surface relative humidity, and wind anomaly fields. The different spatial extent of maximum and minimum temperatures is analysed leading to the new all-time Portuguese records of 47.3 \textdegree C for maximum and 30.6 \textdegree C for minimum temperatures that were recorded on the 1st of August near the main area of occurrence of the largest fire.

[\textbackslash n] Finally, it is shown that the summer of 2003 was preceded by a wet winter followed by a very dry month of May, a precipitation anomalous regime that contributed to a climatic background that favoured the role played by the early August heatwave and the associated meteorological surface conditions.},
  journal = {International Journal of Climatology},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14174564,~to-add-doi-URL,climate-extremes,extreme-events,extreme-weather,forest-fires,forest-resources,heatwaves,portugal,review,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14174564},
  number = {13}
}

@article{shakesbyWildfireHydrologicalGeomorphological2006,
  title = {Wildfire as a Hydrological and Geomorphological Agent},
  author = {Shakesby, R. and Doerr, S.},
  year = {2006},
  month = feb,
  volume = {74},
  pages = {269--307},
  issn = {0012-8252},
  doi = {10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.10.006},
  abstract = {Wildfire can lead to considerable hydrological and geomorphological change, both directly by weathering bedrock surfaces and changing soil structure and properties, and indirectly through the effects of changes to the soil and vegetation on hydrological and geomorphological processes. This review summarizes current knowledge and identifies research gaps focusing particularly on the contribution of research from the Mediterranean Basin, Australia and South Africa over the last two decades or so to the state of knowledge mostly built on research carried out in the USA. Wildfire-induced weathering rates have been reported to be high relative to other weathering processes in fire-prone terrain, possibly as much as one or two magnitudes higher than frost action, with important implications for cosmogenic-isotope dating of the length of rock exposure. Wildfire impacts on soil properties have been a major focus of interest over the last two decades. Fire usually reduces soil aggregate stability and can induce, enhance or destroy soil water repellency depending on the temperature reached and its duration. These changes have implications for infiltration, overland flow and rainsplash detachment. A large proportion of publications concerned with fire impacts have focused on post-fire soil erosion by water, particularly at small scales. These have shown elevated, sometimes extremely large post-fire losses before geomorphological stability is re-established. Soil losses per unit area are generally negatively related to measurement scale reflecting increased opportunities for sediment storage at larger scales. Over the last 20 years, there has been much improvement in the understanding of the forms, causes and timing of debris flow and landslide activity on burnt terrain. Advances in previously largely unreported processes (e.g. bio-transfer of sediment and wind erosion) have also been made. Post-fire hydrological effects have generally also been studied at small rather than large scales, with soil water repellency effects on infiltration and overland flow being a particular focus. At catchment scales, post-fire accentuated peakflow has received more attention than changes in total flow, reflecting easier measurement and the greater hazard posed by the former. Post-fire changes to stream channels occur over both short and long terms with complex feedback mechanisms, though research to date has been limited. Research gaps identified include the need to: (1) develop a fire severity index relevant to soil changes rather than to degree of biomass destruction; (2) isolate the hydrological and geomorphological impacts of fire-induced soil water repellency changes from other important post-fire changes (e.g. litter and vegetation destruction); (3) improve knowledge of the hydrological and geomorphological impacts of wildfire in a wider range of fire-prone terrain types; (4) solve important problems in the determination and analysis of hillslope and catchment sediment yields including poor knowledge about soil losses other than at small spatial and short temporal scales, the lack of a clear measure of the degradational significance of post-fire soil losses, and confusion arising from errors in and lack of scale context for many quoted post-fire soil erosion rates; and (5) increase the research effort into past and potential future hydrological and geomorphological changes resulting from wildfire.},
  journal = {Earth-Science Reviews},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12120726,biomass,feedback,multi-scale,non-linearity,sediment-transport,soil-erosion,soil-resources,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12120726},
  number = {3-4}
}

@article{whickerIncreasedWindErosion2006,
  title = {Increased Wind Erosion from Forest Wildfire: Implications for Contaminant-Related Risks},
  author = {Whicker, Jeffrey J. and Pinder, John E. and Breshears, David D.},
  year = {2006},
  month = feb,
  volume = {35},
  pages = {468--478},
  issn = {1537-2537},
  doi = {10.2134/jeq2005.0112},
  abstract = {Assessments of contaminant-related human and ecological risk require estimation of transport rates, but few data exist on wind-driven transport rates in nonagricultural systems, particularly in response to ecosystem disturbances such as forest wildfire and also relative to water-driven transport. The Cerro Grande wildfire in May of 2000 burned across ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex P.\&C. Lawson var. scopulorum Englem.) forest within Los Alamos National Laboratory in northern New Mexico, where contaminant transport and associated post-fire inhalation risks are of concern. In response, the objectives of this study were to measure and compare wind-driven horizontal and vertical dust fluxes, metrics of transport related to wind erosion, for 3 yr for sites differentially affected by the Cerro Grande wildfire: unburned, moderately burned (fire mostly confined to ground vegetation), and severely burned (crown fire). Wind-driven dust flux was significantly greater in both types of burned areas relative to unburned areas, by more than one order of magnitude initially and by two to three times 1 yr after the fire. Unexpectedly, the elevated dust fluxes did not decrease during the second and third years in burned areas, apparently because ongoing drought delayed post-fire recovery. Our estimates enable assessment of amplification in contaminant-related risks following a major type of disturbance-wildfire, which is expected to increase in intensity and frequency due to climate change. More generally, our results highlight the importance of considering wind- as well as water-driven transport and erosion, particularly following disturbance, for ecosystem biogeochemistry in general and human and ecological risk assessment in particular.},
  journal = {Journal of Environment Quality},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-3045552,droughts,feedback,forest-resources,integrated-modelling,integrated-natural-resources-modelling-and-management,non-linearity,pinus-ponderosa,postfire-impacts,postfire-recovery,risk-assessment,soil-erosion,soil-pollution,soil-resources,wildfires,wind},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-3045552},
  number = {2}
}

@article{schroterEcosystemServiceSupply2005,
  title = {Ecosystem Service Supply and Vulnerability to Global Change in {{Europe}}},
  author = {Schr{\"o}ter, Dagmar and Cramer, Wolfgang and Leemans, Rik and Prentice, I. Colin and Ara{\'u}jo, Miguel B. and Arnell, Nigel W. and Bondeau, Alberte and Bugmann, Harald and Carter, Timothy R. and Gracia, Carlos A. and {de la Vega-Leinert}, Anne C. and Erhard, Markus and Ewert, Frank and Glendining, Margaret and House, Joanna I. and Kankaanp{\"a}{\"a}, Susanna and Klein, Richard J. T. and Lavorel, Sandra and Lindner, Marcus and Metzger, Marc J. and Meyer, Jeannette and Mitchell, Timothy D. and Reginster, Isabelle and Rounsevell, Mark and Sabat{\'e}, Santi and Sitch, Stephen and Smith, Ben and Smith, Jo and Smith, Pete and Sykes, Martin T. and Thonicke, Kirsten and Thuiller, Wilfried and Tuck, Gill and Zaehle, S{\"o}nke and Zierl, B{\"a}rbel},
  year = {2005},
  month = nov,
  volume = {310},
  pages = {1333--1337},
  issn = {1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1115233},
  abstract = {Global change will alter the supply of ecosystem services that are vital for human well-being. To investigate ecosystem service supply during the 21st century, we used a range of ecosystem models and scenarios of climate and land-use change to conduct a Europe-wide assessment. Large changes in climate and land use typically resulted in large changes in ecosystem service supply. Some of these trends may be positive (for example, increases in forest area and productivity) or offer opportunities (for example, '' surplus land'' for agricultural extensification and bioenergy production). However, many changes increase vulnerability as a result of a decreasing supply of ecosystem services (for example, declining soil fertility, declining water availability, increasing risk of forest fires), especially in the Mediterranean and mountain regions.},
  journal = {Science},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-460429,~to-add-doi-URL,agricultural-land,agricultural-resources,bioenergy,climate,climate-change,ecosystem,ecosystem-services,environmental-modelling,europe,forest-fires,forest-resources,global-change,land-use,mediterranean-region,mountainous-areas,scenario-analysis,soil-resources,vulnerability,water-resources,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-460429},
  number = {5752}
}

@article{beverlyCharacterizingExtremeFire2005,
  title = {Characterizing Extreme Fire and Weather Events in the {{Boreal Shield}} Ecozone of {{Ontario}}},
  author = {Beverly, Jennifer L. and Martell, David L.},
  year = {2005},
  month = nov,
  volume = {133},
  pages = {5--16},
  issn = {0168-1923},
  doi = {10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.07.015},
  abstract = {Fire frequency is the most commonly used measure to characterize fire regimes for comparisons across geographical areas or time periods. Within the boreal forest region of the Boreal Shield ecozone of Ontario, fire frequency changes over time and across longitudinal gradients have been associated with drought frequency and large-scale climate processes. While providing evidence that fire regimes differ across areas of the Boreal Shield, fire frequency alone provides little insight into the potential for extreme fire events and the extreme fire weather events that produce large and intense fires characteristic of boreal forest ecosystems. We used the statistics of extreme values to characterize dry spell extremes, or runs of consecutive days with little or no rain, and fire size extremes in east (BSE) and west (BSW) divisions of the Boreal Shield ecozone of Ontario. Extreme fire-event distributions over the 1976-1999 period were compared between two sites in the boreal forest region (i.e., Northern Coniferous and Northern Clay) and extreme dry spell event distributions for the 1963-1998 period were compared between two weather stations (i.e., Dryden and Kapuskasing). Distributions of extreme fire and dry spell events in the BSW and BSE were significantly different. Return time of a 10 000 ha fire was 5.2 years in BSW and 91.8 years BSE. Differences in dry spell extremes were consistent with fire extremes, with the return time of a 30 day dry spell event increasing from 7.5 years in the BSW to 27.8 years in the BSE.},
  journal = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14173215,~to-add-doi-URL,boreal-forests,canada,dry-spells,extreme-weather,forest-fires,forest-resources,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14173215},
  number = {1-4}
}

@incollection{sivakumarImpactsNaturalDisasters2005,
  title = {Impacts of Natural Disasters in Agriculture, Rangeland and Forestry: An Overview},
  booktitle = {Natural {{Disasters}} and {{Extreme Events}} in {{Agriculture}}},
  author = {Sivakumar, Mannava V. K.},
  editor = {Sivakumar, Mannava V. K. and Motha, Raymond P. and Das, Haripada P.},
  year = {2005},
  pages = {1--22},
  publisher = {{Springer Berlin Heidelberg}},
  doi = {10.1007/3-540-28307-2\\_1},
  abstract = {Natural disasters play a major role in agricultural development and the economic cost associated with all natural disasters has increased 14 fold since the 1950s. Natural disasters are classified into hydro-meteorological and geophysical disasters. Definitions of various types of hydrometeorological disasters such as floods, droughts, cyclones, forest fires, heatwaves were presented. Evidence available from different parts of the world showed that there is a rising trend in the occurrence of natural disasters from 1993 to 2002. Impacts of droughts, cyclones, floods, forest and bush fires on agriculture, rangeland and forestry were described with suitable examples. While the predominant impacts from these disasters are negative, there are some positive impacts as well. Environmental degradation is one of the major factors contributing to the vulnerability of agriculture, forestry and rangelands to natural disasters because it directly magnifies the risk of natural disasters. Some methodological issues concerning the characterization of the impacts of natural disasters in agriculture, rangeland and forestry were described. There is an urgent need to mitigate the effects hydro-meteorological disasters through improved use of climate and weather information and forecasts, early warning systems, and appropriate methods of management of land and natural resources.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14143599,agricultural-resources,disasters,droughts,floods,forest-fires,forest-resources,pastoral-activities,wildfires,windstorm},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14143599}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{citeulike:137885,
    abstract = {A yearly global fire history is a prerequisite for quantifying the contribution of previous fires to the past and present global carbon budget. Vegetation fires can have both direct (combustion) and long-term indirect effects on the carbon cycle. Every fire influences the ecosystem carbon budget for many years, as a consequence of internal reorganization, decomposition of dead biomass, and regrowth. We used a two-step process to estimate these effects. First we synthesized the available data available for the 1980s or 1990s to produce a global fire map. For regions with no data, we developed estimates based on vegetation type and history. Second, we then worked backwards to reconstruct the fire history. This reconstruction was based on published data when available. Where it was not, we extrapolated from land use practices, qualitative reports and local studies, such as tree ring analysis. The resulting product is intended as a first approximation for questions about consequences of historical changes in fire for the global carbon budget. We estimate that an average of 608 Mha yr−1 burned (not including agricultural fires) at the end of the 20th century. 86\% of this occurred in tropical savannas. Fires in forests with higher carbon stocks consumed 70.7 Mha yr−1 at the beginning of the century, mostly in the boreal and temperate forests of the Northern Hemisphere. This decreased to 15.2 Mha yr−1 in the 1960s as a consequence of fire suppression policies and the development of efficient fire fighting equipment. Since then, fires in temperate and boreal forests have decreased to 11.2 Mha yr−1. At the same time, burned areas increased exponentially in tropical forests, reaching 54 Mha yr−1 in the 1990s, reflecting the use of fire in deforestation for expansion of agriculture. There is some evidence for an increase in area burned in temperate and boreal forests in the closing years of the 20th century.},
    author = {Mouillot, Florent and Field, Christopher B.},
    citeulike-article-id = {137885},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/137885},
    citeulike-linkout-1 = {https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=12242847367834147422},
    citeulike-linkout-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00920.x},
    citeulike-linkout-3 = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bsc/gcb/2005/00000011/00000003/art00003},
    doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00920.x},
    issn = {1354-1013},
    journal = {Global Change Biology},
    keywords = {agricultural-resources, boreal-forests, carbon-cycle, carbon-emission, carbon-stock, deforestation, global-scale, historical-perspective, mapping, temperate-forests, tropical-forests, wildfires},
    month = mar,
    number = {3},
    pages = {398--420},
    posted-at = {2016-05-06 16:02:05},
    priority = {2},
    publisher = {Blackwell Science Ltd},
    title = {Fire history and the global carbon budget: a 1°x 1° fire history reconstruction for the 20th century},
    url = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/137885},
    volume = {11},
    year = {2005}
}

@article{rodrigoDirectRegenerationNot2004,
  title = {Direct Regeneration Is Not the Only Response of {{Mediterranean}} Forests to Large Fires},
  author = {Rodrigo, Anselm and Retana, Javier and Pic{\'o}, F. Xavier},
  year = {2004},
  month = mar,
  volume = {85},
  pages = {716--729},
  issn = {0012-9658},
  doi = {10.1890/02-0492},
  abstract = {It is widely accepted that the postfire recovery in Mediterranean plant communities is carried out by direct regeneration, i.e., the fast recovery of a plant community with the same species pool that it had immediately prior to disturbance. However, there is evidence that not all plant species in the Mediterranean basin survive fire in all situations, suggesting that the direct regeneration process might not apply to all situations. We analyze whether the main combinations of forest tree species (up to 16) of the western Mediterranean basin exhibit a postfire direct regeneration process. Based on data from field surveys, we have developed a stochastic model to predict the medium-term forest dynamics. In general, Quercus species (resprouters) and the pines Pinus halepensis and P. pinaster (seeders that produce abundant seedlings) showed direct regeneration patterns. In contrast, forests of P. nigra, P. sylvestris, and P. pinea (seeders that produce few seedlings) changed to other situations after fire. This outcome was validated by additional data from plots with known fire history. These results did not support completely the direct regeneration model, since only half of the combinations of tree species analyzed exhibited a {$>$}50\,\% probability of recovering the original prefire situation after fire. This partial failure of direct regeneration evidences the need for reconsidering restoration and conservation plans for Mediterranean ecosystems after fire.

[Excerpt: Discussion] [::Postfire direct regeneration in Mediterranean forests] The results indicated that forest types with the highest resilience were those of resprouter species (Q. ilex, Q. cerrioides, and Q. suber) or with efficient seedling recruitment after fire (P. halepensis and P. pinaster). However, only 7 out of 16 forest types analyzed in this study had a .50\,\% probability of recovering the prefire forest type after fire. Particularly, monospecific and mixed forests of P. nigra, P. sylvestris, and P. pinea exhibited low or nil stasis after fire (Tables 3 and 4) and had high probabilities of change toward states dominated by different Quercus species or grasslands. As a result, the postfire regeneration of many of these forest types cannot be interpreted as a direct regeneration process because the composition and structure of the new postfire forest type were completely different from those of the prefire forest type. The resilience of P. halepensis and P. pinaster was due to high initial seedling densities (Table 2). These species overcome the destruction caused by fires through very powerful postfire regeneration based on their ability to safeguard seeds in a long-term permanent seed bank on the serotinous cones of the canopy, which open after the passage of fires (Saracino et al. 1993, Daskalakou and Thanos 1996, Broncano 2000). However, there was a high variability in germination of these species among plots and, as a consequence, the high probability of changing to other forest types observed in mixed forests of these pines (Fig. 5). The almost complete absence of P. nigra and P. sylvestris in the postfire scenarios can be attributed to very low seedling density after fire. They do not have serotinous cones, and their seeds are dispersed in late winter to spring (Skordilis and Thanos 1997). As most seeds have already germinated in late spring (A. Rodrigo, personal observation), they are burned as seedlings during summer fires, which are the most common in the Mediterranean region. In the case of P. pinea, its low presence after fire is not due to low seedling density (Table 2), but to high seedling mortality in the first years after fire. The probability that these forests may change toward states dominated by Quercus species or grasslands depends on topographical and/or management features that favor or hinder the establishment of Quercus individuals under the overstory of pines (Espelta et al. 1995, Broncano et al. 1998). The high stasis of the three Quercus species is due to their resprouting ability, although they show different strategies. Q. ilex and, to a lesser extent, Q. suber, produce a large number of resprouts per individual after fire (Espelta et al. 1999), which causes strong intraindividual competition and high mortality through time. On the other hand, Q. cerrioides produces fewer resprouts per individual (Espelta et al. 2003), but shows lower mortality than the former species. Stem density of the three species 30 years after fire was quite similar to the prefire situation with both resprouting strategies [...]

[] Overall, the results of this study suggest that the historical idea that direct regeneration of Mediterranean plant species to fire was a feedback mechanism protecting Mediterranean ecosystems from the continuous human impact during millennia should be regarded with care. Mediterranean forests may change considerably due to fire. By a similar reasoning, other recent works also show that posthurricane regeneration of tropical mangroves is more complex than direct regeneration models proposed for other tropical forests affected by hurricanes, and where regeneration is dominated by resprouting (Baldwin et al. 2001). Considering the high biodiversity of the Mediterranean Basin, which is one of the hotspots that should receive particular priority at a worldwide scale (Myers et al. 2000), the inability of postfire regeneration exhibited by some Mediterranean forests under the present fire regime might have important consequences of loss of biodiversity, not only of trees, but of many other plant and animal species affected by community-scale changes. This shows the need to reconsider management and restoration plans for Mediterranean species and ecosystems in response to fire, which should also include the real possibility that some species or communities do not recover from fire in the way that would be expected based on classical theory.},
  journal = {Ecology},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13797221,~to-add-doi-URL,disturbances,forest-fires,forest-resources,mediterranean-region,pinus-halepensis,pinus-nigra,pinus-pinaster,pinus-pinea,pinus-sylvestris,postfire-recovery,quercus-cerrioides,quercus-ilex,quercus-suber,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13797221},
  number = {3}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{citeulike:12117596,
    abstract = {We studied patterns of small mammal abundance and species richness in post-fire habitats by sampling 33 plots (225 m2 each) representing different stages of vegetation recovery after fire. Small mammal abundance was estimated by live trapping during early spring 1999 and vegetation structure was sampled by visual estimation at the same plots. Recently–burnt areas were characterised by shrubby and herbaceous vegetation with low structural variability, and unburnt areas were characterised by well developed forest cover with high structural complexity. Small mammal abundance and species richness decreased with time elapsed since the last fire (from 5 to at least 50 years), and these differences were associated to the decreasing cover of short shrubs as the post-fire succession of plant communities advanced. However, relationships between vegetation structure and small mammals differed among areas burned in different times, with weak or negative relationship in recently burnt areas and positive and stronger relationship in unburnt areas. Furthermore, the abundance of small mammals was larger than expected from vegetation structure in plots burned recently whereas the contrary pattern was found in unburned areas. We hypothesised that the pattern observed could be related to the responses of small mammal predators to changes in vegetation and landscape structure promoted by fire. Fire-related fragmentation could have promoted the isolation of forest predators (owls and carnivores) in unburned forest patches, a fact that could have produced a higher predation pressure for small mammals. Conversely, small mammal populations would have been enhanced in early post-fire stages by lower predator numbers combined with better predator protection in areas covered by resprouting woody vegetation.},
    author = {Torre, I. and D\'{\i}az, M.},
    citeulike-article-id = {12117596},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2003.10.007},
    citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://scholar.google.it/scholar?cluster=6855480906892220882},
    citeulike-linkout-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2003.10.007},
    doi = {10.1016/j.actao.2003.10.007},
    issn = {1146-609X},
    journal = {Acta Oecologica},
    keywords = {ecology, forest-fires, forest-resources, fragmentation, grasslands, mammals, prey-predator, shrubs, wildfires},
    month = may,
    number = {3},
    pages = {137--142},
    posted-at = {2013-03-06 18:13:34},
    priority = {2},
    title = {Small mammal abundance in Mediterranean post-fire habitats: a role for predators?},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2003.10.007},
    volume = {25},
    year = {2004}
}

@incollection{kazanisFactorsDeterminingLow2004,
  title = {Factors Determining Low {{Mediterranean}} Ecosystems Resilience to Fire: The Case of {{Pinus}} Halepensis Forests},
  booktitle = {Ecology, {{Conservation}} and {{Management}} of {{Mediterranean Climate Ecosystems}} - {{Proceedings}} of the 10th {{International Conference}} on {{Mediterranean Climate Ecosystems}}},
  author = {Kazanis, D. and Arianoutsou, M.},
  editor = {Arianoutsou, Margarita and Papanastasis, Vasilios P.},
  year = {2004},
  pages = {20+},
  publisher = {{Millpress}},
  address = {{Rotterdam, The Netherlands}},
  abstract = {Factors acting as drivers of low resilience to fire in Pinus halepensis ecosystems are being examined. The commonest factor seems to be fire interval. From the several time windows examined, that of, the shortest one ever reported in this type of communities (3 years only) seemed to be the most crucial. From the plant species previously existing on the site woody and herbaceous obligate seeders are mainly affected by this factor. Other factors, affecting mainly pine regeneration, are the abundance of Quercus coccifera individuals in the regenerating community and the high percentage of limestone outcrops. As an example of a landscape approach to the problem of evaluating resilience to fire, the case of Sounion Peninsula National Park is presented.},
  isbn = {90 5966 016 1},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14175913,ecosystem-resilience,forest-fires,forest-resources,frequency,greece,landscape-dynamics,mediterranean-region,pinus-halepensis,postfire-impacts,postfire-recovery,shrubs,species-richness,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14175913}
}

@article{alexanderForecastingWildlandFire2004,
  title = {Forecasting Wildland Fire Behavior: Aids, Guides, and Knowledge-Based Protocols},
  author = {Alexander, M. E. and Thomas, D. A.},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {64},
  pages = {4--11},
  abstract = {By systematically reflecting upon our fire behavior forecasts and the tools that helped us prepare them, we become the masters of fire behavior models and not their servants.},
  journal = {Fire Management today},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12031019,cognitive-biases,forest-fires,forest-resources,knowledge-integration,modelling,risk-assessment,science-based-decision-making,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12031019},
  number = {1}
}

@article{iceEffectsWildfireSoils2004,
  title = {Effects of Wildfire on Soils and Watershed Processes},
  author = {Ice, George G. and Neary, Daniel G. and Adams, Paul W.},
  year = {2004},
  month = sep,
  volume = {102},
  pages = {16--20},
  issn = {0022-1201},
  abstract = {Wildfire can cause water repellency and consume plant canopy, surface plants and litter, and structure-enhancing organics within soil. Changes in soil moisture, structure, and infiltration can accelerate surface runoff, erosion, sediment transport, and deposition. Intense rainfall and some soil and terrain conditions can contribute to overland runoff and in-channel debris torrents. Mineralization of organic matter, interruption of root uptake, and loss of shade can further impact water quality by increasing stream temperatures and nutrient concentrations. Where wildfires are unnaturally large and severe, watershed effects are likely to be negatively skewed.},
  journal = {Journal of Forestry},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-34449,catchment-scale,integrated-natural-resources-modelling-and-management,integration-techniques,runoff,sediment-transport,soil-erosion,soil-resources,temperature,water-quality,water-resources,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-34449},
  number = {6}
}

@article{herrandoDoesFireIncrease2003,
  title = {Does Fire Increase the Spatial Heterogeneity of Bird Communities in {{Mediterranean}} Landscapes?},
  author = {Herrando, Sergi and Brotons, Ll{\'u}{\i}s and Llacuna, Santiago},
  year = {2003},
  month = apr,
  volume = {145},
  pages = {307--317},
  doi = {10.1046/j.1474-919x.2003.00155.x},
  abstract = {The occurrence of large burnt areas has increased considerably in southern Europe in recent years. In order to design management plans to prevent large wildfires while preserving biodiversity, understanding of the ways in which birds respond to these fires is required. We investigated the spatial variability of both avifauna and habitat structure in three zones: unburnt, burnt in 1982, and burnt in 1994. The habitat structure of the unburnt zone was the most variable spatially. However, bird species composition between sampling points was very homogeneous in space. In contrast, the bird communities inhabiting burnt zones were more spatially heterogeneous. This pattern was caused by distinct specific responses to variations in habitat structure. Open-space species responded to small changes in habitat structure with large changes in local abundance, whereas the response of forest species to these structural variations was much less. We suggest that land managers should select specific zones with limited vegetation recovery within large burnt areas and maintain them as open space to keep combustibility low and provide an appropriate habitat for several open space species that are of conservation concern.},
  journal = {Ibis},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-1608509,biodiversity-impacts,bird-conservation,diversity,fragmentation,landscape-dynamics,mediterranean-region,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-1608509},
  number = {2}
}

@book{canadianinteragencyforestfirecentre2002GlossaryForest2002,
  title = {The 2002 Glossary of Forest Fire Management Terms},
  author = {{Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre}},
  year = {2002},
  publisher = {{Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre (CIFFC)}},
  address = {{Winnipeg, Canada}},
  abstract = {[Excerpt: Preface]

This glossary gives definitions of terms most commonly used in Canada in the field of forest fire management. It also includes terms that are commonly found in forest fire management literature, although not all of these terms are widely used in field operations at this time. The main purpose of the glossary is to provide a means of achieving a common understanding of the vocabulary used in forest fire management and to promote the use of standard terminology among forest fire agencies across the country. It is intended primarily for operational personnel, and for use in training and educational programs.

[] This 2002 edition of the glossary includes definitions found in the Canadian Incident Command System, along with the terms contained in the previous editions. These additions and revisions reflect changes in philosophies and techniques of forest fire control and fire use practices which have generated the broader field of forest fire management. Throughout the glossary, "forest" is broadly interpreted as meaning any natural vegetation.

[] The main terms in bold type (e.g. Forest Fire), which are defined, are preferred for national usage. Abbreviations and acronyms are also included where appropriate. Words in bold type used in a definition are terms that are defined elsewhere in the glossary. Synonyms, which have equivalent or near equivalent meanings to the main term, are included following a definition. In some cases, a main term or a synonym is unique to one part of the country or the world. Such local usage is indicated. However, no attempt was made to include all localized synonyms. The main terms and synonyms included in this glossary are recommended; use of any other synonyms is discouraged.

[] The words "See" and "Note" following a definition or a main term direct the glossary user to another term or group of terms. "See" indicates a synonym and refers the user to the preferred term (e.g. the entry for aerial fuels on page 1 refers the reader to the preferred term crown fuels on page 7). "Note" indicates related or opposite terms (e.g. density altitude is defined on page 7 and is related to downloading, defined on page 8). "Note" sometimes refers the user to a grouping of terms where several main terms are defined (e.g. fire boss is entered on page 11 but is defined under the collective term fire overhead on page 13).

[] The International System of Units (SI) is used within the glossary where appropriate. A list of SI to English or old metric unit conversion factors is included as Appendix I of this glossary.

[] A separate but similar French glossary is being prepared by french speaking representatives of the forest fire management agencies and will be published on completion.

[] French terms used in forest fire management and their English Equivalents are included as Appendix II of this glossary.

[] English terms used in forest fire management and their French Equivalents are included as Appendix III of this glossary.

[] As forest fire management terminology is constantly evolving, this glossary will be reviewed again. 

[] [...]},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14179397,definition,forest-fires,forest-resources,glossary,management,terminology,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14179397}
}

@article{dahlbergPostfireLegacyEctomycorrhizal2001,
  title = {Post-Fire Legacy of Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Communities in the {{Swedish}} Boreal Forest in Relation to Fire Severity and Logging Intensity},
  author = {Dahlberg, Anders and Schimmel, Johnny and Taylor, Andy F. S. and Johannesson, Hanna},
  year = {2001},
  month = aug,
  volume = {100},
  pages = {151--161},
  issn = {0006-3207},
  doi = {10.1016/s0006-3207(00)00230-5},
  abstract = {Swedish foresters are placing increasing reliance in burning of forestland and green tree retention, in order to enhance biodiversity in the Swedish boreal forests. However, much remains to be learned about how to optimise nature conservation goals by different logging and burning procedures. We monitored the survival of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi as mycorrhizas, at a clear-cut, a seed tree stand and an uncut stand of Scots pine in central Sweden, with and without burning at two levels of fire severity. The abundance of mycorrhizas and the EM fungal diversity declined with increased logging intensity and with increased depth of burn. Deep burning fires in combination with logging or fire-caused tree mortality can kill much of the existing EM community. Logging intensity, fire intensity and fire severity are all factors that can be manipulated, thus changing the effects on EM fungi and other soil biota.},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14074696,~to-add-doi-URL,boreal-forests,disasters,fire-severity,forest-fires,forest-management,forest-resources,logging,mycorrhizal-fungi,sweden,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14074696},
  number = {2}
}

@book{justiceGlobalRegionalVegetation2001,
  title = {Global and Regional Vegetation Fire Monitoring from Space: Planning a Coordinated International Effort},
  author = {Justice, C. O. and Korontzi, S. and Dull, C. W. and Lee, B. S. and Stocks, B. J. and Frost, P. G. H. and Cahoon, D. R. and Pereira, J. M. C. and Flasse, S. and Hoffman, A. and Pereira, J. A. R. and {Gonz{\'a}lez-Alonso}, F. and Trigg, S. and Vasconcelos, M. J. P. and Bartalev, S. and Lynham, T. J. and Korovin, G. and Gr{\'e}goire, J. M. and Stroppiana, D. and Li, Z. and Pinnock, S. and Eva, H. and Arino, O. and Rosaz, J. M. and Csiszar, I. and Elvidge, C. D. and Nelson, I. and Hobson, V. R. and Safran, J. and Baugh, K. E. and Prins, E. M. and Schmetz, J. and Flynn, L. P. and Hillger, D. W. and Feltz, J. M. and Oertel, D. and Briess, K. and Roeser, H. P. and Jahn, H. and Zhukov, B. and Lanzl, F. and Haschberger, P. and Gonzalo, J. and Tourn{\'e}, I. F. and Gutman, G. and Kaufman, Y. J. and Ichoku, C. and Fraser, R. and Trishchenko, A. and Giglio, L. and Jin, J. Z. and Yu, X. and Piccolini, I. and Kasischke, E. and Siegert, F. and Chuvieco, E. and Martin, P. and Pereira, J. and Silva, J. M. N. and Roy, D. and Barbosa, P. M. and Romanov, P. and Ahern, F. J. and Belward, A. S. and Goldammer, J.},
  editor = {Ahern, F. J. and Goldammer, J. G. and Justice, C. O.},
  year = {2001},
  publisher = {{SPB Academic Pub.}},
  abstract = {[Introduction] Increasing conflagrations of forests and other lands throughout the world during the 1980s and 1990s have made fires in forest and other vegetation emerge as an important global concern. Both the number and severity of wildfires (accidental fires) and the application of fire for land-use change, seem to have increased dramatically compared to previous decades of the twentieth century. The adverse consequences of extensive wildfires cross national boundaries and have global impacts. Fire regimes are changing with climate variability and population dynamics. Satellite remote sensing technology has the potential to play an important role for monitoring fires and their consequences, as well as in operational fire management. In response to this need as well as to respond to other needs for more rapid progress in forest observation, in 1997 the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) initiated Global Observation of Forest Cover (GOFC) as an international pilot project to test the concepts of an Integrated Global Observing System. The GOFC program is currently part of the Global Terrestrial Observing System (GTOS). GOFC was designed to bring together data providers and information users to make information products from satellite and in-situ observations of forests more readily available worldwide. Fire Monitoring and Mapping was formed as one of three basic components of GOFC. This book contains eighteen contributions authored by scientists who represent the most active international research and development institutions, aiming at coordinating and improving international efforts for user-oriented systems and products. These papers were initially presented at a GOFC Fire Workshop held at the Joint Research Centre, Ispra. The volume is a contribution of the GOFC Forest Fire Monitoring and Mapping Implementation Team to the Interagency Task Force Working Group Wildland Fire of the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR).},
  isbn = {978-90-5103-140-9},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13317065,forest-fires,forest-resources,monitoring,remote-sensing,vegetation,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13317065}
}

@article{andrewsFireModelingInformation2001,
  title = {Fire Modeling and Information System Technology},
  author = {Andrews, Patricia L. and Queen, LLoyd P.},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {10},
  pages = {343--352},
  issn = {1448-5516},
  doi = {10.1071/WF01033},
  abstract = {Fire modeling and information system technology play an important supporting role in fuel and fire management. Modeling is used to examine alternative fuel treatment options, project potential ecosystem changes, and assess risk to life and property. Models are also used to develop fire prescriptions, conduct prescribed fire operations, and predict fire behavior. Fire models and information systems have greatly influenced fuel assessment methods. As an example, we examine the evolution of technology used to put Rothermel's fire spread model into application. A review of fire and fuel modeling terminology is given, and the relationship between fire models and fuel models is explained. We review current fire modeling work and the influence that it will have on fuel characterization. Finally, we discuss opportunities and challenges involved in the use of advanced computers, the Internet, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and remote sensing in fire and fuel management.},
  journal = {International Journal of Wildland Fire},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12686623,computational-science,environmental-modelling,fire-fuel,gis,modelling,remote-sensing,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12686623},
  number = {4}
}

@article{debanoRoleFireSoil2000,
  title = {The Role of Fire and Soil Heating on Water Repellency in Wildland Environments: A Review},
  author = {DeBano, L. F.},
  year = {2000},
  month = may,
  volume = {231-232},
  pages = {195--206},
  issn = {0022-1694},
  doi = {10.1016/s0022-1694(00)00194-3},
  abstract = {This paper describes the heat transfer mechanisms operating as heat moves downward in the soil along steep temperature gradients during both wildfires and prescribed fires. The transfer of heat downward in the upper part of the soil is enhanced by the vaporization and movement of water and organic compounds. Available information on the changes in the chemistry of vaporized organic compounds is summarized and discussed. An operational theory describing the formation of a highly water repellent soil condition during fire is presented. The relationship between the formation of this fire-related watershed condition and subsequent surface runoff and erosion from wildland ecosystems is explored. Worldwide literature describing fire-induced water repellency is reviewed and summarized.},
  journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12686655,forest-fires,prescribed-burn,soil-hydrophobicity,soil-resources,water-resources,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12686655}
}

@article{kutielSpatialTemporalHeterogeneity1997,
  title = {Spatial and Temporal Heterogeneity of Species Diversity in a {{Mediterranean}} Ecosystem Following Fire},
  author = {Kutiel, P.},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {307+},
  issn = {1049-8001},
  doi = {10.1071/wf9970307},
  abstract = {This study examines species richness, species diversity (H'-Shannon-Weiner Index) and species dominance (C- Simpson-Index) in a Mediterranean ecosystem as a function of time elapsed since fire and the extent to which micro-climate regulates these indexes after wildfire occurrence. The study was conducted in an eastern Mediterranean ecosystem (Israel) over three consecutive years. About 400 ha of a mixed oak - pine forest burned in the summer of 1983 and part of it also suffered from a repeat fire in the summer of 1989. Different trends for each parameter and for each slope aspect (north and south) were observed indicating different fire intensities and frequencies, and different physical conditions characterizing each of the slope aspects. Species richness on the northern slope was the highest 2 - 4 years after fire followed by a decrease with time elapsed since fire. A recurrent fire on the southern slope caused a decrease in species richness two years after fire, which increased a year later to the level observed in the unburned forest. Species diversity, however, increased after fire on both aspects, reaching lower values 10 years later and then increased again, but still to values lower than those obtained 2 - 4 years after fire. The rate of change is higher on the southern slope than that on the northern one. The different trends following fire indicate that high temporal and spatial variability both in the micro- and macroscales exist in this region.},
  journal = {International Journal of Wildland Fire},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14068807,~to-add-doi-URL,biodiversity,disturbances,diversity,forest-resources,israel,mediterranean-region,postfire-recovery,species-richness,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14068807},
  number = {4}
}

@article{vineyReviewFineFuel1991,
  title = {A Review of Fine Fuel Moisture Modelling},
  author = {Viney, N. R.},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {215--234},
  issn = {1049-8001},
  doi = {10.1071/wf9910215},
  abstract = {Models describing the moisture content of forest fuels are an integral component of most fire behaviour prediction systems. In this paper, models of all aspects of moisture change in fine, dead, surface litter are examined and reviewed. Included are models describing the changes in moisture content associated with isother mal vapour exchange by sorption processes, and the effects of precipitation and condensation of liquid water. Models for predicting fuel temperature and humidity, and equilibrium moisture content are also assessed. Critical reviews of the assumptions underlying each model are made, and points of comparison and contrast explored. Some recommendations for future research are suggested.},
  journal = {International Journal of Wildland Fire},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12277370,environmental-modelling,fire-fuel,fuel-moisture,modelling,review,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12277370},
  number = {4}
}

@article{scottEffectsWildfireSoil1990,
  title = {The Effects of Wildfire on Soil Wettability and Hydrological Behaviour of an Afforested Catchment},
  author = {Scott, D. F. and Van Wyk, D. B.},
  year = {1990},
  month = dec,
  volume = {121},
  pages = {239--256},
  issn = {0022-1694},
  doi = {10.1016/0022-1694(90)90234-o},
  abstract = {A wildfire in February 1986 destroyed most of an afforested research catchment in the southwestern Cape region of South Africa. The hydrological consequences of the fire were quantified using monitored pre-fire and post-fire stream flow and sediment data from the burned catchment and a nearby control catchment. Soil loss and soil wettability were also measured. In the first year after the fire, weekly stream flow totals increased by 12\,\%, quick flow volumes increased by 201\,\%, peak flow rates increased by 290\,\% and catchment response ratio increased by 242\,\%. Soil loss on overland flow plots ranged from 10 to 26 t ha-1, and suspended sediment and bedload yields each increased roughly four-fold following the fire. Wettability of the soils was greatly reduced by the passage of fire. Surface soil layers (0-10 mm) were burned clean of any inherent water repellency by the passage of a hot fire, but more severe repellency, in broader bands, was induced in deeper soil levels by the heating of the soil. It is postulated that the widespread development of water repellency in the soil led to overland flow during larger rainstorms, which in turn caused the markedly altered hydrological behaviour of the catchment and the high soil losses relative to the unburned condition.},
  journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12686844,forest-resources,postfire-impacts,river-flow,runoff,soil-erosion,soil-resources,water-resources,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12686844},
  number = {1-4}
}

@incollection{degrootInterpretingCanadianForest1987,
  title = {Interpreting the {{Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index}} ({{FWI}}) {{System}}},
  booktitle = {Fourth {{Central Regional Fire Weather Committee Scientific}} and {{Technical Seminar}}, {{Proceedings}}},
  author = {De Groot, William J.},
  year = {1987},
  pages = {3--14},
  address = {{Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada}},
  abstract = {[Excerpt]

[::] A presentation made at the Fourth Central Region Fire Weather Committee Scientific and Technical Seminar, April 2, 1987, Winnipeg, Manitoba.

[] Fire danger is defined by the Canadian Committee on Forest Fire Management (Merrill and Alexander 1987) as: [::] A general term used to express an assessment of both fixed and variable factors of the fire environment which determine the ease of ignition, rate of spread, difficulty of control and fire impact.

[] The Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System (CFFDRS) is the national system for rating fire danger in Canada. The Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index (FWI) System is a sub-system of the CFFDRS and has been in its present form since 1970, with the fourth version of the tables for the FWI System now being used (Canadian Forestry Service 1984; Van Wagner 1987). The purpose of the FWI System is to account for the effects of weather on forest fuels and forest fires. Other factors affecting fire danger (i.e., fuels, topography) are dealt with elsewhere in the CFFDRS.

[] The FWI System is comprised of six components (see Fig. 1): three fuel moisture codes and three fire behavior indexes. Each component has its own scale of relative values. Even though the scales for the six components are different, all are structured so that a high value indicates more severe burning conditions.

[] The FWI System uses temperature, relatively humidity, wind speed, and 24-hr precipitation values measured at noon Local Standard Time (LST). These values are used to predict the peak burning conditions that will occur during the heat of the day, near 1600 hr LST, assuming that the measured weather parameters follow a normal diurnal pattern (Turner and Lawson 1978; Van Wagner 1987). 

[] [...]

[Concluding Remarks] An understanding of the sensitivity of the FWI System can only be gained by daily observation of the component values and changing weather conditions. By comparing fire activity (fire starts, rate of spread, difficulty of control, etc.) to the values produced by the FWI System, fire managers will gain an expertise in interpreting the FWI System.

[] [...]},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14176512,environmental-modelling,fire-weather-index,forest-fires,modelling,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14176512}
}

@book{vanwagnerDevelopmentStructureCanadian1987,
  title = {Development and Structure of the {{Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System}}},
  author = {Van Wagner, C. E.},
  year = {1987},
  volume = {35},
  publisher = {{Canadian Forestry Service}},
  address = {{Ottawa, Canada}},
  abstract = {The Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index (FWI) System was first issued in 1970 after several years' work by a number of fire researchers in the Canadian Forestry Service. The best features of the former fire danger index were incorporated in the FWI, and a link was preserved between old and new. The FWI is based on the moisture content of three classes of forest fuel plus the effect of wind on fire behavior. The system consists of six components: three primary subindexes representing fuel moisture, two intermediate subindexes representing rate of spread and fuel consumption, and a final index representing fire intensity as energy output rate per unit length of fire front. The FWI System refers primarily to a standard pine fuel type but is useful as a general measure of forest fire danger in Canada. Its components are determined every day from noon weather readings: temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and rain (if any). The development of the Fire Weather Index, the concepts behind it, and its mathematical structure are described in this paper. Revised versions of the Fire Weather Index System were issued in 1976 and 1984.},
  isbn = {0-662-15198-4},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14168337,environmental-modelling,fire-weather-index,forest-fires,modelling,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14168337},
  series = {Forestry {{Technical Report}}}
}

@inproceedings{baughmanEstimatingMidflameWindspeeds1980,
  title = {Estimating Midflame Windspeeds},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{Sixth Conference}} on {{Fire}} and {{Forest Meteorology}}},
  author = {Baughman, Robert G. and Albini, Frank A.},
  year = {1980},
  pages = {88--92},
  publisher = {{Society of Americal Foresters}},
  abstract = {Wind is one of the major factors involved in predicting forest fire behavior. Fire behavior models require wind information to predict fire spread in various fuel types and within forest stands in complex terrain. The oeans of providing the necessary wind data in remote areas, however, are presently not available in usable forms. Studies are now underway at the Northern Forest Fire Laboratory to develop ways of estimating or predicting wind velocities on a local scale of a fire given various topographic and vegetative conditions. Rothermel (1972) gives a mathematical model for predicting the rate of spread of a surface fire. This model uses an average windspeec at "midflame height" to account for the influence of wind on the rate of spread. But the windspeed is usually measured or forecast at a standard height of 20 feet (6 m) above the vegetation (Fischer and Hardy 1972), making it necessary to approximate the "midflame windspeed given the 20-foot standard height wind. Recently, Albini and Baughman (1979) published a mathematical treatment of the problem. But the analytical developnent was not in a form convenient for application, so a more practical tabular form was subsequently produced. The two forms, analytical and tabular, are discussed here to provide continuity and proper documentation. The basic concepts and results are presented along with the more convenient tabular data presently used by fire behavior officers. We first describe the wind field over a vegetative cover that is a single-stratum fuel (grass, brush, and so forth). The second part of the paper deals with wind under a forest canopy.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-11900175,computational-science,environmental-modelling,forest-fires,forest-resources,modelling,wildfires,wind},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-11900175}
}

@techreport{turnerWeatherCanadianForest1978,
  title = {Weather in the {{Canadian}} Forest Fire Danger Rating System - {{A}} User Guide to National Standards and Practices},
  author = {Turner, J. A. and Lawson, B. D.},
  year = {1978},
  pages = {40},
  address = {{Victoria, BC}},
  institution = {{Fisheries and Environment Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forest Research Centre}},
  abstract = {Weather elements affecting the calculation of the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index (FWI) are described. How to choose an adequate weather station site for fire danger rating observations, how to expose each weather instrument correctly, and the consequences of errors in weather data on the FWI are outlined. Weather instrument standards of accuracy and required precision in taking fire weather readings are described.

Adjustment procedures are provided to users for such things as anemometers exposed in clearings too small to give representative wind speeds for danger rating calculations, and for making corrections to spring Fire Weather Indices when overwinter precipitation has been insufficient to replenish forest fuel moisture.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13485848,fire-weather-index,meteorology,modelling,risk-assessment,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13485848},
  number = {BC-X-177}
}