@article{lindenmayerNotPublish2017,
  title = {Do Not Publish},
  author = {Lindenmayer, David and Scheele, Ben},
  year = {2017},
  month = may,
  volume = {356},
  pages = {800--801},
  issn = {0036-8075},
  doi = {10.1126/science.aan1362},
  abstract = {Biologists have long valued publishing detailed information on rare and endangered species. Until relatively recently, much of this information was accessible only through accessing specialized scientific journals in university libraries. However, much of these data have been transferred online with the advent of digital platforms and a rapid push to open-access publication. Information is increasingly also available online in public reports and wildlife atlases, and research published behind paywalls can often be found in the public domain. Increased data and information accessibility has many benefits, such as helping to improve repeatability in scientific studies and enhancing collaboration (1, 2). However, such readily accessible information also creates major problems in the context of conserving endangered species.},
  journal = {Science},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14363308,~to-add-doi-URL,check-list,conservation,endangered-species,free-scientific-knowledge,knowledge-freedom,open-data,open-science,precaution,science-ethics,scientific-knowledge-sharing,taxonomy,trade-offs,unexpected-effect},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14363308},
  number = {6340}
}

@article{bhattacharyaDeadlyNewWheat2017,
  title = {Deadly New Wheat Disease Threatens {{Europe}}'s Crops},
  author = {Bhattacharya, Shaoni},
  year = {2017},
  month = feb,
  volume = {542},
  pages = {145--146},
  issn = {0028-0836},
  doi = {10.1038/nature.2017.21424},
  abstract = {Researchers caution that stem rust may have returned to world's largest wheat-producing region.

[Excerpt] [...] Last year, the stem rust destroyed tens of thousands of hectares of crops in Sicily. What's particularly troubling, the researchers say, is that GRRC (Global Rust Reference Center) tests suggest the pathogen can infect dozens of laboratory-grown strains of wheat, including hardy varieties that are usually highly resistant to disease. The team is now studying whether commercial crops are just as susceptible.

[\textbackslash n] Adding further concern, the centres say that two new strains of another wheat disease, yellow rust, have been spotted over large areas for the first time -- one in Europe and North Africa, and the other in East Africa and Central Asia. The potential effects of the yellow-rust fungi aren't yet clear, but the pathogens seem to be closely related to virulent strains that have previously caused epidemics in North America and Afghanistan.

[\textbackslash n] [...]},
  journal = {Nature},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14274902,~to-add-doi-URL,agricultural-resources,early-warning,europe,italy,outbreaks,plant-pests,stem-rust,yellow-rust},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14274902},
  number = {7640}
}

@article{teulingObservationalEvidenceCloud2017,
  title = {Observational Evidence for Cloud Cover Enhancement over Western {{European}} Forests},
  author = {Teuling, Adriaan J. and Taylor, Christopher M. and Meirink, Jan F. and Melsen, Lieke A. and Miralles, Diego G. and {van Heerwaarden}, Chiel C. and Vautard, Robert and Stegehuis, Annemiek I. and Nabuurs, Gert-Jan and {de Arellano}, Jordi V.},
  year = {2017},
  month = jan,
  volume = {8},
  pages = {14065+},
  issn = {2041-1723},
  doi = {10.1038/ncomms14065},
  abstract = {Forests impact regional hydrology and climate directly by regulating water and heat fluxes. Indirect effects through cloud formation and precipitation can be important in facilitating continental-scale moisture recycling but are poorly understood at regional scales. In particular, the impact of temperate forest on clouds is largely unknown. Here we provide observational evidence for a strong increase in cloud cover over large forest regions in western Europe based on analysis of 10 years of 15\,min resolution data from geostationary satellites. In addition, we show that widespread windthrow by cyclone Klaus in the Landes forest led to a significant decrease in local cloud cover in subsequent years. Strong cloud development along the downwind edges of larger forest areas are consistent with a forest-breeze mesoscale circulation. Our results highlight the need to include impacts on cloud formation when evaluating the water and climate services of temperate forests, in particular around densely populated areas.},
  journal = {Nature Communications},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14257971,~to-add-doi-URL,climate,climate-projections,cloud-formation,cloudiness,cross-disciplinary-perspective,ecosystem-services,europe,featured-publication,feedback,forest-breeze,forest-resources,modelling-uncertainty,temperate-forests},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14257971}
}

@article{ceballosBiologicalAnnihilationOngoing2017,
  title = {Biological Annihilation via the Ongoing Sixth Mass Extinction Signaled by Vertebrate Population Losses and Declines},
  author = {Ceballos, Gerardo and Ehrlich, Paul R. and Dirzo, Rodolfo},
  year = {2017},
  month = jul,
  volume = {114},
  pages = {E6089-E6096},
  issn = {1091-6490},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.1704949114},
  abstract = {[Significance]

The strong focus on species extinctions, a critical aspect of the contemporary pulse of biological extinction, leads to a common misimpression that Earth's biota is not immediately threatened, just slowly entering an episode of major biodiversity loss. This view overlooks the current trends of population declines and extinctions. Using a sample of 27,600 terrestrial vertebrate species, and a more detailed analysis of 177 mammal species, we show the extremely high degree of population decay in vertebrates, even in common '' species of low concern.'' Dwindling population sizes and range shrinkages amount to a massive anthropogenic erosion of biodiversity and of the ecosystem services essential to civilization. This '' biological annihilation'' underlines the seriousness for humanity of Earth's ongoing sixth mass extinction event.

[Abstract]

The population extinction pulse we describe here shows, from a quantitative viewpoint, that Earth's sixth mass extinction is more severe than perceived when looking exclusively at species extinctions. Therefore, humanity needs to address anthropogenic population extirpation and decimation immediately. That conclusion is based on analyses of the numbers and degrees of range contraction (indicative of population shrinkage and/or population extinctions according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature) using a sample of 27,600 vertebrate species, and on a more detailed analysis documenting the population extinctions between 1900 and 2015 in 177 mammal species. We find that the rate of population loss in terrestrial vertebrates is extremely high -- even in '' species of low concern.'' In our sample, comprising nearly half of known vertebrate species, 32\,\% (8,851/27,600) are decreasing; that is, they have decreased in population size and range. In the 177 mammals for which we have detailed data, all have lost 30\,\% or more of their geographic ranges and more than 40\,\% of the species have experienced severe population declines ({$>$}80\,\% range shrinkage). Our data indicate that beyond global species extinctions Earth is experiencing a huge episode of population declines and extirpations, which will have negative cascading consequences on ecosystem functioning and services vital to sustaining civilization. We describe this as a '' biological annihilation'' to highlight the current magnitude of Earth's ongoing sixth major extinction event.},
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14401158,~to-add-doi-URL,anthropocene,anthropogenic-changes,anthropogenic-impacts,biodiversity,iucn,mass-extinction,spatial-pattern,species-extinction,species-richness,vertebrate},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14401158},
  number = {30}
}

@book{tsiamisCitizenScienceApplication2017,
  title = {Citizen Science Application - {{Invasive Alien Species}} in {{Europe}}},
  author = {Tsiamis, Konstantinos and Gervasini, Eugenio and D'Amico, Fabio and Deriu, Ivan and Roglia, Elena and Shade, Sven and Craglia, Massimo and Cardoso, Ana C.},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {28441},
  publisher = {{Publications Office of the European Union}},
  address = {{Luxembourg}},
  issn = {1831-9424},
  doi = {10.2760/043856},
  abstract = {The JRC, within the framework of MYGEOSS initiative devoted to citizen science, has developed an application for Apple and Android smartphone devices called '' Invasive Alien Species Europe'', which allows users to report the presence of the 37 species currently listed as Invasive Alien Species (IAS) of Union concern (EU Regulation 1143/2014) on the European territory. User friendly factsheets and pictures guide the user towards the species likely to have been observed. Once validated, data will be fed into the European Alien Species Information Network (EASIN). The App is expected to stimulate citizens' awareness to the IAS issues and to involve them in IAS monitoring and reporting. In addition, the information generated through the App could supplement Member States Competent Authorities surveillance systems. The App can be freely downloaded from Google Play and Apple Store.},
  isbn = {978-92-79-65448-0},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14337255,~to-add-doi-URL,alien-species,citizen-science,citizen-sensor,europe,invasive-species,monitoring,technology-mediated-communication},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14337255},
  series = {{{EUR}} - {{Scientific}} and {{Technical Research}}}
}

@article{stopaWaveClimateArctic2016,
  title = {Wave Climate in the {{Arctic}} 1992-2014: Seasonality and Trends},
  author = {Stopa, Justin E. and Ardhuin, Fabrice and {Girard-Ardhuin}, Fanny},
  year = {2016},
  month = jul,
  volume = {10},
  pages = {1605--1629},
  issn = {1994-0424},
  doi = {10.5194/tc-10-1605-2016},
  abstract = {Over the past decade, the diminishing Arctic sea ice has impacted the wave field, which depends on the ice-free ocean and wind. This study characterizes the wave climate in the Arctic spanning 1992-2014 from a merged altimeter data set and a wave hindcast that uses CFSR winds and ice concentrations from satellites as input. The model performs well, verified by the altimeters, and is relatively consistent for climate studies. The wave seasonality and extremes are linked to the ice coverage, wind strength, and wind direction, creating distinct features in the wind seas and swells. The altimeters and model show that the reduction of sea ice coverage causes increasing wave heights instead of the wind. However, trends are convoluted by interannual climate oscillations like the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation. In the Nordic Greenland Sea the NAO influences the decreasing wind speeds and wave heights. Swells are becoming more prevalent and wind-sea steepness is declining. The satellite data show the sea ice minimum occurs later in fall when the wind speeds increase. This creates more favorable conditions for wave development. Therefore we expect the ice freeze-up in fall to be the most critical season in the Arctic and small changes in ice cover, wind speeds, and wave heights can have large impacts to the evolution of the sea ice throughout the year. It is inconclusive how important wave-ice processes are within the climate system, but selected events suggest the importance of waves within the marginal ice zone.},
  journal = {The Cryosphere},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14109175,~to-add-doi-URL,arctic-region,artic-sea-ice,climate,remote-sensing,waves-energy,wind},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14109175},
  number = {4}
}

@article{bandrowskiResourceIdentificationInitiative2016,
  title = {The {{Resource Identification Initiative}}: A Cultural Shift in Publishing},
  author = {Bandrowski, Anita and Brush, Matthew and Grethe, Jeffery S. and Haendel, Melissa A. and Kennedy, David N. and Hill, Sean and Hof, Patrick R. and Martone, Maryann E. and Pols, Maaike and Tan, Serena S. and Washington, Nicole and {Zudilova-Seinstra}, Elena and Vasilevsky, Nicole},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {169--182},
  issn = {1559-0089},
  doi = {10.1007/s12021-015-9284-3},
  abstract = {A central tenet in support of research reproducibility is the ability to uniquely identify research resources, i.e., reagents, tools, and materials that are used to perform experiments. However, current reporting practices for research resources are insufficient to identify the exact resources that are reported or to answer basic questions such as '' How did other studies use resource X?'' To address this issue, the Resource Identification Initiative was launched as a pilot project to improve the reporting standards for research resources in the methods sections of papers and thereby improve identifiability and scientific reproducibility. The pilot engaged over 25 biomedical journal editors from most major publishers, as well as scientists and funding officials. Authors were asked to include Research Resource Identifiers (RRIDs) in their manuscripts prior to publication for three resource types: antibodies, model organisms, and tools (i.e., software and databases). RRIDs are assigned by an authoritative database, for example a model organism database, for each type of resource. To make it easier for authors to obtain RRIDs, resources were aggregated from the appropriate databases and their RRIDs made available in a central web portal (http:/\slash scicrunch.\mbox org\slash resources). RRIDs meet three key criteria: they are machine readable, free to generate and access, and are consistent across publishers and journals. The pilot was launched in February of 2014 and over 300 papers have appeared that report RRIDs. The number of journals participating has expanded from the original 25 to more than 40 with RRIDs appearing in 62 different journals to date. Here, we present an overview of the pilot project and its outcomes to date. We show that authors are able to identify resources and are supportive of the goals of the project. Identifiability of the resources post-pilot showed a dramatic improvement for all three resource types, suggesting that the project has had a significant impact on identifiability of research resources.},
  journal = {Neuroinformatics},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14025773,~to-add-doi-URL,free-scientific-knowledge,free-scientific-software,free-software,open-science,reproducibility,reproducible-research,research-management,research-metrics,scientific-communication,technology-mediated-communication},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14025773},
  number = {2}
}

@article{bensonHigherorderOrganizationComplex2016,
  title = {Higher-Order Organization of Complex Networks},
  author = {Benson, A. R. and Gleich, D. F. and Leskovec, J.},
  year = {2016},
  month = jul,
  volume = {353},
  pages = {163--166},
  issn = {0036-8075},
  doi = {10.1126/science.aad9029},
  abstract = {[Resolving a network of hubs]

Graphs are a pervasive tool for modeling and analyzing network data throughout the sciences. Benson et al. developed an algorithmic framework for studying how complex networks are organized by higher-order connectivity patterns (see the Perspective by Pr\v{z}ulj and Malod-Dognin). Motifs in transportation networks reveal hubs and geographical elements not readily achievable by other methods. A motif previously suggested as important for neuronal networks is part of a '' rich club'' of subnetworks.

[Abstract]

Networks are a fundamental tool for understanding and modeling complex systems in physics, biology, neuroscience, engineering, and social science. Many networks are known to exhibit rich, lower-order connectivity patterns that can be captured at the level of individual nodes and edges. However, higher-order organization of complex networks -- at the level of small network subgraphs -- remains largely unknown. Here, we develop a generalized framework for clustering networks on the basis of higher-order connectivity patterns. This framework provides mathematical guarantees on the optimality of obtained clusters and scales to networks with billions of edges. The framework reveals higher-order organization in a number of networks, including information propagation units in neuronal networks and hub structure in transportation networks. Results show that networks exhibit rich higher-order organizational structures that are exposed by clustering based on higher-order connectivity patterns.},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint = {1612.08447},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  journal = {Science},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14090983,~to-add-doi-URL,complexity,connectivity,networks,pattern},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14090983},
  number = {6295}
}

@article{dosioProjectionsClimateChange2016,
  title = {Projections of Climate Change Indices of Temperature and Precipitation from an Ensemble of Bias-Adjusted High-Resolution {{EURO}}-{{CORDEX}} Regional Climate Models},
  author = {Dosio, Alessandro},
  year = {2016},
  month = may,
  volume = {121},
  pages = {2015JD024411-5511},
  issn = {2169-897X},
  doi = {10.1002/2015jd024411},
  abstract = {Statistical bias-adjustment of climate models' outputs is being increasingly used for assessing the impact of climate change on several sectors. It is known that these techniques may alter the mean climate signal of the adjusted variable; however, the effect on the projected occurrence of climate extremes is less commonly investigated. Here the outputs of an ensemble of high-resolution (0.11\textdegree ) regional climate models (RCM) from the Coordinated Regional-climate Downscaling Experiment for Europe (EURO-CORDEX) have been bias adjusted, and a number of climate indices from the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices have been calculated for the present (1981-2010) and future (2071-2100) climate. Indices include absolute-thresholds indices, percentile-based indices, and indices based on the duration of an event. Results show that absolute-threshold indices are largely affected by bias adjustment, as they depend strongly on both the present mean climate value (usually largely biased in the original RCMs) and its shift under climate change. The change of percentile-based indices is less affected by bias adjustment, as that of indices based on the duration of an event (e.g., consecutive dry days or heat waves) although the present climate value can differ between original and bias-adjusted results. Indices like R95ptot (the total amount of precipitation larger than the 95th reference percentile) are largely affected by bias adjustment, although, when analyzing an ensemble of RCMs, the differences are usually smaller than, or comparable to, the intermodel variability.},
  journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14053888,~to-add-doi-URL,bias-correction,climate-change,ipcc,ipcc-scenarios,precipitation,temperature},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14053888},
  number = {10}
}

@article{hansenForestlandscapeStructureMediates2016,
  title = {Forest-Landscape Structure Mediates Effects of a Spruce Bark Beetle ({{Dendroctonus}} Rufipennis) Outbreak on Subsequent Likelihood of Burning in {{Alaskan}} Boreal Forest},
  author = {Hansen, Winslow D. and Chapin, F. Stuart and Naughton, Helen T. and Rupp, T. Scott and Verbyla, David},
  year = {2016},
  month = jun,
  volume = {369},
  pages = {38--46},
  issn = {0378-1127},
  doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2016.03.036},
  abstract = {[Highlights]

[::] We measured forest-landscape structure effects on disturbance patterns in Alaska.

[::] Disturbance patterns and interactions were related to tree-species composition.

[::] Bark beetles lead to increased probability of fire in mixed-spruce stands.

[::] Results can inform management of disturbance in Alaska with climate change.

[Abstract]

Characterizing how variation in forest landscape structure shapes patterns of natural disturbances and mediates interactions between multiple disturbances is critical for anticipating ecological consequences of climate change in high-latitude forest ecosystems. During the 1990s, a massive spruce bark beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) outbreak took place in boreal spruce forest on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska allowing us to ask (1) How did the extent and duration of bark beetle outbreak differ between a homogenous landscape dominated by white spruce (Picea glauca), and a landscape in which white spruce and black spruce (Picea mariana) were intermixed? (2) How has the occurrence and duration of bark beetle outbreak influenced the likelihood of subsequent burning in these two landscapes? Forest landscape structure had a substantial effect on disturbance patterns and interactions between disturbances in this study. The spruce bark beetle outbreak was smaller in extent and duration where white spruce, the beetle's primary host tree, was intermixed with more beetle-resistant black spruce. However, likelihood of subsequent burning increased where outbreak did occur. Surface fuel loads increased substantially in this landscape following the outbreak, potentially increasing the flammability of white spruce where they once served as fire breaks. In contrast, the outbreak was larger and lasted longer in the landscape with homogeneous stands of white spruce, but was not related to likelihood of subsequent burning, which is consistent with the fire history. Our results suggest that bark beetle outbreaks may have different effects on subsequent patterns of burning than in other systems, such as the Rocky Mountains. These results could inform more effective and targeted management strategies to ameliorate fire risk in beetle-killed stands of Alaska and may help us anticipate the dynamics and consequences of future boreal bark beetle outbreaks as climate warms at high latitudes.},
  journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14074431,~to-add-doi-URL,alaska,bark-beetle,dead-wood,dendroctonus-rufipennis,dendroctonus-spp,disturbances,feedback,fire-fuel,forest-pests,forest-resources,integration-techniques,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14074431}
}

@article{naudtsEuropeForestManagement2016,
  title = {Europe's Forest Management Did Not Mitigate Climate Warming},
  author = {Naudts, Kim and Chen, Yiying and McGrath, Matthew J. and Ryder, James and Valade, Aude and Otto, Juliane and Luyssaert, Sebastiaan},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {351},
  pages = {597--600},
  issn = {1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.aad7270},
  abstract = {[Europe's managed forests contribute to warming]

For most of the past 250 years, surprisingly it seems that Europe's managed forests have been a net source of carbon, contributing to climate warming rather than mitigating it. Naudts et al. reconstructed the history of forest management in Europe in the context of a land-atmosphere model. The release of carbon otherwise stored in litter, dead wood, and soil carbon pools in managed forests was one key factor contributing to climate warming. Second, the conversion of broadleaved forests to coniferous forests has changed the albedo and evapotranspiration of those forests, also leading to warming. Thus, climate change mitigation policies in Europe and elsewhere may need to consider changes in forest management.

[Abstract]

Afforestation and forest management are considered to be key instruments in mitigating climate change. Here we show that since 1750, in spite of considerable afforestation, wood extraction has led to Europe's forests accumulating a carbon debt of 3.1 petagrams of carbon. We found that afforestation is responsible for an increase of 0.12 watts per square meter in the radiative imbalance at the top of the atmosphere, whereas an increase of 0.12 kelvin in summertime atmospheric boundary layer temperature was mainly caused by species conversion. Thus, two and a half centuries of forest management in Europe have not cooled the climate. The political imperative to mitigate climate change through afforestation and forest management therefore risks failure, unless it is recognized that not all forestry contributes to climate change mitigation.},
  journal = {Science},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13925692,~to-add-doi-URL,albedo,anthropic-feedback,bias-toward-primacy-of-theory-over-reality,climate-change,complexity,forest-management,forest-resources,global-warming,historical-perspective,incomplete-knowledge,local-over-complication,modelling-uncertainty,science-based-decision-making,science-policy-interface,uncertainty,unexpected-effect,unknown},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13925692},
  number = {6273}
}

@article{bradleyDoesIncreasedForest2016,
  title = {Does Increased Forest Protection Correspond to Higher Fire Severity in Frequent-Fire Forests of the Western {{United States}}?},
  author = {Bradley, Curtis M. and Hanson, Chad T. and DellaSala, Dominick A.},
  year = {2016},
  month = oct,
  volume = {7},
  pages = {e01492+},
  issn = {2150-8925},
  doi = {10.1002/ecs2.1492},
  abstract = {There is a widespread view among land managers and others that the protected status of many forestlands in the western United States corresponds with higher fire severity levels due to historical restrictions on logging that contribute to greater amounts of biomass and fuel loading in less intensively managed areas, particularly after decades of fire suppression. This view has led to recent proposals -- both administrative and legislative -- to reduce or eliminate forest protections and increase some forms of logging based on the belief that restrictions on active management have increased fire severity. We investigated the relationship between protected status and fire severity using the Random Forests algorithm applied to 1500 fires affecting 9.5 million hectares between 1984 and 2014 in pine (Pinus ponderosa, Pinus jeffreyi) and mixed-conifer forests of western United States, accounting for key topographic and climate variables. We found forests with higher levels of protection had lower severity values even though they are generally identified as having the highest overall levels of biomass and fuel loading. Our results suggest a need to reconsider current overly simplistic assumptions about the relationship between forest protection and fire severity in fire management and policy.

[Excerpt: Conclusions]

In general, our findings -- that forests with the highest levels of protection from logging tend to burn least severely -- suggest a need for managers and policymakers to rethink current forest and fire management direction, particularly proposals that seek to weaken forest protections or suspend environmental laws ostensibly to facilitate a more extensive and industrial forest-fire management regime. Such approaches would likely achieve the opposite of their intended consequences and would degrade complex early seral forests (DellaSala et al. 2015). We suggest that the results of our study counsel in favor of increased protection for federal forestlands without the concern that this may lead to more severe fires.

[] Allowing wildfires to burn under safe conditions is an effective restoration tool for achieving landscape heterogeneity and biodiversity conservation objectives in regions where high levels of biodiversity are associated with mixed-intensity fires (i.e., '' pyrodiversity begets biodiversity,'' see DellaSala and Hanson 2015b). Managers concerned about fires can close and decommission roads that contribute to human-caused fire ignitions and treat fire-prone tree plantations where fires have been shown to burn uncharacteristically severe (Odion et al. 2004). Prioritizing fuel treatments to flammable vegetation adjacent to homes along with specific measures that reduce fire risks to home structures are precautionary steps for allowing more fires to proceed safely in the backcountry (Moritz 2014, DellaSala et al. 2015, Moritz and Knowles 2016).

[] Managing for wildfire benefits as we suggest is also consistent with recent national forest policies such as 2012 National Forest Management Act planning rule that emphasizes maintaining and restoring ecological integrity across the national forest system and because complex early forests can only be produced by natural disturbance events not mimicked by mechanical fuel reduction or clear-cut logging (Swanson et al. 2011, DellaSala et al. 2014). Thus, managers wishing to maintain biodiversity in fire-adapted forests should appropriately weigh the benefits of wildfires against the ecological costs of mechanical fuel reduction and fire suppression (Ingalsbee and Raja 2015) and should consider expansion of protected forest areas as a means of maintaining natural ecosystem processes like wildland fire.

[] [...]},
  journal = {Ecosphere},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14178845,~to-add-doi-URL,biodiversity,fire-fuel,fire-severity,forest-fires,forest-management,forest-resources,protected-areas,protection,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14178845},
  number = {10}
}

@article{hamiltonDefineAnthropoceneTerms2016,
  title = {Define the {{Anthropocene}} in Terms of the Whole {{Earth}}},
  author = {Hamilton, Clive},
  year = {2016},
  month = aug,
  volume = {536},
  pages = {251},
  issn = {0028-0836},
  doi = {10.1038/536251a},
  abstract = {Researchers must consider human impacts on entire Earth systems and not get trapped in discipline-specific definitions, says Clive Hamilton.

[Excerpt]

The Anthropocene was conceived by Earth-system scientists to capture the very recent rupture in Earth's history arising from the impact of human activity on the Earth system as a whole. Read that again. Take special note of the phrases 'very recent rupture' and 'the Earth system as a whole'. Understanding the Anthropocene, and what humanity now confronts, depends on a firm grasp of these concepts, and that they arise from the new discipline of Earth-system science. Earth-system science takes an integrated approach, so that climate change affects the functioning of not just the atmosphere, but also the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, the biosphere and even the lithosphere. (Arguably, anthropogenic climate change is more an oceanic than an atmospheric phenomenon.)

[\textbackslash n] In the canonical statement of the Anthropocene, the proposed new division in the geological timescale is defined by the observation that the '' human imprint on the global environment has now become so large and active that it rivals some of the great forces of Nature in its impact on the functioning of the Earth system'' (W. Steffen et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 369, 842-867; 2011). As such, the Anthropocene cannot be defined merely by the broadening impact of people on the environment and natural world, which just extends what we have done for centuries or millennia.

[\textbackslash n] [...]

[\textbackslash n] Probably the most obvious example of scientific misinterpretation of the Anthropocene is the debate about its starting date. Discussions on rival starting dates may seem to have scientific merit, but they distort and dilute the message and the implications of the Anthropocene.

[\textbackslash n] [...]

[\textbackslash n] One thing all these misreadings of the Anthropocene have in common is that they divorce it from modern industrialization and the burning of fossil fuels. In this way, the Anthropocene no longer represents a rupture in Earth history but is a continuation of the kind of impact people have always had. This thereby renders it benign, and the serious and distinct threat of climate change becomes just another human influence.

[\textbackslash n] That so many scientists, often publishing in prestigious journals, can misconstrue the definition of the Anthropocene as nothing more than a measure of the human footprint on the landscape is a sign of how far Earth-system science has to go to change the way many people think about the planet. The new geological epoch does not concern soils, the landscape or the environment, except inasmuch as they are changed as part of a massive shock to the functioning of Earth as a whole.

[\textbackslash n] Some scientists even write: '' Welcome to the Anthropocene.'' At first I thought they were being ironic, but now I see they are not. And that's scary. The idea of the Anthropocene is not welcoming. It should frighten us. And scientists should present it as such.},
  journal = {Nature},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14115833,~to-add-doi-URL,anthropic-feedback,anthropocene,anthropogenic-impacts,definition,featured-publication,global-scale,scientific-communication,transdisciplinary-research},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14115833},
  number = {7616}
}

@article{lascoSmallholderFarmersPerceptions2016,
  title = {Smallholder Farmers' Perceptions of Climate Change and the Roles of Trees and Agroforestry in Climate Risk Adaptation: Evidence from {{Bohol}}, {{Philippines}}},
  author = {Lasco, Rodel D. and Espaldon, Marya L. and Habito, Christine M.},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {90},
  pages = {521--540},
  issn = {1572-9680},
  doi = {10.1007/s10457-015-9874-y},
  abstract = {Recent studies have highlighted the importance of trees and agroforestry in climate change adaptation and mitigation. This paper analyzes how farmers, members of their households, and community leaders in the Wahig-Inabanga watershed, Bohol province in the Philippines perceive of climate change, and define and value the roles of trees in coping with climate risks. Focus group discussions revealed that farmers and community leaders had observed changes in rainfall and temperature over the years. They also had positive perceptions of tree roles in coping with climate change, with most timber tree species valued for regulating functions, while non-timber trees were valued as sources of food and income. Statistical analysis of the household survey results was done through linear probability models for both determinants of farmers' perceived changes in climate, and perceived importance of tree roles in coping with climate risks. Perceiving of changes in rainfall was more likely among farmers who had access to electricity, had access to water for irrigation, and derived climate information from government agencies and mass media, and less likely among farmers who were members of farmers' organizations. On the other hand, perceiving of an increase in temperature was more likely among famers who were members of women's organizations and had more off/non-farm sources of income, and less likely among those who derived climate information from government agencies. Meanwhile, marginal effects of the regression on perceived importance of trees in coping with climate change revealed positively significant relationships with the following predictor variables: access to electricity, number of off/non-farm sources of income, having trees planted by household members, observed increase in temperature and decline in yield, and sourcing climate information from government agencies. In contrast, a negatively significant relationship was observed between recognition of the importance of tree roles, and level of education, and deriving income from tree products. In promoting tree-based adaptation, we recommend improving access to necessary inputs and resources, exploring the potentials of farmer-to-farmer extension, using participatory approaches to generate farmer-led solutions based on their experiences of climate change, and initiating government-led extension to farmers backed by non-government partners.},
  journal = {Agroforestry Systems},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14124971,~to-add-doi-URL,adaptation,agricultural-resources,agroforestry,climate-change,forest-resources,philippines,risk-management},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14124971},
  number = {3}
}

@article{gardiUpdateDatabaseHost2016,
  title = {Update of a Database of Host Plants of {{Xylella}} Fastidiosa: 20 {{November}} 2015},
  author = {Gardi, Ciro and Koufakis, Ioannis and Tramontini, Sara and Andueza, Miren and Pautasso, Marco and Stancanelli, Giuseppe and Ba{\'u}, Andrea and Gregoire, Jean C. and Bragard, Claude},
  year = {2016},
  month = feb,
  volume = {14},
  pages = {n/a},
  issn = {1831-4732},
  doi = {10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4378},
  abstract = {Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was tasked to periodically update its database of host plants of Xylella fastidiosa which was published in April 2015. An extensive literature search approach was used for updating the database in order to catch all new scientific developments published on the topic. Furthermore, the outputs of investigations conducted on host plants affected by X. fastidiosa in the Italian and French outbreaks were included. Literature screening and data extraction were performed using the Distiller platform. The protocol and the guideline applied for the Extensive Literature Search and for the update of the database are described in this report. The current version of the database includes reports of hosts of X. fastidiosa published up to 20 November 2015. The current list of X. fastidiosa host plant species consists of 359 plant species (including hybrids) from 204 genera and 75 different botanical families. Compared to the previous database, 44 new species and 2 new hybrids, 15 new genera and 5 new families were found. The majority of the additional species (70\%) were reported in Apulia, Corsica and southern France.},
  journal = {EFSA Journal},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14125214,~to-add-doi-URL,forest-pests,forest-resources,open-data,plant-pests,review,xylella-fastidiosa},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14125214},
  number = {2}
}

@article{dellaroccaPossibleLandManagement2015,
  title = {Possible Land Management Uses of Common Cypress to Reduce Wildfire Initiation Risk: A Laboratory Study},
  author = {Della Rocca, G. and Hernando, C. and Madrigal, J. and Danti, R. and Moya, J. and Guijarro, M. and Pecchioli, A. and Moya, B.},
  year = {2015},
  month = aug,
  volume = {159},
  pages = {68--77},
  issn = {0301-4797},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.05.020},
  abstract = {The flammability of Cupressus sempervirens has been fully characterized. Two contrasted bench-scale methodologies have been used to ratify the results. Cypress showed low ignitability and consumability and high sustainability and combustibility. The low ignitability of C.~sempervirens suggests a potential resistance to moderate wildfires. Cypress stands could be a promising land management tool to reduce the wildfire initiation risk. Accurate determination of flammability is required in order to improve knowledge about vegetation fire risk. Study of the flammability of different plant species is essential for the Mediterranean area, where most ecosystems are adapted to natural fire but vulnerable to recurrent human-induced fires, which are the main cause of forest degradation. However, the methods used to evaluate vegetation flammability have not yet been standardized. Cupressus sempervirens is a native or naturalized forest tree species in the Mediterranean area that is able to tolerate prolonged drought and high temperatures. The aim of this study was to characterize the flammability of C.~sempervirens var. horizontalis at particle level by using different bench-scale calorimetry techniques (mass loss calorimeter, epiradiator and oxygen bomb) to determine the main flammability descriptors (ignitability, sustainability, combustibility and consumability) in live crown and litter samples. Our findings indicate that this variety of cypress is relatively resistant to ignition because of the high ash content, the high critical heat flux, the high time to ignition displayed by both crown and litter samples and the ability of the leaves to maintain a high water content during the summer. We also discuss the possibility of exploiting some morphological, functional and ecological traits of the species to construct a barrier system (with selected varieties of cypress) as a promising complementary land management tool to reduce the fire spread and intensity in a Mediterranean context.

[Excerpt: Discussion and conclusions]

[...] The FMC of live C. sempervirens samples was relatively high and stable between April and the middle of August (84-96\%). Furthermore, the low variability in the water content across the crown layers ( Fig. 3) may have important implications for crown fire potential ( Van Wagner, 1977). Madrigal et al. (2013) reported a wider range of FMC for Pinus pinaster needles (95-155\%), whereas Viegas et al. (2001) indicated that the FMC of live Mediterranean forest fuels may be as low as 50-60\,\% during the summer season, much lower than the value detected in the present study in live crown samples of cypress. Ignition and fire occurrence are closely related to the moisture content of live and dead fuel ( Dimitrakopoulos and Papaioannou, 2001) and fresh leaves of Mediterranean species appear to become very flammable when the moisture content decreases below 75\,\% ( Chandler et al., 1983) or below 100\,\% in the case of pine needles ( Van Wagner, 1977). An interaction between the physiological state of a live plant (which determines the moisture content) and the concentration of volatile compounds has also been reported ( Weise et al., 2005 and Alessio et al., 2008). During an intense wildfire, the effect due to accumulation of gasified volatile organic compounds (VOCs) may be stronger than the effect due to a low water content, thus explaining specific occurrences such as extreme rate of fire spread and eruptive fire events ( Viegas and Simeoni, 2011).

[\textbackslash n] The live fresh samples of C. sempervirens did not ignite in MLC tests performed at 25 kW/m2, whereas in a previous study, live P. pinaster needles with similar FMC (95\%) ignited at the same heat flux ( Madrigal et al., 2013) ( Supplementary Fig. 1). Notably, the HRR curve obtained for C. sempervirens at 35 kW/m2 was similar to that obtained by Madrigal et al. (2013) for live P. pinaster needles at a lower heat flux (25 kW/m2). In EPI2, at 25 kW/m2 ( Table 5), the IF of fresh cypress live fuel was as low as 23\,\%, while at 55 kW/m2, the IF was 100\,\%, for both crown fresh samples and litter samples (conditioned and oven-dried). These results are consistent with the CHF values determined in MLC tests.

[\textbackslash n][...] 

[\textbackslash n] The TTI and CHF are the most representative descriptors of ignitability. Both TTI (at 50 kW/m2) and CHF of live cypress fuel obtained with MLC in the present study were significantly higher than those determined by Madrigal et al. (2013) for live P. pinaster needles with the same FMC value (95\%). The ignitability of common cypress was much lower than that of P. pinaster. Live C. sempervirens leaves also displayed the longest TTI in a comparative study of ornamental species Ganteaume et al. (2013a). However, based on TTI, common cypress has been reported to be the most flammable of several Mediterranean species tested ( Liodakis et al., 2002). This discrepancy may be due to different ignition devices used in the two studies.

[\textbackslash n] Heat content is known to be highly dependent upon the chemical composition of a fuel. The GHC values obtained in this study for live C. sempervirens samples in the oxygen bomb test were higher than those obtained for litter ( Table 3). Whereas, in contrast to the findings of Elvira and Hernando (1989), only slight differences in GHC values of live samples were found between spring and summer in the present study ( Table 4). Madrigal et al. (2011) reported a higher GHC for live P. halepensis and P. pinaster needles than for C. sempervirens and Pinus pinea. Even greater differences were observed between species on comparing the GHC of litter samples ( Supplementary Table 2). Liodakis et al. (2002) reported a lower GHC for C. sempervirens leaves that for other Mediterranean species, both conifers and broadleaf species, possibly due to differences in the proportion of chemical components in the leaves and to differences in the residual mass fraction.

[\textbackslash n] [...]

[\textbackslash n] In highly resinous species (i.e. pines) and during the heating phase, the effect of volatile flammable gases (VOCs) is crucial in priming and/or accelerating combustion (Chetehouna et al., 2009). Our findings indicate the natural resistance of live fuel of common cypress to the initial stages of combustion (ignitability). The gases produced by thermal degradation of cypress live fuel did not ignite, irrespective of the heat source (EPI or MLC) or the heat flux to which the samples were subjected. The VOCs stored in cypress leaf glands (Della Rocca, 2012 and Moya and Moya, 2013d) are probably degassed (Greenberg et al., 2006 and Ciccioli et al., 2014) when vegetation is warming up (at 60-150 \textdegree C), and thus will not contribute to ignition. Moreover, cypress is not a resinous species in the strict sense. Neither the xylem or the bark produce resin constitutively, but only as consequence of mechanical wounds or lesions due to pathogens or pests.

[\textbackslash n] In Mediterranean regions characterized by long dry summers, litter appears to play a crucial role in fire risk and transmission (Hogkinson, 2002). Both conditioned and oven-dried C. sempervirens litter samples always ignited (IF 100\%); however, in the present study all flammability parameters (except TTI) measured at 35 kW/m2 were lower than those obtained at 25 kW/m2 for P. pinaster litter with the same FMC (11\%) by Madrigal et al. (2011) ( Supplementary Table 2). Comparing different Mediterranean species, Petriccione (2006) classified the flammability of cypress litter as moderate-high, similar to that of Myrtus communis, Q. ilex, O. europea and P. halepensis, but lower than that of Quercus pubescens, Fraxinus ornus, P. pinaster and Genista aetnensis.

[\textbackslash n] In nature, C. sempervirens litter has a high bulk density ( Ganteaume et al., 2013b), as the small segments accumulate in thick layers, also due to a low mineralisation rate ( Della Rocca et al., 2006). These traits reduce the circulation of air in the litter, which may act like a sponge and retain humidity, thus hampering ignition. A thick litter layer is also known to favour self-extinction of fire ( Orme\~no et al., 2009).

[\textbackslash n] In this study, the RMF at the end of the test was considered as ash content. In the MLC tests, the ash content of cypress fresh fine fuel ranged from 3.5 to 6.8\,\%. This is consistent with the results reported by Dimitrakopoulos and Panov (2001) who obtained higher values of mineral ash for C. sempervirens leaves (4.73\%) than for other Mediterranean species such as Q. ilex (2.9\%) and P. brutia (2.8\%). The heat content of plant material has been demonstrated to be negatively related to ash content. A higher ash content essentially indicates that there is less mass to burn ( Mutch and Philpot, 1970 and Philpot, 1970), thus influencing fire sustainability and consumability. [...]

[Management recommendations and future research]

Common cypress is known to produce a deep dense litter that is difficult to ignite and even prevents the development of understory vegetation due to a presumed allelopathic effect. This species is also often planted as a windbreak to protect valuable crops from prevailing winds in the Mediterranean area. In addition to these traits, the findings of our laboratory trials, which have demonstrated the low ignitability of crown and litter cypress samples, encourage further studies at tree and plantation levels to assess the effectiveness of cypress barriers as a silviculture measure to reduce wildfire initiation risk in sensitive sites (e.g. WUIs). Well designed plantations constructed with suitable varieties of cypress (selected for habit and resistance to pathogens causing severe dieback and resin exudation, e.g. cypress canker) and taking into account topography, flammability risk mapping, land use etc. may be useful for creating buffer zones to hinder or prevent the rapid spread of wildfire, also decreasing the likelihood that a surface fire will become a crown fire. The ability of cypress plantations to slow fire progression is derived from a combination of properties of individual trees. The need of transposing laboratory results and empirical observations to a real scale, lead the Diputaci\'on de Valencia (Spain) and the province of Siena (Italy) to plan the realization of the first experimental plantations of the 'cypress system' as a way to conduct further research aimed at improving prevention against wildfires. Useful information on setting up operational cypress plantations as firewalls is reported in Della Rocca et al. (2014).},
  journal = {Journal of Environmental Management},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745883,~to-add-doi-URL,cupressus-sempervirens,fire-fuel,forest-resources,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745883}
}

@article{tollefsonClimatechangeHiatusDisappears2015,
  title = {Climate-Change 'hiatus' Disappears with New Data},
  author = {Tollefson, Jeff},
  year = {2015},
  month = jun,
  issn = {1476-4687},
  doi = {10.1038/nature.2015.17700},
  abstract = {US agency's updated temperature records suggest that global warming continues apace.

[Excerpt] An apparent pause in global warming might have been a temporary mirage, according to recent analysis. Global average temperatures have continued to rise throughout the first part of the 21st century, researchers report on 5 June in Science1.

[\textbackslash n] That finding, which contradicts the 2013 report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), is based on an update of the global temperature records maintained by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The previous version of the NOAA dataset had showed less warming during the first decade of the millennium.

[\textbackslash n] Researchers revised the NOAA dataset to correct for known biases in sea-surface temperature records and to incorporate data from new land-based monitoring stations that extend into the Arctic -- an area where observations are sparse. The updated NOAA dataset also includes observations from 2013 and 2014; the latter ranked as the warmest year on record. [...]},
  journal = {Nature},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13640209,~to-add-doi-URL,bias-correction,climate-change,data-uncertainty,global-warming,modelling,temperature},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13640209}
}

@article{vannoordenInterdisciplinaryResearchNumbers2015,
  title = {Interdisciplinary Research by the Numbers},
  author = {Van Noorden, Richard},
  year = {2015},
  month = sep,
  volume = {525},
  pages = {306--307},
  issn = {0028-0836},
  doi = {10.1038/525306a},
  abstract = {An analysis reveals the extent and impact of research that bridges disciplines.

[Excerpt] Interdisciplinary work is considered crucial by scientists, policymakers and funders -- but how widespread is it really, and what impact does it have? Scholars say that the concept is complex to define and measure, but efforts to map papers by the disciplines of the journals they appear in and by their citation patterns are -- tentatively -- revealing the growth and influence of interdisciplinary research.

[\textbackslash n][...]

[Interdisciplinary research takes time to have an impact]

Whether interdisciplinary research gains more citations than disciplinary research is contentious. Over three years, papers with diverse references tend to pick up fewer citations than the norm, but over 13 years they gain more. Some studies suggest that a little interdisciplinarity is better than a lot: papers that combine very disparate fields tend to earn fewer citations. But interdisciplinary work can have broad societal and economic impacts that are not captured by citations. [...]},
  journal = {Nature},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13768935,~to-add-doi-URL,cooperation,cross-disciplinary-perspective,integration-techniques,interdisciplinary-research,research-funding,research-management,research-metrics,transboundary-effects,transdisciplinary-research},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13768935},
  number = {7569}
}

@article{wilsdonWatchdogsEuropeanSystem2015,
  title = {Watchdogs of the {{European}} System},
  author = {Wilsdon, James},
  year = {2015},
  month = may,
  volume = {348},
  pages = {947},
  issn = {1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.aac6092},
  abstract = {Henry Kissinger, as U.S Secretary of State, is famously said to have asked: '' If I want to call Europe, who do I call?'' Until recently, the scientific community thought it had an answer to this question: the chief scientific adviser (CSA) to the president of the European Commission (EC). Two weeks ago, that changed.

[Excerpt] President Juncker insisted that he was still committed to scientific advice and asked Carlos Moedas, the Commissioner for Research, Science and Innovation, to lead a review of how it could be better organized. Two weeks ago, the findings were unveiled. As expected, the CSA remains dead and buried and will be replaced by a seven-strong '' high-level group'' of experts, who will be appointed before the end of the year. These experts, described by a senior official as '' watchdogs of the system,''* will be fully independent but supported by a team of around 25 staff from the EC's research directorate. Further resources of '' up to \texteuro 6 million'' will be offered to Europe's national academies to enable them to play a greater role in the provision of advice. Good working links will also be developed to the EC's in-house science service, the Joint Research Centre. [...]},
  journal = {Science},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13632162,~to-add-doi-URL,bias-correction,joint-research-centre,science-based-decision-making,science-ethics,science-policy-interface,science-society-interface,scientific-communication},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13632162},
  number = {6238}
}

@article{ratcliffeTreeNeighbourhoodMatters2015,
  title = {Tree Neighbourhood Matters - {{Tree}} Species Composition Drives Diversity-Productivity Patterns in a near-Natural Beech Forest},
  author = {Ratcliffe, Sophia and Holzwarth, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric and Nadrowski, Karin and Levick, Shaun and Wirth, Christian},
  year = {2015},
  month = jan,
  volume = {335},
  pages = {225--234},
  issn = {0378-1127},
  doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2014.09.032},
  abstract = {[Highlights]

[::] We test tree diversity-productivity relationships in a temperate beech forest. 
[::] Beech and hornbeam trees grew faster in more diverse neighbourhoods. 
[::] Complementarity effects were driven by differences in species' competitive strengths. 
[::] Small scale admixture with patches of different species promotes tree growth.

[Abstract]

European beech forest with a variable admixture is one of the most important forest types in Central Europe. Growing evidence has demonstrated the positive effect of increased biodiversity on vital forest ecosystem functions and services such as productivity and nutrient cycling. Both complementarity in resource use and species identity are known to influence tree productivity but they have received relatively little attention in observational studies. Using a large dataset of repeat inventory trees in a near-natural deciduous forest in Central Germany we test whether tree diversity enhances tree productivity at the tree and the stand level, whilst accounting for tree size, tree vitality, local topography and the potentially confounding effects of spatial autocorrelation and negative growth estimates. Beech and hornbeam individual tree growth was sensitive to their neighbourhood diversity and composition whilst ash trees were only sensitive to the neighbourhood tree density. Neighbourhood complementarity effects were driven by differences in species' competitive strengths, whilst at the stand level productivity gains were primarily attributable to the density of ash and diversity effects were less prominent. We conclude that small-scale admixture with patches of different species promotes tree growth in European beech forest; congruent with current management plans for beech and hardwood forests.},
  journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14070499,~to-add-doi-URL,acer-campestre,acer-platanoides,acer-pseudoplatanus,biodiversity,carpinus-betulus,diversity,fagus-sylvatica,forest-resources,fraxinus-excelsior,germany,species-richness,ulmus-glabra},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14070499}
}

@article{miraRationalDesignAntibiotic2015,
  title = {Rational Design of Antibiotic Treatment Plans: A Treatment Strategy for Managing Evolution and Reversing Resistance},
  author = {Mira, Portia M. and Crona, Kristina and Greene, Devin and Meza, Juan C. and Sturmfels, Bernd and Barlow, Miriam},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {10},
  pages = {e0122283+},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0122283},
  abstract = {The development of reliable methods for restoring susceptibility after antibiotic resistance arises has proven elusive. A greater understanding of the relationship between antibiotic administration and the evolution of resistance is key to overcoming this challenge. Here we present a data-driven mathematical approach for developing antibiotic treatment plans that can reverse the evolution of antibiotic resistance determinants. We have generated adaptive landscapes for 16 genotypes of the TEM {$\beta$}-lactamase that vary from the wild type genotype '' TEM-1'' through all combinations of four amino acid substitutions. We determined the growth rate of each genotype when treated with each of 15 {$\beta$}-lactam antibiotics. By using growth rates as a measure of fitness, we computed the probability of each amino acid substitution in each {$\beta$}-lactam treatment using two different models named the Correlated Probability Model (CPM) and the Equal Probability Model (EPM). We then performed an exhaustive search through the 15 treatments for substitution paths leading from each of the 16 genotypes back to the wild type TEM-1. We identified optimized treatment paths that returned the highest probabilities of selecting for reversions of amino acid substitutions and returning TEM to the wild type state. For the CPM model, the optimized probabilities ranged between 0.6 and 1.0. For the EPM model, the optimized probabilities ranged between 0.38 and 1.0. For cyclical CPM treatment plans in which the starting and ending genotype was the wild type, the probabilities were between 0.62 and 0.7. Overall this study shows that there is promise for reversing the evolution of resistance through antibiotic treatment plans.},
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13632645,~to-add-doi-URL,evolution,genetic-variability,human-health,phenotypes-vs-genotypes},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13632645},
  number = {5}
}

@article{huoFastComputingDistance2015,
  title = {Fast Computing for Distance Covariance},
  author = {Huo, Xiaoming and Sz{\'e}kely, G{\'a}bor J.},
  year = {2015},
  month = jun,
  pages = {0},
  issn = {1537-2723},
  doi = {10.1080/00401706.2015.1054435},
  abstract = {Distance covariance and distance correlation have been widely adopted in measuring dependence of a pair of random variables or random vectors. If the computation of distance covariance and distance correlation is implemented directly accordingly to its definition then its computational complexity is O(n2) which is a disadvantage compared to other faster methods. In this paper we show that the computation of distance covariance and distance correlation of real valued random variables can be implemented by an O(n log n) algorithm and this is comparable to other computationally efficient algorithms. The new formula we derive for an unbiased estimator for squared distance covariance turns out to be a U-statistic. This fact implies some nice asymptotic properties that were derived before via more complex methods. We apply the fast computing algorithm to some synthetic data. Our work will make distance correlation applicable to a much wider class of problems. A supplementary file to this article includes a Matlab and C based software that realizes the proposed algorithm.},
  journal = {Technometrics},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14091371,~to-add-doi-URL,array-programming,distance-correlation,featured-publication,free-scientific-knowledge,free-software,license,license--cc-by-3-0,nonlinear-correlation,open-science,statistics},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14091371}
}

@article{leePacificOriginAbrupt2015,
  title = {Pacific Origin of the Abrupt Increase in {{Indian Ocean}} Heat Content during the Warming Hiatus},
  author = {Lee, Sang-Ki and Park, Wonsun and Baringer, Molly O. and Gordon, Arnold L. and Huber, Bruce and Liu, Yanyun},
  year = {2015},
  month = jun,
  volume = {8},
  pages = {445--449},
  issn = {1752-0894},
  doi = {10.1038/ngeo2438},
  abstract = {Global mean surface warming has stalled since the end of the twentieth century1, 2, but the net radiation imbalance at the top of the atmosphere continues to suggest an increasingly warming planet. This apparent contradiction has been reconciled by an anomalous heat flux into the ocean3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, induced by a shift towards a La Ni\~na-like state with cold sea surface temperatures in the eastern tropical Pacific over the past decade or so. A significant portion of the heat missing from the atmosphere is therefore expected to be stored in the Pacific Ocean. However, in situ hydrographic records indicate that Pacific Ocean heat content has been decreasing9. Here, we analyse observations along with simulations from a global ocean-sea ice model to track the pathway of heat. We find that the enhanced heat uptake by the Pacific Ocean has been compensated by an increased heat transport from the Pacific Ocean to the Indian Ocean, carried by the Indonesian throughflow. As a result, Indian Ocean heat content has increased abruptly, which accounts for more than 70\,\% of the global ocean heat gain in the upper 700 m during the past decade. We conclude that the Indian Ocean has become increasingly important in modulating global climate variability.},
  journal = {Nature Geosci},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13618538,~to-add-doi-URL,climate-change,global-warming,heat-storage,indian-ocean,oceans},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13618538},
  number = {6}
}

@article{yuanDDDASbasedInformationaggregationCrowd2015,
  title = {{{DDDAS}}-Based Information-Aggregation for Crowd Dynamics Modeling with {{UAVs}} and {{UGVs}}},
  author = {Yuan, Yifei and Wang, Zhenrui and Li, Mingyang and Son, Young-Jun and Liu, Jian},
  year = {2015},
  month = apr,
  volume = {2},
  issn = {2296-9144},
  doi = {10.3389/frobt.2015.00008},
  abstract = {Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) collaboratively play important roles in crowd tracking for applications such as border patrol and crowd surveillance. Dynamic data-driven application systems (DDDAS) paradigm has been developed for these applications to take advantage of real-time monitoring data. In the DDDAS paradigm, one crucial step in crowd surveillance is crowd dynamics modeling, which is based on multi-resolution crowd observation data collected from both UAVs and UGVs. Data collected from UAVs capture global crowd motion but have low resolution while those from UGVs have high resolution information of local crowd motion. This paper proposes an information-aggregation approach for crowd dynamics modeling by incorporating multi-resolution data, where a grid-based method is developed to model crowd motion with UAVs' low-resolution global perception, and an autoregressive model is employed to model individuals' motion based on UGVs' detailed perception. A simulation experiment is provided to illustrate and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.},
  journal = {Frontiers in Robotics and AI},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13577946,~to-add-doi-URL,adaptive-control,automation,autonomic-computing,dddas,dynamic-data-driven-application-system},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13577946}
}

@article{bornmannWhichPeopleUse2015,
  title = {Which People Use Which Scientific Papers? {{An}} Evaluation of Data from {{F1000}} and {{Mendeley}}},
  author = {Bornmann, Lutz and Haunschild, Robin},
  year = {2015},
  month = jul,
  volume = {9},
  pages = {477--487},
  issn = {1751-1577},
  doi = {10.1016/j.joi.2015.04.001},
  abstract = {[Highlights]

[::] This study used the Mendeley API to download Mendeley counts for a comprehensive F1000Prime data set.

[::] F1000Prime is a post-publication peer review system for papers from the biomedical area.

[::] The F1000 papers are provided with tags from experts in this area which can characterise a paper more exactly (such as '' good for teaching'').

[::] Regression models with Mendeley counts as dependent variables have been calculated.

[::] In the case of a well written article that provides a good overview of a topic, it tends to be better received by people outside research.

[Abstract]

The increased interest in an impact measurement of research on other areas of the society than research has led in scientometrics to an investigation of altmetrics. Particular attention is paid here to a targeted broad impact measurement: The aim is to discover the impact which a particular publication set has on specific user groups (outside research) by using altmetrics. This study used the Mendeley application programming interface (API) to download the Mendeley counts (broken down by different user types of publications in Mendeley) for a comprehensive F1000Prime data set. F1000Prime is a post-publication peer review system for papers from the biomedical area. As the F1000 papers are provided with tags from experts in this area (Faculty members) which can characterise a paper more exactly (such as '' good for teaching'' or '' new finding''), the interest of different user groups in specifically tagged papers could be investigated. This study's evaluation of the variously tagged F1000 papers provided interesting insights into the use of research papers by different user groups. The most interesting tag for altmetrics research is '' good for teaching''. This applies to papers which are well written and provide an overview of a topic. Papers with this tag can be expected to arouse interest among people who are hardly or not at all involved in research. The results of the regression models in this study do in fact show that lecturers, researchers at a non-academic institution, and others (such as librarians) have a special interest in this kind of papers. In the case of a key article in a field, or a particularly well written article that provides a good overview of a topic, then it will tend to be better received by people which are not particularly related to academic research.},
  journal = {Journal of Informetrics},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13769697,~to-add-doi-URL,cross-disciplinary-perspective,education,research-metrics,review-publication,scientific-communication,transdiciplinary-scientific-communication},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13769697},
  number = {3}
}

@article{koeserTrustingOthersMath2015,
  title = {Trusting Others to 'Do the Math'},
  author = {Koeser, Rebecca S.},
  year = {2015},
  month = oct,
  volume = {40},
  pages = {376--392},
  issn = {1743-2790},
  doi = {10.1080/03080188.2016.1165454},
  abstract = {Researchers effectively trust the work of others anytime they use software tools or custom software. In this article I explore this notion of trusting others, using Digital Humanities as a focus, and drawing on my own experience. Software is inherently flawed and limited, so when its use in scholarship demands better practices and terminology, to review research software and describe development processes. It is also important to make research software engineers and their work more visible, both for the purposes of review and credit.

[Excerpt] [...] Proposing additional work to that review process seems unrealistic and expensive, especially considering the additional knowledge and expertise that would be required. However, if we could implement some kind of code review alongside the other, more traditional scholarly outputs, it should help to make the role of software and software development more transparent in the work of scholarship. [...] If scholars must rely on others to 'do the math' of developing the software that is used in their work, then perhaps it is also logical that they should begin to rely on others to review and assess that portion of the scholarly work, and to check the accuracy and appropriateness of those hidden calculations. But this may be difficult to bring about. Software developers without a scholarly background may not be eager to get involved in the review and assessment process, and those who do may find it difficult to focus on the intellectual content and assumptions rather than software development best practices and implementation specifics. And demanding additional work of those few scholar-developers who do have the expertise would be an additional and undue burden. This is yet another reason why it is important work to advocate for research software engineers to be recognized and provided with a long-term career path that will keep them involved in scholarly work within academia.

[] Software is ubiquitous, and ever more important to scholarship, but this fact is not always recognized or brought to the fore, particularly in humanities fields. Software is flawed, makes assumptions, and current algorithms may well be replaced by newer and better versions. We are constantly trusting others to 'do the math' at some point, but we would do well to make sure our trust is well-founded. Scholars should be more thoughtful about the software they use in their work, learn about its limitations, and think critically about the implications for their results. Both scholars and creators of software should take advantage of resources offered by groups like the Software Sustainability Institute and Software Carpentry and seek to extend their work to other disciplines. The people who develop software used for scholarly work and research are important to that work. The code and its authors should both be made more visible; we need to find ways for that technical work to be credited and cited, and reviewed along with the scholarship, so that our trust in those 'doing the math' is clear, explicit, and justified. [...]},
  journal = {Interdisciplinary Science Reviews},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14218712,~to-add-doi-URL,authorship,bias-correction,bias-disembodied-science-vs-computational-scholarship,computational-science,free-scientific-knowledge,peer-review,publication-bias,rewarding-best-research-practices},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14218712},
  number = {4}
}

@article{wagnerHistoryLarixDecidua2015,
  title = {History of {{Larix}} Decidua {{Mill}}. ({{European}} Larch) since 130 Ka},
  author = {Wagner, Stefanie and Litt, Thomas and {S{\'a}nchez-Go{\~n}i}, Maria-Fernanda and Petit, R{\'e}my J.},
  year = {2015},
  month = sep,
  volume = {124},
  pages = {224--247},
  issn = {0277-3791},
  doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.07.002},
  abstract = {Retrospective studies focussing on forest dynamics using fossil and genetic data can provide important keys to prepare forests for the future. In this study we analyse the impact of past climate and anthropogenic changes on Larix decidua Mill. (European larch) populations based on a new range-wide fossil compilation encompassing the last 130 ka and on recently produced genetic data (nuclear, mitochondrial). Results demonstrate that during the last 130 ka L. decidua persisted close to its current distribution range and colonized vast areas outside this range during the first two early Weichselian interstadials (c. 87-109 ka and c. 83-78 ka), reaching a distributional maxima in the north-central European lowlands. Some fossil sites point to notably rapid responses to some abrupt climate events (Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles and Heinrich Events). Combined fossil and genetic data identify at least six MIS 2 refuges and postglacial recolonization pathways. The establishment of extant L. decidua forests dates back to the first two millennia of the Holocene (c. 11.5-9.5 ka) and the onset of anthropogenic impact was inferred since the late Neolithic (c. 6 ka), with major changes occurring since the Bronze Age (c. 4 ka). During the last 300 years human-induced translocations resulted in recent admixture of populations originating from separate refuges. Altogether, the results of this study provide valuable clues for developing sustainable conservation and management strategies targeting ancient genetic lineages and for studying evolutionary issues.},
  journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13758930,~to-add-doi-URL,biogeography,forest-resources,larix-decidua,phylogeny,species-distribution},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13758930}
}

@book{jonssonGlobalForestTrade2015,
  title = {The {{Global Forest Trade Model GFTM}}},
  author = {Jonsson, Ragnar and Rinaldi, Francesca and {San-Miguel-Ayanz}, Jes{\'u}s},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {27360},
  publisher = {{Publications Office of the European Union}},
  issn = {1831-9424},
  doi = {10.2788/666206},
  abstract = {A meaningful assessment of policy options within the forest-based bioeconomy presupposes the capability to model market implications. To this end, an economic forest-based sector model, the Global Forest Trade Model (GFTM), is being developed at the Forest Resources and Climate unit of the Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES). The GFTM is an equilibrium trade-based model for the forest sector with the aim of providing projections of production and trade of wood-based products and pellets for 48 countries/sub-regions of the world, with a focus on EU. This technical report describes the set-up of the model.The study outlines the theoretical framework, the programming of the model in MatLab, data collection, parameters used, and the calibration of the model. Presented test runs with GFTM indicates that the model behaves in a logically consistent way, all in all well in line what can be expected from economic theory. The next steps in the development process entail trying out linkages with a forest resource model and a dedicated energy model.

[Excerpt: Summary and conclusions] The importance of the forest-based sector in the Bioeconomy of the EU calls for the use of forest-based sector models, integrating dynamics of forest resources, timber markets, forest-based industry processes, and forest-based product market demand. As part of the integrated modelling framework for the Bioeconomy, the IES has developed the Global Forest Sector Model (GFTM) presented in this report. In order to be suitable for forest policy analysis, a forest sector model should ideally meet on the one hand the necessity to be as disaggregated as possible both in terms of geographical scope and products covered, and, on the other hand, the necessity to maintain a certain degree of aggregation in order to limit numerical problems.

[\textbackslash n] Runs with GFTM, presented in this report, indicate that the model behaves well in line with what can be expected from economic theory and established knowledge regarding forest-based industry processes. Therefore, GFTM seems to have struck a reasonable balance between the objectives of disaggregation and computability respectively. It is true though, that, as other current forest-based sector models, GFTM does not, with the exception of wood pellets, deal with '' new/emerging products'', an obvious shortcoming. However, as there are very limited information as to demand functions, production techniques ( '' conversion factors''), and limited data as to production and trade for these products, they have yet to be dealt with in mainly a qualitative sense.

[\textbackslash n] As the forest-based sector is highly globalized, GFTM focus on tradable products. In some cases, representation of bilateral trade flows might also turn out to be useful. This will certainly be a topic for future research. Finally, a valid model for the forest sector should represent the production process in a sufficiently accurate way to allow the traceability of the impact of policy from primary resources availability, through the industrial transformation process, and finally to consumption and trade. The industry module of the GFTM has been precisely constructed to this aim.

[\textbackslash n] For what concerns the results presented in this reports, somewhat surprising is the (albeit modest) decrease in projected wood pellets consumption of EU countries. As pointed out earlier, this gives a clear indication that wood pellets consumption to a large extent is contingent upon other factors than pure economic drivers. In general, the results, as regards wood pellets projections, should be interpreted with a certain degree of caution, since the GFTM is not dealing with the energy sector. Thus, only the competition between pellets and other wood-based products is regarded as relevant for reaching the market equilibrium.

[\textbackslash n] However, this issue will be resolved soon as the GFTM is planned to ingest demand for wood pellets exogenously, from a dedicated energy-model (see suggested modelling set up in Figure 22 below). Results of the test of arbitrarily fixing the wood pellets consumption levels for respective projected period indicate that GFTM behaves in a logically consistent way, thus allowing, e.g., the assessment of the effects of an increased demand for wood pellets in terms of the production (and consequently also consumption) of other wood-based commodities.

[\textbackslash n] The GFTM model will soon become part of the integrated Bioeconomy modelling framework of the JRC. Indeed, besides the obvious link with the forest resource models used by JRC -- the Carbon Budget Model (CBM) and the European Forestry Dynamics Model (EFDM) -- the GFTM could also work in cooperation with dedicated energy models. Doing so, GFTM is well-poised for assessing competition as well as synergies between material and energy uses of woody biomass. Next steps in the modelling development will entail testing these linkages.},
  isbn = {978-92-79-50192-0},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13693288,~to-add-doi-URL,bioeconomy,economic-impacts,europe,featured-publication,forest-resources,global-scale},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13693288},
  series = {{{EUR}} - {{Scientific}} and {{Technical Research}}}
}

@article{sloanRemainingNaturalVegetation2014,
  title = {Remaining Natural Vegetation in the Global Biodiversity Hotspots},
  author = {Sloan, Sean and Jenkins, Clinton N. and Joppa, Lucas N. and Gaveau, David L. A. and Laurance, William F.},
  year = {2014},
  month = sep,
  volume = {177},
  pages = {12--24},
  issn = {0006-3207},
  doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2014.05.027},
  abstract = {[Highlights]

[::] We estimate the area of natural intact vegetation in the global biodiversity hotspots. [::] Natural intact vegetation spans 3,545,975 km2, or 14.9\,\% of its original extent. [::] Hotspots previously considered most intact suffered greatest downward adjustments. [::] Natural intact vegetation area is critical ({$<$}10\%) in 6 of 12 biomes in the hotspots. [::] Natural intact vegetation is marketed more fragmented when {$<$}10\,\% of hotspot area.

[Abstract]

The biodiversity hotspots are 35 biogeographical regions that have both exceptional endemism and extreme threats to their vegetation integrity, and as such are global conservation priorities. Nonetheless, prior estimates of natural intact vegetation (NIV) in the hotspots are generally imprecise, indirect, coarse, and/or dated. Using moderate- and high-resolution satellite imagery as well as maps of roads, settlements, and fires, we estimate the current extent of NIV for the hotspots. Our analysis indicates that hotspots retain 14.9\,\% of their total area as NIV ({$\sim$}3,546,975 km2). Most hotspots have much less NIV than previously estimated, with half now having {$\leqslant$}10\,\% NIV by area, a threshold beneath which mean NIV patch area declines precipitously below 1000 ha. Hotspots with the greatest previous NIV estimates suffered the greatest apparent losses. The paucity of NIV is most pronounced in biomes dominated by dry forests, open woodlands, and grasslands, reflecting their historic affinities with agriculture, such that NIV tends to concentrate in select biomes. Low and declining levels of NIV in the hotspots underscore the need for an urgent focus of limited conservation resources on these biologically crucial regions.},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13268307,~to-add-doi-URL,biodiversity,biodiversity-hotspot,conservation,forest-resources,global-scale,habitat-conservation,hotspot,vegetation},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13268307}
}

@article{morrisonTimeSomethingReproducibility2014,
  title = {Time to Do Something about Reproducibility},
  author = {Morrison, Sean J.},
  year = {2014},
  month = dec,
  volume = {3},
  pages = {e03981+},
  issn = {2050-084X},
  doi = {10.7554/elife.03981},
  abstract = {Individual scientists, scientific communities and scientific journals can do more to assess the publication of irreproducible results, to promote good science, and to increase the efficiency with which the scientific community self-corrects.},
  journal = {eLife},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13550760,~to-add-doi-URL,open-science,reproducibility,science-ethics,scientific-community-self-correction},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13550760}
}

@article{machovinaTakingBiteOut2014,
  title = {Taking a Bite out of Biodiversity},
  author = {Machovina, Brian and Feeley, Kenneth J.},
  year = {2014},
  month = feb,
  volume = {343},
  pages = {838},
  issn = {1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.343.6173.838-a},
  abstract = {[excerpt] In the Review '' Status and ecological effects of the world's largest carnivores'' (10 January, DOI: 10.1126/science.1241484), W. J. Ripple et al. claim that meat consumption by humans is one of many threats to carnivores and biodiversity. We argue that human carnivory is in fact the single greatest threat to overall biodiversity. Livestock production accounts for up to 75\,\% of all agricultural lands and 30\,\% of Earth's land surface, making it the single largest anthropogenic land use. Meat and feedstock production is rapidly rising in biodiversity-rich developing countries. [...] Substituting meat with soy protein could reduce total human biomass appropriation in 2050 by 94\,\% below 2000 baseline levels and greatly reduce other environmental impacts related to use of water, fertilizer, fossil fuel, and biocides. [...] We argue that reducing and maintaining animal products to even 10\,\% of the global human diet would enable the future global population to be fed on just the current area of agricultural lands. [...]},
  journal = {Science},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13056490,~to-add-doi-URL,agricultural-land,agricultural-policy,agricultural-resources,biodiversity,carnivores,environment-society-economy,food-security,global-scale,land-use,scenario-analysis},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13056490},
  number = {6173}
}

@article{averillMycorrhizamediatedCompetitionPlants2014,
  title = {Mycorrhiza-Mediated Competition between Plants and Decomposers Drives Soil Carbon Storage},
  author = {Averill, Colin and Turner, Benjamin L. and Finzi, Adrien C.},
  year = {2014},
  month = jan,
  volume = {505},
  pages = {543--545},
  issn = {0028-0836},
  doi = {10.1038/nature12901},
  abstract = {Soil contains more carbon than the atmosphere and vegetation combined. Understanding the mechanisms controlling the accumulation and stability of soil carbon is critical to predicting the Earth's future climate. Recent studies suggest that decomposition of soil organic matter is often limited by nitrogen availability to microbes and that plants, via their fungal symbionts, compete directly with free-living decomposers for nitrogen. Ectomycorrhizal and ericoid mycorrhizal (EEM) fungi produce nitrogen-degrading enzymes, allowing them greater access to organic nitrogen sources than arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. This leads to the theoretical prediction that soil carbon storage is greater in ecosystems dominated by EEM fungi than in those dominated by AM fungi. Using global data sets, we show that soil in ecosystems dominated by EEM-associated plants contains 70\,\% more carbon per unit nitrogen than soil in ecosystems dominated by AM-associated plants. The effect of mycorrhizal type on soil carbon is independent of, and of far larger consequence than, the effects of net primary production, temperature, precipitation and soil clay content. Hence the effect of mycorrhizal type on soil carbon content holds at the global scale. This finding links the functional traits of mycorrhizal fungi to carbon storage at ecosystem-to-global scales, suggesting that plant-decomposer competition for nutrients exerts a fundamental control over the terrestrial carbon cycle.},
  journal = {Nature},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12903789,~to-add-doi-URL,carbon-stock,climate-change,forest-resources,mycorrhizal-fungi,soil-carbon,soil-resources,vegetation},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12903789},
  number = {7484}
}

@article{boscoLandCoverSoil2014,
  title = {Land Cover and Soil Erodibility within the E-{{RUSLE}} Model},
  author = {Bosco, Claudio and {de Rigo}, Daniele},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {mri11b13+},
  doi = {10.6084/m9.figshare.856670},
  abstract = {Soil is a valuable, non-renewable resource that offers a multitude of ecosystems goods and services. At geological time-scales there is a balance between erosion and soil formation, but in many areas of the world today there is an imbalance with respect to soil loss and its subsequent deposition, principally caused by anthropogenic activity and climate change. Detailed methods regarding soil erosion dynamics are growingly available at local and catchment scale. The integrated assessment of natural hazards often require wider scales to be considered. At these scales, computational modelling need to deal with multiple sources of uncertainty. This complex modelling activity is required in order to assess appropriate management options (Integrated Natural Resources Modelling and Management, INRMM).

There is usually a discrepancy between the spatial scale at which the process is studied and formulated, the scale at which information is available (e.g. a generalized value for land use or land cover unit), and the scale at which policy-makers or managers need to make decisions (watersheds, regions or wider scale). Modelling strategies typical of the local scale may not be suitable for large scale analysis. At regional or wider scale, the predictive power of existing models is still limited. Empirical approaches based on regressions may offer a way for reducing the modelling uncertainty (mainly reducing the input parameters uncertainty), partially explaining why regression-based models often better predict soil erosion than physically based models.

The present report shows the way followed for calculating the cover-management and the soil erodibility factor in applying the e-RUSLE soil erosion model at pan-European scale. The e-RUSLE is a model that estimates soil loss due to sheet and rill erosion extending a well-established empirical model. The extended model is based on the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). e-RUSLE is an array-based, semantically enhanced modification of the RUSLE exploiting the multiplicity intrinsic in large scale complex and uncertain problems. Its architecture takes advantage from the semantic array programming (SemAP) paradigm.

The model considers seven main factors controlling soil erosion: the erosivity of the eroding agents (water), the erodibility of the soil, the slope steepness and the slope length of the land, the land cover, the stoniness and the human practices designed to control erosion. In an effort for increasing the reproducibility in soil erosion modelling and for obtaining the most complete and homogeneous pan-European coverage, our attention was mainly focused in using only publicly available datasets and free scientific software for applying the e-RUSLE model and its factors. Implementing the e-RUSLE model we also introduced an innovative SemAP ensemble model, based on climatic similarity, for estimating rain erosivity from multiple available empirical relationships. Further researches are ongoing for applying the same technique to the cover-management factor, in order to obtain a more homogeneous pan-European cover.},
  journal = {Scientific Topics Focus},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13419103,~to-add-doi-URL,e-rusle,erodibility,europe,land-cover,rusle,scientific-topics-focus,semantic-array-programming,semap,soil-erosion,soil-resources},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13419103},
  series = {Notes {{Transdiscipl}}. {{Model}}. {{Env}}.}
}

@article{rippleStatusEcologicalEffects2014,
  title = {Status and Ecological Effects of the World's Largest Carnivores},
  author = {Ripple, William J. and Estes, James A. and Beschta, Robert L. and Wilmers, Christopher C. and Ritchie, Euan G. and Hebblewhite, Mark and Berger, Joel and Elmhagen, Bodil and Letnic, Mike and Nelson, Michael P. and Schmitz, Oswald J. and Smith, Douglas W. and Wallach, Arian D. and Wirsing, Aaron J.},
  year = {2014},
  month = jan,
  volume = {343},
  pages = {1241484+},
  issn = {1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1241484},
  abstract = {The largest terrestrial species in the order Carnivora are wide-ranging and rare because of their positions at the top of food webs. They are some of the world's most admired mammals and, ironically, some of the most imperiled. Most have experienced substantial population declines and range contractions throughout the world during the past two centuries. Because of the high metabolic demands that come with endothermy and large body size, these carnivores often require large prey and expansive habitats. These food requirements and wide-ranging behavior often bring them into conflict with humans and livestock. This, in addition to human intolerance, renders them vulnerable to extinction. Large carnivores face enormous threats that have caused massive declines in their populations and geographic ranges, including habitat loss and degradation,persecution, utilization, and depletion of prey. We highlight how these threats can affect theconservation status and ecological roles of this planet's 31 largest carnivores.},
  journal = {Science},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12904809,~to-add-doi-URL,anthropogenic-impacts,carnivores,ecology,ecosystem-conservation,ecosystem-resilience,ecosystem-services,forest-resources,fragmentation,integrated-modelling,mammals,non-linearity},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12904809},
  number = {6167}
}

@article{huangReproducibilityEcologicalResearch2014,
  title = {Reproducibility in Ecological Research},
  author = {Huang, Xiaolei},
  year = {2014},
  month = dec,
  issn = {1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.346.6215.1307-c},
  abstract = {[Excerpt] The editorial by M. McNutt ( '' Journals unite for reproducibility,'' 7 November, p. 679, published online 5 November) describes an updated version of the solution from journals, including Science and Nature, for reproducibility in biomedical research. If the new policy is to be widely implemented by scientific journals, then the changes must be consistent and mandatory. Reproducibility is not just relevant for biomedical research. Ecology and biodiversity scientists are also increasingly concerned about issues of reproducibility and data sharing (1-3). Reproducibility is challenging for ecology and biodiversity science because experiments are usually undertaken under natural conditions in the field, across different spatial and temporal scales (4). [...]},
  journal = {Science},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13547574,~to-add-doi-URL,ecology,reproducibility,reproducible-research},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13547574}
}

@article{denmanDescriptionSymptomsAcute2014,
  title = {A Description of the Symptoms of {{Acute Oak Decline}} in {{Britain}} and a Comparative Review on Causes of Similar Disorders on Oak in {{Europe}}},
  author = {Denman, Sandra and Brown, Nathan and Kirk, Susan and Jeger, Mike and Webber, Joan},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {87},
  pages = {535--551},
  doi = {10.1093/forestry/cpu010},
  abstract = {Acute Oak Decline (AOD) is a relatively new decline-disease affecting both native oak species (Quercus robur and Q. petraea) in Britain. The key aim of this study was to describe the symptoms, and signs of AOD, to set a baseline. The second aim was to compare and review the European literature on what appear to be similar disorders on oak. AOD is characterized by four key features: weeping patches more-or-less vertically aligned on oak tree trunks; cracks between bark plates from which dark fluid seeps; inner bark necrosis and the presence (in {$>$}90 per cent of cases) of larval galleries of the oak buprestid, Agrilus biguttatus, on the phloem-sapwood interface. In this study, it was noted that although larval galleries were present in the inner bark in 19 of 21 trees, the 'D-shaped' exit holes of the adult beetles were seen less frequently on bark plates of affected trees (33 per cent of cases). Similar disorders reported in Europe are compared with AOD in Britain and potential causes of the condition discussed. Based on the unmistakable symptoms, it is hypothesized that AOD is a distinctive, identifiable condition within the broader oak decline syndrome.},
  journal = {Forestry},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13410093,~to-add-doi-URL,acute-oak-decline,agrilus-biguttatus,forest-pests,forest-resources,oak-decline,quercus-petraea,quercus-robur,tree-diseases},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13410093},
  number = {4}
}

@article{langnerCanRecentPantropical2014,
  title = {Can Recent Pan-Tropical Biomass Maps Be Used to Derive Alternative {{Tier}} 1 Values for Reporting {{REDD}}+ Activities under {{UNFCCC}}?},
  author = {Langner, Andreas and Achard, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric and Grassi, Giacomo},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {124008+},
  issn = {1748-9326},
  doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/9/12/124008},
  abstract = {The IPCC Guidelines propose 3 Tier levels for greenhouse gas monitoring within the forest land category with a hierarchical order in terms of accuracy, data requirements and complexity. Due to missing data and/or capacities, many developing countries, potentially interested in the reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation scheme, have to rely on Tier 1 default values with highest uncertainties. A possible way to increase the credibility of uncertain estimates is to apply a conservative approach, for which standard statistical information is needed. However, such information is currently not available for the IPCC values. In our study we combine a recent global forest mask, an ecological zoning map and the pan-tropical AGB datasets of Saatchi and Baccini to derive mean forest AGB values per ecological zone and continent as well as their corresponding confidence intervals. Such analysis can be considered transparent as the datasets/methodologies are well documented. Our study leads to alternative Tier 1 values and allows the application of statistically-based conservative approaches. Our AGB estimates derived from Saatchi and Baccini datasets are 35\,\% and 24\,\% lower respectively than the IPCC values. When restricting the analysis to intact forest landscapes resulting ABG estimates derived from Saatchi and Baccini datasets get closer to the IPCC values with 13\,\% and 1\,\% differences respectively (underestimation). This suggests that the IPCC default values are mainly based on plots in mature forest stands. However, as tropical forests generally consist of a mixture of intact and degraded stands, the use of IPCC values may not properly reflect the reality. Finally, we propose to use the average composite of the Saatchi and Baccini datasets to produce improved alternative IPCC Tier 1 values. The values derived from such approach can easily be updated when newer and/or improved pan-tropical AGB maps will be available.},
  journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13966563,~to-add-doi-URL,biomass,ecological-zones,fao-ecozones,forest-biomass,forest-resources,ipcc-tier-1,redd,tropical-forests},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13966563}
}

@article{natureRetractionChallenges2014,
  title = {Retraction Challenges},
  author = {{Nature}},
  year = {2014},
  month = oct,
  volume = {514},
  pages = {5},
  issn = {0028-0836},
  doi = {10.1038/514005a},
  abstract = {[Excerpt] A key responsibility of any journal is to correct erroneous information that it has published, and as quickly as possible.

[\textbackslash n] Easily said! It is straightforward enough for authors to correct a paper. But if it becomes clear after publication that the conclusions are fundamentally flawed, a retraction is appropriate -- and things can then get a lot more challenging. [...]

[\textbackslash n] That is why the literature of retractions in high-impact journals might be skewed towards misconduct that has been proved through investigations. But all praise to the authors who decide to behave honourably. Where authors make it clear that nothing more than an honest error was involved, their retraction should bring them credit.

[\textbackslash n] Where misconduct -- a deliberate attempt to deceive -- has been involved, things tend to get complicated. [...] But whatever the obstacles, the duty to retract a demonstrably false paper remains paramount.

[\textbackslash n] [...]},
  journal = {Nature},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13380258,~to-add-doi-URL,policy-strategies-for-scientific-uncertainty,research-management,rewarding-best-research-practices,science-ethics,scientific-communication,scientific-misconduct,uncertainty-propagation},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13380258},
  number = {7520}
}

@article{chinWhatNumbersTell2014,
  title = {What the Numbers Tell Us},
  author = {Chin, Gilbert and Culotta, Elizabeth},
  year = {2014},
  month = may,
  volume = {344},
  pages = {818--821},
  issn = {1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.344.6186.818},
  abstract = {[Excerpt] In 2011, the wrath of the 99\,\% kindled Occupy movements around the world. The protests petered out, but in their wake an international conversation about inequality has arisen, with tens of thousands of speeches, articles, and blogs engaging everyone from President Barack Obama on down. Ideology and emotion drive much of the debate. But increasingly, the discussion is sustained by a tide of new data on the gulf between rich and poor.

This special issue uses these fresh waves of data to explore the origins, impact, and future of inequality around the world.},
  journal = {Science},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13197317,~to-add-doi-URL,environment-society-economy,inequality,pareto-distribution,poverty,sustainability},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13197317},
  number = {6186}
}

@article{vlasinEffectSpeciesLand2014,
  title = {Effect of Species and Land Preparation Method on the Maintenance of Saplings on Eroded Lands in {{Frata}} Perimeter, in the First Year after Planting},
  author = {Vlasin, Horia-Dan and Holonec, Liviu},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {71},
  pages = {330--336},
  issn = {1843-5394},
  doi = {10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:10641},
  abstract = {In order to establish the influence of species and land preparation manner on the maintenance of saplings planted on superficial erosion degraded lands in Frata amelioration perimeter (Cluj county, Romania) we used black locust (Robinia pseudacacia) and manna ash (Fraxinus ornus). The land preparation methods used were terraces and pits. We established the saplings maintenance degree in the first year after planting. To establish the influence of species and antierosional land preparation on the maintenance of saplings planted and which stroke roots, we placed two experiment (bifactorial). The significance of the differences between the tested variants was shown using Duncan (Tuckey) test of multiple comparisons, considerable difference DS5\,\%. As compared to manna ash, the black locust provided the highest saplings maintenance degree, at an insignificant difference. The terraces antierosional land preparation provides the highest maintenance degree at an insignificant difference as compared to the pits, no matter the species involved. The variants which provided the highest maintenance degree were manna ash x wattle fence terraces and black locust x wattle fence terraces and the lowest maintenance degree was registered by the manna ash planted in pits.},
  journal = {Bulletin UASVM Horticulture},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13548310,~to-add-doi-URL,forest-resources,fraxinus-ornus,robinia-pseudoacacia,romania,soil-erosion},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13548310},
  number = {2}
}

@article{soderbergRisingPolicyConflicts2013,
  title = {Rising Policy Conflicts in {{Europe}} over Bioenergy and Forestry},
  author = {S{\"o}derberg, Charlotta and Eckerberg, Katarina},
  year = {2013},
  month = aug,
  volume = {33},
  pages = {112--119},
  issn = {1389-9341},
  doi = {10.1016/j.forpol.2012.09.015},
  abstract = {[Highlights]

[::] EU Bioenergy policy cuts across forest, agriculture, energy and transport sectors. [::] Increased pressure on forest biomass risks putting EU in a wood-deficit situation. [::] Bioenergy conflicts regard land use, biodiversity, climate and sustainability. [::] Conflicts on environmental consequences from bioenergy policy are reconcilable. [::] Conflicts on globally shared rights and responsibilities are not easily reconciled.

[Abstract] Growing concerns over emissions of green-house gases causing climate change as well as energy security concerns have spurred the interest in bioenergy production pushed by EU targets to fulfil the goal of 20~per cent renewable energy in 2020, as well as the goal of 10~per cent renewable fuels in transport by 2020. Increased bioenergy production is also seen to have political and economic benefits for rural areas and farming regions in Europe and in the developing world. There are, however, conflicting views on the potential benefits of large scale bioenergy production, and recent debates have also drawn attention to a range of environmental and socio-economic issues that may arise in this respect. One of these challenges will be that of accommodating forest uses - including wood for energy, and resulting intensification of forest management - with biodiversity protection in order to meet EU policy goals. We note that the use of biomass and biofuels spans over several economic sector policy areas, which calls for assessing and integrating environmental concerns across forest, agriculture, energy and transport sectors. In this paper, we employ frame analysis to identify the arguments for promoting bioenergy and assess the potential policy conflicts in the relevant sectors, through the analytical lens of environmental policy integration. We conclude that while there is considerable leverage of environmental arguments in favour of bioenergy in the studied economic sectors, and potential synergies with other policy goals, environmental interest groups remain sceptical to just how bioenergy is currently being promoted. There is a highly polarised debate particularly relating to biofuel production. Based on our analysis, we discuss the potential for how those issues could be reconciled drawing on the frame conflict theory, distinguishing between policy disagreements and policy controversies.},
  journal = {Forest Policy and Economics},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-11738844,~to-add-doi-URL,bioenergy,biomass,europe,forest-resources,ghg,science-policy-interface,uncertainty},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-11738844}
}

@article{natureDisciplinaryAction2013,
  title = {Disciplinary Action},
  author = {{Nature}},
  year = {2013},
  month = mar,
  volume = {495},
  pages = {409--410},
  issn = {0028-0836},
  doi = {10.1038/495409b},
  abstract = {How scientists share and reuse information is driven by technology but shaped by discipline.

[Excerpt] [] [...]

The transformation of research publishing is less a revolution and more a war of attrition. Battle lines were drawn long ago and all sides are well dug-in. In 2001, this journal published a series of viewpoints on the future of 'e-access to the primary literature' (see go.nature.com/pezj84). Those attitudes seem strikingly familiar today. At the time, the founders of the Public Library of Science initiative (then PLS, now reborn as the publisher PLoS) urged that research results should be stored in free, online, centralized repositories. Technology enthusiasts sang the praises of easy search and retrieval across a wide range of publication formats beyond the traditional journal article, but warned of the need for common standards. Publishers pointed out that someone would have to finance the publication of the increasing tide of information, and debated where revenue sources should come from.

[] There was a voice missing from that debate: yours. More than a decade on, this journal's publisher, Nature Publishing Group (NPG), tried to remedy that by surveying more than 23,000 scientists about their experience of and opinions on open-access publishing. The key question is not just what scientists could have, but what they want. [...]

[] One preliminary result that stands out is the diversity of experiences and attitudes across disciplines. In biology, 17\,\% of papers published by the respondents over the past three years had been immediately made free for all to read by paying the publisher up front, and more than half of the biologists surveyed said that they had published at least one such paper. In chemistry, the proportion of papers was just 4\,\%, and less than one-quarter of chemists had published at least one open-access paper. More than half of biologists felt that '' all papers should be published open-access'', whereas just under one-third of chemists agreed (the remaining one-third of chemists neither agreed nor disagreed).

[] Nor do scientists hold consistent views about how widely information should be shared and reused. [...]

[] [...]

[] The dazzling variety of publishing options will fragment the information available on the web. Scholars need to think through how they would like that information to be shared and reused -- answers may be different for the various disciplines. One revolution does not yet fit all.},
  journal = {Nature},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14090276,~to-add-doi-URL,cross-disciplinary-perspective,disciplinary-barrier,free-scientific-knowledge,free-software,knowledge-freedom,open-access,open-data,open-science,scientific-knowledge-sharing},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14090276},
  number = {7442}
}

@book{estreguilForestLandscapeEurope2013,
  title = {Forest Landscape in {{Europe}}: Pattern, Fragmentation and Connectivity},
  author = {Estreguil, Christine and Caudullo, Giovanni and {de Rigo}, Daniele and {San-Miguel-Ayanz}, Jes{\'u}s},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {25717},
  publisher = {{Publications Office of the European Union}},
  address = {{Luxembourg}},
  issn = {1831-9424},
  doi = {10.2788/77842},
  abstract = {The JRC demonstrated the feasibility to assess and report in a harmonized manner, forest landscape pattern and fragmentation in Europe, on the basis of an easily reproducible set of indices. Results were used in the Forest EUROPE, UN ECE and FAO joint ministerial reporting process on the protection of forests in Europe where data on forest pattern do not exist from national forest inventories. In the EU, 40\,\% of the forest lands are within a 100m distance from other lands, thus potentially less suitable as interior habitat and more likely to be exposed to invasive species, pests and diseases. Forest edges are also mainly (60\%) along intensive land uses. In Europe, 40\,\% of woodlands have in their 1km2 surroundings a mosaic landscape of other natural/semi-natural lands, agriculture and artificial lands, 15\,\% of woodlands are strongly fragmented by mainly intensive land uses. Landscapes with woodlands poorly connected represent 70\,\% of the European territory and are potentially more vulnerable to further fragmentation in the future. National profiles of forest pattern were also provided. The mitigation of ecosystem fragmentation is also important in new targets of the European Biodiversity strategy to 2020. By affecting ecological processes, fragmentation affects ecosystem services such as habitat provision, pollination, and has also an impact on pest propagation in different ways. Forest area is still increasing in Europe at an annual rate of 0.4\,\% but the JRC assessment showed that new forest areas do not always enhance connectivity. For example, in the Iberian Peninsula, the net forest gain in the 1990-2006 period had no impact on connectivity for nearly 10\,\% of the landscapes. Further, the forest fragmentation processes that were found need to be captured at landscape level. They consist of minor forest losses due to intensive agriculture, transport infrastructures, settlements and fires. These findings support the consideration of forest spatial pattern and fragmentation in sustainable forest management plans for a regional landscape planning of clearings and re/afforestation measures and for habitat provision ecosystem services, particularly in the context of climate change.},
  isbn = {978-92-79-28118-1},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12613694,~to-add-doi-URL,connectivity,europe,european-commission,forest-resources,fragmentation,landscape-modelling,mastrave-modelling-library,spatial-pattern},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12613694},
  series = {{{EUR}} - {{Scientific}} and {{Technical Research}}}
}

@article{seiwaLandslidefacilitatedSpeciesDiversity2013,
  title = {Landslide-Facilitated Species Diversity in a Beech-Dominant Forest},
  author = {Seiwa, Kenji and Miwa, Yoshiko and Akasaka, Shigetoshi and Kanno, Hiroshi and Tomita, Mizuki and Saitoh, Tomoyuki and Ueno, Naoto and Kimura, Megumi and Hasegawa, Yoichi and Konno, Miki and Masaka, Kazuhiko},
  year = {2013},
  month = nov,
  volume = {28},
  pages = {29--41},
  issn = {0912-3814},
  doi = {10.1007/s11284-012-0996-7},
  abstract = {To evaluate the extent to which landslides affect community dynamics and consequent species diversity in a beech-dominated forest, differences in the composition and size structure of tree species were compared between landslide and adjacent stable (control) stands. Demography and changes in size were compared between the two stands over a 5-year period about 60 years after a landslide. In the control stand, replacement occurred even amongst late-successional species, with beech ( Fagus crenata ) -- the most dominant species -- increasing in relative abundance. In the landslide stand, very few large individuals of late-successional species occurred, whereas large individuals of early-successional species occurred only in the landslide stand. The traits indicate that the landslide strongly facilitated species diversity, not only by reducing the dominance of late-successional species, but also by promoting recruitment of early-successional species. However, new recruitment of early-successional species was inhibited in the landslide stand, although we observed succeeding regeneration and subsequent population growth of late-successional species there. As a result, the relative dominance of late-successional species increased with succession after the landslide, thus decreasing future species diversity. In beech-dominant forest landscapes in Japan that include communities with different developmental stages, the mosaic of serial stages may facilitate species diversity after a landslide.},
  journal = {Ecological Research},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-11682676,~to-add-doi-URL,biodiversity,disturbances,diversity,fagus-crenata,forest-resources,forest-succession,japan,landslides,species-richness},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-11682676},
  number = {1}
}

@article{duguidMetaanalysisEffectForest2013,
  title = {A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Forest Management for Timber on Understory Plant Species Diversity in Temperate Forests},
  author = {Duguid, Marlyse C. and Ashton, Mark S.},
  year = {2013},
  month = sep,
  volume = {303},
  pages = {81--90},
  issn = {0378-1127},
  doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2013.04.009},
  abstract = {[Highlights]

[::] We synthesized data from 100 studies to examine understory response to forest harvesting.

[::] Across all studies there was no significant effect from timber harvesting on understory richness.

[::] Selection harvesting had a positive effect on understory species richness.

[::] Even-aged silvicultural treatments showed effects after 50 years or more, while early successional stages did not.

[::] Thinning treatments had no effect on understory richness.

[Abstract]

Many studies have examined affects of forest management -- particularly regeneration treatments -- for timber on understory plant diversity. These studies taken independently show no clear trends in diversity with degree and/or periodicity of disturbance from timber harvests. Here we present a meta-analysis synthesizing primary field research on response of understory plant diversity to timber harvesting in temperate forests, particularly in North America. Across a pool of 96 studies, we find no effect on understory plant species richness from managing forests for timber. When intensive regeneration harvests (e.g. clearcut, shelterwood) are separated from less intensive regeneration harvests (e.g. single tree and group selection systems) and thinnings, selection harvests show a positive effect on species richness. Intensive regeneration harvests and thinning treatments had no effect on species richness. We examined the role of stand development following regeneration treatments, and found no detectable effects on species richness for even-aged stands within the first 50 years after clearcut and shelterwood timber harvests. Stands in later successional stages, however, had lower species richness than un-logged stands. All these findings together suggest that silvicultural activities focused toward timber management are not inconsistent with conservation of understory plant diversity. We suggest site-specific characteristics (e.g. resource availability, resource heterogeneity) at various temporal and spatial scales, have a larger role to play in defining understory plant diversity than the disturbance of harvesting itself. Managers therefore should consider underlying factors of site and species composition, and should examine regionally specific studies when planning silvicultural treatments. In addition, it should be noted that our analysis makes no distinction in classifying the nature of diversity, especially between colonizing early-successional species that peak after 1-10 years and then disappear, and late successional, often more site specific and shade tolerant species, that may persist post harvest but often disappear or retract in their range and abundance. Further studies are needed to tease out differences in diversity in relation to successional stage and affects of forest management.

[Excerpt:Meta-analysis]

Firstly, across all studies, irrespective of silvicultural treatment (clearcut, shelterwood, selection, thinning) or successional stage, timber harvesting had no clear influence on understory plant richness [...]. The effect size measure by the response ratio indicates a slight increase of 4.9\,\% [...] in understory species diversity under forest management as compared to unmanaged, but this increase is not significant [...]

[\textbackslash n] Secondly, the only silvicultural treatment with a positive effect on understory richness was selection [...], with a 30\,\% [...] increase in understory plant diversity as calculated by the response ratio. Both even-aged regeneration methods (clearcut, shelterwood) [...] and thinning [...] had no significant effects detected. Studies within each treatment category, however, showed considerable variation with positive, negative, or no significant difference [...]

[\textbackslash n] Lastly, when we included the grouping factor of successional stage within the even-aged regeneration methods we found stands in later successional stages had lower species richness than unharvested controls [...], a 28.4\,\% decrease [...] in understory species richness from the controls. [...]

[\textbackslash n] [...]},
  journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14068436,~to-add-doi-URL,biodiversity,diversity,forest-management,forest-resources,species-richness,temperate-forests,understorey},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14068436}
}

@book{derigoKnowledgeFreedomComputational2013,
  title = {Knowledge {{Freedom}} in Computational Science: A Two Stage Peer-Review Process with {{KF}} Eligibility Access Review},
  author = {{de Rigo}, Daniele},
  year = {2013},
  month = nov,
  publisher = {{Notes on Transdisciplinary Modelling for Environment}},
  doi = {10.5281/zenodo.7578},
  abstract = {Wide scale transdisciplinary modelling (WSTM) growingly demands a focus on reproducible research and scientific knowledge freedom. Data and software freedom are essential aspects of knowledge freedom in computational science. Therefore, ideally published articles should also provide the readers with the data and source code of the described mathematical modelling. To maximise transparency, replicability, reproducibility and reusability, published data should be made available as open data while source code should be made available as free software. Here, a two-stage peer review process is described in which scientific knowledge freedom is considered with a dedicated Eligibility Access Review. This new peer review process is applied by Notes on Transdisciplinary Modelling for Environment with a focus on WSTM for environment.

The two-stage peer review process requires discussion papers to be published so as to receive feedback from the scientific community before their possible finalisation. Initial manuscript submission is subject to soundness review, also ensuring eligibility criteria to be fulfilled so as to support scientific knowledge freedom. Although this concept is multifaceted, some few dimensions might be emphasised which broadly apply in computational science and engineering (CSE). 

[Eligibility criteria] Among the many possible eligibility criteria in CSE, it should be highlighted at least the need for: 

[::] free software to have been published so as for it to be persistently available; [::] appropriate licensing and source code review to have been done; [::] free data to have been published so as for it to be persistently available; [::] a minimal share of free-access references to be selected in order for scientists and research organisations not to be discriminated on the basis of their funding availability.

[Peer review process] 

The discussion stage of the peer review process allows short comments to be submitted by referees and the scientific community, while authors are encouraged to interact with pending comments by providing their responses. During this stage, the discussion paper is already citable. The second stage of peer review begins with the submission of a revised manuscript, with final review and corrections. Fulfilment of the eligibility criteria is required over all the publication stages.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13441769,~to-add-doi-URL,computational-science,free-scientific-knowledge,free-scientific-software,free-software,knowledge-freedom,open-access,open-data,open-science,peer-review,reproducible-research,science-ethics,scientific-communication},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13441769}
}

@article{sullivanDeterminingLandscapeFine2013,
  title = {Determining Landscape Fine Fuel Moisture Content of the {{Kilmore East}} '{{Black Saturday}}' Wildfire Using Spatially-Extended Point-Based Models},
  author = {Sullivan, A. L. and Matthews, S.},
  year = {2013},
  month = feb,
  volume = {40},
  pages = {98--108},
  issn = {1364-8152},
  doi = {10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.08.008},
  abstract = {[Abstract]

Fuel moisture is the most dynamic component of bushfire fuels. It varies rapidly both spatially and temporally and plays a significant role in determining the behaviour and spread of bushfires, particularly through combustibility and ease of ignition of dead fine fuels (i.e. particle diameter {$<$}6 mm). The Kilmore East fire in Victoria, Australia, on 7 February, 2009 ( '' Black Saturday'') was the most destructive bushfire in Australia's history. Its behaviour was characterised by mass spotting (the launch, transport and landing of burning firebrands that ignited new fires downwind of the main fire), an indication of low fine surface fuel moisture content (FMC). However, no direct measurements of FMC were taken during the run of the fire.

[\textbackslash n] Existing point-based models of dead fine FMC of grass and forest litter fuels were used in conjunction with historical weather, topographic and fuel data for the fire area to investigate the likely spatial and temporal variation in landscape FMC during the event for the purpose of reconstructing the fire's propagation. To assess model performance, output was compared with the only suitable fuel moisture data collected in the region of the fire, measured at two locations ten days after the event. The model was found to be within 1\,\% under adsorption conditions at one location and within 33\,\% under desorption conditions at the other. The model was also used to study the effect of an intensive five day heatwave in the week prior to the fire event on FMC. In the absence of the heatwave, predicted FMC was 2.5 times higher than with the heatwave, however the effect of increased FMC was short-lived and would not have had a direct impact on the fine FMC during the fire event a week later, although it may have affected live fuels or larger dead fuels.

[Highlights]

[::] The Kilmore East wildfire on Black Saturday was the deadliest in Australia's history. [::] Understanding the behaviour of such high intensity bushfires is very important. [::] Fine fuel moisture content (FMC) is an important determinant of bushfire behaviour. [::] Non-spatial FMC models were extended to study landscape fuel moisture on the day. [::] Results suggest fuel moisture across the landscape was critically low at {$<$}5\,\%.},
  journal = {Environmental Modelling \& Software},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14074034,~to-add-doi-URL,agricultural-land,agricultural-resources,australia,disasters,disturbances,elevation,fine-fuel-moisture-content,forest-resources,grasslands,slope,solar-radiation,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14074034}
}

@article{boydConsequenceTreePests2013,
  title = {The Consequence of Tree Pests and Diseases for Ecosystem Services},
  author = {Boyd, I. L. and {Freer-Smith}, P. H. and Gilligan, C. A. and Godfray, H. C. J.},
  year = {2013},
  month = nov,
  volume = {342},
  pages = {1235773+},
  issn = {1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1235773},
  abstract = {[Structured Abstract] [::Background]

Trees are major components of many terrestrial ecosystems and are grown in managed plantations and orchards to provide a variety of economically important products, including timber, pulp, fiber, and food. They are subject to a wide range of pests and diseases, of which the most important causative agents are viruses, bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, and insect herbivores. Research on tree pests and diseases has had a historical focus on trees of direct economic importance. However, some epidemics and infestations have damaged and killed common trees that are integral parts of natural ecosystems. These have harmed valuable landscapes and highlighted the wide-ranging consequences arising from tree pests and diseases. There is also growing concern that aspects of globalization -- in particular, higher volumes and new forms of trade -- may increase the risk of disease spread.

[::Advances]

We review the challenges in maintaining tree health in natural and managed ecosystems. It is argued that it is helpful to consider explicitly the consequences of pests and diseases for the full range of ecosystem services provided by trees. In addition to forest and orchard products, tree pests and diseases can affect the ability of forests to sequester and store carbon, reduce flood risk, and purify water. They can affect the biodiversity supported by trees and the recreational and cultural values accorded to woodland by people. Many of these benefits are uncosted and enjoyed by different classes of stakeholders, which raises difficult questions about who should be responsible for measures to protect tree health. Changes in the risk of pest and disease introduction, the increasing prevalence of genetic reassortment leading to novel disease threats, and the potential role of climate change are all highlighted.

[::Outlook]

Modern pest and disease management is based on an extensive science base that is rapidly developing, spurred in particular by modern molecular technologies. A research priority is to build a better understanding of why certain pathogens and insects become major pests and diseases. This will involve a better understanding of the molecular basis of pathogenicity and herbivory, as will ecological insights into why some species reach epidemic prevalence or abundance. It will also help anticipate which species may become a problem if they are transported to new geographical regions, recombine with other organisms, or experience new climatic conditions. However, identifying all species that may become pests will be impossible, and the Review stresses the importance of risk management at the '' pathway of introduction'' level, especially when modern trade practices provide potential new routes of entry. Last, when ecosystem services are provided by woods and forests rather than individual tree species, we need to understand better the consequences of pests and diseases that attack or feed on particular species.

[Dead Wood]

Trees can be affected by a wide variety of diseases caused by insects, fungi, and other pathogens. Such diseases often make the headlines -- particularly when iconic tree species are affected -- for example, in the case of the ash dieback currently spreading through Europe, or the chestnut blight that devastated American chestnut trees. But what is the effect of these diseases on ecosystem services performed by trees in natural and managed ecosystems? Boyd et al. (p. 10.1126/science.1235773 ) review the spread of tree diseases, as a result of globalization and climate change, and analyze the resulting damage to timber and fruit production, to climate regulation, and to parks and woodlands caused by tree diseases.

[Abstract]

Trees and forests provide a wide variety of ecosystem services in addition to timber, food, and other provisioning services. New approaches to pest and disease management are needed that take into account these multiple services and the different stakeholders they benefit, as well as the likelihood of greater threats in the future resulting from globalization and climate change. These considerations will affect priorities for both basic and applied research and how trade and phytosanitary regulations are formulated.},
  journal = {Science},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12925598,~to-add-doi-URL,bioeconomy,climate-change,disturbances,ecology,economic-impacts,ecosystem-resilience,ecosystem-services,forest-pests,forest-resources,global-scale,nonmarket-impacts,plant-pests,resilience,sustainability},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12925598},
  number = {6160}
}

@article{panStructureDistributionBiomass2013,
  title = {The Structure, Distribution, and Biomass of the World's Forests},
  author = {Pan, Yude and Birdsey, Richard A. and Phillips, Oliver L. and Jackson, Robert B.},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {44},
  pages = {593--622},
  issn = {1545-2069},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135914},
  abstract = {Forests are the dominant terrestrial ecosystem on Earth. We review the environmental factors controlling their structure and global distribution and evaluate their current and future trajectory. Adaptations of trees to climate and resource gradients, coupled with disturbances and forest dynamics, create complex geographical patterns in forest assemblages and structures. These patterns are increasingly discernible through new satellite and airborne observation systems, improved forest inventories, and global ecosystem models. Forest biomass is a complex property affected by forest distribution, structure, and ecological processes. Since at least 1990, biomass density has consistently increased in global established forests, despite increasing mortality in some regions, suggesting that a global driver such as elevated CO2 may be enhancing biomass gains. Global forests have also apparently become more dynamic. Advanced information about the structure, distribution, and biomass of the world's forests provides critical ecological insights and opportunities for sustainable forest management and enhancing forest conservation and ecosystem services.

[Excerpt: Summary Points]

[::1] Climate is the primary determinant of forest distribution at global and continental scales, but at the scales of landscapes and stands, it is topography, soil, species interactions, and disturbance that define additional complexity in forest assemblages and structures.

[::2] Advanced remote-sensing technologies have revealed great discrepancies between actual forests and their potential distributions, particularly in temperate zones, reflecting the extent of anthropogenic alteration of forest landscapes and human biomass use.

[::3] Relationships among forest productivity, biomass, and tree mortality vary and are scale dependent, given that different mechanisms or environmental factors dominate at different scales.

[::4] Relative to the preagricultural era, only approximately half of the Earth's live terrestrial biomass remains, much of it concentrated in the tropical lowlands. Global deforestation and forest degradation have been extensive, causing the loss of biomass and increased carbon emissions.

[::5] Over the past two decades, established forests around the world have shown consistent increases in biomass density and in total carbon density, despite increased mortality in some regions. This trend suggests that, overall, conditions are favorable for increasing biomass stocks in forests and wood production, implying a single global driver or linked set of drivers as plausible mechanisms enhancing biomass gains. Global forests appear to have become more dynamic under today's changing environments.

[::6] Climate change and land-use change will continue to be dominant factors shaping forests and their functions in the coming decades. Throughout this review, we attempt to summarize the current understanding of the world's forests and how they have been shaped over time in an effort to highlight their irreplaceable services to humanity.

[Future Issues]

[::1] Global-scale tools will be increasingly powerful for analyzing important ecological issues, yet we still lack some critical monitoring infrastructure as well as the capacity to fully utilize the information that could be provided. For example, the benefits of large-scale three-dimensional imaging for mapping forest structure are well documented, but at present there is no satellite system delivering this information. Currently planned missions for orbiting laser altimeters will enhance our ability to map and monitor dynamics in forest structure. Space-based hyperspectral sampling would also potentially improve our understanding of forest canopy composition, chemistry, and function.

[::2] Wereiterate the importance of improving ground-basedmonitoring networks, including to calibrate and validate the increasing flow of remotely sensed data. Robust, standardized networks of field monitoring sites to complement global satellite observations are still lacking, particularly in tropical forests, where most of the biomass and species reside. Many countries lack sufficient technical capacity to participate in global networks and analyses. Where such networks already exist, they are providing increasingly vital information about forest processes and the abundance of critical ecosystem services provided by forests, including the production of food, fiber, timber, medicine, and clean water.},
  journal = {Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12804989,~to-add-doi-URL,biomass,canopy-density,carbon-stock,classification,ecological-zones,fao-ecozones,forest-resources,land-cover,mature-forests,organic-carbon,remote-sensing,tree-height},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12804989},
  number = {1}
}

@article{tubielloFAOSTATDatabaseGreenhouse2013,
  title = {The {{FAOSTAT}} Database of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agriculture - {{IOPscience}}},
  author = {Tubiello, Francesco N. and Salvatore, Mirella and Rossi, Simone and Ferrara, Alessandro and Fitton, Nuala and Smith, Pete},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {015009+},
  issn = {1748-9326},
  doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/015009},
  abstract = {Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture, including crop and livestock production, forestry and associated land use changes, are responsible for a significant fraction of anthropogenic emissions, up to 30\,\% according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Yet while emissions from fossil fuels are updated yearly and by multiple sources -- including national-level statistics from the International Energy Agency (IEA) -- no comparable efforts for reporting global statistics for agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) emissions exist: the latest complete assessment was the 2007 IPCC report, based on 2005 emission data. This gap is critical for several reasons. First, potentially large climate funding could be linked in coming decades to more precise estimates of emissions and mitigation potentials. For many developing countries, and especially the least developed ones, this requires improved assessments of AFOLU emissions. Second, growth in global emissions from fossil fuels has outpaced that from AFOLU during every decade of the period 1961-2010, so the relative contribution of the latter to total climate forcing has diminished over time, with a need for regular updates. We present results from a new GHG database developed at FAO, providing a complete and coherent time series of emission statistics over a reference period 1961-2010, at country level, based on FAOSTAT activity data and IPCC Tier 1 methodology. We discuss results at global and regional level, focusing on trends in the agriculture sector and net deforestation. Our results complement those available from the IPCC, extending trend analysis to a longer historical period and, critically, beyond 2005 to more recent years. In particular, from 2000 to 2010, we find that agricultural emissions increased by 1.1\,\% annually, reaching 4.6 Gt CO2 yr-1 in 2010 (up to 5.4-5.8 Gt CO2 yr-1 with emissions from biomass burning and organic soils included). Over the same decade 2000-2010, the ratio of agriculture to fossil fuel emissions has decreased, from 17.2\,\% to 13.7\,\%, and the decrease is even greater for the ratio of net deforestation to fossil fuel emissions: from 19.1\,\% to 10.1\,\%. In fact, in the year 2000, emissions from agriculture have been consistently larger -- about 1.2 Gt CO2 yr-1 in 2010 -- than those from net deforestation.

[Excerpt: Conclusions]

In this letter we provided details of a new and robust database of agriculture emissions, based on common FAOSTAT activity data and IPCC Tier 1 default emission factors. The approach ensures consistency with previous global and regional estimates, as well as comparability across regions and time, for the 1961-2010 reference period. Recognizing that countries report their emission data to UNFCCC with a range of nationally validated approaches, the FAOSTAT emissions database could nonetheless represent a benchmark for data quality control/quality assurance, aimed at helping countries fill data gaps and improve analysis, similar to the role of the AIE database with respect to fossil fuel emissions.

[\textbackslash n] Our analyses indicated that AFOLU emissions are increasing, but not as fast as the rate of emissions from fossil fuels, meaning that the ratio of AFOLU to total anthropogenic GHG emissions is declining. Over the same period, agricultural productivity has increased faster than have emissions, showing an improvement in the GHG intensity of agricultural products -- though with different rates of progress in different regions. Agricultural emissions from all contributing sectors were found to be increasing, with some faster than others. For example, emissions from synthetic fertilizer application are growing much faster than those from manure. Deforestation emissions, however, are declining. In terms of difference between regions, agricultural emissions in developing countries are increasing at a faster rate than those in developed countries, with some regions (e.g. Europe), showing declines.

[\textbackslash n] Significant data gaps preclude calculation of emissions on an equivalent basis for comparison to other emission categories. These data gaps concern biomass burning, fires and drained organic soils. In this letter, we have used alternative data sources to fill this gap, but a priority should be to improve collection and analysis of data on extent of biomass burning and the extent of drained organic soils, an activity towards which FAOSTAT could contribute via dedicated questionnaires to member countries and renewed work on geo-spatial data analysis.

[\textbackslash n] The database and approach outlined in this letter is more than an accounting exercise. The outputs provide important information on the key sources of GHG emissions from the AFOLU sector, the regions in which they occur and the rates of change. Wherever greenhouse gas emissions occur, there is potential to reduce emissions, so the outputs of this study can also be used to identify hotspots (in terms of regions and activities) for potential mitigation action. It is in defining the regionally appropriate mitigation actions that we can turn the problems identified in a spatial emissions database into practical solutions (Smith et al 2008).},
  journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13761242,~to-add-doi-URL,agricultural-resources,carbon-emissions,data,deforestation,featured-publication,ghg,global-scale,hotspot,ipcc-tier-1,mitigation},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13761242},
  number = {1}
}

@article{alimohammadlouLandslideProcessImpacts2013,
  title = {Landslide Process and Impacts: A Proposed Classification Method},
  author = {Alimohammadlou, Yashar and Najafi, Asadallah and Yalcin, Ali},
  year = {2013},
  month = may,
  volume = {104},
  pages = {219--232},
  issn = {0341-8162},
  doi = {10.1016/j.catena.2012.11.013},
  abstract = {Various impacts of landslides have increased in past decades due to the rapid growth of urbanization in the developing world. Landslide effects have damaged many aspects of human life and the natural environment, and many difficulties remain for accurate assessments and evaluations. Many investigations by landslide researchers have attempted to achieve a comprehensive view of landslide consequences, however, the lack of further systematic studies have resulted in a limited view. Hence, this study considers an alternative classification theory concerning significant concepts of landslide hazard and risk through the presentation of numerous case studies. This classification method categorizes landslide impacts into two main groups as general and particular, and discusses them in an environmental and socio-economic framework. The findings illustrate that the rate of physical or socio-economic losses critically impact populated regions and civilization centers. This paper attempts to describe a systematic organizational approach in framing landslide impacts in order to more reliably describe and integrate analysis and mitigation measures. 

[Highlights] [::] We develop a systematic classification in landslide environmental impacts. [::] Numerous landslide losses are described in proposed classification method. [::] The remarkable part of landslide losses are social and economic impacts. [::] Reactivated landslides still had damages on inhabitants despite retaining structures. [::] Urban development multiplies landslide occurrence hence causes more damages or losses.},
  journal = {Catena},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13797653,~to-add-doi-URL,costs,ecosystem-services,landslides,nonmarket-impacts,soil-resources},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13797653}
}

@incollection{vallejoFireEcologyPostfire2012,
  title = {Fire Ecology and Post-Fire Restoration Approaches in {{Southern European}} Forest Types},
  booktitle = {Post-{{Fire Management}} and {{Restoration}} of {{Southern European Forests}}},
  author = {{Vallejo} and Arianoutsou, Margarita and Moreira, Francisco},
  editor = {Moreira, Francisco and Arianoutsou, Margarita and Corona, Piermaria and {De las Heras}, Jorge},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {24},
  pages = {93--119},
  publisher = {{Springer Netherlands}},
  doi = {10.1007/978-94-007-2208-8\\_5},
  abstract = {In this chapter we start by making an overview of plant adaptations to fire and post-fire response types, which will determine the post-fire management alternatives that might be used in specific forest and shrubland types. Some implications of climate change on fire regimes and plant responses are addressed, and the more fire prone forest types in Southern Europe are identified. We finish by discussing the major post-fire questions and management alternatives faced by forest managers, common to all forest and shrubland types affected by wildfires. These include measures to protect soil and reduce erosion risk, how to manage the burned trees, the use of restoration or conversion, active or indirect restoration, the management of herbivory, alien species, and pests and diseases.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13528291,~to-add-doi-URL,forest-resources,mediterranean-region,pinus-brutia,pinus-halepensis,pinus-pinaster,post-fire-management,post-fire-regeneration},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13528291},
  series = {Managing {{Forest Ecosystems}}}
}

@article{guisanSESAMNewFramework2011,
  title = {{{SESAM}} - a New Framework Integrating Macroecological and Species Distribution Models for Predicting Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Species Assemblages},
  author = {Guisan, Antoine and Rahbek, Carsten},
  year = {2011},
  month = aug,
  volume = {38},
  pages = {1433--1444},
  issn = {0305-0270},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02550.x},
  abstract = {Two different approaches currently prevail for predicting spatial patterns of species assemblages. The first approach (macroecological modelling, MEM) focuses directly on realized properties of species assemblages, whereas the second approach (stacked species distribution modelling, S-SDM) starts with constituent species to approximate the properties of assemblages. Here, we propose to unify the two approaches in a single 'spatially explicit species assemblage modelling' (SESAM) framework. This framework uses relevant designations of initial species source pools for modelling, macroecological variables, and ecological assembly rules to constrain predictions of the richness and composition of species assemblages obtained by stacking predictions of individual species distributions. We believe that such a framework could prove useful in many theoretical and applied disciplines of ecology and evolution, both for improving our basic understanding of species assembly across spatio-temporal scales and for anticipating expected consequences of local, regional or global environmental changes. In this paper, we propose such a framework and call for further developments and testing across a broad range of community types in a variety of environments.},
  journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-9560635,~to-add-doi-URL,ecology,integration-techniques,modelling,pattern,spatio-temporal-scale,species-distribution,species-richness,statistics},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-9560635},
  number = {8}
}

@article{shakesbyPostwildfireSoilErosion2011,
  title = {Post-Wildfire Soil Erosion in the {{Mediterranean}}: Review and Future Research Directions},
  author = {Shakesby, R. A.},
  year = {2011},
  month = apr,
  volume = {105},
  pages = {71--100},
  issn = {0012-8252},
  doi = {10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.01.001},
  abstract = {Wildfires increased dramatically in frequency and extent in the European Mediterranean region from the 1960s, aided by a general warming and drying trend, but driven primarily by socio-economic changes, including rural depopulation, land abandonment and afforestation with flammable species. Published research into post-wildfire hydrology and soil erosion, beginning during the 1980s in Spain, has been followed by studies in other European Mediterranean countries together with Israel and has now attained a sufficiently large critical mass to warrant a major review. Although variations in climate, vegetation, soil, topography and fire severity cause differences in Mediterranean post-wildfire erosion, the long history of human landscape impact up to the present day is responsible for some its distinctive characteristics. This paper highlights these characteristics in reviewing wildfire impacts on hydrology, soil properties and soil erosion by water. The 'mosaic' nature of many Mediterranean landscapes (e.g. an intricate land-use pattern, abandoned terraces and tracks interrupting slopes) may explain sometimes conflicting post-fire hydrological and erosional responses at different sites and spatial scales. First-year post-wildfire soil losses at point- (average, 45-56~t~ha-~1) and plot-scales (many {$<~$}1~t~ha-~1 and the majority {$<~$}10~t~ha-~1 in the first year) are similar to or even lower than those reported for fire-affected land elsewhere or other disturbed (e.g. cultivated) and natural poorly-vegetated (e.g. badlands, rangeland) land in the Mediterranean. The few published losses at larger-scales (hillslope and catchment) are variable. Thin soil and high stone content can explain supply-limited erosion preceding significant protection by recovering vegetation. Peak erosion can sometimes be delayed for years, largely through slow vegetation recovery and temporal variability of erosive storms. Preferential removal of organic matter and nutrients in the commonly thin, degraded soils is arguably just as if not more important than the total soil loss. Aspect is important, with more erosion reported for south- than north-facing slopes, which is attributed to greater fire frequency, slower vegetation recovery on the former and with soil characteristics more prone to erosion (e.g. lower aggregate stability). Post-fire wind erosion is a potentially important but largely neglected process. Gauging the degradational significance of wildfires has relied on comparison with unburnt land, but the focus for comparison should be switched to other agents of soil disturbance and/or currently poorly understood soil renewal rates. Human impact on land use and vegetation may alter expected effects (increased fire activity and post-wildfire erosion) arising from future climatic change. Different future wildfire mitigation responses and likely erosional consequences are outlined. Research gaps are identified, and more research effort is suggested to: (1) improve assessment of post-wildfire erosion impact on soil fertility, through further quantification of soil nutrient depletion resulting from single and multiple fire cycles, and on soil longevity; (2) investigate prescribed fire impacts on carbon release, air pollution and nutrient losses as well as on soil loss; (3) isolate hillslope- and catchment-scale impacts of soil water repellency under Mediterranean post-wildfire conditions; (4) test and refine application of cosmogenic radionuclides to post-wildfire hillslope-scale soil redistribution at different temporal scales; (5) use better temporal resolution of sedimentary sequences to understand palaeofire-erosion-sedimentation links; (6) quantify post-wildfire wind erosion; (7) improve the integration of wildfire into an overall assessment of the processes and impacts of land degradation in the Mediterranean; and (8) raise public awareness of wildfire impact on soil degradation.},
  journal = {Earth-Science Reviews},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-8753154,~to-add-doi-URL,aspect,climate-extremes,complexity,erosion,feedback,forest-resources,grasslands,mediterranean-region,non-linearity,postfire-recovery,slope,soil-erosion,soil-resources,solar-radiation,trade-offs,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-8753154},
  number = {3-4}
}

@incollection{chiriciHarmonizationTests2011,
  title = {Harmonization Tests},
  booktitle = {National Forest Inventories: Contributions to Forest Biodiversity Assessments},
  author = {Chirici, Gherardo and McRoberts, Ronald E. and Winter, Susanne and Barbati, Anna and Br{\"a}ndli, Urs-Beat and Abegg, Meinrad and Beranova, Jana and Rondeux, Jacques and Bertini, Roberta and Alberdi Asensio, Iciar and Cond{\'e}s, Sonia},
  editor = {Chirici, Gherardo and Winter, Susanne and McRoberts, Ronald E.},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {20},
  pages = {121--190},
  publisher = {{Springer Netherlands}},
  issn = {1568-1319},
  doi = {10.1007/978-94-007-0482-4\\_5},
  abstract = {Chapter 5 reports the results of testing the proposed procedures for harmonizing estimates of indicators for six of the seven essential features of forest biodiversity. Twenty indicators were tested using data from the common database.In general, positive results were obtained for forest categories, forest structure, forest age, deadwood, and naturalness; the results were less positive for ground vegetation because of the considerable differences in definitions and data acquisition methods. Of importance is, that the test focused on assessing harmonization procedures rather than on producing comprehensive estimates for particular countries or forest categories.},
  isbn = {978-94-007-0482-4},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14249004,~to-add-doi-URL,biodiversity,biodiversity-indicator,europe,forest-inventories,forest-resources},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14249004},
  series = {Managing {{Forest Ecosystems}}}
}

@article{dimitrakopoulosImpactDroughtWildland2011,
  title = {Impact of Drought on Wildland Fires in {{Greece}}: Implications of Climatic Change?},
  author = {Dimitrakopoulos, Alexandros P. and Vlahou, M. and Anagnostopoulou, Ch and Mitsopoulos, I. D.},
  year = {2011},
  month = feb,
  volume = {109},
  pages = {331--347},
  issn = {0165-0009},
  doi = {10.1007/s10584-011-0026-8},
  abstract = {An increasing trend and a statistically significant positive correlation between wildfire occurrence, area burned and drought (as expressed by the Standardized Precipitation Index, SPI) have been observed all over Greece, during the period 1961-1997. In the more humid and colder regions (Northern and Western Greece) the number of fires and area burned were positively correlated to both summer (SPI6\_October) and annual drought (SPI12\_September), whereas in the relatively more dry and hot regions (Southern and Central Greece) the number of fires and area burned were correlated only to summer drought. In 1978, Greece entered a period of prolonged drought, possibly as a result of the global climatic change. Data analysis of the period 1978-1997 revealed a statistically significant increase in the mean annual number of fires, the area burned and the summer and annual drought episodes in the relatively more humid and colder regions (Northern and Western) of Greece (which in the past were characterized by less fires and area burned) compared to the more dry and hot regions (Southern and Eastern Greece), which always presented high fire activity. Additionally, analyzing the two sub-periods (1961-1977, 1978-1997) separately, drought was significantly correlated only to fire occurrence during the years 1961-1977, whereas during 1978-1997 drought was significantly correlated mainly to area burned. It became obvious that drought episodes, although they are not solely responsible for fire occurrence and area burned, they exert an increasingly significant impact on wildfire activity in Greece.},
  journal = {Climatic Change},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-8944348,~to-add-doi-URL,climate-change,disturbances,droughts,feedback,forest-resources,natural-resources-interactions,precipitation,water-resources,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-8944348},
  number = {3-4}
}

@article{gea-izquierdoTreeringsReflectImpact2011,
  title = {Tree-Rings Reflect the Impact of Climate Change on {{Quercus}} Ilex {{L}}. along a Temperature Gradient in {{Spain}} over the Last 100 Years},
  author = {{Gea-Izquierdo}, G. and Cherubini, P. and Ca{\~n}ellas, I.},
  year = {2011},
  month = nov,
  volume = {262},
  pages = {1807--1816},
  issn = {0378-1127},
  doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2011.07.025},
  abstract = {[Highlights]

[::] We study the oak response to climate along a temperature gradient using tree-rings. [::] Stand competition history was reconstructed and growth trends discussed. [::] Just warmer stands have reduced productivity responding to water stress increase. [::] The relationship between growth and precipitation was non-linear (sigmoidal). [::] The sigmoid response reflected biogeographically meaningful thresholds.

[Abstract] We analyzed tree rings over the past 100 years to understand the response of Quercus ilex L. to climate change at four different sites along a temperature gradient in a highly anthropogenically transformed ecosystem. To test the hypothesis of a climate change related decrease in productivity at warmer sites, we discuss the effect of historical management on the growth of forest stands and the spatio-temporal variability of growth in response to climate, analyzing departures from linearity in that relationship. We reconstructed stand history and investigated past growth trends using tree-rings. Then we used a dendroecological approach to study the regional, local and age-dependent response to climate, analyzing the relationship between precipitation and tree growth using non-linear mixed models. Tree rings reflected the origin of the studied landscape, mainly a simplification of an original closed forest and progressive canopy opening for agrosilvopastoral purposes after the mid 1800s. As expected, trees were principally responding to water availability, and regional growth (as expressed by the first principal component from the matrix of chronologies) was highly responsive to hydrological year precipitation (r = 0.7). In this water limited ecosystem, the response of growth to precipitation was asymptotic and independent of age, but variable in time. Maximum growth was variable at the different sites and the non-linear function of growth saturated (i.e. reached an asymptote) at temperature dependent site specific precipitation levels within the range considered in the region to lead a shift towards deciduous species dominated woodlands (around 600 mm, variable with mean temperature). Only trees at warmer sites showed symptoms of growth decline, most likely explained by water stress increase in the last decades affecting the highly transformed open (i.e. low competition) tree structure. Stands at colder locations did not show any negative growth trend and may benefit from the current increase in winter temperatures. Coinciding with the decrease in productivity, trees at warmer sites responded more to moisture availability, exhibited a slower response to precipitation and reached maximum growth at higher precipitation levels than trees at colder sites. This suggests that warmer stands are threatened by climate change. The non-linear response of growth to precipitation described is meaningful for different ecological applications and provides new insights in the way trees respond to climate.},
  journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13631645,~to-add-doi-URL,bioclimatic-predictors,climate-change,dendroecology,drought-tolerance,droughts,ecology,field-measurements,forest-resources,global-warming,non-linearity,nonlinear-response-to-bioclimatic-predictors,precipitation,quercus-ilex,temperature,time-series},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13631645},
  number = {9}
}

@article{davinClimaticImpactGlobalscale2010,
  title = {Climatic Impact of Global-Scale Deforestation: Radiative versus Nonradiative Processes},
  author = {Davin, Edouard L. and {de Noblet-Ducoudr{\'e}}, Nathalie},
  year = {2010},
  month = jan,
  volume = {23},
  pages = {97--112},
  issn = {1520-0442},
  doi = {10.1175/2009jcli3102.1},
  abstract = {A fully coupled land-ocean-atmosphere GCM is used to explore the biogeophysical impact of large-scale deforestation on surface climate. By analyzing the model sensitivity to global-scale replacement of forests by grassland, it is shown that the surface albedo increase owing to deforestation has a cooling effect of -1.36 K globally. On the other hand, forest removal decreases evapotranspiration efficiency and decreases surface roughness, both leading to a global surface warming of 0.24 and 0.29 K, respectively. The net biogeophysical impact of deforestation results from the competition between these effects. Globally, the albedo effect is dominant because of its wider-scale impact, and the net biogeophysical impact of deforestation is thus a cooling of -1 K. Over land, the balance between the different processes varies with latitude. In temperate and boreal zones of the Northern Hemisphere the albedo effect is stronger and deforestation thus induces a cooling. Conversely, in the tropics the net impact of deforestation is a warming, because evapotranspiration efficiency and surface roughness provide the dominant influence. The authors also explore the importance of the ocean coupling in shaping the climate response to deforestation. First, the temperature over ocean responds to the land cover perturbation. Second, even the temperature change over land is greatly affected by the ocean coupling. By assuming fixed oceanic conditions, the net effect of deforestation, averaged over all land areas, is a warming, whereas taking into account the coupling with the ocean leads, on the contrary, to a net land cooling. Furthermore, it is shown that the main parameter involved in the coupling with the ocean is surface albedo. Indeed, a change in albedo modifies temperature and humidity in the whole troposphere, thus enabling the initially land-confined perturbation to be transferred to the ocean. Finally, the radiative forcing framework is discussed in the context of land cover change impact on climate. The experiments herein illustrate that deforestation triggers two opposite types of forcingmechanisms-radiative forcing (owing to surface albedo change) and nonradiative forcing (owing to change in evapotranspiration efficiency and surface roughness)-that exhibit a similar magnitude globally. However, when applying the radiative forcing concept, nonradiative processes are ignored, which may lead to a misrepresentation of land cover change impact on climate.

[Excerpt: Conclusions]

In this study we addressed the biogeophysical impact of deforestation with a fully coupled land-ocean-atmosphere GCM. We contrasted the climate of a maximally forested earth with the climate resulting from the replacement of forest by grass. Our experimental design allows us to separate the respective roles of surface albedo, evapotranspiration efficiency, and surface roughness in shaping the net biogeophysical effect of deforestation. Whereas our main focus here was on the energy budget and surface temperature, investigations of the response of the hydrological cycle will be conducted in the future.

[\textbackslash n] Increase in surface albedo owing to complete deforestation has a cooling effect on climate (-1.36 K globally). On the other hand, forest removal decreases evapotranspiration efficiency and surface roughness, which warms surface climate (respectively, by 0.24 and 0.29 K globally). The magnitude of these different effects varies regionally. The cooling effect due to albedo change is stronger at high latitudes and affects both land and ocean. Conversely, the warming effect from change in evapotranspiration efficiency and surface roughness is stronger at low latitudes and does not affect the oceans.

[\textbackslash n] The net biogeophysical impact of deforestation results from the competition between these effects. Globally, the albedo effect is dominant and the net biogeophysical impact of deforestation is a cooling of -1 K. This is mainly because the albedo effect spreads over the ocean, whereas the other effects do not. On continents, however, the balance between the different processes changes with latitude. In temperate and boreal zones of the Northern Hemisphere the albedo effect is stronger and deforestation thus induces a cooling, as has already been noticed in previous studies (e.g., Betts 2001; Bounoua et al. 2002). Conversely, in the tropics the net impact of deforestation is a warming because evapotranspiration efficiency and surface roughness provide the dominant influence in these regions.

[\textbackslash n] This study also highlights the importance of the coupling with the ocean. Up to now, most of our knowledge concerning the impact of land cover change on climate comes from atmospheric models not coupled to an ocean model but instead assuming fixed oceanic conditions (e.g., Dickinson and Henderson-Sellers 1988; Nobre et al. 1991; Bonan 1997; Lean and Rowntree 1997; Chase et al. 2000; Gedney and Valdes 2000; Betts 2001; Bounoua et al. 2002; DeFries et al. 2002; Voldoire 2006). Implicitly, this assumption was justified be the fact that the perturbation owing to land cover change is applied to land and not to the ocean. However, our experiments show that taking into account the coupling with the ocean greatly affect the simulated response to deforestation. First, we noted that the ocean surface responds to deforestation by a cooling. Second, even the temperature change over land is strongly affected by the ocean coupling. By not taking into account the coupling with the ocean we would have concluded that the net effect of deforestation, averaged over all land areas, is a warming. By accounting for the ocean coupling, this net effect is of opposite sign. We also further demonstrated that the main parameter involved in the coupling with the ocean is surface albedo. This is because change in albedo modifies temperature and humidity in the whole troposphere, thus enabling the initially land-confined perturbation to be transferred to the ocean.

[\textbackslash n] Finally, the results presented here give some insight concerning the nature of the forcing owing to land cover change. Supporting earlier hypothesis (Pielke et al. 2002; NRC 2005; Davin et al. 2007), we showed that deforestation involves two opposite types of forcing mechanisms: a radiative forcing (owing to surface albedo change) and a nonradiative forcing (owing to change in evapotranspiration efficiency and surface roughness). We quantified the relative importance of these opposite forcings in the context of our complete deforestation experiments and found that, globally, they are of similar magnitude. This result highlights the limitation of the classical radiative forcing framework in which equilibrium temperature change is viewed as a response to a radiative forcing perturbation. Land cover change can also affect equilibrium temperature through nonradiative processes. Historical deforestation took place mostly in temperate regions, and therefore radiative forcing was roughly acceptable in quantifying its effect. Future deforestation, however, is expected to take place in the tropics where nonradiative effects are dominant. Hence, using the radiative forcing framework in the context of future land cover change may lead to a misrepresentation of its impact on climate.},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-6519442,~to-add-doi-URL,albedo,boreal-forests,climate,complexity,deforestation,evapotranspiration,feedback,forest-resources,global-climate-models,humidity,land-cover,large-vs-wide-scale,oceans,off-site-effects,surface-roughness,temperate-forests,temperature,trade-offs,tropical-forests,wide-scale},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-6519442},
  number = {1}
}

@article{thanukosScience101Building2010,
  title = {Science 101: Building the Foundations for Real Understanding},
  author = {Thanukos, A. and Scotchmoor, J. G. and Caldwell, R. and Lindberg, D. R.},
  year = {2010},
  month = dec,
  volume = {330},
  pages = {1764--1765},
  issn = {0036-8075},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1186994},
  abstract = {It's not just about evolution anymore. Growing anti-science sentiment in the United States now infuses public discourse on conservation, vaccination, distribution of research funds, and climate change (1). Low rates of scientific literacy (2) exacerbate the problem. Although the public recognizes its indebtedness to the products of scientific knowledge, few understand much about the nature of that knowledge or the processes that generated it (3). Without a basic understanding of how science works, the public is vulnerable to antiscience propaganda, which engenders distrust of science when it comes to social issues, consumer choices, and policy decisions.},
  journal = {Science},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-8495103,~to-add-doi-URL,climate-change,cognitive-biases,conservation,education,evolution,research-funding,science-society-interface,scientific-communication,united-states,vaccination},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-8495103},
  number = {6012}
}

@article{klausmeyerClimateChangeHabitat2009,
  title = {Climate Change, Habitat Loss, Protected Areas and the Climate Adaptation Potential of Species in {{Mediterranean}} Ecosystems Worldwide},
  author = {Klausmeyer, Kirk R. and Shaw, M. R.},
  year = {2009},
  month = jul,
  volume = {4},
  pages = {e6392+},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0006392},
  abstract = {Mediterranean climate is found on five continents and supports five global biodiversity hotspots. Based on combined downscaled results from 23 atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) for three emissions scenarios, we determined the projected spatial shifts in the mediterranean climate extent (MCE) over the next century. Although most AOGCMs project a moderate expansion in the global MCE, regional impacts are large and uneven. The median AOGCM simulation output for the three emissions scenarios project the MCE at the end of the 21st century in Chile will range from 129-153\,\% of its current size, while in Australia, it will contract to only 77-49\,\% of its current size losing an area equivalent to over twice the size of Portugal. Only 4\,\% of the land area within the current MCE worldwide is in protected status (compared to a global average of 12\,\% for all biome types), and, depending on the emissions scenario, only 50-60\,\% of these protected areas are likely to be in the future MCE. To exacerbate the climate impact, nearly one third (29-31\,\%) of the land where the MCE is projected to remain stable has already been converted to human use, limiting the size of the potential climate refuges and diminishing the adaptation potential of native biota. High conversion and low protection in projected stable areas make Australia the highest priority region for investment in climate-adaptation strategies to reduce the threat of climate change to the rich biodiversity of the Mediterranean biome.},
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14257874,~to-add-doi-URL,adaptation,australia,biodiversity,chile,climate-change,conservation,ecosystem,habitat-conservation,mediterranean-region,protected-areas},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14257874},
  number = {7}
}

@incollection{safrielStatusDesertificationMediterranean2009,
  title = {Status of Desertification in the {{Mediterranean}} Region},
  booktitle = {Water {{Scarcity}}, {{Land Degradation}} and {{Desertification}} in the {{Mediterranean Region}}},
  author = {Safriel, Uriel N.},
  editor = {Rubio, Jos{\'e} L. and Safriel, Uriel and Daussa, Raul and Blum, Winfried and Pedrazzini, Fausto},
  year = {2009},
  pages = {33--73},
  publisher = {{Springer Netherlands}},
  doi = {10.1007/978-90-481-2526-5\\_3},
  abstract = {Assessment of the status of Mediterranean desertification requires a robust and agreed upon definition of desertification, which is still lacking, partly due to the widespread use of '' desertification'' either interchangeably or in conjunction with '' land degradation''. By definition desertification is a subset of land degradation confined to drylands, thus adding '' land degradation'' to '' desertification'' implies relevance of the UNCCD to land degradation in both drylands and non-drylands, globally and in the Mediterranean. Another interpretation for pairing '' desertification'' and '' land degradation'' is that desertification is not a globally spatial but a dryland temporal subset of land degradation; namely '' desertification'' represents culmination of the process of land degradation in the drylands. The UNCCD usage of '' desertification'' (to be combated) in conjunction with drought (to be mitigated) and climatic variations (a desertification driver) also confounds understanding and assessment of desertification and its status. Qualifying desertification as a persistent reduction of biological productivity in the drylands may resolve difficulties in addressing desertification, though no agreement exists as to what degree of degradation and its reversibility properties would qualify as desertification. Desertification is habitually believed to be driven by human impact proportional to population size and growth rate, which are higher than the global average and relative to all other ecosystems, respectively. Global scale data demonstrating that desertification is highest at the intermediate section of the aridity gradient suggest that desertification is driven by an interaction of ecosystem sensitivity (expressed by natural biological productivity) and the pressure exerted on land resources (expressed by population density). Yet, though GDP and infant mortality rates are lower and higher in drylands, relatively to other ecosystems and to global averages, respectively, it is not known if the drylands' low human well-being is driven by desertification, or by the inherently low productivity of drylands impacted by growing populations, or both. Thus desertification constitutes a paradigm, one of a downward spiral of degradation leading to human misery, through self-reinforcing positive feedback loops. This paradigm is reinforced by an environmental security narrative, in which migrations and conflicts driven by the desertification-associated demand and supply-induced environmental scarcities, reduce overall environmental security in the drylands. A '' counter paradigm'' based on some evidence suggests that drylands' adversities trigger '' induced innovations'' in rural communities that lead to development tracks which circumvent desertification. Yet, if dryland population continues to increase the '' induced ingenuity'' will eventually be exhausted, unless dryland livelihoods independent of land productivity are gradually adopted.

[\textbackslash n] Mediterranean climates, of wet winters but dry summers, prevail in five seaboard semiarid and dry-subhumid regions on the globe, one of which is the Mediterranean Basin, with a long history of intensive use by man resulting in biological adaptations providing high ecosystem resilience to human impact. The southern, African lands of the Mediterranean Basin are drier than the northern, European lands, the latter being mainly semiarid drylands, with high desertification extent, yet more people are affected by desertification in the southern than in the northern sections of the Basin. All over the Mediterranean Basin the most extensively used land is also the most intensively used and becoming most degraded, irrespective of type of use. Thus in the northern Mediterranean desertification is driven by irrigation developments, themselves driven by markets and regional agricultural policies, whereas in the southern Mediterranean desertification is driven by encroachment of cultivation on rangelands, which are driven by population growth and national policies. Yet, the Mediterranean ecosystems are fairly resilient to mounting external pressures, due to a balance in the interaction of soil state with soil vegetation cover, up to a point in which a threshold is crossed.

[\textbackslash n] A way to avoid desertification in grazed Mediterranean shrublands is to encourage the historical prevalence of a spatio-temporal mosaic of distinct patches of annual and perennial vegetation through controlling grazing and fire at moderate levels, and moving these controls adaptively and dynamically between patches. Yet, when degradation did take over, rehabilitation through afforestation have taken place on a large scale in the Mediterranean Basin. This afforestation, mainly with Aleppo Pine, reduced soil erosion and flooding but compromised water resources and poorly performed in restoring the indigenous vegetation cover, but seemed to be more successful and water-efficient in drier areas, where the objective was soil conservation rather than the vegetation restoration.

[\textbackslash n] Global climate change is projected to exert an additional pressure on the Mediterranean drylands, through an overall decrease in water resources, such that even a relatively small climatic change would suffice to initiate a spatio-temporal transformation of the Mediterranean semiarid to arid drylands, and also an overall transformation of non-drylands into drylands, in both their climate and their biological productivity. Given the projected combined impacts of global climate change, dryland population growth and the pressure on drylands brought about by global decline in good cultivable land, it may be effective to address Mediterranean desertification as an environmental security issue, which encompasses risking food security, health security, livelihood security, national and transboundary security. However, the direct links between desertification and migration within the Mediterranean Basin have not yet been demonstrated.

[\textbackslash n] Even though means to promote land productivity improve, an eventual widespread desertification leading to reduced human well-being, land desertion and migration can emerge in the Mediterranean Basin. A way out is to explore means of diversifying dryland livelihoods, such that the pressure on land resources is reduced yet dryland people opt to stay on their land. Paradoxically, with all its drawbacks, global climate change provides opportunities to people of the Mediterranean drylands, encouraging them to diversify their livelihoods, e.g. afforestation in the non-desert Mediterranean drylands for carbon trading, and solar energy development in the desert drylands for exporting electricity. These and other livelihoods of advantage in drylands yet not depending on dryland land resources can be mixed with improvements of traditional dryland livelihoods. Thus the flows between the southern and northern Mediterranean may dramatically transform -- rather than development aid cash, payments for purchases of clean energy would flow from the North to the South, and the South -- North flow of migrants would be replaced by North -- South flow of tourists. These changes would promote the sustainability of dryland livelihoods especially in the South, and would bring abut environmental security and subsequent political stability throughout the Mediterranean Basin.},
  isbn = {978-90-481-2525-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13912452,~to-add-doi-URL,afforestation,desertification,forest-resources,mediterranean-region,pinus-halepensis},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13912452},
  series = {{{NATO Science}} for {{Peace}} and {{Security Series C}}: {{Environmental Security}}}
}

@article{solomonProgrammersProfessorsParasites2009,
  title = {Programmers, Professors, and Parasites: Credit and Co-Authorship in Computer Science},
  author = {Solomon, Justin},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {15},
  pages = {467--489},
  issn = {1471-5546},
  doi = {10.1007/s11948-009-9119-4},
  abstract = {This article presents an in-depth analysis of past and present publishing practices in academic computer science to suggest the establishment of a more consistent publishing standard. Historical precedent for academic publishing in computer science is established through the study of anecdotes as well as statistics collected from databases of published computer science papers. After examining these facts alongside information about analogous publishing situations and standards in other scientific fields, the article concludes with a list of basic principles that should be adopted in any computer science publishing standard. These principles would contribute to the reliability and scientific nature of academic publications in computer science and would allow for more straightforward discourse in future publications.},
  journal = {Science and Engineering Ethics},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-4152787,~to-add-doi-URL,algorithmic-accountability,authorship,bias-disembodied-science-vs-computational-scholarship,bias-toward-primacy-of-theory-over-reality,publication-bias,publish-or-perish,science-ethics,scientific-communication,theory-vs-actual-implemetation},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-4152787},
  number = {4}
}

@article{albertsonForecastingOutbreakMoorland2009,
  title = {Forecasting the Outbreak of Moorland Wildfires in the {{English Peak District}}},
  author = {Albertson, Kevin and Aylen, Jonathan and Cavan, Gina and McMorrow, Julia},
  year = {2009},
  month = jun,
  volume = {90},
  pages = {2642--2651},
  issn = {0301-4797},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.02.011},
  abstract = {Warmer, drier summers brought by climate change increase the potential risk of wildfires on the moorland of the Peak District of northern England. Fires are costly to fight, damage the ecosystem, harm water catchments, cause erosion scars and disrupt transport. Fires release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Accurate forecasts of the timing of fires help deployment of fire fighting resources. A probit model is used to assess the chance of fires at different times of the year, days of the week and under various weather conditions. Current and past rainfall damp fire risk. The likelihood of fire increases with maximum temperature. Dry spells or recent fire activity also signal extra fire hazard. Certain days are fire prone due to visitors and some months of the year are more risky reflecting the changing flammability of moorland vegetation. The model back-predicts earlier fires during a hot dry summer. The impact of climate change on fire incidence is not straightforward. Risks may be reduced if wetter winters and earlier onset of spring add to plant moisture content. Yet a warm spring increases biomass and potential fuel load in summer. Climate change may cause the timing of moorland wildfires to shift from a damper and more verdant spring to drought-stressed summer.},
  journal = {Journal of Environmental Management},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-4675260,~to-add-doi-URL,droughts,dry-spells,moorland,temperature,united-kingdom,vegetation,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-4675260},
  number = {8}
}

@incollection{schweingruberOldTreesMeaning2009,
  title = {Old Trees and the Meaning of 'Old'},
  booktitle = {Old-{{Growth Forests}}},
  author = {Schweingruber, Fritz H. and Wirth, Christian},
  editor = {Wirth, Christian and Gleixner, Gerd and Heimann, Martin},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {207},
  pages = {35--54},
  publisher = {{Springer}},
  address = {{Berlin Heidelberg}},
  issn = {0070-8356},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-540-92706-8\\_3},
  abstract = {Individual trees with a high age are a characteristic feature of old-growth forests. However, for plants, and here especially for trees, the terms senescence, age and even death are difficult to define. This is partly because humans tend to quantify tree age according to astronomical cycles, more specifically using annual tree rings, while for trees age is a relative quantity related to the pace of ontogenetic deve-lopment. The slower the biological processes unfold, the older individual trees become. This is why the oldest living trees with an age close to 5,000 years are found on extreme sites. Senescence is based on the principle of 'programmed cell death', the timing of which may vary between individual cells, tissues types, organs and whole plants. For example, an earlywood tracheid dies after 20 days before it becomes functional as water-conducting tissue, while a neighboring parenchyma cell may survive for 50 years before serving the purpose of mechanical stabilisation as a dead cell. The individual ramets (shoots) of a clonal tree die after 50 years, while the genet may survive for over 10,000 years. In this chapter, we critically discuss different concepts of longevity and review what is known about the variation in and limits to the longevity of woody plants.},
  isbn = {3-540-92706-9},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13496459,~to-add-doi-URL,biology,forest-ecology},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13496459},
  series = {Ecological {{Studies}}}
}

@article{jacksonPostfireGeomorphicResponse2009,
  title = {Post-Fire Geomorphic Response in Steep, Forested Landscapes: {{Oregon Coast Range}}, {{USA}}},
  author = {Jackson, Molly and Roering, Joshua J.},
  year = {2009},
  month = jun,
  volume = {28},
  pages = {1131--1146},
  issn = {0277-3791},
  doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.05.003},
  abstract = {The role of fire in shaping steep, forested landscapes depends on a suite of hydrologic, biologic, and geological characteristics, including the propensity for hydrophobic soil layers to promote runoff erosion during subsequent rainfall events. In the Oregon Coast Range, several studies postulate that fire primarily modulates sediment production via root reinforcement and shallow landslide susceptibility, although few studies have documented post-fire geomorphic response. Here, we describe field observations and topographic analyses for three sites in the central Oregon Coast Range that burned in 1999, 2002, and 2003. The fires generated strongly hydrophobic soil layers that did not promote runoff erosion because the continuity of the layers was interrupted by pervasive discontinuities that facilitated rapid infiltration. At each of our sites, fire generated significant colluvial transport via dry ravel, consistent with other field-based studies in the western United States. Fire-driven dry ravel accumulation in low-order valleys of our Sulphur Creek site equated to a slope-averaged landscape lowering of 2.5 mm. Given Holocene estimates of fire frequency, these results suggest that fire may contribute 10-20\,\% of total denudation across steep, dissected portions of the Oregon Coast Range. In addition, we documented more rapid decline of root strength at our sites than has been observed after timber harvest, suggesting that root strength was compromised prior to fire or that intense heat damaged roots in the shallow subsurface. Given that fire frequencies in the Pacific Northwest are predicted to increase with continued climate change, our findings highlight the importance of fire-induced dry ravel and post-fire debris flow activity in controlling sediment delivery to channels.},
  journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14110954,~to-add-doi-URL,burnt-area,debris-flows,forest-resources,geomorphology,landslides,mountainous-areas,postfire-impacts,soil-hydrophobicity,soil-resources,united-states,water-resources,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14110954},
  number = {11-12}
}

@article{naqinezhadVegetationenvironmentRelationshipsAlderwood2008,
  title = {Vegetation-Environment Relationships in the Alderwood Communities of {{Caspian}} Lowlands, {{N}}. {{Iran}} (toward an Ecological Classification)},
  author = {Naqinezhad, Alireza and Hamzeh'ee, Behnam and Attar, Farideh},
  year = {2008},
  month = oct,
  volume = {203},
  pages = {567--577},
  issn = {0367-2530},
  doi = {10.1016/j.flora.2007.09.007},
  abstract = {Hyrcanian (Caspian) lowland forests (northern Iran) include alderwood communities, dominated by Alnus glutinosa ssp. barbata. A data set of these alderwoods, including floristic relev\'es and environmental variables (groundwater level, soil physical and chemical properties from two depths) was analyzed in order to describe the relationships between floristic composition and environmental variables. Classification of relev\'es using two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and a clustering technique displayed five clear vegetation groups of A. glutinosa ssp. barbata, each with specific indicator species. Principal component analysis (PCA) displayed two major gradients in environmental variables, namely a gradient of acidity-related variables and one of groundwater level-related variables. The five vegetation groups were confirmed by detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and can be interpreted with these two major environmental gradients and also life form data which were passively projected on the diagram. Hydrophytes and helophytes were mostly found in swampy or wet groups where they influenced the first axis, while other life forms were mostly concentrated in the drier groups on the second axis. The results of both direct canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and indirect (DCA) analyses of vegetation-environmental data were almost the same. The main environmental variables controlling the separation of these vegetation groups on the first two axes are groundwater level and acidity. There is a little difference between environmental variables analysis by PCA and vegetation-environment analysis by DCA and CCA mainly on different effects of CaCO3 on two first axes. Comparisons between habitat ecology of European alderwoods (stands of A. glutinosa ssp. glutinosa) and the measured environmental variables in the Hyrcanian alderwoods indicate some similar trends of variation of pH and C/N over these habitats in both areas. Three major types of A. glutinosa ssp. barbata habitats in Hyrcanian lowlands are distinguished mainly based on groundwater regime and geomorphology. These major types are compared with similar alderwoods in Europe.},
  journal = {Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14097574,~to-add-doi-URL,alnus-glutinosa,forest-classification,forest-resources,iran,vegetation-types},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14097574},
  number = {7}
}

@article{vesterdalCarbonNitrogenForest2008,
  title = {Carbon and Nitrogen in Forest Floor and Mineral Soil under Six Common {{European}} Tree Species},
  author = {Vesterdal, Lars and Schmidt, Inger K. and Callesen, Ingeborg and Nilsson, Lars O. and Gundersen, Per},
  year = {2008},
  month = feb,
  volume = {255},
  pages = {35--48},
  issn = {0378-1127},
  doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2007.08.015},
  abstract = {The knowledge of tree species effects on soil C and N pools is scarce, particularly for European deciduous tree species. We studied forest floor and mineral soil carbon and nitrogen under six common European tree species in a common garden design replicated at six sites in Denmark. Three decades after planting the six tree species had different profiles in terms of litterfall, forest floor and mineral soil C and N attributes. Three groups were identified: (1) ash, maple and lime, (2) beech and oak, and (3) spruce. There were significant differences in forest floor and soil C and N contents and C/N ratios, also among the five deciduous tree species. The influence of tree species was most pronounced in the forest floor, where C and N contents increased in the order ash = lime = maple {$<$} oak = beech {$\ll$} spruce. Tree species influenced mineral soil only in some of the sampled soil layers within 30 cm depth. Species with low forest floor C and N content had more C and N in the mineral soil. This opposite trend probably offset the differences in forest floor C and N with no significant difference between tree species in C and N contents of the whole soil profile. The effect of tree species on forest floor C and N content was primarily attributed to large differences in turnover rates as indicated by fractional annual loss of forest floor C and N. The C/N ratio of foliar litterfall was a good indicator of forest floor C and N contents, fractional annual loss of forest floor C and N, and mineral soil N status. Forest floor and litterfall C/N ratios were not related, whereas the C/N ratio of mineral soil (0-30 cm) better indicated N status under deciduous species on rich soil. The results suggest that European deciduous tree species differ in C and N sequestration rates within forest floor and mineral soil, respectively, but there is little evidence of major differences in the combined forest floor and mineral soil after three decades.

[Excerpt] [...] Soil C and N was evaluated in a common garden design based on monoculture stands of six tree species replicated at six sites. The six tree species included five common European broadleaves: beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.), lime (Tilia cordata L.), sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.). Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) represented conifers and served as a reference to previous studies on this species. There was no replication of tree species within each site, i.e. there was one stand of each species present in each site. [...]

[\textbackslash n] [...]

[Conclusion]

Three decades after planting the six tree species formed three groups according to litterfall, forest floor and soil C and N attributes: (1) ash, maple and lime, (2) beech and oak, and (3) spruce. There were significant differences in soil C and N contents and C/N ratios, also within the five deciduous tree species. The influence of tree species was most pronounced in the forest floor, where C and N contents increased in the order ash = lime = maple {$<$} oak = beech {$\ll$} spruce. Tree species influenced mineral soil only in some of the sampled soil layers. Species with little forest floor C and N content had more C and N in the mineral soil. This opposite trend probably offset the differences in forest floor C and N with no significant difference between tree species in C and N contents of the whole soil profile. The effect of tree species on forest floor C and N content was primarily attributed to large differences in turnover rates as indicated by fractional annual loss of forest floor C and N. The C/N ratio of foliar litterfall was a good indicator of both forest floor C and N contents, fractional annual loss of forest floor C and N, and mineral soil N status. Forest floor and litterfall C/N ratios were not related, whereas the C/N ratio of mineral soil better indicated N status under deciduous species on rich soil. The results suggest that European deciduous tree species differ in C and N sequestration rates within forest floor and mineral soil, respectively, but there is little evidence of major differences in the entire soil profile after three decades.},
  journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13911672,~to-add-doi-URL,acer-pseudoplatanus,carbon-cycle,europe,fagus-sylvatica,forest-resources,fraxinus-excelsior,nitrogen,picea-abies,quercus-robur,soil-resources,tilia-cordata,tree-species},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13911672},
  number = {1}
}

@article{parrOpenSourcingEcological2007,
  title = {Open Sourcing Ecological Data},
  author = {Parr, Cynthia S.},
  year = {2007},
  month = apr,
  volume = {57},
  pages = {309--310},
  issn = {1525-3244},
  doi = {10.1641/b570402},
  abstract = {In a thought-provoking Viewpoint, Cassey and Blackburn (2006) suggest that reproducibility should not be required of ecological studies. Thus, ecological journals should not require authors to publish data as a requirement of publication, nor should reviewers insist on it. Cassey and Blackburn make three cautionary points: First, the goal of reproducibility should not be applied piecemeal. Second, journals are not ready for custodianship of data. Third, publishing data places the intellectual rights of authors at risk under the current reward system. I will respond to each of these points, then end with another view of the future of ecological research: an open-source web of ecological data.},
  journal = {BioScience},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-1197018,~to-add-doi-URL,data-sharing,ecology,free-scientific-knowledge,knowledge-freedom,metaknowledge,open-data,open-science,scientific-knowledge-sharing},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-1197018},
  number = {4}
}

@article{muukkonenGeneralizedAllometricVolume2007,
  title = {Generalized Allometric Volume and Biomass Equations for Some Tree Species in {{Europe}}},
  author = {Muukkonen, P.},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {126},
  pages = {157--166},
  doi = {10.1007/s10342-007-0168-4},
  abstract = {Since biomass is one of the key variables in ecosystem studies, widespread effort has aimed to facilitating its estimation. Numerous stand-specific volume and biomass equations are available, but these cannot be used for scaling up biomass to the regional level where several age-classes and structural types of stands coexist. Therefore simplified generalized volume and biomass equations are needed. In the present study, generalized biomass and volume regression equations were developed for the main tree species in Europe. These equations were based on data compiled from several published studies and are syntheses of the published equations. The results show that these generalized equations explain 64-99\,\% of the variation in values predicted by the original published equations, with higher values for stem than for crown components.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14250192,~to-add-doi-URL,betula-spp,ecological-zones,empirical-equation,europe,fagus-spp,forest-biomass,forest-resources,picea-abies,pinus-sylvestris,quercus-spp,regression},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14250192},
  number = {2}
}

@article{magginiImprovingGeneralizedRegression2006,
  title = {Improving Generalized Regression Analysis for the Spatial Prediction of Forest Communities},
  author = {Maggini, Ramona and Lehmann, Anthony and Zimmermann, Niklaus E. and Guisan, Antoine},
  year = {2006},
  month = oct,
  volume = {33},
  pages = {1729--1749},
  issn = {0305-0270},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01465.x},
  abstract = {Aim\hspace{0.6em} This study used data from temperate forest communities to assess: (1) five different stepwise selection methods with generalized additive models, (2) the effect of weighting absences to ensure a prevalence of 0.5, (3) the effect of limiting absences beyond the environmental envelope defined by presences, (4) four different methods for incorporating spatial autocorrelation, and (5) the effect of integrating an interaction factor defined by a regression tree on the residuals of an initial environmental model. Location\hspace{0.6em} State of Vaud, western Switzerland. Methods\hspace{0.6em} Generalized additive models (GAMs) were fitted using the grasp package (generalized regression analysis and spatial predictions, http://www.cscf.ch/grasp). Results\hspace{0.6em} Model selection based on cross-validation appeared to be the best compromise between model stability and performance (parsimony) among the five methods tested. Weighting absences returned models that perform better than models fitted with the original sample prevalence. This appeared to be mainly due to the impact of very low prevalence values on evaluation statistics. Removing zeroes beyond the range of presences on main environmental gradients changed the set of selected predictors, and potentially their response curve shape. Moreover, removing zeroes slightly improved model performance and stability when compared with the baseline model on the same data set. Incorporating a spatial trend predictor improved model performance and stability significantly. Even better models were obtained when including local spatial autocorrelation. A novel approach to include interactions proved to be an efficient way to account for interactions between all predictors at once. Main conclusions\hspace{0.6em} Models and spatial predictions of 18 forest communities were significantly improved by using either: (1) cross-validation as a model selection method, (2) weighted absences, (3) limited absences, (4) predictors accounting for spatial autocorrelation, or (5) a factor variable accounting for interactions between all predictors. The final choice of model strategy should depend on the nature of the available data and the specific study aims. Statistical evaluation is useful in searching for the best modelling practice. However, one should not neglect to consider the shapes and interpretability of response curves, as well as the resulting spatial predictions in the final assessment.},
  journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-835166,~to-add-doi-URL,bias-correction,bioclimatic-predictors,correlation-analysis,forest-resources,habitat-suitability,statistics,uncertainty,weighting},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-835166},
  number = {10}
}

@article{trigoAtmosphericConditionsAssociated2006,
  title = {Atmospheric Conditions Associated with the Exceptional Fire Season of 2003 in {{Portugal}}},
  author = {Trigo, Ricardo M. and Pereira, Jos{\'e} M. C. and Pereira, M{\'a}Rio G. and Mota, Bernardo and Calado, Teresa J. and Dacamara, Carlos C. and Santo, F{\'a}tima E.},
  year = {2006},
  month = nov,
  volume = {26},
  pages = {1741--1757},
  issn = {0899-8418},
  doi = {10.1002/joc.1333},
  abstract = {The summer of 2003 was characterised by exceptional warm weather in Europe, particularly during the first two weeks of August, when a devastating sequence of large fires was observed, reaching an amount of circa 450 000 ha, the largest figure ever recorded in Portugal in modern times. They were concentrated in two relatively confined regions of Portugal and a considerable proportion of burnt area was due to fires started on the 2nd and 3rd of August.

[\textbackslash n] It is shown that the 850 hPa temperature values observed over Portugal for the 1st and 2nd of August 2003 were the highest recorded since 1958. Using data from synoptic stations covering the entire Portuguese territory, the event was characterised in fine detail, including the evolution of both maximum and minimum temperatures, surface relative humidity, and wind anomaly fields. The different spatial extent of maximum and minimum temperatures is analysed leading to the new all-time Portuguese records of 47.3 \textdegree C for maximum and 30.6 \textdegree C for minimum temperatures that were recorded on the 1st of August near the main area of occurrence of the largest fire.

[\textbackslash n] Finally, it is shown that the summer of 2003 was preceded by a wet winter followed by a very dry month of May, a precipitation anomalous regime that contributed to a climatic background that favoured the role played by the early August heatwave and the associated meteorological surface conditions.},
  journal = {International Journal of Climatology},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14174564,~to-add-doi-URL,climate-extremes,extreme-events,extreme-weather,forest-fires,forest-resources,heatwaves,portugal,review,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14174564},
  number = {13}
}

@incollection{chatziphilippidisModellingGrowthQuercus2006,
  title = {Modelling the {{Growth}} of {{Quercus}} Frainetto in {{Greece}}},
  booktitle = {Sustainable {{Forest Management}}},
  author = {Chatziphilippidis, Gregor and Spyroglou, Gavriil},
  editor = {Hasenauer, Hubert},
  year = {2006},
  pages = {373--395},
  publisher = {{Springer Berlin Heidelberg}},
  doi = {10.1007/3-540-31304-4\\_21},
  abstract = {Coppice forests are degraded, low output forests. They fulfill poorly their environmental, social and productive functions, and conversion into high forests will improve them. Quercus frainetto (Ten.) is the most important oak in Greece, representing 13\,\% of the standing volume. The objective of this chapter is to introduce the new modeling technology in Greece and to adapt the Austrian individual-tree, distance-dependent simulator MOSES for modeling the development of Qu. frainetto. The data for this study came from 25 permanent experimental plots across Greece. Four models driving the growth of Qu. frainetto were considered: diameter and height increment, crown recession and mortality models. Non-linear regression methodology was used for parameter estimation. The development of diameter and height increment models was based on the assumption that the potential increment for a given tree is reduced by a function of the crown ratio as an allometric multiplier representing the past growing conditions and an overstocking multiplier representing the current competition conditions. The crown model predicts future crown length depending on tree height, crown ratio and the competition index. Finally, in the mortality model, trees are stated to be either alive or dead, and the respective predicted probability of mortality in the next growing period is bound between 0 and 1. Therefore, a logistic equation was fitted using the crown ratio, competition index and diameter as independent variables. The simulator DRYMOS, a derivative software program of the Austrian simulator MOSES, incorporates the developed models for Qu. frainetto in a user-friendly interface. After the selection of a stand, the user has the opportunity to project the stand in two- or three-dimensional form, apply silvicultural treatments and produce results in tabular or graphical form. Qu. frainetto stands can be efficiently modelled with distance-dependent and site-potential approaches. Tree size, growth and competition are the main driving variables in predicting growth and development of Qu. frainetto. The simulator DRYMOS is capable of describing the evolution and future stand dynamics of Qu. frainetto under different stand densities and silvicultural scenarios.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13578761,~to-add-doi-URL,greece,growth-model,quercus-frainetto,sustainable-forest-management},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13578761}
}

@article{garzonPredictingHabitatSuitability2006,
  title = {Predicting Habitat Suitability with Machine Learning Models: {{The}} Potential Area of {{Pinus}} Sylvestris {{L}}. in the {{Iberian Peninsula}}},
  author = {Garz{\'o}n, Marta B. and Blazek, Radim and Neteler, Markus and Dios, Rut S. and Ollero, Helios S. and Furlanello, Cesare},
  year = {2006},
  month = aug,
  volume = {197},
  pages = {383--393},
  issn = {0304-3800},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.03.015},
  abstract = {We present a modelling framework for predicting forest areas. The framework is obtained by integrating a machine learning software suite within the GRASS Geographical Information System (GIS) and by providing additional methods for predictive habitat modelling. Three machine learning techniques (Tree-Based Classification, Neural Networks and Random Forest) are available in parallel for modelling from climatic and topographic variables. Model evaluation and parameter selection are measured by sensitivity-specificity ROC analysis, while the final presence and absence maps are obtained through maximisation of the kappa statistic. The modelling framework is applied at a resolution of 1 km with Iberian subpopulations of Pinus sylvestris L. forests. For this data set, the most accurate algorithm is Breiman's random forest, an ensemble method which provides automatic combination of tree-classifiers trained on bootstrapped subsamples and randomised variable sets. All models show a potential area of P. sylvestris for the Iberian Peninsula which is larger than the present one, a result corroborated by regional pollen analyses.},
  journal = {Ecological Modelling},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-608546,~to-add-doi-URL,auc,cart,habitat-suitability,iberian-peninsula,kappa,machine-learning,neural-networks,pinus-sylvestris,random-forest},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-608546},
  number = {3-4}
}

@article{elibuyukDetectionPlumPox2006,
  title = {Detection of Plum Pox Virus in Ornamental {{Prunus}} Cerasifera},
  author = {{Elibuyuk}},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {34},
  pages = {347--352},
  doi = {10.1007/bf02981020},
  abstract = {Plum pox virus (PPV) is the causal agent of sharka disease. It is a serious threat for temperate fruit, mainly apricots, plums and peaches. In order to study the ability of PPV to infect wild and ornamental Prunus species, several wild, native ornamental stone fruits and weeds were analyzed as possible reservoirs of PPV. Five species of ornamental stone fruits and 24 species of weeds were evaluated between 2000 and 2004. The virus was not found in the weeds but was detected in one species of ornamental stone fruit, purple cherry-plums (Prunus cerasifera Pissardii). The PPV strain M was identified by DASI-ELISA and confirmed by IC-RT-PCR. Additionally, mealy plum aphid (Hyalopterus pruni) was determined as a vector of PPV in P. cerasifera. This is the first report on the reservoir potential of ornamental stone fruit trees and weeds for PPV in Turkey.},
  journal = {Phytoparasitica},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13576770,~to-add-doi-URL,forest-pests,prunus-cerasifera,sharka-disease},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13576770},
  number = {4}
}

@incollection{ruginiOliveOleaEuropaea2005,
  title = {Olive ({{Olea}} Europaea {{L}}.)},
  booktitle = {Protocol for {{Somatic Embryogenesis}} in {{Woody Plants}}},
  author = {Rugini, Eddo and Mencuccini, Massimo and Biasi, Rita and Altamura, MariaMaddalena},
  editor = {{Jain} and Gupta, PramodK},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {77},
  pages = {345--360},
  publisher = {{Springer Netherlands}},
  doi = {10.1007/1-4020-2985-3\\_27},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13594187,~to-add-doi-URL,forest-resources,genetic-resources,olea-europaea},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13594187},
  series = {Forestry {{Sciences}}}
}

@article{ganatsasRootSystemAsymmetry2005,
  title = {Root System Asymmetry of {{Mediterranean}} Pines},
  author = {Ganatsas, P. and Spanos, I.},
  year = {2005},
  month = dec,
  volume = {278},
  pages = {75--83},
  issn = {0032-079X},
  doi = {10.1007/s11104-005-1092-3},
  abstract = {Three groups of Mediterranean pines were examined to describe the development of root symmetry on sites characterized by shallow soils and low water availability. Sampling included: (1) 3-year-old planted seedlings of Pinus halepensis Mill. taken from Sithonia Halkidiki, northern Greece, (2) 5-year-old natural regenerated seedlings of Pinus brutia Ten. taken from Kedrinos Lofos, Thessaloniki and (3) 65-year-old trees of Pinus brutia taken from Kedrinos Lofos, Thessaloniki. Root system symmetry was examined by measuring the number, the diameter, the cross-sectional area (CSA), the root area index (RAI) and the length of the lateral roots of each root system, and by analyzing their distribution around the stem. Above-ground plant symmetry was also estimated. The findings of the study indicated that there was an asymmetric root system in all three groups that is characterized by the concentration of the main laterals along the contour lines instead of uphill or downhill; however, the asymmetry was much higher in the young plants. This asymmetry was not correlated with the above-ground plant growth form, which was found to be symmetric. The asymmetric development of root can be attributed to the shallow soil and the high mechanical resistance of the underground bedrock that stopped the taproot growth, restricted the root penetration in the deeper layers and obliged the roots to elongate towards the surface soil layers, where there is more available water.},
  journal = {Plant and Soil},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-420910,~to-add-doi-URL,forest-resources,mediterranean-pines,pinus-halepensis,root-system},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-420910},
  number = {1-2}
}

@article{araujoWouldClimateChange2004,
  title = {Would Climate Change Drive Species out of Reserves? {{An}} Assessment of Existing Reserve-Selection Methods},
  author = {Araujo, Miguel B. and Cabeza, Mar and Thuiller, Wilfried and Hannah, Lee and Williams, Paul H.},
  year = {2004},
  month = sep,
  volume = {10},
  pages = {1618--1626},
  issn = {1354-1013},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00828.x},
  abstract = {Concern for climate change has not yet been integrated in protocols for reserve selection. However if climate changes as projected, there is a possibility that current reserve-selection methods might provide solutions that are inadequate to ensure species' long-term persistence within reserves. We assessed, for the first time, the ability of existing reserve-selection methods to secure species in a climate-change context. Six methods using a different combination of criteria (representation, suitability and reserve clustering) are compared. The assessment is carried out using European distributions of 1200 plant species and considering two extreme scenarios of response to climate change: no dispersal and universal dispersal. With our data, 6-11\,\% of species modelled would be potentially lost from selected reserves in a 50-year period. Measured uncertainties varied in 6\,\% being 1-3\,\% attributed to dispersal assumptions and 2-5\,\% to the choice of reserve-selection method. Suitability approaches to reserve selection performed best, while reserve clustering performed poorly. We also found that 5\,\% of species modelled would lose their entire climatic envelope in the studied area; 2\,\% of the species modelled would have nonoverlapping distributions; 93\,\% of the species modelled would maintain varying levels of overlapping distributions. We conclude there are opportunities to minimize species' extinctions within reserves but new approaches are needed to account for impacts of climate change on species; especially for those projected to have temporally nonoverlapping distributions.},
  journal = {Global Change Biology},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-201812,~to-add-doi-URL,climate-change,clustering,conservation,europe,species-dispersal,species-distribution,uncertainty},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-201812},
  number = {9}
}

@article{rodrigoDirectRegenerationNot2004,
  title = {Direct Regeneration Is Not the Only Response of {{Mediterranean}} Forests to Large Fires},
  author = {Rodrigo, Anselm and Retana, Javier and Pic{\'o}, F. Xavier},
  year = {2004},
  month = mar,
  volume = {85},
  pages = {716--729},
  issn = {0012-9658},
  doi = {10.1890/02-0492},
  abstract = {It is widely accepted that the postfire recovery in Mediterranean plant communities is carried out by direct regeneration, i.e., the fast recovery of a plant community with the same species pool that it had immediately prior to disturbance. However, there is evidence that not all plant species in the Mediterranean basin survive fire in all situations, suggesting that the direct regeneration process might not apply to all situations. We analyze whether the main combinations of forest tree species (up to 16) of the western Mediterranean basin exhibit a postfire direct regeneration process. Based on data from field surveys, we have developed a stochastic model to predict the medium-term forest dynamics. In general, Quercus species (resprouters) and the pines Pinus halepensis and P. pinaster (seeders that produce abundant seedlings) showed direct regeneration patterns. In contrast, forests of P. nigra, P. sylvestris, and P. pinea (seeders that produce few seedlings) changed to other situations after fire. This outcome was validated by additional data from plots with known fire history. These results did not support completely the direct regeneration model, since only half of the combinations of tree species analyzed exhibited a {$>$}50\,\% probability of recovering the original prefire situation after fire. This partial failure of direct regeneration evidences the need for reconsidering restoration and conservation plans for Mediterranean ecosystems after fire.

[Excerpt: Discussion] [::Postfire direct regeneration in Mediterranean forests] The results indicated that forest types with the highest resilience were those of resprouter species (Q. ilex, Q. cerrioides, and Q. suber) or with efficient seedling recruitment after fire (P. halepensis and P. pinaster). However, only 7 out of 16 forest types analyzed in this study had a .50\,\% probability of recovering the prefire forest type after fire. Particularly, monospecific and mixed forests of P. nigra, P. sylvestris, and P. pinea exhibited low or nil stasis after fire (Tables 3 and 4) and had high probabilities of change toward states dominated by different Quercus species or grasslands. As a result, the postfire regeneration of many of these forest types cannot be interpreted as a direct regeneration process because the composition and structure of the new postfire forest type were completely different from those of the prefire forest type. The resilience of P. halepensis and P. pinaster was due to high initial seedling densities (Table 2). These species overcome the destruction caused by fires through very powerful postfire regeneration based on their ability to safeguard seeds in a long-term permanent seed bank on the serotinous cones of the canopy, which open after the passage of fires (Saracino et al. 1993, Daskalakou and Thanos 1996, Broncano 2000). However, there was a high variability in germination of these species among plots and, as a consequence, the high probability of changing to other forest types observed in mixed forests of these pines (Fig. 5). The almost complete absence of P. nigra and P. sylvestris in the postfire scenarios can be attributed to very low seedling density after fire. They do not have serotinous cones, and their seeds are dispersed in late winter to spring (Skordilis and Thanos 1997). As most seeds have already germinated in late spring (A. Rodrigo, personal observation), they are burned as seedlings during summer fires, which are the most common in the Mediterranean region. In the case of P. pinea, its low presence after fire is not due to low seedling density (Table 2), but to high seedling mortality in the first years after fire. The probability that these forests may change toward states dominated by Quercus species or grasslands depends on topographical and/or management features that favor or hinder the establishment of Quercus individuals under the overstory of pines (Espelta et al. 1995, Broncano et al. 1998). The high stasis of the three Quercus species is due to their resprouting ability, although they show different strategies. Q. ilex and, to a lesser extent, Q. suber, produce a large number of resprouts per individual after fire (Espelta et al. 1999), which causes strong intraindividual competition and high mortality through time. On the other hand, Q. cerrioides produces fewer resprouts per individual (Espelta et al. 2003), but shows lower mortality than the former species. Stem density of the three species 30 years after fire was quite similar to the prefire situation with both resprouting strategies [...]

[] Overall, the results of this study suggest that the historical idea that direct regeneration of Mediterranean plant species to fire was a feedback mechanism protecting Mediterranean ecosystems from the continuous human impact during millennia should be regarded with care. Mediterranean forests may change considerably due to fire. By a similar reasoning, other recent works also show that posthurricane regeneration of tropical mangroves is more complex than direct regeneration models proposed for other tropical forests affected by hurricanes, and where regeneration is dominated by resprouting (Baldwin et al. 2001). Considering the high biodiversity of the Mediterranean Basin, which is one of the hotspots that should receive particular priority at a worldwide scale (Myers et al. 2000), the inability of postfire regeneration exhibited by some Mediterranean forests under the present fire regime might have important consequences of loss of biodiversity, not only of trees, but of many other plant and animal species affected by community-scale changes. This shows the need to reconsider management and restoration plans for Mediterranean species and ecosystems in response to fire, which should also include the real possibility that some species or communities do not recover from fire in the way that would be expected based on classical theory.},
  journal = {Ecology},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13797221,~to-add-doi-URL,disturbances,forest-fires,forest-resources,mediterranean-region,pinus-halepensis,pinus-nigra,pinus-pinaster,pinus-pinea,pinus-sylvestris,postfire-recovery,quercus-cerrioides,quercus-ilex,quercus-suber,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13797221},
  number = {3}
}

@article{woodwardGlobalClimateDistribution2004,
  title = {Global Climate and the Distribution of Plant Biomes},
  author = {Woodward, F. I. and Lomas, M. R. and Kelly, C. K.},
  year = {2004},
  month = oct,
  volume = {359},
  pages = {1465--1476},
  issn = {1471-2970},
  doi = {10.1098/rstb.2004.1525},
  abstract = {Biomes are areas of vegetation that are characterized by the same life-form. Traditional definitions of biomes have also included either geographical or climatic descriptors. This approach describes a wide range of biomes that can be correlated with characteristic climatic conditions, or climatic envelopes. The application of remote sensing technology to the frequent observation of biomes has led to a move away from the often subjective definition of biomes to one that is objective. Carefully characterized observations of life-form, by satellite, have been used to reconsider biome classification and their climatic envelopes. Five major tree biomes can be recognized by satellites based on leaf longevity and morphology: needleleaf evergreen, broadleaf evergreen, needleleaf deciduous, broadleaf cold deciduous and broadleaf drought deciduous. Observations indicate that broadleaf drought deciduous vegetation grades substantially into broadleaf evergreen vegetation. The needleleaf deciduous biome occurs in the world's coldest climates, where summer drought and therefore a drought deciduous biome are absent.

[\textbackslash n] Traditional biome definitions are quite static, implying no change in their life-form composition with time, within their particular climatic envelopes. However, this is not the case where there has been global ingress of grasslands and croplands into forested vegetation. The global spread of grasses, a new superbiome, was probably initiated 30-45 Myr ago by an increase in global aridity, and was driven by the natural spread of the disturbances of fire and animal grazing. These disturbances have been further extended over the Holocene era by human activities that have increased the land areas available for domestic animal grazing and for growing crops. The current situation is that grasses now occur in most, if not all biomes, and in many areas they dominate and define the biome. Croplands are also increasing, defining a new and relatively recent component to the grassland super-biome. In the case of both grassland and croplands, various forms of disturbance, particularly frequent disturbance, lead to continued range extensions of the biomes.

[Excerpt: Conclusions] Biomes have been defined traditionally by plant physiognomy and geographical distribution or climate. There has been a trend away from this non-observable biome type to one that is based on plant features that are wholly observable by remote sensing satellites. This offers the potential for objective classifications, although this may be difficult to achieve. The approach also offers a high frequency of repeat observations through the year, providing unrivalled large-scale measures of biome phenology and dynamics. Satellite observations, in addition to global fields of climate, indicate that there is only one biome with a unique climatic envelope: the deciduous needleleaf forest (figure 9). Although this biome escapes the cultivated biome there is clear overlap with C3 grassland, and also shrubs, which have not been considered here. The climatic envelope of the evergreen needleleaf forests overlaps with the cold deciduous broadleaf forests, and there is considerable overlap between the drought deciduous and evergreen broadleaf forests. In all of these cases, grassland and cultivated and managed land are also present at varying frequencies.

[\textbackslash n] The biome concept can be supported by obvious physiognomic and phenological differences, such as between evergreen and deciduous behaviour and between broadleaf and needleleaf structure. However, the climatic overlap between most of these major biomes suggests that longterm history and migration are crucial in underpinning the actual geographical locations. The historical perspective is further amplified when it is realized that grasses, which constitute the new super-biome, through their linkage with all forms of disturbance are slowly advancing on ancient forests, in addition to changing the climate en route (Hoffmann \& Jackson 2000). In bringing ecology and history together there is, therefore, a need for much greater emphasis on disturbance, in all its guises, and how it has impacted on land and biome history and phylogeny.},
  journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13966522,~to-add-doi-URL,biome,broadleaved,climate,conifers,deciduous,ecological-zones,evergreen,forest-resources,fuzzy,grasslands},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13966522},
  number = {1450}
}

@article{lawrencePoliticsPublication2003,
  title = {The Politics of Publication},
  author = {Lawrence, Peter A.},
  year = {2003},
  month = mar,
  volume = {422},
  pages = {259--261},
  issn = {0028-0836},
  doi = {10.1038/422259a},
  abstract = {Authors, reviewers and editors must act to protect the quality of research. Listen. All over the world scientists are fretting.

[Excerpt] The decision about publication of a paper is the result of interaction between authors, editors and reviewers. Scientists are increasingly desperate to publish in a few top journals and are wasting time and energy manipulating their manuscripts and courting editors. As a result, the objective presentation of work, the accessibility of articles and the quality of research itself are being compromised. [...]

[] Why has this happened? It is partly because, rather than assessing the research itself, those who distribute the money and positions now evaluate scientists by performance indicators (it is much easier to tot up some figures than to think seriously about what a person has achieved). Managers are stealing power from scientists and building an accountability culture that "aims at ever more perfect administrative control of institutional and professional life". The result is an "audit society", in which each indicator is invested with a specious accuracy and becomes an end in itself. [...]},
  journal = {Nature},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-2640839,~to-add-doi-URL,bias-correction,bias-toward-primacy-of-theory-over-reality,epistemology,publication-bias,publish-or-perish,research-funding,research-management,research-metrics,science-ethics},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-2640839},
  number = {6929}
}

@article{jerkovicVolatileCompoundsLeafbuds2003,
  title = {Volatile Compounds from Leaf-Buds of {{Populus}} Nigra {{L}}. ({{Salicaceae}})},
  author = {Jerkovi{\'c}, Igor and Masteli{\'c}, Josip},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {63},
  pages = {109--113},
  doi = {10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00706-9},
  abstract = {Volatile components from fresh and air-dried leaf-buds of Populus nigra L. (Salicaceae) were isolated by Likens-Nickerson apparatus and analyzed using GC/MS. Forty-eight components (ca. 95\,\% of the total isolate) were identified among black poplar bud volatiles. Sesquiterpene alcohols {$\beta$}-eudesmol and {$\alpha$}-eudesmol represented 26.3-28.7\,\% of the oil. Other major sesquiterpene compounds were {$\gamma$}-selinene (7.6-8.8\%), {$\delta$}-cadinene (7.8-8.6\%), {$\alpha$}-elemene (3.3-5.2\%) and {$\gamma$}-cadinene (3.9-4.2\%). Hemiterpenes were also identified (2.2-7.6\%). Monoterpenes were present in low percentages (1.6-5.7\%). Aliphatic and aromatic alcohols, carbonyl compounds and aliphatic acids were identified among non-terpene volatiles (9.8-13.5\%). The fresh buds contained 0.27\,\% and dried 0.12\,\% essential oil. Air-drying moderately effected the volatiles qualitative and quantitative composition.},
  journal = {Phytochemistry},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13526431,~to-add-doi-URL,black-poplar,forest-resources,gc-ms,gemmae-populi,populus-nigra,salicaceae,volatiles},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13526431},
  number = {1}
}

@article{andreevaAnalysisTrophicIndices2002,
  title = {Analysis of Trophic Indices in {{Gypsy}} Moth ({{Lymantria}} Dispar {{L}}.) Larvae from Two Geographic Populations},
  author = {Andreeva, E. M.},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {33},
  pages = {342--348},
  issn = {1608-3334},
  doi = {10.1023/a:1020269827577},
  abstract = {Specific features of larval feeding in two geographic populations of the gypsy moth are considered. It is shown that in larvae reared on an artificial diet, trophic indices depend on several factors, including the age and sex of larvae and the food plant on which the parental generation developed in nature. It is shown that larval micropopulations belonging to the same geographic population but feeding in nature on different plant species differ from each other to a greater extent than those of different geographic populations feeding on the same species.},
  journal = {Russian Journal of Ecology},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13779110,~to-add-doi-URL,betula-alba,betula-pendula,forest-pests,forest-resources,lymantria-dispar,quercus-robur,russia,salix-babylonica,salix-caprea},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13779110},
  number = {5}
}

Website  bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Ecological responses to recent climate change},
 type = {article},
 year = {2002},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 pages = {389-395},
 volume = {416},
 websites = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/416389a},
 id = {8df9a2db-99ef-3ba6-898e-d4e6c32695d8},
 created = {2011-02-22T18:00:53.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {c04350e2-ca59-3023-9537-35726b8dc7ec},
 group_id = {3addd0f7-d578-34d3-be80-24022cc062a1},
 last_modified = {2019-06-04T14:58:47.448Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Walther2002},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {M3: 10.1038/416389a; 10.1038/416389a<m:linebreak></m:linebreak>Journal Article},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Walther, G and Post, E and Convey, P and Menzel, A and Parmesan, C and Beebee, T J C and Fromentin, J and Hoegh-Guldberg, O and Bairlein, F and Anonymous, undefined},
 journal = {Nature},
 number = {6879}
}

@article{johnsonAssociationCedarDecline2002,
  title = {Association between Cedar Decline and Hillslope Stability in Mountainous Regions of Southeast {{Alaska}}},
  author = {Johnson, A. C. and Wilcock, P.},
  year = {2002},
  month = jul,
  volume = {46},
  pages = {129--142},
  issn = {0169-555X},
  doi = {10.1016/s0169-555x(02)00059-4},
  abstract = {Old-growth forests experiencing widespread decline of yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) in southeast Alaska have a 3.8-fold increase in the frequency of landslides. We report here on an investigation of the cause of this increased slope instability. Time since death of cedar was assessed using surveys around landslide sites. Root decay on dead trees was used to estimate the decline in the apparent soil strength provided by roots. Changes in soil hydrology were measured with 120 piezometers located in areas of healthy cedar, healthy spruce/hemlock, and sites with cedar decline. Relative influences on slope stability by changes in soil moisture and root strength were evaluated with a simple stability model. At most sites, soil depth is {$<$}0.7 m, and the loss of root strength has an important and possibly dominant influence on slope instability. In soils deeper than 1 m, changes in pore pressure have a proportionately larger influence on slope stability. Landslides appear most likely when cedar decline reaches snag class IV (approximately 50 years after tree death), when most of the cedar root strength is lost and root strength from secondary growth has yet to develop.

[Excerpt: Conclusion]

Cedar decline in SE Alaska may contribute to increased frequency in landsliding through an increase in soil saturation or through the loss of soil strength as roots decay. Observations of peak water table heights in 90 peizometers suggest that peak saturation levels on steep hillslopes do not differ significantly among areas of cedar decline and healthy cedar or spruce/hemlock forests. Although cedar-decline sites are not generally more saturated than surrounding '' healthy'' forests, cedar-decline roots within shallower soils ({$<$}0.7 m) tend to remain saturated longer than roots in healthy cedar sites. Preliminary data suggest that some cedar-decline sites, with smaller contributing areas, may obtain levels of saturation found at healthy forest sites with larger contributing drainage areas. In addition, since anecdotal field observations indicate that declining cedar trees tend not to grow on elevated substrate located within areas of periodic blowdown, their roots may be exposed to higher levels of soil saturation and lower nutrient availability than roots within healthy forests of cedar and spruce/hemlock.

[\textbackslash n] A survey of root deterioration indicates that 70\,\% to 90\,\% of roots with diameters up to 30 mm are decayed when cedar decline reaches snag class II and that most of the root mass has decayed when decline reaches snag class IV. Because the abundance of understory vegetation is likely to increase at cedar-decline snag class V, we speculate that the minimum root strength available to resist landslides may occur at snag class IV. This supposition is supported by more landslides occurring in areas where the majority of snags are cedar-decline class IV.

[\textbackslash n] Model results indicate that the stability of shallow soils at the Prince of Wales and Mitkof sites was influenced more by root deterioration than by soil saturation. In the Baranof area, where deep deposits of volcanic ash were common, slope stability appeared to be reduced more by elevated pore pressure than by loss of cohesion due to root strength. Because the majority of soils in steep, headwater regions of the Tongass National Forest are not formed on deep soils of volcanic ash, but rather on slopes with shallow soils, root cohesion may be a major factor contributing to landslide initiation in areas of cedar decline. In addition, where forests are clearcut, the loss of root cohesion in shallow soils on steep slopes may have pronounced influence on reduced hillslope stability.},
  journal = {Geomorphology},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13682103,~to-add-doi-URL,alaska,chamaecyparis-nootkatensis,clear-cutting,forest-resources,landslides,root-deterioration,soil-resources},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13682103},
  number = {1-2}
}

@article{scortichiniBacteriaAssociatedHazelnut2002,
  title = {Bacteria Associated with Hazelnut ({{Corylus}} Avellana {{L}}.) Decline Are of Two Groups: {{Pseudomonas}} Avellanae and Strains Resembling {{P}}. Syringae Pv. Syringae},
  author = {Scortichini, Marco and Marchesi, Ugo and Rossi, Maria P. and Di Prospero, Paola},
  year = {2002},
  month = feb,
  volume = {68},
  pages = {476--484},
  issn = {1098-5336},
  doi = {10.1128/aem.68.2.476-484.2002},
  abstract = {A total of 118 fluorescent pseudomonads associated with hazelnut decline, which has been occurring for many years in different areas of northern Greece and Italy, were assessed by performing a repetitive PCR analysis with enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus, box element, and repetive extragenic palindromic primer sets, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of whole-cell protein extracts, a carbon compound utilization analysis, and an analysis to determine the presence of the syrB gene. A subset of 53 strains was also characterized by amplified 16S ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) by using nine restriction endonucleases. The virulence of 40 representative strains was assessed by using serial doses. The pathogenic specificities of the strains were also verified. ARDRA carried out with HinfI revealed two main groups of strains, groups A and B, which exhibited a level of similarity of 57\,\%. The other eight restriction endonucleases used did not separate the strains. In addition, a cluster analysis performed by the unweighted pair group method using arithmetic averages after repetitive PCR and SDS-PAGE of protein extracts also revealed the same two groups. Furthermore, the differential utilization of some carbon compounds made it possible to differentiate the groups. Virulence assessment clearly indicated that the group A strains are very virulent, whereas the group B strains proved to be mildly virulent for hazelnut. Group A included the strains isolated in northern Greece and central Italy (i.e., the province of Viterbo); these strains do not have the syrB gene, are pathogenically restricted to Corylus avellana, and belong to Pseudomonas avellanae. Group B includes the other strains obtained from hazelnut cultivated in Piedmont, Campania, Latium, Sicily, and Sardinia. They represent a distinct taxon closely related to Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae.},
  journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13527719,~to-add-doi-URL,corylus-avellana,forest-pests,forest-resources,pseudomonas-avellanae,pseudomonas-spp,pseudomonas-syringae},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13527719},
  number = {2}
}

@article{dahlbergPostfireLegacyEctomycorrhizal2001,
  title = {Post-Fire Legacy of Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Communities in the {{Swedish}} Boreal Forest in Relation to Fire Severity and Logging Intensity},
  author = {Dahlberg, Anders and Schimmel, Johnny and Taylor, Andy F. S. and Johannesson, Hanna},
  year = {2001},
  month = aug,
  volume = {100},
  pages = {151--161},
  issn = {0006-3207},
  doi = {10.1016/s0006-3207(00)00230-5},
  abstract = {Swedish foresters are placing increasing reliance in burning of forestland and green tree retention, in order to enhance biodiversity in the Swedish boreal forests. However, much remains to be learned about how to optimise nature conservation goals by different logging and burning procedures. We monitored the survival of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi as mycorrhizas, at a clear-cut, a seed tree stand and an uncut stand of Scots pine in central Sweden, with and without burning at two levels of fire severity. The abundance of mycorrhizas and the EM fungal diversity declined with increased logging intensity and with increased depth of burn. Deep burning fires in combination with logging or fire-caused tree mortality can kill much of the existing EM community. Logging intensity, fire intensity and fire severity are all factors that can be manipulated, thus changing the effects on EM fungi and other soil biota.},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14074696,~to-add-doi-URL,boreal-forests,disasters,fire-severity,forest-fires,forest-management,forest-resources,logging,mycorrhizal-fungi,sweden,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14074696},
  number = {2}
}

@article{wilsonTaxinesReviewMechanism2001,
  title = {Taxines: A Review of the Mechanism and Toxicity of Yew ({{Taxus}} Spp.) Alkaloids},
  author = {Wilson, Christina R. and Sauer, John-Michael and Hooser, Stephen B.},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {39},
  pages = {175--185},
  doi = {10.1016/S0041-0101(00)00146-X},
  abstract = {This literature review summarizes relevant information and recent progress regarding the scientific investigations of taxine alkaloids. Taxines are the active, poisonous constituents in yew plants (Taxus spp.) and have been implicated in animal and human poisonings. Several taxine alkaloids have been isolated and characterized through the use of high performance liquid chromatography, mass spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance. Recently, as a result of electrophysiological investigations, significant progress has been made with regard to their pharmacological and toxicological mechanisms of action. Current investigations suggest that their chief action is on cardiac myocytes resulting in heart failure and death in instances of animal and human poisoning.},
  journal = {Toxicon},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13498897,~to-add-doi-URL,animal,common-name-yew,forest-resources,human-health,physiology,review,taxine,taxus-spp,toxicity},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13498897},
  number = {2-3}
}

@article{inouyeEcologicalEvolutionarySignificance2000,
  title = {The Ecological and Evolutionary Significance of Frost in the Context of Climate Change},
  author = {Inouye, D. W.},
  year = {2000},
  month = sep,
  volume = {3},
  pages = {457--463},
  issn = {1461-023X},
  doi = {10.1046/j.1461-0248.2000.00165.x},
  abstract = {The effects that below-freezing temperature (frost) can have at times of year when it is unusual are an interesting ecological phenomenon that has received little attention. The physiological consequence of formation of ice crystals in plant tissue is often death of the plants, or at least of sensitive parts that can include flower buds, ovaries, and leaves. The loss of potential for sexual reproduction can have long-lasting effects on the demography of annuals and long-lived perennials, because the short-term negative effects of frosts can result in longer-term benefits through lowered populations of seed predators. The loss of host plants can have dramatic consequences for herbivores, even causing local extinctions, and the loss of just flowers can also affect populations of seed predators and their parasitoids. Frosts can cause local extinctions and influence the geographical distribution of some species. The potential for global climate change to influence the frequency and distribution of frost events is uncertain, but it seems likely that they may become more frequent in some areas and less frequent in others.},
  journal = {Ecology Letters},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-2812147,~to-add-doi-URL,climate-change,frost-damage},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-2812147},
  number = {5}
}

@article{powersPlantpestInteractionsTime1999,
  title = {Plant-Pest Interactions in Time and Space: A {{Douglas}}-Fir Bark Beetle Outbreak as a Case Study},
  author = {Powers, Jennifer S. and Sollins, Phillip and Harmon, Mark E. and Jones, JuliaA},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {105--120},
  issn = {1572-9761},
  doi = {10.1023/A:1008017711917},
  abstract = {A conceptual model of Douglas-fir bark beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae) dynamics and associated host tree mortality across multiple spatial and temporal scales was developed, then used to guide a study of the association between the occurrence of beetle- killed trees and factors that might render trees more susceptible to attack. Long-term records of beetle kill showed that beetle epidemics were associated with windstorms and drought at statewide and local spatial scales. At the landscape scale, beetle kill was associated with (i) portions of the landscape that were potentially drier (southern aspects, lower elevations) and (ii) portions of the landscape that had more mature and old-growth conifer vegetation. The patches of beetle-killed trees were aggregated with respect to other patches at scales of approximately 1 and 4 km. At the scale of the individual tree, there was not a strong relationship between beetle kill and resistance to attack measured by tree growth rate prior to attack. Our results show that landscape-scale phenomena and temporal patterns were more strongly correlated with beetle-kill events than was recent growth history at the scale of individual trees. We suggest that the multi-scale approach we employed is useful for elucidating the relative roles of fine- versus coarse-scale constraints on ecological processes.},
  journal = {Landscape Ecology},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14074284,~to-add-doi-URL,dendroctonus-pseudotsugae,elevation,forest-pests,forest-resources,outbreaks,pseudotsuga-menziesii,solar-radiation,topography},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14074284},
  number = {2}
}

@article{calvoPostfireSuccessionTwo1999,
  title = {Post-Fire Succession in Two {{Quercus}} Pyrenaica Communities with Different Disturbance Histories},
  author = {Calvo, Leonor and T{\'a}rrega, Reyes and {de Luis}, Estanislao},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {56},
  pages = {441--447},
  issn = {0003-4312},
  doi = {10.1051/forest:19990508},
  abstract = {Quercus pyrenaica is a widely distributed oak species in the Iberian Peninsula which has been subjected to drastic disturbances, such as fire, leading to a significant decrease in its cover. The main objective of this study was to carry out a comparative analysis of the post-fire regeneration of two Quercus pyrenaica ecosystems. Prior to being burned by a wildfire at the end of the summer in 1985, the first ecosystem presented a developed tree layer, whereas the second one was in a shrub layer stage. In each ecosystem a permanent plot was established and sampled for a period of 6 years after the disturbance. Colonisation rates of different biological types were estimated, as well as the structural parameters defining the community: species diversity, richness and evenness. These results allowed us to determine a post-fire successional model for these ecosystems. Post-fire species composition of the two sites was similar, but abundance of particular species varied as a function of pre-fire abundance},
  journal = {Annals of Forest Science},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13559308,~to-add-doi-URL,disturbances,forest-resources,forest-succession,post-fire-management,quercus-pyrenaica},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13559308},
  number = {5}
}

@book{hajerPoliticsEnvironmentalDiscourse1997,
  title = {The Politics of Environmental Discourse: Ecological Modernization and the Policy Process},
  author = {Hajer, Maarten A.},
  year = {1997},
  month = sep,
  publisher = {{Oxford University Press}},
  doi = {10.1093/019829333x.001.0001},
  abstract = {The book identifies the emergence and increasing political importance of 'ecological modernization' as a new language in environmental politics. In this conceptual language, environmental management appears as a 'positive sum game'. Combining social theory with detailed empirical analysis, the book illustrates the social and political dynamics of ecological modernization through a study of the acid rain controversies in Great Britain and the Netherlands. The book concludes with a reflection on the institutional challenge of environmental politics in the years to come. The book is not only seen as a 'modern classic' in the literature on environmental politics but is also renowned for its application of discourse analysis to the study of the policy process.},
  isbn = {978-0-19-829333-0},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14257290,~to-add-doi-URL,acid-rain,discourse-analysis,ecological-modernization,environmental-management,environmental-policy,environmental-politics,great-britain,high-impact-publication,institutional-change,netherlands,risk-society},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14257290}
}

@article{kondolfPROFILEHungryWater1997,
  title = {{{PROFILE}} - {{Hungry}} Water: Effects of Dams and Gravel Mining on River Channels},
  author = {Kondolf, G. Mathias},
  year = {1997},
  month = jul,
  volume = {21},
  pages = {533--551},
  issn = {0364-152X},
  doi = {10.1007/s002679900048},
  abstract = {Rivers transport sediment from eroding uplands to depositional areas near sea level. If the continuity of sediment transport is interrupted by dams or removal of sediment from the channel by gravel mining, the flow may become sediment-starved (hungry water) and prone to erode the channel bed and banks, producing channel incision (downcutting), coarsening of bed material, and loss of spawning gravels for salmon and trout (as smaller gravels are transported without replacement from upstream). Gravel is artificially added to the River Rhine to prevent further incision and to many other rivers in attempts to restore spawning habitat. It is possible to pass incoming sediment through some small reservoirs, thereby maintaining the continuity of sediment transport through the system. Damming and mining have reduced sediment delivery from rivers to many coastal areas, leading to accelerated beach erosion. Sand and gravel are mined for construction aggregate from river channel and floodplains. In-channel mining commonly causes incision, which may propagate up- and downstream of the mine, undermining bridges, inducing channel instability, and lowering alluvial water tables. Floodplain gravel pits have the potential to become wildlife habitat upon reclamation, but may be captured by the active channel and thereby become instream pits. Management of sand and gravel in rivers must be done on a regional basis, restoring the continuity of sediment transport where possible and encouraging alternatives to river-derived aggregate sources.},
  journal = {Environmental Management},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-10427605,~to-add-doi-URL,erosion,integrated-water-resources-management,river-flow,sediment-flushing,sediment-transport,soil-erosion,soil-resources,water-reservoir-management,water-resources},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-10427605},
  number = {4}
}

@article{vanniniImpactDroughtHypoxylon1996,
  title = {Impact of Drought and {{Hypoxylon}} Mediterraneum on Oak Decline in the {{Mediterranean}} Region},
  author = {Vannini, A. and Valentini, R. and Luisi, N.},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {53},
  pages = {753--760},
  issn = {0003-4312},
  doi = {10.1051/forest:19960251},
  abstract = {An association was evidenced in the last decade among changes in species composition, changes in rainfall distribution and incidence of stress-induced pathogens, such as Hypoxylon mediterraneum, in old oak coppices in central and southern Italy. Quercus cerris and Q frainetto were more affected by decline than Q pubescens following periods of summer drought. The role of H mediterraneum on drought-susceptible species was relevant by increasing their mortality. According to our results, changes in rainfall distribution and secondary biotic stress factors, such as H mediterraneum, seem to act as factors of balance by restablishing the original forest composition existing before the selective pressure of coppice managment.},
  journal = {Annales des Sciences Foresti\`eres},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13595142,~to-add-doi-URL,decline,droughts,hypoxylon-mediterraneum,quercus-spp,vegetation-changes},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13595142},
  number = {2-3}
}

@article{kullmanEcologicalStatusGrey1992,
  title = {The Ecological Status of Grey Alder ({{Alnus}} Incana ({{L}}.) {{Moench}}) in the Upper Subalpine Birch Forest of the Central {{Scandes}}},
  author = {Kullman, Leif},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {120},
  pages = {445--451},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.1992.tb01085.x},
  abstract = {Elevational distribution, site characteristics and regeneration patterns of grey alder [Alnus incana (L.) Moench] have been studied in subalpine forest of the southern Swedish Scandes, mainly as a basis for paleoecological inferences. Alder occurs very sparsely in the mountain birch forest and is strictly confined to sites with fresh finegrained soils with an insignificant mor humus layer. It frequently grows in close association with moving water (inundation in the spring). The potential climatic tree-limit is inferred to appear about 30 m below that of mountain birch. Within a more than 200 m broad vertical zone below the tree-limit, sexual reproduction does not take place at the present. Conceivably, the alders here are old relicts from a warmer period in the past. In contrast to other tree species, the range-limit did not advance altitudinally in response to the 20th century warming (up to the 1930s/1940s) and a non-equilibrium relationship with climate is hypothesized to have developed after the maximum range extension in the early- or mid-Holocene. The virtual extinction of alder in the upper subalpine forest during the late Holocene is understandable in terms of pronounced thermophily of generative life-cycle stages and a narrow range of soil preference. Both these properties are acting regressively on reproductive success as a consequence of climatic cooling and long-term soil deterioration.},
  journal = {New Phytologist},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13621138,~to-add-doi-URL,alnus-incana,alnus-spp,autoecology,characteristics,history,regeneration,tree-limit,vegetation},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13621138},
  number = {3}
}

@article{ehrlichBiodiversityStudiesScience1991,
  title = {Biodiversity Studies: Science and Policy},
  author = {Ehrlich, Paul R. and Wilson, Edward O.},
  year = {1991},
  month = aug,
  volume = {253},
  pages = {758--762},
  issn = {0036-8075},
  doi = {10.1126/science.253.5021.758},
  abstract = {Biodiversity studies comprise the systematic examination of the full array of different kinds of organisms together with the technology by which the diversity can be maintained and used for the benefit of humanity. Current basic research at the species level focuses on the process of species formation, the standing levels of species numbers in various higher taxonomic categories, and the phenomena of hyperdiversity and extinction proneness. The major practical concern is the massive extinction rate now caused by human activity, which threatens losses in the esthetic quality of the world, in economic opportunity, and in vital ecosystem services.},
  journal = {Science},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13908742,~to-add-doi-URL,biodiversity,ecosystem-services,precursor-research,science-policy-interface},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13908742},
  number = {5021}
}

@article{baileyExplanatorySupplementEcoregions1989,
  title = {Explanatory Supplement to Ecoregions Map of the Continents},
  author = {Bailey, Robert G.},
  year = {1989},
  month = dec,
  volume = {16},
  pages = {307--309},
  issn = {1469-4387},
  doi = {10.1017/s0376892900009711},
  abstract = {This explanatory note is intended to accompany the map included in this issue. The map is on a scale of 1:30,000,000 (1 cm = 300 km) and shows regional-scale 'ecosystem' units, or ecoregions, differentiated according to a scheme modified from J.M. Crowley (1967), and using climate and vegetation as indicators of the extent of each unit. The units are similar in concept to 'ecobiomes' as proposed by Polunin (1984). The map was developed following a proposal by Bailey \& Hogg (1986) to supplement the Udvardy (1975) system of biogeographical provinces with a treatment of higher resolution. Three levels or categories of this hierarchy are shown. Of these the broadest, domains, and within them divisions, are based largely on the broad ecological climate zones following the Koppen system as modified by Trewartha (1968), and summarized in our Tables I and II. Climate is emphasized at the broadest levels because of its overriding effect on the composition and productivity of ecosystems etc. from region to region.},
  journal = {Environmental Conservation},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13966565,~to-add-doi-URL,classification,ecological-zones,global-scale},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13966565}
}

@article{herreraPrunusMahalebBirds1981,
  title = {Prunus Mahaleb and Birds: The High-efficiency Seed Dispersal System of a Temperate Fruiting Tree},
  author = {Herrera, Carlos M. and Jordano, Pedro},
  year = {1981},
  month = jun,
  volume = {51},
  pages = {203--218},
  issn = {0012-9615},
  doi = {10.2307/2937263},
  abstract = {Seed dispersal of Prunus mahaleb (Rosaceae), a tree producing large fruit crops, was studied in southeastern Spain to establish the degree of reciprocal dependence between the plant and the birds which disperse it. P. mahaleb drupes contain a relatively large seed (pulp: stone ratio 0.62). The water content of pulp is 82.9\,\% and dry flesh contains 3.2\,\% crude fat and 2.8\,\% crude protein, being largely made up of carbohydrates. Four bird species were the main seed dispersers. Visitation rates, feeding efficiency, and degree of dependence on P. mahaleb fruits for food varied substantially among species. Turdus merula and Sylvia atricapilla showed the highest visitation rates, were behaviorally the most efficient, removed the bulk of seeds and, after feeding, tended to fly preferentially towards the apparently safest sites for growth and survival of saplings. They were also most heavily dependent on P. mahaleb fruits for food, whereas the other disperser species relied largely on insects. Individual plant location and dispersers' habitat preferences produced a differential seeding pattern over the patchy habitat surrounding study trees. The "key" dispersers T. merula and S. atricapilla are specialized frugivores, efficiently dispersing seeds of a plant producing large numbers of extremely low -- reward fruits. These results conflict with theoretical expectations and suggest that both the nature of the correlation between bird -- and plant -- related coevolutionary gradients and their amplitudes, as well as the nature of bird -- plant coevolutionary interactions, may differ between tropical and temperate habitats.},
  journal = {Ecological Monographs},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13578740,~to-add-doi-URL,forest-resources,prunus-malaheb,seed-dispersal,species-dispersal,species-ecology},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13578740},
  number = {2}
}

@article{fienbergSimultaneousEstimationMultinomial1973,
  title = {Simultaneous Estimation of Multinomial Cell Probabilities},
  author = {Fienberg, Stephen E. and Holland, Paul W.},
  year = {1973},
  month = sep,
  volume = {68},
  pages = {683--691},
  issn = {1537-274X},
  doi = {10.1080/01621459.1973.10481405},
  abstract = {A new estimator, p*, of the multinomial parameter vector is proposed, and it is shown to be a better choice in most situations than the usual estimator, (the vector of observed proportions). The risk functions (expected squared-error loss) of these two estimators are examined in three ways using: (a) exact calculations, (b) standard asymptotic theory, and (c) a novel asymptotic framework in which the number of cells is large and the number of observations per cell is moderate. The general superiority of p* over in large sparse multinomials is thus revealed. The novel asymptotic framework may also provide insight in other multinomial problems.},
  journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14064644,~to-add-doi-URL,bias-correction,confusion-matrix,presence-absence,statistics},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14064644},
  number = {343}
}

@book{groomTreesTheirLife1909,
  title = {Trees and Their Life Histories - {{Illustrated}} from Photographs by {{Henry Irving}}},
  author = {Groom, Percy},
  year = {1909},
  publisher = {{Cassell}},
  address = {{London}},
  doi = {10.5962/bhl.title.45093},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13496539,~to-add-doi-URL,botany,featured-publication,free-access-book,tree-species},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13496539}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{soderbergRisingPolicyConflicts2013,
  title = {Rising Policy Conflicts in {{Europe}} over Bioenergy and Forestry},
  author = {Söderberg, Charlotta and Eckerberg, Katarina},
  date = {2013-08},
  journaltitle = {Forest Policy and Economics},
  volume = {33},
  pages = {112--119},
  issn = {1389-9341},
  doi = {10.1016/j.forpol.2012.09.015},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2012.09.015},
  abstract = {[Highlights]

[::] EU Bioenergy policy cuts across forest, agriculture, energy and transport sectors. [::] Increased pressure on forest biomass risks putting EU in a wood-deficit situation. [::] Bioenergy conflicts regard land use, biodiversity, climate and sustainability. [::] Conflicts on environmental consequences from bioenergy policy are reconcilable. [::] Conflicts on globally shared rights and responsibilities are not easily reconciled.

[Abstract] Growing concerns over emissions of green-house gases causing climate change as well as energy security concerns have spurred the interest in bioenergy production pushed by EU targets to fulfil the goal of 20~per cent renewable energy in 2020, as well as the goal of 10~per cent renewable fuels in transport by 2020. Increased bioenergy production is also seen to have political and economic benefits for rural areas and farming regions in Europe and in the developing world. There are, however, conflicting views on the potential benefits of large scale bioenergy production, and recent debates have also drawn attention to a range of environmental and socio-economic issues that may arise in this respect. One of these challenges will be that of accommodating forest uses - including wood for energy, and resulting intensification of forest management - with biodiversity protection in order to meet EU policy goals. We note that the use of biomass and biofuels spans over several economic sector policy areas, which calls for assessing and integrating environmental concerns across forest, agriculture, energy and transport sectors. In this paper, we employ frame analysis to identify the arguments for promoting bioenergy and assess the potential policy conflicts in the relevant sectors, through the analytical lens of environmental policy integration. We conclude that while there is considerable leverage of environmental arguments in favour of bioenergy in the studied economic sectors, and potential synergies with other policy goals, environmental interest groups remain sceptical to just how bioenergy is currently being promoted. There is a highly polarised debate particularly relating to biofuel production. Based on our analysis, we discuss the potential for how those issues could be reconciled drawing on the frame conflict theory, distinguishing between policy disagreements and policy controversies.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-11738844,~to-add-doi-URL,bioenergy,biomass,europe,forest-resources,ghg,science-policy-interface,uncertainty}
}