@book{directorate-general_for_energy________________________________________european_commission_financial_2024,
	title = {Financial instruments and models for energy production: investors dialogue on energy},
	isbn = {978-92-68-10993-9},
	shorttitle = {Financial instruments and models for energy production},
	url = {https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2833/755918},
	abstract = {Member States will need to ramp up financing in order to meet the EU renewable energy production targets. Under the REPowerEU Plan the headline 2030 target for renewables at the EU level has increased from 40\% to 45\%1 to cut Europe’s energy dependency on Russian gas well before 2030. Despite renewable energy becoming more and more cost competitive in many countries, renewable energy investments face a series of barriers. Some barriers derive from sub-optimal market conditions (e.g., access to capital, cost of capital), while others from the nature of renewable investments (e.g., availability of grid connection) and from the current framework that governs the energy market (e.g., complex and long permitting process, lack of supportive regulatory framework). Current geopolitical rifts act as an additional barrier to investment and raise concerns about supply chains to further increase renewable energy capacities in the EU. Up to 80\% of EU’s energy needs are dependent on imports. This is why the focus on investment policies/ financial instruments must widen to include entire RES supply chains and, ideally, support the growth of production capacities in the EU. For this to happen, a conducive investment framework, that considers fluctuating energy prices within the EU, is essential. Different clean energy production technologies have different financing needs, depending on their maturity and the barriers to investment they face. For emerging technologies, such as renewable hydrogen, availability and access to finance remain a key risk beside their inherent technology risks. Grants remain important for earlier stages of development. For mature and transition technologies, regulatory and policy risk as well as administrative barriers are key, next to grid, technology and infrastructure risks and demand side risks (off-takers). Financial instruments can address some of the barriers to investment, which slow down the decarbonisation of the EU energy sector. Through a range of instruments available at the EU and Member State level, policy makers and investors can overcome some of the obstacles making clean energy projects, particularly innovative ones, too risky for the private sector alone. The presence of non-financial barriers affecting energy production investments requires additional measures beyond financial instruments to create a truly enabling environment for energy investments.},
	language = {eng},
	urldate = {2024-09-19},
	publisher = {Publications Office of the European Union},
	author = {{Directorate-General for Energy
                
                        (European Commission)}},
	year = {2024},
	keywords = {EU energy policy, Energy, clean technology, energy demand, energy production, financial instrument, investment, price of energy, reduction of gas emissions, renewable energy, risk management},
}

Member States will need to ramp up financing in order to meet the EU renewable energy production targets. Under the REPowerEU Plan the headline 2030 target for renewables at the EU level has increased from 40% to 45%1 to cut Europe’s energy dependency on Russian gas well before 2030. Despite renewable energy becoming more and more cost competitive in many countries, renewable energy investments face a series of barriers. Some barriers derive from sub-optimal market conditions (e.g., access to capital, cost of capital), while others from the nature of renewable investments (e.g., availability of grid connection) and from the current framework that governs the energy market (e.g., complex and long permitting process, lack of supportive regulatory framework). Current geopolitical rifts act as an additional barrier to investment and raise concerns about supply chains to further increase renewable energy capacities in the EU. Up to 80% of EU’s energy needs are dependent on imports. This is why the focus on investment policies/ financial instruments must widen to include entire RES supply chains and, ideally, support the growth of production capacities in the EU. For this to happen, a conducive investment framework, that considers fluctuating energy prices within the EU, is essential. Different clean energy production technologies have different financing needs, depending on their maturity and the barriers to investment they face. For emerging technologies, such as renewable hydrogen, availability and access to finance remain a key risk beside their inherent technology risks. Grants remain important for earlier stages of development. For mature and transition technologies, regulatory and policy risk as well as administrative barriers are key, next to grid, technology and infrastructure risks and demand side risks (off-takers). Financial instruments can address some of the barriers to investment, which slow down the decarbonisation of the EU energy sector. Through a range of instruments available at the EU and Member State level, policy makers and investors can overcome some of the obstacles making clean energy projects, particularly innovative ones, too risky for the private sector alone. The presence of non-financial barriers affecting energy production investments requires additional measures beyond financial instruments to create a truly enabling environment for energy investments.

@misc{conforto_eu-27_2024,
	title = {{EU}-27 {Country} {Mapping} of {Financing} {Schemes} to decarbonize {Buildings}, {Heating} and {Cooling}},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/records/13332217},
	doi = {10.5281/zenodo.13332217},
	abstract = {This dataset contains the mapping of all public and private financing instruments currently available to support the decarbonization of the building stock. The mapping is divided in two sheets: Public Schemes and Private Schemes. Each scheme is classified per country, level (European, National, Regional, Local), Name in English and in local language, sectors (Y= directly covered, (Y)= indirectly covered, that is not explicitely mentioned, butreasoably applicable, blank= not covered), type of instrument, main and additional links, a short description and the last time the page was visited. Additional socio-economic, climate and enegy indicators and a correlation matrix are provided.},
	language = {eng},
	urldate = {2024-08-23},
	publisher = {Zenodo},
	author = {Conforto, Giulia and Hummel, Marcus},
	month = aug,
	year = {2024},
	keywords = {DHC, buildings, cooling, credit, decarbonization, financing schemes, geothermal, heating, incentives, loans, subsidies},
}

This dataset contains the mapping of all public and private financing instruments currently available to support the decarbonization of the building stock. The mapping is divided in two sheets: Public Schemes and Private Schemes. Each scheme is classified per country, level (European, National, Regional, Local), Name in English and in local language, sectors (Y= directly covered, (Y)= indirectly covered, that is not explicitely mentioned, butreasoably applicable, blank= not covered), type of instrument, main and additional links, a short description and the last time the page was visited. Additional socio-economic, climate and enegy indicators and a correlation matrix are provided.

@article{beardsmore_review_2024,
	title = {A review of hot sedimentary aquifer geothermal resources in {Australia}},
	issn = {0028-8306, 1175-8791},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00288306.2024.2374065},
	doi = {10.1080/00288306.2024.2374065},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-07-24},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics},
	author = {Beardsmore, Graeme R.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {1--21},
}

@book{directorate-general_for_energy________________________________________european_commission_financial_2024,
	title = {Financial instruments and models for heating and cooling: investors dialogue on energy},
	isbn = {978-92-68-10996-0},
	shorttitle = {Financial instruments and models for heating and cooling},
	url = {https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2833/654652},
	abstract = {The “Study on current energy sector investment instruments and schemes” in the Heating \& Cooling (H\&C) sector in the EU has been carried out as part of the Investors Dialogue on Energy – an initiative launched by the European Commission, DG ENER in 2022 as a multi-stakeholder platform bringing together experts from energy and finance sectors in all EU countries to assess and upgrade financing schemes to mobilise financing in the context of the European Green Deal and REPowerEU. This study focuses on the heating and cooling sector and is the fourth of a series of studies which cover energy production, transmission and distribution, energy storage, and services and prosumers. The study has been prepared on the basis of research carried out in 2022 and beginning of 2023 and incorporates data collected via desk research and interviews, as well as feedback from stakeholders participating in the discussions of Working Group 4 of the Investors Dialogue for Energy, which focuses on heating and cooling.},
	language = {eng},
	urldate = {2024-07-08},
	publisher = {Publications Office of the European Union},
	author = {{Directorate-General for Energy
                
                        (European Commission)}},
	year = {2024},
	keywords = {EU energy policy, Energy, clean technology, energy demand, energy production, financial instrument, heating, investment, price of energy, reduction of gas emissions, renewable energy, risk management},
}

The “Study on current energy sector investment instruments and schemes” in the Heating & Cooling (H&C) sector in the EU has been carried out as part of the Investors Dialogue on Energy – an initiative launched by the European Commission, DG ENER in 2022 as a multi-stakeholder platform bringing together experts from energy and finance sectors in all EU countries to assess and upgrade financing schemes to mobilise financing in the context of the European Green Deal and REPowerEU. This study focuses on the heating and cooling sector and is the fourth of a series of studies which cover energy production, transmission and distribution, energy storage, and services and prosumers. The study has been prepared on the basis of research carried out in 2022 and beginning of 2023 and incorporates data collected via desk research and interviews, as well as feedback from stakeholders participating in the discussions of Working Group 4 of the Investors Dialogue for Energy, which focuses on heating and cooling.

@misc{noauthor_we_2024,
	title = {“{We} are testing the deferred payment energy performance market”, {Serge} {Grouard}, {Mayor} of {Orléans}},
	url = {https://euro.dayfr.com/local/2367967.html},
	abstract = {What are the characteristics of the project which was approved on May 23 by the Orléans city council? Serge Grouard: We are going to award a global energy performance contract with deferred payment (MGPE-PD) over ten years relating to the energy renovation of the Nécotin school group, which brings together an elementary school and a […]...},
	language = {en-us},
	urldate = {2024-07-08},
	journal = {DayFR Euro},
	month = jun,
	year = {2024},
	note = {Section: Local},
}

What are the characteristics of the project which was approved on May 23 by the Orléans city council? Serge Grouard: We are going to award a global energy performance contract with deferred payment (MGPE-PD) over ten years relating to the energy renovation of the Nécotin school group, which brings together an elementary school and a […]...

@article{moniteur_hauts--seine_2024,
	title = {Hauts-de-{Seine} : création de {GéoSud} 92},
	shorttitle = {Hauts-de-{Seine}},
	url = {https://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/hauts-de-seine-creation-de-geosud-92.2329093},
	abstract = {...-Brèves en régions},
	language = {fr},
	urldate = {2024-07-08},
	author = {Moniteur, Le},
	month = may,
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: www.lemoniteur.fr},
}

...-Brèves en régions

@article{billerbeck_perception_2024,
	title = {Perception of district heating in {Europe}: {A} deep dive into influencing factors and the role of regulation},
	volume = {184},
	issn = {0301-4215},
	shorttitle = {Perception of district heating in {Europe}},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421523004457},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113860},
	abstract = {To increase the deployment of district heating in line with European targets, there is a need to understand consumer perceptions and the role of regulations. Therefore, this paper focuses on consumer perceptions of district heating and analyses the influencing factors. The analysis uses data from an online survey with 4388 participants from nine European countries. In particular, the paper discusses the impact of socio-demographic factors, attitudes and regulations on the perception of district heating. Statistical analyses show that respondents from Denmark and Sweden have the most positive perception, while respondents from Lithuania and the Netherlands have a less positive perception of district heating. In addition, the results indicate that respondents from countries with no mandatory connection, liberalised price regulation and mainly public ownership seem to have a more positive perception of district heating, higher satisfaction when using district heating and a more positive rating of their heating price than those from countries with mandatory connection, regulated prices and a more mixed ownership structure. Overall, the paper provides a first overview of possible factors influencing the perception of district heating and indicates that the mix of appropriate regulations and, in particular, their combined impact, could play an important role in perception.},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Energy Policy},
	author = {Billerbeck, Anna and Breitschopf, Barbara and Preuß, Sabine and Winkler, Jenny and Ragwitz, Mario and Keles, Dogan},
	month = jan,
	year = {2024},
	keywords = {Consumer perception, District heating, Heating policy, Monopoly regulation, Social acceptance},
	pages = {113860},
}

To increase the deployment of district heating in line with European targets, there is a need to understand consumer perceptions and the role of regulations. Therefore, this paper focuses on consumer perceptions of district heating and analyses the influencing factors. The analysis uses data from an online survey with 4388 participants from nine European countries. In particular, the paper discusses the impact of socio-demographic factors, attitudes and regulations on the perception of district heating. Statistical analyses show that respondents from Denmark and Sweden have the most positive perception, while respondents from Lithuania and the Netherlands have a less positive perception of district heating. In addition, the results indicate that respondents from countries with no mandatory connection, liberalised price regulation and mainly public ownership seem to have a more positive perception of district heating, higher satisfaction when using district heating and a more positive rating of their heating price than those from countries with mandatory connection, regulated prices and a more mixed ownership structure. Overall, the paper provides a first overview of possible factors influencing the perception of district heating and indicates that the mix of appropriate regulations and, in particular, their combined impact, could play an important role in perception.

@misc{mts_markets_european_2024,
	title = {European {Bond} {Yields} and {Spreads}},
	url = {https://www.mtsmarkets.com/european-bond-spreads},
	abstract = {The European Bond Spread table below measures the yield spread against the German benchmark for key European countries. Yields are calculated from best bid prices from the MTS markets.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-03-21},
	author = {MTS Markets},
	year = {2024},
}

The European Bond Spread table below measures the yield spread against the German benchmark for key European countries. Yields are calculated from best bid prices from the MTS markets.

@misc{iea_government_2024,
	title = {Government {Energy} {Spending} {Tracker}},
	shorttitle = {Government {Energy} {Spending} {Tracker}},
	url = {https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/government-energy-spending-tracker-policy-database},
	abstract = {Government Energy Spending Tracker: Policy Database - Data tools. A data tool by the International Energy Agency.},
	language = {en-GB},
	urldate = {2024-01-27},
	author = {IEA},
	year = {2024},
}

Government Energy Spending Tracker: Policy Database - Data tools. A data tool by the International Energy Agency.

@misc{eurostat_statistics_2024,
	title = {Statistics},
	url = {https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/prc_hicp_aind/default/table?lang=en},
	urldate = {2024-02-08},
	author = {Eurostat},
	year = {2024},
}

@inproceedings{conforto_eu-27_2024,
	title = {{EU}-27 {Country} {Mapping} of {Financing} {Schemes} to {Decarbonize} {Buildings}, {Heating} and {Cooling}},
	volume = {paper 3-197-24},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ECEEE} 2024 {Summer} {Study}},
	author = {Conforto, Giulia and Hummel, Marcus},
	year = {2024},
	pages = {paper 3--197--24},
}

@misc{ceic_data_countriesregions_2024,
	title = {Countries/{Regions}},
	url = {https://www.ceicdata.com/en/countries},
	urldate = {2024-03-21},
	author = {CEIC Data},
	year = {2024},
}

@article{berger_superbonus_2024,
	title = {Superbonus 110: {The} generous {Italian} scattergun and its small but fine impacts},
	language = {en},
	author = {Berger, Frederic},
	year = {2024},
}

@misc{kumar_geothermal_2024,
	title = {Geothermal energy in the regions},
	language = {en},
	author = {Kumar, Sanjeev},
	year = {2024},
}

@misc{bonino_geotermia_2024,
	title = {Geotermia in {Italia}, impariamo a sfruttarla meglio: ecco come},
	shorttitle = {Geotermia in {Italia}, impariamo a sfruttarla meglio},
	url = {https://www.agendadigitale.eu/smart-city/geotermia-italia-pioniera-ma-ora-non-sappiamo-sfruttarla-le-misure-che-servono/},
	abstract = {Nonostante l'Italia sia stata pioniera nella geotermia, inaugurando la prima centrale geotermoelettrica al mondo a Larderello nel 1913, la sua politica energetica attuale mostra ambizioni modeste verso questa fonte rinnovabile. Ostacoli finanziari, normativi e di accettazione sociale frenano lo sviluppo},
	urldate = {2024-05-10},
	journal = {Agenda Digitale},
	author = {Bonino, Roberto and Levato, Lucia},
	month = feb,
	year = {2024},
	note = {Section: Mercati digitali},
}

Nonostante l'Italia sia stata pioniera nella geotermia, inaugurando la prima centrale geotermoelettrica al mondo a Larderello nel 1913, la sua politica energetica attuale mostra ambizioni modeste verso questa fonte rinnovabile. Ostacoli finanziari, normativi e di accettazione sociale frenano lo sviluppo

@misc{mordor_intelligence_geothermal_2024,
	title = {Geothermal {Energy} {Market} in {UK} - {Companies}, {Trends}, {Report} \& {Industry} {Growth}},
	url = {https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/united-kingdom-geothermal-energy-market},
	abstract = {United Kingdom Geothermal Energy Market is poised to grow at a CAGR of more than 1\% by 2025. Also, report offers latest trends, growth rate, market forecast 2025.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-08},
	author = {Mordor Intelligence},
	year = {2024},
}

United Kingdom Geothermal Energy Market is poised to grow at a CAGR of more than 1% by 2025. Also, report offers latest trends, growth rate, market forecast 2025.

@misc{mordor_intelligence_denmark_2024,
	title = {Denmark {Geothermal} {Energy} {Market} {Size} \& {Share} {Analysis} - {Industry} {Research} {Report} - {Growth} {Trends}},
	url = {https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/denmark-geothermal-energy-market},
	abstract = {Denmark Geothermal Energy Market is Poised to Grow at a CAGR of 1\% by 2027. The market is mainly driven by factors including an efficient and sustainable energy source and the growing adoption of renewable energy.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-08},
	author = {Mordor Intelligence},
	year = {2024},
}

Denmark Geothermal Energy Market is Poised to Grow at a CAGR of 1% by 2027. The market is mainly driven by factors including an efficient and sustainable energy source and the growing adoption of renewable energy.

@misc{danish_district_heating_association_role_2024,
	title = {The {Role} of {District} {Heating} in the {Energy} {System}},
	url = {https://api.euroheat.org/uploads/The_Role_of_District_Heating_in_the_Energy_System_EN_19_01_2024_976c5ef0ac.pdf},
	urldate = {2024-05-08},
	author = {Danish District Heating Association},
	year = {2024},
}

@misc{euroheat__power_sustainable_2024,
	title = {Sustainable finance for {DHC}},
	url = {https://www.euroheat.org/policy/financing},
	urldate = {2024-04-30},
	author = {Euroheat \& Power},
	year = {2024},
}

@misc{inray_industriesoftware_gmbh_opc_2024,
	title = {{OPC} {Router}},
	journal = {https://www.opc-router.de/},
	author = {{inray Industriesoftware GmbH}},
	year = {2024},
}

@misc{geoenergy_gel_2023,
	title = {{GEL} awarded the first-ever {Contracts} for {Difference} for geothermal},
	url = {https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/gel-awarded-the-first-ever-contracts-for-difference-for-geothermal/},
	abstract = {UK-based Geothermal Engineering Ltd. has been awarded the first-ever CfDs for geothermal, providing revenue guarantees and protection from market fluctuations.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2024-09-19},
	author = {GeoEnergy, Think},
	month = sep,
	year = {2023},
}

UK-based Geothermal Engineering Ltd. has been awarded the first-ever CfDs for geothermal, providing revenue guarantees and protection from market fluctuations.

@book{directorate-general_for_energy________________________________________european_commission_renewable_2023,
	title = {Renewable heating and cooling pathways: towards full decarbonisation by 2050 : final report},
	isbn = {978-92-68-07633-0},
	shorttitle = {Renewable heating and cooling pathways},
	url = {https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2833/036342},
	abstract = {With the adoption of the EU Climate Law in 2021, the EU has set itself a binding target to achieve climate neutrality by 2050 and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 55 percent compared to 1990 levels by 2030. To support the increased ambition, the EU Commission adopted proposals for revising the key directives and regulations addressing energy efficiency, renewable energies and greenhouse gas emissions in the Fit for 55 package. The heating and cooling (H\&C) sector plays a key role for reaching the EU energy and climate targets. H\&C accounts for about 50 percent of the final energy consumption in the EU, and the sector is largely based on fossil fuels. In 2021, the share of renewable energies in H\&C reached 23\%2.},
	language = {eng},
	urldate = {2024-07-08},
	publisher = {Publications Office of the European Union},
	author = {{Directorate-General for Energy
                
                        (European Commission)} and {E-Think} and {Fraunhofer ISI} and {Halmstad University} and {TU Wien} and {Öko-Institut} and Braungardt, Sibylle and Bürger, Veit and Fleiter, Tobias and Bagheri, Mahsa and Manz, Pia and Billerbeck, Anna and Al-Dabbas, Khaled and Breitschopf, Barbara and Winkler, Jenny and Fallahnejad, Mostafa and Harringer, Daniel and Hasani, Jeton and Kök, Ali and Kranzl, Lukas and Mascherbauer, Philipp and Hummel, Marcus and Müller, Andreas and Habiger, Jul and Persson, Urban and Sánchez-García, Luis},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Energy, air conditioning, cost analysis, energy policy, energy technology, heat pump, heating, investment promotion, reduction of gas emissions, renewable energy, report, sample survey, tax incentive},
}

With the adoption of the EU Climate Law in 2021, the EU has set itself a binding target to achieve climate neutrality by 2050 and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 55 percent compared to 1990 levels by 2030. To support the increased ambition, the EU Commission adopted proposals for revising the key directives and regulations addressing energy efficiency, renewable energies and greenhouse gas emissions in the Fit for 55 package. The heating and cooling (H&C) sector plays a key role for reaching the EU energy and climate targets. H&C accounts for about 50 percent of the final energy consumption in the EU, and the sector is largely based on fossil fuels. In 2021, the share of renewable energies in H&C reached 23%2.

@misc{geoenergy_four_2023,
	title = {Four communities in {Bavaria}, {Germany} establish new geothermal heating company},
	url = {https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/four-communities-in-bavaria-germany-establish-new-geothermal-heating-company/},
	abstract = {The communities of Vaterstetten, Grasbrunn, Haar, and Zorneding have come together to form a company to develop geothermal heating in Bavaria, Germany.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2024-07-08},
	author = {GeoEnergy, Think},
	month = dec,
	year = {2023},
}

The communities of Vaterstetten, Grasbrunn, Haar, and Zorneding have come together to form a company to develop geothermal heating in Bavaria, Germany.

@book{european_commission_eurostat_shedding_2023,
	address = {LU},
	title = {Shedding light on energy in the {EU}},
	url = {https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2785/405482},
	language = {eng},
	urldate = {2024-07-04},
	publisher = {Publications Office},
	author = {{European Commission. Eurostat}},
	year = {2023},
}

@misc{noauthor_tracking_2023,
	title = {Tracking {Clean} {Energy} {Progress}},
	url = {https://www.iea.org/reports/tracking-clean-energy-progress-2023},
	abstract = {Assessing recent developments for over 50 components of the energy system that are critical for clean energy transitions},
	language = {en-GB},
	urldate = {2024-06-28},
	journal = {IEA},
	year = {2023},
}

Assessing recent developments for over 50 components of the energy system that are critical for clean energy transitions

@article{buscher_making_2023,
	title = {Making {Response}-{Ability}: {Societal} {Readiness} {Assessment} for {Sustainability} {Governance}},
	volume = {15},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {2071-1050},
	shorttitle = {Making {Response}-{Ability}},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/6/5140},
	doi = {10.3390/su15065140},
	abstract = {Governance for net-zero mobility is complex and risky. In this paper, we discuss conceptual analysis and design research with more than 250 stakeholders in the governance of mobility transformations in the North of England. Two key findings are that governance actors need new methods to: (1) realise the value of dissensus, which resonates with debates in social and environmental accounting (SEA); and (2) to develop new skills to address complexity, risk, and social justice, defined as ‘response-abilities’ in feminist science and technology studies (STS). Combining insights from SEA and STS with our own research, we present a ‘Societal Readiness Assessment’ (SoRA) framework, which we have developed to support more inclusive sustainable mobility transformation. We discuss how SoRA might become a standard complement to the Technology Readiness Assessment and conclude by considering challenges and opportunities.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Sustainability},
	author = {Büscher, Monika and Cronshaw, Cronan and Kirkbride, Alistair and Spurling, Nicola},
	month = jan,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {dissent, governance, mobility systems, response-ability, societal readiness assessment},
	pages = {5140},
}

Governance for net-zero mobility is complex and risky. In this paper, we discuss conceptual analysis and design research with more than 250 stakeholders in the governance of mobility transformations in the North of England. Two key findings are that governance actors need new methods to: (1) realise the value of dissensus, which resonates with debates in social and environmental accounting (SEA); and (2) to develop new skills to address complexity, risk, and social justice, defined as ‘response-abilities’ in feminist science and technology studies (STS). Combining insights from SEA and STS with our own research, we present a ‘Societal Readiness Assessment’ (SoRA) framework, which we have developed to support more inclusive sustainable mobility transformation. We discuss how SoRA might become a standard complement to the Technology Readiness Assessment and conclude by considering challenges and opportunities.

@article{freudenburg_social_2023,
	title = {Social {Impact} {Assessment}},
	abstract = {This article reviews the large and growing literature on social or socioeconomic impact assessment (SIA). Sociologists and other social scientists have been examining various "impacts" or consequences for decades, but the field of SIA emerged during the 1970s as a response to new environmental legislation. Both in its origins and its contributions, SIA is thus a hybrid, a field of social science and a component of the policy-making process. SIAs are generally anticipatory-efforts to project likely impacts before they occur-but empirical SIA work has looked at a broad range of social consequences. The largest subset of empirical SIA work has focused on relatively specific construction projects, particularly large-scale energy development projects in rural areas. Important advances have taken place in documenting economic/ demographic and also social and cultural impacts. Further developments in findings, theory, and techniques will be necessary to meet the challenges of the future. The field is showing increasing consensus on a number of earlier controversies, e.g. on the need for SIAs to cross the usual disciplinary boundaries and to develop original data where "available" data are not sufficient. The main issue on which consensus has not yet emerged involves the question of how best to incorporate scientific input in what will remain largely political decisions. The field's efforts to deal with this fundamental and perhaps enduring question, however, may provide useful guidance for other efforts to include scientific input in political decision-making-efforts that may take on growing importance as society begins to deal with the increasingly complex risks posed by technological developments.},
	language = {en},
	author = {Freudenburg, William R},
	year = {2023},
}

This article reviews the large and growing literature on social or socioeconomic impact assessment (SIA). Sociologists and other social scientists have been examining various "impacts" or consequences for decades, but the field of SIA emerged during the 1970s as a response to new environmental legislation. Both in its origins and its contributions, SIA is thus a hybrid, a field of social science and a component of the policy-making process. SIAs are generally anticipatory-efforts to project likely impacts before they occur-but empirical SIA work has looked at a broad range of social consequences. The largest subset of empirical SIA work has focused on relatively specific construction projects, particularly large-scale energy development projects in rural areas. Important advances have taken place in documenting economic/ demographic and also social and cultural impacts. Further developments in findings, theory, and techniques will be necessary to meet the challenges of the future. The field is showing increasing consensus on a number of earlier controversies, e.g. on the need for SIAs to cross the usual disciplinary boundaries and to develop original data where "available" data are not sufficient. The main issue on which consensus has not yet emerged involves the question of how best to incorporate scientific input in what will remain largely political decisions. The field's efforts to deal with this fundamental and perhaps enduring question, however, may provide useful guidance for other efforts to include scientific input in political decision-making-efforts that may take on growing importance as society begins to deal with the increasingly complex risks posed by technological developments.

@article{buscher_making_2023,
	title = {Making {Response}-{Ability}: {Societal} {Readiness} {Assessment} for {Sustainability} {Governance}},
	volume = {15},
	copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
	issn = {2071-1050},
	shorttitle = {Making {Response}-{Ability}},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/6/5140},
	doi = {10.3390/su15065140},
	abstract = {Governance for net-zero mobility is complex and risky. In this paper, we discuss conceptual analysis and design research with more than 250 stakeholders in the governance of mobility transformations in the North of England. Two key findings are that governance actors need new methods to: (1) realise the value of dissensus, which resonates with debates in social and environmental accounting (SEA); and (2) to develop new skills to address complexity, risk, and social justice, defined as ‘response-abilities’ in feminist science and technology studies (STS). Combining insights from SEA and STS with our own research, we present a ‘Societal Readiness Assessment’ (SoRA) framework, which we have developed to support more inclusive sustainable mobility transformation. We discuss how SoRA might become a standard complement to the Technology Readiness Assessment and conclude by considering challenges and opportunities.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	journal = {Sustainability},
	author = {Büscher, Monika and Cronshaw, Cronan and Kirkbride, Alistair and Spurling, Nicola},
	month = mar,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {5140},
}

Governance for net-zero mobility is complex and risky. In this paper, we discuss conceptual analysis and design research with more than 250 stakeholders in the governance of mobility transformations in the North of England. Two key findings are that governance actors need new methods to: (1) realise the value of dissensus, which resonates with debates in social and environmental accounting (SEA); and (2) to develop new skills to address complexity, risk, and social justice, defined as ‘response-abilities’ in feminist science and technology studies (STS). Combining insights from SEA and STS with our own research, we present a ‘Societal Readiness Assessment’ (SoRA) framework, which we have developed to support more inclusive sustainable mobility transformation. We discuss how SoRA might become a standard complement to the Technology Readiness Assessment and conclude by considering challenges and opportunities.

@article{calice_triangulated_2023,
	title = {A triangulated approach for understanding scientists’ perceptions of public engagement with science},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {0963-6625, 1361-6609},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09636625221122285},
	doi = {10.1177/09636625221122285},
	abstract = {Scientists are expected to engage with the public, especially when society faces challenges like the COVID-19 pandemic or climate change, but what public engagement means to scientists is not clear. We use a triangulated, mixed-methods approach combining survey and focus group data to gain insight into how pre-tenure and tenured scientists personally conceptualize public engagement. Our findings indicate that scientists’ understanding of public engagement is similarly complex and diverse as the scholarly literature. While definitions and examples of one-way forms of engagement are the most salient for scientists, regardless of tenure status, scientists also believe public engagement with science includes two-way forms of engagement, such as citizen and community involvement in research. These findings suggest that clear definitions of public engagement are not necessarily required for its application but may be useful to guide scientists in their engagement efforts, so they align with what is expected of them.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	journal = {Public Understanding of Science},
	author = {Calice, Mikhaila N. and Bao, Luye and Beets, Becca and Brossard, Dominique and Scheufele, Dietram A. and Feinstein, Noah Weeth and Heisler, Laura and Tangen, Travis and Handelsman, Jo},
	month = apr,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {389--406},
}

Scientists are expected to engage with the public, especially when society faces challenges like the COVID-19 pandemic or climate change, but what public engagement means to scientists is not clear. We use a triangulated, mixed-methods approach combining survey and focus group data to gain insight into how pre-tenure and tenured scientists personally conceptualize public engagement. Our findings indicate that scientists’ understanding of public engagement is similarly complex and diverse as the scholarly literature. While definitions and examples of one-way forms of engagement are the most salient for scientists, regardless of tenure status, scientists also believe public engagement with science includes two-way forms of engagement, such as citizen and community involvement in research. These findings suggest that clear definitions of public engagement are not necessarily required for its application but may be useful to guide scientists in their engagement efforts, so they align with what is expected of them.

@misc{noauthor_directive_2023,
	title = {Directive ({EU}) 2023/1791 of the {European} {Parliament} and of the {Council} of 13 {September} 2023 on energy efficiency and amending {Regulation} ({EU}) 2023/955 (recast) ({Text} with {EEA} relevance)},
	volume = {231},
	url = {http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2023/1791/oj/eng},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-13},
	month = sep,
	year = {2023},
}

@misc{noauthor_directive_2023,
	title = {Directive ({EU}) 2023/2413 of the {European} {Parliament} and of the {Council} of 18 {October} 2023 amending {Directive} ({EU}) 2018/2001, {Regulation} ({EU}) 2018/1999 and {Directive} 98/70/{EC} as regards the promotion of energy from renewable sources, and repealing {Council} {Directive} ({EU}) 2015/652},
	url = {http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2023/2413/oj/eng},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-13},
	month = oct,
	year = {2023},
}

@misc{noauthor_council_2023,
	title = {Council {Directive} 2003/96/{EC} of 27 {October} 2003 restructuring the {Community} framework for the taxation of energy products and electricity ({Text} with {EEA} relevance){Text} with {EEA} relevance},
	url = {http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2003/96/2023-01-10/eng},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-13},
	month = jan,
	year = {2023},
	note = {Legislative Body: OP\_DATPRO},
}

@misc{cazal_annonce_2023,
	title = {Annonce officielle du gouvernement : le plan d'action finalisé en faveur de la géothermie est lancé !},
	shorttitle = {Annonce officielle du gouvernement},
	url = {https://www.afpg.asso.fr/le-gouvernement-annonce-le-plan-daction-finalise-en-faveur-de-la-geothermie/},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2024-06-13},
	journal = {AFPG},
	author = {CAZAL, Julie},
	month = dec,
	year = {2023},
}

@article{abugabbara_how_2023,
	title = {How to develop fifth-generation district heating and cooling in {Sweden}? {Application} review and best practices proposed by middle agents},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {23524847},
	shorttitle = {How to develop fifth-generation district heating and cooling in {Sweden}?},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352484723004092},
	doi = {10.1016/j.egyr.2023.04.048},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	journal = {Energy Reports},
	author = {Abugabbara, Marwan and Gehlin, Signhild and Lindhe, Jonas and Axell, Monica and Holm, Daniel and Johansson, Hans and Larsson, Martin and Mattsson, Annika and Näslund, Ulf and Puttige, Anjan Rao and Berglöf, Klas and Claesson, Johan and Hofmeister, Morten and Janson, Ulla and Jensen, Aksel Wedel Bang and Termén, Jens and Javed, Saqib},
	month = dec,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {4971--4983},
}

@misc{geoenergy_baker_2023,
	title = {Baker {Hughes} granted geothermal exploration permit for {Ahnsbeck}, {Germany}},
	url = {https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/baker-hughes-granted-geothermal-exploration-permit-for-ahnsbeck-germany/},
	abstract = {Baker Hughes InteQ GmbH has been granted a permit to explore for geothermal resources at the Ahnsbeck permit field in Celle in Lower Saxony, Germany.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2024-05-23},
	author = {GeoEnergy, Think},
	month = nov,
	year = {2023},
}

Baker Hughes InteQ GmbH has been granted a permit to explore for geothermal resources at the Ahnsbeck permit field in Celle in Lower Saxony, Germany.

@misc{romano_italy_2023,
	title = {Italy overturns ‘superbonus’ scheme for housing renovation},
	url = {https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/italy-overturns-superbonus-scheme-for-housing-renovation/},
	urldate = {2024-04-15},
	journal = {Euractiv},
	author = {Romano, Valentina},
	year = {2023},
}

@misc{eurostat_provision_2023,
	title = {Provision of deficit and debt data for 2022},
	url = {https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/17724161/2-23102023-AP-EN.pdf},
	urldate = {2024-03-21},
	author = {Eurostat},
	year = {2023},
}

@misc{eurostat_gdp_2023,
	title = {{GDP} per capita in {PPS}},
	url = {https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/product/page/TEC00114},
	doi = {10.2908/TEC00114},
	urldate = {2024-01-26},
	publisher = {Eurostat},
	author = {{Eurostat}},
	year = {2023},
}

@misc{eurac_eu_2023,
	title = {{EU} {Building} {Stock} {Observatory}},
	url = {https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficient-buildings/eu-building-stock-observatory_en},
	abstract = {The EU Building Stock Observatory (BSO) web tool monitors the energy performance of buildings across Europe.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-03-21},
	author = {EURAC},
	year = {2023},
}

The EU Building Stock Observatory (BSO) web tool monitors the energy performance of buildings across Europe.

@misc{enea_super_2023,
	title = {Super {Ecobonus} 110\%},
	url = {https://www.efficienzaenergetica.enea.it/component/jdownloads/?task=download.send&id=641&catid=40&Itemid=641},
	urldate = {2024-01-29},
	author = {ENEA},
	year = {2023},
}

@misc{polish_energy_regulatory_office_district_2023,
	title = {District heating sector in numbers: latest {URE} report},
	shorttitle = {District heating sector in numbers},
	url = {https://www.ure.gov.pl/en/communication/news/339,District-heating-sector-in-numbers-latest-URE-report.html},
	abstract = {The study provides a comprehensive overview of the current standing of the district heating sector in Poland},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-10},
	journal = {Energy Regulatory Office},
	author = {Polish Energy Regulatory Office},
	year = {2023},
}

The study provides a comprehensive overview of the current standing of the district heating sector in Poland

@techreport{ministere_de_la_transition_energetique_france_geothermie_2023,
	title = {Géothermie : un plan d’action pour accélérer},
	url = {https://www.ecologie.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/02.02.2023_DP_Geothermie.pdf},
	urldate = {2024-05-10},
	author = {{Ministère de la Transition Énergétique, France}},
	year = {2023},
}

@misc{iea_district_2023,
	title = {District {Heating} - {Energy} {System}},
	url = {https://www.iea.org/energy-system/buildings/district-heating},
	abstract = {District heating involves generating heat in a centralized location and then distributing it to residences, businesses and industry in a local area.},
	language = {en-GB},
	urldate = {2024-05-10},
	journal = {IEA},
	author = {IEA},
	year = {2023},
}

District heating involves generating heat in a centralized location and then distributing it to residences, businesses and industry in a local area.

@misc{geoenergy_danish_2023,
	title = {Danish {Parliament} adopts new rules to support geothermal},
	url = {https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/danish-parliament-adopts-new-rules-to-support-geothermal/},
	abstract = {The Danish Parliament has set new rules for the price regulation of geothermal energy, paving the way for large-scale geothermal heating projects.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2024-05-08},
	author = {GeoEnergy, Think},
	month = mar,
	year = {2023},
}

The Danish Parliament has set new rules for the price regulation of geothermal energy, paving the way for large-scale geothermal heating projects.

@misc{climate_central_hottest_2023,
	title = {The hottest 12-month stretch in recorded history},
	url = {https://assets.ctfassets.net/cxgxgstp8r5d/3Ol753QygKfVTuCC28qgij/b97aacad87ca66289e06e2176b7af567/-Climate_Central_report-_The_hottest_12-month_stretch_in_recorded_history__Nov_2022_to_Oct_2023_.pdf},
	urldate = {2023-11-17},
	author = {Climate Central},
	month = sep,
	year = {2023},
}

@misc{noauthor_earths_2023,
	title = {Earth’s hottest 12-month streak {\textbar} {Climate} {Central}},
	url = {https://www.climatecentral.org/climate-matters/earths-hottest-12-month-streak-2023},
	urldate = {2023-11-17},
	month = sep,
	year = {2023},
}

@techreport{ipcc_ar6_2023,
	title = {{AR6} {Synthesis} {Report}},
	url = {https://www.ipcc.ch/ar6-syr/},
	urldate = {2023-11-10},
	author = {IPCC},
	year = {2023},
}

@article{hansen_global_2023,
	title = {Global warming in the pipeline},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {2634-4068},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/oocc/article/doi/10.1093/oxfclm/kgad008/7335889},
	doi = {10.1093/oxfclm/kgad008},
	abstract = {Improved knowledge of glacial-to-interglacial global temperature change yields Charney (fast-feedback) equilibrium climate sensi­ tivity 1.2 ± 0.3�C (2r) per W/m2, which is 4.8�C ± 1.2�C for doubled CO2. Consistent analysis of temperature over the full Cenozoic era—including ‘slow’ feedbacks by ice sheets and trace gases—supports this sensitivity and implies that CO2 was 300–350 ppm in the Pliocene and about 450 ppm at transition to a nearly ice-free planet, exposing unrealistic lethargy of ice sheet models. Equilibrium global warming for today’s GHG amount is 10�C, which is reduced to 8�C by today’s human-made aerosols. Equilibrium warming is not ‘committed’ warming; rapid phaseout of GHG emissions would prevent most equilibrium warming from occurring. However, de­ cline of aerosol emissions since 2010 should increase the 1970–2010 global warming rate of 0.18�C per decade to a post-2010 rate of at least 0.27�C per decade. Thus, under the present geopolitical approach to GHG emissions, global warming will exceed 1.5�C in the 2020s and 2�C before 2050. Impacts on people and nature will accelerate as global warming increases hydrologic (weather) extremes. The enormity of consequences demands a return to Holocene-level global temperature. Required actions include: (1) a global increas­ ing price on GHG emissions accompanied by development of abundant, affordable, dispatchable clean energy, (2) East-West coopera­ tion in a way that accommodates developing world needs, and (3) intervention with Earth’s radiation imbalance to phase down today’s massive human-made ‘geo-transformation’ of Earth’s climate. Current political crises present an opportunity for reset, espe­ cially if young people can grasp their situation.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-11-10},
	journal = {Oxford Open Climate Change},
	author = {Hansen, James E and Sato, Makiko and Simons, Leon and Nazarenko, Larissa S and Sangha, Isabelle and Kharecha, Pushker and Zachos, James C and Von Schuckmann, Karina and Loeb, Norman G and Osman, Matthew B and Jin, Qinjian and Tselioudis, George and Jeong, Eunbi and Lacis, Andrew and Ruedy, Reto and Russell, Gary and Cao, Junji and Li, Jing},
	month = feb,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {kgad008},
}

Improved knowledge of glacial-to-interglacial global temperature change yields Charney (fast-feedback) equilibrium climate sensi­ tivity 1.2 ± 0.3�C (2r) per W/m2, which is 4.8�C ± 1.2�C for doubled CO2. Consistent analysis of temperature over the full Cenozoic era—including ‘slow’ feedbacks by ice sheets and trace gases—supports this sensitivity and implies that CO2 was 300–350 ppm in the Pliocene and about 450 ppm at transition to a nearly ice-free planet, exposing unrealistic lethargy of ice sheet models. Equilibrium global warming for today’s GHG amount is 10�C, which is reduced to 8�C by today’s human-made aerosols. Equilibrium warming is not ‘committed’ warming; rapid phaseout of GHG emissions would prevent most equilibrium warming from occurring. However, de­ cline of aerosol emissions since 2010 should increase the 1970–2010 global warming rate of 0.18�C per decade to a post-2010 rate of at least 0.27�C per decade. Thus, under the present geopolitical approach to GHG emissions, global warming will exceed 1.5�C in the 2020s and 2�C before 2050. Impacts on people and nature will accelerate as global warming increases hydrologic (weather) extremes. The enormity of consequences demands a return to Holocene-level global temperature. Required actions include: (1) a global increas­ ing price on GHG emissions accompanied by development of abundant, affordable, dispatchable clean energy, (2) East-West coopera­ tion in a way that accommodates developing world needs, and (3) intervention with Earth’s radiation imbalance to phase down today’s massive human-made ‘geo-transformation’ of Earth’s climate. Current political crises present an opportunity for reset, espe­ cially if young people can grasp their situation.

@misc{euroheat__power_dhc-market-outlook-insights-trends-2023pdf_2023,
	title = {{DHC}-{Market}-{Outlook}-{Insights}-{Trends}-2023.pdf},
	url = {https://www.euroheat.org/static/14cf3743-1837-4d9e-ac4f18058477d0b9/DHC-Market-Outlook-Insights-Trends-2023.pdf},
	urldate = {2023-11-09},
	author = {Euroheat \& Power},
	month = may,
	year = {2023},
}

@article{ali_optimization_2023,
	title = {Optimization of a {German} {Region} energy mix by 2050 done with the {Hotmpas} {Dispatch} {DH} {Model} (not published yet)},
	author = {Ali, Kök},
	year = {2023},
}

@article{billerbeck_policy_2023,
	title = {Policy frameworks for district heating: {A} comprehensive overview and analysis of regulations and support measures across {Europe}},
	volume = {173},
	issn = {03014215},
	shorttitle = {Policy frameworks for district heating},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301421522005961},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2022.113377},
	abstract = {This paper presents an overview of policy frameworks for district heating (DH) in Europe. We develop a clas­ sification for policy aspects addressing DH, comprising regulation of ownership, prices, metering, consumer grid connection, third party access as well as support schemes and carbon taxes. This classification builds on existing literature and expert assessments collected in an online survey and interviews. The relevance of the paper lies in giving a comprehensive picture of the existing policy frameworks for DH in 23 European countries. For the overview, the countries are clustered along assigned categories. It is shown that the policy frameworks for DH can be clustered into five distinguishable groups. While some countries apply very strict regulations in special DH laws, others rely on less regulatory intervention, both with varying degrees of support for DH in place. The different policy frameworks are discussed in the context of the diffusion of DH and the integration of renewable and waste heat in DH. This analysis shows that high shares of DH and high shares of renewable and waste heat in DH can be observed in countries with a high degree of regulation as well as in countries with less regulatory intervention in DH markets.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-05-11},
	journal = {Energy Policy},
	author = {Billerbeck, Anna and Breitschopf, Barbara and Winkler, Jenny and Bürger, Veit and Köhler, Benjamin and Bacquet, Alexandre and Popovski, Eftim and Fallahnejad, Mostafa and Kranzl, Lukas and Ragwitz, Mario},
	month = feb,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {113377},
}

This paper presents an overview of policy frameworks for district heating (DH) in Europe. We develop a clas­ sification for policy aspects addressing DH, comprising regulation of ownership, prices, metering, consumer grid connection, third party access as well as support schemes and carbon taxes. This classification builds on existing literature and expert assessments collected in an online survey and interviews. The relevance of the paper lies in giving a comprehensive picture of the existing policy frameworks for DH in 23 European countries. For the overview, the countries are clustered along assigned categories. It is shown that the policy frameworks for DH can be clustered into five distinguishable groups. While some countries apply very strict regulations in special DH laws, others rely on less regulatory intervention, both with varying degrees of support for DH in place. The different policy frameworks are discussed in the context of the diffusion of DH and the integration of renewable and waste heat in DH. This analysis shows that high shares of DH and high shares of renewable and waste heat in DH can be observed in countries with a high degree of regulation as well as in countries with less regulatory intervention in DH markets.

@article{hayatina_review_2023,
	title = {Review on the {Life} {Cycle} {Assessment} of {Thermal} {Energy} {Storage} {Used} in {Building} {Applications}},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {1996-1073},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/3/1170},
	doi = {10.3390/en16031170},
	abstract = {To reduce building sector CO2 emissions, integrating renewable energy and thermal energy storage (TES) into building design is crucial. TES provides a way of storing thermal energy during high renewable energy production for use later during peak energy demand in buildings. The type of thermal energy stored in TES can be divided into three categories: sensible, latent, and sorption/chemical. Unlike sensible TES, latent TES and sorption/chemical TES have not been widely applied; however, they have the advantage of a higher energy density, making them effective for building applications. Most TES research focuses on technical design and rarely addresses its environmental, social, and cost impact. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is an internationally standardized method for evaluating the environmental impacts of any process. Life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) is an expansion of LCA, including economic and social sustainability assessments. This paper aims to provide a literature review of the LCA and LCSA of TES, specifically for building applications. Concerning the low technology readiness level (TRL) of several TES systems, the challenges and benefits of conducting LCA for these systems are highlighted. Furthermore, based on published studies on emerging technologies for LCA, a suggested procedure to carry out the LCA of TES with low TRL is presented.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2023-05-11},
	journal = {Energies},
	author = {Hayatina, Isye and Auckaili, Amar and Farid, Mohammed},
	month = jan,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {1170},
}

To reduce building sector CO2 emissions, integrating renewable energy and thermal energy storage (TES) into building design is crucial. TES provides a way of storing thermal energy during high renewable energy production for use later during peak energy demand in buildings. The type of thermal energy stored in TES can be divided into three categories: sensible, latent, and sorption/chemical. Unlike sensible TES, latent TES and sorption/chemical TES have not been widely applied; however, they have the advantage of a higher energy density, making them effective for building applications. Most TES research focuses on technical design and rarely addresses its environmental, social, and cost impact. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is an internationally standardized method for evaluating the environmental impacts of any process. Life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) is an expansion of LCA, including economic and social sustainability assessments. This paper aims to provide a literature review of the LCA and LCSA of TES, specifically for building applications. Concerning the low technology readiness level (TRL) of several TES systems, the challenges and benefits of conducting LCA for these systems are highlighted. Furthermore, based on published studies on emerging technologies for LCA, a suggested procedure to carry out the LCA of TES with low TRL is presented.

@article{jayathunga_economic_2023,
	title = {Economic {Feasibility} of {Thermal} {Energy} {Storage}-{Integrated} {Concentrating} {Solar} {Power} {Plants}},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {2673-9941},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9941/3/1/10},
	doi = {10.3390/solar3010010},
	abstract = {Concentrating solar power (CSP) is a high-potential renewable energy source that can leverage various thermal applications. CSP plant development has therefore become a global trend. However, the designing of a CSP plant for a given solar resource condition and financial situation is still a work in progress. This study aims to develop a mathematical model to analyze the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of Thermal Energy Storage (TES)-integrated CSP plants in such circumstances. The developed model presents an LCOE variation for 18 different CSP configurations with TES incorporated for Rankine, Brayton, and combined power generation cycles, under regular TES materials and nano-enhanced TES materials. The model then recommends the most economical CSP plant arrangement. Within the scope of this study, it was found that the best configuration for electricity generation is a solar power tower with nano-enhanced phase change materials as the latent heat thermal energy storage medium that runs on the combined cycle. This returns an LCOE of 7.63 ct/kWh with a 22.70\% CSP plant efficiency. The most favorable option in 50 MW plants is the combined cycle with a regular TES medium, which has an LCOE of 7.72 ct/kWh with a 22.14\% CSP plant efficiency.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-05-11},
	journal = {Solar},
	author = {Jayathunga, Darsha and Weliwita, Jinendrika Anushi and Karunathilake, Hirushie and Witharana, Sanjeeva},
	month = feb,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {132--160},
}

Concentrating solar power (CSP) is a high-potential renewable energy source that can leverage various thermal applications. CSP plant development has therefore become a global trend. However, the designing of a CSP plant for a given solar resource condition and financial situation is still a work in progress. This study aims to develop a mathematical model to analyze the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of Thermal Energy Storage (TES)-integrated CSP plants in such circumstances. The developed model presents an LCOE variation for 18 different CSP configurations with TES incorporated for Rankine, Brayton, and combined power generation cycles, under regular TES materials and nano-enhanced TES materials. The model then recommends the most economical CSP plant arrangement. Within the scope of this study, it was found that the best configuration for electricity generation is a solar power tower with nano-enhanced phase change materials as the latent heat thermal energy storage medium that runs on the combined cycle. This returns an LCOE of 7.63 ct/kWh with a 22.70% CSP plant efficiency. The most favorable option in 50 MW plants is the combined cycle with a regular TES medium, which has an LCOE of 7.72 ct/kWh with a 22.14% CSP plant efficiency.

@misc{github_inc_git_2023,
	title = {Git {Journal}},
	url = {https://github.com/saschagrunert/git-journal},
	author = {{GitHub Inc.}},
	year = {2023},
}

@misc{git_git_2023,
	title = {Git - fast version control},
	url = {https://git-scm.com/},
	author = {{Git}},
	year = {2023},
}

@misc{european_commission_eosc_2023,
	title = {{EOSC} {Portal} - {A} gateway to information and resources in {EOSC}},
	url = {https://eosc-portal.eu/},
	journal = {European Open Science Cloud},
	author = {{European Commission}},
	year = {2023},
}

@misc{cost_network_geothermal-dhc_geothermal_2023,
	title = {Geothermal {DHC}},
	url = {https://www.geothermal-dhc.eu/},
	journal = {Geothermal DHC},
	author = {{COST network Geothermal-DHC}},
	year = {2023},
}

@misc{hotmaps_project_hotmaps_2023,
	title = {Hotmaps},
	url = {https://www.hotmaps.eu/map},
	abstract = {The open source mapping and planning tool for heating and cooling},
	journal = {Hotmaps},
	author = {{Hotmaps project}},
	year = {2023},
}

The open source mapping and planning tool for heating and cooling

@misc{european_unions_horizon_2020_eera_2023,
	type = {Project website},
	title = {{EERA} {Data}},
	url = {https://eeradata-project.eu/},
	journal = {EERA Data},
	author = {{European Union's Horizon 2020}},
	year = {2023},
}

@techreport{global_heat_flow_data_assessment_group_fuchs_sven_et_al_global_2023,
	title = {The {Global} {Heat} {Flow} {Database}: {Update} 2023},
	url = {https://dataservices.gfz-potsdam.de/panmetaworks/review/f4b31afa7c3c3f44556698705c6b7ad252431710ff4745b60d87abaf7b66c32d/},
	institution = {GFZ Data Services},
	author = {Global Heat Flow Data Assessment Group; Fuchs, Sven et al.},
	year = {2023},
}

@inproceedings{dinkelman_evaluation_2022,
	title = {Evaluation of the country-wide potential for {High}-{Temperature} {Aquifer} {Thermal} {Energy} {Storage} ({HT}-{ATES}) in the {Netherlands}},
	abstract = {The success of a high-temperature aquifer thermal energy storage (HT-ATES) system depends on many factors, such as heat demand and supply, economic feasibility, and of course the suitability of the subsurface. In the Dutch WINDOW project, a comprehensive overview of the subsurface HT-ATES potential was created. The HT-ATES potential was mapped for eight geological formations in the Netherlands at a depth between 50-500 mbgl (meter below ground level), based on a geological model and eight subsurface criteria including depth, thickness, and reservoir properties and legal criteria that are related to the fresh/saline interface and groundwater protection zones. A traffic light system was used to show potential barriers: no barriers (green), potential barriers (yellow) and one or more barriers (orange), resulting in qualitative potential maps for HT-ATES in the Netherlands. The maps show that the western part of the Netherlands is generally most favourable for HT-ATES, which is beneficial as this area also offers great potential for geothermal energy and it is as well the most densely populated area with high heat demand and existing heat networks. The study identified the need for improved subsurface characterization in large areas where geological data is lacking. It should be kept in mind that HT-ATES systems are highly location-specific, and since the maps show regional potential, a more detailed local investigation is always required. In follow-up studies, the maps will be improved with additional geological data and extended with geological data of other countries in Europe and combined with maps of heat demand and maps indicating the opportunities for sustainable energy sources, like geothermal energy, to find the best options for an integrated heat supply system for the built environment. Locations with the highest potential are those where surface and subsurface conditions and requirements match. The methodology has been set up in such a way that the maps can easily be updated when new input data becomes available. It can be applied to other countries to define their qualitative HT-ATES potential.},
	author = {Dinkelman, Dorien and Bergen, Frank},
	month = oct,
	year = {2022},
}

The success of a high-temperature aquifer thermal energy storage (HT-ATES) system depends on many factors, such as heat demand and supply, economic feasibility, and of course the suitability of the subsurface. In the Dutch WINDOW project, a comprehensive overview of the subsurface HT-ATES potential was created. The HT-ATES potential was mapped for eight geological formations in the Netherlands at a depth between 50-500 mbgl (meter below ground level), based on a geological model and eight subsurface criteria including depth, thickness, and reservoir properties and legal criteria that are related to the fresh/saline interface and groundwater protection zones. A traffic light system was used to show potential barriers: no barriers (green), potential barriers (yellow) and one or more barriers (orange), resulting in qualitative potential maps for HT-ATES in the Netherlands. The maps show that the western part of the Netherlands is generally most favourable for HT-ATES, which is beneficial as this area also offers great potential for geothermal energy and it is as well the most densely populated area with high heat demand and existing heat networks. The study identified the need for improved subsurface characterization in large areas where geological data is lacking. It should be kept in mind that HT-ATES systems are highly location-specific, and since the maps show regional potential, a more detailed local investigation is always required. In follow-up studies, the maps will be improved with additional geological data and extended with geological data of other countries in Europe and combined with maps of heat demand and maps indicating the opportunities for sustainable energy sources, like geothermal energy, to find the best options for an integrated heat supply system for the built environment. Locations with the highest potential are those where surface and subsurface conditions and requirements match. The methodology has been set up in such a way that the maps can easily be updated when new input data becomes available. It can be applied to other countries to define their qualitative HT-ATES potential.

@inproceedings{dinkelman_evaluation_2022,
	title = {Evaluation of the country-wide potential for {High}-{Temperature} {Aquifer} {Thermal} {Energy} {Storage} ({HT}-{ATES}) in the {Netherlands}},
	abstract = {The success of a high-temperature aquifer thermal energy storage (HT-ATES) system depends on many factors, such as heat demand and supply, economic feasibility, and of course the suitability of the subsurface. In the Dutch WINDOW project, a comprehensive overview of the subsurface HT-ATES potential was created. The HT-ATES potential was mapped for eight geological formations in the Netherlands at a depth between 50-500 mbgl (meter below ground level), based on a geological model and eight subsurface criteria including depth, thickness, and reservoir properties and legal criteria that are related to the fresh/saline interface and groundwater protection zones. A traffic light system was used to show potential barriers: no barriers (green), potential barriers (yellow) and one or more barriers (orange), resulting in qualitative potential maps for HT-ATES in the Netherlands. The maps show that the western part of the Netherlands is generally most favourable for HT-ATES, which is beneficial as this area also offers great potential for geothermal energy and it is as well the most densely populated area with high heat demand and existing heat networks. The study identified the need for improved subsurface characterization in large areas where geological data is lacking. It should be kept in mind that HT-ATES systems are highly location-specific, and since the maps show regional potential, a more detailed local investigation is always required. In follow-up studies, the maps will be improved with additional geological data and extended with geological data of other countries in Europe and combined with maps of heat demand and maps indicating the opportunities for sustainable energy sources, like geothermal energy, to find the best options for an integrated heat supply system for the built environment. Locations with the highest potential are those where surface and subsurface conditions and requirements match. The methodology has been set up in such a way that the maps can easily be updated when new input data becomes available. It can be applied to other countries to define their qualitative HT-ATES potential.},
	author = {Dinkelman, Dorien and Bergen, Frank},
	month = oct,
	year = {2022},
}

The success of a high-temperature aquifer thermal energy storage (HT-ATES) system depends on many factors, such as heat demand and supply, economic feasibility, and of course the suitability of the subsurface. In the Dutch WINDOW project, a comprehensive overview of the subsurface HT-ATES potential was created. The HT-ATES potential was mapped for eight geological formations in the Netherlands at a depth between 50-500 mbgl (meter below ground level), based on a geological model and eight subsurface criteria including depth, thickness, and reservoir properties and legal criteria that are related to the fresh/saline interface and groundwater protection zones. A traffic light system was used to show potential barriers: no barriers (green), potential barriers (yellow) and one or more barriers (orange), resulting in qualitative potential maps for HT-ATES in the Netherlands. The maps show that the western part of the Netherlands is generally most favourable for HT-ATES, which is beneficial as this area also offers great potential for geothermal energy and it is as well the most densely populated area with high heat demand and existing heat networks. The study identified the need for improved subsurface characterization in large areas where geological data is lacking. It should be kept in mind that HT-ATES systems are highly location-specific, and since the maps show regional potential, a more detailed local investigation is always required. In follow-up studies, the maps will be improved with additional geological data and extended with geological data of other countries in Europe and combined with maps of heat demand and maps indicating the opportunities for sustainable energy sources, like geothermal energy, to find the best options for an integrated heat supply system for the built environment. Locations with the highest potential are those where surface and subsurface conditions and requirements match. The methodology has been set up in such a way that the maps can easily be updated when new input data becomes available. It can be applied to other countries to define their qualitative HT-ATES potential.

@book{buscher_little_2022,
	address = {Lancaster},
	title = {The {Little} {Book} of {Societal} {Readiness}},
	publisher = {Imagination Lancaster},
	author = {Büscher, Monika and Cronshaw, Cronan},
	year = {2022},
}

@article{fernandez_fuentes_crowdthermal_2022,
	title = {The {CROWDTHERMAL} {Project}: {Creating} {Public} {Acceptance} of {Geothermal} {Energy} and {Opportunities} for {Community} {Financing}},
	volume = {15},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {1996-1073},
	shorttitle = {The {CROWDTHERMAL} {Project}},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/21/8310},
	doi = {10.3390/en15218310},
	abstract = {One of the major challenges regarding energy transition is to create active support towards renewable energy installations on a local level. The CROWDTHERMAL project presents practical approaches for involving local stakeholders in different measures in order to develop acceptable solutions. Based on technical evidence and data from concrete case studies, the project shows ways how community funding can increase social acceptance towards geothermal energy installations. The presented solutions are based on alternative financial schemes studies and risk mitigation analysis in geothermal projects.},
	language = {en},
	number = {21},
	urldate = {2024-06-28},
	journal = {Energies},
	author = {Fernández Fuentes, Isabel and Barich, Amel and Baisch, Christina and Bodo, Balazs and Elíasson, Ottó and Falcone, Gioia and Friederichs, Georgie and Gregorio, Margarita de and Hildebrand, Jan and Ioannou, Anastasia and Medgyes, Tamas and Miklovicz, Tamas and Pérez, Paloma and Pinto, Marcio Tameirao},
	month = jan,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {CROWDTHERMAL, alternative financial schemes, geothermal energy, risk mitigation, social acceptance},
	pages = {8310},
}

One of the major challenges regarding energy transition is to create active support towards renewable energy installations on a local level. The CROWDTHERMAL project presents practical approaches for involving local stakeholders in different measures in order to develop acceptable solutions. Based on technical evidence and data from concrete case studies, the project shows ways how community funding can increase social acceptance towards geothermal energy installations. The presented solutions are based on alternative financial schemes studies and risk mitigation analysis in geothermal projects.

@article{sprenkeling_bridging_2022,
	title = {Bridging {Social} and {Technical} {Sciences}: {Introduction} of the {Societal} {Embeddedness} {Level}},
	volume = {15},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {1996-1073},
	shorttitle = {Bridging {Social} and {Technical} {Sciences}},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/17/6252},
	doi = {10.3390/en15176252},
	abstract = {The successful and fast development and deployment of renewable energy and greenhouse gas reduction technologies is a continuing and structural challenge. The deployment of these technologies is slowed down and sometimes even stalled due to societal challenges like public resistance, lack of appropriate policy and regulations, unsolid business cases and uncertainty concerning the impact on the environment. In this paper we elaborate on societal aspects that influence technology development and deployment and introduce the societal embeddedness level (SEL) framework. Building upon the technology readiness level (TRL), the SEL framework enables the assessment of the current level of societal embeddedness of energy technologies in order to identify the societal aspects which need to be taken into account to accelerate deployment of energy technologies. The SEL framework takes into account four societal dimensions (impact on the environment, stakeholder involvement, policy and regulations, and market and financial resources) and four stages of technology development (exploration, development, demonstration and deployment) that are linked to the TRL. The SEL framework has been elaborated for CCS technologies and is being applied to the monitoring of geological CO2 storage by the ACT II project DigiMon (Digital Monitoring of CO2 storage projects). DigiMon is an ACT second call project, funded by the national funding agencies in the period September 2019–August 2022.},
	language = {en},
	number = {17},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Energies},
	author = {Sprenkeling, Marit and Geerdink, Tara and Slob, Adriaan and Geurts, Amber},
	month = jan,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {CCS, CO$_{\textrm{2}}$ capture and storage, assessment framework, greenhouse gas reduction technologies, renewable energy technologies, societal embeddedness level, societal readiness, technology deployment, technology readiness},
	pages = {6252},
}

The successful and fast development and deployment of renewable energy and greenhouse gas reduction technologies is a continuing and structural challenge. The deployment of these technologies is slowed down and sometimes even stalled due to societal challenges like public resistance, lack of appropriate policy and regulations, unsolid business cases and uncertainty concerning the impact on the environment. In this paper we elaborate on societal aspects that influence technology development and deployment and introduce the societal embeddedness level (SEL) framework. Building upon the technology readiness level (TRL), the SEL framework enables the assessment of the current level of societal embeddedness of energy technologies in order to identify the societal aspects which need to be taken into account to accelerate deployment of energy technologies. The SEL framework takes into account four societal dimensions (impact on the environment, stakeholder involvement, policy and regulations, and market and financial resources) and four stages of technology development (exploration, development, demonstration and deployment) that are linked to the TRL. The SEL framework has been elaborated for CCS technologies and is being applied to the monitoring of geological CO2 storage by the ACT II project DigiMon (Digital Monitoring of CO2 storage projects). DigiMon is an ACT second call project, funded by the national funding agencies in the period September 2019–August 2022.

@article{mendrinos_understanding_2022,
	title = {Understanding {Societal} {Requirements} of {CCS} {Projects}: {Application} of the {Societal} {Embeddedness} {Level} {Assessment} {Methodology} in {Four} {National} {Case} {Studies}},
	volume = {4},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {2571-8797},
	shorttitle = {Understanding {Societal} {Requirements} of {CCS} {Projects}},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2571-8797/4/4/55},
	doi = {10.3390/cleantechnol4040055},
	abstract = {The DigiMon project aims to develop and demonstrate an affordable, flexible, societally embedded, and smart digital monitoring early warning system for any subsurface CO2 storage field. The societal embeddedness level (SEL) assessment is a novel methodology which provides insight into the societal requirements for technological innovation to be deployed. The SEL assessment framework was applied in four case studies, concerning CCS development in Norway, the Netherlands, Greece, and Germany. The resulting societal embeddedness levels of CCS, on a scale of 1–4, were SEL 3 in Norway with considerable progress towards level 4, followed by the Netherlands with SEL 2 with several initiatives towards offshore demonstration projects, and then by Greece and Germany with SEL 1. The outcomes of the SEL assessments show which societal requirements have been met in current CCS developments and which ones should be improved for CCS deployment. They also show that monitoring currently is a regulatory requirement as part of permitting procedures, while it may alleviate community concerns on safety, provided that it has certain attributes. The insights from the four national case studies are further used in the DigiMon project to develop the innovative societal embedded DigiMon monitoring system.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Clean Technologies},
	author = {Mendrinos, Dimitrios and Karytsas, Spyridon and Polyzou, Olympia and Karytsas, Constantine and Nordø, Åsta Dyrnes and Midttømme, Kirsti and Otto, Danny and Gross, Matthias and Sprenkeling, Marit and Peuchen, Ruben and Geerdink, Tara and Puts, Hanneke},
	month = dec,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {CCS, DigiMon, SEL, public acceptance, societal embeddedness, societal requirements, subsurface monitoring},
	pages = {893--907},
}

The DigiMon project aims to develop and demonstrate an affordable, flexible, societally embedded, and smart digital monitoring early warning system for any subsurface CO2 storage field. The societal embeddedness level (SEL) assessment is a novel methodology which provides insight into the societal requirements for technological innovation to be deployed. The SEL assessment framework was applied in four case studies, concerning CCS development in Norway, the Netherlands, Greece, and Germany. The resulting societal embeddedness levels of CCS, on a scale of 1–4, were SEL 3 in Norway with considerable progress towards level 4, followed by the Netherlands with SEL 2 with several initiatives towards offshore demonstration projects, and then by Greece and Germany with SEL 1. The outcomes of the SEL assessments show which societal requirements have been met in current CCS developments and which ones should be improved for CCS deployment. They also show that monitoring currently is a regulatory requirement as part of permitting procedures, while it may alleviate community concerns on safety, provided that it has certain attributes. The insights from the four national case studies are further used in the DigiMon project to develop the innovative societal embedded DigiMon monitoring system.

@article{holden_readiness_2022,
	title = {A readiness level framework for sustainable circular bioeconomy},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {2667-0410},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266704102200009X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.bioeco.2022.100031},
	abstract = {Bioeconomy is proposed as a means of transitioning from the ‘take-make-use-waste’ paradigm of the fossil resource economy to a sustainable future. The integration of bioeconomy with circular economy principles is needed to decouple environmental impact from consumption. A business operating within a sustainable circular bioeconomy must function within environmental and social limits, and be economically viable, so entrepreneurs need a means of managing innovation in this context. A stage-gate approach is proposed that combines technology, innovation, and social readiness level frameworks with life cycle thinking to create an evidence-driven understanding of a new business innovation. At each stage-gate, questions are answered, using data obtainable by any business. Integrating stage-gated readiness level thinking with conventional innovation supports to guide entrepreneurs towards successful innovations for sustainable circular bioeconomy.},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {EFB Bioeconomy Journal},
	author = {Holden, Nicholas M.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {Biocircularity, Innovation readiness, Life cycle assessment, Problem-solution-business triple, Societal readiness, Technology readiness},
	pages = {100031},
}

Bioeconomy is proposed as a means of transitioning from the ‘take-make-use-waste’ paradigm of the fossil resource economy to a sustainable future. The integration of bioeconomy with circular economy principles is needed to decouple environmental impact from consumption. A business operating within a sustainable circular bioeconomy must function within environmental and social limits, and be economically viable, so entrepreneurs need a means of managing innovation in this context. A stage-gate approach is proposed that combines technology, innovation, and social readiness level frameworks with life cycle thinking to create an evidence-driven understanding of a new business innovation. At each stage-gate, questions are answered, using data obtainable by any business. Integrating stage-gated readiness level thinking with conventional innovation supports to guide entrepreneurs towards successful innovations for sustainable circular bioeconomy.

@article{barich_social_2022,
	title = {Social {License} to {Operate} in {Geothermal} {Energy}},
	volume = {15},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {1996-1073},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/1/139},
	doi = {10.3390/en15010139},
	abstract = {Geothermal energy is a resource that has the potential for development in many countries around the world. Despite its versatility and economic viability, this resource faces numerous obstacles that hinder its deployment and capacity for achieving a similar market share as other renewable and clean energy sources. Both technical and non-technical barriers can be highly detrimental to the implementation of geothermal projects. A social license to operate (SLO) is a tool that can help the deployment of geothermal energy. As a new concept, SLO is little developed in the business literature but is still being adopted in many industries. Its main challenges reside in its context-dependence and the lack of clear frameworks to utilize it. This paper introduces, in a first known attempt, through a qualitative approach, a conceptual model of the social license to operate in the geothermal energy sector. For its development, three case studies, working group discussion and surveying were conducted in the framework of the H2020 funded CROWDTHERMAL project, which aims to empower EU citizens for direct participation in geothermal projects through crowdfunding. Findings of this paper also drew on existing general conceptual models of the SLO, and experiences from other sectors that have developed their own SLO models. The paper contributes to a more contextualized understanding of the social license within the geothermal sector and sheds the light on practices and challenges that influence the acquisition and maintenance of SLO in geothermal energy projects and initiatives.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Energies},
	author = {Barich, Amel and Stokłosa, Alicja W. and Hildebrand, Jan and Elíasson, Ottó and Medgyes, Tamás and Quinonez, Gauthier and Casillas, Ana C. and Fernandez, Isabel},
	month = jan,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {CROWDTHERMAL project, SLO, geothermal energy, social license},
	pages = {139},
}

Geothermal energy is a resource that has the potential for development in many countries around the world. Despite its versatility and economic viability, this resource faces numerous obstacles that hinder its deployment and capacity for achieving a similar market share as other renewable and clean energy sources. Both technical and non-technical barriers can be highly detrimental to the implementation of geothermal projects. A social license to operate (SLO) is a tool that can help the deployment of geothermal energy. As a new concept, SLO is little developed in the business literature but is still being adopted in many industries. Its main challenges reside in its context-dependence and the lack of clear frameworks to utilize it. This paper introduces, in a first known attempt, through a qualitative approach, a conceptual model of the social license to operate in the geothermal energy sector. For its development, three case studies, working group discussion and surveying were conducted in the framework of the H2020 funded CROWDTHERMAL project, which aims to empower EU citizens for direct participation in geothermal projects through crowdfunding. Findings of this paper also drew on existing general conceptual models of the SLO, and experiences from other sectors that have developed their own SLO models. The paper contributes to a more contextualized understanding of the social license within the geothermal sector and sheds the light on practices and challenges that influence the acquisition and maintenance of SLO in geothermal energy projects and initiatives.

@misc{ioannou_crowdthermal_2022,
	type = {Research {Reports} or {Papers}},
	title = {Crowdthermal {Deliverable} {D1}.2: {Synthesis} of {Environmental} {Factors}},
	shorttitle = {Crowdthermal {Deliverable} {D1}.2},
	url = {https://www.crowdthermalproject.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/CROWDTHERMAL-D1.2-Synthesis-of-environmental-factors_8.9.pdf},
	abstract = {This report presents a state-of-the-art literature review of environmental factors influencing public support of geothermal energy projects. Environmental factors throughout the different lifecycle phases of deep and shallow geothermal energy projects are investigated. Relevant project phases as adopted by the CROWDTHERMAL consortium are divided into: project definition, exploration, drilling, construction, operation and decommissioning \& post-closure. Environmental impacts are classified in terms of environmental matrices: air impacts, water impacts, land impacts, and others (noise \& visual pollution and radioactivity).},
	language = {en-GB},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	author = {Ioannou, Anastasia and Falcone, Gioia},
	month = sep,
	year = {2022},
}

This report presents a state-of-the-art literature review of environmental factors influencing public support of geothermal energy projects. Environmental factors throughout the different lifecycle phases of deep and shallow geothermal energy projects are investigated. Relevant project phases as adopted by the CROWDTHERMAL consortium are divided into: project definition, exploration, drilling, construction, operation and decommissioning & post-closure. Environmental impacts are classified in terms of environmental matrices: air impacts, water impacts, land impacts, and others (noise & visual pollution and radioactivity).

@article{kudrewicz_subsalt_2022,
	title = {Subsalt {Rotliegend} {Sediments}—{A} {New} {Challenge} for {Geothermal} {Systems} in {Poland}},
	volume = {15},
	copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
	issn = {1996-1073},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/3/1166},
	doi = {10.3390/en15031166},
	abstract = {New seismic data and the completion of the K-1 petroleum exploratory well, located close to the axial zone of the Mogilno-Łódź Trough (Polish Lowlands) delivered new insight into local structural, tectonic, facial and thermal variability of this geological unit. In this paper, the two variants of 3D models (SMV1 and SMV2) of Permian-Mesozoic strata are presented for the salt pillow related Kłecko Anticline, while resources assessment was confined to the Rotliegend Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) type reservoir, that is divided into Playa, Eolian and Fluvial facies-based complexes. Using very conservative assumptions on the methods of the EGS reservoir development, authors assessed that heat in place and technical potential for eolian sandstones are about 386 PJ and ca. 2814 kW, respectively, and for Fluvial 367 PJ and ca. 2850 kW in relation to the volume of 1 km3 at depths of about 5000 m b.s.l. The authors recommend for the further development of the Eolian complex because of its low shale content, influencing the high susceptibility to fracking. The presented research is the first Polish local resources assessment for an EGS reservoir in sedimentary Rotliegend, within thermal anomaly below the salt pillow, which is one of over 100 salt structures mapped in Poland.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-06-25},
	journal = {Energies},
	author = {Kudrewicz, Rafał and Papiernik, Bartosz and Hajto, Marek and Machowski, Grzegorz},
	month = feb,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {1166},
}

New seismic data and the completion of the K-1 petroleum exploratory well, located close to the axial zone of the Mogilno-Łódź Trough (Polish Lowlands) delivered new insight into local structural, tectonic, facial and thermal variability of this geological unit. In this paper, the two variants of 3D models (SMV1 and SMV2) of Permian-Mesozoic strata are presented for the salt pillow related Kłecko Anticline, while resources assessment was confined to the Rotliegend Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) type reservoir, that is divided into Playa, Eolian and Fluvial facies-based complexes. Using very conservative assumptions on the methods of the EGS reservoir development, authors assessed that heat in place and technical potential for eolian sandstones are about 386 PJ and ca. 2814 kW, respectively, and for Fluvial 367 PJ and ca. 2850 kW in relation to the volume of 1 km3 at depths of about 5000 m b.s.l. The authors recommend for the further development of the Eolian complex because of its low shale content, influencing the high susceptibility to fracking. The presented research is the first Polish local resources assessment for an EGS reservoir in sedimentary Rotliegend, within thermal anomaly below the salt pillow, which is one of over 100 salt structures mapped in Poland.

@article{bracke_roadmap_2022,
	title = {Roadmap {Tiefe} {Geothermie} für {Deutschland} {I} {Handlungsempfehlungen} für {Politik}, {Wirtschaft} und {Wissenschaft} für eine erfolgreiche {Wärmewende}},
	url = {https://gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de/pubman/faces/ViewItemOverviewPage.jsp?itemId=item_5010956},
	doi = {10.24406/ieg-n-645792},
	abstract = {Editor: Bracke, R. et al.; Genre: Report; Finally published : 2022; Open Access; Title: Roadmap Tiefe Geothermie für Deutschland I Handlungsempfehlungen für Politik, Wirtschaft und Wissenschaft für eine erfolgreiche Wärmewende},
	urldate = {2024-06-21},
	author = {Bracke, R. and Huenges, E. and Acksel, D. and Amann, F. and Bremer, J. and Bruhn, D. and Budt, M. and Bussmann, G. and Görke, J.-U. and Grün, G. and Hahn, F. and Hanßke, A. and Kohl, T. and Kolditz, O. and Regenspurg, Simona and Reinsch, T. and Rink, K. and Sass, Ingo and Schill, E. and Schneider, C. and Shao, H. and Teza, D. and Thien, L. and Utri, M. and Will, H.},
	year = {2022},
}

Editor: Bracke, R. et al.; Genre: Report; Finally published : 2022; Open Access; Title: Roadmap Tiefe Geothermie für Deutschland I Handlungsempfehlungen für Politik, Wirtschaft und Wissenschaft für eine erfolgreiche Wärmewende

@article{holden_readiness_2022,
	title = {A readiness level framework for sustainable circular bioeconomy},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {26670410},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S266704102200009X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.bioeco.2022.100031},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	journal = {EFB Bioeconomy Journal},
	author = {Holden, Nicholas M.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {100031},
}

@article{sprenkeling_bridging_2022,
	title = {Bridging {Social} and {Technical} {Sciences}: {Introduction} of the {Societal} {Embeddedness} {Level}},
	volume = {15},
	copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
	issn = {1996-1073},
	shorttitle = {Bridging {Social} and {Technical} {Sciences}},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/17/6252},
	doi = {10.3390/en15176252},
	abstract = {The successful and fast development and deployment of renewable energy and greenhouse gas reduction technologies is a continuing and structural challenge. The deployment of these technologies is slowed down and sometimes even stalled due to societal challenges like public resistance, lack of appropriate policy and regulations, unsolid business cases and uncertainty concerning the impact on the environment. In this paper we elaborate on societal aspects that influence technology development and deployment and introduce the societal embeddedness level (SEL) framework. Building upon the technology readiness level (TRL), the SEL framework enables the assessment of the current level of societal embeddedness of energy technologies in order to identify the societal aspects which need to be taken into account to accelerate deployment of energy technologies. The SEL framework takes into account four societal dimensions (impact on the environment, stakeholder involvement, policy and regulations, and market and financial resources) and four stages of technology development (exploration, development, demonstration and deployment) that are linked to the TRL. The SEL framework has been elaborated for CCS technologies and is being applied to the monitoring of geological CO2 storage by the ACT II project DigiMon (Digital Monitoring of CO2 storage projects). DigiMon is an ACT second call project, funded by the national funding agencies in the period September 2019–August 2022.},
	language = {en},
	number = {17},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	journal = {Energies},
	author = {Sprenkeling, Marit and Geerdink, Tara and Slob, Adriaan and Geurts, Amber},
	month = aug,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {6252},
}

The successful and fast development and deployment of renewable energy and greenhouse gas reduction technologies is a continuing and structural challenge. The deployment of these technologies is slowed down and sometimes even stalled due to societal challenges like public resistance, lack of appropriate policy and regulations, unsolid business cases and uncertainty concerning the impact on the environment. In this paper we elaborate on societal aspects that influence technology development and deployment and introduce the societal embeddedness level (SEL) framework. Building upon the technology readiness level (TRL), the SEL framework enables the assessment of the current level of societal embeddedness of energy technologies in order to identify the societal aspects which need to be taken into account to accelerate deployment of energy technologies. The SEL framework takes into account four societal dimensions (impact on the environment, stakeholder involvement, policy and regulations, and market and financial resources) and four stages of technology development (exploration, development, demonstration and deployment) that are linked to the TRL. The SEL framework has been elaborated for CCS technologies and is being applied to the monitoring of geological CO2 storage by the ACT II project DigiMon (Digital Monitoring of CO2 storage projects). DigiMon is an ACT second call project, funded by the national funding agencies in the period September 2019–August 2022.

@article{mendrinos_understanding_2022,
	title = {Understanding {Societal} {Requirements} of {CCS} {Projects}: {Application} of the {Societal} {Embeddedness} {Level} {Assessment} {Methodology} in {Four} {National} {Case} {Studies}},
	volume = {4},
	copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
	issn = {2571-8797},
	shorttitle = {Understanding {Societal} {Requirements} of {CCS} {Projects}},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2571-8797/4/4/55},
	doi = {10.3390/cleantechnol4040055},
	abstract = {The DigiMon project aims to develop and demonstrate an affordable, flexible, societally embedded, and smart digital monitoring early warning system for any subsurface CO2 storage field. The societal embeddedness level (SEL) assessment is a novel methodology which provides insight into the societal requirements for technological innovation to be deployed. The SEL assessment framework was applied in four case studies, concerning CCS development in Norway, the Netherlands, Greece, and Germany. The resulting societal embeddedness levels of CCS, on a scale of 1–4, were SEL 3 in Norway with considerable progress towards level 4, followed by the Netherlands with SEL 2 with several initiatives towards offshore demonstration projects, and then by Greece and Germany with SEL 1. The outcomes of the SEL assessments show which societal requirements have been met in current CCS developments and which ones should be improved for CCS deployment. They also show that monitoring currently is a regulatory requirement as part of permitting procedures, while it may alleviate community concerns on safety, provided that it has certain attributes. The insights from the four national case studies are further used in the DigiMon project to develop the innovative societal embedded DigiMon monitoring system.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	journal = {Clean Technologies},
	author = {Mendrinos, Dimitrios and Karytsas, Spyridon and Polyzou, Olympia and Karytsas, Constantine and Nordø, Åsta Dyrnes and Midttømme, Kirsti and Otto, Danny and Gross, Matthias and Sprenkeling, Marit and Peuchen, Ruben and Geerdink, Tara and Puts, Hanneke},
	month = sep,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {893--907},
}

The DigiMon project aims to develop and demonstrate an affordable, flexible, societally embedded, and smart digital monitoring early warning system for any subsurface CO2 storage field. The societal embeddedness level (SEL) assessment is a novel methodology which provides insight into the societal requirements for technological innovation to be deployed. The SEL assessment framework was applied in four case studies, concerning CCS development in Norway, the Netherlands, Greece, and Germany. The resulting societal embeddedness levels of CCS, on a scale of 1–4, were SEL 3 in Norway with considerable progress towards level 4, followed by the Netherlands with SEL 2 with several initiatives towards offshore demonstration projects, and then by Greece and Germany with SEL 1. The outcomes of the SEL assessments show which societal requirements have been met in current CCS developments and which ones should be improved for CCS deployment. They also show that monitoring currently is a regulatory requirement as part of permitting procedures, while it may alleviate community concerns on safety, provided that it has certain attributes. The insights from the four national case studies are further used in the DigiMon project to develop the innovative societal embedded DigiMon monitoring system.

@article{spijkerboer_out_2022,
	title = {Out of steam? {A} social science and humanities research agenda for geothermal energy},
	volume = {92},
	issn = {22146296},
	shorttitle = {Out of steam?},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2214629622003048},
	doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2022.102801},
	abstract = {The potential of geothermal energy for energy transition is increasingly recognized by governments around the world. Whether geothermal energy is a sustainable source of heat and/or electricity depends on how it is deployed in specific contexts. Therefore, it is striking that there is only limited attention to geothermal energy from a social science and humanities (SSH) perspective. Geothermal energy is largely conceptualized as a technological and/or geological issue in both science and practice. This perspective article aims to go beyond such conceptualizations by positioning social science research as an important lens to explore the promises and pitfalls of geothermal energy. We first provide an overview of the current state of geothermal energy as a decarbonization strategy. Second, we move on to review the existing literature. This review shows that studies that do address geothermal energy from an SSH perspective tend to be of a descriptive nature and lack analytical diversity. Third, we discuss three complementary theoretical approaches that are used in the social sciences to observe and address other forms of energy and energy transition. We believe that socio-technical assemblages, systems, and imaginaries can provide fruitful analytical lenses to study the promises, pitfalls and spatialization of geothermal energy. We conclude the paper with a research agenda and call for further engagement with this topic in SSH research, with attention to specificities of global South and North contexts.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	journal = {Energy Research \& Social Science},
	author = {Spijkerboer, Rozanne C. and Turhan, Ethemcan and Roos, Andreas and Billi, Marco and Vargas-Payera, Sofia and Opazo, Jose and Armiero, Marco},
	month = oct,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {102801},
}

The potential of geothermal energy for energy transition is increasingly recognized by governments around the world. Whether geothermal energy is a sustainable source of heat and/or electricity depends on how it is deployed in specific contexts. Therefore, it is striking that there is only limited attention to geothermal energy from a social science and humanities (SSH) perspective. Geothermal energy is largely conceptualized as a technological and/or geological issue in both science and practice. This perspective article aims to go beyond such conceptualizations by positioning social science research as an important lens to explore the promises and pitfalls of geothermal energy. We first provide an overview of the current state of geothermal energy as a decarbonization strategy. Second, we move on to review the existing literature. This review shows that studies that do address geothermal energy from an SSH perspective tend to be of a descriptive nature and lack analytical diversity. Third, we discuss three complementary theoretical approaches that are used in the social sciences to observe and address other forms of energy and energy transition. We believe that socio-technical assemblages, systems, and imaginaries can provide fruitful analytical lenses to study the promises, pitfalls and spatialization of geothermal energy. We conclude the paper with a research agenda and call for further engagement with this topic in SSH research, with attention to specificities of global South and North contexts.

@article{gascuel_design_2022,
	title = {Design and {Optimization} of {Deep} {Coaxial} {Borehole} {Heat} {Exchangers} for {Cold} {Sedimentary} {Basins}},
	issn = {1556-5068},
	url = {https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4031127},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.4031127},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
	author = {Gascuel, Violaine Louise and Raymond, Jasmin and Rivard, Christine and Marcil, Jean-Sébastien and Comeau, Felix-Antoine},
	year = {2022},
}

@incollection{loewer_tapping_2022,
	title = {Tapping hot rocks},
	copyright = {https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/},
	isbn = {9780323918923},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780323918923000030},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	booktitle = {Renewable {Energy} {Production} and {Distribution}},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	author = {Loewer, Markus and Keim, Maximilian},
	year = {2022},
	doi = {10.1016/B978-0-323-91892-3.00003-0},
	pages = {273--297},
}

@misc{eavor_worlds_2022,
	title = {The {World}'s {Environmental} {Cooling} {Challenges} \& {How} {Eavor} {Can} {Help}},
	url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iOdFysHkAnc},
	abstract = {The World's Environmental Cooling Challenges \& How Eavor Can Help},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	author = {{Eavor}},
	month = apr,
	year = {2022},
}

The World's Environmental Cooling Challenges & How Eavor Can Help

@article{barco-burgos_review_2022,
	title = {Review on the integration of high-temperature heat pumps in district heating and cooling networks},
	volume = {239},
	issn = {03605442},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S036054422102627X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2021.122378},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	journal = {Energy},
	author = {Barco-Burgos, J. and Bruno, J.C. and Eicker, U. and Saldaña-Robles, A.L. and Alcántar-Camarena, V.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {122378},
}

@misc{noauthor_geothermal_2022,
	title = {Geothermal {Plants} in {Bavaria} - {Geothermie}-{Allianz} {Bayern}},
	url = {https://geothermie-allianz.de/en/geothermal-plants-in-bavaria/},
	language = {en-GB},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	month = mar,
	year = {2022},
}

@article{wirtz_survey_2022,
	title = {Survey of 53 5th {Generation} {District} {Heating} and {Cooling} ({5GDHC}) {Networks} in {Germany}},
	url = {https://rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG.2.2.22381.87528},
	doi = {10.13140/RG.2.2.22381.87528},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	author = {Wirtz, Marco and Schreiber, Thomas and Müller, Dirk},
	year = {2022},
}

@misc{noauthor_regulation_2022,
	title = {Regulation ({EU}) 2022/869 of the {European} {Parliament} and of the {Council} of 30 {May} 2022 on guidelines for trans-{European} energy infrastructure, amending {Regulations} ({EC}) {No} 715/2009, ({EU}) 2019/942 and ({EU}) 2019/943 and {Directives} 2009/73/{EC} and ({EU}) 2019/944, and repealing {Regulation} ({EU}) {No} 347/2013},
	url = {http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2022/869/oj/eng},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-23},
	month = may,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Legislative Body: CONSIL, EP},
}

@misc{noauthor_proposal_2022,
	title = {Proposal for a {REGULATION} {OF} {THE} {EUROPEAN} {PARLIAMENT} {AND} {OF} {THE} {COUNCIL} on fluorinated greenhouse gases, amending {Directive} ({EU}) 2019/1937 and repealing {Regulation} ({EU}) {No} 517/2014},
	url = {https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52022PC0150},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-23},
	year = {2022},
}

@misc{eurostat_population_2022,
	title = {Population on 1 {January}},
	url = {https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/product/page/TPS00001},
	doi = {10.2908/TPS00001},
	urldate = {2024-01-26},
	publisher = {Eurostat},
	author = {{Eurostat}},
	year = {2022},
}

@misc{eurostat_cooling_2022,
	title = {Cooling and heating degree days by country - annual data},
	url = {https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/product/page/NRG_CHDD_A},
	doi = {10.2908/NRG_CHDD_A},
	urldate = {2024-01-26},
	publisher = {Eurostat},
	author = {{Eurostat}},
	year = {2022},
}

@misc{eurostat_gas_2022,
	title = {Gas prices components for household consumers - annual data},
	url = {https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/product/page/NRG_PC_202_C},
	doi = {10.2908/NRG_PC_202_C},
	urldate = {2024-01-26},
	publisher = {Eurostat},
	author = {{Eurostat}},
	year = {2022},
}

@book{eefig_report_2022,
	address = {LU},
	title = {Report on the evolution of financing practices for energy efficiency in buildings, {SME}'s and in industry: final report},
	isbn = {978-92-76-51982-9},
	shorttitle = {Report on the evolution of financing practices for energy efficiency in buildings, {SME}'s and in industry},
	url = {https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2833/509481},
	language = {eng},
	urldate = {2024-01-25},
	publisher = {Publications Office of the European Union},
	author = {EEFIG},
	year = {2022},
}

@inproceedings{conforto_financial_2022,
	address = {Graz, Austria},
	title = {Financial {Instruments} for {Energy} {Efficiency} {Interventions} in {Buildings}:  a {European} {Comprehensive} {Overview}},
	author = {Conforto, Giulia and Hummel, Marcus},
	year = {2022},
}

@article{conforto_financing_2022,
	title = {Financing energy efficiency in buildings: an overview of current and upcoming {European} funding programmes},
	journal = {Proceedings of the ECEEE 2022 Summer Study},
	author = {Conforto, Giulia and Hummel, Marcus},
	year = {2022},
}

@techreport{alpino_costs_2022,
	title = {Costs and benefits of the green transition envisaged in the {Italian} {NRRP}. {An} evaluation using the {Social} {Cost} of {Carbon}},
	url = {https://www.bancaditalia.it/pubblicazioni/qef/2022-0720/QEF_720.pdf},
	urldate = {2024-02-12},
	author = {Alpino, Matteo and Citino, Luca and Zeni, Federica},
	year = {2022},
}

@article{molar-cruz_techno-economic_2022,
	title = {Techno-economic optimization of large-scale deep geothermal district heating systems with long-distance heat transport},
	volume = {267},
	issn = {01968904},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0196890422007026},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enconman.2022.115906},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-17},
	journal = {Energy Conversion and Management},
	author = {Molar-Cruz, Anahi and Keim, Maximilian F. and Schifflechner, Christopher and Loewer, Markus and Zosseder, Kai and Drews, Michael and Wieland, Christoph and Hamacher, Thomas},
	month = sep,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {115906},
}

@misc{cerema_district_2022,
	title = {District heating and cooling in {France}},
	url = {https://reseaux-chaleur.cerema.fr/sites/reseaux-chaleur-v2/files/fichiers/2022/04/District-heating-in-France.pdf},
	urldate = {2024-05-10},
	author = {{Cerema}},
	year = {2022},
}

@misc{bertani_prospects_2022,
	title = {Prospects of {Geothermal} {Energy} in {Europe}},
	url = {http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9781786342324_0002},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-10},
	author = {Dumas, Philippe},
	collaborator = {Bertani, Ruggero},
	year = {2022},
	doi = {10.1142/9781786342324_0002},
}

@misc{ministry_of_climate_and_environment_poland_multi-year_2022,
	title = {Multi-year {Program} for the {Development} of the {Use} of {Geothermal} {Resources} in {Poland}},
	url = {https://www.gov.pl/web/klimat/mapa-drogowa-rozwoju-geotermii-w-polsce},
	abstract = {Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska opracowało „Wieloletni Program Rozwoju Wykorzystania Zasobów Geotermalnych w Polsce”. To mapa drogowa rozwoju geotermii do 2040 roku, z perspektywą do 2050 roku.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-10},
	journal = {Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska},
	author = {{Ministry of Climate and Environment, Poland}},
	year = {2022},
}

Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska opracowało „Wieloletni Program Rozwoju Wykorzystania Zasobów Geotermalnych w Polsce”. To mapa drogowa rozwoju geotermii do 2040 roku, z perspektywą do 2050 roku.

@techreport{bmwk_key_2022,
	title = {Key points for a geothermal campaign - {Geothermal} energy for the heat transition},
	url = {https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/DE/Downloads/Energie/eckpunkte-geothermie.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=1},
	urldate = {2024-05-10},
	author = {{BMWK}},
	year = {2022},
}

@techreport{bracke_r_huenges_e_roadmap_2022,
	title = {Roadmap for {Deep} {Geothermal} {Energy} for {Germany}},
	url = {https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/419996},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-10},
	author = {{Bracke, R; Huenges, E}},
	collaborator = {{Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft}},
	month = oct,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: [object Object]},
	keywords = {Tiefe Geothermie},
}

@misc{spirito_iea_2022,
	title = {{IEA} {DHC} {Annex} {TS3} {Guidebook}, {Appendix} {E} {Country} {Report} {Italy}},
	url = {https://www.iea-dhc.org/fileadmin/documents/Annex_TS3/guidebook_Appendix_E_Country_report_Italy.pdf},
	urldate = {2024-05-10},
	author = {Spirito, Giulia and Mezzera, Francesco and Abate, Edoardo},
	year = {2022},
}

@techreport{cronbach_iea_2022,
	title = {{IEA} {DHC} {Annex} {TS3} {Guidebook}, {Appendix} {D} {Country} {Report} {Germany}},
	url = {https://www.iea-dhc.org/fileadmin/documents/Annex_TS3/guidebook_Appendix_D_Country_report_Germany.pdf},
	urldate = {2024-05-09},
	author = {Cronbach, Dennis},
	year = {2022},
}

@techreport{fallahnejad_iea_2022,
	title = {{IEA} {DHC} {Annex} {TS3} {Guidebook}, {Appendix} {B} {Country} report {Austria}},
	url = {https://www.iea-dhc.org/fileadmin/documents/Annex_TS3/guidebook_Appendix_B_Country_report_Austria.pdf},
	urldate = {2024-05-09},
	author = {Fallahnejad, Mostafa and Kranzl, Lukas},
	year = {2022},
}

@techreport{johannsen_iea_2022,
	title = {{IEA} {DHC} {Annex} {TS3} {Guidebook}, {Appendix} {C} {Country} {Report} {Denmark}},
	url = {https://www.iea-dhc.org/fileadmin/documents/Annex_TS3/guidebook_Appendix_C_Country_report_Denmark.pdf},
	urldate = {2024-05-09},
	author = {Johannsen, Rasmus Magni and Sorknæs, Peter},
	year = {2022},
}

@techreport{abesser_geothermal_2022,
	title = {Geothermal energy - {Postbrief} 46},
	url = {https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/POST-PB-0046/POST-PB-0046.pdf},
	urldate = {2024-05-08},
	author = {Abesser, Corinna and Walker, Alan},
	year = {2022},
}

@misc{eurostat_eurostat_2022,
	title = {Eurostat regional yearbook 2022},
	url = {https://ec.europa.eu/statistical-atlas/viewer/?config=RYB-2022.json&ch=TRC,NUTS&mids=BKGCNT,NUTS2,CNTOVL&o=1,1,0.7&center=50.03563,19.92962,3&lcis=NUTS2&},
	author = {{Eurostat}},
	year = {2022},
}

@book{climate_strategy_report_2022,
	address = {LU},
	title = {Report on the evolution of financing practices for energy efficiency in buildings, {SME}'s and in industry: final report},
	isbn = {978-92-76-51982-9},
	shorttitle = {Report on the evolution of financing practices for energy efficiency in buildings, {SME}'s and in industry},
	url = {https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2833/509481},
	abstract = {Energy efficiency investments must more than double to achieve the EU’s new climate and energy targets. This EEFIG report takes a deep dive into the current status and identifies necessary actions to scale up energy efficiency investments in buildings, SMEs and industry.},
	language = {eng},
	urldate = {2023-11-23},
	publisher = {Publications Office of the European Union},
	author = {Climate Strategy and COWI and d-fine and Directorate-General for Energy (European Commission) and EEIP and EnergyPro and Fraunhofer ISI and ICCS-NTUA and Viegand Maagøe},
	year = {2022},
}

Energy efficiency investments must more than double to achieve the EU’s new climate and energy targets. This EEFIG report takes a deep dive into the current status and identifies necessary actions to scale up energy efficiency investments in buildings, SMEs and industry.

@article{figueira_geothermal_2022,
	title = {Geothermal energy integration in {European} {DHC} systems: {The} 100 good reasons initiative by {Geothermal}-{DHC}},
	language = {en},
	author = {Figueira, João and Goetzl, Gregor and Schifflechner, Christopher},
	month = oct,
	year = {2022},
}

@techreport{university_of_agriculture_in_krakow_traces_2022,
	title = {{TRACES} - {Smart} strategies for the transition in coal intensive regions - {Fact} {Sheet}: {Heat} {Storages}},
	url = {https://tracer-h2020.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Wybrane-aspekty-transformacji-e-book.pdf},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-05-11},
	institution = {Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow},
	author = {{University of Agriculture in Krakow} and Pietrzykowski, Marcin and Chodak, Marcin and {AGH University of Science and Technology} and Likus-Cieślik, Justyna and {University of Agriculture in Krakow} and Pająk, Marek and {University of Agriculture in Krakow} and Woś, Bartłomiej and {University of Agriculture in Krakow}},
	year = {2022},
	doi = {10.15576/978-83-66602-51-9},
}

@article{stemmle_potential_2022,
	title = {Potential of low-temperature aquifer thermal energy storage ({LT}-{ATES}) in {Germany}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {2195-9706},
	url = {https://geothermal-energy-journal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40517-022-00234-2},
	doi = {10.1186/s40517-022-00234-2},
	abstract = {More than 30\% of Germany’s final energy consumption currently results from thermal energy for heating and cooling in the building sector. One possibility to achieve significant greenhouse gas emission savings in space heating and cooling is the application of aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) systems. Hence, this study maps the spatial technical potential of shallow low-temperature ATES systems in Germany. Important criteria for efficient ATES operation considered in this assessment encompass suitable hydrogeological conditions, such as aquifer productivity and groundwater flow velocity, and balanced space heating and cooling demands. The latter is approximated by the ratio of heating and cooling degree days, which is incorporated as a time-dependent criterion to also evaluate the impact of climate change on the ATES potential. The hydrogeological and climatic criteria are combined within a spatial analysis revealing that, regarding the upcoming decades, about 54\% of the investigated German area are very well or well suitable for ATES applications, largely concentrating on three regions: the North German Basin, the Upper Rhine Graben and the South German Molasse Basin. Considering time-dependent climatic conditions, the very well or well suitable areas will increase by 13\% for the time period 2071–2100. This is mostly caused by a large relative area increase of the very well suitable regions due to an increasing cooling demand in the future. The sensitivity of the very well and well suitable regions to the criteria weightings is relatively low. Accounting for existing water protection zones shows a reduction of the country-wide share of very well or well suitable areas by around 11\%. Nevertheless, the newly created potential map reveals a huge potential for shallow low-temperature ATES systems in Germany.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-05-11},
	journal = {Geothermal Energy},
	author = {Stemmle, Ruben and Hammer, Vanessa and Blum, Philipp and Menberg, Kathrin},
	month = oct,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {24},
}

More than 30% of Germany’s final energy consumption currently results from thermal energy for heating and cooling in the building sector. One possibility to achieve significant greenhouse gas emission savings in space heating and cooling is the application of aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) systems. Hence, this study maps the spatial technical potential of shallow low-temperature ATES systems in Germany. Important criteria for efficient ATES operation considered in this assessment encompass suitable hydrogeological conditions, such as aquifer productivity and groundwater flow velocity, and balanced space heating and cooling demands. The latter is approximated by the ratio of heating and cooling degree days, which is incorporated as a time-dependent criterion to also evaluate the impact of climate change on the ATES potential. The hydrogeological and climatic criteria are combined within a spatial analysis revealing that, regarding the upcoming decades, about 54% of the investigated German area are very well or well suitable for ATES applications, largely concentrating on three regions: the North German Basin, the Upper Rhine Graben and the South German Molasse Basin. Considering time-dependent climatic conditions, the very well or well suitable areas will increase by 13% for the time period 2071–2100. This is mostly caused by a large relative area increase of the very well suitable regions due to an increasing cooling demand in the future. The sensitivity of the very well and well suitable regions to the criteria weightings is relatively low. Accounting for existing water protection zones shows a reduction of the country-wide share of very well or well suitable areas by around 11%. Nevertheless, the newly created potential map reveals a huge potential for shallow low-temperature ATES systems in Germany.

@book{european_commission_directorate_general_for_energy_district_2022,
	address = {LU},
	title = {District heating and cooling in the {European} {Union}: overview of markets and regulatory frameworks under the revised {Renewable} {Energy} {Directive}.},
	shorttitle = {District heating and cooling in the {European} {Union}},
	url = {https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2833/962525},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-05-11},
	publisher = {Publications Office},
	author = {{European Commission. Directorate General for Energy.} and {TU Wien.} and {Tilia GmbH.} and {Institute for Resource Efficiency and Energy Strategies GmbH.} and {Fraunhofer ISI.} and {Öko Institut.}},
	year = {2022},
}

@article{chicco_modelling_2022,
	title = {Modelling the {Energy} {Production} of a {Borehole} {Thermal} {Energy} {Storage} ({BTES}) {System}},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1996-1073},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/24/9587},
	doi = {10.3390/en15249587},
	abstract = {Geopolitical developments since February 2022 and the numerous debates on climate change such as the COP27 are pushing for a greater acceleration in decarbonising the energy sector. The use of geothermal energy for thermal energy production and storage in district heating and cooling (DHC) grids may also be a key element in overcoming short-term energy peaks. This work aimed at evaluating the efficiency and performance of one of the most promising underground thermal energy storage systems, which uses boreholes to store heat or cold (BTES). Numerical simulations allowed for understanding how these technologies can be used as backup systems, or when the energy demand overcomes that supplied by conventional heating systems. The knowledge on how to exploit this energy source shows that a continuous heat extraction from the storage volume can meet both the base and peak load requests for several users, with cumulative energy amounting to 476,000 kWh over the first month. This study proved how the integration of these technologies in DHC contexts can contribute to greater energy and economic savings, becoming an efficient and flexible solution to meet the energy demand from the grid, and also as a backup system.},
	language = {en},
	number = {24},
	urldate = {2023-05-11},
	journal = {Energies},
	author = {Chicco, Jessica and Mandrone, Giuseppe},
	month = dec,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {9587},
}

Geopolitical developments since February 2022 and the numerous debates on climate change such as the COP27 are pushing for a greater acceleration in decarbonising the energy sector. The use of geothermal energy for thermal energy production and storage in district heating and cooling (DHC) grids may also be a key element in overcoming short-term energy peaks. This work aimed at evaluating the efficiency and performance of one of the most promising underground thermal energy storage systems, which uses boreholes to store heat or cold (BTES). Numerical simulations allowed for understanding how these technologies can be used as backup systems, or when the energy demand overcomes that supplied by conventional heating systems. The knowledge on how to exploit this energy source shows that a continuous heat extraction from the storage volume can meet both the base and peak load requests for several users, with cumulative energy amounting to 476,000 kWh over the first month. This study proved how the integration of these technologies in DHC contexts can contribute to greater energy and economic savings, becoming an efficient and flexible solution to meet the energy demand from the grid, and also as a backup system.

@misc{github_git_2022,
	title = {Git {Large} {File} {Storage}},
	url = {https://git-lfs.com/},
	author = {{GitHub}},
	year = {2022},
}

@misc{the_enermaps_project_enermaps_2022,
	title = {{EnerMaps}},
	url = {https://enermaps.eu/},
	author = {{The EnerMaps project}},
	year = {2022},
}

@misc{eurogeosurveys_egs_european_2022,
	title = {European {Geological} {Data} {Infrastructure} ({EGDI})},
	url = {https://www.europe-geology.eu/},
	author = {{EuroGeoSurveys (EGS)}},
	year = {2022},
}

@book{joint_research_centre________________________________________european_commission_clean_2022,
	address = {LU},
	title = {Clean {Energy} {Technology} {Observatory}, {Deep} geothermal heat and power in the {European} union: status report on technology development, trends, value chains and markets : 2022},
	isbn = {9789276586951},
	shorttitle = {Clean {Energy} {Technology} {Observatory}, {Deep} geothermal heat and power in the {European} union},
	url = {https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/181272},
	abstract = {This report is part of an annual series from the Clean Energy Technology Observatory that address the status of technology development and trends, value chains and markets. Here the focus is on deep geothermal energy for power and direct heat applications, in particular district heat systems. Shallow geothermal energy systems are not covered here, but ground-source pumps are addressed in a companion CETO report.},
	language = {eng},
	urldate = {2023-02-10},
	publisher = {Publications Office of the European Union},
	author = {{Joint Research Centre
                
                        (European Commission)} and Bruhn, D. and Taylor, N. and Ince, E. and Mountraki, A. and Shtjefni, D. and Georgakaki, A. and Joanny Ordonez, G. and Eulaerts, O. and Grabowska, M.},
	year = {2022},
}

This report is part of an annual series from the Clean Energy Technology Observatory that address the status of technology development and trends, value chains and markets. Here the focus is on deep geothermal energy for power and direct heat applications, in particular district heat systems. Shallow geothermal energy systems are not covered here, but ground-source pumps are addressed in a companion CETO report.

@book{joint_research_centre________________________________________european_commission_clean_2022,
	address = {LU},
	title = {Clean {Energy} {Technology} {Observatory}, {Deep} geothermal heat and power in the {European} union: status report on technology development, trends, value chains and markets : 2022},
	isbn = {9789276586951},
	shorttitle = {Clean {Energy} {Technology} {Observatory}, {Deep} geothermal heat and power in the {European} union},
	url = {https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/181272},
	abstract = {This report is part of an annual series from the Clean Energy Technology Observatory that address the status of technology development and trends, value chains and markets. Here the focus is on deep geothermal energy for power and direct heat applications, in particular district heat systems. Shallow geothermal energy systems are not covered here, but ground-source pumps are addressed in a companion CETO report.},
	language = {eng},
	urldate = {2023-02-10},
	publisher = {Publications Office of the European Union},
	author = {{Joint Research Centre
                
                        (European Commission)} and Bruhn, D. and Taylor, N. and Ince, E. and Mountraki, A. and Shtjefni, D. and Georgakaki, A. and Joanny Ordonez, G. and Eulaerts, O. and Grabowska, M.},
	year = {2022},
}

This report is part of an annual series from the Clean Energy Technology Observatory that address the status of technology development and trends, value chains and markets. Here the focus is on deep geothermal energy for power and direct heat applications, in particular district heat systems. Shallow geothermal energy systems are not covered here, but ground-source pumps are addressed in a companion CETO report.

@book{european_climate_cordis_2022,
	address = {LU},
	title = {{CORDIS} results pack on geothermal energy},
	isbn = {9789278431563},
	url = {https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2830/70687},
	abstract = {As a virtually unlimited source of renewable energy, geothermal is versatile, reliable and it does not depend on weather patterns. As such, geothermal energy is a serious and viable contender to help lever Europe into first place as a carbon-neutral continent by 2050. The 10 projects in this Results Pack demonstrate the European Commission’s continued support for research and innovation to expand the geothermal sector. These projects present an overview of the different areas of development and potential solutions for a wider deployment of geothermal heating and power generation.},
	language = {eng},
	urldate = {2023-02-10},
	publisher = {Publications Office of the European Union},
	author = {European Climate, Infrastructure {and} Environment Executive Agency (European Commission) and {Publications Office of the European Union}},
	year = {2022},
}

As a virtually unlimited source of renewable energy, geothermal is versatile, reliable and it does not depend on weather patterns. As such, geothermal energy is a serious and viable contender to help lever Europe into first place as a carbon-neutral continent by 2050. The 10 projects in this Results Pack demonstrate the European Commission’s continued support for research and innovation to expand the geothermal sector. These projects present an overview of the different areas of development and potential solutions for a wider deployment of geothermal heating and power generation.

@book{ledesert_enhanced_2022,
	title = {Enhanced {Geothermal} {Systems} and other {Deep} {Geothermal} {Applications} throughout {Europe}: {The} {MEET} {Project}},
	isbn = {978-3-0365-6053-3 978-3-0365-6054-0},
	shorttitle = {Enhanced {Geothermal} {Systems} and other {Deep} {Geothermal} {Applications} throughout {Europe}},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/books/book/6544},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-02-03},
	publisher = {MDPI},
	editor = {Ledésert, Béatrice A. and Hébert, Ronan L. and Trullenque, Ghislain and Genter, Albert and Dalmais, Eléonore and Hérisson, Jean},
	year = {2022},
	doi = {10.3390/books978-3-0365-6053-3},
}

@article{liu_robust_2022,
	title = {A robust assessment method of recoverable geothermal energy considering optimal development parameters},
	volume = {201},
	issn = {0960-1481},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148122016135},
	doi = {10.1016/j.renene.2022.10.111},
	abstract = {It is known that development parameters such as injection and production rate, injection temperature, and well location and spacing play an important role in determining the recoverable geothermal energy in a licensed region during the exploitation stage, but they are seldomly considered in geothermal resource assessment. In this study, a robust assessment method of recoverable geothermal energy considering the optimal development parameters is developed. To maximize the recoverable geothermal energy whilst avoid environmental disasters including reservoir pressure declining, thermal breakthrough and surface subsidence, an efficient approach of optimizing development parameters is proposed using the fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical reservoir model, experimental design and proxy model, and multiple response optimization method. Based on the case study of two doublets in the Tongzhou district, China, the robustness and reasonability of the developed assessment method are demonstrated. The results show that the optimal development parameters can significantly increase the recoverable geothermal energy, but the optimal development parameters for different doublets are different due to the complexity in geological structures and the heterogeneity in reservoir parameters. Therefore, it is highly recommended to maximize the recoverable geothermal energy by selecting the optimal development parameters.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-01-28},
	journal = {Renewable Energy},
	author = {Liu, Guihong and Zhao, Zhihong and Xu, Haoran and Zhang, Jinping and Kong, Xiangjun and Yuan, Lijuan},
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {Multiple response optimization, Numerical reservoir model, Optimal development parameter, Proxy model, Recoverable geothermal energy},
	pages = {426--440},
}

It is known that development parameters such as injection and production rate, injection temperature, and well location and spacing play an important role in determining the recoverable geothermal energy in a licensed region during the exploitation stage, but they are seldomly considered in geothermal resource assessment. In this study, a robust assessment method of recoverable geothermal energy considering the optimal development parameters is developed. To maximize the recoverable geothermal energy whilst avoid environmental disasters including reservoir pressure declining, thermal breakthrough and surface subsidence, an efficient approach of optimizing development parameters is proposed using the fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical reservoir model, experimental design and proxy model, and multiple response optimization method. Based on the case study of two doublets in the Tongzhou district, China, the robustness and reasonability of the developed assessment method are demonstrated. The results show that the optimal development parameters can significantly increase the recoverable geothermal energy, but the optimal development parameters for different doublets are different due to the complexity in geological structures and the heterogeneity in reservoir parameters. Therefore, it is highly recommended to maximize the recoverable geothermal energy by selecting the optimal development parameters.

@misc{bott_py4hip_2022,
	title = {{Py4HIP}: {Python} tool for {Heat}-{In}-{Place} calculations},
	copyright = {European Union Public Licence 1.2 (C) 2022 the authors and Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences},
	shorttitle = {{Py4HIP}},
	url = {https://dataservices.gfz-potsdam.de/panmetaworks/showshort.php?id=d56deaf8-cab0-11ec-9531-ca1f3ed77ce8},
	abstract = {Py4HIP is an open-source software tool for Heat-In-Place calculations implemented as a self-explanatory Jupyter notebook written in Python (Py4HIP.ipynb) Calculating the Heat In Place (HIP) is a standard method for assessing the geothermal potential for a defined geological unit (e.g., Nathenson, 1975; Muffler and Cataldi, 1978; Garg and Combs, 2015). The respective implementation in Py4HIP is based on a volumetric quantification of contained energy after Muffler and Cataldi (1978), where the geological unit at hand is considered spatially variable in terms of its temperature, thickness, porosity, density and volumetric heat capacity of its solid and fluid (brine) components. The energy values provided by Py4HIP as ASCII lists and map representations correspond to the stored energy in J/m{\textasciicircum}2.},
	urldate = {2023-01-28},
	publisher = {GFZ Data Services},
	author = {Bott, Judith and Benoit, Laureen and Koltzer, Nora and Anikiev, Denis},
	collaborator = {Bott, Judith and Bott, Judith and Benoit, Laureen and Koltzer, Nora and Anikiev, Denis and Bott, Judith},
	year = {2022},
	doi = {10.5880/GFZ.4.5.2022.001},
	keywords = {EARTH SCIENCE, EARTH SCIENCE \> SOLID EARTH, EARTH SCIENCE \> SOLID EARTH \> GEOTHERMAL DYNAMICS, contained energy, geothermal potential, heat in place, rock properties, subsurface reservoir},
}

Py4HIP is an open-source software tool for Heat-In-Place calculations implemented as a self-explanatory Jupyter notebook written in Python (Py4HIP.ipynb) Calculating the Heat In Place (HIP) is a standard method for assessing the geothermal potential for a defined geological unit (e.g., Nathenson, 1975; Muffler and Cataldi, 1978; Garg and Combs, 2015). The respective implementation in Py4HIP is based on a volumetric quantification of contained energy after Muffler and Cataldi (1978), where the geological unit at hand is considered spatially variable in terms of its temperature, thickness, porosity, density and volumetric heat capacity of its solid and fluid (brine) components. The energy values provided by Py4HIP as ASCII lists and map representations correspond to the stored energy in J/m\textasciicircum2.

@techreport{philippe_dumas_monitoring_2021,
	title = {Monitoring targets from the {SET} {Plan}’s {Deep} {Geothermal} {Implementation} {Plan} with {Reference} plants \& assets},
	url = {https://www.geothermal-iwg.eu/_files/ugd/d2a943_5a6fca49e56847a19854b9ad78c9e222.pdf},
	author = {Philippe Dumas and Philippe Dumas and Gunter Siddiqi and Miklos Antic and Paul Ramsak},
	year = {2021},
}

@article{djorup_consumer_2021,
	title = {Consumer {Ownership} of {Natural} {Monopolies} and its {Relevance} for the {Green} {Transition}: {The} {Case} of {District} {Heating}},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {25973053},
	shorttitle = {Consumer {Ownership} of {Natural} {Monopolies} and its {Relevance} for the {Green} {Transition}},
	url = {https://forsyningstilsynet.dk/media/8870/chapter_3_consumer-ownership-of-natural-monopolies-and-its-relevance-for-the-green-transition-the-case-of-district-heating.pdf},
	doi = {10.51138/JBBO9030},
	abstract = {District heating is important for the transition to sustainable energy systems. In order to implement district heating, consumers’ trust and acceptance of this technical monopoly structure is necessary. This necessity leads to the question of price regulation and ownership in the district heating sector, since these institutional structures are the measures for creating trust and acceptance. This article is based on a Coasian approach, where information costs and concrete institutional structures are at the centre of the analysis. This approach is applied for the purpose of understanding the role of consumer ownership in the district heating sector. An ownership model which has been shown to be the most efficient in Denmark. Through a detailed empirical case study, it is shown how private commercial companies have avoided the state regulatory monopoly price regulation and inflated consumer prices. The case study also describes how changes in ownership immediately led to price reductions. It is concluded that the consumer ownership model has played a vital role in getting price regulation to succeed and thereby consumers to trust and accept the district heating systems in Denmark. This result is an important contribution to heating policy development as well as monopoly regulation theory.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-06-28},
	journal = {Danish utility regulator's anthology project series on better regulation in the energy sector},
	author = {Djørup, Søren and Odgaard, Ole and Sperling, Karl and Lund, Henrik},
	month = mar,
	year = {2021},
}

District heating is important for the transition to sustainable energy systems. In order to implement district heating, consumers’ trust and acceptance of this technical monopoly structure is necessary. This necessity leads to the question of price regulation and ownership in the district heating sector, since these institutional structures are the measures for creating trust and acceptance. This article is based on a Coasian approach, where information costs and concrete institutional structures are at the centre of the analysis. This approach is applied for the purpose of understanding the role of consumer ownership in the district heating sector. An ownership model which has been shown to be the most efficient in Denmark. Through a detailed empirical case study, it is shown how private commercial companies have avoided the state regulatory monopoly price regulation and inflated consumer prices. The case study also describes how changes in ownership immediately led to price reductions. It is concluded that the consumer ownership model has played a vital role in getting price regulation to succeed and thereby consumers to trust and accept the district heating systems in Denmark. This result is an important contribution to heating policy development as well as monopoly regulation theory.

@article{eguez_district_2021,
	title = {District heating network ownership and prices: {The} case of an unregulated natural monopoly},
	volume = {72},
	issn = {09571787},
	shorttitle = {District heating network ownership and prices},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0957178721000862},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jup.2021.101252},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-28},
	journal = {Utilities Policy},
	author = {Egüez, Alejandro},
	month = oct,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {101252},
}

@article{jeandaux_life_2021,
	title = {Life {Cycle} {Assessment} of {District} {Heating} {Systems} in {Europe}: {Case} {Study} and {Recommendations}},
	volume = {13},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {2071-1050},
	shorttitle = {Life {Cycle} {Assessment} of {District} {Heating} {Systems} in {Europe}},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/20/11256},
	doi = {10.3390/su132011256},
	abstract = {District heating systems are a way to integrate renewable energies into the heating sector, with the primary aim of decarbonizing this final use. In such systems, renewable energy sources are centrally managed with cutting-edge technological equipment, efficient maintenance rates and service guarantees. Both the decarbonization effect and the centralization lead to environmental benefits, which can go beyond the climate change indicator. In this study, life cycle assessment was used to assess the environmental sustainability of district heating solutions compared to standalones. The study aimed to examine a diverse set of options for large-scale district heating systems across Europe and to compare them to different standalone solutions. Eight technologies (five district-level and three standalone solutions) were analyzed in two densities of habitats and four areas of Europe. This study aimed to understand the drivers of district heating environmental performance and to provide guidelines for accounting said performance. The analysis showed better performance for district heating scenarios compared to isotechnology standalones for every environmental impact category: the climate change impact category were reduced from 5 to 90\%, while respiratory inorganics were reduced from 45 to 64\%, depending on the considered climatic area. This statement was true under key parameters, both technical and methodological—efficiencies and complement rates, but also the neutral carbon principle for biomass energy accounting and allocation rules.},
	language = {en},
	number = {20},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Sustainability},
	author = {Jeandaux, Camille and Videau, Jean-Baptiste and Prieur-Vernat, Anne},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {biomass, district heating, geothermal, life cycle assessment, renewable energy},
	pages = {11256},
}

District heating systems are a way to integrate renewable energies into the heating sector, with the primary aim of decarbonizing this final use. In such systems, renewable energy sources are centrally managed with cutting-edge technological equipment, efficient maintenance rates and service guarantees. Both the decarbonization effect and the centralization lead to environmental benefits, which can go beyond the climate change indicator. In this study, life cycle assessment was used to assess the environmental sustainability of district heating solutions compared to standalones. The study aimed to examine a diverse set of options for large-scale district heating systems across Europe and to compare them to different standalone solutions. Eight technologies (five district-level and three standalone solutions) were analyzed in two densities of habitats and four areas of Europe. This study aimed to understand the drivers of district heating environmental performance and to provide guidelines for accounting said performance. The analysis showed better performance for district heating scenarios compared to isotechnology standalones for every environmental impact category: the climate change impact category were reduced from 5 to 90%, while respiratory inorganics were reduced from 45 to 64%, depending on the considered climatic area. This statement was true under key parameters, both technical and methodological—efficiencies and complement rates, but also the neutral carbon principle for biomass energy accounting and allocation rules.

@article{pratiwi_life_2021,
	title = {Life cycle assessment of shallow to medium-depth geothermal heating and cooling networks in the {State} of {Geneva}},
	volume = {90},
	issn = {0375-6505},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0375650520302807},
	doi = {10.1016/j.geothermics.2020.101988},
	abstract = {Geothermal heating and cooling from a depth of 10–3′500 meters have considerable decarbonization potential but understudied life-cycle environmental impacts. We quantified the life-cycle impacts of six heating and cooling configurations from shallow to medium-depth geothermal wells with connected, decentralized heat pumps and district heating and cooling in the State of Geneva. Shallower systems with connected heat pumps have better environmental performance than systems with district heating, whereas shallow systems with free cooling perform best for cooling. These environmental impacts are lower than those of fossil fuels, except for mineral resource scarcity, especially with decentralized heat pumps and free cooling.},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Geothermics},
	author = {Pratiwi, Astu Sam and Trutnevyte, Evelina},
	month = feb,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Cooling, District heating, Environment, Geothermal, Heat pumps, Life-cycle assessment},
	pages = {101988},
}

Geothermal heating and cooling from a depth of 10–3′500 meters have considerable decarbonization potential but understudied life-cycle environmental impacts. We quantified the life-cycle impacts of six heating and cooling configurations from shallow to medium-depth geothermal wells with connected, decentralized heat pumps and district heating and cooling in the State of Geneva. Shallower systems with connected heat pumps have better environmental performance than systems with district heating, whereas shallow systems with free cooling perform best for cooling. These environmental impacts are lower than those of fossil fuels, except for mineral resource scarcity, especially with decentralized heat pumps and free cooling.

@article{pitoska_social_2021,
	title = {Social {And} {Economic} {Dimensions} {Of} {District} {Heating}: {A} {Case} {Study}},
	volume = {15},
	shorttitle = {Social {And} {Economic} {Dimensions} {Of} {District} {Heating}},
	url = {https://ideas.repec.org//a/isp/journl/v15y2021i1p298-305.html},
	abstract = {Among major contemporary issues, energy resources and sustainability have caused global concern, thus, emphasizing a more rational use of energy systems and renewable sources for power and heat generation systems, such as district heating. In Greece, energy resources and environmental issues have been given great emphasis. Recently, environmentally friendly policies have been focused on relevant laws, incentives for renewable energy implementation schemes, and applications of new technologies. In this context, there has been a considerable increase in the number of district heating units, and, as a consequence, in the variety of financial, environmental, and power generation benefits. Major district heating facilities have been established in various areas, among which Ptolemaida, Amyntaio, Kozani, Serres, and Megalopolis. The present survey, which was carried out to investigate the socio-economic dimensions of district heating, was based on a representative sample from Ptolemaida, where winter is long, weather conditions are harsh, and district heating units are close to large PPC facilities. The corpus of data was drawn from the analysis of a structured questionnaire comprised of two parts with 21 questions answered through social media by residents, in April and May 2019. The 401 questionnaires were analyzed, first, by employing descriptive statistics and, subsequently, via SPSS. The research results demonstrate that, before district heating was introduced, heating generation mostly relied on oil-fired boiler systems, the heating cost of which was changeable in contrast to district heating prices, which are rather fixed, and, thus, affordable. In addition, the results indicated that a reduction in imported oil consumption is conducive to national economic growth. Heating quality in district heating systems is considered fairly high mainly in terms of the high thermal efficiency it provides. District heating has greatly contributed to reducing pollutants and protecting the environment, especially in areas such as Ptolemaida, which is heavily affected. Finally, the research also demonstrated that an overwhelming majority perceive the crisis as a great opportunity for fostering ecology awareness and the use of renewable energy.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Economy \& Business Journal},
	author = {Pitoska, Electra and Liana, Anastasia and Araviadis, Leandros},
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {district heating, ptolemaida, socio-economic dimensions},
	pages = {298--305},
}

Among major contemporary issues, energy resources and sustainability have caused global concern, thus, emphasizing a more rational use of energy systems and renewable sources for power and heat generation systems, such as district heating. In Greece, energy resources and environmental issues have been given great emphasis. Recently, environmentally friendly policies have been focused on relevant laws, incentives for renewable energy implementation schemes, and applications of new technologies. In this context, there has been a considerable increase in the number of district heating units, and, as a consequence, in the variety of financial, environmental, and power generation benefits. Major district heating facilities have been established in various areas, among which Ptolemaida, Amyntaio, Kozani, Serres, and Megalopolis. The present survey, which was carried out to investigate the socio-economic dimensions of district heating, was based on a representative sample from Ptolemaida, where winter is long, weather conditions are harsh, and district heating units are close to large PPC facilities. The corpus of data was drawn from the analysis of a structured questionnaire comprised of two parts with 21 questions answered through social media by residents, in April and May 2019. The 401 questionnaires were analyzed, first, by employing descriptive statistics and, subsequently, via SPSS. The research results demonstrate that, before district heating was introduced, heating generation mostly relied on oil-fired boiler systems, the heating cost of which was changeable in contrast to district heating prices, which are rather fixed, and, thus, affordable. In addition, the results indicated that a reduction in imported oil consumption is conducive to national economic growth. Heating quality in district heating systems is considered fairly high mainly in terms of the high thermal efficiency it provides. District heating has greatly contributed to reducing pollutants and protecting the environment, especially in areas such as Ptolemaida, which is heavily affected. Finally, the research also demonstrated that an overwhelming majority perceive the crisis as a great opportunity for fostering ecology awareness and the use of renewable energy.

@article{foglia_assessing_2021,
	title = {Assessing socio-economic value of innovative materials recovery solutions validated in existing wastewater treatment plants},
	volume = {322},
	issn = {0959-6526},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652621032376},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129048},
	abstract = {Cost benefit analysis (CBA) and social impact assessment are well established methodologies to systematically estimate the viability of investments on technologies as well as the benefits for the society. However, there is a limited application of these assessment methods in the wastewater sector especially for resource recovery to deliver circularity objectives within urban water cycle management. In this regard, the Horizon 2020 SMART-Plant Innovation Action aimed to evaluate holistic impacts of wastewater-based resource recovery by applying and adapting cost benefit and social analysis on innovative technologies (SMARTechs). The SMARTechs were implemented and validated in real wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) across Europe and Mediterranean basin where potential impacts in terms of carbon, material and energy efficiency, recovery and safe reuse were defined. Sixteen bottom-up SMARTech scenarios were analysed for the estimation of technical, economic and social impacts using CBA, social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) and social readiness level (SRL) methods. Overall, the SMARTechs created benefits both from an environmental and social point of view, with a maximum relative total economic value up to +23\% compared to baseline scenario (without any SMARTech implementation). In terms of social benefits, the S-LCA highlighted a global positive impact of all the SMARTechs in terms of technical characteristics and social acceptance. Specifically, SMARTech 1 (cellulose recovery) was the most socially accepted solution thanks to its high performance and simplicity. Finally, based on the SRL assessment, most of the SMARTechs were positioned within the SRL range of 6–7, which implies a good societal acceptance and adaptation potential.},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
	author = {Foglia, Alessia and Bruni, Cecilia and Cipolletta, Giulia and Eusebi, Anna Laura and Frison, Nicola and Katsou, Evina and Akyol, Çağrı and Fatone, Francesco},
	month = nov,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Cost-benefit analysis, Eco-innovative solutions, Resource recovery, Social life cycle assessment, Social readiness level},
	pages = {129048},
}

Cost benefit analysis (CBA) and social impact assessment are well established methodologies to systematically estimate the viability of investments on technologies as well as the benefits for the society. However, there is a limited application of these assessment methods in the wastewater sector especially for resource recovery to deliver circularity objectives within urban water cycle management. In this regard, the Horizon 2020 SMART-Plant Innovation Action aimed to evaluate holistic impacts of wastewater-based resource recovery by applying and adapting cost benefit and social analysis on innovative technologies (SMARTechs). The SMARTechs were implemented and validated in real wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) across Europe and Mediterranean basin where potential impacts in terms of carbon, material and energy efficiency, recovery and safe reuse were defined. Sixteen bottom-up SMARTech scenarios were analysed for the estimation of technical, economic and social impacts using CBA, social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) and social readiness level (SRL) methods. Overall, the SMARTechs created benefits both from an environmental and social point of view, with a maximum relative total economic value up to +23% compared to baseline scenario (without any SMARTech implementation). In terms of social benefits, the S-LCA highlighted a global positive impact of all the SMARTechs in terms of technical characteristics and social acceptance. Specifically, SMARTech 1 (cellulose recovery) was the most socially accepted solution thanks to its high performance and simplicity. Finally, based on the SRL assessment, most of the SMARTechs were positioned within the SRL range of 6–7, which implies a good societal acceptance and adaptation potential.

@incollection{karytsas_social_2021,
	title = {Social acceptance of geothermal power plants},
	copyright = {https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/},
	isbn = {9780128210376},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128210376000044},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	booktitle = {Thermodynamic {Analysis} and {Optimization} of {Geothermal} {Power} {Plants}},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	author = {Karytsas, Spyridon and Polyzou, Olympia},
	year = {2021},
	doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-821037-6.00004-4},
	pages = {65--79},
}

@article{soltani_environmental_2021,
	title = {Environmental, economic, and social impacts of geothermal energy systems},
	volume = {140},
	issn = {13640321},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364032121000459},
	doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2021.110750},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
	author = {Soltani, M. and Moradi Kashkooli, Farshad and Souri, Mohammad and Rafiei, Behnam and Jabarifar, Mohammad and Gharali, Kobra and Nathwani, Jatin S.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {110750},
}

@article{electra_social_2021,
	title = {Social {And} {Economic} {Dimensions} {Of} {District} {Heating}: {A} {Case} {Study}},
	volume = {15},
	shorttitle = {Social {And} {Economic} {Dimensions} {Of} {District} {Heating}},
	url = {https://ideas.repec.org//a/isp/journl/v15y2021i1p298-305.html},
	abstract = {Among major contemporary issues, energy resources and sustainability have caused global concern, thus, emphasizing a more rational use of energy systems and renewable sources for power and heat generation systems, such as district heating. In Greece, energy resources and environmental issues have been given great emphasis. Recently, environmentally friendly policies have been focused on relevant laws, incentives for renewable energy implementation schemes, and applications of new technologies. In this context, there has been a considerable increase in the number of district heating units, and, as a consequence, in the variety of financial, environmental, and power generation benefits. Major district heating facilities have been established in various areas, among which Ptolemaida, Amyntaio, Kozani, Serres, and Megalopolis. The present survey, which was carried out to investigate the socio-economic dimensions of district heating, was based on a representative sample from Ptolemaida, where winter is long, weather conditions are harsh, and district heating units are close to large PPC facilities. The corpus of data was drawn from the analysis of a structured questionnaire comprised of two parts with 21 questions answered through social media by residents, in April and May 2019. The 401 questionnaires were analyzed, first, by employing descriptive statistics and, subsequently, via SPSS. The research results demonstrate that, before district heating was introduced, heating generation mostly relied on oil-fired boiler systems, the heating cost of which was changeable in contrast to district heating prices, which are rather fixed, and, thus, affordable. In addition, the results indicated that a reduction in imported oil consumption is conducive to national economic growth. Heating quality in district heating systems is considered fairly high mainly in terms of the high thermal efficiency it provides. District heating has greatly contributed to reducing pollutants and protecting the environment, especially in areas such as Ptolemaida, which is heavily affected. Finally, the research also demonstrated that an overwhelming majority perceive the crisis as a great opportunity for fostering ecology awareness and the use of renewable energy.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Economy \& Business Journal},
	author = {Electra, Electra Pitoska and Liana, Anastasia and Araviadis, Leandros},
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {district heating, ptolemaida, socio-economic dimensions},
	pages = {298--305},
}

Among major contemporary issues, energy resources and sustainability have caused global concern, thus, emphasizing a more rational use of energy systems and renewable sources for power and heat generation systems, such as district heating. In Greece, energy resources and environmental issues have been given great emphasis. Recently, environmentally friendly policies have been focused on relevant laws, incentives for renewable energy implementation schemes, and applications of new technologies. In this context, there has been a considerable increase in the number of district heating units, and, as a consequence, in the variety of financial, environmental, and power generation benefits. Major district heating facilities have been established in various areas, among which Ptolemaida, Amyntaio, Kozani, Serres, and Megalopolis. The present survey, which was carried out to investigate the socio-economic dimensions of district heating, was based on a representative sample from Ptolemaida, where winter is long, weather conditions are harsh, and district heating units are close to large PPC facilities. The corpus of data was drawn from the analysis of a structured questionnaire comprised of two parts with 21 questions answered through social media by residents, in April and May 2019. The 401 questionnaires were analyzed, first, by employing descriptive statistics and, subsequently, via SPSS. The research results demonstrate that, before district heating was introduced, heating generation mostly relied on oil-fired boiler systems, the heating cost of which was changeable in contrast to district heating prices, which are rather fixed, and, thus, affordable. In addition, the results indicated that a reduction in imported oil consumption is conducive to national economic growth. Heating quality in district heating systems is considered fairly high mainly in terms of the high thermal efficiency it provides. District heating has greatly contributed to reducing pollutants and protecting the environment, especially in areas such as Ptolemaida, which is heavily affected. Finally, the research also demonstrated that an overwhelming majority perceive the crisis as a great opportunity for fostering ecology awareness and the use of renewable energy.

@book{mulder_social_2021,
	series = {{CEER} {Policy} {Papers}},
	title = {Social {Costs} and {Benefits} of {District} {Heat} {Systems}: {Method} and application to neighbourhood in {Dutch} city of {Groningen}},
	isbn = {9789403429335},
	shorttitle = {Social {Costs} and {Benefits} of {District} {Heat} {Systems}},
	publisher = {Centre for Energy Economics Research (CEER)},
	author = {Mulder, Machiel and Hulshof, Daan},
	month = sep,
	year = {2021},
}

@article{hoicka_reconfiguring_2021,
	title = {Reconfiguring actors and infrastructure in city renewable energy transitions: {A} regional perspective},
	volume = {158},
	issn = {03014215},
	shorttitle = {Reconfiguring actors and infrastructure in city renewable energy transitions},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301421521004146},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112544},
	abstract = {Cities as large centres of energy demand and population are important spatially and materially in a renewable energy transition. This study draws on available literature on material dimensions, energy decentralization, and regional approaches to provide a conceptual framework to analyse emerging city renewable energy transition plans for their material- and place-based actor scalar strategies. This framework outlines how the increase in renewable energy provided to cities results in new locations of productivity, interscalar relationships between new and centralized actors, and socio-economic outcomes. We use this to analyse 47 ambitious renewable energy transition plans in densely populated cities. Empirically, this study confirms that, for the most part, regions are important emerging actors in the decentralization of energy systems in a renewable energy transition; that city renewable energy transitions involve the forging of new economic relationships between cities and neighbouring communities and regions, and, as the community energy literature emphasises, that the involvement of a wide range of civic and local actors is important in shaping renewable energy transitions for cities. Further research can investigate how the institutional context is shaping these distinct actor material strategies and emerging interscalar relationships across regions. The socio-economic outcomes, particularly as they relate to new eco­ nomic relationships between cities and the surrounding region and the re-spatialization of productivity and benefits, should also be examined.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	journal = {Energy Policy},
	author = {Hoicka, Christina E. and Conroy, Jessica and Berka, Anna L.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {112544},
}

Cities as large centres of energy demand and population are important spatially and materially in a renewable energy transition. This study draws on available literature on material dimensions, energy decentralization, and regional approaches to provide a conceptual framework to analyse emerging city renewable energy transition plans for their material- and place-based actor scalar strategies. This framework outlines how the increase in renewable energy provided to cities results in new locations of productivity, interscalar relationships between new and centralized actors, and socio-economic outcomes. We use this to analyse 47 ambitious renewable energy transition plans in densely populated cities. Empirically, this study confirms that, for the most part, regions are important emerging actors in the decentralization of energy systems in a renewable energy transition; that city renewable energy transitions involve the forging of new economic relationships between cities and neighbouring communities and regions, and, as the community energy literature emphasises, that the involvement of a wide range of civic and local actors is important in shaping renewable energy transitions for cities. Further research can investigate how the institutional context is shaping these distinct actor material strategies and emerging interscalar relationships across regions. The socio-economic outcomes, particularly as they relate to new eco­ nomic relationships between cities and the surrounding region and the re-spatialization of productivity and benefits, should also be examined.

@article{cousse_tell_2021,
	title = {Tell me how you feel about geothermal energy: {Affect} as a revealing factor of the role of seismic risk on public acceptance},
	volume = {158},
	issn = {03014215},
	shorttitle = {Tell me how you feel about geothermal energy},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301421521004171},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112547},
	abstract = {Social acceptance of renewables, such as geothermal energy, is a key factor in successfully meeting national energy targets. Siting geothermal energy projects can be challenging because of induced seismicity related to deep geothermal energy, which may reduce public acceptance. This research investigates how informing the public about seismic risk associated with deep geothermal projects influences affect, emotions, attitudes, and the perceived risks and benefits related to both, deep and shallow geothermal projects. Two between-subjects experimental studies were conducted with representative samples of the Swiss population (N1 = 1′018; N2 = 1′007). Results show that information about seismic risk of deep geothermal energy projects significantly in­ fluences perceptions of associated projects. Specifically, a spillover effect of seismic risk information on shallow geothermal projects is observed for affect and emotions, as well as for perceived risks and benefits, but not for attitudes. Spillover effects were stronger when information about seismic risk was presented in a negative, emotionally laden manner. For policymakers, the results suggest that the population is open to the use of geothermal energy, but early communication will be key to avoiding a decline in acceptance. This research also highlights the importance of measuring affective factors, in addition to cognitive ones, in acceptance research.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	journal = {Energy Policy},
	author = {Cousse, Julia and Trutnevyte, Evelina and Hahnel, Ulf J.J.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {112547},
}

Social acceptance of renewables, such as geothermal energy, is a key factor in successfully meeting national energy targets. Siting geothermal energy projects can be challenging because of induced seismicity related to deep geothermal energy, which may reduce public acceptance. This research investigates how informing the public about seismic risk associated with deep geothermal projects influences affect, emotions, attitudes, and the perceived risks and benefits related to both, deep and shallow geothermal projects. Two between-subjects experimental studies were conducted with representative samples of the Swiss population (N1 = 1′018; N2 = 1′007). Results show that information about seismic risk of deep geothermal energy projects significantly in­ fluences perceptions of associated projects. Specifically, a spillover effect of seismic risk information on shallow geothermal projects is observed for affect and emotions, as well as for perceived risks and benefits, but not for attitudes. Spillover effects were stronger when information about seismic risk was presented in a negative, emotionally laden manner. For policymakers, the results suggest that the population is open to the use of geothermal energy, but early communication will be key to avoiding a decline in acceptance. This research also highlights the importance of measuring affective factors, in addition to cognitive ones, in acceptance research.

@article{ruef_rowing_2021,
	title = {Rowing, steering or anchoring? {Public} values for geothermal energy governance},
	volume = {158},
	issn = {03014215},
	shorttitle = {Rowing, steering or anchoring?},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S030142152100447X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112577},
	abstract = {Energy transitions require a rethinking of the role of public authorities to integrate public views and concerns. Through a case study in Geneva, Switzerland, this article examines how the public sees the role of the public authority in the transformation of a local energy system by developing a canton-wide geothermal program. We use a public values perspective, identifying public values linked to the roles and responsibilities of the state. Analyzing public values allows understanding how the public perceives state actions and consequently how the authority may adequately respond and accommodate these expectations and doing so, anchor policies in public values. We begin by exploring the concepts of public value and posing the contextual background. The article then presents the most salient public values linked to the roles and responsibilities of the authorities based on focus group data. For residents the most important function of the public authority in relation to energy tran­ sitions is to inform and raise awareness. Other important functions are providing financial support and regu­ lating. Acknowledging the importance of communication and its associated values allows public authorities to set the anchor to then effectively roll out, plan or support energy transition projects.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	journal = {Energy Policy},
	author = {Ruef, Franziska and Ejderyan, Olivier},
	month = nov,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {112577},
}

Energy transitions require a rethinking of the role of public authorities to integrate public views and concerns. Through a case study in Geneva, Switzerland, this article examines how the public sees the role of the public authority in the transformation of a local energy system by developing a canton-wide geothermal program. We use a public values perspective, identifying public values linked to the roles and responsibilities of the state. Analyzing public values allows understanding how the public perceives state actions and consequently how the authority may adequately respond and accommodate these expectations and doing so, anchor policies in public values. We begin by exploring the concepts of public value and posing the contextual background. The article then presents the most salient public values linked to the roles and responsibilities of the authorities based on focus group data. For residents the most important function of the public authority in relation to energy tran­ sitions is to inform and raise awareness. Other important functions are providing financial support and regu­ lating. Acknowledging the importance of communication and its associated values allows public authorities to set the anchor to then effectively roll out, plan or support energy transition projects.

@book{noauthor_thermodynamic_2021,
	title = {Thermodynamic {Analysis} and {Optimization} of {Geothermal} {Power} {Plants}},
	isbn = {978-0-12-821037-6},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/C20190027999},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	year = {2021},
	doi = {10.1016/C2019-0-02799-9},
}

@inproceedings{goetzl_g_milenic_d__schifflechner_c_geothermal-dhc_2021,
	title = {Geothermal-{DHC}, {European} research network on geothermal energy in heating and cooling networks},
	booktitle = {World {Geothermal} {Congress} 2020+1. {IGA}},
	author = {Goetzl, G., Milenic, D \&, Schifflechner C.},
	year = {2021},
}

@misc{noauthor_regulation_2021,
	title = {Regulation ({EU}) 2021/1153 of the {European} {Parliament} and of the {Council} of 7 {July} 2021 establishing the {Connecting} {Europe} {Facility} and repealing {Regulations} ({EU}) {No} 1316/2013 and ({EU}) {No} 283/2014 ({Text} with {EEA} relevance)},
	url = {http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2021/1153/oj/eng},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-23},
	month = jul,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Legislative Body: CONSIL, EP},
}

@misc{noauthor_delivering_2021,
	title = {Delivering the {European} {Green} {Deal} - {European} {Commission}},
	url = {https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/delivering-european-green-deal_en},
	abstract = {Find out how the European Commission is contributing to the EU becoming climate neutral by 2050 by transforming societies, developing sustainable transport and leading the third industrial revolution.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-23},
	month = jul,
	year = {2021},
}

Find out how the European Commission is contributing to the EU becoming climate neutral by 2050 by transforming societies, developing sustainable transport and leading the third industrial revolution.

@book{european_commission_joint_research_centre_integrating_2021,
	address = {LU},
	title = {Integrating renewable and waste heat and cold sources into district heating and cooling systems: case studies analysis, replicable key success factors and potential policy implications.},
	shorttitle = {Integrating renewable and waste heat and cold sources into district heating and cooling systems},
	url = {https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/111509},
	abstract = {According to the latest market numbers published in the EGEC Geothermal Energy Market Report 2020, geothermal energy provided heat to around 2.3 million homes in Europe including non-EU countries. Although the majority of installations (around 90\%) is related to geothermal heat pumps in individual buildings, more than 300 direct use geothermal district heating systems as well as more than 401 local low temperature heating and cooling networks (also known as 5th generation DHC networks) already exist in Europe. In total, 6000 district heating systems are operating in Europe covering around 12\% of the overall heating and cooling demand. Still, fossil fuels dominate the heating and cooling supply at a share of 60\%.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-23},
	publisher = {Publications Office},
	author = {{European Commission. Joint Research Centre.}},
	year = {2021},
}

According to the latest market numbers published in the EGEC Geothermal Energy Market Report 2020, geothermal energy provided heat to around 2.3 million homes in Europe including non-EU countries. Although the majority of installations (around 90%) is related to geothermal heat pumps in individual buildings, more than 300 direct use geothermal district heating systems as well as more than 401 local low temperature heating and cooling networks (also known as 5th generation DHC networks) already exist in Europe. In total, 6000 district heating systems are operating in Europe covering around 12% of the overall heating and cooling demand. Still, fossil fuels dominate the heating and cooling supply at a share of 60%.

@misc{oecd_oecd_2021,
	title = {{OECD} {Affordable} {Housing} {Database} {PH7}.1 {ANNEX} - {Measures} to finance housing improvements and regeneration},
	url = {https://www.oecd.org/els/family/PH7-1-ANNEX.pdf},
	urldate = {2024-01-25},
	author = {OECD},
	year = {2021},
}

@article{bertoldi_how_2021,
	title = {How to finance energy renovation of residential buildings: {Review} of current and emerging financing instruments in the {EU}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {2041-840X},
	shorttitle = {How to finance energy renovation of residential buildings},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wene.384},
	doi = {10.1002/wene.384},
	abstract = {The Paris Agreement goals require net-zero CO2 emissions by mid-century. The European Commission in its recent proposal for climate and energy strategy for 2050 indicated the need for more intensified actions to substantially improve the energy performances of buildings. With the rate of new construction in Europe, the challenge is to increase both the pace and depth of building energy renovations. Several barriers inhibit the wide uptake of comprehensive energy renovations, including the inability or inertia to finance upfront costs of energy renovations. Despite various policies implemented to address some of these barriers, current investments in buildings remain at suboptimal levels. The paper reviews current financing practices for energy renovations and investigates some innovative instruments with a special focus on their applicability to residential buildings. In addition to “traditional” financial schemes such as subsidies, tax incentives, and loans, the paper assesses innovative financing schemes: On property tax and on-bill financing, energy efficiency mortgages, and energy efficiency feed-in tariffs. The paper also investigates the concept of one-stop shops for building renovations and crowdfunding. The paper offers an assessment of the characteristics, benefits, and challenges of each analyzed financing instrument and provides policy recommendations for their successful implementation. In general, as financing instruments involve different stakeholders and due to complex nature of the sector, there is no single solution to accelerate energy renovation investment in buildings. The emerging financial models offer the potential to address the long-standing barriers to investment in energy efficiency. This article is categorized under: Energy Efficiency {\textgreater} Economics and Policy Energy Efficiency {\textgreater} Climate and Environment Energy and Climate {\textgreater} Economics and Policy},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-02-01},
	journal = {WIREs Energy and Environment},
	author = {Bertoldi, Paolo and Economidou, Marina and Palermo, Valentina and Boza-Kiss, Benigna and Todeschi, Valeria},
	year = {2021},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/wene.384},
	keywords = {building renovations, energy efficiency, energy service companies, one-stop shops, sustainable energy financing},
	pages = {e384},
}

The Paris Agreement goals require net-zero CO2 emissions by mid-century. The European Commission in its recent proposal for climate and energy strategy for 2050 indicated the need for more intensified actions to substantially improve the energy performances of buildings. With the rate of new construction in Europe, the challenge is to increase both the pace and depth of building energy renovations. Several barriers inhibit the wide uptake of comprehensive energy renovations, including the inability or inertia to finance upfront costs of energy renovations. Despite various policies implemented to address some of these barriers, current investments in buildings remain at suboptimal levels. The paper reviews current financing practices for energy renovations and investigates some innovative instruments with a special focus on their applicability to residential buildings. In addition to “traditional” financial schemes such as subsidies, tax incentives, and loans, the paper assesses innovative financing schemes: On property tax and on-bill financing, energy efficiency mortgages, and energy efficiency feed-in tariffs. The paper also investigates the concept of one-stop shops for building renovations and crowdfunding. The paper offers an assessment of the characteristics, benefits, and challenges of each analyzed financing instrument and provides policy recommendations for their successful implementation. In general, as financing instruments involve different stakeholders and due to complex nature of the sector, there is no single solution to accelerate energy renovation investment in buildings. The emerging financial models offer the potential to address the long-standing barriers to investment in energy efficiency. This article is categorized under: Energy Efficiency \textgreater Economics and Policy Energy Efficiency \textgreater Climate and Environment Energy and Climate \textgreater Economics and Policy

@techreport{res_dhc_transformation_2021,
	title = {Transformation of existing urban district heating and cooling systems from fossil to renewable energy sources - {Renewable} {Energy} {Sources} in {District} heating and {Cooling} {EU} {Level} {Survey}},
	url = {https://www.res-dhc.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/RES-DHC_WP2_Task_2.1_D2.1_Survey_EU-Level_FINAL_UPDATED_202104.pdf},
	urldate = {2024-05-10},
	author = {{RES DHC}},
	year = {2021},
}

@misc{thermos_accelerating_2021,
	title = {Accelerating the development of low-carbon heating \& cooling networks},
	url = {https://www.thermos-project.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/THERMOS_Module_5_v.pdf},
	urldate = {2024-04-30},
	author = {THERMOS},
	year = {2021},
}

@misc{bpie_review_2021,
	title = {A {Review} and {Gap} {Analysis} of the {Renovation} {Wave}},
	url = {https://www.bpie.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/BPIE_Renovation-Wave-Analysis_052021_Final.pdf},
	urldate = {2023-11-20},
	author = {BPIE},
	year = {2021},
}

@article{aziz_swot_2021,
	title = {{SWOT} analysis on geothermal energy development in {Indonesia} and fiscal incentives needed},
	issn = {23154462},
	url = {http://www.ijsgce.com/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=95&id=703},
	doi = {10.12720/sgce.10.3.234-243},
	abstract = {Until 2020, Indonesia's dependence on fossil energy in meeting energy needs is still high at 90,75\%, while the use of new renewable energy has only reached 9,15\%. Specifically, the installed capacity (which has only been utilized for electricity generation) geothermal is only 1,924.5 MW or around 6.51\% of the total potential reaching 29,543.5 MW (40 percent of the world's geothermal potential).},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-11-10},
	journal = {International Journal of Smart Grid and Clean Energy},
	author = {Aziz, Abdul},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {234--243},
}

Until 2020, Indonesia's dependence on fossil energy in meeting energy needs is still high at 90,75%, while the use of new renewable energy has only reached 9,15%. Specifically, the installed capacity (which has only been utilized for electricity generation) geothermal is only 1,924.5 MW or around 6.51% of the total potential reaching 29,543.5 MW (40 percent of the world's geothermal potential).

@article{schmidt_collection_2021,
	series = {The 17th {International} {Symposium} on {District} {Heating} and {Cooling}},
	title = {A collection of {SWOT} factors (strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) for hybrid energy networks},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {2352-4847},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352484721008465},
	doi = {10.1016/j.egyr.2021.09.040},
	abstract = {District heating and cooling (DHC) systems traditionally have strong links to electricity and gas networks via combined heat and power (CHP) processes. However, the role of CHP plants will significantly change due to a growing competition for renewable fuels and an increasing share of renewable electricity production. Consequently, other heat sources will be needed for DHC networks in the future. Here, especially heat pumps will play a major role, but also power-to-gas processes can contribute via recovering its waste heat, thus creating different coupling points between the DHC, electricity and gas system. By an optimized planning and operation of locally available coupling points a “hybrid energy network” (HEN) can be created. To analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT analysis) of hybrid energy systems, a three-stage process is being conducted based on a literature search, qualitative input from experts during a dedicated workshop and a comprehensive feedback and discussion phase with experts. Currently, the first two stages of the method have been completed, collecting a wide range of inputs, comments and feedback from the different experts of the IEA ISGAN Annex 6 “Power Transmission and Distribution Systems” and the IEA DHC Annex TS3 “Hybrid Energy Networks”.
Results:
besides a novel classification approach for Hybrid Energy Networks, different SWOT factors were collected, e.g. strengths include the potential to cost-efficiently support the integration of Wind and PV electricity as well as to decarbonize heating and cooling demands. Weaknesses include their complexity, the required investments into coupling points and (current) regulatory restrictions. Opportunities include by trend increasing incentives for flexibility and efficiency services, upcoming (green) financing options and regulations. Threats include possible disruptions of existing business models and uncertainties of the future development including the regulatory framework as well as competing flexibility services.},
	urldate = {2023-11-10},
	journal = {Energy Reports},
	author = {Schmidt, Ralf-Roman and Leitner, Benedikt},
	month = oct,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {District heating, Hybrid energy networks, Integrated planning and operation, SWOT, Sector coupling},
	pages = {55--61},
}

District heating and cooling (DHC) systems traditionally have strong links to electricity and gas networks via combined heat and power (CHP) processes. However, the role of CHP plants will significantly change due to a growing competition for renewable fuels and an increasing share of renewable electricity production. Consequently, other heat sources will be needed for DHC networks in the future. Here, especially heat pumps will play a major role, but also power-to-gas processes can contribute via recovering its waste heat, thus creating different coupling points between the DHC, electricity and gas system. By an optimized planning and operation of locally available coupling points a “hybrid energy network” (HEN) can be created. To analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT analysis) of hybrid energy systems, a three-stage process is being conducted based on a literature search, qualitative input from experts during a dedicated workshop and a comprehensive feedback and discussion phase with experts. Currently, the first two stages of the method have been completed, collecting a wide range of inputs, comments and feedback from the different experts of the IEA ISGAN Annex 6 “Power Transmission and Distribution Systems” and the IEA DHC Annex TS3 “Hybrid Energy Networks”. Results: besides a novel classification approach for Hybrid Energy Networks, different SWOT factors were collected, e.g. strengths include the potential to cost-efficiently support the integration of Wind and PV electricity as well as to decarbonize heating and cooling demands. Weaknesses include their complexity, the required investments into coupling points and (current) regulatory restrictions. Opportunities include by trend increasing incentives for flexibility and efficiency services, upcoming (green) financing options and regulations. Threats include possible disruptions of existing business models and uncertainties of the future development including the regulatory framework as well as competing flexibility services.

@techreport{heatstore_synthesis_2021,
	title = {Synthesis of demonstrators and case studies - {Best} practice guidelines for {UTES} development},
	url = {https://www.heatstore.eu/documents/HEATSTORE_WP1_WP4_D1.4_D4.2_D4.3_Final_2021.11.10.pdf},
	author = {HEATSTORE},
	year = {2021},
}

@misc{heatstore_high_2021,
	title = {{HIGH} {TEMPERATURE} {UNDERGROUND} {THERMAL} {ENERGY} {STORAGE} ({HT}-{UTES})},
	url = {https://www.heatstore.eu/documents/2021.10.27_HEATSTORE_GEUS_Heatstorage%20potential%20and%20UTES%20Roadmap.pdf},
	author = {HEATSTORE},
	year = {2021},
}

@article{dahash_techno-economic_2021,
	title = {Techno-economic and exergy analysis of tank and pit thermal energy storage for renewables district heating systems},
	volume = {180},
	issn = {09601481},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S096014812101274X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.renene.2021.08.106},
	abstract = {Large-scale thermal energy storage (TES) emerges as key for the expansion of renewables-based district heating (R-DH) as it is able to bridge the seasonal gap between the heating demand and the availability of renewable energy resources (e.g. solar energy). This work develops a framework for techno-economic analysis considering several key performance indicators (e.g. energy efficiency, exergy efficiency). As TES systems integrated in DH are typically stratified, the work also examines the TES by means of stratification number and efficiency. The economic feasibility of the TES options is examined via the TES specific investment cost. Then, the work recommends the levelized cost of stored heat (LCOS) as a practical measure for the TES techno-economic feasibility. The outcomes show that the tank has higher performance in terms of efficiency indicators (energy and exergy) and stratification measures, but it is characterized with high specific cost. Yet, the tank LCOS is lower compared to that of the shallow pit due to its low performance 23 and despite its low specific cost. Thus, in order to take advantage of the tank’s better performance and 24 shallow pit’s lower specific cost, the work proposes a third TES geometry called as hybrid TES that 25 combines both tank and shallow pit. The results reveal the potential of this geometry as it arises as a 26 promising option. Furthermore, the results indicate that the transition to low-temperature R-DH brings 27 technical and economic advantages as the LCOS tends to be lower compared to that of TES installed in 28 high-temperature R-DH. Moreover, the work reveals that due to the importance of increasing the economic 29 feasibility for large-scale TES, it is of crucial to develop new materials and construction methods to ensure 30 cost-efficient insulation of the buried TES.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-05-11},
	journal = {Renewable Energy},
	author = {Dahash, Abdulrahman and Ochs, Fabian and Tosatto, Alice},
	month = dec,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1358--1379},
}

Large-scale thermal energy storage (TES) emerges as key for the expansion of renewables-based district heating (R-DH) as it is able to bridge the seasonal gap between the heating demand and the availability of renewable energy resources (e.g. solar energy). This work develops a framework for techno-economic analysis considering several key performance indicators (e.g. energy efficiency, exergy efficiency). As TES systems integrated in DH are typically stratified, the work also examines the TES by means of stratification number and efficiency. The economic feasibility of the TES options is examined via the TES specific investment cost. Then, the work recommends the levelized cost of stored heat (LCOS) as a practical measure for the TES techno-economic feasibility. The outcomes show that the tank has higher performance in terms of efficiency indicators (energy and exergy) and stratification measures, but it is characterized with high specific cost. Yet, the tank LCOS is lower compared to that of the shallow pit due to its low performance 23 and despite its low specific cost. Thus, in order to take advantage of the tank’s better performance and 24 shallow pit’s lower specific cost, the work proposes a third TES geometry called as hybrid TES that 25 combines both tank and shallow pit. The results reveal the potential of this geometry as it arises as a 26 promising option. Furthermore, the results indicate that the transition to low-temperature R-DH brings 27 technical and economic advantages as the LCOS tends to be lower compared to that of TES installed in 28 high-temperature R-DH. Moreover, the work reveals that due to the importance of increasing the economic 29 feasibility for large-scale TES, it is of crucial to develop new materials and construction methods to ensure 30 cost-efficient insulation of the buried TES.

@article{iea_renewables_2021,
	title = {Renewables 2021 - {Analysis} and forecast to 2026},
	language = {en},
	author = {IEA},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {175},
}

@techreport{entrain_design_2021,
	title = {Design and implementation of new local financing and support schemes for renewable district heating},
	url = {https://www.interreg-central.eu/Content.Node/ENTRAIN/D.T3.4.2-Summary-report-financing-tools-EN.pdf},
	urldate = {2022-11-16},
	author = {ENTRAIN and StT Solites},
	year = {2021},
}

@article{biggar_empirical_2020,
	title = {Empirical analysis of how political ideology and ownership influence price stability in the {Swedish} district heating market},
	volume = {145},
	issn = {03014215},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301421520304821},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111759},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-28},
	journal = {Energy Policy},
	author = {Biggar, Darryl and Söderberg, Magnus},
	month = oct,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {111759},
}

@inproceedings{bruno_technology_2020,
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	series = {{ICEGOV} '20},
	title = {Technology readiness revisited: a proposal for extending the scope of impact assessment of {European} public services},
	isbn = {9781450376747},
	shorttitle = {Technology readiness revisited},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3428502.3428552},
	doi = {10.1145/3428502.3428552},
	abstract = {The Technology Readiness Level (TRL) scale has been widely adopted at EU, national and regional levels in the current (2014-2020) programming period as a tool for decision making when financing Research, Development and Innovation investments with public grants. We propose the extension and generalisation of this scale in three further directions, namely the Legal, Organisational and Societal Readiness Levels. With the only, partial, exception of the Legal, the three proposed scales closely track the expected progress of Technology Readiness and, in a normative perspective, should be enhanced and supported in any technology take-up pilot aiming to be successful. The resulting, 4-axis framework has been used to assess the potential of new and existing digital technologies to promote innovation in European public services while ensuring cross-border and cross-domain interoperability. We propose the adoption of this framework as a public sector innovation policy tool to evaluate the performance of EU funded Research, Development and Innovation projects in the next programming period 2021--2027.},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 13th {International} {Conference} on {Theory} and {Practice} of {Electronic} {Governance}},
	publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
	author = {Bruno, Ilenia and Lobo, Georges and Covino, Beatrice Valente and Donarelli, Alessandro and Marchetti, Valeria and Panni, Anna Schiavone and Molinari, Francesco},
	month = oct,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {369--380},
}

The Technology Readiness Level (TRL) scale has been widely adopted at EU, national and regional levels in the current (2014-2020) programming period as a tool for decision making when financing Research, Development and Innovation investments with public grants. We propose the extension and generalisation of this scale in three further directions, namely the Legal, Organisational and Societal Readiness Levels. With the only, partial, exception of the Legal, the three proposed scales closely track the expected progress of Technology Readiness and, in a normative perspective, should be enhanced and supported in any technology take-up pilot aiming to be successful. The resulting, 4-axis framework has been used to assess the potential of new and existing digital technologies to promote innovation in European public services while ensuring cross-border and cross-domain interoperability. We propose the adoption of this framework as a public sector innovation policy tool to evaluate the performance of EU funded Research, Development and Innovation projects in the next programming period 2021–2027.

@article{vargas-payera_factors_2020,
	title = {Factors and dynamics of the social perception of geothermal energy: {Case} study of the {Tolhuaca} exploration project in {Chile}},
	volume = {88},
	issn = {0375-6505},
	shorttitle = {Factors and dynamics of the social perception of geothermal energy},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0375650520301991},
	doi = {10.1016/j.geothermics.2020.101907},
	abstract = {This paper analyzes local stakeholders’ perceptions of the Tolhuaca geothermal exploration project in Chile from 2009 until its cancellation in 2016 for financial reasons. The research is based on a qualitative case study using focus groups and interviews to reconstruct local stakeholders’ perception changes throughout the project. The results indicate that stakeholders’ perceptions were not only influenced by the company’s engagement activities, but also by the exploration project activities, and contextual elements. We conclude that understanding the interplay between these factors is crucial when planning the stakeholder engagement process of geothermal projects.},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Geothermics},
	author = {Vargas-Payera, Sofía and Martínez-Reyes, Amanda and Ejderyan, Olivier},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Chile, Geothermal energy, Local stakeholders, Social perception},
	pages = {101907},
}

This paper analyzes local stakeholders’ perceptions of the Tolhuaca geothermal exploration project in Chile from 2009 until its cancellation in 2016 for financial reasons. The research is based on a qualitative case study using focus groups and interviews to reconstruct local stakeholders’ perception changes throughout the project. The results indicate that stakeholders’ perceptions were not only influenced by the company’s engagement activities, but also by the exploration project activities, and contextual elements. We conclude that understanding the interplay between these factors is crucial when planning the stakeholder engagement process of geothermal projects.

@article{krikser_willingness--pay_2020,
	title = {Willingness-to-{Pay} for {District} {Heating} from {Renewables} of {Private} {Households} in {Germany}},
	volume = {12},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {2071-1050},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/10/4129},
	doi = {10.3390/su12104129},
	abstract = {Recent discussion about future energy production promotes the recovery of industrial heat as a potential solution to reduce carbon emissions. Experts call for an expansion of central heating by renewable energy systems to ensure a decarbonization of energy systems. In this context, district heating could play a significant role in city and district planning. Nonetheless, for private households, environmental aspects are only one factor amongst others as, e.g., capital costs, comfort and security. In this study, we focus on private household preferences and willingness-to-pay for district heating and district heating from renewables compared to gas condensing boilers and heat pumps. For the study, we decided to apply a discrete-choice experiment and collected data on attitudes towards sustainability, economic aspects and demands for providers of heat supply as dimensions for a factor and cluster analysis in order to apply a market segmentation. The results show that district heating by renewables is the most preferred heating option for households followed by district heating from fossil fuels, heat pumps and gas boilers. Furthermore, the study offers more profound insight into the willingness-to-pay for each heating option and reports interaction effects for the different market segments that could be identified in the analysis.},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Sustainability},
	author = {Krikser, Thomas and Profeta, Adriano and Grimm, Sebastian and Huther, Heiko},
	month = jan,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {WTP-space, discrete-choice, district heating, household preferences, renewables},
	pages = {4129},
}

Recent discussion about future energy production promotes the recovery of industrial heat as a potential solution to reduce carbon emissions. Experts call for an expansion of central heating by renewable energy systems to ensure a decarbonization of energy systems. In this context, district heating could play a significant role in city and district planning. Nonetheless, for private households, environmental aspects are only one factor amongst others as, e.g., capital costs, comfort and security. In this study, we focus on private household preferences and willingness-to-pay for district heating and district heating from renewables compared to gas condensing boilers and heat pumps. For the study, we decided to apply a discrete-choice experiment and collected data on attitudes towards sustainability, economic aspects and demands for providers of heat supply as dimensions for a factor and cluster analysis in order to apply a market segmentation. The results show that district heating by renewables is the most preferred heating option for households followed by district heating from fossil fuels, heat pumps and gas boilers. Furthermore, the study offers more profound insight into the willingness-to-pay for each heating option and reports interaction effects for the different market segments that could be identified in the analysis.

@article{geodhc_medium_2020,
	title = {{MEDIUM} {DEPTH} {GEOTHERMAL} {FOR} {DISTRICT} {H}\&{C}},
	language = {en},
	author = {GeoDHC and Pinna, Giorgia and et al.},
	year = {2020},
}

@article{karytsas_measurement_2020,
	title = {Measurement methods of socioeconomic impacts of renewable energy projects},
	volume = {410},
	issn = {1755-1307, 1755-1315},
	url = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/410/1/012087},
	doi = {10.1088/1755-1315/410/1/012087},
	abstract = {The development and operation of renewable energy projects can offer a variety of environmental, economic and social impacts for all associated stakeholders, thus assisting the procedure of social acceptance of such projects. In most cases importance is given to the measurement and assessment mainly of the environmental and economic impacts, leaving behind the investigation of social impacts, although they are an aspect that can enhance projects’ acceptance throughout the lifecycle of the project (planning, construction, and operation). The present study reviews the work that has been done so far regarding the methods for measuring the social impacts created by renewable energy projects, with the aim of enhancing the understanding and facilitating further improvements in the specific field. In this context, the study a) examines all relevant terms as defined by previous literature, b) takes under consideration the importance of measuring social impacts, c) assesses the steps and guidelines involved in social impact measurement, d) investigates applied indicators, metrics and methods, and e) reviews the existing studies that focus on the measurement of socioeconomic impacts of renewable energy technologies and projects.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	journal = {IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science},
	author = {Karytsas, Spyridon and Mendrinos, Dimitrios and Karytsas, Constantine},
	month = jan,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {012087},
}

The development and operation of renewable energy projects can offer a variety of environmental, economic and social impacts for all associated stakeholders, thus assisting the procedure of social acceptance of such projects. In most cases importance is given to the measurement and assessment mainly of the environmental and economic impacts, leaving behind the investigation of social impacts, although they are an aspect that can enhance projects’ acceptance throughout the lifecycle of the project (planning, construction, and operation). The present study reviews the work that has been done so far regarding the methods for measuring the social impacts created by renewable energy projects, with the aim of enhancing the understanding and facilitating further improvements in the specific field. In this context, the study a) examines all relevant terms as defined by previous literature, b) takes under consideration the importance of measuring social impacts, c) assesses the steps and guidelines involved in social impact measurement, d) investigates applied indicators, metrics and methods, and e) reviews the existing studies that focus on the measurement of socioeconomic impacts of renewable energy technologies and projects.

@article{vanclay_reflections_2020,
	title = {Reflections on {Social} {Impact} {Assessment} in the 21 $^{\textrm{st}}$ century},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {1461-5517, 1471-5465},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14615517.2019.1685807},
	doi = {10.1080/14615517.2019.1685807},
	abstract = {Social impact assessment (SIA) is a field of research and practice that addresses everything associated with managing social issues throughout the project lifecycle (pre-conception to post-closure). SIA has transformed from a regulatory tool to being the process of managing a project’s social issues used by developers, financiers, affected communities and environmental licencing agencies. SIA considers: benefit sharing, boom-and-bust cycles, community development, community engagement, community resilience, cultural heritage, due diligence, empowerment, gender issues, grievance redress mechanisms, human rights, Impacts and Benefits Agreements, Indigenous peoples, in-migration (influx, honeypot), livelihood restoration, local content, local procurement, project induced displacement and resettlement, psychosocial impacts, social closure, social function, Social Impact Management Plans, social inclusion, social investment, social licence to operate, social performance, stakeholder engagement, vulnerable groups, and traditional issues such as identifying social impacts and designing mitigation. SIA has learnt much over 50 years, however complex issues remain including involuntary resettlement, restoring livelihoods, place attachment, sense of place, maintaining intangible cultural heritage, and finding replacement land. Corruption, rent seeking, elite capture, speculation and opportunist behaviour are also problematic.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	journal = {Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal},
	author = {Vanclay, Frank},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {126--131},
}

Social impact assessment (SIA) is a field of research and practice that addresses everything associated with managing social issues throughout the project lifecycle (pre-conception to post-closure). SIA has transformed from a regulatory tool to being the process of managing a project’s social issues used by developers, financiers, affected communities and environmental licencing agencies. SIA considers: benefit sharing, boom-and-bust cycles, community development, community engagement, community resilience, cultural heritage, due diligence, empowerment, gender issues, grievance redress mechanisms, human rights, Impacts and Benefits Agreements, Indigenous peoples, in-migration (influx, honeypot), livelihood restoration, local content, local procurement, project induced displacement and resettlement, psychosocial impacts, social closure, social function, Social Impact Management Plans, social inclusion, social investment, social licence to operate, social performance, stakeholder engagement, vulnerable groups, and traditional issues such as identifying social impacts and designing mitigation. SIA has learnt much over 50 years, however complex issues remain including involuntary resettlement, restoring livelihoods, place attachment, sense of place, maintaining intangible cultural heritage, and finding replacement land. Corruption, rent seeking, elite capture, speculation and opportunist behaviour are also problematic.

@article{messmann_how_2020,
	title = {How to quantify social impacts in strategic supply chain optimization: {State} of the art},
	volume = {257},
	issn = {09596526},
	shorttitle = {How to quantify social impacts in strategic supply chain optimization},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959652620305060},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120459},
	abstract = {The development of quantitative social indicators and methods for social impact assessment is not yet on par with their environmental counterparts. This deficit is especially apparent in strategic supply chain optimization. This literature study reviews 91 articles on strategic supply chain optimization to identify the state-of-the-art in this field and to derive a meaningful agenda for future research. First, the review gives an overview on social frameworks, how articles use them to justify the selection of specific social aspects in their studies, and the differences in selected aspects between different kinds of case studies. Second, the social objective functions are compared in detail. This includes social indicators, i.e. how certain aspects are measured, and how they are integrated in optimization models as input parameters. This allows for an analysis of the relations between decision variables (e.g. for facility location or material flows) and attributed social impacts, as well as of the aggregation of social impacts with different units within the same function. Our results show that the number of created jobs is often the only or primary indicator. If more than one indicator is employed in objective functions, a sizable number of studies addresses the problem of aggregation by weighting towards a dimensionless, generic social score. This review sheds light on the need for more sophisticated methods of social impact assessment and social Pareto optimization. It also assists researchers in identifying previously used, feasible parameters in optimization models, in order to contribute to a more comprehensive and more consistently applied set of social indicators.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
	author = {Messmann, Lukas and Zender, Victoria and Thorenz, Andrea and Tuma, Axel},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {120459},
}

The development of quantitative social indicators and methods for social impact assessment is not yet on par with their environmental counterparts. This deficit is especially apparent in strategic supply chain optimization. This literature study reviews 91 articles on strategic supply chain optimization to identify the state-of-the-art in this field and to derive a meaningful agenda for future research. First, the review gives an overview on social frameworks, how articles use them to justify the selection of specific social aspects in their studies, and the differences in selected aspects between different kinds of case studies. Second, the social objective functions are compared in detail. This includes social indicators, i.e. how certain aspects are measured, and how they are integrated in optimization models as input parameters. This allows for an analysis of the relations between decision variables (e.g. for facility location or material flows) and attributed social impacts, as well as of the aggregation of social impacts with different units within the same function. Our results show that the number of created jobs is often the only or primary indicator. If more than one indicator is employed in objective functions, a sizable number of studies addresses the problem of aggregation by weighting towards a dimensionless, generic social score. This review sheds light on the need for more sophisticated methods of social impact assessment and social Pareto optimization. It also assists researchers in identifying previously used, feasible parameters in optimization models, in order to contribute to a more comprehensive and more consistently applied set of social indicators.

@inproceedings{bruno_technology_2020,
	address = {Athens Greece},
	title = {Technology readiness revisited: a proposal for extending the scope of impact assessment of {European} public services},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-7674-7},
	shorttitle = {Technology readiness revisited},
	url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3428502.3428552},
	doi = {10.1145/3428502.3428552},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 13th {International} {Conference} on {Theory} and {Practice} of {Electronic} {Governance}},
	publisher = {ACM},
	author = {Bruno, Ilenia and Lobo, Georges and Covino, Beatrice Valente and Donarelli, Alessandro and Marchetti, Valeria and Panni, Anna Schiavone and Molinari, Francesco},
	month = sep,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {369--380},
}

@article{vargas-payera_factors_2020,
	title = {Factors and dynamics of the social perception of geothermal energy: {Case} study of the {Tolhuaca} exploration project in {Chile}},
	volume = {88},
	issn = {03756505},
	shorttitle = {Factors and dynamics of the social perception of geothermal energy},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0375650520301991},
	doi = {10.1016/j.geothermics.2020.101907},
	abstract = {This paper analyzes local stakeholders’ perceptions of the Tolhuaca geothermal exploration project in Chile from 2009 until its cancellation in 2016 for financial reasons. The research is based on a qualitative case study using focus groups and interviews to reconstruct local stakeholders’ perception changes throughout the project. The results indicate that stakeholders’ perceptions were not only influenced by the company’s engagement activities, but also by the exploration project activities, and contextual elements. We conclude that understanding the interplay between these factors is crucial when planning the stakeholder engagement process of geothermal projects.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	journal = {Geothermics},
	author = {Vargas-Payera, Sofía and Martínez-Reyes, Amanda and Ejderyan, Olivier},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {101907},
}

This paper analyzes local stakeholders’ perceptions of the Tolhuaca geothermal exploration project in Chile from 2009 until its cancellation in 2016 for financial reasons. The research is based on a qualitative case study using focus groups and interviews to reconstruct local stakeholders’ perception changes throughout the project. The results indicate that stakeholders’ perceptions were not only influenced by the company’s engagement activities, but also by the exploration project activities, and contextual elements. We conclude that understanding the interplay between these factors is crucial when planning the stakeholder engagement process of geothermal projects.

@article{pajak_review_2020,
	title = {Review of the {Low}-{Enthalpy} {Lower} {Cretaceous} {Geothermal} {Energy} {Resources} in {Poland} as an {Environmentally} {Friendly} {Source} of {Heat} for {Urban} {District} {Heating} {Systems}},
	volume = {13},
	copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
	issn = {1996-1073},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/6/1302},
	doi = {10.3390/en13061302},
	abstract = {The paper presents a review of the geological and hydrogeological data of the Lower Cretaceous aquifer in the Polish Lowlands and discusses the possibilities for the utilisation of geothermal water resources in existing and new district heating systems. Based on experience related to the use of thermal waters in existing geothermal systems, and using data from the literature, assessments have been made of the energy and environmental effects of the application of low-enthalpy geothermal resources from the Lower Cretaceous aquifer as a source of heat for urban district heating systems. The authors concluded that the implementation of such solutions could result in the production of approximately 4 PJ of geothermal energy annually. To date, these resources have only been developed in three locations—Mszczonów, Uniejów and Poddębice—with the total amount of energy generated annually reaching 100 TJ/year. Similar district heating networks in 120 nearby localities have been also identified. Here, specified geological and hydrogeological conditions enable the extraction of heat from the investigated Lower Cretaceous aquifer, with the aim of using this for heating purposes. To achieve this goal, multiple measures are required, including the following: raising public awareness through appropriate education programmes aimed at the youngest school children; systemic, efficient energy management measures at the central, regional and local levels, and providing financial support and ensuring regulations and laws aimed at improving the development of geothermal resources.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	journal = {Energies},
	author = {Pająk, Leszek and Tomaszewska, Barbara and Bujakowski, Wiesław and Bielec, Bogusław and Dendys, Marta},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1302},
}

The paper presents a review of the geological and hydrogeological data of the Lower Cretaceous aquifer in the Polish Lowlands and discusses the possibilities for the utilisation of geothermal water resources in existing and new district heating systems. Based on experience related to the use of thermal waters in existing geothermal systems, and using data from the literature, assessments have been made of the energy and environmental effects of the application of low-enthalpy geothermal resources from the Lower Cretaceous aquifer as a source of heat for urban district heating systems. The authors concluded that the implementation of such solutions could result in the production of approximately 4 PJ of geothermal energy annually. To date, these resources have only been developed in three locations—Mszczonów, Uniejów and Poddębice—with the total amount of energy generated annually reaching 100 TJ/year. Similar district heating networks in 120 nearby localities have been also identified. Here, specified geological and hydrogeological conditions enable the extraction of heat from the investigated Lower Cretaceous aquifer, with the aim of using this for heating purposes. To achieve this goal, multiple measures are required, including the following: raising public awareness through appropriate education programmes aimed at the youngest school children; systemic, efficient energy management measures at the central, regional and local levels, and providing financial support and ensuring regulations and laws aimed at improving the development of geothermal resources.

@techreport{koenigsdorff_r_ryba_m_bachseitz_m_riegger_m_janzen_f_moormann_c_buhmann_p_braun_j_giannelli_g__stober_i_abschlussprojekt_2020,
	title = {Abschlussprojekt {GEO}.{Cool} {Kühlung} mit oberflächennaher {Geothermie} ‐ {Möglichkeiten}, {Grenzen}, {Innovation}},
	author = {Koenigsdorff, R., Ryba, M., Bachseitz, M., Riegger, M., Janzen, F., Moormann, C., Buhmann, P., Braun, J., Giannelli, G., \& Stober, I.},
	year = {2020},
}

@article{jangsten_high_2020,
	title = {High {Temperature} {District} {Cooling}: {Challenges} and {Possibilities} {Based} on an {Existing} {District} {Cooling} {System} and its {Connected} {Buildings}},
	volume = {199},
	issn = {03605442},
	shorttitle = {High {Temperature} {District} {Cooling}},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360544220305144},
	doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2020.117407},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	journal = {Energy},
	author = {Jangsten, Maria and Filipsson, Peter and Lindholm, Torbjörn and Dalenbäck, Jan-Olof},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {117407},
}

@techreport{fi-compass_potential_2020,
	title = {The potential for investment in energy efficiency through financial instruments in the {European} {Union}},
	url = {https://www.fi-compass.eu/sites/default/files/publications/The%20potential%20for%20investment%20in%20energy%20efficiency%20through%20financial%20instruments%20in%20the%20European%20Union%20-%20Executive%20summary.pdf},
	author = {fi-compass},
	year = {2020},
}

@techreport{eib_potential_2020,
	title = {The potential for investment in energy efficiency through financial instruments in the {European} {Union}\_0.pdf},
	url = {https://www.fi-compass.eu/erdfcf/potential-investment-energy-efficiency-through-financial-instruments-european-union},
	urldate = {2024-01-25},
	author = {EIB},
	year = {2020},
}

@article{economidou_review_2020,
	title = {Review of 50 years of {EU} energy efficiency policies for buildings},
	volume = {225},
	issn = {0378-7788},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778820317229},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110322},
	abstract = {The reduction of energy demand in buildings through the adoption of energy efficiency policy is a key pillar of the European Union (EU) climate and energy strategy. Energy efficiency first emerged in the EU energy policy agenda in the 1970s and was progressively transformed with shifting global and EU energy and climate policies and priorities. The paper offers a review of EU energy policies spanning over the last half century with a focus on policy instruments to encourage measures on energy efficiency in new and existing buildings. Starting from early policies set by the EU in response to the Oil Embargo in the 1973, the paper discusses the impact of EU policies in stimulating energy efficiency improvements in the building sector ranging from the SAVE Directive to the recently 2018 updated Energy Performance of Buildings Directive and Energy Efficiency Directive. The review explores the progress made over the last 50 years in addressing energy efficiency in buildings and highlights successes as well as remaining challenges. It discusses the impact of political priorities in reshaping how energy efficiency is addressed by EU policymakers, leading to a holistic approach to buildings, and provides insights and suggestions on how to further exploit the EU potential to save energy from buildings.},
	urldate = {2024-01-24},
	journal = {Energy and Buildings},
	author = {Economidou, M. and Todeschi, V. and Bertoldi, P. and D'Agostino, D. and Zangheri, P. and Castellazzi, L.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Cost-optimal methodology, EU energy policies, Energy efficiency directive, Energy performance certificate, Energy performance of buildings directive, Nearly zero energy buildings},
	pages = {110322},
}

The reduction of energy demand in buildings through the adoption of energy efficiency policy is a key pillar of the European Union (EU) climate and energy strategy. Energy efficiency first emerged in the EU energy policy agenda in the 1970s and was progressively transformed with shifting global and EU energy and climate policies and priorities. The paper offers a review of EU energy policies spanning over the last half century with a focus on policy instruments to encourage measures on energy efficiency in new and existing buildings. Starting from early policies set by the EU in response to the Oil Embargo in the 1973, the paper discusses the impact of EU policies in stimulating energy efficiency improvements in the building sector ranging from the SAVE Directive to the recently 2018 updated Energy Performance of Buildings Directive and Energy Efficiency Directive. The review explores the progress made over the last 50 years in addressing energy efficiency in buildings and highlights successes as well as remaining challenges. It discusses the impact of political priorities in reshaping how energy efficiency is addressed by EU policymakers, leading to a holistic approach to buildings, and provides insights and suggestions on how to further exploit the EU potential to save energy from buildings.

@misc{bursich_dhc_2020,
	title = {{DHC} {TREND} - {Final} {Excel}},
	url = {https://irees.de/en/2020/11/11/district-heating-and-cooling-trend-en/},
	abstract = {DHC TREND 



Overview of District Heating and Cooling Markets and Regulatory Frameworks under the Revised Renewable Energy Directive

Client




European Commission, DG ENER

Duration January 2020 - December 2021


   
Background
District heating and cooling enables the efficient integration of large-scale renewable energy sources like biomass, geothermal energy or},
	language = {en-GB},
	urldate = {2024-01-29},
	author = {Bursich, Ana Clara},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
}

DHC TREND Overview of District Heating and Cooling Markets and Regulatory Frameworks under the Revised Renewable Energy Directive Client European Commission, DG ENER Duration January 2020 - December 2021 Background District heating and cooling enables the efficient integration of large-scale renewable energy sources like biomass, geothermal energy or

@misc{tsiropoulos_towards_2020,
	title = {Towards net-zero emissions in the {EU} energy system by 2050},
	url = {https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC118592},
	abstract = {This report presents a comparison of 8 scenarios achieving more than 50\% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared to 1990, and 16 scenarios aiming at climate neutrality by 2050, similar with the ambitions of the “European Green Deal”. This report summarises insights into similar and diverging elements of the scenarios on how the EU energy system may change by 2030 and by 2050, compared to today. The wealth of information, stemming from how different organisations see the EU energy system to evolve within their own scenario context, can provide useful input to EU climate and energy strategies.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-10-11},
	journal = {JRC Publications Repository},
	author = {Tsiropoulos, Ioannis and Nijs, Wouter and Tarvydas, Dalius and Ruiz, CASTELLO Pablo},
	month = apr,
	year = {2020},
	doi = {10.2760/081488},
	note = {ISBN: 9789276130963 9789276130970
ISSN: 1831-9424, 1018-5593},
}

This report presents a comparison of 8 scenarios achieving more than 50% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared to 1990, and 16 scenarios aiming at climate neutrality by 2050, similar with the ambitions of the “European Green Deal”. This report summarises insights into similar and diverging elements of the scenarios on how the EU energy system may change by 2030 and by 2050, compared to today. The wealth of information, stemming from how different organisations see the EU energy system to evolve within their own scenario context, can provide useful input to EU climate and energy strategies.

@techreport{heatnet_nwe_france_2020,
	title = {{FRANCE} – national policy framework},
	url = {https://vb.nweurope.eu/media/12185/france-heatnet-nwe_lt-wp11_update2020.pdf},
	urldate = {2024-05-10},
	author = {{HeatNet NWE}},
	year = {2020},
}

@misc{hockenos_geothermal_2020,
	title = {Geothermal energy – {Germany}'s largely untapped renewable heat source},
	url = {https://www.cleanenergywire.org/factsheets/geothermal-energy-germanys-largely-untapped-renewable-heat-source},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-10},
	journal = {Clean Energy Wire},
	author = {Hockenos, Paul},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
}

@misc{eu_commission_questions_2020,
	type = {Text},
	title = {Questions and {Answers} on the {Renovation} {Wave}},
	url = {https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_20_1836},
	abstract = {Questions and Answers on the Renovation Wave},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-11-20},
	journal = {European Commission - Press Corner},
	author = {EU Commission},
	year = {2020},
}

Questions and Answers on the Renovation Wave

@misc{noauthor_classification_2020,
	title = {Classification of energy storage technologies: an overview},
	shorttitle = {Classification of energy storage technologies},
	url = {https://etn.news/energy-storage/classification-of-energy-storage-technologies-an-overview},
	abstract = {Energy storage helps capture generated energy and deliver effectively for future use, but this can be done in more than one way. This article encapsulates the various methods used for storing energy.},
	language = {en-gb},
	urldate = {2023-05-23},
	journal = {Emerging Technology News},
	month = oct,
	year = {2020},
}

Energy storage helps capture generated energy and deliver effectively for future use, but this can be done in more than one way. This article encapsulates the various methods used for storing energy.

@misc{noauthor_classification_2020,
	title = {Classification of energy storage technologies: an overview},
	shorttitle = {Classification of energy storage technologies},
	url = {https://etn.news/energy-storage/classification-of-energy-storage-technologies-an-overview},
	abstract = {Energy storage helps capture generated energy and deliver effectively for future use, but this can be done in more than one way. This article encapsulates the various methods used for storing energy.},
	language = {en-gb},
	urldate = {2023-05-11},
	journal = {Emerging Technology News},
	month = oct,
	year = {2020},
}

Energy storage helps capture generated energy and deliver effectively for future use, but this can be done in more than one way. This article encapsulates the various methods used for storing energy.

@article{hittinger_modeling_2020,
	title = {Modeling {Costs} and {Benefits} of {Energy} {Storage} {Systems}},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1543-5938, 1545-2050},
	url = {https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-082101},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-082101},
	abstract = {In recent years, analytical tools and approaches to model the costs and benefits of energy storage have proliferated in parallel with the rapid growth in the energy storage market. Some analytical tools focus on the technologies themselves, with methods for projecting future energy storage technology costs and different cost metrics used to compare storage system designs. Other tools focus on the integration of storage into larger energy systems, including how to economically operate energy storage, estimate the air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions effects of storage, or understand how policy and market rules influence storage deployment and operation. Given the confluence of evolving technologies, policies, and systems, we highlight some key challenges for future energy storage models, including the use of imperfect information to make dispatch decisions for energy-limited storage technologies and estimating how different market structures will impact the deployment of additional energy storage.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-05-11},
	journal = {Annual Review of Environment and Resources},
	author = {Hittinger, Eric and Ciez, Rebecca E.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {445--469},
}

In recent years, analytical tools and approaches to model the costs and benefits of energy storage have proliferated in parallel with the rapid growth in the energy storage market. Some analytical tools focus on the technologies themselves, with methods for projecting future energy storage technology costs and different cost metrics used to compare storage system designs. Other tools focus on the integration of storage into larger energy systems, including how to economically operate energy storage, estimate the air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions effects of storage, or understand how policy and market rules influence storage deployment and operation. Given the confluence of evolving technologies, policies, and systems, we highlight some key challenges for future energy storage models, including the use of imperfect information to make dispatch decisions for energy-limited storage technologies and estimating how different market structures will impact the deployment of additional energy storage.

@article{narula_assessment_2020,
	title = {Assessment of techno-economic feasibility of centralised seasonal thermal energy storage for decarbonising the {Swiss} residential heating sector},
	volume = {161},
	issn = {09601481},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960148120310168},
	doi = {10.1016/j.renene.2020.06.099},
	abstract = {A major part of heat in Swiss residential buildings is supplied by fossil fuel boilers, leading to large CO2 emissions. Heat supply can be decarbonised by replacing boilers with renewable energy sources (RES) such as solar thermal, but the mismatch between heat supply and heat demand needs to be overcome. Seasonal thermal energy storage (STES) can be used to store heat from solar collector (SC) thereby reducing the usage of boilers. A centralised heat pump (HP) is also an attractive alternative for heating. This paper assesses the techno-economic feasibility of different heating systems for decarbonising the Swiss residential heating sector. It uses the simulation method for assessing hourly energy flows in 500 and 1,000 multifamily households connected by a district heating (DH) system. Four different configurations of DH system are assessed by simulating hourly energy flows. The required capacity of equipment, cost of different systems, and the cost of decarbonisation of heat are calculated. Levelised cost of heat, CO2 emissions and share of RES are compared. Peak electricity load due to use of HP and the impact of using different emission factors for electricity is examined. Results show that the heating system with a centralised HP has the least cost of decarbonisation but it adds a high peak load on the electricity grid infrastructure. A heating system with a SC, a STES, HP and a boiler emerges as a cost competitive option for decarbonising heating for 1,000 dwellings.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-05-11},
	journal = {Renewable Energy},
	author = {Narula, Kapil and De Oliveira Filho, Fleury and Chambers, Jonathan and Romano, Elliot and Hollmuller, Pierre and Patel, Martin Kumar},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1209--1225},
}

A major part of heat in Swiss residential buildings is supplied by fossil fuel boilers, leading to large CO2 emissions. Heat supply can be decarbonised by replacing boilers with renewable energy sources (RES) such as solar thermal, but the mismatch between heat supply and heat demand needs to be overcome. Seasonal thermal energy storage (STES) can be used to store heat from solar collector (SC) thereby reducing the usage of boilers. A centralised heat pump (HP) is also an attractive alternative for heating. This paper assesses the techno-economic feasibility of different heating systems for decarbonising the Swiss residential heating sector. It uses the simulation method for assessing hourly energy flows in 500 and 1,000 multifamily households connected by a district heating (DH) system. Four different configurations of DH system are assessed by simulating hourly energy flows. The required capacity of equipment, cost of different systems, and the cost of decarbonisation of heat are calculated. Levelised cost of heat, CO2 emissions and share of RES are compared. Peak electricity load due to use of HP and the impact of using different emission factors for electricity is examined. Results show that the heating system with a centralised HP has the least cost of decarbonisation but it adds a high peak load on the electricity grid infrastructure. A heating system with a SC, a STES, HP and a boiler emerges as a cost competitive option for decarbonising heating for 1,000 dwellings.

@misc{schemaorg_energy_2020,
	title = {Energy},
	url = {https://schema.org/Energy},
	author = {{schema.org}},
	year = {2020},
}

@misc{openaire_explore_openaire_2020,
	title = {{OpenAIRE}},
	url = {https://www.openaire.eu/},
	author = {{OpenAIRE EXPLORE}},
	year = {2020},
}

@article{aghahosseini_hot_2020,
	title = {From hot rock to useful energy: {A} global estimate of enhanced geothermal systems potential},
	volume = {279},
	issn = {03062619},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115769},
	abstract = {This study demonstrates the theoretical, technical, optimal economic and sustainable potential of enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) globally. A global estimate of EGS is presented in a 1°×1° spatial resolution. Constructed temperature at depth maps are computed for every 1 km thick layer, from 1 to 10 km. Multiple factors such as surface heat flow, thermal conductivity, radioactive heat production, and surface temperature are involved, and obtained from various sources and assumptions. The global EGS theoretical potential is assessed. Available heat content is then estimated using technical constraints for the temperature equal to or higher than 150 °C for any 1 km depth, and presented as thermal energy and electrical power capacity. The EGS optimal economic potential is derived from the optimum depth and the corresponding minimum levelised cost of electricity. The global optimal economic potential in terms of power capacity is found to be about 6 and 108 TWe for the cost years of 2030 and 2050, respectively. If economic and water stress constraints are excluded, the global EGS potential can be as much as 200 TWe. Further, an industrial cost curve is developed for the levelised cost of electricity as a function of EGS technical power capacity. The findings indicate that around 4600 GWe of EGS capacity can be built at a cost of 50 €/MWh or lower. A method is applied to measure the sustainable geothermal resource base. The obtained sustainable potential is found to be 256 GWe in 2050. Results are presented on a country basis and globally.},
	urldate = {2020-12-31},
	journal = {Applied Energy},
	author = {Aghahosseini, Arman and Breyer, Christian},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier Ltd},
	keywords = {Enhanced geothermal system (EGS), Geothermal potential, Geothermal resource assessment, Global analysis, Renewable energy, Temperature at depth interval},
	pages = {115769},
}

This study demonstrates the theoretical, technical, optimal economic and sustainable potential of enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) globally. A global estimate of EGS is presented in a 1°×1° spatial resolution. Constructed temperature at depth maps are computed for every 1 km thick layer, from 1 to 10 km. Multiple factors such as surface heat flow, thermal conductivity, radioactive heat production, and surface temperature are involved, and obtained from various sources and assumptions. The global EGS theoretical potential is assessed. Available heat content is then estimated using technical constraints for the temperature equal to or higher than 150 °C for any 1 km depth, and presented as thermal energy and electrical power capacity. The EGS optimal economic potential is derived from the optimum depth and the corresponding minimum levelised cost of electricity. The global optimal economic potential in terms of power capacity is found to be about 6 and 108 TWe for the cost years of 2030 and 2050, respectively. If economic and water stress constraints are excluded, the global EGS potential can be as much as 200 TWe. Further, an industrial cost curve is developed for the levelised cost of electricity as a function of EGS technical power capacity. The findings indicate that around 4600 GWe of EGS capacity can be built at a cost of 50 €/MWh or lower. A method is applied to measure the sustainable geothermal resource base. The obtained sustainable potential is found to be 256 GWe in 2050. Results are presented on a country basis and globally.

@techreport{bengtsson_study_2020,
	title = {Study on business models and innovative funding structures for low temperature district heating},
	url = {https://www.lowtemp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/LowTEMP_Financing_Schemes_and_Business_Models_StudyBusinessModelsAndInnovativeFundingStructures.pdf},
	urldate = {2022-11-16},
	institution = {LowTEMP},
	author = {Bengtsson, Jenny and Hasselager, Anders},
	year = {2020},
}

@techreport{thomas_garabetian_financing_2020,
	title = {Financing {Geothermal} {Energy}},
	url = {https://euagenda.eu/upload/publications/financing-paper-final.pdf},
	urldate = {2022-11-16},
	institution = {EGEC},
	author = {Thomas Garabetian},
	year = {2020},
}

@article{raos_multiple-criteria_2019,
	title = {Multiple-{Criteria} {Decision}-{Making} for {Assessing} the {Enhanced} {Geothermal} {Systems}},
	volume = {12},
	copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
	issn = {1996-1073},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/9/1597},
	doi = {10.3390/en12091597},
	abstract = {This paper presents the main features of a multiple-criteria decision-making tool for economic and environmental assessment of enhanced geothermal systems projects. The presented holistic approach takes into account important influencing factors such as technical specifications, geological characteristics, spatial data, energy and heat prices, and social and environmental impact. The multiple-criteria decision-making approach uses a weighted decision matrix for evaluating different enhanced geothermal systems alternatives based on a set of criterions which are defined and presented in this paper. The paper, defines and quantifies new criterions for assessing enhanced geothermal systems for a particular site. For evaluation of the relative importance of each criterion in decision making, the weight is associated with each of the listed criterions. The different scenarios of end-use applications are tested in the case study. Finally, in the case study, the data and statistics are collected from real geothermal plants. The case study provides results for several scenarios and the sensitivity analysis based on which the approach is validated. The proposed method is expected to be of great interest to investors and decision makers as it enables better risk mitigation.},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2024-11-06},
	journal = {Energies},
	author = {Raos, Sara and Ilak, Perica and Rajšl, Ivan and Bilić, Tena and Trullenque, Ghislain},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1597},
}

This paper presents the main features of a multiple-criteria decision-making tool for economic and environmental assessment of enhanced geothermal systems projects. The presented holistic approach takes into account important influencing factors such as technical specifications, geological characteristics, spatial data, energy and heat prices, and social and environmental impact. The multiple-criteria decision-making approach uses a weighted decision matrix for evaluating different enhanced geothermal systems alternatives based on a set of criterions which are defined and presented in this paper. The paper, defines and quantifies new criterions for assessing enhanced geothermal systems for a particular site. For evaluation of the relative importance of each criterion in decision making, the weight is associated with each of the listed criterions. The different scenarios of end-use applications are tested in the case study. Finally, in the case study, the data and statistics are collected from real geothermal plants. The case study provides results for several scenarios and the sensitivity analysis based on which the approach is validated. The proposed method is expected to be of great interest to investors and decision makers as it enables better risk mitigation.

@article{selvakkumaran_determining_2019,
	title = {Determining the factors of household energy transitions: {A} multi-domain study},
	volume = {57},
	issn = {0160-791X},
	shorttitle = {Determining the factors of household energy transitions},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160791X18300617},
	doi = {10.1016/j.techsoc.2018.12.003},
	abstract = {Energy transitions at the household level are important because there are so many households, and motives and barriers to these transitions processes are not well understood. The objective of this paper is to investigate explanatory variables of household energy transitions. We select papers investigating explanatory variables underpinning household energy transitions in three domains: adoption of solar photovoltaics (PV) in households, adoption/transition to sustainable residential heating systems (RHS) and adoption/transition to alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs). In all three domains the chosen literature employ a wide variety of quantitative analyses such as discrete choice models ranging from multinomial logit models and principal component analysis to qualitative assessment of the answers through inductive analysis. The explanatory variables are categorized in six superordinate explanatory variable categories of economic factors, environmental factors, personal preferences and values, social factors, household characteristics and market and policy factors. In total we identify 31 explanatory variables which have been investigated in the 38 articles chosen, falling under the six categories. Investment cost is an important explanatory variable for all three domains, but a policy variable such as government subsidy could mitigate the former explanatory variable. We propose a conceptual framework as an initial step towards understanding the interactions and impacts of the explanatory variables with each other.},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Technology in Society},
	author = {Selvakkumaran, Sujeetha and Ahlgren, Erik O.},
	month = may,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Adoption, Energy transitions, Explanatory variables, Households},
	pages = {54--75},
}

Energy transitions at the household level are important because there are so many households, and motives and barriers to these transitions processes are not well understood. The objective of this paper is to investigate explanatory variables of household energy transitions. We select papers investigating explanatory variables underpinning household energy transitions in three domains: adoption of solar photovoltaics (PV) in households, adoption/transition to sustainable residential heating systems (RHS) and adoption/transition to alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs). In all three domains the chosen literature employ a wide variety of quantitative analyses such as discrete choice models ranging from multinomial logit models and principal component analysis to qualitative assessment of the answers through inductive analysis. The explanatory variables are categorized in six superordinate explanatory variable categories of economic factors, environmental factors, personal preferences and values, social factors, household characteristics and market and policy factors. In total we identify 31 explanatory variables which have been investigated in the 38 articles chosen, falling under the six categories. Investment cost is an important explanatory variable for all three domains, but a policy variable such as government subsidy could mitigate the former explanatory variable. We propose a conceptual framework as an initial step towards understanding the interactions and impacts of the explanatory variables with each other.

@article{boudet_public_2019,
	title = {Public perceptions of and responses to new energy technologies},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2058-7546},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-019-0399-x},
	doi = {10.1038/s41560-019-0399-x},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Nature Energy},
	author = {Boudet, Hilary S.},
	month = may,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {446--455},
}

@article{raos_multiple-criteria_2019,
	title = {Multiple-{Criteria} {Decision}-{Making} for {Assessing} the {Enhanced} {Geothermal} {Systems}},
	volume = {12},
	copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
	issn = {1996-1073},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/9/1597},
	doi = {10.3390/en12091597},
	abstract = {This paper presents the main features of a multiple-criteria decision-making tool for economic and environmental assessment of enhanced geothermal systems projects. The presented holistic approach takes into account important influencing factors such as technical specifications, geological characteristics, spatial data, energy and heat prices, and social and environmental impact. The multiple-criteria decision-making approach uses a weighted decision matrix for evaluating different enhanced geothermal systems alternatives based on a set of criterions which are defined and presented in this paper. The paper, defines and quantifies new criterions for assessing enhanced geothermal systems for a particular site. For evaluation of the relative importance of each criterion in decision making, the weight is associated with each of the listed criterions. The different scenarios of end-use applications are tested in the case study. Finally, in the case study, the data and statistics are collected from real geothermal plants. The case study provides results for several scenarios and the sensitivity analysis based on which the approach is validated. The proposed method is expected to be of great interest to investors and decision makers as it enables better risk mitigation.},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2024-06-25},
	journal = {Energies},
	author = {Raos, Sara and Ilak, Perica and Rajšl, Ivan and Bilić, Tena and Trullenque, Ghislain},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1597},
}

This paper presents the main features of a multiple-criteria decision-making tool for economic and environmental assessment of enhanced geothermal systems projects. The presented holistic approach takes into account important influencing factors such as technical specifications, geological characteristics, spatial data, energy and heat prices, and social and environmental impact. The multiple-criteria decision-making approach uses a weighted decision matrix for evaluating different enhanced geothermal systems alternatives based on a set of criterions which are defined and presented in this paper. The paper, defines and quantifies new criterions for assessing enhanced geothermal systems for a particular site. For evaluation of the relative importance of each criterion in decision making, the weight is associated with each of the listed criterions. The different scenarios of end-use applications are tested in the case study. Finally, in the case study, the data and statistics are collected from real geothermal plants. The case study provides results for several scenarios and the sensitivity analysis based on which the approach is validated. The proposed method is expected to be of great interest to investors and decision makers as it enables better risk mitigation.

@article{markkanen_social_2019,
	title = {Social impacts of climate change mitigation policies and their implications for inequality},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1469-3062, 1752-7457},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14693062.2019.1596873},
	doi = {10.1080/14693062.2019.1596873},
	abstract = {The Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set ambitious targets for environmental, economic and social progress. Climate change mitigation policies play a central role in this process. To maximize the benefits and minimize the negative effects of climate change mitigation policies, policymakers need to be aware of the indirect and often complex social and inequality impacts that these policies may have and the pathways through which these impacts emerge. Better understanding of the distributional and inequality impacts is important to avoid negative social and distributional outcomes as countries ratchet up their climate policy ambition in the post-Paris context. This paper synthesizes evidence from the existing literature on social co-impacts of climate change mitigation policy and their implications for inequality. The analysis shows that most policies are linked to both co-benefits and adverse side-effects, and can compound or lessen inequalities depending on contextual factors, policy design and policy implementation. The risk of negative outcomes is greater in contexts characterized by high levels of poverty, corruption and economic and social inequalities, and where limited action is taken to identify and mitigate potentially adverse side-effects.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	journal = {Climate Policy},
	author = {Markkanen, Sanna and Anger-Kraavi, Annela},
	month = aug,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {827--844},
}

The Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set ambitious targets for environmental, economic and social progress. Climate change mitigation policies play a central role in this process. To maximize the benefits and minimize the negative effects of climate change mitigation policies, policymakers need to be aware of the indirect and often complex social and inequality impacts that these policies may have and the pathways through which these impacts emerge. Better understanding of the distributional and inequality impacts is important to avoid negative social and distributional outcomes as countries ratchet up their climate policy ambition in the post-Paris context. This paper synthesizes evidence from the existing literature on social co-impacts of climate change mitigation policy and their implications for inequality. The analysis shows that most policies are linked to both co-benefits and adverse side-effects, and can compound or lessen inequalities depending on contextual factors, policy design and policy implementation. The risk of negative outcomes is greater in contexts characterized by high levels of poverty, corruption and economic and social inequalities, and where limited action is taken to identify and mitigate potentially adverse side-effects.

@article{knoblauch_siting_2019,
	title = {Siting deep geothermal energy: {Acceptance} of various risk and benefit scenarios in a {Swiss}-{German} cross-national study},
	volume = {128},
	issn = {03014215},
	shorttitle = {Siting deep geothermal energy},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301421519300199},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2019.01.019},
	abstract = {Deep geothermal energy projects offer low-carbon, renewable base-load resources for electricity and heat production. Siting such projects can be challenging because past projects have induced seismicity. This suggests siting projects in remote areas away from populated areas and infrastructure, with minimal seismic risks. However, deep geothermal projects are most viable when they use residual heat, which requires proximity to heat consumers and thus, ideally, a rather urban environment. Hence, siting options carry various risks and benefits. It is informative to see how the public responds to these risks and benefits. This study investigates how well the public accepts various heat benefits when induced seismic risks are comparatively high or low. Respondents rated their acceptance of four deep geothermal energy scenarios in an online survey (N = 814) conducted in Switzerland and Germany. Conjoint and mixed multivariate statistical analyses show that the public prefers projects sited in remote areas and using residual heat for industrial applications. The results in Switzerland and Germany were rather similar, but the Swiss public was generally more positive. Importantly, induced seismic risks affected acceptance ratings most strongly. Thus, policies to reduce the risk of induced seismicity must be given the highest priority to enable an open dialogue.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	journal = {Energy Policy},
	author = {Knoblauch, Theresa A.K. and Trutnevyte, Evelina and Stauffacher, Michael},
	month = may,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {807--816},
}

Deep geothermal energy projects offer low-carbon, renewable base-load resources for electricity and heat production. Siting such projects can be challenging because past projects have induced seismicity. This suggests siting projects in remote areas away from populated areas and infrastructure, with minimal seismic risks. However, deep geothermal projects are most viable when they use residual heat, which requires proximity to heat consumers and thus, ideally, a rather urban environment. Hence, siting options carry various risks and benefits. It is informative to see how the public responds to these risks and benefits. This study investigates how well the public accepts various heat benefits when induced seismic risks are comparatively high or low. Respondents rated their acceptance of four deep geothermal energy scenarios in an online survey (N = 814) conducted in Switzerland and Germany. Conjoint and mixed multivariate statistical analyses show that the public prefers projects sited in remote areas and using residual heat for industrial applications. The results in Switzerland and Germany were rather similar, but the Swiss public was generally more positive. Importantly, induced seismic risks affected acceptance ratings most strongly. Thus, policies to reduce the risk of induced seismicity must be given the highest priority to enable an open dialogue.

@article{boudet_public_2019,
	title = {Public perceptions of and responses to new energy technologies},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2058-7546},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-019-0399-x},
	doi = {10.1038/s41560-019-0399-x},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	journal = {Nature Energy},
	author = {Boudet, Hilary S.},
	month = may,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {446--455},
}

@article{buffa_5th_2019,
	title = {5th generation district heating and cooling systems: {A} review of existing cases in {Europe}},
	volume = {104},
	issn = {13640321},
	shorttitle = {5th generation district heating and cooling systems},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364032118308608},
	doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2018.12.059},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
	author = {Buffa, Simone and Cozzini, Marco and D’Antoni, Matteo and Baratieri, Marco and Fedrizzi, Roberto},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {504--522},
}

@incollection{dumas_policy_2019,
	address = {Cham},
	title = {Policy and {Regulatory} {Aspects} of {Geothermal} {Energy}: {A} {European} {Perspective}},
	isbn = {978-3-319-78286-7},
	shorttitle = {Policy and {Regulatory} {Aspects} of {Geothermal} {Energy}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78286-7_2},
	abstract = {The objective of this chapter is to introduce the complex and evolving policy and regulatory framework relevant to geothermal energy in Europe. The analysis covers both shallow and deep geothermal technologies producing electrical power, heat, cold and hot water. It has a focus on the European Union (EU) legislation and its implementation. Indeed, nowadays it results difficult to fully understand the legal system for geothermal energy in a given European country without some acquaintance with the overarching EU framework. To this end, it may be useful to clarify some preliminary principles governing the relations between the EU and its member states. The competences between the two levels are defined in the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU. In areas like energy and the environment, where the competence is shared, the EU can legislate when its action is considered to be more effective than the action taken at national, regional or local level. In the framework of the functioning of the European Economic Area, EU rules can apply to Iceland, Norway and Lichtenstein. Additionally, they can also apply to other countries (e.g. Switzerland, Turkey) through bilateral agreements. National competences can be further devolved to regional and local authorities depending on the degree of self-governance in each country. The chapter is organised as follows: the first section provides an overview of the EU climate and energy framework; Sect. 2 takes a closer look at the key legal issues for the sector and a brief presentation of the most common mechanisms put in place for supporting geothermal energy; finally, Sect. 3 presents the future energy regulatory framework currently under discussion.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-23},
	booktitle = {Geothermal {Energy} and {Society}},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	author = {Dumas, Philippe},
	editor = {Manzella, Adele and Allansdottir, Agnes and Pellizzone, Anna},
	year = {2019},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-78286-7_2},
	pages = {19--37},
}

The objective of this chapter is to introduce the complex and evolving policy and regulatory framework relevant to geothermal energy in Europe. The analysis covers both shallow and deep geothermal technologies producing electrical power, heat, cold and hot water. It has a focus on the European Union (EU) legislation and its implementation. Indeed, nowadays it results difficult to fully understand the legal system for geothermal energy in a given European country without some acquaintance with the overarching EU framework. To this end, it may be useful to clarify some preliminary principles governing the relations between the EU and its member states. The competences between the two levels are defined in the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU. In areas like energy and the environment, where the competence is shared, the EU can legislate when its action is considered to be more effective than the action taken at national, regional or local level. In the framework of the functioning of the European Economic Area, EU rules can apply to Iceland, Norway and Lichtenstein. Additionally, they can also apply to other countries (e.g. Switzerland, Turkey) through bilateral agreements. National competences can be further devolved to regional and local authorities depending on the degree of self-governance in each country. The chapter is organised as follows: the first section provides an overview of the EU climate and energy framework; Sect. 2 takes a closer look at the key legal issues for the sector and a brief presentation of the most common mechanisms put in place for supporting geothermal energy; finally, Sect. 3 presents the future energy regulatory framework currently under discussion.

@misc{economidou_accelerating_2019,
	title = {Accelerating energy renovation investments in buildings},
	url = {https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC117816},
	abstract = {At today's renovation rate of around 1\% of buildings per year, a timely transition of the EU building sector towards climate-neutral levels by 2050 cannot be ensured. To accelerate energy efficiency investments in this area, the European Commission has intensified its efforts in recent years, with specific calls to strengthen the existing financial framework, increase funding levels, diversify types of financial models and explore new supporting mechanisms. Various private and public financial and fiscal mechanisms for energy renovations in buildings are currently available in Europe in the form of non-repayable rewards, debt financing, equity financing, etc. This report provides a country-by-country overview of the most important public schemes identified across the EU, and investigates new private financial products in place to stimulate more energy efficiency investments in residential, commercial and public buildings. Good practices are identified based on the criteria of impact, cost effectiveness, ambition level of energy efficiency upgrade, funding sustainability/continuity, scalability and outreach to hard-to-reach groups.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-01-25},
	journal = {JRC Publications Repository},
	author = {Economidou, M. and Todeschi, V. and Bertoldi, P.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2019},
	doi = {10.2760/086805},
	note = {ISBN: 9789276121954
ISSN: 1831-9424},
}

At today's renovation rate of around 1% of buildings per year, a timely transition of the EU building sector towards climate-neutral levels by 2050 cannot be ensured. To accelerate energy efficiency investments in this area, the European Commission has intensified its efforts in recent years, with specific calls to strengthen the existing financial framework, increase funding levels, diversify types of financial models and explore new supporting mechanisms. Various private and public financial and fiscal mechanisms for energy renovations in buildings are currently available in Europe in the form of non-repayable rewards, debt financing, equity financing, etc. This report provides a country-by-country overview of the most important public schemes identified across the EU, and investigates new private financial products in place to stimulate more energy efficiency investments in residential, commercial and public buildings. Good practices are identified based on the criteria of impact, cost effectiveness, ambition level of energy efficiency upgrade, funding sustainability/continuity, scalability and outreach to hard-to-reach groups.

@misc{eu_commission_comprehensive_2019,
	title = {Comprehensive study of building energy renovation activities and the uptake of nearly zero-energy buildings in the {EU}},
	url = {https://energy.ec.europa.eu/publications/comprehensive-study-building-energy-renovation-activities-and-uptake-nearly-zero-energy-buildings-eu_en},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-11-17},
	author = {EU Commission},
	year = {2019},
}

@phdthesis{janiszewski_techno-economic_2019,
	title = {Techno-economic aspects of seasonal underground storage of solar thermal energy in hard crystalline rocks},
	abstract = {Due to the current issue of global climate change, certain actions have been precipitated in the global energy sector to increase the share of renewable, clean energy. One example of renewable energy is solar thermal energy, which can be utilised for domestic heating purposes in solar communities. However, in countries located at high latitudes, such as Finland, solar thermal energy is most abundant in the summer when the heating demand is low, and less abundant in the winter when the heating demand peaks.

The solution to this mismatch is Thermal Energy Storage (TES). TES allows the collection of energy during the summer, which is accumulated in a storage medium, stored seasonally, and extracted in the winter to cover the heating demand. Rock and water in the subsurface are perfect storage media, and a selection of Underground TES (UTES) methods exist which could be utilised as long-term energy storage solutions for solar communities.

The goal of this research was to develop a numerical modelling approach for the simulation of the Borehole TES (BTES) systems by first determining which UTES method would be best to apply in a solar community in Finland. Furthermore, through this development, a method was devised to numerically simulate hydraulic fracturing in fractured rock.

To select the best UTES method for a Finnish solar community, a criteria-based feasibility study was implemented. It revealed that the BTES method is advantageous in terms of its ease in gaining large storage volumes, feasibility at a small scale, its cost-efficiency and adaptability. Two numerical modelling approaches for the simulation of borehole heat exchangers were proposed, validated by an in situ experiment and used to simulate the BTES systems. Numerical modelling revealed that low thermal diffusivity of the rock is essential for maximising the efficiency of seasonal storage. Furthermore, a fracture mechanics-based numerical model was proposed to simulate the interactions between hydraulic and natural fractures in Fractured TES (FTES) systems. The hydraulic fracturing model indicated that pre-existing discontinuities with low dip angles modify the propagating path of sub-horizontal hydraulic fracture potentially hindering the thermal performance of the FTES systems.

The three main conclusions address seasonal TES in hard crystalline rocks. The BTES method is suggested as the most optimal method for a Finnish-based solar community. The two proposed thermal numerical modelling approaches of borehole heat exchangers can aid in the design of BTES systems by efficiently simulating their seasonal performance. Lastly, the proposed hydraulic fracturing model can simulate the construction process of FTES systems. The results of this dissertation contribute towards the development of the state-of-the-art of UTES in hard rocks.},
	author = {Janiszewski, Mateusz},
	month = oct,
	year = {2019},
}

Due to the current issue of global climate change, certain actions have been precipitated in the global energy sector to increase the share of renewable, clean energy. One example of renewable energy is solar thermal energy, which can be utilised for domestic heating purposes in solar communities. However, in countries located at high latitudes, such as Finland, solar thermal energy is most abundant in the summer when the heating demand is low, and less abundant in the winter when the heating demand peaks. The solution to this mismatch is Thermal Energy Storage (TES). TES allows the collection of energy during the summer, which is accumulated in a storage medium, stored seasonally, and extracted in the winter to cover the heating demand. Rock and water in the subsurface are perfect storage media, and a selection of Underground TES (UTES) methods exist which could be utilised as long-term energy storage solutions for solar communities. The goal of this research was to develop a numerical modelling approach for the simulation of the Borehole TES (BTES) systems by first determining which UTES method would be best to apply in a solar community in Finland. Furthermore, through this development, a method was devised to numerically simulate hydraulic fracturing in fractured rock. To select the best UTES method for a Finnish solar community, a criteria-based feasibility study was implemented. It revealed that the BTES method is advantageous in terms of its ease in gaining large storage volumes, feasibility at a small scale, its cost-efficiency and adaptability. Two numerical modelling approaches for the simulation of borehole heat exchangers were proposed, validated by an in situ experiment and used to simulate the BTES systems. Numerical modelling revealed that low thermal diffusivity of the rock is essential for maximising the efficiency of seasonal storage. Furthermore, a fracture mechanics-based numerical model was proposed to simulate the interactions between hydraulic and natural fractures in Fractured TES (FTES) systems. The hydraulic fracturing model indicated that pre-existing discontinuities with low dip angles modify the propagating path of sub-horizontal hydraulic fracture potentially hindering the thermal performance of the FTES systems. The three main conclusions address seasonal TES in hard crystalline rocks. The BTES method is suggested as the most optimal method for a Finnish-based solar community. The two proposed thermal numerical modelling approaches of borehole heat exchangers can aid in the design of BTES systems by efficiently simulating their seasonal performance. Lastly, the proposed hydraulic fracturing model can simulate the construction process of FTES systems. The results of this dissertation contribute towards the development of the state-of-the-art of UTES in hard rocks.

@misc{odonovan_large-scale_2019,
	title = {Large-{Scale} {Thermal} {Energy} {Storage} {A} simulation scenario analysis},
	url = {https://smartenergysystems.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/14-3_KeithODonovanSESAAU2019.pdf},
	author = {O‘Donovan, Keith and Mikulic, Ivan and Leusbrock, Ingo},
	year = {2019},
}

@techreport{heatstore_underground_2019,
	title = {Underground {Thermal} {Energy} {Storage} ({UTES}) – state-of-the-art, example cases and lessons learned},
	url = {https://www.heatstore.eu/documents/HEATSTORE_UTES%20State%20of%20the%20Art_WP1_D1.1_Final_2019.04.26.pdf},
	author = {HEATSTORE},
	year = {2019},
}

@article{schuppler_techno-economic_2019,
	title = {Techno-economic and environmental analysis of an {Aquifer} {Thermal} {Energy} {Storage} ({ATES}) in {Germany}},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {2195-9706},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s40517-019-0127-6},
	doi = {10.1186/s40517-019-0127-6},
	abstract = {The objective of the present study is to analyse the economic and environmental performance of ATES for a new building complex of the municipal hospital in Karlsruhe, Germany. The studied ATES has a cooling capacity of 3.0 MW and a heating capacity of 1.8 MW. To meet the heating and cooling demand of the studied building, an overall pumping rate of 963 m3/h is required. A Monte Carlo Simulation provides a probability distribution of the capital costs of the ATES with a mean value of 1.3 ± (0.1) million €. The underground part of the ATES system requires about 60\% of the capital costs and therefore forms the major cost factor. In addition, the ATES is compared with the presently installed supply technology of the hospital, which consists of compression chillers for cooling and district heating. Despite the 50\% higher capital costs of the ATES system, an average payback time of about 3 years is achieved due to lower demand-related costs. The most efficient supply option is direct cooling by the ATES resulting in an electricity cost reduction of 80\%. Compared to the reference system, the ATES achieves CO2 savings of about 600 tons per year, hence clearly demonstrating the potential economic and environmental benefits of ATES in Germany.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-05-11},
	journal = {Geothermal Energy},
	author = {Schüppler, Simon and Fleuchaus, Paul and Blum, Philipp},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES), Economic analysis, Heating and cooling, Renewable energy, Shallow geothermal energy},
	pages = {11},
}

The objective of the present study is to analyse the economic and environmental performance of ATES for a new building complex of the municipal hospital in Karlsruhe, Germany. The studied ATES has a cooling capacity of 3.0 MW and a heating capacity of 1.8 MW. To meet the heating and cooling demand of the studied building, an overall pumping rate of 963 m3/h is required. A Monte Carlo Simulation provides a probability distribution of the capital costs of the ATES with a mean value of 1.3 ± (0.1) million €. The underground part of the ATES system requires about 60% of the capital costs and therefore forms the major cost factor. In addition, the ATES is compared with the presently installed supply technology of the hospital, which consists of compression chillers for cooling and district heating. Despite the 50% higher capital costs of the ATES system, an average payback time of about 3 years is achieved due to lower demand-related costs. The most efficient supply option is direct cooling by the ATES resulting in an electricity cost reduction of 80%. Compared to the reference system, the ATES achieves CO2 savings of about 600 tons per year, hence clearly demonstrating the potential economic and environmental benefits of ATES in Germany.

@techreport{heatstore_heatstore_2019,
	title = {{HEATSTORE} - {Feasibility} assessment \& design for demonstration projects},
	url = {https://heatstore.eu/documents/HEATSTORE_WP4_D4.1_Final_2019.12.05.pdf},
	author = {HEATSTORE},
	year = {2019},
}

@article{guelpa_thermal_2019,
	title = {Thermal energy storage in district heating and cooling systems: {A} review},
	volume = {252},
	issn = {03062619},
	shorttitle = {Thermal energy storage in district heating and cooling systems},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306261919311481},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113474},
	abstract = {Thermal storage facilities ensure a heat reservoir for optimally tackling dynamic characteristics of district heating systems: heat and electricity demand evolution, changes of energy prices, intermittent nature of renewable sources, extreme wheatear conditions, malfunctions in the systems. The present review paper explores the implementation of thermal energy storage in district heating and cooling systems. Both short-term and longterm storages are considered highlighting their potential in combination with district heating. Connections of sensible, latent (phase change material) and chemical heat storage are analyzed taking into account the research maturity of each type technology. The transition of current energy systems towards next generation district heating, and sustainable multi energy networks is considered. Performance assessment by using proper thermodynamic indicators and costs are investigated. Further addressed topics include the use of heat capacity of the network and the buildings connected to the system to store energy. The main issues currently limiting the diffusion of daily and seasonal thermal storage and the main research paths are discussed.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-05-11},
	journal = {Applied Energy},
	author = {Guelpa, Elisa and Verda, Vittorio},
	month = oct,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {113474},
}

Thermal storage facilities ensure a heat reservoir for optimally tackling dynamic characteristics of district heating systems: heat and electricity demand evolution, changes of energy prices, intermittent nature of renewable sources, extreme wheatear conditions, malfunctions in the systems. The present review paper explores the implementation of thermal energy storage in district heating and cooling systems. Both short-term and longterm storages are considered highlighting their potential in combination with district heating. Connections of sensible, latent (phase change material) and chemical heat storage are analyzed taking into account the research maturity of each type technology. The transition of current energy systems towards next generation district heating, and sustainable multi energy networks is considered. Performance assessment by using proper thermodynamic indicators and costs are investigated. Further addressed topics include the use of heat capacity of the network and the buildings connected to the system to store energy. The main issues currently limiting the diffusion of daily and seasonal thermal storage and the main research paths are discussed.

@article{thomson_technical_2019,
	title = {The {Technical} and {Economic} {Feasibility} of {Utilising} {Phase} {Change} {Materials} for {Thermal} {Storage} in {District} {Heating} {Networks}},
	volume = {159},
	issn = {18766102},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1876610218313377},
	doi = {10.1016/j.egypro.2018.12.042},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-05-11},
	journal = {Energy Procedia},
	author = {Thomson, A. and Claudio, G.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {442--447},
}

@article{beckers_geophires_2019,
	title = {{GEOPHIRES} v2.0: updated geothermal techno-economic simulation tool},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {2195-9706},
	shorttitle = {{GEOPHIRES} v2.0},
	url = {https://geothermal-energy-journal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40517-019-0119-6},
	doi = {10.1186/s40517-019-0119-6},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-03-15},
	journal = {Geothermal Energy},
	author = {Beckers, Koenraad F. and McCabe, Kevin},
	month = dec,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {5},
}

@techreport{rajsl_meet_2019,
	title = {{MEET} - {Deliverable} {D}.7.1. {Open} access decision support tool for optimal usage of geo thermal energy},
	url = {https://www.meet-h2020.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/MEET_Deliverable_D7.1.pdf},
	abstract = {Commercial exploitation of energy from medium and lowND PURPOSE temperature geothermal sources and economy of associated investment projects is very questionable at the moment. In order to help investors that are interested to these specific locations and also to boost later deliverables, namely D4.5, D7.2, D7.3 and D7.4. in scope of MEET project, it is crucial to develop satisfactory level of sup port that can be used for every site of interest and for different ways of geothermal energy exploitation that is mainly driven by features of available geothermal brine from one side and also needs for thermal energy and proximity of both heating and powe r consumption on the other hand. In the framework of the WP7 of the H2020 MEET project, entitled “ assessment for EGS integration into energy systems Economic and environmental ”, and Task 7.1: “ Development of Decision Making Support Tool for Optimal Usage o f Geothermal Energy” first deliverable (D7.1) is Open Access Decision Support Tool for Optimal Usage of Geothermal Energy, that combines technical, economic, environmental and social aspects of geothermal projects and therefore provides background for a co mprehensive assessment of EGS projects. It is designed in such a way that should enable investors to compare different approaches of geothermal energy usage and choose that with the best performance by integrating EGS into the electric and/or heat systems. Decision making support tool (DMT) can be used for obtaining economic criteria like IRR (Internal Rate of Return), LCOE (Levelized Cost of Energy) and NPV (Net Present Value). Most of the input parameters that can be exactly monetarized have an option, ei ther by default values or user specified, for associated costs input. Other parameters that are hard to monetarized, such as social acceptance, environmental aspects and others are taken into account in last stage of grading of specific EGS project using m ultiplecriteria decisionmaking (MCDM) approach that enables comparison between several approaches and/or different sites. MCDM also allows user specific attitudes (subjective goals) by putting different weights to specific influencing factors. The prepar ation, organization and structure of MEET project and associated partner consortium have allowed to switch focus from modelling and exploring the geothermal potential in different locations (that will be provided from different partners from other WPs and deliverables) to modelling above surface phenomena. In this way, a better approach to an asses energy transfer from its geothermal source to final users is allowed. There is still incorporated special module within DMT that can provide rough estimates on g eothermal potential (based on results from 6th Research and Development framework of the European Union project ENGINE) for those future users that do not possess those data or do not have better means of approximation. The m ain part of D7.1 is constrictions to the the tool itself that is mode l led in MATLAB and is provided without any public (especially research community). The other important part of D7.1 is this report that provides necessary explanations of used approaches, assumptions and description of applications and functions modelled and incorporated within DMT. This report will also provide manual, both for ‘only users’ of DMT and also ‘reusers’ or scientific public interested in further development and analysis of provided DMT model. Main steps and GUI interface features are intensively elaborated within the text. It is also important to mention that all functions in MATLAB are provided with basic explanations within lines of code, in order to help future researchers to better cope with code - standard knowledge transfer in scientific community.},
	language = {en},
	number = {Deliverable D .7.1},
	urldate = {2023-02-03},
	author = {Rajšl, Ivan and Raos, Sara and Bilić, Tena},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {102},
}

Commercial exploitation of energy from medium and lowND PURPOSE temperature geothermal sources and economy of associated investment projects is very questionable at the moment. In order to help investors that are interested to these specific locations and also to boost later deliverables, namely D4.5, D7.2, D7.3 and D7.4. in scope of MEET project, it is crucial to develop satisfactory level of sup port that can be used for every site of interest and for different ways of geothermal energy exploitation that is mainly driven by features of available geothermal brine from one side and also needs for thermal energy and proximity of both heating and powe r consumption on the other hand. In the framework of the WP7 of the H2020 MEET project, entitled “ assessment for EGS integration into energy systems Economic and environmental ”, and Task 7.1: “ Development of Decision Making Support Tool for Optimal Usage o f Geothermal Energy” first deliverable (D7.1) is Open Access Decision Support Tool for Optimal Usage of Geothermal Energy, that combines technical, economic, environmental and social aspects of geothermal projects and therefore provides background for a co mprehensive assessment of EGS projects. It is designed in such a way that should enable investors to compare different approaches of geothermal energy usage and choose that with the best performance by integrating EGS into the electric and/or heat systems. Decision making support tool (DMT) can be used for obtaining economic criteria like IRR (Internal Rate of Return), LCOE (Levelized Cost of Energy) and NPV (Net Present Value). Most of the input parameters that can be exactly monetarized have an option, ei ther by default values or user specified, for associated costs input. Other parameters that are hard to monetarized, such as social acceptance, environmental aspects and others are taken into account in last stage of grading of specific EGS project using m ultiplecriteria decisionmaking (MCDM) approach that enables comparison between several approaches and/or different sites. MCDM also allows user specific attitudes (subjective goals) by putting different weights to specific influencing factors. The prepar ation, organization and structure of MEET project and associated partner consortium have allowed to switch focus from modelling and exploring the geothermal potential in different locations (that will be provided from different partners from other WPs and deliverables) to modelling above surface phenomena. In this way, a better approach to an asses energy transfer from its geothermal source to final users is allowed. There is still incorporated special module within DMT that can provide rough estimates on g eothermal potential (based on results from 6th Research and Development framework of the European Union project ENGINE) for those future users that do not possess those data or do not have better means of approximation. The m ain part of D7.1 is constrictions to the the tool itself that is mode l led in MATLAB and is provided without any public (especially research community). The other important part of D7.1 is this report that provides necessary explanations of used approaches, assumptions and description of applications and functions modelled and incorporated within DMT. This report will also provide manual, both for ‘only users’ of DMT and also ‘reusers’ or scientific public interested in further development and analysis of provided DMT model. Main steps and GUI interface features are intensively elaborated within the text. It is also important to mention that all functions in MATLAB are provided with basic explanations within lines of code, in order to help future researchers to better cope with code - standard knowledge transfer in scientific community.

@article{saez_blazquez_economic_2018,
	title = {Economic and {Environmental} {Analysis} of {Different} {District} {Heating} {Systems} {Aided} by {Geothermal} {Energy}},
	volume = {11},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {1996-1073},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/11/5/1265},
	doi = {10.3390/en11051265},
	abstract = {As a renewable energy source, geothermal energy can provide base-load power supply both for electricity and direct uses, such as space heating. Regarding this last use, in the present study, district heating systems aided by geothermal energy, the so-called geothermal district heating systems, are studied. Thus, three different options of a geothermal district heating system are evaluated and compared in terms of environmental and economic aspects with a traditional fossil installation. Calculations were carried out from a particular study case, a set of buildings located Province of León in the north of Spain. From real data of each of the assumptions considered, an exhaustive comparison among the different scenarios studied, was thoroughly made. Results revealed the most suitable option from an economic point of view but always considering the environmental impacts of each one. In this regard, the assumption of a district heating system totally supplied by geothermal energy clearly stands out from the rest of options. Thus, the manuscript main objective is to emphasise the advantages of these systems as they constitute the ideal solution from both the economic and environmental parameters analysed.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Energies},
	author = {Sáez Blázquez, Cristina and Farfán Martín, Arturo and Nieto, Ignacio Martín and González-Aguilera, Diego},
	month = may,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {district heating systems, economic and environmental comparison, geothermal energy, renewable energy},
	pages = {1265},
}

As a renewable energy source, geothermal energy can provide base-load power supply both for electricity and direct uses, such as space heating. Regarding this last use, in the present study, district heating systems aided by geothermal energy, the so-called geothermal district heating systems, are studied. Thus, three different options of a geothermal district heating system are evaluated and compared in terms of environmental and economic aspects with a traditional fossil installation. Calculations were carried out from a particular study case, a set of buildings located Province of León in the north of Spain. From real data of each of the assumptions considered, an exhaustive comparison among the different scenarios studied, was thoroughly made. Results revealed the most suitable option from an economic point of view but always considering the environmental impacts of each one. In this regard, the assumption of a district heating system totally supplied by geothermal energy clearly stands out from the rest of options. Thus, the manuscript main objective is to emphasise the advantages of these systems as they constitute the ideal solution from both the economic and environmental parameters analysed.

@article{mazhar_state_2018,
	title = {A state of art review on the district heating systems},
	volume = {96},
	issn = {1364-0321},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032118305720},
	doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2018.08.005},
	abstract = {District heating (DH) has been widely acknowledged as the future for urban heating, as concerns of sustainability and greenhouse gas emissions are pushing, to revamp the heating sector. Although not a new technology, DH has evolved over four different generations, and is now capable of incorporating low temperature distributed renewable heat sources. The ongoing advancements and typical characteristics of a complete grid are researched upon in this paper. The research is extended to link up these characteristics with some of the most interesting DH networks in the world. The technical configurations of these DH grids along with their regulations and policies are explored upon, to understand their evolution and uniqueness. A basic overview of the economics and social aspects are presented as well. The overall trends and results of this study show that, as fossil fuel prices fluctuate and are depleting, there is a unified effort to promote DH, especially for residential heating purposes. The characteristics of modern DH are evolving to cater for distributed renewable technologies with the aim of making the entire system carbon free and sustainable.},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
	author = {Mazhar, Abdur Rehman and Liu, Shuli and Shukla, Ashish},
	month = nov,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Distributed heat sources, District heating, Low carbon heating},
	pages = {420--439},
}

District heating (DH) has been widely acknowledged as the future for urban heating, as concerns of sustainability and greenhouse gas emissions are pushing, to revamp the heating sector. Although not a new technology, DH has evolved over four different generations, and is now capable of incorporating low temperature distributed renewable heat sources. The ongoing advancements and typical characteristics of a complete grid are researched upon in this paper. The research is extended to link up these characteristics with some of the most interesting DH networks in the world. The technical configurations of these DH grids along with their regulations and policies are explored upon, to understand their evolution and uniqueness. A basic overview of the economics and social aspects are presented as well. The overall trends and results of this study show that, as fossil fuel prices fluctuate and are depleting, there is a unified effort to promote DH, especially for residential heating purposes. The characteristics of modern DH are evolving to cater for distributed renewable technologies with the aim of making the entire system carbon free and sustainable.

@article{agh_akademia_gorniczo-hutnicza_im_st_staszica_w_krakowie_potencjal_2018,
	title = {Potencjał geotermalny {Polski} oraz możliwości adaptacji międzynarodowej klasyfikacji zasobów geotermalnych {UNFC}-2009},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {08678871},
	url = {http://archiwum.inig.pl/INST/nafta-gaz/nafta-gaz/Nafta-Gaz-2018-12-04.pdf},
	doi = {10.18668/NG.2018.12.04},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2024-06-25},
	journal = {Nafta-Gaz},
	author = {{AGH Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. St. Staszica w Krakowie} and Hajto, Marek},
	month = dec,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {898--904},
}

@book{unctad_environmental_2018,
	title = {Environmental and {Social} {Impact} {Assessments}},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10986/29477},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	publisher = {World Bank, Washington, DC},
	author = {{UNCTAD} and {World Bank}},
	month = mar,
	year = {2018},
	doi = {10.1596/29477},
}

@article{johnston_role_2018,
	title = {The role of time and social churn in impact assessment: {An} engagement-based model},
	volume = {71},
	issn = {01959255},
	shorttitle = {The role of time and social churn in impact assessment},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195925518300064},
	doi = {10.1016/j.eiar.2018.04.009},
	abstract = {To participate in social impact assessments, members of a community need to understand both the nature and complexity of impacts at the individual and social level. This study considers the role of engagement in developing community understanding of social impacts by documenting and analyzing organizational and community actions and responses in the Adani Carmichael mine case. Findings suggest engagement facilitates the conduct of social churn. We define social churn as a process of collective level discussion, meaning-making, and consensus-building from multiple information inputs in response to equivocality or uncertainty resulting from organizational behavior, out of which is generated an articulation of community level perceptions of that organizational behavior and its impacts at an individual, community, and societal level. Theoretically, the findings of this study challenge traditional linear notions of social impact assessments and offer an alternative engagement-based model. Practically, the model identifies ways in which organizations can recognize and participate in the social processes that both create and represent the differing levels of social reality determining perceptions of those impacts.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	journal = {Environmental Impact Assessment Review},
	author = {Johnston, Kim A. and Lane, Anne B.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {102--109},
}

To participate in social impact assessments, members of a community need to understand both the nature and complexity of impacts at the individual and social level. This study considers the role of engagement in developing community understanding of social impacts by documenting and analyzing organizational and community actions and responses in the Adani Carmichael mine case. Findings suggest engagement facilitates the conduct of social churn. We define social churn as a process of collective level discussion, meaning-making, and consensus-building from multiple information inputs in response to equivocality or uncertainty resulting from organizational behavior, out of which is generated an articulation of community level perceptions of that organizational behavior and its impacts at an individual, community, and societal level. Theoretically, the findings of this study challenge traditional linear notions of social impact assessments and offer an alternative engagement-based model. Practically, the model identifies ways in which organizations can recognize and participate in the social processes that both create and represent the differing levels of social reality determining perceptions of those impacts.

@article{arpagaus_high_2018,
	title = {High temperature heat pumps: {Market} overview, state of the art, research status, refrigerants, and application potentials},
	volume = {152},
	issn = {03605442},
	shorttitle = {High temperature heat pumps},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360544218305759},
	doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2018.03.166},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	journal = {Energy},
	author = {Arpagaus, Cordin and Bless, Frédéric and Uhlmann, Michael and Schiffmann, Jürg and Bertsch, Stefan S.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {985--1010},
}

@article{fleuchaus_worldwide_2018,
	title = {Worldwide application of aquifer thermal energy storage – {A} review},
	volume = {94},
	issn = {13640321},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364032118304933},
	doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2018.06.057},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
	author = {Fleuchaus, Paul and Godschalk, Bas and Stober, Ingrid and Blum, Philipp},
	month = oct,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {861--876},
}

@article{lugas_raka_adrianto_urban_2018,
	title = {Urban {Development} \& {Symbiosis} - {Case} of {Paris}-{Saclay} {Course}: {Urbanism} and {Sustainability}, {Part} of semester project at {Ecole} {Polytechnique} {Paris}-{Saclay} 2017-2018},
	shorttitle = {Urban {Development} \& {Symbiosis} - {Case} of {Paris}-{Saclay} {Course}},
	url = {https://rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG.2.2.18856.90883},
	doi = {10.13140/RG.2.2.18856.90883},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	author = {{Lugas Raka Adrianto}},
	year = {2018},
}

@techreport{tpa_group_incentives_2018,
	title = {Incentives for {Energy} {Efficiency} {CEE}/{SEE} {Region}},
	url = {https://www.energy-tomorrow.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2018/09/Financing-energy-efficiency_TPA-Group-Johannes-Becker.pdf},
	urldate = {2024-01-25},
	author = {TPA Group},
	year = {2018},
}

@misc{dbdh_district_2018,
	title = {District {Heating} in {Denmark}, {Efficient} \& {Clean} {Energy} {\textbar} {DBDH}},
	url = {https://dbdh.dk/all-about-district-energy/district-heating-in-denmark/},
	abstract = {Today, 66 percent of the Danish households enjoy the benefit of being connected to environmentally clean and energy efficient district heating systems.},
	language = {en-GB},
	urldate = {2024-05-08},
	author = {{dbdh}},
	month = dec,
	year = {2018},
}

Today, 66 percent of the Danish households enjoy the benefit of being connected to environmentally clean and energy efficient district heating systems.

@article{schmidt_iea_2018,
	title = {{IEA} {DHC} {CHP} - {Integrated} {Cost}-effective {Large}-scale {Thermal} {Energy} {Storage} for {Smart} {District} {Heating} and {Cooling}},
	volume = {149},
	doi = {10.1016/j.egypro.2018.08.223},
	abstract = {Large-scale seasonal thermal energy storage (TES) can help maximize renewable energy integration into district heating and cooling (DHC) systems. However, expertise and concrete projects in the field is limited and there is currently a lack of reliable and adequate analysis tools and cost data to assess the technical-economic potential of aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) or pit thermal energy storage (PTES). This paper provides a review summary for current ATES and PTES systems, including design concepts, application criteria, specific cost comparisons of various storage systems, as well as a summary of applicable modelling and design tools currently available.},
	journal = {Energy Procedia},
	author = {Schmidt, Thomas and Pauschinger, Thomas and Sørensen, Per and Snijders, Aart and Djebbar, Reda and Boulter, Raymond and Thornton, Jeff},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {585--594},
}

Large-scale seasonal thermal energy storage (TES) can help maximize renewable energy integration into district heating and cooling (DHC) systems. However, expertise and concrete projects in the field is limited and there is currently a lack of reliable and adequate analysis tools and cost data to assess the technical-economic potential of aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) or pit thermal energy storage (PTES). This paper provides a review summary for current ATES and PTES systems, including design concepts, application criteria, specific cost comparisons of various storage systems, as well as a summary of applicable modelling and design tools currently available.

@article{schmidt_design_2018,
	title = {Design {Aspects} for {Large}-scale {Pit} and {Aquifer} {Thermal} {Energy} {Storage} for {District} {Heating} and {Cooling}},
	volume = {149},
	issn = {18766102},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1876610218305198},
	doi = {10.1016/j.egypro.2018.08.223},
	abstract = {LAaAbrsbgtsert-arscactaclte seasonal thermal energy storage (TES) can help maximize renewable energy integration into district heating and TTa©KLa©KccaatatccSaSa©TSahhnoooonnddnneeeenaDgspTfbrcT(shheheednnoetooddyyeeddacllo22rdrrulii2hhhrrieeinwwgessqqlleorleccCs00mmmsi0eeeeddiiCCeccCceeeelonuulootnn11iio1dsittoceertpnss-ppaavarraoomsriioegg88o.ii8sssainddooellaohrttttcaoonrolaaiciaseessiassgi((nnsrDrTTntotggllTnneeoglnatn,,::DDieouiiiii.nnunnaaohhnglssnnaahnunhaadaAArlooeoHHs,nneenteennppggTegnegettppssqqetprriwaaootdd,,appdh,CCncshAAAuuggeehtllesoosttDDgellDahioyyeiinnppycie))onpiihuutlluffaatnassepcchesseeeeHHHessotttsaansiissgeaaaderrneevhhhyyetssiowccccrttnCCrctChinrraTTearoossoooeiiuuonrccsnuc--tt-eooevrttmr22o2rrshhrrteerroorrfraeeeieayrdssnnsaaeueerree00er0ossoolismmtli..t.ceeggsrrvvlvssc111wshsllccvtimmtPPhtnnPteedssiitsihsns888mihaarraeeaeoattiuuswu..aaeiia...llrreoaalfww((owrnttrllembbyybttHHturpPPteernneknfiigEEniolllomerrccawrTTddcaauussaooiiuietnniimetssllsAplvvnaawwnnnaEEhdeeiheehhfehrccaenaa,,dddlrrrdeldeSSeeooeeerauurvggoiicussceetecenedddllevvss))unnyyppwraminoaarrdrlv..ttneeesirddleebbobbdnbcySSrraermaarrneTTddeeccteollenyyesy,,tttnlsdsroeeaaooiihrrsshhotsarpmlgeeeaffer..ttEErryppEpleiiptttiaexxdmyuaaaat,ossehhccmooohllelsrggppcbwwssseetntnilinseudsppeeccteeeeoooooceuceitsssepeooaaCCrrvv((vCondcooisiii(ahttrAAaappsslbbiibainlsr.iinsCCdtCttteeesseeeysaTTiiohtithdissrrtaeellelrhrrccgpnaheBBEEiiiieeBtdooaattt5LLeLtleaagrppessSSyyyilYYddnmmY9nnrssttotrro))ci(diddfedsoo.ooo;;dd-n--nwoppheT52ttem..r.NNNffvvfPPhhsadaaae\%0cccE,iiiittLeetasCCrrCnstoo\%ttddhhhSaoiiiiansgiTTnneessbntt--ee-e(nesrn)deeNNNeoossccdhhit.bddfssdscclerrnneeecomoiDDTDccicaahheerrrtssapsriiinimytbmmttnnhnoeeneyerreeoolllcuaiieeennnaadiiineopcc(ffolicccppstllvvhtttedPdflloaahiieneeievvrrdEEiileifffillolooueeewnnn,saaainiio--ilnnscrwwccjjinspeessstprrgygeedteeeeliiieeccgurrrciccnyasoocce,mggeootossgooot(((tttgreuu.vyyennuudhsshhrhneammmrassemTioommeetdtattlSSiixohttnt)mnntssmmermmth,ttppps,hiummuettooopmroosstssttieiisiirrrvrewh)thh:::tthaacccaarrleet.//itt/eayeaaeewggrreee//z/eeaqtppyycccTggneeeaaeeesiffmduwerrroooeetsaiio((eeeoffeaiooeettrnPPeruardooaaatssveefellffioeaTTrhsedderryyotttnnentgnttteiiipseEEmsshshhhttlhvvvecciiiedtoriiottSSssenieeieweeaauueeacmgpl))arcccllolmmrrin1ao11;;aoheiicnoorroafsdoo6mmnLL66sbdfeeissmmdmticefftttslaann,,etn–iiheahheaesihrrttmmttmaaaardrvgg,neeneetoIIIrssqqeeAAceeehdddnnnaoooonuhuunr--aswwemrtnnttnrTTosseaateiivtseieeeccdffssmsvoeednnaeEEcraorrreaaee...ollnastg)nnddolooorllsrrSSell.oieetarsaayturrrdniaadtt(ottrtgggHttoTThhllhaauatissiieerdio///sotnooeehhnnet,donflllmeaaewnieeiirrnnfrddwybwtmcocceesdemmrraeaaass,e.ecmmeebchlePPgnuullpiibneaanntmtssvTiaaarSdmmeTTSSiayllncsssallvceccrhyieyyeeehEEateemmEEancreuutiiemdsssmmrh,nnntSSeoennrr/ai//iuaaeeesbopbbrranpdueepprdrrreeorrssrreyfsttyyomooyyaeiggggahnnyytlhsi---sssueuyycbryynssettnnntoo,fieiirlletrtottuultuucccyfyfhSSaiieehetssomnmofic---mmutttottmmaainuaannnootcoonfgrrppdbtdtrrddontrrssssollhroouaappiiiieaaa,,.r///oesosnngg)nnr444llmggccfdtdeiiineeasor...kknnDeeccacDD;;ou000tiartaanifccocDDcmc/h//ooiniio((obbll)))dtsnssoidAArffuudiinrlltnettsssouehreeddrrrrTTtttgihiuiiclrrceevhsaiicccdiimmeEEnnrgllotaaprcctrttiieeaegghtttnSSleaapooHHHaditdueHHnbbsn))lddsddteediieeeollhgieeeecdodoocseeeeeanaavaalleaerrrifssmtllttgttaaasetwiiiiriiiihinpptnnggnnnnnntea6aorietegiiggnndsddggggoin6hnttrace)nd5eestt., anTdhCeoovlainluge of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8\% up to 8\% per decade, that corresponds to the decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7\% per decade (depending on the coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-05-11},
	journal = {Energy Procedia},
	author = {Schmidt, Thomas and Pauschinger, Thomas and Sørensen, Per Alex and Snijders, Aart and Djebbar, Reda and Boulter, Raymond and Thornton, Jeff},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {585--594},
}

LAaAbrsbgtsert-arscactaclte seasonal thermal energy storage (TES) can help maximize renewable energy integration into district heating and TTa©KLa©KccaatatccSaSa©TSahhnoooonnddnneeeenaDgspTfbrcT(shheheednnoetooddyyeeddacllo22rdrrulii2hhhrrieeinwwgessqqlleorleccCs00mmmsi0eeeeddiiCCeccCceeeelonuulootnn11iio1dsittoceertpnss-ppaavarraoomsriioegg88o.ii8sssainddooellaohrttttcaoonrolaaiciaseessiassgi((nnsrDrTTntotggllTnneeoglnatn,,::DDieouiiiii.nnunnaaohhnglssnnaahnunhaadaAArlooeoHHs,nneenteennppggTegnegettppssqqetprriwaaootdd,,appdh,CCncshAAAuuggeehtllesoosttDDgellDahioyyeiinnppycie))onpiihuutlluffaatnassepcchesseeeeHHHessotttsaansiissgeaaaderrneevhhhyyetssiowccccrttnCCrctChinrraTTearoossoooeiiuuonrccsnuc–tt-eooevrttmr22o2rrshhrrteerroorrfraeeeieayrdssnnsaaeueerree00er0ossoolismmtli..t.ceeggsrrvvlvssc111wshsllccvtimmtPPhtnnPteedssiitsihsns888mihaarraeeaeoattiuuswu..aaeiia...llrreoaalfww((owrnttrllembbyybttHHturpPPteernneknfiigEEniolllomerrccawrTTddcaauussaooiiuietnniimetssllsAplvvnaawwnnnaEEhdeeiheehhfehrccaenaa,,dddlrrrdeldeSSeeooeeerauurvggoiicussceetecenedddllevvss))unnyyppwraminoaarrdrlv..ttneeesirddleebbobbdnbcySSrraermaarrneTTddeeccteollenyyesy,,tttnlsdsroeeaaooiihrrsshhotsarpmlgeeeaffer..ttEErryppEpleiiptttiaexxdmyuaaaat,ossehhccmooohllelsrggppcbwwssseetntnilinseudsppeeccteeeeoooooceuceitsssepeooaaCCrrvv((vCondcooisiii(ahttrAAaappsslbbiibainlsr.iinsCCdtCttteeesseeeysaTTiiohtithdissrrtaeellelrhrrccgpnaheBBEEiiiieeBtdooaattt5LLeLtleaagrppessSSyyyilYYddnmmY9nnrssttotrro))ci(diddfedsoo.ooo;;dd-n–nwoppheT52ttem..r.NNNffvvfPPhhsadaaae%0cccE,iiiittLeetasCCrrCnstoo%ttddhhhSaoiiiiansgiTTnneessbntt–ee-e(nesrn)deeNNNeoossccdhhit.bddfssdscclerrnneeecomoiDDTDccicaahheerrrtssapsriiinimytbmmttnnhnoeeneyerreeoolllcuaiieeennnaadiiineopcc(ffolicccppstllvvhtttedPdflloaahiieneeievvrrdEEiileifffillolooueeewnnn,saaainiio–ilnnscrwwccjjinspeessstprrgygeedteeeeliiieeccgurrrciccnyasoocce,mggeootossgooot(((tttgreuu.vyyennuudhsshhrhneammmrassemTioommeetdtattlSSiixohttnt)mnntssmmermmth,ttppps,hiummuettooopmroosstssttieiisiirrrvrewh)thh:::tthaacccaarrleet.//itt/eayeaaeewggrreee//z/eeaqtppyycccTggneeeaaeeesiffmduwerrroooeetsaiio((eeeoffeaiooeettrnPPeruardooaaatssveefellffioeaTTrhsedderryyotttnnentgnttteiiipseEEmsshshhhttlhvvvecciiiedtoriiottSSssenieeieweeaauueeacmgpl))arcccllolmmrrin1ao11;;aoheiicnoorroafsdoo6mmnLL66sbdfeeissmmdmticefftttslaann,,etn–iiheahheaesihrrttmmttmaaaardrvgg,neeneetoIIIrssqqeeAAceeehdddnnnaoooonuhuunr–aswwemrtnnttnrTTosseaateiivtseieeeccdffssmsvoeednnaeEEcraorrreaaee...ollnastg)nnddolooorllsrrSSell.oieetarsaayturrrdniaadtt(ottrtgggHttoTThhllhaauatissiieerdio///sotnooeehhnnet,donflllmeaaewnieeiirrnnfrddwybwtmcocceesdemmrraeaaass,e.ecmmeebchlePPgnuullpiibneaanntmtssvTiaaarSdmmeTTSSiayllncsssallvceccrhyieyyeeehEEateemmEEancreuutiiemdsssmmrh,nnntSSeoennrr/ai//iuaaeeesbopbbrranpdueepprdrrreeorrssrreyfsttyyomooyyaeiggggahnnyytlhsi—sssueuyycbryynssettnnntoo,fieiirlletrtottuultuucccyfyfhSSaiieehetssomnmofic—mmutttottmmaainuaannnootcoonfgrrppdbtdtrrddontrrssssollhroouaappiiiieaaa,,.r///oesosnngg)nnr444llmggccfdtdeiiineeasor...kknnDeeccacDD;;ou000tiartaanifccocDDcmc/h//ooiniio((obbll)))dtsnssoidAArffuudiinrlltnettsssouehreeddrrrrTTtttgihiuiiclrrceevhsaiicccdiimmeEEnnrgllotaaprcctrttiieeaegghtttnSSleaapooHHHaditdueHHnbbsn))lddsddteediieeeollhgieeeecdodoocseeeeeanaavaalleaerrrifssmtllttgttaaasetwiiiiriiiihinpptnnggnnnnnntea6aorietegiiggnndsddggggoin6hnttrace)nd5eestt., anTdhCeoovlainluge of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.

@article{dumas_risk_2018,
	title = {Risk {Mitigation} and {Insurance} {Schemes} {Adapted} to {Market} {Maturity}: {The} {Right} {Scheme} for my {Market}},
	language = {en},
	author = {Dumas, Philippe and Garabetian, Thomas},
	year = {2018},
}

@article{foulger_global_2018,
	title = {Global review of human-induced earthquakes},
	volume = {178},
	issn = {00128252},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S001282521730003X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.07.008},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-02-03},
	journal = {Earth-Science Reviews},
	author = {Foulger, Gillian R. and Wilson, Miles P. and Gluyas, Jon G. and Julian, Bruce R. and Davies, Richard J.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {438--514},
}

@article{limberger_geothermal_2018,
	title = {Geothermal energy in deep aquifers: {A} global assessment of the resource base for direct heat utilization},
	volume = {82},
	issn = {18790690},
	doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.084},
	abstract = {In this paper we present results of a global resource assessment for geothermal energy within deep aquifers for direct heat utilization. Greenhouse heating, spatial heating, and spatial cooling are considered in this assessment. We derive subsurface temperatures from geophysical data and apply a volumetric heat-in-place method to improve current global geothermal resource base estimates for direct heat applications. The amount of thermal energy stored within aquifers depends on the Earth's heat flow, aquifer volume, and thermal properties. We assess the thermal energy available by estimating subsurface temperatures up to a depth of three kilometer depending on aquifer thickness. The distribution of geothermal resources is displayed in a series of maps and the depth of the minimum production temperature is used as an indicator of performance and technical feasibility. Suitable aquifers underlay 16\% of the Earth's land surface and store an estimated 4·105 to 5·106 EJ that could theoretically be used for direct heat applications. Even with a conservative recovery factor of 1\% and an assumed lifetime of 30 years, the annual recoverable geothermal energy is in the same order as the world final energy consumption of 363.5 EJ yr−1. Although the amount of geothermal energy stored in aquifers is vast, geothermal direct heat applications are currently underdeveloped with less than one thousandth of their technical potential used.},
	journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
	author = {Limberger, Jon and Boxem, Thijs and Pluymaekers, Maarten and Bruhn, David and Manzella, Adele and Calcagno, Philippe and Beekman, Fred and Cloetingh, Sierd and van Wees, Jan Diederik},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier Ltd},
	keywords = {Direct heat utilization, Geothermal energy, Global resources, Heat flow, Heat in place},
	pages = {961--975},
}

In this paper we present results of a global resource assessment for geothermal energy within deep aquifers for direct heat utilization. Greenhouse heating, spatial heating, and spatial cooling are considered in this assessment. We derive subsurface temperatures from geophysical data and apply a volumetric heat-in-place method to improve current global geothermal resource base estimates for direct heat applications. The amount of thermal energy stored within aquifers depends on the Earth's heat flow, aquifer volume, and thermal properties. We assess the thermal energy available by estimating subsurface temperatures up to a depth of three kilometer depending on aquifer thickness. The distribution of geothermal resources is displayed in a series of maps and the depth of the minimum production temperature is used as an indicator of performance and technical feasibility. Suitable aquifers underlay 16% of the Earth's land surface and store an estimated 4·105 to 5·106 EJ that could theoretically be used for direct heat applications. Even with a conservative recovery factor of 1% and an assumed lifetime of 30 years, the annual recoverable geothermal energy is in the same order as the world final energy consumption of 363.5 EJ yr−1. Although the amount of geothermal energy stored in aquifers is vast, geothermal direct heat applications are currently underdeveloped with less than one thousandth of their technical potential used.

@article{pellizzone_geothermal_2017,
	title = {Geothermal energy and the public: {A} case study on deliberative citizens’ engagement in central {Italy}},
	volume = {101},
	issn = {0301-4215},
	shorttitle = {Geothermal energy and the public},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421516306097},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2016.11.013},
	abstract = {This paper reports on a case study on the citizens’ engagement with developments towards the harnessing of geothermal energy in central Italy. The research has been conducted within the framework of a larger project on the feasibility of further geothermal developments in Italy, funded by the Italian government. The aims of the case study research were first to explore the role of public and stakeholder engagement in the processes of innovation in the geothermal energy sector. Second, to design, implement and consolidate a methodological framework for comparative analysis of case studies on citizens’ engagement, thus bringing a social scientific perspective into geothermal energy research. The results show general support for renewable energy but knowledge and understanding of the potential of geothermal is remarkably low. Lack of trust in politics and unsure public communication emerged as prominent themes where the common good and community developments are sharply contrasted with corporate and private interests. As geothermal energy is included and encouraged under the European Strategic Energy Plan and in the Paris agreement on halting climate change, the results can make significant input into future policy making, by providing concrete guidelines on citizens’ engagement in processes of culturally sustainable innovation.},
	urldate = {2024-06-28},
	journal = {Energy Policy},
	author = {Pellizzone, Anna and Allansdottir, Agnes and De Franco, Roberto and Muttoni, Giovanni and Manzella, Adele},
	month = feb,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Common goods, Geothermal energy, Italy, Public engagement, Social acceptance, Trust},
	pages = {561--570},
}

This paper reports on a case study on the citizens’ engagement with developments towards the harnessing of geothermal energy in central Italy. The research has been conducted within the framework of a larger project on the feasibility of further geothermal developments in Italy, funded by the Italian government. The aims of the case study research were first to explore the role of public and stakeholder engagement in the processes of innovation in the geothermal energy sector. Second, to design, implement and consolidate a methodological framework for comparative analysis of case studies on citizens’ engagement, thus bringing a social scientific perspective into geothermal energy research. The results show general support for renewable energy but knowledge and understanding of the potential of geothermal is remarkably low. Lack of trust in politics and unsure public communication emerged as prominent themes where the common good and community developments are sharply contrasted with corporate and private interests. As geothermal energy is included and encouraged under the European Strategic Energy Plan and in the Paris agreement on halting climate change, the results can make significant input into future policy making, by providing concrete guidelines on citizens’ engagement in processes of culturally sustainable innovation.

@misc{boutilier_measure_2017,
	address = {Rochester, NY},
	type = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}},
	title = {A {Measure} of the {Social} {License} to {Operate} for {Infrastructure} and {Extractive} {Projects}},
	url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3204005},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3204005},
	abstract = {The social license to operate was defined according to the Thomson and Boutilier (2011), which emphasizes perceptions of trust and justice in the relationship with the project proponent. Agree-disagree statements were presented to stakeholders of mining and infrastructure projects in diverse countries over a period of several years. Factor analyses were used to repeatedly reduce the set of statements to a homogeneous core set of 12 items with high internally consistency. The set was validated against qualitative estimates of the social license and the utility of the measure in producing stakeholder relations strategies that reduce socio-political risk for projects.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	author = {Boutilier, Robert G.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Infrastructure Management, Measurement, Mining Industry, Social Licence, Social License, Stakeholder Management},
}

The social license to operate was defined according to the Thomson and Boutilier (2011), which emphasizes perceptions of trust and justice in the relationship with the project proponent. Agree-disagree statements were presented to stakeholders of mining and infrastructure projects in diverse countries over a period of several years. Factor analyses were used to repeatedly reduce the set of statements to a homogeneous core set of 12 items with high internally consistency. The set was validated against qualitative estimates of the social license and the utility of the measure in producing stakeholder relations strategies that reduce socio-political risk for projects.

@article{pellizzone_geothermal_2017,
	title = {Geothermal energy and the public: {A} case study on deliberative citizens’ engagement in central {Italy}},
	volume = {101},
	issn = {0301-4215},
	shorttitle = {Geothermal energy and the public},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421516306097},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2016.11.013},
	abstract = {This paper reports on a case study on the citizens’ engagement with developments towards the harnessing of geothermal energy in central Italy. The research has been conducted within the framework of a larger project on the feasibility of further geothermal developments in Italy, funded by the Italian government. The aims of the case study research were first to explore the role of public and stakeholder engagement in the processes of innovation in the geothermal energy sector. Second, to design, implement and consolidate a methodological framework for comparative analysis of case studies on citizens’ engagement, thus bringing a social scientific perspective into geothermal energy research. The results show general support for renewable energy but knowledge and understanding of the potential of geothermal is remarkably low. Lack of trust in politics and unsure public communication emerged as prominent themes where the common good and community developments are sharply contrasted with corporate and private interests. As geothermal energy is included and encouraged under the European Strategic Energy Plan and in the Paris agreement on halting climate change, the results can make significant input into future policy making, by providing concrete guidelines on citizens’ engagement in processes of culturally sustainable innovation.},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Energy Policy},
	author = {Pellizzone, Anna and Allansdottir, Agnes and De Franco, Roberto and Muttoni, Giovanni and Manzella, Adele},
	month = feb,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Common goods, Geothermal energy, Italy, Public engagement, Social acceptance, Trust},
	pages = {561--570},
}

This paper reports on a case study on the citizens’ engagement with developments towards the harnessing of geothermal energy in central Italy. The research has been conducted within the framework of a larger project on the feasibility of further geothermal developments in Italy, funded by the Italian government. The aims of the case study research were first to explore the role of public and stakeholder engagement in the processes of innovation in the geothermal energy sector. Second, to design, implement and consolidate a methodological framework for comparative analysis of case studies on citizens’ engagement, thus bringing a social scientific perspective into geothermal energy research. The results show general support for renewable energy but knowledge and understanding of the potential of geothermal is remarkably low. Lack of trust in politics and unsure public communication emerged as prominent themes where the common good and community developments are sharply contrasted with corporate and private interests. As geothermal energy is included and encouraged under the European Strategic Energy Plan and in the Paris agreement on halting climate change, the results can make significant input into future policy making, by providing concrete guidelines on citizens’ engagement in processes of culturally sustainable innovation.

@article{kunze_contested_2017,
	title = {Contested deep geothermal energy in {Germany}—{The} emergence of an environmental protest movement},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {2214-6296},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629616302857},
	doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2016.11.007},
	abstract = {Geothermal Energy is regarded an important element of many future scenarios of 100\% renewable energy. Besides biomass, hydrodams and wave plants, geothermal can provide a steady base load of energy. While the technology received little attention compared to wind or solar for most of its history, this has significantly changed in Germany in recent years. Since an earthquake attributed to geothermal development in Swiss Basel in 2006, a risk discourse evolved in German language media reports. Subsequently local protest groups have been founded that establish a new environmental protest movement. According to the theory of vested interests (Kousis, 1993; Schnaiberg, 1993) and socially constructed risk perceptions (Douglas and Wildavsky, 1982) the future development of deep geothermal technologies will continue to be accompanied by strong conflicts of acceptance, that are likely to slow down its dissemination significantly.},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Energy Research \& Social Science},
	author = {Kunze, Conrad and Hertel, Mareen},
	month = may,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Geothermal energy, Protest movement, Risk perception, Technology acceptance},
	pages = {174--180},
}

Geothermal Energy is regarded an important element of many future scenarios of 100% renewable energy. Besides biomass, hydrodams and wave plants, geothermal can provide a steady base load of energy. While the technology received little attention compared to wind or solar for most of its history, this has significantly changed in Germany in recent years. Since an earthquake attributed to geothermal development in Swiss Basel in 2006, a risk discourse evolved in German language media reports. Subsequently local protest groups have been founded that establish a new environmental protest movement. According to the theory of vested interests (Kousis, 1993; Schnaiberg, 1993) and socially constructed risk perceptions (Douglas and Wildavsky, 1982) the future development of deep geothermal technologies will continue to be accompanied by strong conflicts of acceptance, that are likely to slow down its dissemination significantly.

@book{unece_expert_group_application_2017,
	title = {Application of the {United} {Nations} {Framework} {Classi} cation for {Resources} ({UNFC}) to {Geothermal} {Energy} {Resources}. {Selected} case studies},
	isbn = {978-92-1-117136-5},
	url = {https://unece.org/sites/default/files/2020-12/1734615_E_ECE_ENERGY_110_WEB.pdf},
	language = {English},
	author = {UNECE, Expert Group},
	year = {2017},
}

@article{aledo-tur_social_2017,
	title = {Social {Impact} {Assessment} ({SIA}) from a multidimensional paradigmatic perspective: {Challenges} and opportunities},
	volume = {195},
	issn = {03014797},
	shorttitle = {Social {Impact} {Assessment} ({SIA}) from a multidimensional paradigmatic perspective},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301479716308623},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.10.060},
	abstract = {The literature specialized in Social Impact Assessment (SIA) concurs that there is still much work to do in the discussion and thorough grounding of its theories and conceptual bases. The authors of this paper consider that the understanding of SIA as a paradigm may prove useful as a foundation on which more robust and better grounded SIA knowledge production may be built. Further, we suggest that the application of the concept of the paradigm in the terms expressed here may offer a comprehensive guide to practice in SIA studies. The paradigmatic approach to SIA is based on six basic, consecutive questions, related to each other and independent at the same time: questions in the axiological, ontological, epistemological, methodological and theoretical fields, in addition to one on governance in SIA (and in the specific project analysed). Below we explain how the two currently predominant SIA paradigms (which we have named technocratic and constructivist, following the commonly accepted terms) answer these questions. Finally, the variability of the different answer options may involve intermediate positions between the two paradigms which may also involve comprehensive ways of defining and grounding practice.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	journal = {Journal of Environmental Management},
	author = {Aledo-Tur, Antonio and Domínguez-Gómez, J. Andrés},
	month = jun,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {56--61},
}

The literature specialized in Social Impact Assessment (SIA) concurs that there is still much work to do in the discussion and thorough grounding of its theories and conceptual bases. The authors of this paper consider that the understanding of SIA as a paradigm may prove useful as a foundation on which more robust and better grounded SIA knowledge production may be built. Further, we suggest that the application of the concept of the paradigm in the terms expressed here may offer a comprehensive guide to practice in SIA studies. The paradigmatic approach to SIA is based on six basic, consecutive questions, related to each other and independent at the same time: questions in the axiological, ontological, epistemological, methodological and theoretical fields, in addition to one on governance in SIA (and in the specific project analysed). Below we explain how the two currently predominant SIA paradigms (which we have named technocratic and constructivist, following the commonly accepted terms) answer these questions. Finally, the variability of the different answer options may involve intermediate positions between the two paradigms which may also involve comprehensive ways of defining and grounding practice.

@article{pellizzone_geothermal_2017,
	title = {Geothermal energy and the public: {A} case study on deliberative citizens’ engagement in central {Italy}},
	volume = {101},
	issn = {03014215},
	shorttitle = {Geothermal energy and the public},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301421516306097},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2016.11.013},
	abstract = {This paper reports on a case study on the citizens’ engagement with developments towards the harnessing of geothermal energy in central Italy. The research has been conducted within the framework of a larger project on the feasibility of further geothermal developments in Italy, funded by the Italian government. The aims of the case study research were first to explore the role of public and stakeholder engagement in the processes of innovation in the geothermal energy sector. Second, to design, implement and consolidate a methodological framework for comparative analysis of case studies on citizens’ engagement, thus bringing a social scientific perspective into geothermal energy research. The results show general support for renewable energy but knowledge and understanding of the potential of geothermal is remarkably low. Lack of trust in politics and unsure public communication emerged as prominent themes where the common good and community developments are sharply contrasted with corporate and private interests. As geothermal energy is included and encouraged under the European Strategic Energy Plan and in the Paris agreement on halting climate change, the results can make significant input into future policy making, by providing concrete guidelines on citizens’ engagement in processes of culturally sustainable innovation.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	journal = {Energy Policy},
	author = {Pellizzone, Anna and Allansdottir, Agnes and De Franco, Roberto and Muttoni, Giovanni and Manzella, Adele},
	month = feb,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {561--570},
}

This paper reports on a case study on the citizens’ engagement with developments towards the harnessing of geothermal energy in central Italy. The research has been conducted within the framework of a larger project on the feasibility of further geothermal developments in Italy, funded by the Italian government. The aims of the case study research were first to explore the role of public and stakeholder engagement in the processes of innovation in the geothermal energy sector. Second, to design, implement and consolidate a methodological framework for comparative analysis of case studies on citizens’ engagement, thus bringing a social scientific perspective into geothermal energy research. The results show general support for renewable energy but knowledge and understanding of the potential of geothermal is remarkably low. Lack of trust in politics and unsure public communication emerged as prominent themes where the common good and community developments are sharply contrasted with corporate and private interests. As geothermal energy is included and encouraged under the European Strategic Energy Plan and in the Paris agreement on halting climate change, the results can make significant input into future policy making, by providing concrete guidelines on citizens’ engagement in processes of culturally sustainable innovation.

@article{kunze_contested_2017,
	title = {Contested deep geothermal energy in {Germany}—{The} emergence of an environmental protest movement},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {22146296},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2214629616302857},
	doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2016.11.007},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	journal = {Energy Research \& Social Science},
	author = {Kunze, Conrad and Hertel, Mareen},
	month = may,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {174--180},
}

@article{schmidt_low_2017,
	title = {Low {Temperature} {District} {Heating} for {Future} {Energy} {Systems}},
	volume = {116},
	issn = {18766102},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1876610217322592},
	doi = {10.1016/j.egypro.2017.05.052},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	journal = {Energy Procedia},
	author = {Schmidt, Dietrich and Kallert, Anna and Blesl, Markus and Svendsen, Svend and Li, Hongwei and Nord, Natasa and Sipilä, Kari},
	month = jun,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {26--38},
}

@article{werner_district_2017,
	title = {District heating and cooling in {Sweden}},
	volume = {126},
	issn = {03605442},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360544217304140},
	doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2017.03.052},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	journal = {Energy},
	author = {Werner, Sven},
	month = may,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {419--429},
}

@misc{coolheating_guidelines_2017,
	title = {Guidelines on improved business models and financing schemes of small renewable heating and cooling grids},
	url = {https://www.coolheating.eu/images/downloads/CoolHeating_D5.1_Guideline.pdf},
	urldate = {2024-05-02},
	author = {CoolHeating},
	year = {2017},
}

@misc{industry_association_for_standardizing_information_and_communication_systems_introducing_2017,
	title = {Introducing {JSON}},
	url = {https://www.json.org/json-en.html},
	author = {{Industry association for standardizing information and communication systems}},
	year = {2017},
}

@techreport{mostafa_fallahnejad_sara_fritz_hotmaps_2017,
	title = {Hotmaps project - {Data} upload on {GitLab}},
	author = {{Mostafa Fallahnejad, Sara Fritz}},
	month = apr,
	year = {2017},
}

@incollection{sarbu_thermal_2017,
	title = {Thermal {Energy} {Storage}},
	isbn = {978-0-12-811662-3},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128116623000049},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-05-11},
	booktitle = {Solar {Heating} and {Cooling} {Systems}},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	author = {Sarbu, Ioan and Sebarchievici, Calin},
	year = {2017},
	doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-811662-3.00004-9},
	pages = {99--138},
}

@misc{frictionless_data_specifications_2017,
	title = {Specifications for {Packaging} and {Transporting} {Data}},
	url = {https://specs.frictionlessdata.io/},
	author = {{Frictionless Data}},
	year = {2017},
}

@misc{w3c_w3c_2017,
	title = {{W3C} {Data} on the {Web} {Best} {Practices}},
	url = {https://www.w3.org/TR/dwbp/},
	author = {{W3C}},
	year = {2017},
}

@misc{microsoft_microsoft_2017,
	title = {Microsoft {Teams}},
	url = {https://www.microsoft.com/de-at/microsoft-teams/group-chat-software/},
	author = {{Microsoft}},
	year = {2017},
}

@misc{geoenergy_enel_2016,
	title = {Enel inaugurates combined biomass and geothermal plant in {Italy} {\textbar} {ThinkGeoEnergy} - {Geothermal} {Energy} {News}},
	url = {https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/enel-inaugurates-combined-biomass-and-geothermal-plant-in-italy/},
	abstract = {Enel Green Power inaugurates combined biomass-geothermal plant, utilising biomass to superheat steam for the geothermal plant, expanding power generation capacity by 5 MW.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2024-07-08},
	author = {GeoEnergy, Think},
	month = may,
	year = {2016},
}

Enel Green Power inaugurates combined biomass-geothermal plant, utilising biomass to superheat steam for the geothermal plant, expanding power generation capacity by 5 MW.

@article{jenkins_energy_2016,
	title = {Energy justice: {A} conceptual review},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {2214-6296},
	shorttitle = {Energy justice},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629615300669},
	doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2015.10.004},
	abstract = {Energy justice has emerged as a new crosscutting social science research agenda which seeks to apply justice principles to energy policy, energy production and systems, energy consumption, energy activism, energy security and climate change. A conceptual review is now required for the consolidation and logical extension of this field. Within this exploration, we give an account of its core tenets: distributional, recognition and procedural. Later we promote the application of this three-pronged approach across the energy system, within the global context of energy production and consumption. Thus, we offer both a conceptual review and a research agenda. Throughout, we explore the key dimensions of this new agenda – its evaluative and normative reach – demonstrating that energy justice offers, firstly, an opportunity to explore where injustices occur, developing new processes of avoidance and remediation and recognizing new sections of society. Secondly, we illustrate that energy justice provides a new stimulating framework for bridging existing and future research on energy production and consumption when whole energy systems approaches are integrated into research designs. In conclusion, we suggest three areas for future research: investigating the non-activist origins of energy justice, engaging with economics, and uniting systems of production and consumption.},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Energy Research \& Social Science},
	author = {Jenkins, Kirsten and McCauley, Darren and Heffron, Raphael and Stephan, Hannes and Rehner, Robert},
	month = jan,
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {Energy economics, Energy justice, Energy policy, Whole energy systems},
	pages = {174--182},
}

Energy justice has emerged as a new crosscutting social science research agenda which seeks to apply justice principles to energy policy, energy production and systems, energy consumption, energy activism, energy security and climate change. A conceptual review is now required for the consolidation and logical extension of this field. Within this exploration, we give an account of its core tenets: distributional, recognition and procedural. Later we promote the application of this three-pronged approach across the energy system, within the global context of energy production and consumption. Thus, we offer both a conceptual review and a research agenda. Throughout, we explore the key dimensions of this new agenda – its evaluative and normative reach – demonstrating that energy justice offers, firstly, an opportunity to explore where injustices occur, developing new processes of avoidance and remediation and recognizing new sections of society. Secondly, we illustrate that energy justice provides a new stimulating framework for bridging existing and future research on energy production and consumption when whole energy systems approaches are integrated into research designs. In conclusion, we suggest three areas for future research: investigating the non-activist origins of energy justice, engaging with economics, and uniting systems of production and consumption.

@article{zaunbrecher_no_2016,
	title = {No pipes in my backyard?: {Preferences} for local district heating network design in {Germany}},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {2214-6296},
	shorttitle = {No pipes in my backyard?},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221462961630007X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2016.01.008},
	abstract = {In the context of urbanization and energy turnaround, local district heating (LDH) is one possibility to decentralize energy production and use environmentally friendly energy sources. When constructing an LDH network, planners have multiple possibilities concerning network design, security of supply, and choice of energy source. So far, little is known about users’ preferences concerning these factors, which might have considerable impact on the acceptance of alternative energy systems. A two-step approach was pursued to investigate LDH network design preferences: first, a focus group on LDH systems from the users’ perspective was run. Second, conjoint analysis was applied to analyze preferences for LDH characteristics (network design, security of supply, and type of energy source). Most relevant factors in the context of LDH systems were costs, source dependence, organizational issues, security of energy supply, environmental effects, and construction work. Results of the conjoint analysis showed that the energy source and its corresponding primary energy factor was the most important attribute for preferences, followed by network design. The preference for energy sources changed dramatically when introducing different prices for energy sources. Results further indicate that it is necessary to integrate users’ requirements into LDH network planning processes and to improve communication about LDH.},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Energy Research \& Social Science},
	author = {Zaunbrecher, Barbara S. and Arning, Katrin and Falke, Tobias and Ziefle, Martina},
	month = apr,
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {Conjoint analysis, Local district heating, Renewable energies, Social acceptance},
	pages = {90--101},
}

In the context of urbanization and energy turnaround, local district heating (LDH) is one possibility to decentralize energy production and use environmentally friendly energy sources. When constructing an LDH network, planners have multiple possibilities concerning network design, security of supply, and choice of energy source. So far, little is known about users’ preferences concerning these factors, which might have considerable impact on the acceptance of alternative energy systems. A two-step approach was pursued to investigate LDH network design preferences: first, a focus group on LDH systems from the users’ perspective was run. Second, conjoint analysis was applied to analyze preferences for LDH characteristics (network design, security of supply, and type of energy source). Most relevant factors in the context of LDH systems were costs, source dependence, organizational issues, security of energy supply, environmental effects, and construction work. Results of the conjoint analysis showed that the energy source and its corresponding primary energy factor was the most important attribute for preferences, followed by network design. The preference for energy sources changed dramatically when introducing different prices for energy sources. Results further indicate that it is necessary to integrate users’ requirements into LDH network planning processes and to improve communication about LDH.

@article{mccomas_public_2016,
	title = {Public perceptions and acceptance of induced earthquakes related to energy development},
	volume = {99},
	issn = {0301-4215},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030142151630492X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2016.09.026},
	abstract = {Growing awareness of the potential for some energy-related activities to induce earthquakes has created a need to understand how the public evaluates the risks of induced earthquakes versus the benefits of energy development. To address this need, this study presents a web survey that used a between-subjects factorial experimental design to explore the views of 325 U.S. adults, who were asked about their experiences with earthquakes; risk perceptions related to different causes of earthquakes (e.g., natural versus induced); and acceptability of earthquakes depending on the benefits, beneficiaries, and decision making process. The results found that participants had more negative feelings toward induced versus naturally occurring earthquakes. Although they judged no earthquake as “acceptable,” participants rated induced earthquakes significantly less acceptable than naturally occurring ones. Attributing the benefits to the provision of renewable energy or climate change mitigation did not increase induced earthquake acceptability, and no particular beneficiary made earthquakes more acceptable, although private companies as beneficiaries made earthquakes less acceptable. Finally, induced earthquake acceptability was significantly higher when people believed that people like them had a voice in the decision to implement the technology that caused the earthquake, underscoring the importance of public engagement in the development of energy technologies.},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Energy Policy},
	author = {McComas, Katherine A. and Lu, Hang and Keranen, Katie M. and Furtney, Maria A. and Song, Hwansuck},
	month = dec,
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {Acceptance, Affect, Benefits, Procedural fairness, Risk perception, Seismicity},
	pages = {27--32},
}

Growing awareness of the potential for some energy-related activities to induce earthquakes has created a need to understand how the public evaluates the risks of induced earthquakes versus the benefits of energy development. To address this need, this study presents a web survey that used a between-subjects factorial experimental design to explore the views of 325 U.S. adults, who were asked about their experiences with earthquakes; risk perceptions related to different causes of earthquakes (e.g., natural versus induced); and acceptability of earthquakes depending on the benefits, beneficiaries, and decision making process. The results found that participants had more negative feelings toward induced versus naturally occurring earthquakes. Although they judged no earthquake as “acceptable,” participants rated induced earthquakes significantly less acceptable than naturally occurring ones. Attributing the benefits to the provision of renewable energy or climate change mitigation did not increase induced earthquake acceptability, and no particular beneficiary made earthquakes more acceptable, although private companies as beneficiaries made earthquakes less acceptable. Finally, induced earthquake acceptability was significantly higher when people believed that people like them had a voice in the decision to implement the technology that caused the earthquake, underscoring the importance of public engagement in the development of energy technologies.

@article{zaunbrecher_no_2016,
	title = {No pipes in my backyard?},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {22146296},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S221462961630007X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2016.01.008},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	journal = {Energy Research \& Social Science},
	author = {Zaunbrecher, Barbara S. and Arning, Katrin and Falke, Tobias and Ziefle, Martina},
	month = apr,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {90--101},
}

@article{mccomas_public_2016,
	title = {Public perceptions and acceptance of induced earthquakes related to energy development},
	volume = {99},
	issn = {03014215},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S030142151630492X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2016.09.026},
	abstract = {Growing awareness of the potential for some energy-related activities to induce earthquakes has created a need to understand how the public evaluates the risks of induced earthquakes versus the benefits of energy development. To address this need, this study presents a web survey that used a between-subjects factorial experimental design to explore the views of 325 U.S. adults, who were asked about their experiences with earthquakes; risk perceptions related to different causes of earthquakes (e.g., natural versus induced); and acceptability of earthquakes depending on the benefits, beneficiaries, and decision making process. The results found that participants had more negative feelings toward induced versus naturally occurring earthquakes. Although they judged no earthquake as “acceptable,” participants rated induced earthquakes significantly less acceptable than naturally occurring ones. Attributing the benefits to the provision of renewable energy or climate change mitigation did not increase induced earthquake acceptability, and no particular beneficiary made earthquakes more acceptable, although private companies as beneficiaries made earthquakes less acceptable. Finally, induced earthquake acceptability was significantly higher when people believed that people like them had a voice in the decision to implement the technology that caused the earthquake, underscoring the importance of public engagement in the development of energy technologies.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	journal = {Energy Policy},
	author = {McComas, Katherine A. and Lu, Hang and Keranen, Katie M. and Furtney, Maria A. and Song, Hwansuck},
	month = dec,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {27--32},
}

Growing awareness of the potential for some energy-related activities to induce earthquakes has created a need to understand how the public evaluates the risks of induced earthquakes versus the benefits of energy development. To address this need, this study presents a web survey that used a between-subjects factorial experimental design to explore the views of 325 U.S. adults, who were asked about their experiences with earthquakes; risk perceptions related to different causes of earthquakes (e.g., natural versus induced); and acceptability of earthquakes depending on the benefits, beneficiaries, and decision making process. The results found that participants had more negative feelings toward induced versus naturally occurring earthquakes. Although they judged no earthquake as “acceptable,” participants rated induced earthquakes significantly less acceptable than naturally occurring ones. Attributing the benefits to the provision of renewable energy or climate change mitigation did not increase induced earthquake acceptability, and no particular beneficiary made earthquakes more acceptable, although private companies as beneficiaries made earthquakes less acceptable. Finally, induced earthquake acceptability was significantly higher when people believed that people like them had a voice in the decision to implement the technology that caused the earthquake, underscoring the importance of public engagement in the development of energy technologies.

@book{fridriksson_greenhouse_2016,
	title = {Greenhouse {Gases} from {Geothermal} {Power} {Production}},
	url = {https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/24691},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	publisher = {World Bank, Washington, DC},
	author = {Fridriksson, Thráinn and Mateos, Almudena and Audinet, Pierre and Orucu, Yasemin},
	month = apr,
	year = {2016},
	doi = {10.1596/24691},
}

@book{european_commission_joint_research_centre_efficient_2016,
	address = {LU},
	title = {Efficient district heating and cooling systems in the {EU}: case studies analysis, replicable key success factors and potential policy implications.},
	shorttitle = {Efficient district heating and cooling systems in the {EU}},
	url = {https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/371045},
	language = {eng},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	publisher = {Publications Office},
	author = {{European Commission. Joint Research Centre.}},
	year = {2016},
}

@misc{noauthor_communication_2016,
	title = {{COMMUNICATION} {FROM} {THE} {COMMISSION} {TO} {THE} {EUROPEAN} {PARLIAMENT}, {THE} {COUNCIL}, {THE} {EUROPEAN} {ECONOMIC} {AND} {SOCIAL} {COMMITTEE} {AND} {THE} {COMMITTEE} {OF} {THE} {REGIONS} {An} {EU} {Strategy} on {Heating} and {Cooling}},
	url = {https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52016DC0051},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-23},
	year = {2016},
}

@book{rutz_small_2016,
	title = {{SMALL}, {MODULAR} {AND} {RENEWABLE} {DISTRICT} {HEATING} \& {COOLING} {GRIDS} {FOR} {COMMUNITIES} {IN} {SOUTH}-{EASTERN} {EUROPE}},
	abstract = {Small modular district heating/cooling grids can be fed by different heat sources, including from solar collectors, biomass systems and from surplus heat sources (e.g. heat from industrial processes or biogas plants that is not yet used). Especially the combination of solar heating and biomass heating is a very promising strategy for smaller rural communities due to its contribution to security of supply, price stability, local economic development, local employment, etc. On the one hand, solar heating requires no fuel and on the other hand biomass heating can store energy and release it during winter when there is less solar heat available. Thereby, heat storage (buffer tanks for short-term storage and seasonal tanks/basins for long-term storage) needs to be integrated. With increasing shares of fluctuating renewable electricity production (PV, wind), the Power-to-Heat conversion through heat pumps can furthermore help to balance the power grid. The objective of the CoolHeating project, funded by the EU's Horizon2020 programme, is to support the implementation of "small modular renewable heating and cooling grids" for communities in SouthEastern Europe.},
	author = {Rutz, Dominik and Janssen, Rainer and Ugalde, Juanmanuel and Hofmeister, Morten and Soerensen, Alex and Jensen, Linn and Doczekal, Christian and Zweiler, Richard and Puksec, Tomislav and Duic, Neven and Doračić, Borna and Sunko, Rok and Sunko, Blaž and Markovska, Natasa and Karanfilovska, Meri and Rajaković, Nikola and Bjelic, Ilija and Kazagic, Anes and Ademovic-Tahirovic, Alma and Zrinski, Tomi},
	month = jun,
	year = {2016},
}

Small modular district heating/cooling grids can be fed by different heat sources, including from solar collectors, biomass systems and from surplus heat sources (e.g. heat from industrial processes or biogas plants that is not yet used). Especially the combination of solar heating and biomass heating is a very promising strategy for smaller rural communities due to its contribution to security of supply, price stability, local economic development, local employment, etc. On the one hand, solar heating requires no fuel and on the other hand biomass heating can store energy and release it during winter when there is less solar heat available. Thereby, heat storage (buffer tanks for short-term storage and seasonal tanks/basins for long-term storage) needs to be integrated. With increasing shares of fluctuating renewable electricity production (PV, wind), the Power-to-Heat conversion through heat pumps can furthermore help to balance the power grid. The objective of the CoolHeating project, funded by the EU's Horizon2020 programme, is to support the implementation of "small modular renewable heating and cooling grids" for communities in SouthEastern Europe.

@incollection{thomsen_energy_2016,
	title = {Energy storage for district energy systems},
	isbn = {978-1-78242-374-4},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9781782423744000070},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-05-11},
	booktitle = {Advanced {District} {Heating} and {Cooling} ({DHC}) {Systems}},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	author = {Thomsen, P.D. and Overbye, P.M.},
	year = {2016},
	doi = {10.1016/B978-1-78242-374-4.00007-0},
	pages = {145--166},
}

@incollection{cabeza_thermal_2016,
	title = {Thermal energy storage for renewable heating and cooling systems},
	isbn = {978-1-78242-213-6},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9781782422136000072},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-05-11},
	booktitle = {Renewable {Heating} and {Cooling}},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	author = {Cabeza, Luisa F. and Oró, Eduard},
	year = {2016},
	doi = {10.1016/B978-1-78242-213-6.00007-2},
	pages = {139--179},
}

@misc{european_parliament_regulation_2016,
	title = {Regulation ({EU}) 2016/679 of the {European} {Parliament} and of the {Council} of 27 {April} 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing {Directive} 95/46/{EC}},
	url = {https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32016R0679},
	author = {{European Parliament}},
	year = {2016},
}

@misc{json-ld_community_group_json_2016,
	title = {{JSON} for {Linking} {Data}},
	url = {https://json-ld.org/},
	author = {{JSON-LD Community Group}},
	year = {2016},
}

@misc{european_commission_inspire_2016,
	title = {{INSPIRE}. {Infrastructure} forspatial information in {Europe}.},
	url = {https://inspire.ec.europa.eu/},
	author = {{European Commission}},
	year = {2016},
}

@misc{roy_rosenzweig_center_for_history_and_new_media_zotero_2016,
	title = {Zotero},
	url = {www.zotero.org/download},
	author = {{Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media}},
	year = {2016},
}

@misc{european_commission_guidelines_2016,
	title = {Guidelines on {FAIR} {Data} {Management} in {Horizon} 2020},
	url = {https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/grants_manual/hi/oa_pilot/h2020-hi-oa-data-mgt_en.pdf},
	author = {{European Commission}},
	month = jul,
	year = {2016},
}

@misc{european_commission_guidelines_2016,
	title = {Guidelines on {FAIR} {Data} {Management} in {Horizon} 2020},
	url = {https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/grants_manual/hi/oa_pilot/h2020-hi-oa-data-mgt_en.pdf},
	author = {{European Commission}},
	month = jul,
	year = {2016},
}

@article{olasolo_economic_2016,
	title = {Economic analysis of {Enhanced} {Geothermal} {Systems} ({EGS}). {A} review of software packages for estimating and simulating costs},
	volume = {104},
	issn = {13594311},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S135943111630730X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.05.073},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-01-28},
	journal = {Applied Thermal Engineering},
	author = {Olasolo, P. and Juárez, M.C. and Olasolo, J. and Morales, M.P. and Valdani, D.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {647--658},
}

@techreport{eu_commission_mapping_2016,
	title = {Mapping and analyses of the current and future (2020 - 2030) heating/cooling fuel deployment (fossil/renewables)},
	url = {https://energy.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2017-03/mapping-hc-final_report_wp1_0.pdf},
	author = {EU Commission},
	year = {2016},
}

@techreport{eu_parliament_eu_2016,
	title = {{EU} {Strategy} on {Heating} and {Cooling} - {European} {Parliament} resolution of 13 {September} 2016 (2016/2058({INI}))},
	url = {https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-8-2016-0334_EN.html?redirect},
	author = {EU Parliament},
	year = {2016},
}

@techreport{eu_commission_eu_2016,
	title = {An {EU} {Strategy} on {Heating} and {Cooling} - {COMMUNICATION} {FROM} {THE} {COMMISSION} {TO} {THE} {EUROPEAN} {PARLIAMENT}, {THE} {COUNCIL}, {THE} {EUROPEAN} {ECONOMIC} {AND} {SOCIAL} {COMMITTEE} {AND} {THE} {COMMITTEE} {OF} {THE} {REGIONS}},
	url = {https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52016DC0051&from=EN},
	author = {EU Commission},
	year = {2016},
}

@misc{noauthor_renewable_2015,
	title = {Renewable {Energy} {Auctions} {A} {Guide} to {Design}},
	url = {https://www.irena.org/publications/2015/Jun/Renewable-Energy-Auctions-A-Guide-to-Design},
	abstract = {This report​ aims to advise policy makers on the implications of different approaches to renewable energy auctions.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-09-19},
	month = jun,
	year = {2015},
}

This report​ aims to advise policy makers on the implications of different approaches to renewable energy auctions.

@incollection{newcomer_analyzing_2015,
	edition = {1},
	title = {Analyzing and {Engaging} {Stakeholders}},
	isbn = {9781118893609 9781119171386},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119171386.ch2},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	booktitle = {Handbook of {Practical} {Program} {Evaluation}},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	author = {Bryson, John M. and Quinn Patton, Michael},
	editor = {Newcomer, Kathryn E. and Hatry, Harry P. and Wholey, Joseph S.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2015},
	doi = {10.1002/9781119171386.ch2},
	pages = {36--61},
}

@article{hall_social_2015,
	title = {Social licence to operate: understanding how a concept has been translated into practice in energy industries},
	volume = {86},
	issn = {0959-6526},
	shorttitle = {Social licence to operate},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652614008427},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.08.020},
	abstract = {The emergence of the ‘social licence to operate’ concept reflects increasing awareness by industries of the need to negotiate with communities and other stakeholders regarding the costs and benefits associated with industrial development. It has been assumed that all industries understand and apply the social licence to operate concept in a similar way, as previous research has tended to adopt a single-industry focus. This article is one of the first known cross-industry examinations of social licence to operate, comparing the use of this concept in four Australian energy industry contexts: mining, wind, carbon dioxide capture and storage, and geothermal. Semi-structured interviews with industry representatives were conducted to provide a comparison of views on the understanding and application of social licence to operate in these industries. The findings identified shared expectations of increasing stakeholder engagement in energy project development, and a view that a social licence to operate could guide this engagement. Yet the duration of use, the maturity of the industry, and the ways in which the industries related to the concept influenced the understanding and application of this concept. This research provides evidence of how the meaning and application of social licence to operate does vary between industries. Further exploration of community and government perspectives on social licence to operate is recommended in order to broaden the findings of this research. Such research will provide an emerging platform for encouraging discerning use of the concept by industries, and also practitioners who may be engaged across multiple industries.},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
	author = {Hall, Nina and Lacey, Justine and Carr-Cornish, Simone and Dowd, Anne-Maree},
	month = jan,
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {Acceptance, Corporate social responsibility, Energy, Social licence to operate, Stakeholders},
	pages = {301--310},
}

The emergence of the ‘social licence to operate’ concept reflects increasing awareness by industries of the need to negotiate with communities and other stakeholders regarding the costs and benefits associated with industrial development. It has been assumed that all industries understand and apply the social licence to operate concept in a similar way, as previous research has tended to adopt a single-industry focus. This article is one of the first known cross-industry examinations of social licence to operate, comparing the use of this concept in four Australian energy industry contexts: mining, wind, carbon dioxide capture and storage, and geothermal. Semi-structured interviews with industry representatives were conducted to provide a comparison of views on the understanding and application of social licence to operate in these industries. The findings identified shared expectations of increasing stakeholder engagement in energy project development, and a view that a social licence to operate could guide this engagement. Yet the duration of use, the maturity of the industry, and the ways in which the industries related to the concept influenced the understanding and application of this concept. This research provides evidence of how the meaning and application of social licence to operate does vary between industries. Further exploration of community and government perspectives on social licence to operate is recommended in order to broaden the findings of this research. Such research will provide an emerging platform for encouraging discerning use of the concept by industries, and also practitioners who may be engaged across multiple industries.

@article{schubert_does_2015,
	title = {Does political and social feasibility matter in energy scenarios?},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {2214-6296},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629615000304},
	doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2015.03.003},
	abstract = {Scenarios have become an influential tool in the process of energy system transitions, as they form a basis for, e.g., investment decisions or legislative frameworks. In this respect, researchers have recently focused on the technological viability of normative targets (e.g., emissions reduction). Beyond that sufficient condition, experience has shown that missing social acceptance may serve as a severe hurdle to the actual implication. Furthermore, the functional principles of the surrounding political system may prove inconsistent with the scenario's assumptions or implications. As a contribution to scenario methodology, this paper presents an analytic framework with a focus on the German energy transition. Accounting for transparency, social acceptance and political feasibility, future energy scenarios might be inclined to be more mindful of societal limitations. These hurdles may range from subjectively ascribed characteristics of the energy system to political veto-players. While the analytic framework is applied, it is not limited to the four recent energy scenarios published by German public actors. This study's results highlight the need for an advanced scenario construction process, which becomes eminent given that the emphasis is currently moving from if an energy transition is possible to how this goal can be achieved.},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Energy Research \& Social Science},
	author = {Schubert, Daniel Kurt Josef and Thuß, Sebastian and Möst, Dominik},
	month = may,
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {Energy scenarios, Institutions, Political feasibility, Social acceptance},
	pages = {43--54},
}

Scenarios have become an influential tool in the process of energy system transitions, as they form a basis for, e.g., investment decisions or legislative frameworks. In this respect, researchers have recently focused on the technological viability of normative targets (e.g., emissions reduction). Beyond that sufficient condition, experience has shown that missing social acceptance may serve as a severe hurdle to the actual implication. Furthermore, the functional principles of the surrounding political system may prove inconsistent with the scenario's assumptions or implications. As a contribution to scenario methodology, this paper presents an analytic framework with a focus on the German energy transition. Accounting for transparency, social acceptance and political feasibility, future energy scenarios might be inclined to be more mindful of societal limitations. These hurdles may range from subjectively ascribed characteristics of the energy system to political veto-players. While the analytic framework is applied, it is not limited to the four recent energy scenarios published by German public actors. This study's results highlight the need for an advanced scenario construction process, which becomes eminent given that the emphasis is currently moving from if an energy transition is possible to how this goal can be achieved.

@article{peterson_public_2015,
	title = {Public perception of and engagement with emerging low-carbon energy technologies: {A} literature review},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {2329-2229, 2329-2237},
	shorttitle = {Public perception of and engagement with emerging low-carbon energy technologies},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1557/mre.2015.12},
	doi = {10.1557/mre.2015.12},
	abstract = {Abstract 
            Transitioning to low-carbon energy systems depends on fundamental changes in technologies, policies, and institutions. In Western democracies, public perceptions and engagement with energy have encouraged innovation while also slowing deployment of low-carbon energy technologies (LCETs). 
            Transitioning to low-carbon energy systems requires re-engineering technologies and changing the ways people interact with energy. This shift involves both technological and social changes including modifications in policies and institutional configurations. In Western democracies, public perceptions and engagement with energy have encouraged innovation while also slowing deployment of low-carbon energy technologies (LCETs). To aid understanding of how energy systems are evolving toward lower-carbon technologies in Western democracies, this study reviews the literature on public perception of and engagement with emerging LCETs. Focusing primarily on electricity generating technologies, we explore how multiple factors related to place and process shape public perceptions of and engagement with LCETs, thereby influencing their development and deployment. This study first reviews literature related to how place and process influence emerging LCETs and then provides a comparative example of differential development of wind energy in Texas and Massachusetts (USA) to demonstrate how place and process may interact to influence the patterns of LCET deployment.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {MRS Energy \& Sustainability},
	author = {Peterson, Tarla Rai and Stephens, Jennie C. and Wilson, Elizabeth J.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {11},
}

Abstract Transitioning to low-carbon energy systems depends on fundamental changes in technologies, policies, and institutions. In Western democracies, public perceptions and engagement with energy have encouraged innovation while also slowing deployment of low-carbon energy technologies (LCETs). Transitioning to low-carbon energy systems requires re-engineering technologies and changing the ways people interact with energy. This shift involves both technological and social changes including modifications in policies and institutional configurations. In Western democracies, public perceptions and engagement with energy have encouraged innovation while also slowing deployment of low-carbon energy technologies (LCETs). To aid understanding of how energy systems are evolving toward lower-carbon technologies in Western democracies, this study reviews the literature on public perception of and engagement with emerging LCETs. Focusing primarily on electricity generating technologies, we explore how multiple factors related to place and process shape public perceptions of and engagement with LCETs, thereby influencing their development and deployment. This study first reviews literature related to how place and process influence emerging LCETs and then provides a comparative example of differential development of wind energy in Texas and Massachusetts (USA) to demonstrate how place and process may interact to influence the patterns of LCET deployment.

@article{decker_house_2015,
	title = {House owners' perceptions and factors influencing their choice of specific heating systems in {Germany}},
	volume = {85},
	issn = {0301-4215},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421515002220},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2015.06.004},
	abstract = {Against the background of global climate changes and several legal obligations, the target of this paper is to analyze the buying behavior of house owners in Germany with respect to heating systems and the main factors influencing choice when purchasing a specific heating system (e.g., oil heating or wood pellet heating). To investigate these issues, a Germany-wide written survey was conducted and the completed questionnaires of 775 respondents analyzed using multinomial logistic regression. Of 29 different variables influencing the purchase of a heating system, 12 statistically significant variables have been identified which characterize the owners of oil heating, a heat pump, gas heating and wood pellet heating. The membership of different ecological clusters primarily segregates the owners of a specific heating system, but the assessment of the different combustibles also plays a major role in this context. Suppliers of heating systems can use the results of this study to fine-tune their marketing strategies. With respect to policy issues only limited room for additional economic incentives can be identified to promote replacement of fossil-fuel based heating systems in favor of renewable ones.},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Energy Policy},
	author = {Decker, Thomas and Menrad, Klaus},
	month = oct,
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {Consumer survey, Multinomial logistic regression, Purchasing heating system},
	pages = {150--161},
}

Against the background of global climate changes and several legal obligations, the target of this paper is to analyze the buying behavior of house owners in Germany with respect to heating systems and the main factors influencing choice when purchasing a specific heating system (e.g., oil heating or wood pellet heating). To investigate these issues, a Germany-wide written survey was conducted and the completed questionnaires of 775 respondents analyzed using multinomial logistic regression. Of 29 different variables influencing the purchase of a heating system, 12 statistically significant variables have been identified which characterize the owners of oil heating, a heat pump, gas heating and wood pellet heating. The membership of different ecological clusters primarily segregates the owners of a specific heating system, but the assessment of the different combustibles also plays a major role in this context. Suppliers of heating systems can use the results of this study to fine-tune their marketing strategies. With respect to policy issues only limited room for additional economic incentives can be identified to promote replacement of fossil-fuel based heating systems in favor of renewable ones.

@article{arce-gomez_social_2015,
	title = {Social impact assessments: {Developing} a consolidated conceptual framework},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {01959255},
	shorttitle = {Social impact assessments},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195925514000742},
	doi = {10.1016/j.eiar.2014.08.006},
	abstract = {Social Impact Assessments (SIAs) have played an increasingly important role in the conduct of planned interventions, providing proponents the capacity to assess and manage the social consequences of their activities. Whilst the SIA field has experienced significant conceptual and practical development over the last decade, efforts at consolidating this within one framework have been limited. In this paper, we incorporate this new knowledge by redeveloping and thus updating the SIA procedural framework developed by Interorganizational Committee on Guidelines and Principles for Social Impact Assessment. In doing so, this updated procedural framework has attempted to incorporate current ‘best practice’ that focuses on participatory approaches to undertaking an SIA. This involved making adaptions to two steps, expansions to five steps, integration of a stronger participatory approach to six steps, and the development of a new step, Management and Evaluation reflecting moves towards ex-post use of SIA processes. It is hoped that this consolidation of the literature of a decade's worth of key findings in SIA research will lead to further efforts towards a meta-evaluation of SIA literature and a platform from which newer developments may be further investigated.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	journal = {Environmental Impact Assessment Review},
	author = {Arce-Gomez, Antonio and Donovan, Jerome D. and Bedggood, Rowan E.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {85--94},
}

Social Impact Assessments (SIAs) have played an increasingly important role in the conduct of planned interventions, providing proponents the capacity to assess and manage the social consequences of their activities. Whilst the SIA field has experienced significant conceptual and practical development over the last decade, efforts at consolidating this within one framework have been limited. In this paper, we incorporate this new knowledge by redeveloping and thus updating the SIA procedural framework developed by Interorganizational Committee on Guidelines and Principles for Social Impact Assessment. In doing so, this updated procedural framework has attempted to incorporate current ‘best practice’ that focuses on participatory approaches to undertaking an SIA. This involved making adaptions to two steps, expansions to five steps, integration of a stronger participatory approach to six steps, and the development of a new step, Management and Evaluation reflecting moves towards ex-post use of SIA processes. It is hoped that this consolidation of the literature of a decade's worth of key findings in SIA research will lead to further efforts towards a meta-evaluation of SIA literature and a platform from which newer developments may be further investigated.

@incollection{newcomer_analyzing_2015,
	edition = {1},
	title = {Analyzing and {Engaging} {Stakeholders}},
	isbn = {978-1-118-89360-9 978-1-119-17138-6},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119171386.ch2},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	booktitle = {Handbook of {Practical} {Program} {Evaluation}},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	author = {Bryson, John M. and Quinn Patton, Michael},
	editor = {Newcomer, Kathryn E. and Hatry, Harry P. and Wholey, Joseph S.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2015},
	doi = {10.1002/9781119171386.ch2},
	pages = {36--61},
}

@article{peterson_public_2015,
	title = {Public perception of and engagement with emerging low-carbon energy technologies: {A} literature review},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {2329-2229, 2329-2237},
	shorttitle = {Public perception of and engagement with emerging low-carbon energy technologies},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1557/mre.2015.12},
	doi = {10.1557/mre.2015.12},
	abstract = {Transitioning to low-carbon energy systems depends on fundamental changes in technologies, policies, and institutions. In Western democracies, public perceptions and engagement with energy have encouraged innovation while also slowing deployment of low-carbon energy technologies (LCETs).},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	journal = {MRS Energy \& Sustainability},
	author = {Peterson, Tarla Rai and Stephens, Jennie C. and Wilson, Elizabeth J.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {11},
}

Transitioning to low-carbon energy systems depends on fundamental changes in technologies, policies, and institutions. In Western democracies, public perceptions and engagement with energy have encouraged innovation while also slowing deployment of low-carbon energy technologies (LCETs).

@article{hesaraki_seasonal_2015,
	title = {Seasonal thermal energy storage with heat pumps and low temperatures in building projects—{A} comparative review},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {13640321},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364032114010545},
	doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2014.12.002},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
	author = {Hesaraki, Arefeh and Holmberg, Sture and Haghighat, Fariborz},
	month = mar,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {1199--1213},
}

@article{bertermann_pan-european_2015,
	title = {A pan-{European} planning basis for estimating the very shallow geothermal energy potentials},
	volume = {75},
	issn = {0960-1481},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148114005989},
	doi = {10.1016/j.renene.2014.09.033},
	abstract = {After the Fukushima nuclear disaster, renewable energy resources have become increasingly important in Europe. Based on available pedological, climatological, topographical, and administrative data sets we analysed the pan-European very shallow geothermal energy potentials (vSGP) on a mapping scale of 1:250,000. International standards and unified spatial processing methods across Europe ensure comparability and seamless visualisation. An open source WebGIS dynamically serves spatially explicit maps of all input and result datasets. The results show unconstrained potential areas for exploitation where the thermal conductivity (W/m*K) varies between 0.8 W/m*K and 1.2 W/m*K within the soil matrix. Depending on parameters such as grain size distribution and humidity, the highest potentials for vSGP exploitation were found in Liechtenstein, Finland, Iceland, and Norway. With over 50\% of the respective country affected, Andorra, Montenegro and Slovenia have the highest values assigned with a limitation for vSGP exploitation. The interactive tool for online searching, discovering and analysing the vSGP provide public, planners, and (non)-governmental organisations with information. This place based modelling approach is considered as an input to the National Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAPs), contributing to the European Renewable Energy Sources (RES) Directive.},
	urldate = {2024-05-17},
	journal = {Renewable Energy},
	author = {Bertermann, D. and Klug, H. and Morper-Busch, L.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {European soil database, Heat transfer, Particle size fraction, Soil water content, Spatial analysis, Thermal conductivity},
	pages = {335--347},
}

After the Fukushima nuclear disaster, renewable energy resources have become increasingly important in Europe. Based on available pedological, climatological, topographical, and administrative data sets we analysed the pan-European very shallow geothermal energy potentials (vSGP) on a mapping scale of 1:250,000. International standards and unified spatial processing methods across Europe ensure comparability and seamless visualisation. An open source WebGIS dynamically serves spatially explicit maps of all input and result datasets. The results show unconstrained potential areas for exploitation where the thermal conductivity (W/m*K) varies between 0.8 W/m*K and 1.2 W/m*K within the soil matrix. Depending on parameters such as grain size distribution and humidity, the highest potentials for vSGP exploitation were found in Liechtenstein, Finland, Iceland, and Norway. With over 50% of the respective country affected, Andorra, Montenegro and Slovenia have the highest values assigned with a limitation for vSGP exploitation. The interactive tool for online searching, discovering and analysing the vSGP provide public, planners, and (non)-governmental organisations with information. This place based modelling approach is considered as an input to the National Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAPs), contributing to the European Renewable Energy Sources (RES) Directive.

@article{jeon_sensitivity_2015,
	title = {Sensitivity analysis of recovery efficiency in high-temperature aquifer thermal energy storage with single well},
	volume = {90},
	issn = {0360-5442},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S036054421500835X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2015.06.079},
	abstract = {High-temperature aquifer thermal energy storage system usually shows higher performance than other borehole thermal energy storage systems. Although there is a limitation in the widespread use of the HT-ATES system because of several technical problems such as clogging, corrosion, etc., it is getting more attention as these issues are gradually alleviated. In this study, a sensitivity analysis of recovery efficiency in two cases of HT-ATES system with a single well is conducted to select key parameters. For a fractional factorial design used to choose input parameters with uniformity, the optimal Latin hypercube sampling with an enhanced stochastic evolutionary algorithm is considered. Then, the recovery efficiency is obtained using a computer model developed by COMSOL Multiphysics. With input and output variables, the surrogate modeling technique, namely the Gaussian-Kriging method with Smoothly Clopped Absolute Deviation Penalty, is utilized. Finally, the sensitivity analysis is performed based on the variation decomposition. According to the result of sensitivity analysis, the most important input variables are selected and confirmed to consider the interaction effects for each case and it is confirmed that key parameters vary with the experiment domain of hydraulic and thermal properties as well as the number of input variables.},
	journal = {Energy},
	author = {Jeon, Jun-Seo and Lee, Seung-Rae and Pasquinelli, Lisa and Fabricius, Ida Lykke},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {Computational experiment, Gassum formation, Gaussian Kriging method, High-temperature aquifer thermal energy storage, Sensitivity analysis},
	pages = {1349--1359},
}

High-temperature aquifer thermal energy storage system usually shows higher performance than other borehole thermal energy storage systems. Although there is a limitation in the widespread use of the HT-ATES system because of several technical problems such as clogging, corrosion, etc., it is getting more attention as these issues are gradually alleviated. In this study, a sensitivity analysis of recovery efficiency in two cases of HT-ATES system with a single well is conducted to select key parameters. For a fractional factorial design used to choose input parameters with uniformity, the optimal Latin hypercube sampling with an enhanced stochastic evolutionary algorithm is considered. Then, the recovery efficiency is obtained using a computer model developed by COMSOL Multiphysics. With input and output variables, the surrogate modeling technique, namely the Gaussian-Kriging method with Smoothly Clopped Absolute Deviation Penalty, is utilized. Finally, the sensitivity analysis is performed based on the variation decomposition. According to the result of sensitivity analysis, the most important input variables are selected and confirmed to consider the interaction effects for each case and it is confirmed that key parameters vary with the experiment domain of hydraulic and thermal properties as well as the number of input variables.

@article{sabihuddin_numerical_2015,
	title = {A {Numerical} and {Graphical} {Review} of {Energy} {Storage} {Technologies}},
	volume = {8},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {1996-1073},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/8/1/172},
	doi = {10.3390/en8010172},
	abstract = {More effective energy production requires a greater penetration of storage technologies. This paper takes a looks at and compares the landscape of energy storage devices. Solutions across four categories of storage, namely: mechanical, chemical, electromagnetic and thermal storage are compared on the basis of energy/power  density, specific energy/power, efficiency, lifespan, cycle life, self-discharge rates, capital energy/power costs, scale, application, technical maturity as well as environmental impact. It’s noted that virtually every storage technology is seeing improvements. This paper provides an overview of some of the problems with existing storage systems and identifies some key technologies that hold promise.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-05-23},
	journal = {Energies},
	author = {Sabihuddin, Siraj and Kiprakis, Aristides E. and Mueller, Markus},
	month = jan,
	year = {2015},
	note = {Number: 1
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	keywords = {cost, density, discharge, efficiency, energy, lifespan, power, scale, specific, storage},
	pages = {172--216},
}

More effective energy production requires a greater penetration of storage technologies. This paper takes a looks at and compares the landscape of energy storage devices. Solutions across four categories of storage, namely: mechanical, chemical, electromagnetic and thermal storage are compared on the basis of energy/power density, specific energy/power, efficiency, lifespan, cycle life, self-discharge rates, capital energy/power costs, scale, application, technical maturity as well as environmental impact. It’s noted that virtually every storage technology is seeing improvements. This paper provides an overview of some of the problems with existing storage systems and identifies some key technologies that hold promise.

@incollection{cabeza_thermal_2015,
	title = {Thermal energy storage ({TES}) systems for cooling in residential buildings},
	isbn = {978-1-78242-088-0},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9781782420880500237},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-05-11},
	booktitle = {Advances in {Thermal} {Energy} {Storage} {Systems}},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	author = {Cabeza, L.F. and de Gracia, A.},
	year = {2015},
	doi = {10.1533/9781782420965.4.549},
	pages = {549--572},
}

@techreport{mangold_seasonal_2015,
	title = {Seasonal {Thermal} {Energy} {Storage}: {Report} on state of the art and necessary further {R}+{D}},
	shorttitle = {Seasonal {Thermal} {Energy} {Storage}},
	url = {http://task45.iea-shc.org/data/sites/1/publications/IEA_SHC_Task45_B_Report.pdf},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-05-11},
	institution = {IEA SHC Task 45},
	author = {Mangold, Dick and Deschaintre, Laure},
	month = jun,
	year = {2015},
	doi = {10.18777/ieashc-task45-2015-0014},
}

@incollection{cabeza_introduction_2015,
	title = {Introduction to thermal energy storage ({TES}) systems},
	isbn = {978-1-78242-088-0},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9781782420880500018},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-05-11},
	booktitle = {Advances in {Thermal} {Energy} {Storage} {Systems}},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	author = {Cabeza, L.F. and Martorell, I. and Miró, L. and Fernández, A.I. and Barreneche, C.},
	year = {2015},
	doi = {10.1533/9781782420965.1},
	pages = {1--28},
}

@misc{eu_commission_heating_2015,
	type = {Text},
	title = {Heating and cooling},
	url = {https://ec.europa.eu/energy/topics/energy-efficiency/heating-and-cooling_en},
	abstract = {Heating and cooling},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-12-14},
	journal = {Energy - European Commission},
	author = {EU Commission},
	month = jul,
	year = {2015},
}

Heating and cooling

@article{greenberg_energy_2014,
	title = {Energy policy and research: {The} underappreciation of trust},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {2214-6296},
	shorttitle = {Energy policy and research},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629614000085},
	doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2014.02.004},
	abstract = {The paper defines trust as believing that a person(s) or organization(s) can be relied upon to accomplish objectives because they are competent and possess values and intentions that are consistent with all or part of the public. Section 3 discusses public trust of specific professions and organizations, including the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, U.S. Department of Energy, and others in the energy field. Section 4 examines the importance of trust compared to risk perception and other drivers of public preferences. This section also shows that trust changes, almost always decreasing because of incidents and greater salience of negative information than positive information. It also considers the role of the media in amplifying mistrust, and it ends by considering the role of communications in building or reducing trust. Section 5 identifies six priority research topics. The two most important are case studies from Africa, Asia and South America, and more focus on non-nuclear energy sources, that is, coal, gas, and other forms, as well as waste management, and transportation processes.},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Energy Research \& Social Science},
	author = {Greenberg, Michael R.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Nuclear energy, Nuclear waste, Trust, U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission},
	pages = {152--160},
}

The paper defines trust as believing that a person(s) or organization(s) can be relied upon to accomplish objectives because they are competent and possess values and intentions that are consistent with all or part of the public. Section 3 discusses public trust of specific professions and organizations, including the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, U.S. Department of Energy, and others in the energy field. Section 4 examines the importance of trust compared to risk perception and other drivers of public preferences. This section also shows that trust changes, almost always decreasing because of incidents and greater salience of negative information than positive information. It also considers the role of the media in amplifying mistrust, and it ends by considering the role of communications in building or reducing trust. Section 5 identifies six priority research topics. The two most important are case studies from Africa, Asia and South America, and more focus on non-nuclear energy sources, that is, coal, gas, and other forms, as well as waste management, and transportation processes.

@book{lelea_methodologies_2014,
	address = {Witzenhausen},
	title = {Methodologies for stakeholder analysis: for application in transdisciplinary research projects focusing on actors in food supply chains: reload reducing losses adding value},
	isbn = {978-3-945266-00-7},
	shorttitle = {Methodologies for stakeholder analysis},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {DITSL},
	author = {Lelea, Margareta A. and Roba, Guyo Malicha and Christinck, Anja and Kaufmann, Brigitte},
	collaborator = {{Universität Kassel}},
	year = {2014},
}

@misc{unece_application_2014,
	title = {Application of {UNFC}-2009 to {Geothermal} {Energy} {Resources}},
	url = {https://unece.org/sustainable-energy/sustainable-resource-management/unfc-and-geothermal-energy},
	author = {UNECE},
	year = {2014},
}

@article{lund_4th_2014,
	title = {4th {Generation} {District} {Heating} ({4GDH})},
	volume = {68},
	issn = {03605442},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360544214002369},
	doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2014.02.089},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	journal = {Energy},
	author = {Lund, Henrik and Werner, Sven and Wiltshire, Robin and Svendsen, Svend and Thorsen, Jan Eric and Hvelplund, Frede and Mathiesen, Brian Vad},
	month = apr,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1--11},
}

@misc{noauthor_directive_2014,
	title = {Directive 2014/52/{EU} of the {European} {Parliament} and of the {Council} of 16 {April} 2014 amending {Directive} 2011/92/{EU} on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment  {Text} with {EEA} relevance},
	volume = {124},
	url = {http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2014/52/oj/eng},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-23},
	month = apr,
	year = {2014},
}

@techreport{hofmeister_business_2014,
	title = {{BUSINESS} {MODELS} {ON} 
GEOTHERMAL {DH} {SYSTEMS}},
	url = {http://geodh.eu/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/4.2-Business-Models.pdf},
	language = {English},
	institution = {Green Energy Association},
	author = {Hofmeister, Morten and Baastrup Holm, Anne},
	month = mar,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {41},
}

@misc{geodh_project_geothermal_2014,
	title = {Geothermal {District} {Heating}},
	url = {http://geodh.eu/geodh-project/},
	author = {{GeoDH Project}},
	year = {2014},
}

@article{chamorro_enhanced_2014,
	title = {Enhanced geothermal systems in {Europe}: {An} estimation and comparison of the technical and sustainable potentials},
	volume = {65},
	issn = {03605442},
	shorttitle = {Enhanced geothermal systems in {Europe}},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360544213010487},
	doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2013.11.078},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-03-14},
	journal = {Energy},
	author = {Chamorro, César R. and García-Cuesta, José L. and Mondéjar, María E. and Pérez-Madrazo, Alfonso},
	month = feb,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {250--263},
}

@article{limberger_assessing_2014,
	title = {Assessing the prospective resource base for enhanced geothermal systems in {Europe}},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {2195-478X},
	url = {https://www.geoth-energ-sci.net/2/55/2014/},
	doi = {10.5194/gtes-2-55-2014},
	abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}{\textless}strong{\textgreater}Abstract.{\textless}/strong{\textgreater} In this study the resource base for EGS (enhanced geothermal systems) in Europe was quantified and economically constrained, applying a discounted cash-flow model to different techno-economic scenarios for future EGS in 2020, 2030, and 2050. Temperature is a critical parameter that controls the amount of thermal energy available in the subsurface. Therefore, the first step in assessing the European resource base for EGS is the construction of a subsurface temperature model of onshore Europe. Subsurface temperatures were computed to a depth of 10 km below ground level for a regular 3-D hexahedral grid with a horizontal resolution of 10 km and a vertical resolution of 250 m. Vertical conductive heat transport was considered as the main heat transfer mechanism. Surface temperature and basal heat flow were used as boundary conditions for the top and bottom of the model, respectively. If publicly available, the most recent and comprehensive regional temperature models, based on data from wells, were incorporated. {\textless}br{\textgreater}{\textless}br{\textgreater} With the modeled subsurface temperatures and future technical and economic scenarios, the technical potential and minimum levelized cost of energy (LCOE) were calculated for each grid cell of the temperature model. Calculations for a typical EGS scenario yield costs of EUR 215 MWh$^{\textrm{−1}}$ in 2020, EUR 127 MWh$^{\textrm{−1}}$ in 2030, and EUR 70 MWh$^{\textrm{−1}}$ in 2050. Cutoff values of EUR 200 MWh$^{\textrm{−1}}$ in 2020, EUR 150 MWh$^{\textrm{−1}}$ in 2030, and EUR 100 MWh$^{\textrm{−1}}$ in 2050 are imposed to the calculated LCOE values in each grid cell to limit the technical potential, resulting in an economic potential for Europe of 19 GW$_{\textrm{e}}$ in 2020, 22 GW$_{\textrm{e}}$ in 2030, and 522 GW$_{\textrm{e}}$ in 2050. The results of our approach do not only provide an indication of prospective areas for future EGS in Europe, but also show a more realistic cost determined and depth-dependent distribution of the technical potential by applying different well cost models for 2020, 2030, and 2050.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-01-28},
	journal = {Geothermal Energy Science},
	author = {Limberger, J. and Calcagno, P. and Manzella, A. and Trumpy, E. and Boxem, T. and Pluymaekers, M. P. D. and van Wees, J.-D.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {55--71},
}

\textlessp\textgreater\textlessstrong\textgreaterAbstract.\textless/strong\textgreater In this study the resource base for EGS (enhanced geothermal systems) in Europe was quantified and economically constrained, applying a discounted cash-flow model to different techno-economic scenarios for future EGS in 2020, 2030, and 2050. Temperature is a critical parameter that controls the amount of thermal energy available in the subsurface. Therefore, the first step in assessing the European resource base for EGS is the construction of a subsurface temperature model of onshore Europe. Subsurface temperatures were computed to a depth of 10 km below ground level for a regular 3-D hexahedral grid with a horizontal resolution of 10 km and a vertical resolution of 250 m. Vertical conductive heat transport was considered as the main heat transfer mechanism. Surface temperature and basal heat flow were used as boundary conditions for the top and bottom of the model, respectively. If publicly available, the most recent and comprehensive regional temperature models, based on data from wells, were incorporated. \textlessbr\textgreater\textlessbr\textgreater With the modeled subsurface temperatures and future technical and economic scenarios, the technical potential and minimum levelized cost of energy (LCOE) were calculated for each grid cell of the temperature model. Calculations for a typical EGS scenario yield costs of EUR 215 MWh$^{\textrm{−1}}$ in 2020, EUR 127 MWh$^{\textrm{−1}}$ in 2030, and EUR 70 MWh$^{\textrm{−1}}$ in 2050. Cutoff values of EUR 200 MWh$^{\textrm{−1}}$ in 2020, EUR 150 MWh$^{\textrm{−1}}$ in 2030, and EUR 100 MWh$^{\textrm{−1}}$ in 2050 are imposed to the calculated LCOE values in each grid cell to limit the technical potential, resulting in an economic potential for Europe of 19 GW$_{\textrm{e}}$ in 2020, 22 GW$_{\textrm{e}}$ in 2030, and 522 GW$_{\textrm{e}}$ in 2050. The results of our approach do not only provide an indication of prospective areas for future EGS in Europe, but also show a more realistic cost determined and depth-dependent distribution of the technical potential by applying different well cost models for 2020, 2030, and 2050.\textless/p\textgreater

@techreport{geodh_models_2014,
	title = {Models for banks and financial institutions},
	url = {http://geodh.eu/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/4.4-Models-for-banks-and-financial-institutions1.pdf},
	urldate = {2022-11-16},
	author = {GeoDH},
	year = {2014},
}

@techreport{geodh_report_2014,
	title = {Report on support-schemes-for-{GeoDH}.pdf},
	url = {http://geodh.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/4-1-Report-on-support-schemes-for-GeoDH.pdf},
	urldate = {2022-11-16},
	author = {GeoDH and Christian Boissavy, Christian and Schmidlé - Bloch, Virginie},
	year = {2014},
}

@techreport{egec_financing_2014,
	title = {Financing {Geothermal} {District} {Heating}},
	url = {http://geodh.eu/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/GeoDH-Factsheet_Model-For-Bank_EGEC-v2.pdf},
	urldate = {2022-11-16},
	author = {EGEC},
	year = {2014},
}

@techreport{hofmeister_business_2014,
	title = {Business {Models} on {Geothermal} {DHC}},
	language = {en},
	institution = {GeoDH},
	author = {Hofmeister, Morten and Holm, Anne Baastrup},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {41},
}

@techreport{geodh_fact-sheet_2014,
	title = {Fact-{Sheet} {Geothermal} {District} {Heating} {Market} {Development}},
	url = {http://geodh.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Fact-Sheet-Market-Development-v.3-November-2014.pdf},
	urldate = {2022-11-16},
	author = {GeoDH},
	year = {2014},
}

@article{lillemo_households_2013,
	title = {Households' heating investments: {The} effect of motives and attitudes on choice of equipment},
	volume = {57},
	issn = {0961-9534},
	shorttitle = {Households' heating investments},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0961953413000421},
	doi = {10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.01.027},
	abstract = {This paper reports on an online survey conducted in Norway to investigate how attitudes, motives, residence characteristics and socioeconomic factors relate to households' investments in four types of heating equipment: woodstoves, pellet stoves, electric heaters and air-to-air heat pumps. First, we find that perceptions about characteristics such as appearance, efficiency, cost, time and effort required to use the equipment, and environmental impact differ greatly between the four types of heating equipment. Second, we find that 52\% of the households invested more than €375 in heating equipment in the previous 10 years, and that 34\% of those invested in at least two types of heating equipment. Third, using discrete choice models, we find that motive, environmental attitude, characteristics of the residence and demographic factors affect households' heating investment likelihood and choice of heating equipment. For example, we find that people whose main motive is to reduce costs are more likely to invest in heat pumps, whereas investors in pellet stoves are more concerned about the environment.},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Biomass and Bioenergy},
	author = {Lillemo, Shuling Chen and Alfnes, Frode and Halvorsen, Bente and Wik, Mette},
	month = oct,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Heating choice behavior, Household heating, Mixed logit, Motive, Revealed preference},
	pages = {4--12},
}

This paper reports on an online survey conducted in Norway to investigate how attitudes, motives, residence characteristics and socioeconomic factors relate to households' investments in four types of heating equipment: woodstoves, pellet stoves, electric heaters and air-to-air heat pumps. First, we find that perceptions about characteristics such as appearance, efficiency, cost, time and effort required to use the equipment, and environmental impact differ greatly between the four types of heating equipment. Second, we find that 52% of the households invested more than €375 in heating equipment in the previous 10 years, and that 34% of those invested in at least two types of heating equipment. Third, using discrete choice models, we find that motive, environmental attitude, characteristics of the residence and demographic factors affect households' heating investment likelihood and choice of heating equipment. For example, we find that people whose main motive is to reduce costs are more likely to invest in heat pumps, whereas investors in pellet stoves are more concerned about the environment.

@article{balcombe_motivations_2013,
	title = {Motivations and barriers associated with adopting microgeneration energy technologies in the {UK}},
	volume = {22},
	copyright = {https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/},
	issn = {13640321},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364032113001123},
	doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2013.02.012},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
	author = {Balcombe, Paul and Rigby, Dan and Azapagic, Adisa},
	month = jun,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {655--666},
}

@article{dale_indicators_2013,
	title = {Indicators for assessing socioeconomic sustainability of bioenergy systems: {A} short list of practical measures},
	volume = {26},
	copyright = {https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/},
	issn = {1470160X},
	shorttitle = {Indicators for assessing socioeconomic sustainability of bioenergy systems},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1470160X12003652},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.10.014},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	journal = {Ecological Indicators},
	author = {Dale, Virginia H. and Efroymson, Rebecca A. and Kline, Keith L. and Langholtz, Matthew H. and Leiby, Paul N. and Oladosu, Gbadebo A. and Davis, Maggie R. and Downing, Mark E. and Hilliard, Michael R.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {87--102},
}

@book{european_commission_joint_research_centre_institute_for_energy_and_transport_strategic_2013,
	address = {LU},
	title = {Strategic research and innovation agenda for renewable heating and cooling :{European} technology platform on renewable heating and cooling.},
	shorttitle = {Strategic research and innovation agenda for renewable heating and cooling},
	url = {https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2790/88750},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-23},
	publisher = {Publications Office},
	author = {{European Commission. Joint Research Centre. Institute for Energy and Transport.} and {European Technology Platform on Renewable Heating and Cooling.}},
	year = {2013},
}

@article{sun_peak_2013,
	title = {Peak load shifting control using different cold thermal energy storage facilities in commercial buildings: {A} review},
	volume = {71},
	issn = {0196-8904},
	shorttitle = {Peak load shifting control using different cold thermal energy storage facilities in commercial buildings},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196890413001696},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enconman.2013.03.026},
	abstract = {For decades, load shifting control, one of most effective peak demand management methods, has attracted increasing attentions from both researchers and engineers. Different load shifting control strategies have been developed when diverse cold thermal energy storage facilities are used in commercial buildings. The facilities include building thermal mass (BTM), thermal energy storage system (TES) and phase change material (PCM). Little study has systematically reviewed these load shifting control strategies and therefore this study presents a comprehensive review of peak load shifting control strategies using these thermal energy storage facilities in commercial buildings. The research and applications of the load shifting control strategies are presented and discussed. The further efforts needed for developing more applicable load shifting control strategies using the facilities are also addressed.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-05-23},
	journal = {Energy Conversion and Management},
	author = {Sun, Yongjun and Wang, Shengwei and Xiao, Fu and Gao, Diance},
	month = jul,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Building thermal mass, Commercial buildings, Peak load shifting, Phase change material, Thermal energy storage},
	pages = {101--114},
}

For decades, load shifting control, one of most effective peak demand management methods, has attracted increasing attentions from both researchers and engineers. Different load shifting control strategies have been developed when diverse cold thermal energy storage facilities are used in commercial buildings. The facilities include building thermal mass (BTM), thermal energy storage system (TES) and phase change material (PCM). Little study has systematically reviewed these load shifting control strategies and therefore this study presents a comprehensive review of peak load shifting control strategies using these thermal energy storage facilities in commercial buildings. The research and applications of the load shifting control strategies are presented and discussed. The further efforts needed for developing more applicable load shifting control strategies using the facilities are also addressed.

@misc{s_fraser_d-32-geoelec-report--risk-insurancepdf_2013,
	title = {D-3.2-{GEOELEC}-report-on-risk-insurance.pdf},
	url = {http://www.geoelec.eu/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/D-3.2-GEOELEC-report-on-risk-insurance.pdf},
	urldate = {2023-02-11},
	author = {S Fraser and P Calcagno and F Jaudin and R Vernier and P Dumas},
	year = {2013},
}

@techreport{wees_prospective_2013,
	title = {A prospective study on the geothermal potential in the {EU}},
	url = {http://www.geoelec.eu/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/D-2.5-GEOELEC-prospective-study.pdf},
	abstract = {Geothermal power generation has its roots in Europe, where the first test in 1904 and the real beginning of power generation in 1913 took place in Italy. Since then, the development of geothermal technology has been slow but continuous. Since a decade, thanks to the optimisation of the new binary system technology, geothermal electricity can be produced using lower temperatures. Moreover, with Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS), a breakthrough technology proven since 2007, geothermal power can in theory be produced anywhere in Europe. According to the trajectories set out in the National Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAPs) of the EU Member States, the capacity will grow from 0.9 GWe installed in 2013 to 1.4 GWe in 2020. The production of geothermal electricity in 2020 is planned to be 11 TWh. These are very conservative targets as the actual potential is much larger. Indeed, information about geothermal potential is not always available (no geological data below 2-3 km from previous exploration campaign for oil, gas etc.) or it is scattered in different ministries, universities, national institutes, oil \& gas companies and various private entities. For this reason many policy-makers are simply not aware they stand on a frequently untapped source of local renewable energy. And this is also why geothermal power is not always taken sufficiently into consideration in some NREAPs and other strategic documents on the future electricity mix.The present GEOELEC study makesafirst step to fill the existing gap.Itprovides an outlook of the potential by country;the resource assessment is the product of the integration and interpretation of existing data and a newly defined methodology building on Canadian, Australian, and American methodology.},
	language = {en},
	author = {Wees, Jan-Diederik van and Boxem, Thijs and Angelino, Luca and Dumas, Philippe},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Deliverable n° 2.5, GEOELEC, ★},
	pages = {96},
}

Geothermal power generation has its roots in Europe, where the first test in 1904 and the real beginning of power generation in 1913 took place in Italy. Since then, the development of geothermal technology has been slow but continuous. Since a decade, thanks to the optimisation of the new binary system technology, geothermal electricity can be produced using lower temperatures. Moreover, with Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS), a breakthrough technology proven since 2007, geothermal power can in theory be produced anywhere in Europe. According to the trajectories set out in the National Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAPs) of the EU Member States, the capacity will grow from 0.9 GWe installed in 2013 to 1.4 GWe in 2020. The production of geothermal electricity in 2020 is planned to be 11 TWh. These are very conservative targets as the actual potential is much larger. Indeed, information about geothermal potential is not always available (no geological data below 2-3 km from previous exploration campaign for oil, gas etc.) or it is scattered in different ministries, universities, national institutes, oil & gas companies and various private entities. For this reason many policy-makers are simply not aware they stand on a frequently untapped source of local renewable energy. And this is also why geothermal power is not always taken sufficiently into consideration in some NREAPs and other strategic documents on the future electricity mix.The present GEOELEC study makesafirst step to fill the existing gap.Itprovides an outlook of the potential by country;the resource assessment is the product of the integration and interpretation of existing data and a newly defined methodology building on Canadian, Australian, and American methodology.

@article{upham_dont_2012,
	series = {Special issue on {Thermal} {Energy} {Management} in the {Process} {Industries}},
	title = {Don’t lock me in: {Public} opinion on the prospective use of waste process heat for district heating},
	volume = {89},
	issn = {0306-2619},
	shorttitle = {Don’t lock me in},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261911001309},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.02.031},
	abstract = {While the available resource in terms of waste process heat in the UK is substantial, there are a wide variety of issues to consider and barriers to overcome in order to realise its potential. This paper discusses one particular factor, namely public opinion. We describe the results of two focus groups with a potential domestic client group, namely elderly people, and the postal questionnaire responses of 323 individuals living in the proximity of a large potential heat source, namely the Corus steel-works in Port Talbot, Wales. While those questioned were broadly supportive of the idea of district heating, particularly if this would involve reductions in domestic heating costs, both the qualitative and quantitative work revealed significant concern about contractual lock-in. In contrast, the stability of long-term demand is highly valued by those responsible for the supply-side. We also observe some gender differences in first reactions to district heating and the role of environmental commitment. We conclude that while the results imply that an appeal to the environmental performance of district heating with waste heat may facilitate acceptance, trust-building and price inducements will also be required to overcome end-user concerns.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Applied Energy},
	author = {Upham, Paul and Jones, Chris},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Distributed heat, District heating, Perceptions, Process heat, Public opinion},
	pages = {21--29},
}

While the available resource in terms of waste process heat in the UK is substantial, there are a wide variety of issues to consider and barriers to overcome in order to realise its potential. This paper discusses one particular factor, namely public opinion. We describe the results of two focus groups with a potential domestic client group, namely elderly people, and the postal questionnaire responses of 323 individuals living in the proximity of a large potential heat source, namely the Corus steel-works in Port Talbot, Wales. While those questioned were broadly supportive of the idea of district heating, particularly if this would involve reductions in domestic heating costs, both the qualitative and quantitative work revealed significant concern about contractual lock-in. In contrast, the stability of long-term demand is highly valued by those responsible for the supply-side. We also observe some gender differences in first reactions to district heating and the role of environmental commitment. We conclude that while the results imply that an appeal to the environmental performance of district heating with waste heat may facilitate acceptance, trust-building and price inducements will also be required to overcome end-user concerns.

@article{rogers_social_2012,
	title = {Social impacts of community renewable energy projects: findings from a woodfuel case study},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0301-4215},
	shorttitle = {Social impacts of community renewable energy projects},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421511009797},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2011.11.081},
	abstract = {There is much current interest in the potential of community-based renewable energy projects to contribute to transition towards low carbon energy systems. As well as displacing fossil fuel consumption by increasing renewable energy generation, projects are expected to have a range of social impacts which may result in additional positive sustainability outcomes. These include potential to increase: acceptance of renewable energy developments; awareness of renewable and sustainable energy technologies and issues; uptake of low carbon technologies; and sustainable/pro-environmental behaviours. To date however, there has been little investigation of whether and how these impacts occur. This paper presents results from qualitative research investigating the social impacts of a community woodfuel project as experienced by project participants and other local stakeholders. Findings show projects can raise awareness of renewable energy technologies and increase uptake of renewables. Overall the case study project successfully changed the local social context for development of woodfuel heating, reducing risk for all involved in the future development of this sector, particularly in the immediate locality. There was some evidence of increased engagement with wider sustainability issues but this was limited to direct participants, suggesting local projects need to be supported by wider systemic change to maximise impacts.},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Energy Policy},
	author = {Rogers, Jennifer C. and Simmons, Eunice A. and Convery, Ian and Weatherall, Andrew},
	month = mar,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Community renewable energy, Impacts, Woodfuel},
	pages = {239--247},
}

There is much current interest in the potential of community-based renewable energy projects to contribute to transition towards low carbon energy systems. As well as displacing fossil fuel consumption by increasing renewable energy generation, projects are expected to have a range of social impacts which may result in additional positive sustainability outcomes. These include potential to increase: acceptance of renewable energy developments; awareness of renewable and sustainable energy technologies and issues; uptake of low carbon technologies; and sustainable/pro-environmental behaviours. To date however, there has been little investigation of whether and how these impacts occur. This paper presents results from qualitative research investigating the social impacts of a community woodfuel project as experienced by project participants and other local stakeholders. Findings show projects can raise awareness of renewable energy technologies and increase uptake of renewables. Overall the case study project successfully changed the local social context for development of woodfuel heating, reducing risk for all involved in the future development of this sector, particularly in the immediate locality. There was some evidence of increased engagement with wider sustainability issues but this was limited to direct participants, suggesting local projects need to be supported by wider systemic change to maximise impacts.

@article{morgan_environmental_2012,
	title = {Environmental impact assessment: the state of the art},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {1461-5517, 1471-5465},
	shorttitle = {Environmental impact assessment},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14615517.2012.661557},
	doi = {10.1080/14615517.2012.661557},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	journal = {Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal},
	author = {Morgan, Richard K.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {5--14},
}

@article{esteves_social_2012,
	title = {Social impact assessment: the state of the art},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {1461-5517, 1471-5465},
	shorttitle = {Social impact assessment},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14615517.2012.660356},
	doi = {10.1080/14615517.2012.660356},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	journal = {Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal},
	author = {Esteves, Ana Maria and Franks, Daniel and Vanclay, Frank},
	month = mar,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {34--42},
}

@article{hiller_public_2012,
	title = {Public {Perception} of {Geoengineering}},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {0175-274X},
	url = {http://www.nomos-elibrary.de/index.php?doi=10.5771/0175-274x-2012-4-215},
	doi = {10.5771/0175-274x-2012-4-215},
	abstract = {The paper provides an analysis of the present situation of public perception and de public debate regarding geoengineering from a social science perspective. The article includes a de perceptions of the general public based on a literature review and a media analysis. It furthermor potential information and communication process in structuring future public debates on geoeng provide a protocol for risk managers and regulators on how to address the concerns of the public a risk communication programs.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	journal = {Sicherheit \& Frieden},
	author = {Hiller, Sylvia and Renn, Ortwin},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {215--220},
}

The paper provides an analysis of the present situation of public perception and de public debate regarding geoengineering from a social science perspective. The article includes a de perceptions of the general public based on a literature review and a media analysis. It furthermor potential information and communication process in structuring future public debates on geoeng provide a protocol for risk managers and regulators on how to address the concerns of the public a risk communication programs.

@techreport{geodh_project_financing_2012,
	title = {{FINANCING} {GEOTHERMAL} {DISTRICT} {HEATING}},
	url = {http://geodh.eu/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/GeoDH-Factsheet_Model-For-Bank_EGEC-v2.pdf},
	urldate = {2024-05-15},
	author = {{GeoDH Project}},
	year = {2012},
}

@article{nordell_underground_2012,
	title = {Underground thermal energy storage ({UTES})},
	volume = {2012},
	journal = {Innostock},
	author = {Nordell, Bo},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1--10},
}

@misc{noauthor_iea_2012,
	title = {{IEA} {Energy} {Conservation} through {Energy} {Storage} {Programme} - {Workshop} on {Integration} of {Renewable} {Energies} by {Distributed} {Energy} {Storage} {Systems}},
	url = {https://www.nachhaltigwirtschaften.at/resources/iea_pdf/events/20120919_eces_halime_paksoy_eces.pdf},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
}

@inproceedings{nordell_underground_2012,
	title = {Underground {Thermal} {Energy} {Storage} ({UTES})},
	language = {en},
	author = {Nordell, Bo},
	year = {2012},
}

@misc{gitlab_inc_gitlab_2012,
	title = {{GitLab}},
	url = {https://gitlab.com/},
	author = {{GitLab Inc.}},
	year = {2012},
}

@article{achtnicht_environmental_2011,
	title = {Do environmental benefits matter? {Evidence} from a choice experiment among house owners in {Germany}},
	volume = {70},
	copyright = {https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/},
	issn = {09218009},
	shorttitle = {Do environmental benefits matter?},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0921800911002734},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.06.026},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Ecological Economics},
	author = {Achtnicht, Martin},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {2191--2200},
}

@article{nir_motivated_2011,
	title = {Motivated {Reasoning} and {Public} {Opinion} {Perception}},
	volume = {75},
	issn = {1537-5331, 0033-362X},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/poq/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/poq/nfq076},
	doi = {10.1093/poq/nfq076},
	abstract = {Theorists posit that a public - unlike a mass of individual forms opinions through awareness of multiple viewpoints and recog tion of opposition in a polity. Whether individuals pursue informatio others' political preferences is another matter. While some are motiv to seek as much information as possible, others seek information that s ports their own preference. This differential pattern of awareness implications for individuals' assessment of collective preferences. T article extends recent research on motivated reasoning to test whet accuracy goals (i.e., reaching correct conclusions) and directional g (i.e., reaching preferred conclusions) affect perceptions of majority p erences. Results show that motivated reasoning affects overestimate support, of both national-level opinion and modal opinion in discuss groups, even after controlling for partisan strength, demographics, exposure, political knowledge, and interest. Implications for conside public opinion are discussed in the conclusion.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
	author = {Nir, Lilach},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {504--532},
}

Theorists posit that a public - unlike a mass of individual forms opinions through awareness of multiple viewpoints and recog tion of opposition in a polity. Whether individuals pursue informatio others' political preferences is another matter. While some are motiv to seek as much information as possible, others seek information that s ports their own preference. This differential pattern of awareness implications for individuals' assessment of collective preferences. T article extends recent research on motivated reasoning to test whet accuracy goals (i.e., reaching correct conclusions) and directional g (i.e., reaching preferred conclusions) affect perceptions of majority p erences. Results show that motivated reasoning affects overestimate support, of both national-level opinion and modal opinion in discuss groups, even after controlling for partisan strength, demographics, exposure, political knowledge, and interest. Implications for conside public opinion are discussed in the conclusion.

@article{vanhoudt_aquifer_2011,
	title = {An aquifer thermal storage system in a {Belgian} hospital: {Long}-term experimental evaluation of energy and cost savings},
	volume = {43},
	copyright = {https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/},
	issn = {03787788},
	shorttitle = {An aquifer thermal storage system in a {Belgian} hospital},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378778811004427},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.09.040},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	journal = {Energy and Buildings},
	author = {Vanhoudt, D. and Desmedt, J. and Van Bael, J. and Robeyn, N. and Hoes, H.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {3657--3665},
}

@article{sopha_norwegian_2010,
	series = {Large-scale wind power in electricity markets with {Regular} {Papers}},
	title = {Norwegian households’ perception of wood pellet stove compared to air-to-air heat pump and electric heating},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {0301-4215},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421510001564},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2010.02.052},
	abstract = {In 2003, the high dependency on electric heating combined with the high electricity price prompted a significant number of Norwegian households to consider alternative heating systems. The government introduced economic support for wood pellet heating and heat pumps. In contrast to the fast growing heat pump market, this financial support has not resulted in a widespread adoption of wood pellet heating. This paper studies factors that influence the choice of heating system based on Norwegian households’ perceptions. Electric heating, heat pump and wood pellet heating were compared, with a special focus on wood pellet heating. This study was conducted as a questionnaire survey on two independent samples. The first sample consisted of 188 randomly chosen Norwegian households, mainly using electric heating; the second sample consisted of 461 households using wood pellet heating. Our results show that socio-demographic factors, communication among households, the perceived importance of heating system attributes, and the applied decision strategy all influence the Norwegian homeowners. The significance of these factors differs between the two samples and the preferred type of anticipated future heating system. Strategies for possible interventions and policy initiatives are discussed.},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Energy Policy},
	author = {Sopha, Bertha Maya and Klöckner, Christian A. and Skjevrak, Geir and Hertwich, Edgar G.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Heating choices, Multinomial logistic regression (MLR), Norwegian perception},
	pages = {3744--3754},
}

In 2003, the high dependency on electric heating combined with the high electricity price prompted a significant number of Norwegian households to consider alternative heating systems. The government introduced economic support for wood pellet heating and heat pumps. In contrast to the fast growing heat pump market, this financial support has not resulted in a widespread adoption of wood pellet heating. This paper studies factors that influence the choice of heating system based on Norwegian households’ perceptions. Electric heating, heat pump and wood pellet heating were compared, with a special focus on wood pellet heating. This study was conducted as a questionnaire survey on two independent samples. The first sample consisted of 188 randomly chosen Norwegian households, mainly using electric heating; the second sample consisted of 461 households using wood pellet heating. Our results show that socio-demographic factors, communication among households, the perceived importance of heating system attributes, and the applied decision strategy all influence the Norwegian homeowners. The significance of these factors differs between the two samples and the preferred type of anticipated future heating system. Strategies for possible interventions and policy initiatives are discussed.

@article{scarpa_willingness--pay_2010,
	title = {Willingness-to-pay for renewable energy: {Primary} and discretionary choice of {British} households' for micro-generation technologies},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {0140-9883},
	shorttitle = {Willingness-to-pay for renewable energy},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988309001030},
	doi = {10.1016/j.eneco.2009.06.004},
	abstract = {This paper documents the policy context of renewable energy production in the European Union. The research adopts a choice experiment approach to investigate households' WTP for these renewable energy technologies in the UK. The micro-generation technologies comprise solar photovoltaic, micro-wind, solar thermal, heat pumps, and biomass boilers and pellet stoves. The study compares the results from conditional and mixed logit models, which estimate the distribution of utility coefficients and then derives WTP values as a ratio of the attribute coefficient to the price coefficient, with a model in which the WTP distribution is estimated directly from utility in the money space. The results suggest that whilst renewable energy adoption is significantly valued by households, this value is not sufficiently large, for the vast majority of households, to cover the higher capital costs of micro-generation energy technologies.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Energy Economics},
	author = {Scarpa, Riccardo and Willis, Ken},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Choice modelling, Micro-generation, Mixed logit, Renewable energy},
	pages = {129--136},
}

This paper documents the policy context of renewable energy production in the European Union. The research adopts a choice experiment approach to investigate households' WTP for these renewable energy technologies in the UK. The micro-generation technologies comprise solar photovoltaic, micro-wind, solar thermal, heat pumps, and biomass boilers and pellet stoves. The study compares the results from conditional and mixed logit models, which estimate the distribution of utility coefficients and then derives WTP values as a ratio of the attribute coefficient to the price coefficient, with a model in which the WTP distribution is estimated directly from utility in the money space. The results suggest that whilst renewable energy adoption is significantly valued by households, this value is not sufficiently large, for the vast majority of households, to cover the higher capital costs of micro-generation energy technologies.

@article{claudy_consumer_2010,
	title = {Consumer awareness in the adoption of microgeneration technologies: {An} empirical investigation in the {Republic} of {Ireland}},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1364-0321},
	shorttitle = {Consumer awareness in the adoption of microgeneration technologies},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032110000900},
	doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2010.03.028},
	abstract = {Despite major policy and marketing efforts, the uptake of microgeneration technologies in most European countries remains low. Whereas most academic studies and policy reports aim to identify the underlying reasons why people buy these new technologies, they often fail to assess the general level of consumer awareness. The process of adopting an innovation, however, shows that awareness is a prerequisite which needs to be understood before adoption can be addressed. This paper takes a closer look at awareness of microgeneration and presents the results from a nationally representative study conducted in the Republic of Ireland. Findings from logistic regressions clearly indicate that awareness varies significantly between the individual technologies and customer segments. The paper concludes with implications for policy makers and marketers aiming to promote microgeneration technologies in consumer markets.},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
	author = {Claudy, Marius C. and Michelsen, Claus and O’Driscoll, Aidan and Mullen, Michael R.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Consumer awareness, Diffusion, Innovation, Ireland, Microgeneration},
	pages = {2154--2160},
}

Despite major policy and marketing efforts, the uptake of microgeneration technologies in most European countries remains low. Whereas most academic studies and policy reports aim to identify the underlying reasons why people buy these new technologies, they often fail to assess the general level of consumer awareness. The process of adopting an innovation, however, shows that awareness is a prerequisite which needs to be understood before adoption can be addressed. This paper takes a closer look at awareness of microgeneration and presents the results from a nationally representative study conducted in the Republic of Ireland. Findings from logistic regressions clearly indicate that awareness varies significantly between the individual technologies and customer segments. The paper concludes with implications for policy makers and marketers aiming to promote microgeneration technologies in consumer markets.

@article{gallego_carrera_sustainability_2010,
	title = {Sustainability assessment of energy technologies via social indicators: {Results} of a survey among {European} energy experts},
	volume = {38},
	copyright = {https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/},
	issn = {03014215},
	shorttitle = {Sustainability assessment of energy technologies via social indicators},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301421509008143},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2009.10.055},
	abstract = {Sustainability assessment of energy technologies oftentimes fails to account for social repercussions and long-term negative effects and benefits of energy systems. As part of the NEEDS1 project, an expert-based set of social indicators was developed and verified by the European stakeholders with the objective of contributing in the development of social indicators for the assessment of societal effects of energy systems. For this purpose, scientific experts from four sample countries France, Germany, Italy and Switzerland were interviewed to assess 16 different energy systems on a specific stakeholder reviewed indicator set. The indicator set covers the four main criteria: ‘‘security and reliability of energy provision; ‘‘political stability and legitimacy’’; ‘‘social and individual risks’’ and ‘‘quality of life’’. This article will review the process of indicator development and assessment and highlight results for today’s most prominent and future energy technologies and some likely to make an impact in the future. Expert judgments varied considerably between countries and energy systems, with the exception of renewable technologies, which were overall positively assessed on almost all evaluation criteria.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	journal = {Energy Policy},
	author = {Gallego Carrera, Diana and Mack, Alexander},
	month = feb,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1030--1039},
}

Sustainability assessment of energy technologies oftentimes fails to account for social repercussions and long-term negative effects and benefits of energy systems. As part of the NEEDS1 project, an expert-based set of social indicators was developed and verified by the European stakeholders with the objective of contributing in the development of social indicators for the assessment of societal effects of energy systems. For this purpose, scientific experts from four sample countries France, Germany, Italy and Switzerland were interviewed to assess 16 different energy systems on a specific stakeholder reviewed indicator set. The indicator set covers the four main criteria: ‘‘security and reliability of energy provision; ‘‘political stability and legitimacy’’; ‘‘social and individual risks’’ and ‘‘quality of life’’. This article will review the process of indicator development and assessment and highlight results for today’s most prominent and future energy technologies and some likely to make an impact in the future. Expert judgments varied considerably between countries and energy systems, with the exception of renewable technologies, which were overall positively assessed on almost all evaluation criteria.

@article{bauer_german_2010,
	title = {German central solar heating plants with seasonal heat storage},
	volume = {84},
	copyright = {https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/},
	issn = {0038092X},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0038092X09001224},
	doi = {10.1016/j.solener.2009.05.013},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	journal = {Solar Energy},
	author = {Bauer, D. and Marx, R. and Nußbicker-Lux, J. and Ochs, F. and Heidemann, W. and Müller-Steinhagen, H.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {612--623},
}

@misc{geofar_financial_2010,
	title = {Financial instruments as support for the exploitation of geothermal energy},
	url = {https://geocom.geonardo.com/assets/elearning/9.8.geofar_report_eng2.pdf},
	urldate = {2024-04-30},
	author = {GEOFAR},
	year = {2010},
}

@inproceedings{beardsmore_protocol_2010,
	title = {A {Protocol} for {Estimating} and {Mapping} {Global} {EGS} {Potential}},
	url = {https://www.geothermal-energy.org/pdf/IGAstandard/AGEC/2010/Beardsmore_et_al_B_2010.pdf},
	abstract = {We present a Protocol to estimate and map the Theoretical and Technical potential for Engineered Geothermal Systems (EGS) in a globally self-consistent manner compatible with current public geothermal Reporting Codes. The goal of the Protocol is to standardise the production of regional estimates and maps of EGS potential so that they are directly comparable to one another globally. The Protocol is divided into five stages: 1. Model the temperature, heat flow and available heat of the Earth’s crust to a depth of 10,000 m 2. Estimate the Theoretical Potential for EGS power in the crust to a depth of 10,000 m 3. Estimate the Technical Potential that can be realized with current technology, and considering geographic, ecologic, legal and regulatory restrictions 4. Define a level of confidence in the estimated Technical Potential at each location, consistent with public Reporting Codes 5. Present results using KML visualization and data architecture The maps, estimates and source data underpinning the estimates and maps will be made freely available for public use and presented in the Keyhole Markup Language (KML) for Google Earth.},
	urldate = {2021-01-21},
	booktitle = {Australian {Geothermal} {Conference} 2010 {A}},
	author = {Beardsmore, Graeme and Rybach, Ladislaus and Blackwell, David and Baron, Charles},
	year = {2010},
}

We present a Protocol to estimate and map the Theoretical and Technical potential for Engineered Geothermal Systems (EGS) in a globally self-consistent manner compatible with current public geothermal Reporting Codes. The goal of the Protocol is to standardise the production of regional estimates and maps of EGS potential so that they are directly comparable to one another globally. The Protocol is divided into five stages: 1. Model the temperature, heat flow and available heat of the Earth’s crust to a depth of 10,000 m 2. Estimate the Theoretical Potential for EGS power in the crust to a depth of 10,000 m 3. Estimate the Technical Potential that can be realized with current technology, and considering geographic, ecologic, legal and regulatory restrictions 4. Define a level of confidence in the estimated Technical Potential at each location, consistent with public Reporting Codes 5. Present results using KML visualization and data architecture The maps, estimates and source data underpinning the estimates and maps will be made freely available for public use and presented in the Keyhole Markup Language (KML) for Google Earth.

@article{reed_whos_2009,
	title = {Who's in and why? {A} typology of stakeholder analysis methods for natural resource management},
	volume = {90},
	copyright = {https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/},
	issn = {03014797},
	shorttitle = {Who's in and why?},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301479709000024},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.01.001},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Journal of Environmental Management},
	author = {Reed, Mark S. and Graves, Anil and Dandy, Norman and Posthumus, Helena and Hubacek, Klaus and Morris, Joe and Prell, Christina and Quinn, Claire H. and Stringer, Lindsay C.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1933--1949},
}

@article{mahapatra_influencing_2009,
	title = {Influencing {Swedish} homeowners to adopt district heating system},
	volume = {86},
	copyright = {https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/},
	issn = {03062619},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306261908000743},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2008.03.011},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Applied Energy},
	author = {Mahapatra, Krushna and Gustavsson, Leif},
	month = feb,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {144--154},
}

@article{oliver-sola_environmental_2009,
	title = {Environmental impacts of the infrastructure for district heating in urban neighbourhoods},
	volume = {37},
	copyright = {https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/},
	issn = {03014215},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301421509004418},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2009.06.025},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Energy Policy},
	author = {Oliver-Solà, Jordi and Gabarrell, Xavier and Rieradevall, Joan},
	month = nov,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {4711--4719},
}

@article{del_rio_empirical_2009,
	title = {An empirical analysis of the impact of renewable energy deployment on local sustainability},
	volume = {13},
	copyright = {https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/},
	issn = {13640321},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364032108001044},
	doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2008.08.001},
	abstract = {It is usually mentioned that renewable energy sources (RES) have a large potential to contribute to the sustainable development of specific territories by providing them with a wide variety of socioeconomic benefits, including diversification of energy supply, enhanced regional and rural development opportunities, creation of a domestic industry and employment opportunities. The analysis of these benefits has usually been too general (i.e., mostly at the national level) and a focus on the regional and especially the local level has been lacking. This paper empirically analyses those benefits, by applying a conceptual and methodological framework previously developed by the authors to three renewable energy technologies in three different places in Spain. With the help of case studies, the paper shows that the contribution of RES to the economic and social dimensions of sustainable development might be significant. Particularly important is employment creation in these areas. Although, in absolute terms, the number of jobs created may not be high, it may be so with respect to the existing jobs in the areas considered. Socioeconomic benefits depend on several factors, and not only on the type of renewable energy, as has usually been mentioned. The specific socioeconomic features of the territories, including the productive structure of the area, the relationships between the stakeholders and the involvement of the local actors in the renewable energy project may play a relevant role in this regard. Furthermore, other local (socioeconomic) sustainability aspects beyond employment creation should be considered. ß 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6-7},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
	author = {Del Río, Pablo and Burguillo, Mercedes},
	month = aug,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1314--1325},
}

It is usually mentioned that renewable energy sources (RES) have a large potential to contribute to the sustainable development of specific territories by providing them with a wide variety of socioeconomic benefits, including diversification of energy supply, enhanced regional and rural development opportunities, creation of a domestic industry and employment opportunities. The analysis of these benefits has usually been too general (i.e., mostly at the national level) and a focus on the regional and especially the local level has been lacking. This paper empirically analyses those benefits, by applying a conceptual and methodological framework previously developed by the authors to three renewable energy technologies in three different places in Spain. With the help of case studies, the paper shows that the contribution of RES to the economic and social dimensions of sustainable development might be significant. Particularly important is employment creation in these areas. Although, in absolute terms, the number of jobs created may not be high, it may be so with respect to the existing jobs in the areas considered. Socioeconomic benefits depend on several factors, and not only on the type of renewable energy, as has usually been mentioned. The specific socioeconomic features of the territories, including the productive structure of the area, the relationships between the stakeholders and the involvement of the local actors in the renewable energy project may play a relevant role in this regard. Furthermore, other local (socioeconomic) sustainability aspects beyond employment creation should be considered. ß 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

@article{reed_whos_2009,
	title = {Who's in and why? {A} typology of stakeholder analysis methods for natural resource management},
	volume = {90},
	copyright = {https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/},
	issn = {03014797},
	shorttitle = {Who's in and why?},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301479709000024},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.01.001},
	abstract = {Stakeholder analysis means many things to different people. Various methods and approaches have been developed in different fields for different purposes, leading to confusion over the concept and practice of stakeholder analysis. This paper asks how and why stakeholder analysis should be conducted for participatory natural resource management research. This is achieved by reviewing the development of stakeholder analysis in business management, development and natural resource management. The normative and instrumental theoretical basis for stakeholder analysis is discussed, and a stakeholder analysis typology is proposed. This consists of methods for: i) identifying stakeholders; ii) differentiating between and categorising stakeholders; and iii) investigating relationships between stakeholders. The range of methods that can be used to carry out each type of analysis is reviewed. These methods and approaches are then illustrated through a series of case studies funded through the Rural Economy and Land Use (RELU) programme. These case studies show the wide range of participatory and non-participatory methods that can be used, and discuss some of the challenges and limitations of existing methods for stakeholder analysis. The case studies also propose new tools and combinations of methods that can more effectively identify and categorise stakeholders and help understand their inter-relationships.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	journal = {Journal of Environmental Management},
	author = {Reed, Mark S. and Graves, Anil and Dandy, Norman and Posthumus, Helena and Hubacek, Klaus and Morris, Joe and Prell, Christina and Quinn, Claire H. and Stringer, Lindsay C.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1933--1949},
}

Stakeholder analysis means many things to different people. Various methods and approaches have been developed in different fields for different purposes, leading to confusion over the concept and practice of stakeholder analysis. This paper asks how and why stakeholder analysis should be conducted for participatory natural resource management research. This is achieved by reviewing the development of stakeholder analysis in business management, development and natural resource management. The normative and instrumental theoretical basis for stakeholder analysis is discussed, and a stakeholder analysis typology is proposed. This consists of methods for: i) identifying stakeholders; ii) differentiating between and categorising stakeholders; and iii) investigating relationships between stakeholders. The range of methods that can be used to carry out each type of analysis is reviewed. These methods and approaches are then illustrated through a series of case studies funded through the Rural Economy and Land Use (RELU) programme. These case studies show the wide range of participatory and non-participatory methods that can be used, and discuss some of the challenges and limitations of existing methods for stakeholder analysis. The case studies also propose new tools and combinations of methods that can more effectively identify and categorise stakeholders and help understand their inter-relationships.

@article{noauthor_corporate_2008,
	title = {Corporate {Guide} to {Green} {Power} {Markets}},
	url = {https://www.wri.org/research/corporate-guide-green-power-markets},
	abstract = {SynopsisThe Corporate Guide to Green Power Markets is designed to help corporations understand, explore, and evaluate renewable energy opportunities. The Guide consists of a series of installments that explore different aspects of corporate markets for green power, based on WRI's experience with the Green Power Market Development Group. Executive SummaryIndividual installments are listed to the right.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-09-19},
	month = feb,
	year = {2008},
}

SynopsisThe Corporate Guide to Green Power Markets is designed to help corporations understand, explore, and evaluate renewable energy opportunities. The Guide consists of a series of installments that explore different aspects of corporate markets for green power, based on WRI's experience with the Green Power Market Development Group. Executive SummaryIndividual installments are listed to the right.

@article{mahapatra_adopter-centric_2008,
	title = {An adopter-centric approach to analyze the diffusion patterns of innovative residential heating systems in {Sweden}},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {0301-4215},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421507004387},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2007.10.006},
	abstract = {Innovation and diffusion of renewable energy technologies play a major role in mitigation of climate change. In Sweden replacing electric and oil heating systems with innovative heating systems such as district heating, heat pumps and wood pellet boilers in detached homes is a significant mitigation option. Using an adopter-centric approach, we analyzed the influence of investment subsidy on conversion of resistance heaters and oil boilers, and the variation in diffusion pattern of district heating, heat pumps and pellet boilers in Swedish detached homes. Results from questionnaire surveys of 1500 randomly selected homeowners in September 2004 and January 2007 showed that more than 80\% of the respondents did not intend to install a new heating system. Hence, about 37\% of the homeowners still have electric and oil heating systems. The government investment subsidy was important for conversion from a resistance heater, but not from an oil boiler. This is because homeowners currently replacing their oil boilers are the laggards, while those replacing resistance heaters are the ‘early adopters’. Economic aspects and functional reliability were the most important factors for the homeowners when considering a new heating system. There is a variation in the perceived advantages associated with each of the innovative heating systems and therefore, the diffusion patterns of such systems vary. Installers and interpersonal sources were the most important communication channels for information on heating systems.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Energy Policy},
	author = {Mahapatra, Krushna and Gustavsson, Leif},
	month = feb,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Heating system, Homeowner, Survey},
	pages = {577--590},
}

Innovation and diffusion of renewable energy technologies play a major role in mitigation of climate change. In Sweden replacing electric and oil heating systems with innovative heating systems such as district heating, heat pumps and wood pellet boilers in detached homes is a significant mitigation option. Using an adopter-centric approach, we analyzed the influence of investment subsidy on conversion of resistance heaters and oil boilers, and the variation in diffusion pattern of district heating, heat pumps and pellet boilers in Swedish detached homes. Results from questionnaire surveys of 1500 randomly selected homeowners in September 2004 and January 2007 showed that more than 80% of the respondents did not intend to install a new heating system. Hence, about 37% of the homeowners still have electric and oil heating systems. The government investment subsidy was important for conversion from a resistance heater, but not from an oil boiler. This is because homeowners currently replacing their oil boilers are the laggards, while those replacing resistance heaters are the ‘early adopters’. Economic aspects and functional reliability were the most important factors for the homeowners when considering a new heating system. There is a variation in the perceived advantages associated with each of the innovative heating systems and therefore, the diffusion patterns of such systems vary. Installers and interpersonal sources were the most important communication channels for information on heating systems.

@article{del_rio_assessing_2008,
	title = {Assessing the impact of renewable energy deployment on local sustainability: {Towards} a theoretical framework},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1364-0321},
	shorttitle = {Assessing the impact of renewable energy deployment on local sustainability},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032107000433},
	doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2007.03.004},
	abstract = {Renewable energy sources (RES) have a large potential to contribute to the sustainable development (SD) of specific territories by providing them with a wide variety of socioeconomic and environmental benefits. However, the existing literature has put much emphasis on the environmental benefits (including the reduction of global and local pollutants), while socioeconomic impacts have not received a comparable attention. These include diversification of energy supply, enhanced regional and rural development opportunities, creation of a domestic industry and employment opportunities. With the exception of the diversification and security of energy supply, these benefits have usually been mentioned, but their analysis has been too general (i.e., mostly at the national level) and a focus on the regional and, even more so, the local level, has been lacking. At most, studies provide scattered evidence of some of those regional and local benefits, but without an integrated conceptual framework to analyse them. This paper tries to make a contribution in this regard by developing an integrated theoretical framework which allows a comprehensive analysis of the impact of renewable energy on local sustainability and which can be empirically applied to identify these benefits in different territories.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
	author = {del Río, Pablo and Burguillo, Mercedes},
	month = jun,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Local sustainability, Regional development, Renewable energy},
	pages = {1325--1344},
}

Renewable energy sources (RES) have a large potential to contribute to the sustainable development (SD) of specific territories by providing them with a wide variety of socioeconomic and environmental benefits. However, the existing literature has put much emphasis on the environmental benefits (including the reduction of global and local pollutants), while socioeconomic impacts have not received a comparable attention. These include diversification of energy supply, enhanced regional and rural development opportunities, creation of a domestic industry and employment opportunities. With the exception of the diversification and security of energy supply, these benefits have usually been mentioned, but their analysis has been too general (i.e., mostly at the national level) and a focus on the regional and, even more so, the local level, has been lacking. At most, studies provide scattered evidence of some of those regional and local benefits, but without an integrated conceptual framework to analyse them. This paper tries to make a contribution in this regard by developing an integrated theoretical framework which allows a comprehensive analysis of the impact of renewable energy on local sustainability and which can be empirically applied to identify these benefits in different territories.

@article{delrio_assessing_2008,
	title = {Assessing the impact of renewable energy deployment on local sustainability: {Towards} a theoretical framework},
	volume = {12},
	copyright = {https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/},
	issn = {13640321},
	shorttitle = {Assessing the impact of renewable energy deployment on local sustainability},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364032107000433},
	doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2007.03.004},
	abstract = {Renewable energy sources (RES) have a large potential to contribute to the sustainable development (SD) of specific territories by providing them with a wide variety of socioeconomic and environmental benefits. However, the existing literature has put much emphasis on the environmental bene��ts (including the reduction of global and local pollutants), while socioeconomic impacts have not received a comparable attention. These include diversification of energy supply, enhanced regional and rural development opportunities, creation of a domestic industry and employment opportunities. With the exception of the diversification and security of energy supply, these benefits have usually been mentioned, but their analysis has been too general (i.e., mostly at the national level) and a focus on the regional and, even more so, the local level, has been lacking. At most, studies provide scattered evidence of some of those regional and local benefits, but without an integrated conceptual framework to analyse them. This paper tries to make a contribution in this regard by developing an integrated theoretical framework which allows a comprehensive analysis of the impact of renewable energy on local sustainability and which can be empirically applied to identify these benefits in different territories.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
	author = {Delrio, P and Burguillo, M},
	month = jun,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {1325--1344},
}

Renewable energy sources (RES) have a large potential to contribute to the sustainable development (SD) of specific territories by providing them with a wide variety of socioeconomic and environmental benefits. However, the existing literature has put much emphasis on the environmental bene��ts (including the reduction of global and local pollutants), while socioeconomic impacts have not received a comparable attention. These include diversification of energy supply, enhanced regional and rural development opportunities, creation of a domestic industry and employment opportunities. With the exception of the diversification and security of energy supply, these benefits have usually been mentioned, but their analysis has been too general (i.e., mostly at the national level) and a focus on the regional and, even more so, the local level, has been lacking. At most, studies provide scattered evidence of some of those regional and local benefits, but without an integrated conceptual framework to analyse them. This paper tries to make a contribution in this regard by developing an integrated theoretical framework which allows a comprehensive analysis of the impact of renewable energy on local sustainability and which can be empirically applied to identify these benefits in different territories.

@article{walker_harnessing_2007,
	title = {Harnessing {Community} {Energies}: {Explaining} and {Evaluating} {Community}-{Based} {Localism} in {Renewable} {Energy} {Policy} in the {UK}},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {1526-3800, 1536-0091},
	shorttitle = {Harnessing {Community} {Energies}},
	url = {https://direct.mit.edu/glep/article/7/2/64-82/14406},
	doi = {10.1162/glep.2007.7.2.64},
	abstract = {In the UK a new theme has emerged in policy discourse and the investment of public resources around the concept of community renewable energy. A series of central government funded programs have been established with the aim of supporting and subsidizing community-based projects at a local level, an approach to renewable energy development previously the domain of alternative technology activists working outside of the mainstream. Drawing upon policy analysis and interviews undertaken with key actors, we argue that this new theme of government policy has emerged through a coalescence of largely instrumental policy drivers and does not represent a broader paradigmatic shift in the underlying norms and goals of policy. We consider the different ways the community label has been used and argue that while it has provided a ºexible space that activities, interests and objectives of various forms can occupy, its functional malleability also means that the communitarian expectations of participatory involvement are not being widely pursued or realized. Implications are considered for how, in the context of the governance of climate change, the outcomes of public investment in community renewable energy should be evaluated.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-06-28},
	journal = {Global Environmental Politics},
	author = {Walker, Gordon and Hunter, Sue and Devine-Wright, Patrick and Evans, Bob and Fay, Helen},
	month = may,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {64--82},
}

In the UK a new theme has emerged in policy discourse and the investment of public resources around the concept of community renewable energy. A series of central government funded programs have been established with the aim of supporting and subsidizing community-based projects at a local level, an approach to renewable energy development previously the domain of alternative technology activists working outside of the mainstream. Drawing upon policy analysis and interviews undertaken with key actors, we argue that this new theme of government policy has emerged through a coalescence of largely instrumental policy drivers and does not represent a broader paradigmatic shift in the underlying norms and goals of policy. We consider the different ways the community label has been used and argue that while it has provided a ºexible space that activities, interests and objectives of various forms can occupy, its functional malleability also means that the communitarian expectations of participatory involvement are not being widely pursued or realized. Implications are considered for how, in the context of the governance of climate change, the outcomes of public investment in community renewable energy should be evaluated.

@article{habeebullah_economic_2007,
	title = {Economic feasibility of thermal energy storage systems},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {03787788},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S037877880600199X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.07.006},
	abstract = {This paper investigates the economic feasibility of both building an ice thermal storage and structure a time of rate tariff for the unique air conditioning (A/C) plant of the Grand Holy Mosque of Makkah, Saudi Arabia. The features of the building are unique where the air-conditioned 39,300 m2 zone is open to the atmosphere and the worshippers fully occupy the building five times a day, in addition hundreds of thousands of worshippers attend the blessed weekend’s prayer at noontime, which escalates the peak electricity load.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2023-05-11},
	journal = {Energy and Buildings},
	author = {Habeebullah, B.A.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {355--363},
}

This paper investigates the economic feasibility of both building an ice thermal storage and structure a time of rate tariff for the unique air conditioning (A/C) plant of the Grand Holy Mosque of Makkah, Saudi Arabia. The features of the building are unique where the air-conditioned 39,300 m2 zone is open to the atmosphere and the worshippers fully occupy the building five times a day, in addition hundreds of thousands of worshippers attend the blessed weekend’s prayer at noontime, which escalates the peak electricity load.

@article{pruess_enhanced_2006,
	title = {Enhanced geothermal systems ({EGS}) using {CO2} as working fluid—{A} novel approach for generating renewable energy with simultaneous sequestration of carbon},
	volume = {35},
	copyright = {https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/},
	issn = {03756505},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0375650506000460},
	doi = {10.1016/j.geothermics.2006.08.002},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	journal = {Geothermics},
	author = {Pruess, Karsten},
	month = aug,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {351--367},
}

@techreport{tester2006,
	address = {Idaho},
	title = {The {Future} of {Geothermal} {Energy}. {Impact} of {Enhanced} {Geothermal} {Systems} ({EGS}) on the {United} {States} in the 21st {Century}},
	url = {https://energy.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2006/11/MITEI-The-Future-of-Geothermal-Energy.pdf},
	abstract = {Recent national focus on the value of increasing our supply of indigenous, renewable energy underscores the need for reevaluating all alternatives, particularly those that are large and welldistributed nationally. This analysis will help determine how we can enlarge and diversify the portfolio of options we should be vigorously pursuing. One such option that is often ignored is geothermal energy, produced from both conventional hydrothermal and Enhanced (or engineered) Geothermal Systems (EGS). An 18-member assessment panel was assembled in September 2005 to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of EGS becoming a major supplier of primary energy for U.S. base-load generation capacity by 2050. This report documents the work of the panel at three separate levels of detail. The first is a Synopsis, which provides a brief overview of the scope, motivation, approach, major findings, and recommendations of the panel. At the second level, an Executive Summary reviews each component of the study, providing major results and findings. The third level provides full documentation in eight chapters, with each detailing the scope, approach, and results of the analysis and modeling conducted in each area.},
	urldate = {2021-01-22},
	institution = {Idaho National Laboratory},
	author = {Tester, Jefferson W. and {et.al.}},
	year = {2006},
	note = {ISBN: 0615134386},
	pages = {372},
}

Recent national focus on the value of increasing our supply of indigenous, renewable energy underscores the need for reevaluating all alternatives, particularly those that are large and welldistributed nationally. This analysis will help determine how we can enlarge and diversify the portfolio of options we should be vigorously pursuing. One such option that is often ignored is geothermal energy, produced from both conventional hydrothermal and Enhanced (or engineered) Geothermal Systems (EGS). An 18-member assessment panel was assembled in September 2005 to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of EGS becoming a major supplier of primary energy for U.S. base-load generation capacity by 2050. This report documents the work of the panel at three separate levels of detail. The first is a Synopsis, which provides a brief overview of the scope, motivation, approach, major findings, and recommendations of the panel. At the second level, an Executive Summary reviews each component of the study, providing major results and findings. The third level provides full documentation in eight chapters, with each detailing the scope, approach, and results of the analysis and modeling conducted in each area.

@article{bryson_what_2004,
	title = {What to do when {Stakeholders} matter: {Stakeholder} {Identification} and {Analysis} {Techniques}},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {1471-9037, 1471-9045},
	shorttitle = {What to do when {Stakeholders} matter},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14719030410001675722},
	doi = {10.1080/14719030410001675722},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	journal = {Public Management Review},
	author = {Bryson, John M},
	month = mar,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {21--53},
}

@book{becker_international_2003,
	address = {Cheltenham, UK ; Northampton, MA, USA},
	title = {The {International} handbook of social impact assessment: conceptual and methodological advances},
	isbn = {978-1-84064-935-2},
	shorttitle = {The {International} handbook of social impact assessment},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Edward Elgar},
	editor = {Becker, H. A. and Vanclay, Frank},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {Community development, Evaluation, Evaluation research (Social action programs), Handbooks, manuals, etc, Social planning, Social policy},
}

@article{bryson_what_2003,
	title = {What {To} {Do} {When} {Stakeholders} {Matter}: {A} {Guide} to {Stakeholder} {Identification} and {Analysis} {Techniques}},
	abstract = {This paper begins with a review of the stakeholder concept in the literature on public and nonprofit management. The literature concurs on the need for stakeholder support to create winning coalitions, and to ensure the long-term viability of organizations, policies, plans, and programs, as well as communities, and even nations. Yet stakeholder analyses appear to be done far less frequently than might be advisable, so in the next section explores various reasons for this neglect. Next, a range of stakeholder identification and analysis techniques are reviewed. The techniques cover: getting started with stakeholder analyses; problem or issue identification; proposal development, review, and adoption; implementation; and participation process design. The paper argues that wise use of stakeholder analyses can help frame problems or issues that are solvable in ways that are technically feasible and politically acceptable, and that advance the common good. The paper’s concluding section presents a number of recommendations for practice, research, and management education.},
	language = {en},
	author = {Bryson, John M},
	year = {2003},
}

This paper begins with a review of the stakeholder concept in the literature on public and nonprofit management. The literature concurs on the need for stakeholder support to create winning coalitions, and to ensure the long-term viability of organizations, policies, plans, and programs, as well as communities, and even nations. Yet stakeholder analyses appear to be done far less frequently than might be advisable, so in the next section explores various reasons for this neglect. Next, a range of stakeholder identification and analysis techniques are reviewed. The techniques cover: getting started with stakeholder analyses; problem or issue identification; proposal development, review, and adoption; implementation; and participation process design. The paper argues that wise use of stakeholder analyses can help frame problems or issues that are solvable in ways that are technically feasible and politically acceptable, and that advance the common good. The paper’s concluding section presents a number of recommendations for practice, research, and management education.

@article{kohl_system_2002,
	title = {System performance of a deep borehole heat exchanger},
	volume = {31},
	copyright = {https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/},
	issn = {03756505},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0375650502000317},
	doi = {10.1016/S0375-6505(02)00031-7},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	journal = {Geothermics},
	author = {Kohl, Thomas and Brenni, Renzo and Eugster, Walter},
	month = dec,
	year = {2002},
	pages = {687--708},
}

@book{hurter_suzanne_atlas_2002,
	address = {Luxembourg},
	title = {Atlas of geothermal resources in {Europe}},
	url = {https://op.europa.eu/s/xH19},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-02-10},
	publisher = {European Commission, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation},
	author = {Hurter, Suzanne and Haenel, Ralph},
	year = {2002},
}

@article{brugha_stakeholder_2000,
	title = {Stakeholder analysis: a review},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {14602237},
	shorttitle = {Stakeholder analysis},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/heapol/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/heapol/15.3.239},
	doi = {10.1093/heapol/15.3.239},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
	journal = {Health Policy and Planning},
	author = {Brugha, R.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2000},
	pages = {239--246},
}

@misc{noauthor_directive_2000,
	title = {Directive 2000/60/{EC} of the {European} {Parliament} and of the {Council} of 23 {October} 2000 establishing a framework for {Community} action in the field of water policy},
	volume = {327},
	url = {http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2000/60/oj/eng},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-23},
	month = oct,
	year = {2000},
}

@article{baria_european_1999,
	title = {European {HDR} research programme at {Soultz}-sous-{Forets} ({France}) 1987-1996},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {03756505},
	doi = {10.1016/S0375-6505(99)00036-X},
	abstract = {The site at Soultz-sous-Forets (France) has been selected as the future European HDR research site (Garnish, J., Baria, R., Baumgartner, J., Gerard, A., 1994. GRC Trans. 18, 431-438; Baria, R., 1990. Proceedings of Camborne School of Mines. International HDR Conference, June 1989, p. 613. Robertson Scientific Publications, London). Since 1987, extensive testing of the underground has been carried out using a single well (GPK1), initially to a depth of 2000 m and then to a depth of around 3590 m. From 1995 onwards the testing of the underground has utilized two deep wells. The hydraulic tests carried out in 1993-1994 demonstrated the potential of the site as a future European Scientific Prototype. In particular, the tests showed that in the Rhine graben the fracture network in the basement is well-developed, with a degree of permeability. While some minor fluid movement occurs naturally, hydraulic simulation has been shown to increase substantially the overall transmissivity. The Soultz site has been used for testing a modified or alternative facet of the concept of HDR developed in recent years. The geological setting also offers other advantages in terms of relatively low stimulation pressures, a characteristic that may simplify the task of developing a promising circulation system. A second deep well (GPK2) was drilled late in 1994, with the aim of developing circulation between the two deep wells. In 1995, GPK2 was stimulated for the first time and a short circulation test was attempted between the two deep wells. During 1996, GPK2 was stimulated again using higher flow rates to improve the injectivity further. It is planned to install the necessary infrastructure to carry out, during 1997, a 4-month circulation test at around 25 kg/s, using a downhole pump to produce from GPK2 and reinjecting the produced fluid into GPK1.},
	number = {4-5},
	urldate = {2020-12-31},
	journal = {Geothermics},
	author = {Baria, Roy and Baumgärtner, Jörg and Gérard, André and Jung, Reinhard and Garnish, John},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier Science Ltd},
	keywords = {France, HDR, Hot dry rock, Hydraulic stimulation, Seismic mapping, Soultz},
	pages = {655--669},
}

The site at Soultz-sous-Forets (France) has been selected as the future European HDR research site (Garnish, J., Baria, R., Baumgartner, J., Gerard, A., 1994. GRC Trans. 18, 431-438; Baria, R., 1990. Proceedings of Camborne School of Mines. International HDR Conference, June 1989, p. 613. Robertson Scientific Publications, London). Since 1987, extensive testing of the underground has been carried out using a single well (GPK1), initially to a depth of 2000 m and then to a depth of around 3590 m. From 1995 onwards the testing of the underground has utilized two deep wells. The hydraulic tests carried out in 1993-1994 demonstrated the potential of the site as a future European Scientific Prototype. In particular, the tests showed that in the Rhine graben the fracture network in the basement is well-developed, with a degree of permeability. While some minor fluid movement occurs naturally, hydraulic simulation has been shown to increase substantially the overall transmissivity. The Soultz site has been used for testing a modified or alternative facet of the concept of HDR developed in recent years. The geological setting also offers other advantages in terms of relatively low stimulation pressures, a characteristic that may simplify the task of developing a promising circulation system. A second deep well (GPK2) was drilled late in 1994, with the aim of developing circulation between the two deep wells. In 1995, GPK2 was stimulated for the first time and a short circulation test was attempted between the two deep wells. During 1996, GPK2 was stimulated again using higher flow rates to improve the injectivity further. It is planned to install the necessary infrastructure to carry out, during 1997, a 4-month circulation test at around 25 kg/s, using a downhole pump to produce from GPK2 and reinjecting the produced fluid into GPK1.

@article{kasanen_residential_1989,
	title = {Residential {Heating} {Choices} of {Finnish} {Households}},
	volume = {65},
	issn = {00130095},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/143777?origin=crossref},
	doi = {10.2307/143777},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-06-28},
	journal = {Economic Geography},
	author = {Kasanen, Pirkko and Lakshmanan, T. R.},
	month = apr,
	year = {1989},
	pages = {130},
}

@article{gringarten_reservoir_1978,
	title = {Reservoir lifetime and heat recovery factor in geothermal aquifers used for urban heating},
	volume = {117},
	issn = {00334553},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00879755},
	abstract = {Simple models are discussed to evaluate reservoir lifetime and heat recovery factor in geothermal aquifers used for urban heating. By comparing various single well and doublet production schemes, it is shown that reinjection of heat depleted water greatly enhances heat recovery and reservoir lifetime, and can be optimized for maximum heat production. It is concluded that geothermal aquifer production should be unitized, as is already done in oil and gas reservoirs. © 1978 Birkhäuser Verlag.},
	number = {1-2},
	journal = {Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH},
	author = {Gringarten, Alain C.},
	year = {1978},
	note = {Publisher: Birkhäuser-Verlag},
	keywords = {Doublet, Geothermal aquifer, Heat recovery factor, Reinjection, Reservoir lifetime},
	pages = {297--308},
}

Simple models are discussed to evaluate reservoir lifetime and heat recovery factor in geothermal aquifers used for urban heating. By comparing various single well and doublet production schemes, it is shown that reinjection of heat depleted water greatly enhances heat recovery and reservoir lifetime, and can be optimized for maximum heat production. It is concluded that geothermal aquifer production should be unitized, as is already done in oil and gas reservoirs. © 1978 Birkhäuser Verlag.

@article{muffler_methods_1978,
	title = {Methods for regional assessment of geothermal resources},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {03756505},
	doi = {10.1016/0375-6505(78)90002-0},
	abstract = {A consistent, agreed-upon terminology is prerequisite for geothermal resource assessment. Accordingly, we propose a logical, sequential subdivision of the "geothermal resource base", accepting its definition as all the thermal energy in the earth's crust under a given area, measured from mean annual temperature. That part of the resource base which is shallow enough to be tapped by production drilling is termed the "accessible resource base", and it in turn is divided into "useful" and "residual" components. The useful component (i.e. the thermal energy that could reasonably be extracted at costs competitive with other forms of energy at some specified future time) is termed the "geothermal resource". This in turn is divided into "economic" and "subeconomic" components, based on conditions existing at the time of assessment. In the format of a McKelvey diagram, this logic defines the vertical axis (degree of economic feasibility). The horizontal axis (degree of geologic assurance) contains "identified" and "undiscovered" components. "Reserve" is then designated as the identified economic resource. All categories should be expressed in units of thermal energy, with resource and reserve figures calculated at wellhead, prior to the inevitable large losses inherent in any practical thermal use or in conversion to electricity. Methods for assessing geothermal resources can be grouped into 4 classes: (a) surface thermal flux, (b) volume, (c) planar fracture and (d) magmatic heat budget. The volume method appears to be most useful because (1) it is applicable to virtually any geologic environment, (2) the required parameters can in Sprinciple be measured or estimated, (3) the inevitable errors are in part compensated and (4) the major uncertainties (recoverability and resupply) are amenable to resolution in the foreseeable future. The major weakness in all the methods rests in the estimation of how much of the accessible resource base can be extracted at some time in the future. In a manner similar to mineral and fuel assessment, this recoverability is expressed as a "recovery factor". For an ideally permeable hot-water system, the recovery factor may be as much as 50\% and seems to be independent of temperature. It must decrease as effective porosity (φe) decreases, but the relation between the two is little more than a guess. On the other hand, for favorable systems like Larderello that produce steam by a mechanism of intergranular vaporization, the recovery factor is probably around 15-20\%, decreasing to zero at an effective porosity of zero. According to the anlysis of Bodvarsson (1974), it increases with decreasing reservoir temperature, and as pointed out by Nathenson (1975a) is limited at low temperatures by the need to have sufficient reservoir pressure for extraction and use. The extent to which a geothermal reservoir can be resupplied with heat during "industrial" times of 10-100 yr can be evaluated using simple analytical models. The results, combined with gravity and levelling data of Hunt (1977) for Wairakei and Isherwood (1977) for The Geysers, confirm earlier conclusions by Ramey (1970) and Nathenson (1975a) that resupply to reservoirs producing only steam can be neglected, and the conclusion of Nathenson (1975a) that it may be significant for hot-water systems of high natural discharge. Major subjects that demand continuing investigation include: 1. 1. Determination of recovery factors as functions of temperature and effective porosity, particularly for hot-water systems. 2. 2. Evaluation of fluid recharge and heat resupply by repetitive gravity, levelling and underground temperature surveys in producing geothermal fields. 3. 3. Analysis of the extent to which a recovery factor can be enhanced by stimulation and by use of confined circulation loops. © 1979.},
	number = {2-4},
	journal = {Geothermics},
	author = {Muffler, P. and Cataldi, R.},
	year = {1978},
	keywords = {★},
	pages = {53--89},
}

A consistent, agreed-upon terminology is prerequisite for geothermal resource assessment. Accordingly, we propose a logical, sequential subdivision of the "geothermal resource base", accepting its definition as all the thermal energy in the earth's crust under a given area, measured from mean annual temperature. That part of the resource base which is shallow enough to be tapped by production drilling is termed the "accessible resource base", and it in turn is divided into "useful" and "residual" components. The useful component (i.e. the thermal energy that could reasonably be extracted at costs competitive with other forms of energy at some specified future time) is termed the "geothermal resource". This in turn is divided into "economic" and "subeconomic" components, based on conditions existing at the time of assessment. In the format of a McKelvey diagram, this logic defines the vertical axis (degree of economic feasibility). The horizontal axis (degree of geologic assurance) contains "identified" and "undiscovered" components. "Reserve" is then designated as the identified economic resource. All categories should be expressed in units of thermal energy, with resource and reserve figures calculated at wellhead, prior to the inevitable large losses inherent in any practical thermal use or in conversion to electricity. Methods for assessing geothermal resources can be grouped into 4 classes: (a) surface thermal flux, (b) volume, (c) planar fracture and (d) magmatic heat budget. The volume method appears to be most useful because (1) it is applicable to virtually any geologic environment, (2) the required parameters can in Sprinciple be measured or estimated, (3) the inevitable errors are in part compensated and (4) the major uncertainties (recoverability and resupply) are amenable to resolution in the foreseeable future. The major weakness in all the methods rests in the estimation of how much of the accessible resource base can be extracted at some time in the future. In a manner similar to mineral and fuel assessment, this recoverability is expressed as a "recovery factor". For an ideally permeable hot-water system, the recovery factor may be as much as 50% and seems to be independent of temperature. It must decrease as effective porosity (φe) decreases, but the relation between the two is little more than a guess. On the other hand, for favorable systems like Larderello that produce steam by a mechanism of intergranular vaporization, the recovery factor is probably around 15-20%, decreasing to zero at an effective porosity of zero. According to the anlysis of Bodvarsson (1974), it increases with decreasing reservoir temperature, and as pointed out by Nathenson (1975a) is limited at low temperatures by the need to have sufficient reservoir pressure for extraction and use. The extent to which a geothermal reservoir can be resupplied with heat during "industrial" times of 10-100 yr can be evaluated using simple analytical models. The results, combined with gravity and levelling data of Hunt (1977) for Wairakei and Isherwood (1977) for The Geysers, confirm earlier conclusions by Ramey (1970) and Nathenson (1975a) that resupply to reservoirs producing only steam can be neglected, and the conclusion of Nathenson (1975a) that it may be significant for hot-water systems of high natural discharge. Major subjects that demand continuing investigation include: 1. 1. Determination of recovery factors as functions of temperature and effective porosity, particularly for hot-water systems. 2. 2. Evaluation of fluid recharge and heat resupply by repetitive gravity, levelling and underground temperature surveys in producing geothermal fields. 3. 3. Analysis of the extent to which a recovery factor can be enhanced by stimulation and by use of confined circulation loops. © 1979.

@techreport{nathenson_physical_1975,
	title = {Physical factors determining the fraction of stored energy recoverable from hydrothermal convection systems and conduction-dominated areas},
	url = {http://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/7348122-0uaaMe/native/},
	language = {en},
	number = {USGS-OFR-75-525, 7348122},
	urldate = {2023-01-28},
	author = {Nathenson, M.},
	year = {1975},
	doi = {10.2172/7348122},
	pages = {USGS--OFR--75--525, 7348122},
}

@misc{noauthor_lca_nodate,
	title = {{LCA} {Tool}},
	url = {https://lca.geoenvi.eu/},
	urldate = {2024-09-19},
}

@misc{noauthor_energienutzungsplan_nodate,
	title = {Energienutzungsplan {\textbar} {Energie}-{Atlas} {Bayern}},
	url = {http://www.energieatlas.bayern.de/kommunen/energienutzungsplan},
	abstract = {Hier erfahren Sie, wie Sie für Ihre Kommune einen Energienutzungsplan aufstellen, was finanziell gefördert wird und wer Ihnen weiterhelfen kann.},
	language = {de},
	urldate = {2024-09-19},
}

Hier erfahren Sie, wie Sie für Ihre Kommune einen Energienutzungsplan aufstellen, was finanziell gefördert wird und wer Ihnen weiterhelfen kann.

@misc{noauthor_warmewende_nodate,
	title = {Wärmewende {\textbar} {Landkreis} {Lörrach} - {Gemeinsam} {Zukunft} gestalten},
	url = {https://www.loerrach-landkreis.de/Klimaschutz/Waermewende},
	urldate = {2024-09-19},
}

@misc{noauthor_warmewende_nodate,
	title = {Wärmewende {\textbar} {Landkreis} {Lörrach} - {Gemeinsam} {Zukunft} gestalten},
	url = {https://www.loerrach-landkreis.de/Klimaschutz/Waermewende},
	urldate = {2024-09-19},
}

@misc{noauthor_warmewende_nodate,
	title = {Wärmewende {\textbar} {Landkreis} {Lörrach} - {Gemeinsam} {Zukunft} gestalten},
	url = {https://www.loerrach-landkreis.de/Klimaschutz/Waermewende},
	urldate = {2024-09-19},
}

@misc{noauthor_warmewende_nodate,
	title = {Wärmewende {\textbar} {Landkreis} {Lörrach} - {Gemeinsam} {Zukunft} gestalten},
	url = {https://www.loerrach-landkreis.de/Klimaschutz/Waermewende},
	urldate = {2024-09-19},
}

@misc{noauthor_warmewende_nodate,
	title = {Wärmewende {\textbar} {Landkreis} {Lörrach} - {Gemeinsam} {Zukunft} gestalten},
	url = {https://www.loerrach-landkreis.de/Klimaschutz/Waermewende},
	urldate = {2024-09-19},
}

@misc{noauthor_warmewende_nodate,
	title = {Wärmewende {\textbar} {Landkreis} {Lörrach} - {Gemeinsam} {Zukunft} gestalten},
	url = {https://www.loerrach-landkreis.de/Klimaschutz/Waermewende},
	urldate = {2024-09-19},
}

@misc{noauthor_warmewende_nodate,
	title = {Wärmewende {\textbar} {Landkreis} {Lörrach} - {Gemeinsam} {Zukunft} gestalten},
	url = {https://www.loerrach-landkreis.de/Klimaschutz/Waermewende},
	urldate = {2024-09-19},
}

@misc{noauthor_warmewende_nodate,
	title = {Wärmewende {\textbar} {Landkreis} {Lörrach} - {Gemeinsam} {Zukunft} gestalten},
	url = {https://www.loerrach-landkreis.de/Klimaschutz/Waermewende},
	urldate = {2024-09-19},
}

@misc{noauthor_warmewende_nodate,
	title = {Wärmewende {\textbar} {Landkreis} {Lörrach} - {Gemeinsam} {Zukunft} gestalten},
	url = {https://www.loerrach-landkreis.de/Klimaschutz/Waermewende},
	urldate = {2024-09-19},
}

@misc{noauthor_warmewende_nodate,
	title = {Wärmewende {\textbar} {Landkreis} {Lörrach} - {Gemeinsam} {Zukunft} gestalten},
	url = {https://www.loerrach-landkreis.de/Klimaschutz/Waermewende},
	urldate = {2024-09-19},
}

@misc{noauthor_warmewende_nodate,
	title = {Wärmewende {\textbar} {Landkreis} {Lörrach} - {Gemeinsam} {Zukunft} gestalten},
	url = {https://www.loerrach-landkreis.de/Klimaschutz/Waermewende},
	urldate = {2024-09-19},
}

@misc{noauthor_reseaux_nodate,
	title = {Réseaux de chaleur, ça met tout le monde raccord},
	url = {https://fondschaleur.ademe.fr/reseau-de-chaleur/},
	language = {fr-FR},
	urldate = {2024-09-19},
	journal = {Le Fonds Chaleur},
}

@misc{noauthor_geothermie_nodate,
	title = {Géothermie, sous les pavés la solution},
	url = {https://fondschaleur.ademe.fr/geothermie/},
	language = {fr-FR},
	urldate = {2024-09-19},
	journal = {Le Fonds Chaleur},
}

@misc{noauthor_energy_nodate,
	title = {Energy},
	url = {https://www.eib.org/en/projects/topics/energy-natural-resources/energy/index.htm},
	abstract = {The promotion of sustainable, competitive and secure sources of energy is a key EU policy objective and an important sector for EIB financing.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-09-19},
	journal = {EIB.org},
}

The promotion of sustainable, competitive and secure sources of energy is a key EU policy objective and an important sector for EIB financing.

@misc{noauthor_energy_nodate,
	title = {Energy {Investment} {Allowance} ({EIA}) {\textbar} {Business}.gov.nl},
	url = {https://business.gov.nl/subsidy/energy-investment-allowance/},
	abstract = {If your company in the Netherlands invests in energy-efficient technologies or assets, you may be eligible for the Energy Investment Allowance (EIA). Read more.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-08-02},
}

If your company in the Netherlands invests in energy-efficient technologies or assets, you may be eligible for the Energy Investment Allowance (EIA). Read more.

@article{erbach_eprs_nodate,
	title = {{EPRS} {\textbar} {European} {Parliamentary} {Research} {Service}},
	language = {en},
	author = {Erbach, Gregor and Jensen, Liselotte and Chahri, Samy and Claros, Eulalia},
}

@article{martini_status_nodate,
	title = {Status quo report on regulatory and policy framework in the context of {geoHC} networks in {Europe}},
	language = {en},
	author = {Martini, Emil and Dumas, Philippe},
}

@misc{noauthor_geothermie_nodate,
	title = {Geothermie: ecologische innovatie},
	shorttitle = {Geothermie},
	url = {https://www.janssen.com/belgium/nl/geothermie},
	abstract = {Warmtenet en diepe geothermie met steun van:},
	language = {nl-BE},
	urldate = {2024-07-08},
	journal = {Janssen België},
}

Warmtenet en diepe geothermie met steun van:

@misc{noauthor_historic_nodate,
	type = {Figure},
	title = {Historic and expected share of renewable energy sources in {EU} heating and cooling (\%)},
	copyright = {EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (https://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA).},
	url = {https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/historic-and-expected-share-of},
	abstract = {Information on the environment for those involved in developing, adopting, implementing and evaluating environmental policy, and also the general public},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-07-04},
	journal = {European Environment Agency},
}

Information on the environment for those involved in developing, adopting, implementing and evaluating environmental policy, and also the general public

@misc{noauthor_energy_nodate,
	title = {Energy consumption in households},
	url = {https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Energy_consumption_in_households},
	abstract = {description},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-07-04},
}

description

@misc{imperatore_pattern_nodate,
	title = {Pattern stakeholder analysis. {Pattern} {Deliverable} 2.1},
	author = {Imperatore, P. and Padovan, D.},
}

@misc{bjorgvinsson_reports_nodate,
	title = {Reports on market actors mapping and engagement strategies. {GeoEnvi} {Deliverable} 5.1},
	url = {https://www.geoenvi.eu/publications/reports-on-market-actors-mapping-and-engagement-strategies/},
	author = {Björgvinsson and Bonciani and Torsello},
}

@misc{hildebrand_guidelines_nodate,
	title = {Guidelines for public engagement. {Crowdthermal} {Deliverable} {D1}.4},
	url = {https://www.crowdthermalproject.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/CROWDTHERMAL-D1.4.pdf},
	author = {Hildebrand and Klein and Wagner and Jahns},
}

@misc{innovation_fund_denmark_societal_nodate,
	title = {Societal {Readiness} {Levels} ({SRL})},
	url = {https://innovationsfonden.dk/sites/default/files/2019-03/societal_readiness_levels_-_srl.pdf},
	author = {Innovation Fund Denmark},
}

@misc{geerdink_guideline_nodate,
	title = {Guideline {Societal} {Embeddedness} {Assessment}. {DigiMon} {Deliverable} 3.1},
	url = {https://publications.tno.nl/publication/34640498/YKrKTn/geerdink-2020-guideline.pdf},
	author = {Geerdink, Tara and Sprenkeling, Marit and Slob, Adriaan and Puts, Hanneke},
}

@misc{hildebran_international_nodate,
	title = {International {Review} of {Public} {Perception} {Studies}. {Crowdthermal} {Deliverable} {D1}.1},
	url = {https://www.crowdthermalproject.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/CROWDTHERMAL-D1.1_IZES.pdf},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
	author = {Hildebran, Jan and Rühmland, Silke and Klein, Kathrin},
}

@misc{noauthor_overview_nodate,
	title = {Overview of heating and cooling - {Perceptions}, markets and regulatory frameworks for decarbonisation. {Deliverables} (5), and executive summary and the final report - {European} {Commission}},
	url = {https://energy.ec.europa.eu/publications/overview-heating-and-cooling-perceptions-markets-and-regulatory-frameworks-decarbonisation_en},
	abstract = {TOPIC {\textbar} Heating and cooling},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-27},
}

TOPIC \textbar Heating and cooling

@article{born_roadmap_nodate,
	title = {Roadmap {Oberflächennahe} {Geothermie}},
	url = {https://publica.fraunhofer.de/entities/publication/d0161f64-5aa4-4dd4-ab17-1a6d68ba0921/details},
	abstract = {Die vorliegende Studie wurde durch die Fraunhofer IEG, Fraunhofer-Einrichtung für Energieinfrastrukturen und Geothermie IEG, mit Unterstützung des Bundesverbandes Geothermie (BVG), des Bundesverbandes Wärmepumpe (BWP) und der Erdwärme Gemeinschaft Bayern erstellt.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-21},
	author = {Born, Holger and Bracke, Rolf and Eicker, Timm and Rath, Michael},
}

Die vorliegende Studie wurde durch die Fraunhofer IEG, Fraunhofer-Einrichtung für Energieinfrastrukturen und Geothermie IEG, mit Unterstützung des Bundesverbandes Geothermie (BVG), des Bundesverbandes Wärmepumpe (BWP) und der Erdwärme Gemeinschaft Bayern erstellt.

@article{vanclay_international_nodate,
	title = {International {Association} for {Impact} {Assessment}},
	language = {en},
	author = {Vanclay, Frank and Esteves, Ana Maria and Aucamp, Ilse and Research, Equispectives and Franks, Daniel M},
}

@article{franks_social_nodate,
	title = {Social impact assessment of resource projects},
	language = {en},
	author = {Franks, Daniel},
}

@article{geerdink_d31_nodate,
	title = {D3.1. {Guideline} {Societal} {Embeddedness} {Assessment} {DigiMon}},
	language = {en},
	author = {Geerdink, Tara and Sprenkeling, Marit and Slob, Adriaan and Puts, Hanneke},
}

@article{buscher_sreoacdiailnaecsscelpetvaenlsce_nodate,
	title = {{SReoacdiailnAecssceLpetvaenlsce} and {Societal}},
	language = {en},
	author = {Büscher, Monika and Spurling, Nicola},
}

@article{boutilier_modelling_nodate,
	title = {{MODELLING} {AND} {MEASURING} {THE} {SOCIAL} {LICENSE} {TO} {OPERATE}: {FRUITS} {OF} {A} {DIALOGUE} {BETWEEN} {THEORY} {AND} {PRACTICE}},
	abstract = {This outline traces the development of a conceptual model of the social license to operate. The development process was a conversation between theory and practice over a number of years. An original study of the levels of acceptance of a local mine across a 15 year period led to the conceptualization of the social license presented in the Thomson and Boutilier (2011) chapter. That was followed by attempts to measure the social license quantitatively in a survey of the stakeholder of the same mine. On a 5-point scale, representatives of stakeholder group for the same mine rated their agreement or disagreement with an initial pool of two dozen statements. Stakeholders’ verbal statements of support or opposition provided criterion validation for the whole set of statements as an additive scale of the social license. However, sub-scales meant to measure Thomson and Boutilier’s levels of social license did not conform with the hypothesized cumulative nature of the levels. Over the past three years, the pool of statements was refined in studies of stakeholder networks in Australia, Bolivia, and Mexico. The latest version consists of 15 statements, which were used earlier this year at the original mine in Bolivia. A factor analysis revealed four factors that did conform with the cumulative nature of the levels of social license, but which, in the process, suggested a modification to the model. Continuing the dialogue between theory and practice, we present the modified model and suggest ways it can focus mine management on a chronically neglected aspect of stakeholder relations, namely, the role of the corporation in fostering more equitable social contracts at local and regional levels in both developed and developing countries.},
	language = {en},
	author = {Boutilier, Robert G and Thomson, Ian},
}

This outline traces the development of a conceptual model of the social license to operate. The development process was a conversation between theory and practice over a number of years. An original study of the levels of acceptance of a local mine across a 15 year period led to the conceptualization of the social license presented in the Thomson and Boutilier (2011) chapter. That was followed by attempts to measure the social license quantitatively in a survey of the stakeholder of the same mine. On a 5-point scale, representatives of stakeholder group for the same mine rated their agreement or disagreement with an initial pool of two dozen statements. Stakeholders’ verbal statements of support or opposition provided criterion validation for the whole set of statements as an additive scale of the social license. However, sub-scales meant to measure Thomson and Boutilier’s levels of social license did not conform with the hypothesized cumulative nature of the levels. Over the past three years, the pool of statements was refined in studies of stakeholder networks in Australia, Bolivia, and Mexico. The latest version consists of 15 statements, which were used earlier this year at the original mine in Bolivia. A factor analysis revealed four factors that did conform with the cumulative nature of the levels of social license, but which, in the process, suggested a modification to the model. Continuing the dialogue between theory and practice, we present the modified model and suggest ways it can focus mine management on a chronically neglected aspect of stakeholder relations, namely, the role of the corporation in fostering more equitable social contracts at local and regional levels in both developed and developing countries.

@misc{noauthor_notitle_nodate,
	url = {file:///G:/Il%20mio%20Drive/SCIULLO/UNIVERSITA/Attivit%C3%A0_2022/SAPHEA_UNITO/Bibliografia/Social%20and%20Environmental%20Impact/},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
}

@misc{noauthor_notitle_nodate,
	url = {file:///G:/Il%20mio%20Drive/SCIULLO/UNIVERSITA/Attivit%C3%A0_2022/SAPHEA_UNITO/Bibliografia/Social%20and%20Environmental%20Impact/},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
}

@misc{noauthor_notitle_nodate,
	url = {file:///G:/Il%20mio%20Drive/SCIULLO/UNIVERSITA/Attivit%C3%A0_2022/SAPHEA_UNITO/Bibliografia/Social%20and%20Environmental%20Impact/},
	urldate = {2024-06-16},
}

@misc{noauthor_directive_nodate,
	title = {Directive - 2011/92 - {EN} - {EIA} - {EUR}-{Lex}},
	url = {https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2011/92/oj},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-13},
	note = {Doc ID: 32011L0092
Doc Sector: 3
Doc Title: Directive 2011/92/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment (codification) Text with EEA relevance
Doc Type: L
Usr\_lan: en},
}

@article{wees_editors_nodate,
	title = {{EDITORS} {Philippe} {Dumas}, {EGEC} {Madeleine} {Vander} {Velde}, {EGEC} {Consuelo} {Serrano}, {EGEC} {Adele} {Manzella}, {CNR}-{IGG}},
	language = {en},
	author = {Wees, Jan Diederik Van and Batini, Fausto},
}

@misc{noauthor_hdr-system_nodate,
	title = {{HDR}-{System}},
	url = {https://www.geothermie.de/bibliothek/lexikon-der-geothermie/h/hdr-system},
	abstract = {Geothermie ist nicht nur landschaftsschonend, kohlendioxidarm und nach menschlichem Ermessen unerschöpflich, sondern stellt ihre Energie darüber hinaus zuverlässig, grundlastfähig und zu stabilen Preisen zur Verfügung. Geothermie ist für den Verbraucher immer verfügbar, rund um die Uhr, wetterunabhängig und zu jeder Jahreszeit. Mit den bereits entwickelten Technologien ist es praktisch überall möglich, das Potenzial der Erdwärme zu nutzen: Geothermie ist Energie vor Ort.},
	language = {de-DE},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	journal = {Bundesverband Geothermie},
}

Geothermie ist nicht nur landschaftsschonend, kohlendioxidarm und nach menschlichem Ermessen unerschöpflich, sondern stellt ihre Energie darüber hinaus zuverlässig, grundlastfähig und zu stabilen Preisen zur Verfügung. Geothermie ist für den Verbraucher immer verfügbar, rund um die Uhr, wetterunabhängig und zu jeder Jahreszeit. Mit den bereits entwickelten Technologien ist es praktisch überall möglich, das Potenzial der Erdwärme zu nutzen: Geothermie ist Energie vor Ort.

@misc{noauthor_sco2_nodate,
	title = {{sCO2} {Power} {Systems}},
	url = {https://netl.doe.gov/node/7552},
	abstract = {Research and development is focused on developing high-efficiency, low-cost power generation based on supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2)-based power cycles. Supercritical carbon dioxide power cycles operate in a manner similar to other turbine cycles, but use CO2 as the working fluid. These cycles are operated above the critical point of CO2 so that it does not change phases, but rather undergoes drastic density changes over small ranges of temperature and pressure.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	journal = {netl.doe.gov},
}

Research and development is focused on developing high-efficiency, low-cost power generation based on supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2)-based power cycles. Supercritical carbon dioxide power cycles operate in a manner similar to other turbine cycles, but use CO2 as the working fluid. These cycles are operated above the critical point of CO2 so that it does not change phases, but rather undergoes drastic density changes over small ranges of temperature and pressure.

@misc{noauthor_eavor-deep_nodate,
	title = {Eavor-{Deep}™},
	url = {https://www.eavor.com/eavor-deep/},
	abstract = {Our next-generation geothermal demonstration project. Progress Completed 0 \% Our Journey to the Center of the Earth This project, code named ‘Eavor-Deep™’, is a test site where Eavor intends to drill the hottest directional and deepest geothermal well in history. This well will showcase Eavor’s proprietary drilling technology and will demonstrate all the components required […]},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	journal = {Eavor},
}

Our next-generation geothermal demonstration project. Progress Completed 0 % Our Journey to the Center of the Earth This project, code named ‘Eavor-Deep™’, is a test site where Eavor intends to drill the hottest directional and deepest geothermal well in history. This well will showcase Eavor’s proprietary drilling technology and will demonstrate all the components required […]

@misc{noauthor_technology_nodate,
	title = {Technology - {Eavor} - {Closed}-loop {Geothermal}, {Unlike} {Any} {Other}},
	url = {https://www.eavor.com/technology/},
	abstract = {Take a journey with us to explore Eavor's evolution, including its closed-loop geothermal systems. Join us in transforming our energy future.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	journal = {Eavor},
}

Take a journey with us to explore Eavor's evolution, including its closed-loop geothermal systems. Join us in transforming our energy future.

@misc{gmbh_mfernkalte_nodate,
	title = {M/{Fernkälte}},
	url = {https://www.swm.de/geschaeftskunden/fernkaelte},
	abstract = {Eine kostengünstige, umweltschonende und energieeffiziente Alternative zu konventionellen Klimaanlagen stellt die M-Fernkälte dar.},
	language = {de},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	author = {GmbH, Stadtwerke München},
}

Eine kostengünstige, umweltschonende und energieeffiziente Alternative zu konventionellen Klimaanlagen stellt die M-Fernkälte dar.

@misc{noauthor_riehen_nodate,
	title = {Riehen ({CH}) {\textbar} {Informationsportal} {Tiefe} {Geothermie}},
	url = {https://www.tiefegeothermie.de/projekte/riehen-ch},
	abstract = {Bereits 1980 begann die Planung zu dem Projekt. 1988 wurden beide Bohrungen RB-1 Bachtelenweg und RB-2 Stettenfeld abgeteuft. Seit 1989 liefert die Anlage Wärmeenergie.},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
}

Bereits 1980 begann die Planung zu dem Projekt. 1988 wurden beide Bohrungen RB-1 Bachtelenweg und RB-2 Stettenfeld abgeteuft. Seit 1989 liefert die Anlage Wärmeenergie.

@misc{noauthor_networked_nodate,
	title = {Networked {Geothermal} {Pilot} in {Massachusetts}},
	url = {https://www.eversource.com/content/residential/save-money-energy/clean-energy-options/geothermal-energy},
	abstract = {Determining if networked geothermal systems are a viable option to affordably heat and cool homes and businesses in New England with a pilot project in Framingham, Massachusetts.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	journal = {Eversource},
}

Determining if networked geothermal systems are a viable option to affordably heat and cool homes and businesses in New England with a pilot project in Framingham, Massachusetts.

@misc{absadmin_projet_nodate,
	title = {Projet démonstrateur : {Ecoquartier} à {Cadaujac}},
	shorttitle = {Projet démonstrateur},
	url = {https://www.ab-solar.fr/poc/},
	abstract = {L'écoquartier du "Domaine du moulin", un projet précurseur en matière de lutte contre le réchauffement climatique.},
	language = {fr-FR},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	journal = {AbSolar},
	author = {{AbSadmin}},
}

L'écoquartier du "Domaine du moulin", un projet précurseur en matière de lutte contre le réchauffement climatique.

@misc{noauthor_district_nodate,
	title = {The {District} {Heating} {System}: {DLSC}},
	url = {https://www.dlsc.ca/district.htm},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
}

@misc{noauthor_epa_nodate,
	title = {L'{EPA} {Paris}-{Saclay}},
	url = {https://epa-paris-saclay.fr/},
	abstract = {Aménager un pôle d'excellence scientifique et technologique sur un territoire durable et agréable à vivre.},
	language = {fr-FR},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
}

Aménager un pôle d'excellence scientifique et technologique sur un territoire durable et agréable à vivre.

@misc{noauthor_referenzobjekte_nodate,
	title = {Referenzobjekte},
	url = {https://www.waermepumpe.de/presse/referenzobjekte/},
	abstract = {Interessante und zukunftsweisende Objekte mit Wärmepumpe finden Sie hier! Suchen Sie in unserer Datenbank.},
	language = {de-DE},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	journal = {Bundesverband Wärmepumpe (BWP) e.V.},
}

Interessante und zukunftsweisende Objekte mit Wärmepumpe finden Sie hier! Suchen Sie in unserer Datenbank.

@misc{noauthor_csiro_nodate,
	title = {{CSIRO} ground water cooling},
	url = {https://groundwatercooling.csiro.au/},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
}

@misc{noauthor_projects_nodate,
	title = {Projects of {Common} {Interest} and {Projects} of {Mutual} {Interest}},
	url = {https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/infrastructure/projects-common-interest-and-projects-mutual-interest_en},
	abstract = {Energy infrastructure projects connecting EU countries with each other (PCIs) and with countries outside the EU (PMIs).},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-23},
}

Energy infrastructure projects connecting EU countries with each other (PCIs) and with countries outside the EU (PMIs).

@misc{noauthor_trans-european_nodate,
	title = {Trans-{European} {Networks} for {Energy}},
	url = {https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/infrastructure/trans-european-networks-energy_en},
	abstract = {Linking the energy infrastructure of EU countries.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-23},
}

Linking the energy infrastructure of EU countries.

@misc{noauthor_engie_nodate,
	title = {{ENGIE} accompagne dans sa transformation {Vélizy}-{Villacoublay}, ville précurseur de la transition zéro carbone {\textbar} {ENGIE}},
	url = {https://www.engie.com/velizy-villacoublay-ville-precurseur-zero-carbone},
	abstract = {Le président du Conseil d’Administration Jean-Pierre Clamadieu, la directrice générale du groupe ENGIE Isabelle Kocher et le Maire de Vélizy-Villacoublay Pascal Thévenot, ont présenté ce jour les innovations et dispositifs déployés par ENGIE Solutions au sein de la ville.},
	language = {fr},
	urldate = {2024-05-23},
	journal = {Engie.com},
}

Le président du Conseil d’Administration Jean-Pierre Clamadieu, la directrice générale du groupe ENGIE Isabelle Kocher et le Maire de Vélizy-Villacoublay Pascal Thévenot, ont présenté ce jour les innovations et dispositifs déployés par ENGIE Solutions au sein de la ville.

@misc{noauthor_legifrance_nodate,
	title = {Légifrance - {Le} service public de la diffusion du droit},
	url = {https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/},
	urldate = {2024-05-23},
}

@misc{jorgensen_politisk_nodate,
	title = {Politisk aftale giver håb for, at vi nu kan udnytte potentialet for geotermi},
	url = {https://danskfjernvarme.dk/aktuelt/nyheder/2022/politisk-aftale-giver-haab-for-at-vi-nu-kan-udnytte-potentialet-for-geotermi},
	abstract = {Dansk Fjernvarme hilser den nye prisregulering for geotermi velkommen. Geotermi har et stort potentiale i Danmark – og den nye prisregulering kan være med til at få det indfriet.},
	language = {da},
	urldate = {2024-05-23},
	journal = {Danskfjernvarme},
	author = {Jørgensen, Anders Balle},
}

Dansk Fjernvarme hilser den nye prisregulering for geotermi velkommen. Geotermi har et stort potentiale i Danmark – og den nye prisregulering kan være med til at få det indfriet.

@article{cuenot_deliverable_nodate,
	title = {Deliverable number: ({D}.4.1)},
	abstract = {In this report we analyse each of the GEOENVI national case study countries (Belgium, France, Iceland, Italy, Hungary, and Turkey) to gain a better overview of similarities and differences among national level geothermal environmental regulatory practice. After a general country overview, we analyse how the environmental regulations around deep geothermal energy are set-up in terms of definition, classification, and resource ownership. We find that definitions and rules for ownership are largely similar, but that classifications of different types of geothermal resources vary significantly. A mapping of permitting and licensing processes consequently addresses the type of permits required, permit durations, exclusivity arrangements etc. An interesting observation is the number of authorities involved in permitting that differs among countries. Moreover, Environmental Impact Assessment is present in each country, but the way it is incorporated in the overall permitting procedure differs.},
	language = {en},
	author = {Cuenot, Nicolas and Manzella, A and Botteghi, S and Donato, A and Giamberini, S and Torsello, L and Bonciani, D},
}

In this report we analyse each of the GEOENVI national case study countries (Belgium, France, Iceland, Italy, Hungary, and Turkey) to gain a better overview of similarities and differences among national level geothermal environmental regulatory practice. After a general country overview, we analyse how the environmental regulations around deep geothermal energy are set-up in terms of definition, classification, and resource ownership. We find that definitions and rules for ownership are largely similar, but that classifications of different types of geothermal resources vary significantly. A mapping of permitting and licensing processes consequently addresses the type of permits required, permit durations, exclusivity arrangements etc. An interesting observation is the number of authorities involved in permitting that differs among countries. Moreover, Environmental Impact Assessment is present in each country, but the way it is incorporated in the overall permitting procedure differs.

@misc{noauthor_regulation_nodate,
	title = {Regulation - 517/2014 - {EN} - {EUR}-{Lex}},
	url = {https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2014.150.01.0195.01.ENG},
	urldate = {2024-05-23},
}

@misc{noauthor_repowereu_nodate,
	type = {Text},
	title = {{REPowerEU}},
	url = {https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_22_3131},
	abstract = {REPowerEU: A plan to rapidly reduce dependence on Russian fossil fuels and fast forward the green transition*},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-23},
	journal = {European Commission - European Commission},
}

REPowerEU: A plan to rapidly reduce dependence on Russian fossil fuels and fast forward the green transition*

@article{kujbus_additional_nodate,
	title = {{ADDITIONAL} {CONTRIBUTORS}},
	language = {en},
	author = {Kujbus, Attila and van Gelder, Guus and Urchueguia, Javier F and de Valencia, Politécnica and Pockelé, Luc and Guglielmetti, Luca and Mazzagatti, Valeria and Serrano, Consuelo and Truong, Courtney},
}

@misc{noauthor_district_nodate,
	title = {District {Heating} - {Energy} {System}},
	url = {https://www.iea.org/energy-system/buildings/district-heating},
	abstract = {District heating involves generating heat in a centralized location and then distributing it to residences, businesses and industry in a local area.},
	language = {en-GB},
	urldate = {2024-05-23},
	journal = {IEA},
}

District heating involves generating heat in a centralized location and then distributing it to residences, businesses and industry in a local area.

@article{dumas_strategic_nodate,
	title = {Strategic {Research} and {Innovation} {Agenda}},
	language = {en},
	author = {Dumas, Philippe},
}

@misc{noauthor_egec_nodate,
	title = {{EGEC} {Geothermal} {Market} {Report} 2021},
	url = {https://www.egec.org/media-publications/egec-geothermal-market-report-2021/},
	abstract = {The publication of the EGEC Market Report provides an in-depth assessment of the geothermal industry’s evolution during the year 2021. The European geothermal sector made a strong recovery from the COVID slowdown in 2021. The headline developments were: The heating and cooling sector accounted for more than half of the new projects commissioned. Geothermal Heat […]},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2024-05-23},
	journal = {EGEC - European Geothermal Energy Council},
}

The publication of the EGEC Market Report provides an in-depth assessment of the geothermal industry’s evolution during the year 2021. The European geothermal sector made a strong recovery from the COVID slowdown in 2021. The headline developments were: The heating and cooling sector accounted for more than half of the new projects commissioned. Geothermal Heat […]

@misc{noauthor_egec_nodate,
	title = {{EGEC} {Geothermal} {Market} {Report} 2022},
	url = {https://www.egec.org/media-publications/egec-geothermal-market-report-2022/},
	abstract = {Unleashing Europe’s Geothermal Potential: The geothermal industry enjoyed growing market development but new installations must still triple by the end of the decade The publication of the EGEC Market Report provides an in-depth assessment of the geothermal industry’s evolution during the year 2022. For over a decade, the EGEC Geothermal Market report has been […]},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2024-05-23},
	journal = {EGEC - European Geothermal Energy Council},
}

Unleashing Europe’s Geothermal Potential: The geothermal industry enjoyed growing market development but new installations must still triple by the end of the decade The publication of the EGEC Market Report provides an in-depth assessment of the geothermal industry’s evolution during the year 2022. For over a decade, the EGEC Geothermal Market report has been […]

@article{dumas_financing_nodate,
	title = {{FINANCING} {DEEP} {GEOTHERMAL}: {INNOVATIVE} {SCHEMES} {FOR} {NEW} {BUSINESS} {MODELS}},
	abstract = {This paper aims to highlight the main financial barriers and the market conditions, and to propose innovative and differentiated tools for funding both geothermal heat and geothermal electricity. To this end, this document will put forward key recommendations for designing new and improving the functioning of existing public support schemes.},
	language = {en},
	author = {Dumas, Philippe and Garabetian, Thomas},
}

This paper aims to highlight the main financial barriers and the market conditions, and to propose innovative and differentiated tools for funding both geothermal heat and geothermal electricity. To this end, this document will put forward key recommendations for designing new and improving the functioning of existing public support schemes.

@article{hofmeister_business_nodate,
	title = {{BUSINESS} {MODELS} {ON} {GEOTHERMAL} {DH} {SYSTEMS}},
	language = {en},
	author = {Hofmeister, Morten and Holm, Anne Baastrup},
}

@misc{noauthor_directive_nodate,
	title = {Directive - 2023/1791 - {EN} - {EUR}-{Lex}},
	url = {https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2023/1791/oj},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-23},
	note = {Doc ID: 32023L1791
Doc Sector: 3
Doc Title: Directive (EU) 2023/1791 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 September 2023 on energy efficiency and amending Regulation (EU) 2023/955 (recast) (Text with EEA relevance)
Doc Type: L
Usr\_lan: en},
}

@article{wees_editors_nodate,
	title = {{EDITORS} {Philippe} {Dumas}, {EGEC} {Madeleine} {Vander} {Velde}, {EGEC} {Consuelo} {Serrano}, {EGEC} {Adele} {Manzella}, {CNR}-{IGG}},
	language = {en},
	author = {Wees, Jan Diederik Van and Batini, Fausto},
}