@article{burgess_manta_2016,
	title = {Manta birostris, predator of the deep? {Insight} into the diet of the giant manta ray through stable isotope analysis},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {2054-5703},
	shorttitle = {Manta birostris, predator of the deep?},
	doi = {10.1098/rsos.160717},
	abstract = {The characterization of diet for the giant manta ray Manta birostris has been problematic given their large-scale movement patterns and the difficulty in obtaining stomach contents from this species. The large majority of existing information is based on observational data limited to feeding events at the sea surface during daylight. Recently discovered aggregation sites for the giant manta ray off mainland Ecuador are some of the most accessible to date and provide a unique opportunity for researchers to gather much needed information on this elusive species. To assess how important surface zooplankton is to giant manta ray diet, we conducted stable isotope analysis (N-15 and C-13) on M. birostris muscle and surface zooplankton. Trophic position estimates placed M. birostris overall at a secondary consumer level of approximately 3.4 but there was large variation in delta N-15 and delta C-13 values among individuals. Manta birostris muscle tissue delta C-13 values were also not consistent with this species feeding predominantly on surface zooplankton and suggest that the majority of dietary intake is of mesopelagic origin. Given the conservative life history and fisheries pressure on large planktivores, knowledge of their trophic role and foraging strategies is essential to better understand their ecology and develop effective conservation measures.},
	language = {English},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Royal Society Open Science},
	author = {Burgess, Katherine B. and Couturier, Lydie I. E. and Marshall, Andrea D. and Richardson, Anthony J. and Weeks, Scarla J. and Bennett, Michael B.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2016},
	note = {00000 
WOS:000389244400052},
	keywords = {Diet, Ecology, Mesopelagic, conservation, eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, ecosystem, elasmobranch, mesopelagic fishes, models, nitrogen isotopes, ocean, pacific, planktivore, trophic ecology, trophic position, whale sharks},
	pages = {160717}
}

@article{olanoBlackWoodpeckerDryocopus2015,
  title = {Black Woodpecker {{Dryocopus}} Martius ({{L}}., 1758) Distribution, Abundance, Habitat Use and Breeding Performance in a Recently Colonized Region in {{SW Europe}}},
  author = {Olano, Mikel and Aierbe, Tomas and Be{\~n}aran, Haritz and Hurtado, Rober and Ugarte, Jon and Urruzola, Aitzol and V{\'a}zquez, Jabier and Ansorregi, Fermin and Galdos, Aitor and Gracianteparaluceta, Ana and {Fern{\'a}ndez-Gar{\'c}{\i}a}, Jos{\'e} M.},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {63},
  issn = {2172-4547},
  abstract = {At the southwestern edge of its global distribution, the Pyrenean population of the black woodpecker Dryocopus martius has increased its range during the last three decades, colonizing new areas where the species was previously unknown. This is the case for Gipuzkoa, where a systematic survey was performed in the breeding season of 2013 aimed at describing the species distribution, abundance, habitat use and reproductive performance. Potential locations were identified using forest inventories and were visited since January until March. Locations were considered occupied when nests or pairs were found, or single individuals were detected during three consecutive visits. Breeding performance in active nests was monitored during May and June. We found 21 breeding home ranges, mainly distributed across the Eastern and Southern fringes of the study area. The environmental variables positively related to the presence of breeding home ranges were higher proportions of canopy cover, mature structure of the stand, cover of beech Fagus sylvatica, mixed deciduous and black pine Pinus nigra stands, and unfragmented forest patches. Monterey pine P. radiata plantations and low tree heights were negatively selected. Preferred foraging areas comprised proportions of American oak Quercus rubra and black pine plantations. Thirteen active nests were found. All nests but two were excavated in beech trees. Breeding success was high (92\%) but fledging success (1.8) was below the average reported in Europe, suggesting intrinsic limitations associated to a peripheral population.

[Excerpt: Discussion]

[::The colonizing process] The absence of paleozoological records for the black woodpecker in Europe west and south of the Alps might suggest that the species is a historic colonizer of the Atlantic section of the continent (Arribas, 2004; Holm \& Svenning, 2014). During the 20th century, considerable range expansions have been described in The Netherlands, Belgium, France and Italy, with birds invading lowland, reforested regions (Cuisin, 1985; Mikusinski, 1995; Cuisin, 1998; Ceccarelli et al., 2008). In Northern Iberia, at the south-western edge of the global distribution, the black woodpecker has also increased its breeding range, colonizing formerly vacant areas over the last 30 years (Mar{\'t}\i nez-Vidal, 2004; Camprodon et al., 2007). In Gipuzkoa, the first report of the black woodpecker dates back to the 1960's (Noval, 1967), but until the 2000's the species was extremely rare and irregular (Gainzarain, 1998; Aierbe et al., 2001). In 2011, the first successful reproduction was confirmed (Ruiz de Azua, 2012), though, without doubt, the Black Woodpecker was already breeding a few years before (T. Aierbe, com. pers.).

[\textbackslash n] This particular colonizing event is part of the wider range expansion across the Basque Mountains, which is currently filling the intermediate gap between the Pyrenean and the Cantabrian populations (Gainzarain \& Fern\'andez-Gar\'c\i a, 2013). The geographic origin of this recent population is unknown so far. There is not genetic or ringing information to support a Cantabrian or Pyrenean origin, which are the closest source areas. However, based on the favourable population trend of the neighbouring Pyrenean population (Mar{\'t}\i nez-Vidal, 2004), opposite to the Cantabrian one (Simal \& Herrero, 2003; Gar\'c\i a, 2008; S\'anchez et al., 2009), it is plausible to speculate about a Pyrenean origin.

[\textbackslash n] The black woodpecker fulfills several biological features that Mikusinski (2006) related to decline-prone woodpecker species in transformed landscapes, like large body size and extensive home-ranges, therefore needing a network of vast forest tracts to maintain viable populations. But, on the the other hand, this species maintains a huge distribution indicating adaptability (Croci et al., 2007), is relatively tolerant to forestry practices (C\'arcamo, 2006) which associates to rapid occupation of vacant habitats (Villard \& Taylor, 1994), and has good dispersal abilities, in turn related to the velocity of expansion (Lensink, 1997). Although there are hardly any studies in Europe reporting on emigration and immigration rates (Passinelli, 2006), recoveries of ringed birds show a noticeable proportion of long post-juvenile movements (Gorman, 2011) and high average natal dispersal distance (16.25 km in Denmark; Christensen, 2002). Both this kind of life-history traits and tolerance to disturbance are fair predictors of colonizer birds (Shigesada \& Kawasaki, 2002) and may explain the black woodpecker capability to expand its distribution, as shown from our study area.

[\textbackslash n] At the continental scale, the expansion of the black woodpeckers' range has been attributed to extensive coniferous reforestation (Mikusinski, 1995), but at the regional scale more emphasis is placed on forest maturation, due to a decline in timber exploitation (Gil- Tena et al., 2010). The occupancy of patches in Gipuzkoa did not seem to be influenced by distance to population sources, which was not unexpected given the comparatively small scale of our study area. In the Eastern Pyrenees, about three times larger, the pattern of colonization by the black woodpecker was mediated by connectivity among forest patches, depending in turn on distance to source and forest structure (i. e. basal area; Gil- Tena et al., 2013). The availability of a network of stepping stones is crucial to explain the progressive spread of the population (Saura et al., 2014). Such spatially explicit models could be improved if indicators of foraging quality, such as availability of dead wood, are taken into account (see below). Foraging quality enhances breeding performance and the production of a surplus of individuals than can disperse to non-occupied patches (Newton, 1998).

[::Plantations and the black woodpecker] The black woodpecker inhabits several different types of Palearctic boreal and temperate forests, including coniferous plantations (Mikusinski, 1995; Gorman, 2011). In boreal and hemiboreal forests, the species is tolerant to plantation managing, provided that thick trunks (diameter {$>$}40 cm) for excavating nests remain, and decaying trees are also left as foraging substrates (Angelstam \& Mikusinski, 1994). In the framework of worldwide afforestation and reforestation activities for commercial purposes, intense debates focus on the effect of plantation forestry on biodiversity (Bremer \& Farley, 2010). As for birds, metaanalyses in Europe have shown that landscape history and spatial structure (patch size, matrix pattern) are probably more informative in explaining species richness than management at the stand scale (Paillet et al., 2009).

[\textbackslash n] Extensive Monterey pine plantations in Northern Spain have contributed to the restoration of forest bird communities (Carrascal \& Telle\'r\i a, 1990), but for the black woodpecker in particular our study has found a number of limitations. Plantations of this pine species in the Basque region are a novel habitat for the black woodpecker across its entire range (Mead, 2013). The species' selection for nesting habitats is rather demanding, both for cavity- trees and cavity-tree plots (Mar{\'t}\i nez-Vidal, 2001; Camprodon et al., 2007; Pirovano \& Zecca, 2014). Preference for beech as nesting substrate has been demonstrated over much of Western Europe (Gorman, 2011; Zahner et al., 2012), and our own data supports this view. Beech trees provide less accessible nests: high holes and smooth bark are associated to lower predation pressure (Zahner \& Bauer, 2014). But pine trees (i.e. black pine, Scots pine) are also used in some mountain regions, like the Pyrenees and the Alps, in similar proportion to their availability on the landscape (Mar{\'t}\i nez-Vidal, 2001; Bocca et al., 2007). In Gipuzkoa, the avoidance of Monterey pine patches deserves further research, but the reason may lie on the combined absence of suitable (i.e thick, tall and debranched) nesting trees and the scarcity of foraging resources in dense, shaded stands (see below). On the contrary, stands of mixed deciduous trees were favoured because they probably supply hole-trees (beech and American oak, even though these two species do not dominate such stands). Because of the forest history of the study area, mixed deciduous stands appear scattered at lower altitudes, surrounded by the matrix of Monterey pine plantations. Similarly, Bocca et al. (2007) found a negative selection for the mountain pine Pinus uncinata in the Alps -in spite of accounting for half of the surface of their study area- attributed to the unsuitable tree conformation and the dense structure of this kind of forest.

[::The role of habitat fragmentation] An interesting outcome was the influence of the spatial structure of the habitat on the presence of black woodpecker BHR. Fragmentation of suitable forest patches embedded in a matrix dominated by intensively managed plantations largely determines the composition of bird assemblages (Estades \& Temple, 1999) but in a species-specific-way (M\"onkkonen et al., 2014). Woodpeckers are thought to be relatively tolerant to fragmentation because, as primary cavity-nesters, they avoid the increasing effect of predation while decreasing patch size. This seems to be the case for the black woodpecker, whose density and breeding performance was not influenced by fragmentation in Sweden (Tjernber et al. 1993) or landscape structure in Finland (Brotons et al., 2003).

[\textbackslash n] But more detailed analyses have shown differences referred to patch size and density of edges in another generalist species, the great spotted woodpecker Dendrocopos major (Mazgajski \& Rejt, 2006; Barbaro et al., 2007). Reduced clutch size, low number of fledglings and delayed breeding phenology were observed in smaller woodlots. Therefore even generalist woodpeckers can be sensitive to fragmentation processes, and this could also apply to the black woodpecker (Mikusinski, 1995). The preference for larger, less complex forest patches in our study area, as opposed to the pattern over much of the species range (Rueda et al., 2013), might indicate that the spatial structure plays an increasing role as departing from the range core. This idea is also supported by the fact that such a preference has also been described in other peripheral areas, namely Northern Scandinavia and the Pyrenees (Tjernberg et al., 1993; Garmendia et al., 2006), regardless of their varying degree of forest fragmentation at the European landscape level (Estreguil et al., 2013).

[::Is breeding performance limited by habitat or demography?] A high percentage of the monitored nests produced fledglings. The review of Passinelli (2006) reported a median breeding success of 80.2\,\% (55-96\,\% in 12 studies from France, Germany, Denmark, Sweden and Finland); the figure in our study area was close to the highest section of that range. This might be an artifact because precision of nest success estimates depends on sample size (Pac\'l\i k et al., 2009) and breeding failures at the stages of nesting and incubation are more difficult to detect, but the same could be applied to the mentioned studies, and the intensity of our field effort suggests that the breeding success was indeed relatively high. On the contrary, the number of fledglings per successful nest was low, if compared to the average 3.3 given over of the above referred studies (Passinelli, 2006). Our figure is based on a one-year monitoring, but additional data from previous years were in accordance with this (Ruiz de Azua, 2012; T. Aierbe, pers. com.).

[\textbackslash n] Although clutch size has been reported to be influenced by latitude in many bird species, other breeding parameters such as the number of fledglings per successful nest probably depend less on geographical determinants (Sanz, 1998). Reproductive performance in the black woodpecker is influenced by territory quality (Rolstad et al., 2000) and, possibly, by age, experience, duration of bond and kinship between the pair members, although these latter aspects have seldom been investigated in European woodpeckers (Christensen \& Kampp, 2003; Passinelli, 2006). Regarding our study area, we do not have data to exclude any of these hypotheses. As for the first, the high proportion of exotic tree stands in black woodpecker territories may limit the availability of invertebrates as foraging resources, and drive higher chick mortality, as has been suggested for forest passerines in Monterey pine plantations (De la Hera et al., 2013). Epigeal ant and beetle abundances are very impoverished in Monterey pine plantations from Australia and South America, where this tree is also aloctonous (Gunther \& New, 2003; Sinclair \& New, 2004; Corley et al., 2006; Paritsis \& Aitzen, 2008).

[\textbackslash n] In our study area, Alberdi et al. (2012) measured a lower frequency of occurrence of ground-dwelling ant (Lasius spp., Formica spp.) mounds on Monterey pine plots (11\,\%, N=392), beech (7 \%, N=157), black pine (7 \%, N=54) and larch, Douglas fir and Lawson cypress (9 \%, N=118), as opposed to oak and mixed deciduous plots (19 \%, N=209). This data does not explain the foraging use by the black woodpecker, possibly because the abundance of ground-dwelling ants is not a reliable indicator of foraging habitat quality in our study area. Although these ants are known to be a part of the black woodpecker's diet, arboreal carpenter ants (Camponotus spp.) are the staple food in Europe (Rolstad et al., 1998; Gorman, 2011). The abundance of carpenter ants and saproxylophagous prey is primarily related to the shading and canopy cover (Dolek et al., 2009; Lemperiere \& Marage, 2010). In Gipuzkoa, black pine stands are more sun-exposed than Monterey pine and beech stands, as deduced by the average herbaceous covers (28.5, 18.6 and 12.1 \% respectively). In the Pyrenees, unmanaged patches of black pine are known to be good foraging sites (Camprodon et al., 2007).

[\textbackslash n] Overall, these differences may account for the foraging habitat use of the black woodpecker, even acknowledging the need for in-site field data to counteract the presumed high variability in determinants of foraging habitat quality (Gonz\'alez \& Villate, 2003; Pirovano \& Zecca, 2014). Being a '' generalist-forager'' species, the black woodpecker is able to exploit several forest development phases (Begehold et al., 2015) in search of the most available prey types, thriving on dead wood (arboreal ants, saproxylophagous beetles) or on alternative substrates (ground-dwelling ants). Its dependence on dead wood volume seems not to be as intense as in other European woodpeckers (Garmendia et al., 2006; Lohmus et al., 2010; Camprodon, 2013).

[\textbackslash n] As for the second hypothesis, poor reproduction may be associated to demographic issues. For instance, if a greater proportion of young, dispersing birds from the core range was present in this area of recent colonization, lower breeding output could be expected (Karvonen et al., 2012). Peripheral populations may experience continual gene flow from central parts of the range, slowing the rate of adaptation to local conditions (Kawecki, 2008; Martin \& Liebl, 2014). This kind of population can turn into demographic sinks, the persistence of which is favoured by dispersers from core areas with higher survival and reproduction (Newton, 2003). We do not have data to support or dismiss this hypothesis, but it deserves future study, because understanding demographic and spatial dynamics across central and marginal range sectors is key to determine the conservation status and perspectives of populations (Passinelli, 2006).

[\textbackslash n] [...]},
  journal = {Munibe Ciencias Naturales},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13911737,biodiversity,bird-conservation,conservation,dryocopus-martius,ecology,ecosystem,fagus-sylvatica,forest-resources,pinus-nigra,pinus-radiata,pyrenees-region,quercus-rubra},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13911737}
}

Paper  Website  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Competition for resources can explain patterns of social and individual learning in nature},
 type = {article},
 year = {2015},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {computational biology,ecology,evolution},
 pages = {20151405},
 volume = {282},
 websites = {http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/282/1815/20151405.abstract,http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/lookup/doi/10.1098/rspb.2015.1405},
 month = {9},
 day = {22},
 id = {70b7820e-ca36-3fbe-b961-a48a39190de1},
 created = {2016-05-10T10:31:52.000Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {cbfffa41-b3e1-34b2-9df9-767a48e56bc8},
 last_modified = {2016-05-10T14:35:50.000Z},
 read = {true},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Smolla2015},
 abstract = {In nature, animals often ignore socially available information despite the multiple theoretical benefits of social learning over individual trial-and-error learning. Using information filtered by others is quicker, more efficient and less risky than randomly sampling the environment. To explain the mix of social and individual learning used by animals in nature, most models penalize the quality of socially derived information as either out of date, of poor fidelity or costly to acquire. Competition for limited resources, a fundamental evolutionary force, provides a compelling, yet hitherto overlooked, explanation for the evolution of mixed-learning strategies. We present a novel model of social learning that incorporates competition and demonstrates that (i) social learning is favoured when competition is weak, but (ii) if competition is strong social learning is favoured only when resource quality is highly variable and there is low environmental turnover. The frequency of social learning in our model always evolves until it reduces the mean foraging success of the population. The results of our model are consistent with empirical studies showing that individuals rely less on social information where resources vary little in quality and where there is high within-patch competition. Our model provides a framework for understanding the evolution of social learning, a prerequisite for human cumulative culture.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Smolla, Marco and Gilman, R Tucker and Galla, Tobias and Shultz, Susanne},
 journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
 number = {1815}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{lallias_invasion_2015,
	title = {Invasion genetics of the {Pacific} oyster {Crassostrea} gigas in the {British} {Isles} inferred from microsatellite and mitochondrial markers},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1387-3547, 1573-1464},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-015-0896-1},
	doi = {10.1007/s10530-015-0896-1},
	abstract = {The Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, native to northeast Asia, is one of the most important cultured shellfish species. In Europe, Pacific oysters first settled along the Atlantic coasts of France at the end of the 1960s but rapidly spread and are now widely established. Twenty-two sites in the United Kingdom (UK), Ireland, Denmark, France and Spain were sampled to assess genetic diversity and differentiation. Hatchery-propagated stocks from two hatcheries located in the UK also were included. Two main genetic clusters were identified from pairwise genetic differentiation indexes, Bayesian clustering methods or neighbour-joining analysis, based on 7 microsatellite loci: (1) a Northeast cluster (including feral samples from East England, Ireland and Denmark as well as UK hatchery stocks) and (2) a Southwest cluster (including samples from South Wales, South West England, France and Spain). The Southwest cluster had significantly higher allelic richness (A) and expected heterozygosity (H e ) (A: 45.68, H e : 0.928) than in the Northeast (A: 26.58, H e : 0.883); the two diverging by a small but significant F ST value (F ST = 0.017, 95 \% CI 0.014–0.021). A 739-bp fragment of the major noncoding region of the mitochondrial genome was sequenced in 248 oysters from 12 of the studied samples in Europe and in 25 oysters from Miyagi prefecture (Japan). A total of 81 haplotypes were found. Haplotype frequency analyses identified the same two clusters observed using microsatellites. This study highlights how the number and size of introduction events, aquaculture practices, genetic bottlenecks followed by genetic drift and natural dispersal can act concurrently to shape the genetic diversity and structure of introduced populations.},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2015-05-19TZ},
	journal = {Biological Invasions},
	author = {Lallias, Delphine and Boudry, Pierre and Batista, Frederico M. and Beaumont, Andy and King, Jonathan W. and Turner, John R. and Lapègue, Sylvie},
	month = may,
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {ACL, Crassostrea gigas, Developmental Biology, E1, Ecology, Freshwater \& Marine Ecology, Invasion genetics, Marine mollusc, Microsatellites, Pacific oyster, Plant Sciences, mtDNA},
	pages = {2581--2595}
}

@article{rippleCollapseWorldLargest2015,
  title = {Collapse of the World's Largest Herbivores},
  author = {Ripple, W. J. and Newsome, T. M. and Wolf, C. and Dirzo, R. and Everatt, K. T. and Galetti, M. and Hayward, M. W. and Kerley, G. I. H. and Levi, T. and Lindsey, P. A. and Macdonald, D. W. and Malhi, Y. and Painter, L. E. and Sandom, C. J. and Terborgh, J. and Van Valkenburgh, B.},
  year = {2015},
  month = may,
  volume = {1},
  pages = {e1400103},
  issn = {2375-2548},
  doi = {10.1126/sciadv.1400103},
  abstract = {Large wild herbivores are crucial to ecosystems and human societies. We highlight the 74 largest terrestrial herbivore species on Earth (body mass {$\geq$}100 kg), the threats they face, their important and often overlooked ecosystem effects, and the conservation efforts needed to save them and their predators from extinction. Large herbivores are generally facing dramatic population declines and range contractions, such that{\~ }60\,\% are threatened with extinction. Nearly all threatened species are in developing countries, where major threats include hunting, land-use change, and resource depression by livestock. Loss of large herbivores can have cascading effects on other species including large carnivores, scavengers, mesoherbivores, small mammals, and ecological processes involving vegetation, hydrology, nutrient cycling, and fire regimes. The rate of large herbivore decline suggests that ever-larger swaths of the world will soon lack many of the vital ecological services these animals provide, resulting in enormous ecological and social costs.},
  journal = {Science Advances},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14037837,~to-add-doi-URL,conservation,ecology,ecosystem-services,global-scale,herbivory,hydrology,nutrients,vegetation,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14037837},
  number = {4}
}

@article{caudulloApplyingGeospatialSemantic2014,
  title = {Applying {{Geospatial Semantic Array Programming}} for a Reproducible Set of Bioclimatic Indices in {{Europe}}},
  author = {Caudullo, Giovanni},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {877975+},
  doi = {10.1101/009589},
  abstract = {Bioclimate-driven regression analysis is a widely used approach for modelling ecological niches and zonation. Although the bioclimatic complexity of the European continent is high, a particular combination of 12 climatic and topographic covariates was recently found able to reliably reproduce the ecological zoning of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) for forest resources assessment at pan-European scale, generating the first fuzzy similarity map of FAO ecozones in Europe. The reproducible procedure followed to derive this collection of bioclimatic indices is now presented. It required an integration of data-transformation modules (D-TM) using geospatial tools such as Geographic Information System (GIS) software, and array-based mathematical implementation such as semantic array programming (SemAP). Base variables, intermediate and final covariates are described and semantically defined by providing the workflow of D-TMs and the mathematical formulation following the SemAP notation. Source layers to derive base variables were extracted by exclusively relying on global-scale public open geodata in order for the same set of bioclimatic covariates to be reproducible in any region worldwide. In particular, two freely available datasets were exploited for temperature and precipitation (WorldClim) and elevation (Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation Data). The working extent covers the European continent to the Urals with a resolution of 30 arc-second. The proposed set of bioclimatic covariates will be made available as open data in the European Forest Data Centre (EFDAC). The forthcoming complete set of D-TM codelets will enable the 12 covariates to be easily reproduced and expanded through free software.},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint = {1410.2707},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  journal = {IEEE Earthzine},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13385094,bioclimatic-predictors,ecological-zones,ecology,europe,fagus-sylvatica,geospatial,geospatial-semantic-array-programming,semantic-array-programming,semap,solar-radiation},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13385094},
  number = {2}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{cristo_simplified_2014,
	title = {Simplified wave models applicability to shallow mud flows modeled as power-law fluids},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1672-6316, 1993-0321},
	url = {http://link.springer.com.eproxy1.lib.hku.hk/article/10.1007/s11629-014-3065-6},
	doi = {10.1007/s11629-014-3065-6},
	abstract = {Simplified wave models — such as kinematic, diffusion and quasi-steady — are widely employed as a convenient replacement of the full dynamic one in the analysis of unsteady open-channel flows, and especially for flood routing. While their use may guarantee a significant reduction of the computational effort, it is mandatory to define the conditions in which they may be confidently applied. The present paper investigates the applicability conditions of the kinematic, diffusion and quasisteady dynamic shallow wave models for mud flows of power-law fluids. The power-law model describes in an adequate and convenient way fluids that at low shear rates fluids do not posses yield stress, such as clay or kaolin suspensions, which are frequently encountered in Chinese rivers. In the framework of a linear analysis, the propagation characteristics of a periodic perturbation of an initial steady uniform flow predicted by the simplified models are compared with those of the full dynamic one. Based on this comparison, applicability criteria for the different wave approximations for mud flood of power-law fluids are derived. The presented results provide guidelines for selecting the appropriate approximation for a given flow problem, and therefore they may represent a useful tool for engineering predictions.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2015-12-29TZ},
	journal = {Journal of Mountain Science},
	author = {Cristo, Cristiana Di and Iervolino, Michele and Vacca, Andrea},
	month = nov,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Earth Sciences, general, Ecology, Environment, general, Geography (general), Power-law fluid, Shallow flows, Simplified wave models, Unsteady flows},
	pages = {1454--1465}
}

@article{dakosCriticalSlowingEarly2014,
  title = {Critical Slowing down as Early Warning for the Onset of Collapse in Mutualistic Communities},
  author = {Dakos, Vasilis and Bascompte, Jordi},
  year = {2014},
  month = dec,
  volume = {111},
  pages = {17546--17551},
  issn = {1091-6490},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.1406326111},
  abstract = {[Significance]

Little is known on whether structurally diverse ecological networks may respond abruptly to anthropogenic stress and even less on our ability to detect such responses in advance. By simulating mutualistic communities en route to a tipping point, we show how critical slowing-down indicators may be used as early warnings for the collapse of ecological networks. Our findings not only confirm the existence of the generic dynamical signatures of tipping points in ecological networks but also suggest a promising way for identifying most vulnerable components in a broad class of networks at the brink of collapse.

[Abstract]

Tipping points are crossed when small changes in external conditions cause abrupt unexpected responses in the current state of a system. In the case of ecological communities under stress, the risk of approaching a tipping point is unknown, but its stakes are high. Here, we test recently developed critical slowing-down indicators as early-warning signals for detecting the proximity to a potential tipping point in structurally complex ecological communities. We use the structure of 79 empirical mutualistic networks to simulate a scenario of gradual environmental change that leads to an abrupt first extinction event followed by a sequence of species losses until the point of complete community collapse. We find that critical slowing-down indicators derived from time series of biomasses measured at the species and community level signal the proximity to the onset of community collapse. In particular, we identify specialist species as likely the best-indicator species for monitoring the proximity of a community to collapse. In addition, trends in slowing-down indicators are strongly correlated to the timing of species extinctions. This correlation offers a promising way for mapping species resilience and ranking species risk to extinction in a given community. Our findings pave the road for combining theory on tipping points with patterns of network structure that might prove useful for the management of a broad class of ecological networks under global environmental change.},
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13459637,anthropogenic-impacts,ecological-networks,ecology,indicators,non-linearity,risk-assessment,system-catastrophe,tipping-point},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13459637},
  number = {49}
}

@article{rippleStatusEcologicalEffects2014,
  title = {Status and Ecological Effects of the World's Largest Carnivores},
  author = {Ripple, William J. and Estes, James A. and Beschta, Robert L. and Wilmers, Christopher C. and Ritchie, Euan G. and Hebblewhite, Mark and Berger, Joel and Elmhagen, Bodil and Letnic, Mike and Nelson, Michael P. and Schmitz, Oswald J. and Smith, Douglas W. and Wallach, Arian D. and Wirsing, Aaron J.},
  year = {2014},
  month = jan,
  volume = {343},
  pages = {1241484+},
  issn = {1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1241484},
  abstract = {The largest terrestrial species in the order Carnivora are wide-ranging and rare because of their positions at the top of food webs. They are some of the world's most admired mammals and, ironically, some of the most imperiled. Most have experienced substantial population declines and range contractions throughout the world during the past two centuries. Because of the high metabolic demands that come with endothermy and large body size, these carnivores often require large prey and expansive habitats. These food requirements and wide-ranging behavior often bring them into conflict with humans and livestock. This, in addition to human intolerance, renders them vulnerable to extinction. Large carnivores face enormous threats that have caused massive declines in their populations and geographic ranges, including habitat loss and degradation,persecution, utilization, and depletion of prey. We highlight how these threats can affect theconservation status and ecological roles of this planet's 31 largest carnivores.},
  journal = {Science},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12904809,~to-add-doi-URL,anthropogenic-impacts,carnivores,ecology,ecosystem-conservation,ecosystem-resilience,ecosystem-services,forest-resources,fragmentation,integrated-modelling,mammals,non-linearity},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12904809},
  number = {6167}
}

@article{huangReproducibilityEcologicalResearch2014,
  title = {Reproducibility in Ecological Research},
  author = {Huang, Xiaolei},
  year = {2014},
  month = dec,
  issn = {1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.346.6215.1307-c},
  abstract = {[Excerpt] The editorial by M. McNutt ( '' Journals unite for reproducibility,'' 7 November, p. 679, published online 5 November) describes an updated version of the solution from journals, including Science and Nature, for reproducibility in biomedical research. If the new policy is to be widely implemented by scientific journals, then the changes must be consistent and mandatory. Reproducibility is not just relevant for biomedical research. Ecology and biodiversity scientists are also increasingly concerned about issues of reproducibility and data sharing (1-3). Reproducibility is challenging for ecology and biodiversity science because experiments are usually undertaken under natural conditions in the field, across different spatial and temporal scales (4). [...]},
  journal = {Science},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13547574,~to-add-doi-URL,ecology,reproducibility,reproducible-research},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13547574}
}

@article{hannahFinegrainModelingSpecies2014,
  title = {Fine-Grain Modeling of Species' Response to Climate Change: Holdouts, Stepping-Stones, and Microrefugia},
  author = {Hannah, Lee and Flint, Lorraine and Syphard, Alexandra D. and Moritz, Max A. and Buckley, Lauren B. and McCullough, Ian M.},
  year = {2014},
  month = jul,
  volume = {29},
  pages = {390--397},
  issn = {0169-5347},
  doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2014.04.006},
  abstract = {[Highlights]

[::] Understanding of microclimates may revolutionize climate change biology. [::] Microrefugia will be rare under future climate change. [::] Conservation strategies should focus on managing holdouts and stepping stones.

[Abstract]

Microclimates have played a critical role in past species range shifts, suggesting that they could be important in biological response to future change. Terms are needed to discuss these future effects. We propose that populations occupying microclimates be referred to as holdouts, stepping stones and microrefugia. A holdout is a population that persists in a microclimate for a limited period of time under deteriorating climatic conditions. Stepping stones successively occupy microclimates in a way that facilitates species' range shifts. Microrefugia refer to populations that persist in microclimates through a period of unfavorable climate. Because climate projections show that return to present climate is highly unlikely, conservation strategies need to be built around holdouts and stepping stones, rather than low-probability microrefugia.},
  journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13660424,~to-add-doi-URL,climate-change,climate-refugia,definition,ecology,habitat-suitability,holdouts,local-scale,migration-pattern,multi-scale,niche-modelling,species-dispersal,stepping-stones,terminology},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13660424},
  number = {7}
}

@article{tangSteeperDeclinesForest2014,
  title = {Steeper Declines in Forest Photosynthesis than Respiration Explain Age-Driven Decreases in Forest Growth},
  author = {Tang, Jianwu and Luyssaert, Sebastiaan and Richardson, Andrew D. and Kutsch, Werner and Janssens, Ivan A.},
  year = {2014},
  month = jun,
  volume = {111},
  pages = {8856--8860},
  issn = {1091-6490},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.1320761111},
  abstract = {[Significance] 

Advancing our understanding of how and why forests dynamically change in their productivity is important to predict the future change. The traditional view of forest dynamics originated by Kira, Shidei, and Odum suggests a decline in net primary productivity [or gross primary productivity (GPP) - autotrophic respiration (Ra)] in aging forests due to stabilized GPP and continuously increased Ra. We found that, in contrast to the traditional view, both GPP and Ra decline in aging forests while GPP decreases more rapidly than Ra does, and thus generalize the alternative hypothesis initiated by Ryan and colleagues with a large dataset. We presented a new quantitative model to describe forest dynamics that can be incorporated into ecosystem models.

[Abstract] 

The traditional view of forest dynamics originated by Kira and Shidei [Kira T, Shidei T (1967) Jap J Ecol 17:70-87] and Odum [Odum EP (1969) Science 164(3877):262-270] suggests a decline in net primary productivity (NPP) in aging forests due to stabilized gross primary productivity (GPP) and continuously increased autotrophic respiration (Ra). The validity of these trends in GPP and Ra is, however, very difficult to test because of the lack of long-term ecosystem-scale field observations of both GPP and Ra. Ryan and colleagues [Ryan MG, Binkley D, Fownes JH (1997) Ad Ecol Res 27:213-262] have proposed an alternative hypothesis drawn from site-specific results that aboveground respiration and belowground allocation decreased in aging forests. Here, we analyzed data from a recently assembled global database of carbon fluxes and show that the classical view of the mechanisms underlying the age-driven decline in forest NPP is incorrect and thus support Ryan's alternative hypothesis. Our results substantiate the age-driven decline in NPP, but in contrast to the traditional view, both GPP and Ra decline in aging boreal and temperate forests. We find that the decline in NPP in aging forests is primarily driven by GPP, which decreases more rapidly with increasing age than Ra does, but the ratio of NPP/GPP remains approximately constant within a biome. Our analytical models describing forest succession suggest that dynamic forest ecosystem models that follow the traditional paradigm need to be revisited.},
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13231397,ecology,ecosystem,forest-resources,modelling,organic-carbon,primary-productivity,respiration},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13231397},
  number = {24}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{pickett_ecological_2013,
	title = {Ecological science and transformation to the sustainable city},
	volume = {32},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2013.02.008},
	abstract = {There is growing urgency to enhance the sustainability of existing and emerging cities. The science of ecology, especially as it interacts with disciplines in the social sciences and urban design, has contributions to make to the sustainable transformation of urban systems. Not all possible urban transformations may lead toward sustainability. Ecological science helps identify components of resilience that can favor transformations that are more sustainable. To summarize the dynamics and choices involved in sustainable transformations, a “metacity” framework is presented, embracing ecological processes in cities as complementary to those involving society, power, and economy.},
	author = {Pickett, STA and Boone, CG and McGrath, B and Cadenasso, ML and Childers, DL and Ogden, LA and McHale, MR and Grove, JM},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {BES, FCE, city, City, ecology, resilience, sustainability, urban}
}

@article{boeroObservationalArticlesTool2013,
  title = {Observational Articles: A Tool to Reconstruct Ecological History Based on Chronicling Unusual Events},
  author = {Boero, Ferdinando},
  year = {2013},
  month = aug,
  volume = {2},
  pages = {168+},
  issn = {2046-1402},
  doi = {10.12688/f1000research.2-168.v1},
  abstract = {Natural history is based on observations, whereas modern ecology is mostly based on experiments aimed at testing hypotheses, either in the field or in a computer. Furthermore, experiments often reveal generalities that are taken as norms. Ecology, however, is a historical discipline and history is driven by both regularities (deriving from norms) and irregularities, or contingencies, which occur when norms are broken. If only norms occured, there would be no history. The current disregard for the importance of contingencies and anecdotes is preventing us from understanding ecological history. We need rules and norms, but we also need records about apparently irrelevant things that, in non-linear systems like ecological ones, might become the drivers of change and, thus, the determinants of history. The same arguments also hold in the field of evolutionary biology, with natural selection being the ecological driver of evolutionary change. It is important that scientists are able to publish potentially important observations, particularly those that are unrelated to their current projects that have no sufficient grounds to be framed into a classical eco-evolutionary paper, and could feasibly impact on the history of the systems in which they occurred. A report on any deviation from the norm would be welcome, from the disappearance of species to their sudden appearance in great quantities. Any event that an '' expert eye'' (i.e. the eye of a naturalist) might judge as potentially important is worth being reported.},
  journal = {F1000Research},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13475904,bias-toward-primacy-of-theory-over-reality,data,data-sharing,ecology,epistemology,unexpected-effect},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13475904}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{severns_evaluating_2013,
	title = {Evaluating functional connectivity with matrix behavior uncertainty for an endangered butterfly},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {0921-2973},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10980-013-9860-6},
	doi = {10.1007/s10980-013-9860-6},
	abstract = {Understanding animal responses to landscape elements helps forecast population reactions to changing landscape conditions. The challenge is that some behaviors are poorly known and difficult to estimate. We assessed how uncertainty in behavioral responses to dense woods, an avoided landscape structure, impacts functional connectivity among reproductive habitat patches for Fender’s blue butterfly, an endangered prairie species of western Oregon, USA. We designed a factorial simulation experiment using a spatially explicit individual-based model to project functional connectivity for female butterflies across current and alternative landscapes. We varied the probability of dense woods entry and turning angle standard deviation for movements within the dense woods over a range of biologically reasonable and observed values. Butterflies in the current landscape (46 \% dense woods) and one with prairie encroached by forest (60 \% dense woods) showed reductions in functional connectivity estimates consistent with the expectations of habitat fragmentation. Although dense woods entrance uncertainty impacted functional connectivity projections, uncertainty in the dense woods turning angle standard deviation had comparatively little impact on connectivity estimates. Reduction and reconfiguration of the current dense woods to 27 \% cover (restored landscape) appeared to facilitate a corridor behavior in dispersing individuals, likely providing a functional connectivity estimate comparable to the historic landscape ({\textless}5 \% dense woods). Our simulations suggest that additional study of butterfly movement within the dense woods is unnecessary and that a partial reduction in dense woods would be sufficient to achieve historic levels of functional connectivity for Fender’s blue across the study landscape.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Landscape Ecology},
	author = {Severns, Paul M. and McIntire, Eliot J. B. and Schultz, Cheryl B.},
	year = {2013},
	note = {ZSCC: 0000018},
	keywords = {Biased correlated random walk, Ecology, Forestry, Forestry Management, Functional connectivity, Habitat fragmentation, Habitat restoration, Landscape Ecology, Matrix configuration, Plant Ecology, Plant Sciences, SEIBM},
	pages = {559--569},
}

@article{cameronPublicationRateEqual2013,
  title = {Is Publication Rate an Equal Opportunity Metric?},
  author = {Cameron, Elissa Z. and Gray, Meeghan E. and White, Angela M.},
  year = {2013},
  month = jan,
  volume = {28},
  pages = {7--8},
  issn = {0169-5347},
  doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2012.10.014},
  abstract = {Publication quantity is frequently used as a ranking metric for employment, promotion, and grant success, and is considered an unbiased metric for comparing applicants. However, research suggests that women publish fewer papers, such that the measure may not be equitable. We suggest reasons for the disparity, and potential future remedies. Publication quality and impact provide more equitable metrics of research performance and should be stressed above publication quantity.},
  journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-11663893,citation-metrics,ecology,feedback,gender-biases,research-funding,research-metrics,science-ethics},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-11663893},
  number = {1}
}

@article{boydConsequenceTreePests2013,
  title = {The Consequence of Tree Pests and Diseases for Ecosystem Services},
  author = {Boyd, I. L. and {Freer-Smith}, P. H. and Gilligan, C. A. and Godfray, H. C. J.},
  year = {2013},
  month = nov,
  volume = {342},
  pages = {1235773+},
  issn = {1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1235773},
  abstract = {[Structured Abstract] [::Background]

Trees are major components of many terrestrial ecosystems and are grown in managed plantations and orchards to provide a variety of economically important products, including timber, pulp, fiber, and food. They are subject to a wide range of pests and diseases, of which the most important causative agents are viruses, bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, and insect herbivores. Research on tree pests and diseases has had a historical focus on trees of direct economic importance. However, some epidemics and infestations have damaged and killed common trees that are integral parts of natural ecosystems. These have harmed valuable landscapes and highlighted the wide-ranging consequences arising from tree pests and diseases. There is also growing concern that aspects of globalization -- in particular, higher volumes and new forms of trade -- may increase the risk of disease spread.

[::Advances]

We review the challenges in maintaining tree health in natural and managed ecosystems. It is argued that it is helpful to consider explicitly the consequences of pests and diseases for the full range of ecosystem services provided by trees. In addition to forest and orchard products, tree pests and diseases can affect the ability of forests to sequester and store carbon, reduce flood risk, and purify water. They can affect the biodiversity supported by trees and the recreational and cultural values accorded to woodland by people. Many of these benefits are uncosted and enjoyed by different classes of stakeholders, which raises difficult questions about who should be responsible for measures to protect tree health. Changes in the risk of pest and disease introduction, the increasing prevalence of genetic reassortment leading to novel disease threats, and the potential role of climate change are all highlighted.

[::Outlook]

Modern pest and disease management is based on an extensive science base that is rapidly developing, spurred in particular by modern molecular technologies. A research priority is to build a better understanding of why certain pathogens and insects become major pests and diseases. This will involve a better understanding of the molecular basis of pathogenicity and herbivory, as will ecological insights into why some species reach epidemic prevalence or abundance. It will also help anticipate which species may become a problem if they are transported to new geographical regions, recombine with other organisms, or experience new climatic conditions. However, identifying all species that may become pests will be impossible, and the Review stresses the importance of risk management at the '' pathway of introduction'' level, especially when modern trade practices provide potential new routes of entry. Last, when ecosystem services are provided by woods and forests rather than individual tree species, we need to understand better the consequences of pests and diseases that attack or feed on particular species.

[Dead Wood]

Trees can be affected by a wide variety of diseases caused by insects, fungi, and other pathogens. Such diseases often make the headlines -- particularly when iconic tree species are affected -- for example, in the case of the ash dieback currently spreading through Europe, or the chestnut blight that devastated American chestnut trees. But what is the effect of these diseases on ecosystem services performed by trees in natural and managed ecosystems? Boyd et al. (p. 10.1126/science.1235773 ) review the spread of tree diseases, as a result of globalization and climate change, and analyze the resulting damage to timber and fruit production, to climate regulation, and to parks and woodlands caused by tree diseases.

[Abstract]

Trees and forests provide a wide variety of ecosystem services in addition to timber, food, and other provisioning services. New approaches to pest and disease management are needed that take into account these multiple services and the different stakeholders they benefit, as well as the likelihood of greater threats in the future resulting from globalization and climate change. These considerations will affect priorities for both basic and applied research and how trade and phytosanitary regulations are formulated.},
  journal = {Science},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12925598,~to-add-doi-URL,bioeconomy,climate-change,disturbances,ecology,economic-impacts,ecosystem-resilience,ecosystem-services,forest-pests,forest-resources,global-scale,nonmarket-impacts,plant-pests,resilience,sustainability},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12925598},
  number = {6160}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{ citeulike:12541209,
  abstract = {Forest ecosystems play a key role in the global carbon cycle.
Spatially explicit data and assessments of forest biomass and carbon are therefore crucial for designing and implementing effective sustainable forest management options and forest related policies. In this contribution, we present European-wide maps of forest biomass and carbon stock spatially disaggregated at 1km x 1km. The maps originated from a spatialisation improvement of the {IPCC} methodology for estimating the forest biomass at {IPCC} Tier 1 level ({IPCC}-T1).
Using a categorical map of ecological zones within the mapping technique may originate boundary effects between the ecological zones. This may induce undue artifacts in the outcomes, as evident in previously published maps generated with the {IPCC}-T1 methodology. Here we present a novel method for {IPCC}-T1 biomass mapping which mitigates these artifacts.
We propose the use of a fuzzy similarity map of the {FAO} ecological zones computed by estimating the relative distance similarity ({RDS}) of each grid-cell's climate and geography with respect to the {FAO} ecological zones. A robust ensemble approach was used to merge an array of simple models with spatially distributed fuzzy set-membership. This allowed the boundary artifacts to be reduced, while mitigating the impact of model semantic extrapolation. The chain of semantically enhanced data-transformations is described following the semantic array programming paradigm. 
Preliminary results obtained from the application of this novel approach are presented along with a discussion of its impact on the derived maps.},
  author = {de Rigo, Daniele and Barredo, José I. and Busetto, Lorenzo and Caudullo, Giovanni and San-Miguel-Ayanz, Jesús},
  citeulike-article-id = {12541209},
  citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41151-9_26},
  citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=7985694040717463559},
  citeulike-linkout-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41151-9_26},
  citeulike-linkout-3 = {http://mastrave.org/bib/de_Rigo_etal_BiomassISESS2013.pdf},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-41151-9_26},
  editor = {Hrebicek, J. and Schimak, G. and Rizzoli, A. E. and Kubasek, M.},
  issn = {1868-4238},
  journal = {IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology},
  keywords = {biomass, carbon-stock, continental-scale, ecological-zones, ecology, ensemble, europe, forest-biomass, fuzzy, ipcc, ipcc-tier-1, mastrave-modelling-library, regional-scale, relative-distance-similarity, robust-modelling, semantic-array-programming},
  note = { ISSN:1868-4238. Special issue: "Environmental Software Systems. Fostering sharing information".},
  pages = {271--284},
  posted-at = {2013-08-05 01:17:39},
  priority = {5},
  title = {Continental-Scale Living Forest Biomass and Carbon Stock: a Robust Fuzzy Ensemble of IPCC Tier 1 Maps for {E}urope},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41151-9_26},
  volume = {413},
  year = {2013}
}

Paper  Website  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Microsatellites for next-generation ecologists: a post-sequencing bioinformatics pipeline.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2013},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Animals,Computational Biology,Computational Biology: methods,Data Mining,Databases, Genetic,Ecology,Fishes,Fishes: genetics,Genetic Loci,Genetic Loci: genetics,Microsatellite Repeats,Microsatellite Repeats: genetics,Sequence Analysis,Starfish,Starfish: genetics},
 pages = {e55990},
 volume = {8},
 websites = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3570555&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
 month = {1},
 id = {9ee97aba-8e16-34eb-8fbb-c22a099f88cc},
 created = {2014-10-20T12:22:17.000Z},
 accessed = {2014-10-20},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {426ab460-3ff1-3bdc-bbc4-79887c34174d},
 group_id = {764582e8-5773-3a66-8d6b-9b40e4fb5a88},
 last_modified = {2017-03-14T17:27:14.020Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 abstract = {Microsatellites are the markers of choice for a variety of population genetic studies. The recent advent of next-generation pyrosequencing has drastically accelerated microsatellite locus discovery by providing a greater amount of DNA sequencing reads at lower costs compared to other techniques. However, laboratory testing of PCR primers targeting potential microsatellite markers remains time consuming and costly. Here we show how to reduce this workload by screening microsatellite loci via bioinformatic analyses prior to primer design. Our method emphasizes the importance of sequence quality, and we avoid loci associated with repetitive elements by screening with repetitive sequence databases available for a growing number of taxa. Testing with the Yellowstripe Goatfish Mulloidichthys flavolineatus and the marine planktonic copepod Pleuromamma xiphias we show higher success rate of primers selected by our pipeline in comparison to previous in silico microsatellite detection methodologies. Following the same pipeline, we discover and select microsatellite loci in nine additional species including fishes, sea stars, copepods and octopuses.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Fernandez-Silva, Iria and Whitney, Jonathan and Wainwright, Benjamin and Andrews, Kimberly R and Ylitalo-Ward, Heather and Bowen, Brian W and Toonen, Robert J and Goetze, Erica and Karl, Stephen a},
 journal = {PloS one},
 number = {2}
}

@article{evansPredictiveEcologySystems2012,
  title = {Predictive Ecology: Systems Approaches},
  author = {Evans, Matthew R. and Norris, Ken J. and Benton, Tim G.},
  year = {2012},
  month = jan,
  volume = {367},
  pages = {163--169},
  issn = {1471-2970},
  doi = {10.1098/rstb.2011.0191},
  abstract = {The world is experiencing significant, largely anthropogenically induced, environmental change. This will impact on the biological world and we need to be able to forecast its effects. In order to produce such forecasts, ecology needs to become more predictive--to develop the ability to understand how ecological systems will behave in future, changed, conditions. Further development of process-based models is required to allow such predictions to be made. Critical to the development of such models will be achieving a balance between the brute-force approach that naively attempts to include everything, and over simplification that throws out important heterogeneities at various levels. Central to this will be the recognition that individuals are the elementary particles of all ecological systems. As such it will be necessary to understand the effect of evolution on ecological systems, particularly when exposed to environmental change. However, insights from evolutionary biology will help the development of models even when data may be sparse. Process-based models are more common, and are used for forecasting, in other disciplines, e.g. climatology and molecular systems biology. Tools and techniques developed in these endeavours can be appropriated into ecological modelling, but it will also be necessary to develop the science of ecoinformatics along with approaches specific to ecological problems. The impetus for this effort should come from the demand coming from society to understand the effects of environmental change on the world and what might be performed to mitigate or adapt to them.},
  journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-10110410,anthropogenic-changes,ecology,ecosystem,extrapolation-error,global-change,local-over-complication,prediction-bias,system-of-systems,system-theory},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-10110410},
  number = {1586}
}

@article{urbanCrucialStepRealism2012,
  title = {A Crucial Step toward Realism: Responses to Climate Change from an Evolving Metacommunity Perspective},
  author = {Urban, Mark C. and De Meester, Luc and Vellend, Mark and Stoks, Robby and Vanoverbeke, Joost},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {5},
  pages = {154--167},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1752-4571.2011.00208.x},
  abstract = {We need to understand joint ecological and evolutionary responses to climate change to predict future threats to biological diversity. The 'evolving metacommunity' framework emphasizes that interactions between ecological and evolutionary mechanisms at both local and regional scales will drive community dynamics during climate change. Theory suggests that ecological and evolutionary dynamics often interact to produce outcomes different from those predicted based on either mechanism alone. We highlight two of these dynamics: (i) species interactions prevent adaptation of nonresident species to new niches and (ii) resident species adapt to changing climates and thereby prevent colonization by nonresident species. The rate of environmental change, level of genetic variation, source-sink structure, and dispersal rates mediate between these potential outcomes. Future models should evaluate multiple species, species interactions other than competition, and multiple traits. Future experiments should manipulate factors such as genetic variation and dispersal to determine their joint effects on responses to climate change. Currently, we know much more about how climates will change across the globe than about how species will respond to these changes despite the profound effects these changes will have on global biological diversity. Integrating evolving metacommunity perspectives into climate change biology should produce more accurate predictions about future changes to species distributions and extinction threats.},
  journal = {Evolutionary Applications},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-11620871,biodiversity,climate-change,complexity,ecology,integrated-natural-resources-modelling-and-management,local-over-complication,non-linearity,transdisciplinary-research},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-11620871},
  number = {2}
}

@article{packhamBiologicalFloraBritish2012,
  title = {Biological Flora of the {{British Isles}}: {{Fagus}} Sylvatica},
  author = {Packham, J. R. and Thomas, P. A. and Atkinson, M. D. and Degen, T.},
  year = {2012},
  month = nov,
  volume = {100},
  pages = {1557--1608},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2745.2012.02017.x},
  abstract = {This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Fagus sylvatica L. that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the Biological Flora of the British Isles: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history and conservation. Fagus sylvatica (Beech) is a large usually single-stemmed deciduous tree native to south-east England but now growing over almost the whole of the British Isles, often planted as a forestry tree on all but the wettest soils. It forms extensive woodlands, where it is dominant over a large altitudinal range, competing primarily with Quercus robur. The outcome of this competition is determined by local soil and climatic conditions leading to a gradation into oak woodlands. It is monoecious, wind-pollinated and notable for its periodic large seed numbers (mast years); seed is dispersed by birds and mammals but mostly drops below the parent tree. Fagus sylvatica is hardy, very shade tolerant, casts a deep shade and is fairly resistant to browsing but susceptible to spring frosts. Due to its shallow rooting and intensive rather than extensive mode of soil water exploitation, it is also susceptible to drought, and this is likely to be the main factor controlling its expected response to climate change. Fagus sylvatica is facing few conservation problems, and indeed, its range is currently expanding into central Europe. However, in the face of climate change, its range is likely to contract from its extremes in all but the north, and Phytophthora diseases may become more serious.},
  journal = {Journal of Ecology},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13255525,~to-add-doi-URL,biology,ecology,fagus-sylvatica},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13255525},
  number = {6}
}

@article{whiteValueCoordinatedManagement2012,
  title = {The Value of Coordinated Management of Interacting Ecosystem Services},
  author = {White, Crow and Costello, Christopher and Kendall, Bruce E. and Brown, Christopher J.},
  year = {2012},
  month = jun,
  volume = {15},
  pages = {509--519},
  issn = {1461-0248},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01773.x},
  abstract = {Coordinating decisions and actions among interacting sectors is a critical component of ecosystem-based management, but uncertainty about coordinated management's effects is compromising its perceived value and use. We constructed an analytical framework for explicitly calculating how coordination affects management decisions, ecosystem state and the provision of ecosystem services in relation to ecosystem dynamics and socio-economic objectives. The central insight is that the appropriate comparison strategy to optimal coordinated management is optimal uncoordinated management, which can be identified at the game theoretic Nash equilibrium. Using this insight we can calculate coordination's effects in relation to uncoordinated management and other reference scenarios. To illustrate how this framework can help identify ecosystem and socio-economic conditions under which coordination is most influential and valuable, we applied it to a heuristic case study and a simulation model for the California Current Marine Ecosystem. Results indicate that coordinated management can more than double an ecosystem's societal value, especially when sectors can effectively manipulate resources that interact strongly. However, societal gains from coordination will need to be reconciled with observations that it also leads to strategic simplification of the ecological food web, and generates both positive and negative impacts on individual sectors and non-target species.},
  journal = {Ecology Letters},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-10562193,cross-disciplinary-perspective,ecology,ecosystem-services,integrated-natural-resources-modelling-and-management,integration-techniques,multi-objective-planning,uncertainty},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-10562193},
  number = {6}
}

@techreport{montfortTrivialProgramYes2012,
  title = {The {{Trivial Program}} "Yes"},
  author = {Montfort, Nick},
  year = {2012},
  abstract = {A trivial program, one that simply prints '' y'' or a string that is given as an argument repeatedly, is explicated and examined at the levels of function and code. Although the program by itself is neither interesting or instructive, the argument is presented that by looking at '' yes'' it is possible to better understand how programs exist not only on platforms but also in an ecology of systems, scripts, and utilities.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12634933,command-line,data-transformation-codelets,ecology,ecosystem,free-software},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12634933},
  number = {TROPE;12-01}
}

@article{flintDownscalingFutureClimate2012,
  title = {Downscaling Future Climate Scenarios to Fine Scales for Hydrologic and Ecological Modeling and Analysis},
  author = {Flint, Lorraine E. and Flint, Alan L.},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {2--15},
  issn = {2192-1709},
  doi = {10.1186/2192-1709-1-2},
  abstract = {[Introduction] Evaluating the environmental impacts of climate change on water resources and biological components of the landscape is an integral part of hydrologic and ecological investigations, and the resultant land and resource management in the twenty-first century. Impacts of both climate and simulated hydrologic parameters on ecological processes are relevant at scales that reflect the heterogeneity and complexity of landscapes. At present, simulations of climate change available from global climate models [GCMs] require downscaling for hydrologic or ecological applications.

[Methods] Using statistically downscaled future climate projections developed using constructed analogues, a methodology was developed to further downscale the projections spatially using a gradient-inverse-distance-squared approach for application to hydrologic modeling at 270-m spatial resolution.

[Results] This paper illustrates a methodology to downscale and bias-correct national GCMs to subkilometer scales that are applicable to fine-scale environmental processes. Four scenarios were chosen to bracket the range of future emissions put forth by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Fine-scale applications of downscaled datasets of ecological and hydrologic correlations to variation in climate are illustrated.

[Conclusions] The methodology, which includes a sequence of rigorous analyses and calculations, is intended to reduce the addition of uncertainty to the climate data as a result of the downscaling while providing the fine-scale climate information necessary for ecological analyses. It results in new but consistent data sets for the US at 4 km, the southwest US at 270 m, and California at 90 m and illustrates the utility of fine-scale downscaling to analyses of ecological processes influenced by topographic complexity.},
  journal = {Ecological Processes},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13660355,~to-add-doi-URL,climate-projections,downscaling,ecology,environmental-modelling,hydrology,modelling},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13660355},
  number = {1}
}

@article{guisanSESAMNewFramework2011,
  title = {{{SESAM}} - a New Framework Integrating Macroecological and Species Distribution Models for Predicting Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Species Assemblages},
  author = {Guisan, Antoine and Rahbek, Carsten},
  year = {2011},
  month = aug,
  volume = {38},
  pages = {1433--1444},
  issn = {0305-0270},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02550.x},
  abstract = {Two different approaches currently prevail for predicting spatial patterns of species assemblages. The first approach (macroecological modelling, MEM) focuses directly on realized properties of species assemblages, whereas the second approach (stacked species distribution modelling, S-SDM) starts with constituent species to approximate the properties of assemblages. Here, we propose to unify the two approaches in a single 'spatially explicit species assemblage modelling' (SESAM) framework. This framework uses relevant designations of initial species source pools for modelling, macroecological variables, and ecological assembly rules to constrain predictions of the richness and composition of species assemblages obtained by stacking predictions of individual species distributions. We believe that such a framework could prove useful in many theoretical and applied disciplines of ecology and evolution, both for improving our basic understanding of species assembly across spatio-temporal scales and for anticipating expected consequences of local, regional or global environmental changes. In this paper, we propose such a framework and call for further developments and testing across a broad range of community types in a variety of environments.},
  journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-9560635,~to-add-doi-URL,ecology,integration-techniques,modelling,pattern,spatio-temporal-scale,species-distribution,species-richness,statistics},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-9560635},
  number = {8}
}

@article{bolnickWhyIntraspecificTrait2011,
  title = {Why Intraspecific Trait Variation Matters in Community Ecology},
  author = {Bolnick, Daniel I. and Amarasekare, Priyanga and Ara{\'u}jo, M{\'a}rcio S. and B{\"u}rger, Reinhard and Levine, Jonathan M. and Novak, Mark and Rudolf, Volker H. W. and Schreiber, Sebastian J. and Urban, Mark C. and Vasseur, David A.},
  year = {2011},
  month = apr,
  volume = {26},
  pages = {183--192},
  issn = {0169-5347},
  doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2011.01.009},
  abstract = {Natural populations consist of phenotypically diverse individuals that exhibit variation in their demographic parameters and intra- and inter-specific interactions. Recent experimental work indicates that such variation can have significant ecological effects. However, ecological models typically disregard this variation and focus instead on trait means and total population density. Under what situations is this simplification appropriate? Why might intraspecific variation alter ecological dynamics? In this review we synthesize recent theory and identify six general mechanisms by which trait variation changes the outcome of ecological interactions. These mechanisms include several direct effects of trait variation per se and indirect effects arising from the role of genetic variation in trait evolution.},
  journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-8962886,ecology,genetic-diversity,genetic-variability,intraspecific-vs-interspecific,species-richness},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-8962886},
  number = {4}
}

@article{clericiRiparianZonesWhere2011,
  title = {Riparian Zones {{Where}} Green and Blue Networks Meet: Pan-{{European}} Zonation Modelling Based on Remote Sensing and {{GIS}}},
  author = {Clerici, Nicola and Weissteiner, Christof J. and Paracchini, Luisa M. and Strobl, Peter},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {24774},
  pages = {62 pp.},
  issn = {1018-5593},
  doi = {10.2788/80271},
  abstract = {This Technical Report presents a new riparian zonation model for Europe based on satellite remote sensing and GIS techniques. Riparian zones are key ecological systems that provide a wide array of ecosystem services tosociety and the natural environment, as well as being fundamental structural elements of the European Green Infrastructure. The zonation model is based on a multi-layer approach, which takes into account a series of descriptive attributes and assigns a degree of belonging to the riparian zone class based on fuzzy membership scores. Model output has a 25 m spatial resolution and follows INSPIRE standards. A short characterization of model output is also proposed, together with a detailed assessment of accuracy. Information about riparian zone distribution will provide the basis for comprehensive characterization and ecological analysis at European scale, such as the identification of key riparian zones maintaining landscape connectivity, the evaluation of targeted riparian ecosystem services and monitoring of change at continental scale [Description de l'\'editeur].},
  journal = {EUR - Scientific and Technical Research},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12635515,ecology,ecosystem,ecosystem-services,europe,forest-resources,gis,remote-sensing,riparian-zones,soil-resources,water-resources},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12635515},
  number = {JRC 63959}
}

@article{skidmoreGeospatialToolsAddress2011,
  title = {Geospatial Tools Address Emerging Issues in Spatial Ecology: A Review and Commentary on the {{Special Issue}}},
  author = {Skidmore, Andrew K. and Franklin, Janet and Dawson, Terry P. and Pilesj{\"o}, Petter},
  year = {2011},
  month = mar,
  volume = {25},
  pages = {337--365},
  issn = {1362-3087},
  doi = {10.1080/13658816.2011.554296},
  abstract = {Spatial ecology focuses on the role of space and time in ecological processes and events from a local to a global scale and is particularly relevant in developing environmental policy and (mandated) monitoring goals. In other words, spatial ecology is where geography and ecology intersect, and high-quality geospatial data and analysis tools are required to address emerging issues in spatial ecology. In this commentary and review for the International Journal of GIS Special Issue on Spatial Ecology, we highlight selected current research priorities in spatial ecology and describe geospatial data and methods for addressing these tasks. Geoinformation research themes are identified in population ecology, community and landscape ecology, and ecosystem ecology, and these themes are further linked to the assessment of ecosystem services. Methods in spatial ecology benefit from explicit consideration of spatial autocorrelation, and applications discussed in this review include species distribution modeling, remote sensing of community and ecosystem properties, and models of climate change. The linkages of the Special Issue papers to these emerging issues are described.},
  journal = {International Journal of Geographical Information Science},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12850316,ecology,geospatial,review,spatial-analysis,spatial-pattern},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12850316},
  number = {3}
}

@article{evansModellingEcologicalSystems2011,
  title = {Modelling Ecological Systems in a Changing World},
  author = {Evans, Matthew R.},
  year = {2011},
  month = dec,
  volume = {367},
  pages = {181--190},
  issn = {1471-2970},
  doi = {10.1098/rstb.2011.0172},
  abstract = {The world is changing at an unprecedented rate. In such a situation, we need to understand the nature of the change and to make predictions about the way in which it might affect systems of interest; often we may also wish to understand what might be done to mitigate the predicted effects. In ecology, we usually make such predictions (or forecasts) by making use of mathematical models that describe the system and projecting them into the future, under changed conditions. Approaches emphasizing the desirability of simple models with analytical tractability and those that use assumed causal relationships derived statistically from data currently dominate ecological modelling. Although such models are excellent at describing the way in which a system has behaved, they are poor at predicting its future state, especially in novel conditions. In order to address questions about the impact of environmental change, and to understand what, if any, action might be taken to ameliorate it, ecologists need to develop the ability to project models into novel, future conditions. This will require the development of models based on understanding the processes that result in a system behaving the way it does, rather than relying on a description of the system, as a whole, remaining valid indefinitely.},
  journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-10110408,climate-change,ecology,emergent-property,environmental-modelling,extrapolation-error,forest-resources,modelling,system-of-systems},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-10110408},
  number = {1586}
}

@article{gea-izquierdoTreeringsReflectImpact2011,
  title = {Tree-Rings Reflect the Impact of Climate Change on {{Quercus}} Ilex {{L}}. along a Temperature Gradient in {{Spain}} over the Last 100 Years},
  author = {{Gea-Izquierdo}, G. and Cherubini, P. and Ca{\~n}ellas, I.},
  year = {2011},
  month = nov,
  volume = {262},
  pages = {1807--1816},
  issn = {0378-1127},
  doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2011.07.025},
  abstract = {[Highlights]

[::] We study the oak response to climate along a temperature gradient using tree-rings. [::] Stand competition history was reconstructed and growth trends discussed. [::] Just warmer stands have reduced productivity responding to water stress increase. [::] The relationship between growth and precipitation was non-linear (sigmoidal). [::] The sigmoid response reflected biogeographically meaningful thresholds.

[Abstract] We analyzed tree rings over the past 100 years to understand the response of Quercus ilex L. to climate change at four different sites along a temperature gradient in a highly anthropogenically transformed ecosystem. To test the hypothesis of a climate change related decrease in productivity at warmer sites, we discuss the effect of historical management on the growth of forest stands and the spatio-temporal variability of growth in response to climate, analyzing departures from linearity in that relationship. We reconstructed stand history and investigated past growth trends using tree-rings. Then we used a dendroecological approach to study the regional, local and age-dependent response to climate, analyzing the relationship between precipitation and tree growth using non-linear mixed models. Tree rings reflected the origin of the studied landscape, mainly a simplification of an original closed forest and progressive canopy opening for agrosilvopastoral purposes after the mid 1800s. As expected, trees were principally responding to water availability, and regional growth (as expressed by the first principal component from the matrix of chronologies) was highly responsive to hydrological year precipitation (r = 0.7). In this water limited ecosystem, the response of growth to precipitation was asymptotic and independent of age, but variable in time. Maximum growth was variable at the different sites and the non-linear function of growth saturated (i.e. reached an asymptote) at temperature dependent site specific precipitation levels within the range considered in the region to lead a shift towards deciduous species dominated woodlands (around 600 mm, variable with mean temperature). Only trees at warmer sites showed symptoms of growth decline, most likely explained by water stress increase in the last decades affecting the highly transformed open (i.e. low competition) tree structure. Stands at colder locations did not show any negative growth trend and may benefit from the current increase in winter temperatures. Coinciding with the decrease in productivity, trees at warmer sites responded more to moisture availability, exhibited a slower response to precipitation and reached maximum growth at higher precipitation levels than trees at colder sites. This suggests that warmer stands are threatened by climate change. The non-linear response of growth to precipitation described is meaningful for different ecological applications and provides new insights in the way trees respond to climate.},
  journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13631645,~to-add-doi-URL,bioclimatic-predictors,climate-change,dendroecology,drought-tolerance,droughts,ecology,field-measurements,forest-resources,global-warming,non-linearity,nonlinear-response-to-bioclimatic-predictors,precipitation,quercus-ilex,temperature,time-series},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13631645},
  number = {9}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{sardans_factors_2011,
	title = {Factors affecting nutrient concentration and stoichiometry of forest trees in {Catalonia} ({NE} {Spain})},
	volume = {262},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80053367163&doi=10.1016%2fj.foreco.2011.08.019&partnerID=40&md5=85b3fb7fe17ce67a1042fcd137b527a6},
	doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2011.08.019},
	abstract = {Although some studies have observed significant correlations between latitude and climate gradients and tree leaf nutrient concentration and stoichiometry, others have not. This study examined the nutrient concentrations of tree leaves in 3530 plots of the Catalonian Forest Inventory. Catalonia is a Mediterranean region located in NE Iberian Peninsula. It has a long land-use history and includes the large industrial-urban area of Barcelona but still contains a large forest area (42\%). In the forests of Catalonia, leaf nutrient concentration increased and leaf C:nutrient ratios decreased from south to north, which paralleled the increase in MAP (mean annual precipitation) and the decrease in MAT (mean annual temperature), which was expected in a Mediterranean climate where the availability of water is the most limiting factor for plant nutrient uptake. In addition, the availability of water, which influences productivity, was associated with low leaf N:P content ratios, which is consistent with the Growth Rate Hypothesis. At a regional scale, the results support the Soil-Age Hypothesis because the youngest soils in the Pyrenees had the lowest leaf N:P ratios. Furthermore, the type of forest (evergreen, deciduous, or coniferous) explained some of the variation in leaf nutrient concentrations and stoichiometry. Nutrient concentrations were highest in deciduous trees and lowest in coniferous trees. Leaf nutrient concentrations and stoichiometry were mainly correlated with climate, but other factors such as the chemical properties of soil and rock, phylogenetics, and different ecological histories and anthropogenic factors such as pollution, had an effect. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	author = {Sardans, J. and Rivas-Ubach, A. and Peñuelas, J.},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Anthropogenic factors, Barcelona, Catalonia, Chemical properties, Climate gradients, Coniferales, Coniferous trees, Content ratio, Deciduous trees, Ecological stoichiometry, Ecology, Forest area, Forest climate influence, Forest inventory, Forestry, Forests, Iberian peninsula, Land use change, Limiting factors, Mean annual precipitation, Mean annual temperatures, Mediterranean climates, Mediterranean environment, Mediterranean forest, Mediterranean region, Moisture Content, N:P ratio, Nutrient concentrations, Nutrients, Plant extracts, Plant nutrient uptake, Pollution, Pyrenees, Regional scale, Seasonal Variation, Soil, Soil pollution, Soils, South-to-North, Spain, Stoichiometry, Tree leaves, Tree nutrient relationships, Water content, anthropogenic effect, carbon, chemical property, climate change, climate effect, climate variation, coniferous tree, deciduous tree, forest ecosystem, growth rate, hypothesis testing, industrial location, leaf, nutrient availability, nutrient uptake, phylogenetics, pollution effect, precipitation (climatology), urban area, water availability},
	pages = {2024--2034}
}

@article{terzis_wireless_2010,
	title = {Wireless sensor networks for soil science},
	volume = {7},
	abstract = {Wireless sensor networks can revolutionise soil ecology by providing measurements at temporal and spatial granularities previously impossible. This paper presents our first steps towards fulfilling that goal by developing and deploying two experimental soil monitoring networks at urban forests in Baltimore, MD. The nodes of these networks periodically measure soil moisture and temperature and store the measurements in local memory. Raw measurements are incrementally retrieved by a sensor gateway and persistently stored in a database. The database also stores calibrated versions of the collected data. The measurement database is available to third-party applications through various Web Services interfaces. At a high level, the deployments were successful in exposing high-level variations of soil factors. However, we have encountered a number of challenging technical problems: need for low-level programming at multiple levels, calibration across space and time, and sensor faults. These problems must be addressed before sensor networks can fulfil their potential as high-quality instruments that can be deployed by scientists without major effort or cost.},
	number = {1-2},
	journal = {International Journal of Sensor Networks},
	author = {Terzis, A. R. and Burns, R. and Musaloiu-E, R. and Cogan, J. and Szlavecz, K. and Szalay, A. S. and Gray, R. J. and Ozer, S. and Liang, C. M. and Gupchup, J.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {BES, ecology, soil, Wireless Sensor Network}
}

@article{clarkIndividualsVariationNeeded2010,
  title = {Individuals and the Variation Needed for High Species Diversity in Forest Trees},
  author = {Clark, J. S.},
  year = {2010},
  month = feb,
  volume = {327},
  pages = {1129--1132},
  issn = {0036-8075},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1183506},
  abstract = {In the past, explanations for high species diversity have been sought at the species level. Theory shows that coexistence requires substantial differences between species, but species-level data rarely provide evidence for such differences. Using data from forests in the southeastern United States, I show here that variation evident at the individual level provides for coexistence of large numbers of competitors. Variation among individuals within populations allows species to differ in their distributions of responses to the environment, despite the fact that the populations to which they belong do not differ, on average. Results are consistent with theory predicting that coexistence depends on competition being stronger within than between species, shown here by analysis of individual-level responses to environmental fluctuation.},
  journal = {Science},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-6740523,array-of-factors,bias-toward-primacy-of-theory-over-reality,biodiversity,complexity,diversity,ecology,forest-resources,multiplicity,niche-modelling},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-6740523},
  number = {5969}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{ Slingo2009a,
  author = {Slingo, Julia and Bates, Kevin and Nikiforakis, Nikos and Piggott,
	Matthew and Roberts, Malcolm J. and Shaffrey, Len C. and Stevens,
	Ian and Vidale, Pier Luigi and Weller, Hilary},
  title = {{Developing the next-generation climate system models: challenges
	and achievements.}},
  journal = {Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and
	engineering sciences},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {367},
  pages = {815--31},
  number = {1890},
  month = {March},
  abstract = {Although climate models have been improving in accuracy and efficiency
	over the past few decades, it now seems that these incremental improvements
	may be slowing. As tera/petascale computing becomes massively parallel,
	our legacy codes are less suitable, and even with the increased resolution
	that we are now beginning to use, these models cannot represent the
	multiscale nature of the climate system. This paper argues that it
	may be time to reconsider the use of adaptive mesh refinement for
	weather and climate forecasting in order to achieve good scaling
	and representation of the wide range of spatial scales in the atmosphere
	and ocean. Furthermore, the challenge of introducing living organisms
	and human responses into climate system models is only just beginning
	to be tackled. We do not yet have a clear framework in which to approach
	the problem, but it is likely to cover such a huge number of different
	scales and processes that radically different methods may have to
	be considered. The challenges of multiscale modelling and petascale
	computing provide an opportunity to consider a fresh approach to
	numerical modelling of the climate (or Earth) system, which takes
	advantage of the computational fluid dynamics developments in other
	fields and brings new perspectives on how to incorporate Earth system
	processes. This paper reviews some of the current issues in climate
	(and, by implication, Earth) system modelling, and asks the question
	whether a new generation of models is needed to tackle these problems.},
  doi = {10.1098/rsta.2008.0207},
  file = {:Users/reinhard/Documents/articles/mendeley/Slingo et al‥ 2009. Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences.pdf:pdf},
  issn = {1364-503X},
  keywords = {Climate,Climatic Processes,Computer Simulation,Ecology,Ecology: methods,Ecology:
	trends,Internet,Models,Research,Research: trends,Science,Science:
	methods,Science: trends,Theoretical},
  pmid = {19087925},
  url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19087925}
}

@article{cameriniFactorsAffectingLymantria2009,
  title = {Factors Affecting {{Lymantria}} Dispar Mortality in a Willow Wood in Northern {{Italy}}},
  author = {Camerini, Giuseppe},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {62},
  pages = {21--25},
  issn = {1721-8861},
  abstract = {Mortality factors affecting a Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera Lymantriidae) population in a willow wood next to the Po River (northern Italy) were studied from 1997 to 2007. In that period population density of L. dispar was low, ranging from 5.5 egg masses/100 trees to 18.8 egg masses/100 trees. Willow woods are not the most suitable habitat for gypsy moth populations, which rarely increase to an epidemic level on this host. Mortality is affected by the action of several natural enemies: Anastatus japonicus Ashmead (egg parasitoid), Dermestes lardarius L. (egg predator) and Compsilura concinnata (Meigen) (larval parasitoid). An important control factor is represented by floods, which lay a sediment of mud at the base of the trees, so burying egg masses laid near to the soil. In addition, the flooding water, which is rich of suspended solids, leaves a layer of sludge on the surface of the bark, which can suffocate egg masses. The percentage of egg masses which did not hatch at all (100\,\% mortality) because of sludge left on the bark was 17.2\,\% in 1999 and 64.7\,\% in 2000. Outbreaks of the gypsy moth can rarely occur when the effects of both natural enemies and floods are simultaneously reduced.},
  journal = {Bulletin of Insectology},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13778833,compsilura-concinnata,ecology,feedback,floods,italy,lymantria-dispar,non-linearity,populus-alba,populus-spp,riparian-zones,salix-alba},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13778833},
  number = {1}
}

@book{campbell_restorative_2009,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Restorative commons: creating health and well-being through urban landscapes},
	abstract = {This book is a collection of 18 articles inspired by the Meristem 2007 Forum "Restorative Commons for Community Health." The volume explores the multifaceted relationship between human health and the urban environment, drawing attention to sites and programs that feature creative design, foster civic stewardship of natural resources, and promote sustainability. It includes academic writing of researchers in the fields of medical history, evolutionary psychology, and urban planning. And it couples this writing with practitioners'' experiential knowledge presented as case studies, thought pieces, and interviews. The book is suited for use in graduate and undergraduate education in a variety of disciplines including public health, urban planning, architecture, design, environmental studies and ecology. It is meant to share lessons learned from the fields of urban natural resource management and design with other practitioners, policymakers, and the general public.},
	publisher = {US Forest Service Northern Research Station},
	author = {Campbell, L. and Wiesen, A.},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {BES, landscape, ecology, urban, management, forest, planning, human, education, design, research, urban landscapes, architecture, public health}
}

@article{carpenter_s._r._accelerate_2009,
	title = {Accelerate synthesis in ecology and environmental sciences},
	volume = {59},
	doi = {10.1525/bio.2009.59.8.11},
	journal = {BioSciences},
	author = {{Carpenter S. R.} and Armbrust, E. V. and {Arzberger P. W.} and Chapin, III, F. S. and Elser, J. J. and Hackett, E. J. and Ives, A. R. and Kareiva, P. M. and Leibold, M. A. and Lundberg, P. and Mangel, M. and Merchant, N. and Murdoch, W. W. and Palmer, M. A. and Peters, D. P. C. and Pickett, S. T. A. and Smith, K. K. and Wall, D. H. and Zimmerman, A. S.},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {article, ecology, environmental sciences, journal, related, synthesis},
	pages = {699--701}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{ho_consequences_2008,
	title = {Consequences of omnivory for trophic interactions on a salt-marsh shrub},
	volume = {89},
	url = {http://www.esajournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1890%2F07-1069.1&ct=1},
	abstract = {Although omnivory is common in nature, its impact on trophic interactions is variable. Predicting the food web consequences of omnivory is complicated because omnivores can simultaneously produce conflicting direct and indirect effects on the same species or trophic level. We conducted field and laboratory experiments testing the top-down impacts of an omnivorous salt marsh crab, Armases cinereum, on the shrub Iva frutescens and its herbivorous and predatory arthropod fauna. Armases is a},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Ho, Chuan-Kai. and Pennings, Steven C.},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {GCE, ecology, plant, shrub, omnivory, trophic interactions}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{wickham_detecting_2008,
	title = {Detecting {Temporal} {Change} in {Watershed} {Nutrient} {Yields}},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0364-152X, 1432-1009},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00267-008-9120-8},
	doi = {10.1007/s00267-008-9120-8},
	abstract = {Meta-analyses reveal that nutrient yields tend to be higher for watersheds dominated by anthropogenic uses (e.g., urban, agriculture) and lower for watersheds dominated by natural vegetation. One implication of this pattern is that loss of natural vegetation will produce increases in watershed nutrient yields. Yet, the same meta-analyses also reveal that, absent land-cover change, watershed nutrient yields vary from one year to the next due to many exogenous factors. The interacting effects of land cover and exogenous factors suggest nutrient yields should be treated as distributions, and the effect of land-cover change should be examined by looking for significant changes in the distributions. We compiled nutrient yield distributions from published data. The published data included watersheds with homogeneous land cover that typically reported two or more years of annual nutrient yields for the same watershed. These data were used to construct statistical models, and the models were used to estimate changes in the nutrient yield distributions as a result of land-cover change. Land-cover changes were derived from the National Land Cover Database (NLCD). Total nitrogen (TN) yield distributions increased significantly for 35 of 1550 watersheds and decreased significantly for 51. Total phosphorus (TP) yield distributions increased significantly for 142 watersheds and decreased significantly for 17. The amount of land-cover change required to produce significant shifts in nutrient yield distributions was not constant. Small land-cover changes led to significant shifts in nutrient yield distributions when watersheds were dominated by natural vegetation, whereas much larger land-cover changes were needed to produce significant shifts when watersheds were dominated by urban or agriculture. We discuss our results in the context of the Clean Water Act.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2015-06-09},
	journal = {Environmental Management},
	author = {Wickham, James D. and Wade, Timothy G. and Riitters, Kurt H.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution, Change detection, Clean Water Act, Ecology, Ecoregions, Environmental Management, Eutrophication, Forestry Management, Nature Conservation, Phosphorus, Waste Water Technology / Water Pollution Control / Water Management / Aquatic Pollution, land cover, nitrogen},
	pages = {223--231}
}

@article{parrOpenSourcingEcological2007,
  title = {Open Sourcing Ecological Data},
  author = {Parr, Cynthia S.},
  year = {2007},
  month = apr,
  volume = {57},
  pages = {309--310},
  issn = {1525-3244},
  doi = {10.1641/b570402},
  abstract = {In a thought-provoking Viewpoint, Cassey and Blackburn (2006) suggest that reproducibility should not be required of ecological studies. Thus, ecological journals should not require authors to publish data as a requirement of publication, nor should reviewers insist on it. Cassey and Blackburn make three cautionary points: First, the goal of reproducibility should not be applied piecemeal. Second, journals are not ready for custodianship of data. Third, publishing data places the intellectual rights of authors at risk under the current reward system. I will respond to each of these points, then end with another view of the future of ecological research: an open-source web of ecological data.},
  journal = {BioScience},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-1197018,~to-add-doi-URL,data-sharing,ecology,free-scientific-knowledge,knowledge-freedom,metaknowledge,open-data,open-science,scientific-knowledge-sharing},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-1197018},
  number = {4}
}

@article{kullmanTreeLinePopulation2007,
  title = {Tree Line Population Monitoring of {{Pinus}} Sylvestris in the {{Swedish Scandes}}, 1973-2005: Implications for Tree Line Theory and Climate Change Ecology},
  author = {Kullman, Leif},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {95},
  pages = {41--52},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01190.x},
  abstract = {* 1Demographic trends of Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine) tree line populations are reported for a 32-year monitoring period (1973-2005). Functional and projective aspects of tree line performance were analysed by relating temporal variability and change of vital population parameters, such as natality/mortality, vigour, injuries, height growth and seed viability to contemporary variations in air and soil temperatures. * 2The size of the entire sampled population increased by 50\,\% during the 32-year observation period and thereby pine has become a more prominent element on the landscape. This reverses a natural multicentennial or even millennial trend of tree line decline and recession. * 3Contrasting population trends were recorded for the subperiods 1973-87 and 1988-2005, viz. decline and increase, respectively. Mean summer temperatures (JJA) did not change perceivably over and between these intervals, although some exceptionally warm summers from 1997 onwards have contributed to population expansion by increased seed viability and seedling emergence. Winter temperatures (DJF) decreased significantly over the first subperiod and were consistently higher during the second, which has significantly lowered the mortality rates. * 4A functional link to winter temperature conditions was particularly stressed by the aetiology of individual plant vigour, injuries and final mortality. Classical symptoms of winter desiccation correlated significantly with low winter temperatures. This negative impact occurred with a high frequency during the decline phase and virtually ceased during the expansion phase from 1988 onwards, when winter air and root zone temperatures were raised to a consistently higher level. * 5Winter and summer temperatures in the air and soil, as well as positive feedback mechanisms and nonlinear responses, must be taken into account in the search for global or regional mechanical explanations for the tree line phenomenon. This insight helps to generate realistic tree line models for a high-CO2 world, when winter warming is usually predicted to be particularly large.},
  journal = {Journal of Ecology},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-11402583,climate-change,ecology,forest-resources,global-warming,pinus-sylvestris,tree-line},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-11402583},
  number = {1}
}

@article{clark_environmental_2007-1,
	title = {Environmental and plant community determinants of species loss following nitrogen enrichment},
	volume = {10},
	abstract = {Global energy use and food production have increased nitrogen inputs to ecosystems worldwide, impacting plant community diversity, composition, and function. Previous studies show considerable variation across terrestrial herbaceous ecosystems in the magnitude of species loss following nitrogen (N) enrichment. What controls this variation remains unknown. We present results from 23 N-addition experiments across North America, representing a range of climatic, soil and plant community properties, to determine conditions that lead to greater diversity decline. Species loss in these communities ranged from 0 to 65\% of control richness. Using hierarchical structural equation modelling, we found greater species loss in communities with a lower soil cation exchange capacity, colder regional temperature, and larger production increase following N addition, independent of initial species richness, plant productivity, and the relative abundance of most plant functional groups. Our results indicate sensitivity to N addition is co-determined by environmental conditions and production responsiveness, which overwhelm the effects of initial community structure and composition.},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	author = {Clark, Christopher M. and Cleland, Elsa E and Collins, S. L. and Fargione, J. E. and Gough, Laura. and Gross, Katherine L. and Pennings, Steven C. and Suding, K.N. and Grace, James B.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {GCE, nitrogen, SEV, ARC, nutrients, ecology, NWT, NWTLTER, CDR, fertilization, plant, community, enrichment, species loss}
}

@inproceedings{gellerModelWebConcept2007,
  title = {The Model Web: A Concept for Ecological Forecasting},
  booktitle = {Geoscience and {{Remote Sensing Symposium}}, 2007. {{IGARSS}} 2007. {{IEEE International}}},
  author = {Geller, G. N. and Turner, W.},
  year = {2007},
  month = jul,
  pages = {2469--2472},
  publisher = {{IEEE / California Inst. of Technol., Pasadena}},
  doi = {10.1109/igarss.2007.4423343},
  abstract = {Ecological forecasting capabilities are constrained by the interoperability of ecological and related models, among other things. This limits the types of questions that can be practically addressed, as well as the range of users that can ask them. We are exploring the concept of an ecological model web, an open-ended system of interoperable computer models and databases, with machine and end-user Internet access via web services. The 5-10 year vision includes a distributed network of inter operating models; that grows organically within a framework of broad goals and standards; with models and datasets maintained, operated, and served independently; and that provides interactive web access to researchers, managers, and the public. Increasing the level of interoperability of these models will increase their collective power and the breadth of questions they can answer.},
  isbn = {978-1-4244-1211-2},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13321868,ecology,environmental-modelling,web-and-information-technologies},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13321868}
}

@article{guisanPredictingSpeciesDistribution2005,
  title = {Predicting Species Distribution: Offering More than Simple Habitat Models},
  author = {Guisan, Antoine and Thuiller, Wilfried},
  year = {2005},
  month = sep,
  volume = {8},
  pages = {993--1009},
  issn = {1461-023X},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00792.x},
  abstract = {In the last two decades, interest in species distribution models (SDMs) of plants and animals has grown dramatically. Recent advances in SDMs allow us to potentially forecast anthropogenic effects on patterns of biodiversity at different spatial scales. However, some limitations still preclude the use of SDMs in many theoretical and practical applications. Here, we provide an overview of recent advances in this field, discuss the ecological principles and assumptions underpinning SDMs, and highlight critical limitations and decisions inherent in the construction and evaluation of SDMs. Particular emphasis is given to the use of SDMs for the assessment of climate change impacts and conservation management issues. We suggest new avenues for incorporating species migration, population dynamics, biotic interactions and community ecology into SDMs at multiple spatial scales. Addressing all these issues requires a better integration of SDMs with ecological theory.},
  journal = {Ecology Letters},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-280759,bioclimatic-predictors,climate-change,conservation,ecology,environmental-predictors,habitat-conservation,habitat-suitability,migration-history,mode,modelling,niche-modelling,potential-habitat,species-distribution},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-280759},
  number = {9}
}

@article{franceschiAnatomicalChemicalDefenses2005,
  title = {Anatomical and Chemical Defenses of Conifer Bark against Bark Beetles and Other Pests},
  author = {Franceschi, Vincent R. and Krokene, Paal and Christiansen, Erik and Krekling, Trygve},
  year = {2005},
  month = may,
  volume = {167},
  pages = {353--376},
  issn = {0028-646X},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01436.x},
  abstract = {[Summary] Conifers are long-lived organisms, and part of their success is due to their potent defense mechanisms. This review focuses on bark defenses, a front line against organisms trying to reach the nutrient-rich phloem. A major breach of the bark can lead to tree death, as evidenced by the millions of trees killed every year by specialized bark-invading insects. Different defense strategies have arisen in conifer lineages, but the general strategy is one of overlapping constitutive mechanical and chemical defenses overlaid with the capacity to up-regulate additional defenses. The defense strategy incorporates a graded response from 'repel', through 'defend' and 'kill', to 'compartmentalize', depending upon the advance of the invading organism. Using a combination of toxic and polymer chemistry, anatomical structures and their placement, and inducible defenses, conifers have evolved bark defense mechanisms that work against a variety of pests. However, these can be overcome by strategies including aggregation pheromones of bark beetles and introduction of virulent phytopathogens. The defense structures and chemicals in conifer bark are reviewed and questions about their coevolution with bark beetles are discussed.

[Excerpt] Generating a defensive capacity that can deal with the diversity of potential attackers and their varying means of attack requires a wide range of mechanisms. As will be described here, the basic defense strategy of conifer stems involves multiple structures and chemicals that are overlapping in space and time. Because defense is a costly venture, not all defenses are expressed constitutively under normal growth. Investment in constitutive defenses provides for inhibition of an initial attack, whereas inducible defense mechanisms help to ensure that an initial invasion of tissues is both perceived and defended against actively and vigorously. Thus, two basic types of defense strategies can be discussed: constitutive defenses that are present in the tree without any challenge, and inducible defenses that are generated upon perception of a foreign challenge. A third strategy, acquired or systemic defense, can be considered to be a variation of inducible defenses but at some distance from the attack, temporally displaced with respect to the initial event, and with persistent properties. The 'choice' of strategy has been hypothesized to vary with the type of challenge (cf. Matson \& Hain, 1985; Christiansen et al., 1987; Bonello et al., 2001). Here we review the nature of the basic bark defenses and how they are integrated. Questions concerning their evolution and coevolution with pests are discussed, focusing on scolytid bark beetles because of their dominating role in forest ecology and the large amount of research done with these organisms. 

[::Basic defense strategies]
The active phloem and cambium of stems represent a relatively small amount of tissue that can be easily damaged or destroyed, resulting in death of part, or all, of the tree. The basic function of bark defenses is to protect the nutrient- and energy-rich phloem, the vital meristematic region of the vascular cambium, and the transpiration stream in the sapwood. There are four basic steps or phases of defense systems in plants that are independent of the attacking organism. The first is an effective constitutive defense that can repel or inhibit invasion of tissues. If this is not effective, the next stage is to kill or compartmentalize the invading organism. A third phase of defense is to seal and repair damage incurred so that the plant can continue to function normally, and so that opportunistic infections are prevented. Finally, acquired or systemic resistance can be induced so that future attacks are more easily defended against. In addition, once an invading organism is identified, more specialized inducible defense responses can be elicited, such as gene-for-gene (R-gene) responses. The combination of constitutive and inducible systems provides a potent defense against attack. [...]

[::Conclusions] During their long lives, conifer trees meet challenges from a wide variety of organisms, among the most serious being bark beetles and their associated phytopathogenic fungi. Conifer defenses against stem infesting insects and pathogens can be classified as constitutive or induced. The constitutive defense system includes resin accumulating cells and channels in the phloem and wood, cells in the phloem that store toxic substances (e.g. phenolics), and mechanical properties of the bark such as suberized and lignified cell layers, stone cells and calcium oxalate crystals. The induced defense system involves de novo synthesis or activation of a wide range of defense chemicals, including terpenoids, phenolics, PR proteins and enzymes. The induced defense system may act against a current infection (the hypersensitive response and local resistance) or against future infections or bark beetle attacks (acquired resistance). These multiple overlapping defense structures and systems provide a formidable defense against a wide range of possible attacking organisms. However, conifers are still susceptible to certain organisms that have evolved strategies to overcome the defenses or avoid them. A number of challenges remain in improving our understanding of these defenses and the interaction of invading organisms with conifer defense strategies, as well as our understanding of the coevolution of conifer defense mechanisms and bark infesting organisms. Defensive chemicals such as the terpenoid resins and phenolics involve complex pathways that can lead to a large range of different chemical components, and characterization of the pathways operating in diverse species (and their regulation) will help determine the importance of various compounds singly and in combinations. Another key to understanding these defenses is to identify the signaling mechanisms involved in establishing patterns of constitutive defenses and in each phase of the induced defense responses. Another perspective that needs to be integrated with our knowledge of defense systems is the nature of the tree-beetle interaction. The mechanisms by which bark beetles are attracted to host trees and decide on the suitability of a tree are not well established, but evidence of the interaction of otherwise defensive compounds from the bark with beetle attraction or deterrence is particularly intriguing and merits further intensive study.

[\textbackslash n] The remarkable longevity of various conifer species is a testament to the success of their defense strategies, some of which have been reviewed here, and the persistence of minute beetles capable of overcoming these defenses indicates a fascinating coevolutionary history. Understanding bark defenses and these interactions is critical in predicting the effect of ecological disturbances on tree-pest dynamics as well as in developing management and genetic strategies for improving the health of conifer forests or conifer production.},
  journal = {New Phytologist},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-246698,bark-beetle,co-evolution,conifers,ecology,evolution,forest-pests,forest-resources,opportunistic-plant-pests,plant-self-defense},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-246698},
  number = {2}
}

@incollection{kolasa_changing_2005,
	address = {Cambridge},
	title = {Changing academic perspectives of ecology: a view from within},
	booktitle = {Environmental {Education} and {Advocacy}},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Kolasa, J. and Pickett, S.T.A.},
	editor = {Johnson, E. A.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {BES, ecology}
}

@article{liEffectsMicrositeGrowth2004,
  title = {Effects of Microsite on Growth of {{Pinus}} Cembra in the Subalpine Zone of the {{Austrian Alps}}},
  author = {Li, Mai-He and Yang, Jian},
  year = {2004},
  month = jun,
  volume = {61},
  pages = {319--325},
  issn = {1286-4560},
  doi = {10.1051/forest:2004025},
  journal = {Annals of Forest Science},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13496491,alpine-region,ecology,pinus-cembra},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13496491},
  number = {4}
}

@article{brush_ecology_2004,
	title = {Ecology and politics - a troubled partnership. {Review} of {Ernst}, {Howard} {R}. 2003. {Chesapeake} {Bay} {Blues}: {Science}, {Politics}, and the {Struggle} to {Save} the {Bay}},
	volume = {85},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Brush, G. S.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {BES, ecology, other policy, chesapeake}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{citeulike:12117596,
    abstract = {We studied patterns of small mammal abundance and species richness in post-fire habitats by sampling 33 plots (225 m2 each) representing different stages of vegetation recovery after fire. Small mammal abundance was estimated by live trapping during early spring 1999 and vegetation structure was sampled by visual estimation at the same plots. Recently–burnt areas were characterised by shrubby and herbaceous vegetation with low structural variability, and unburnt areas were characterised by well developed forest cover with high structural complexity. Small mammal abundance and species richness decreased with time elapsed since the last fire (from 5 to at least 50 years), and these differences were associated to the decreasing cover of short shrubs as the post-fire succession of plant communities advanced. However, relationships between vegetation structure and small mammals differed among areas burned in different times, with weak or negative relationship in recently burnt areas and positive and stronger relationship in unburnt areas. Furthermore, the abundance of small mammals was larger than expected from vegetation structure in plots burned recently whereas the contrary pattern was found in unburned areas. We hypothesised that the pattern observed could be related to the responses of small mammal predators to changes in vegetation and landscape structure promoted by fire. Fire-related fragmentation could have promoted the isolation of forest predators (owls and carnivores) in unburned forest patches, a fact that could have produced a higher predation pressure for small mammals. Conversely, small mammal populations would have been enhanced in early post-fire stages by lower predator numbers combined with better predator protection in areas covered by resprouting woody vegetation.},
    author = {Torre, I. and D\'{\i}az, M.},
    citeulike-article-id = {12117596},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2003.10.007},
    citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://scholar.google.it/scholar?cluster=6855480906892220882},
    citeulike-linkout-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2003.10.007},
    doi = {10.1016/j.actao.2003.10.007},
    issn = {1146-609X},
    journal = {Acta Oecologica},
    keywords = {ecology, forest-fires, forest-resources, fragmentation, grasslands, mammals, prey-predator, shrubs, wildfires},
    month = may,
    number = {3},
    pages = {137--142},
    posted-at = {2013-03-06 18:13:34},
    priority = {2},
    title = {Small mammal abundance in Mediterranean post-fire habitats: a role for predators?},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2003.10.007},
    volume = {25},
    year = {2004}
}

Paper  bibtex   

@article{belovsky_ten_2004,
	title = {Ten {Suggestions} to {Strengthen} the {Science} of {Ecology}: {Roundtable}},
	volume = {54},
	url = {http://luq.lternet.edu/publications/lterpub/belotens},
	journal = {BioScience},
	author = {Belovsky, G.E. and Margules, C.R. and Scott, J.M. and Botkin, D.B. and Crowl, T.A. and Cummins, K.W. and Franklin, J. F. and Hunter, M. L. and Joern, A and Lindenmayer, D.B. and Macmahon, J.A.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {LUQ, ecology, population dynamics, environmental policy, ecological theory, scientific method}
}

@article{jongmanEuropeanEcologicalNetworks2004,
  title = {European Ecological Networks and Greenways},
  author = {Jongman, Rob H. G. and K{\"u}lvik, Mart and Kristiansen, I.},
  year = {2004},
  month = may,
  volume = {68},
  pages = {305--319},
  issn = {0169-2046},
  doi = {10.1016/s0169-2046(03)00163-4},
  abstract = {In the context of European integration, networks are becoming increasingly important in both social and ecological sense. Since the beginning of the 1990s, societal and scientific exchanges are being restructured as the conceptual approaches towards new nature conservation strategies have been renewed. Within the framework of nature conservation, the notion of an ecological network has become increasingly important. Throughout Europe, regional and national approaches are in different phases of development, which are all based on recent landscape ecological principles. Ecological networks are interpreted in a variety of ways depending on different historical roots of nature conservation, planning and scientific traditions, different geographical and administrative levels, different land uses, and in the end the political decision-making is dependent on actors with different land use interests. This complex interaction between cultural and natural features results in quite different ways for the elaboration of ecological networks and greenways.},
  journal = {Landscape and Urban Planning},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-2724376,connectivity,conservation,ecological-networks,ecology,europe},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-2724376},
  number = {2-3}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{bahatyrova_native_2004,
	title = {The native architecture of a photosynthetic membrane},
	volume = {430},
	copyright = {© 2004 Nature Publishing Group},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v430/n7003/abs/nature02823.html},
	doi = {10.1038/nature02823},
	abstract = {In photosynthesis, the harvesting of solar energy and its subsequent conversion into a stable charge separation are dependent upon an interconnected macromolecular network of membrane-associated chlorophyll–protein complexes. Although the detailed structure of each complex has been determined, the size and organization of this network are unknown. Here we show the use of atomic force microscopy to directly reveal a native bacterial photosynthetic membrane. This first view of any multi-component membrane shows the relative positions and associations of the photosynthetic complexes and reveals crucial new features of the organization of the network: we found that the membrane is divided into specialized domains each with a different network organization and in which one type of complex predominates. Two types of organization were found for the peripheral light-harvesting LH2 complex. In the first, groups of 10–20 molecules of LH2 form light-capture domains that interconnect linear arrays of dimers of core reaction centre (RC)–light-harvesting 1 (RC–LH1–PufX) complexes; in the second they were found outside these arrays in larger clusters. The LH1 complex is ideally positioned to function as an energy collection hub, temporarily storing it before transfer to the RC where photochemistry occurs: the elegant economy of the photosynthetic membrane is demonstrated by the close packing of these linear arrays, which are often only separated by narrow 'energy conduits' of LH2 just two or three complexes wide.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7003},
	urldate = {2013-03-16TZ},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Bahatyrova, Svetlana and Frese, Raoul N. and Siebert, C. Alistair and Olsen, John D. and van der Werf, Kees O. and van Grondelle, Rienk and Niederman, Robert A. and Bullough, Per A. and Otto, Cees and Hunter, C. Neil},
	month = aug,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {Biotechnology, Cell Cycle, Computational Biology, DNA, Ecology, Evolution, Genomics, Marine Biology, Metabolomics, Molecular Biology, Nanotechnology, Proteomics, RNA, Signal Transduction, astronomy, astrophysics, biochemistry, bioinformatics, biology, cancer, cell signalling, climate change, development, developmental biology, drug discovery, earth science, environmental science, evolutionary biology, functional genomics, genetics, geophysics, immunology, interdisciplinary science, life, materials science, medical research, medicine, molecular interactions, nature, neurobiology, neuroscience, palaeobiology, pharmacology, physics, quantum physics, science, science news, science policy, structural biology, systems biology, transcriptomics},
	pages = {1058--1062}
}

Website  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {The genome of a motile marine Synechococcus},
 type = {article},
 year = {2003},
 keywords = {Cyanobacterium Synechococcus,Degradation,Ecology,Gene,Identification,Polypeptide,Prochlorococcus,RCC,SBR_Phyto,Sequence,Sp Pcc7942,Strains},
 pages = {1037-1042},
 volume = {424},
 websites = {Nature Publishing Group http://inserm-nature.inist.fr/dynasearch/app/dynasearch.taf?_action=search&search_volume=424&search_startpage=1037.&sp_k=NATURE},
 id = {35550e27-1865-35b3-8ba7-d6ac9f51d3e3},
 created = {2015-11-02T11:41:37.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {9e8929f8-811d-3561-b42b-6003aef71c7c},
 group_id = {98cf6291-ef58-3f8a-a4b6-c8754044662f},
 last_modified = {2016-06-16T13:22:59.000Z},
 tags = {2003,rcc,sbr_phyto},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 abstract = {Marine unicellular cyanobacteria are responsible for an estimated 20-40% of chlorophyll biomass and carbon fixation in the oceans(1). Here we have sequenced and analysed the 2.4-megabase genome of Synechococcus sp. strain WH8102, revealing some of the ways that these organisms have adapted to their largely oligotrophic environment. WH8102 uses organic nitrogen and phosphorus sources and more sodium-dependent transporters than a model freshwater cyanobacterium. Furthermore, it seems to have adopted strategies for conserving limited iron stores by using nickel and cobalt in some enzymes, has reduced its regulatory machinery (consistent with the fact that the open ocean constitutes a far more constant and buffered environment than fresh water), and has evolved a unique type of swimming motility. The genome of WH8102 seems to have been greatly influenced by horizontal gene transfer, partially through phages. The genetic material contributed by horizontal gene transfer includes genes involved in the modification of the cell surface and in swimming motility. On the basis of its genome, WH8102 is more of a generalist than two related marine cyanobacteria(2).},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Palenik, B and Brahamsha, B and Larimer, F W and Land, M and Hauser, L and Chain, P and Lamerdin, J and Regala, W and Allen, E E and McCarren, J and Paulsen, I and Dufresne, A and Partensky, F and Webb, E A and Waterbury, J},
 journal = {Nature},
 number = {6952}
}

@article{royer_conservation_2003,
	title = {Conservation of total synaptic weight through balanced synaptic depression and potentiation},
	volume = {422},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/nature01530},
	abstract = {Memory is believed to depend on activity-dependent changes in the strength of synapses. In part, this view is based on evidence that the efficacy of synapses can be enhanced or depressed depending on the timing of pre- and postsynaptic activity. However, when such plastic synapses are incorporated into neural network models, stability problems may develop because the potentiation or depression of synapses increases the likelihood that they will be further strengthened or weakened. Here we report biological evidence for a homeostatic mechanism that reconciles the apparently opposite requirements of plasticity and stability. We show that, in intercalated neurons of the amygdala, activity-dependent potentiation or depression of particular glutamatergic inputs leads to opposite changes in the strength of inputs ending at other dendritic sites. As a result, little change in total synaptic weight occurs, even though the relative strength of inputs is modified. Furthermore, hetero- but not homosynaptic alterations are blocked by intracellular dialysis of drugs that prevent Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. Thus, in intercalated neurons at least, inverse heterosynaptic plasticity tends to compensate for homosynaptic long-term potentiation and depression, thus stabilizing total synaptic weight.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {6931},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Royer, Sébastien and Paré, Denis},
	month = apr,
	year = {2003},
	pmid = {12673250},
	keywords = {Amygdala, Animals, Calcium, DNA, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Guinea Pigs, Long-Term Potentiation, Membrane Potentials, Neuronal Plasticity, Neuroscience, RNA, Signal Transduction, Synapses, astronomy, astrophysics, biochemistry, bioinformatics, biology, biotechnology, cancer, cell cycle, cell signalling, climate change, computational biology, development, developmental biology, drug discovery, earth science, ecology, environmental science, evolution, evolutionary biology, functional genomics, genetics, genomics, geophysics, immunology, interdisciplinary science, life, marine biology, materials science, medical research, medicine, memory, metabolomics, molecular biology, molecular interactions, nanotechnology, nature, neurobiology, palaeobiology, pharmacology, physics, proteomics, quantum physics, science, science news, science policy, structural biology, systems biology, transcriptomics},
	pages = {518--522}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{wang_using_2003,
	title = {Using {NOAA} {AVHRR} data to assess flood damage in {China}},
	volume = {82},
	issn = {0167-6369, 1573-2959},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A%3A1021898531229},
	doi = {10.1023/A:1021898531229},
	abstract = {The article used two NOAA-14 Advanced Very High ResolutionRadiometer (AVHRR) datasets to assess flood damage in the middleand lower reaches of China's Changjiang River (Yangtze River) in 1998. As the AVHRR is an optical sensor, it cannot penetratethe clouds that frequently cover the land during the flood season, and this technology is greatly limited in flood monitoring. However the widely used normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) can be used to monitor flooding, sincewater has a much lower NDVI value than other surface features.Though many factors other than flooding (e.g. atmospheric conditions, different sun-target-satellite angles, and cloud) can change NDVI values, inundated areas can be distinguished fromother types of ground cover by changes in the NDVI value beforeand after the flood after eliminating the effects of other factors on NDVI. AVHRR data from 26 May and 22 August, 1998 wereselected to represent the ground conditions before and after flooding. After accurate geometric correction by collecting GCPs,and atmospheric and angular corrections by using the 6S code, NDVI values for both days and their differences were calculatedfor cloud-free pixels. The difference in the NDVI values betweenthese two times, together with the NDVI values and a land-use map, were used to identify inundated areas and to assess the arealost to the flood. The results show a total of 358 867 ha, with 207 556 ha of cultivated fields (paddy and non-irrigated field) inundated during the flood of 1998 in the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River Catchment; comparing with the reported total of 321 000 and 197 000 ha, respectively. The discrimination accuracy of this method was tested by comparing the results from two nearly simultaneous sets of remote-sensingdata (NOAA's AVHRR data from 10 September, 1998, and JERS-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data from 11 September, 1998, with a lag of about 18.5 hr) over a representative flooded regionin the study area. The results showed that 67.26\% of the total area identified as inundated using the NOAA data was also identified as inundated using the SAR data.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2015-11-23TZ},
	journal = {Environmental Monitoring and Assessment},
	author = {Wang, Quan and Watanabe, Masataka and Hayashi, Seiji and Murakami, Shogo},
	month = mar,
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution, Changjiang River (Yangtze River), Ecology, Environmental Management, JERS-1 SAR, Monitoring/Environmental Analysis/Environmental Ecotoxicology, NDVI, NOAA AVHRR, flooding, inundated area},
	pages = {119--148}
}

@article{groffman_down_2003,
	title = {Down by the riverside: urban riparian ecology},
	volume = {1},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and Environment},
	author = {Groffman, P.M. and Bain, D. J. and Band, L. E. and Belt, K. T. and Brush, G. S. and Grove, J.M. and Pouyat, R. V. and Yesilonis, I. C. and Zipperer, W. C.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {BES, ecology, urban, riparian}
}

@article{voinov_teaching_2002,
	title = {Teaching and learning ecological modeling over the web: a collaborative approach},
	volume = {6},
	abstract = {A framework for web-based collaborative teaching has been created. This framework is implemented as an ecological modeling course (http://iee.umces.edu/AV/Simmod.html), but should be flexible enough to apply to other disciplines. I have developed a series of tools to facilitate interactive communication between students and instructors, and among students taking the course. The course content consists of reading materials that describe the theory of systems analysis and modeling, guidelines on how models can be built, and numerous examples and illustrations. The interactive part includes exercises that can be discussed with and evaluated by the instructor, and provides a means to mimic class discussions. To what extent this approach can replace conventional in-class tutoring has yet to be tested, but the preliminary applications show great promise. I offer this course format as a framework and a prototype for collaborative "open-source" approaches to education, in which the web provides the means to communicate knowledge and skills asynchronously between geographically dispersed educators and students.},
	journal = {Conservation Ecology},
	author = {Voinov, A.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {BES, ecology, modeling, collaborative teaching, ecological modeling, web education}
}

Website  bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Ecological responses to recent climate change},
 type = {article},
 year = {2002},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 pages = {389-395},
 volume = {416},
 websites = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/416389a},
 id = {8df9a2db-99ef-3ba6-898e-d4e6c32695d8},
 created = {2011-02-22T18:00:53.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {c04350e2-ca59-3023-9537-35726b8dc7ec},
 group_id = {3addd0f7-d578-34d3-be80-24022cc062a1},
 last_modified = {2019-06-04T14:58:47.448Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Walther2002},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {M3: 10.1038/416389a; 10.1038/416389a<m:linebreak></m:linebreak>Journal Article},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Walther, G and Post, E and Convey, P and Menzel, A and Parmesan, C and Beebee, T J C and Fromentin, J and Hoegh-Guldberg, O and Bairlein, F and Anonymous, undefined},
 journal = {Nature},
 number = {6879}
}

@incollection{bussottiPinusCembra2002,
  title = {Pinus Cembra {{L}}.},
  booktitle = {Pines of {{Silvicultural Importance}}},
  author = {Bussotti, F.},
  editor = {{CABI}},
  year = {2002},
  pages = {50--52},
  publisher = {{CABI}},
  address = {{Wallingford, UK}},
  abstract = {The genus Pinus is of great ecological and commercial importance and it is notable for its vast geographic range and the sheer area that its various species occupy. Its natural range is almost exclusively in the northern hemisphere, where it often forms the dominant vegetation cover. However, it is also of silvicultural significance in many countries in the southern hemisphere.

Pines play an important role in the ecosystems of which they form part, and provide a valuable source of fibre, timber and other secondary products for human use. Worldwide, pines form a large part of the annual wood harvest and the immature plantation forests of the future. This reflects their amenability to cultivation, their broad site tolerances, and the ease of processing their wood for a multitude of end-uses.

This book is compiled from 65 datasheets on pine from the Forestry Compendium Global Module (published by CABI on CD-ROM). For each species, there is information on common names, taxonomy, botanical features, natural distribution, latitude range, climate, soil properties, silvicultural characteristics, pests, wood and non-wood products.},
  isbn = {978-0-85199-539-7},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13496444,ecology,monography,pinus-cembra},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13496444}
}

@incollection{kinzig_urban-suburban_2001-1,
	address = {San Diego},
	title = {Urban-suburban ecology},
	booktitle = {Encyclopedia of {Biodiversity}},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	author = {Kinzig, A. and Grove, J.M.},
	editor = {{S. Levin}},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {BES, ecology, urban}
}

@article{peterkenEcologicalEffectsIntroduced2001,
  title = {Ecological Effects of Introduced Tree Species in {{Britain}}},
  author = {Peterken, G. F.},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {141},
  pages = {31--42},
  doi = {10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00487-4},
  abstract = {Non-native trees have been introduced to Britain and native trees have been redistributed for over 2000 years, but most species were introduced in the last 400 years, and the ecological consequences have not yet been fully manifested. Introduction has been followed by various forms of adaptation to British conditions: (i) genetic changes in the trees themselves, (ii) assimilation into forest communities, (iii) colonisation by native plants, animals and fungi and (iv) gradual cultural acceptance. Nevertheless, some naturalised shrubs are widely regarded as ecologically damaging in semi-natural vegetation (e.g. Rhododendron ponticum, Acer pseudoplatanus), and the introduction of non-native conifers has allowed forestry to expand over moorland with substantial ecological effects.},
  journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13508406,abies-alba,acer-platanoides,acer-pseudoplatanus,aesculus-hippocastanum,afforestation,biodiversity,castanea-sativa,community,conifers,conservation,introduction,invertebrates,larix-decidua,picea-abies,picea-sitchensis,pinus-contorta,pseudotsuga-menziesii,quercus-borealis,tsuga-heterophylla,ulmus-spp},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13508406},
  number = {1-2}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{ forde_nutritional_2001,
  title = {The nutritional control of root development},
  volume = {232},
  issn = {0032-079X, 1573-5036},
  url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A%3A1010329902165},
  doi = {10.1023/A:1010329902165},
  abstract = {Root development is remarkably sensitive to variations in the supply and distribution of inorganic nutrients in the soil. Here we review examples of the ways in which nutrients such as N, P, K and Fe can affect developmental processes such as root branching, root hair production, root diameter, root growth angle, nodulation and proteoid root formation. The nutrient supply can affect root development either directly, as a result of changes in the external concentration of the nutrient, or indirectly through changes in the internal nutrient status of the plant. The direct pathway results in developmental responses that are localized to the part of the root exposed to the nutrient supply; the indirect pathway produces systemic responses and seems to depend on long-distance signals arising in the shoot. We propose the term `trophomorphogenesis' to describe the changes in plant morphology that arise from variations in the availability or distribution of nutrients in the environment. We discuss what is currently known about the mechanisms of external and internal nutrient sensing, the possible nature of the long-distance signals and the role of hormones in the trophomorphogenic response.},
  language = {en},
  number = {1-2},
  urldate = {2014-03-11},
  journal = {Plant and Soil},
  author = {Forde, Brian and Lorenzo, Helena},
  month = {May},
  year = {2001},
  keywords = {Nitrate, Plant Physiology, Plant Sciences, Soil Science \& Conservation, ecology, nutrients, plasticity, root development, signalling, trophomorphogenesis},
  pages = {51--68}
}

@article{villa_integrating_2001,
	title = {Integrating modelling architecture: a declarative framework for multi-scale, multi-paradigm ecological modelling},
	volume = {137},
	journal = {Ecological Modelling},
	author = {Villa, F.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {BES, ecology, modeling, architecture}
}

@article{gotelliQuantifyingBiodiversityProcedures2001,
  title = {Quantifying Biodiversity: Procedures and Pitfalls in the Measurement and Comparison of Species Richness},
  author = {Gotelli, Nicholas J. and Colwell, Robert K.},
  year = {2001},
  month = jul,
  volume = {4},
  pages = {379--391},
  issn = {1461-023X},
  doi = {10.1046/j.1461-0248.2001.00230.x},
  abstract = {Species richness is a fundamental measurement of community and regional diversity, and it underlies many ecological models and conservation strategies. In spite of its importance, ecologists have not always appreciated the effects of abundance and sampling effort on richness measures and comparisons. We survey a series of common pitfalls in quantifying and comparing taxon richness. These pitfalls can be largely avoided by using accumulation and rarefaction curves, which may be based on either individuals or samples. These taxon sampling curves contain the basic information for valid richness comparisons, including category-subcategory ratios (species-to-genus and species-to-individual ratios). Rarefaction methods - both sample-based and individual-based - allow for meaningful standardization and comparison of datasets. Standardizing data sets by area or sampling effort may produce very different results compared to standardizing by number of individuals collected, and it is not always clear which measure of diversity is more appropriate. Asymptotic richness estimators provide lower-bound estimates for taxon-rich groups such as tropical arthropods, in which observed richness rarely reaches an asymptote, despite intensive sampling. Recent examples of diversity studies of tropical trees, stream invertebrates, and herbaceous plants emphasize the importance of carefully quantifying species richness using taxon sampling curves.},
  journal = {Ecology Letters},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-511846,bias-correction,biodiversity,diversity,ecology,high-impact-publication,species-richness},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-511846},
  number = {4}
}

@article{zipperer_application_2000,
	title = {The application of ecological principles to urban and urbanizing landscapes},
	volume = {10},
	abstract = {In this article, we first examine the potential impacts of a new suburbanization pattern-the edge city-on natural and social systems. Second, we present an ecological framework for studying and an aging urban and urbanizing landscapes based upon approaches and concepts adopted by the Baltimore and Phoenix long-term ecological research projects. Finally, we compare the five key ecological principles presented by Dale(2000) to those proposed by Flores (1998) for urban and urbanizing landscapes.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Ecological Applications},
	author = {Zipperer, W. C. and Wu, J. and Pouyat, R. V. and Pickett, S.T.A.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {CAP, BES, landscape, ecology, urban, baltimore, land cover, ecological research, concept, research}
}

@article{guisanPredictiveHabitatDistribution2000,
  title = {Predictive Habitat Distribution Models in Ecology},
  author = {Guisan, Antoine and Zimmermann, Niklaus E.},
  year = {2000},
  month = dec,
  volume = {135},
  pages = {147--186},
  issn = {0304-3800},
  doi = {10.1016/s0304-3800(00)00354-9},
  abstract = {With the rise of new powerful statistical techniques and GIS tools, the development of predictive habitat distribution models has rapidly increased in ecology. Such models are static and probabilistic in nature, since they statistically relate the geographical distribution of species or communities to their present environment. A wide array of models has been developed to cover aspects as diverse as biogeography, conservation biology, climate change research, and habitat or species management. In this paper, we present a review of predictive habitat distribution modeling. The variety of statistical techniques used is growing. Ordinary multiple regression and its generalized form (GLM) are very popular and are often used for modeling species distributions. Other methods include neural networks, ordination and classification methods, Bayesian models, locally weighted approaches (e.g. GAM), environmental envelopes or even combinations of these models. The selection of an appropriate method should not depend solely on statistical considerations. Some models are better suited to reflect theoretical findings on the shape and nature of the species' response (or realized niche). Conceptual considerations include e.g. the trade-off between optimizing accuracy versus optimizing generality. In the field of static distribution modeling, the latter is mostly related to selecting appropriate predictor variables and to designing an appropriate procedure for model selection. New methods, including threshold-independent measures (e.g. receiver operating characteristic (ROC)-plots) and resampling techniques (e.g. bootstrap, cross-validation) have been introduced in ecology for testing the accuracy of predictive models. The choice of an evaluation measure should be driven primarily by the goals of the study. This may possibly lead to the attribution of different weights to the various types of prediction errors (e.g. omission, commission or confusion). Testing the model in a wider range of situations (in space and time) will permit one to define the range of applications for which the model predictions are suitable. In turn, the qualification of the model depends primarily on the goals of the study that define the qualification criteria and on the usability of the model, rather than on statistics alone.},
  journal = {Ecological Modelling},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-263949,computational-science,ecology,environmental-modelling,geostatistics,habitat-suitability,modelling,niche-modelling,potential-habitat,species-distribution,statistics},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-263949},
  number = {2-3}
}

@article{mullerIndicatingEcosystemIntegrity2000,
  title = {Indicating Ecosystem Integrity -- Theoretical Concepts and Environmental Requirements},
  author = {M{\"u}ller, Felix and {Hoffmann-Kroll}, Regina and Wiggering, Hubert},
  year = {2000},
  month = jun,
  volume = {130},
  pages = {13--23},
  issn = {0304-3800},
  doi = {10.1016/s0304-3800(00)00210-6},
  abstract = {This paper discusses some conceptual fundamentals for the derivation of environmental indicator sets. On the one hand, it defines requirements from environmental politics, environmental management and legislation, reaching from political target hierarchies and sustainable management strategies to holistic protection concepts such as process protection, resource preservation, ecosystem health and ecological integrity. On the other hand, demands from ecosystem theory are described which include the consideration of features such as self-organization, emergence, thermodynamics, gradients and ecological orientors in environmental indicator sets. From that concept, collective and emergent properties are selected and eight holistic ecosystem features are presented that indicate the ecosystemic state as an ensemble. These general indicators of ecosystem integrity are supplemented by variables on structural changes and substance dynamics.},
  journal = {Ecological Modelling},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-11858641,complexity,ecology,ecosystem-conservation,ecosystem-resilience,emergent-property,integrated-modelling,transdisciplinary-research},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-11858641},
  number = {1-3}
}

@book{luoma_hidden_1999,
	address = {New York, NY},
	title = {The hidden forest: the biography of an ecosystem},
	publisher = {Henry Holt and Company},
	author = {Luoma, Jon R.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {AND, ecology}
}

Paper  Website  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Ecological biomechanics of benthic organisms: life history, mechanical design and temporal patterns of mechanical stress.},
 type = {article},
 year = {1999},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Animals,Biomechanics,Ecology,Environment,Marine Biology,Sea Anemones,Sea Anemones: physiology,Seaweed,Seaweed: physiology,Seaweed: ultrastructure,Stress, Mechanical,Urochordata,Urochordata: physiology},
 pages = {3469-76},
 volume = {202},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10562530},
 month = {12},
 id = {c9e34899-9234-3c50-b513-33ba88ab6c3d},
 created = {2012-12-06T09:12:59.000Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {0b777e31-8c9d-39dd-97a3-3e054bd99cfe},
 group_id = {764582e8-5773-3a66-8d6b-9b40e4fb5a88},
 last_modified = {2017-03-14T17:27:14.020Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Koehl1999},
 abstract = {We can gain biomechanical insights if we couple knowledge of the environments, ecological roles and life history strategies of organisms with our laboratory analyses of their mechanical function or fluid dynamics, as illustrated by studies of the mechanical design of bottom-dwelling marine organisms. Obviously, measurements of the spatial and temporal distribution of loads on an organism in nature reveal the magnitudes and rates at which biomechanical tests should be performed in the laboratory. Furthermore, knowledge of the population biology and ecological interactions of the organisms being studied is crucial to determine when during the life of an individual particular aspects of mechanical performance should be measured; not only can the size, shape and material properties of an individual change during ontogeny, but so can its habitat, activities and ecological role. Such ecological information is also necessary to determine whether the aspects of mechanical performance being studied are biologically important, i.e. whether they affect the survivorship or fitness of the organisms. My point in raising these examples is to illustrate how ecological studies can enhance or change our understanding of biomechanical function.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Koehl, M a},
 journal = {The Journal of experimental biology},
 number = {Pt 23}
}

@article{saetreSpatialPatternsGround1999,
  title = {Spatial Patterns of Ground Vegetation, Soil Microbial Biomass and Activity in a Mixed Spruce-Birch Stand},
  author = {Saetre, Peter},
  year = {1999},
  month = apr,
  volume = {22},
  pages = {183--192},
  issn = {0906-7590},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0587.1999.tb00467.x},
  abstract = {Trees directly and indirectly influence the above- and below-ground environment, and can be expected to modify the spatial patterns of organisms associated with the forest floor. This study aimed to examine the effects of a coniferous (Picea abies) and a broad-leaved (Betula pubescens) tree species on the spatial pattern of ground vegetation and soil microbial properties in a mixed stand in central Sweden. I have characterised the species composition of ground vegetation, soil microbial biomass and activity, photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), soil water content and soil pH in the stand, and tested whether the spatial patterns of these variables were related to the positioning of trees. Geostatistics were used to describe the spatial variation in ground vegetation, soil microbiological properties and the soil surface environment. PAR, soil water content and the cover of the moss Brachytecium reflexum and associated herb species decreased with the influence of spruce trees. Microbial biomass, measured as the amount of phospholipid fatty acids, decreased with spruce influence but increased with the influence of birch trees. Microbial respiration was not affected by spruce but increased with the influence of birch. Ground vegetation and microbial respiration, which were influenced by one tree species only, aggregate on a scale of 4-5 m, corresponding fairly well with patches of a single tree species. Soil microbial biomass, which was affected by both tree species, aggregated on a scale of 7-8 m, roughly corresponding to the distance between patches of spruce and birch trees respectively. I suggest that spruce trees influenced vegetation mainly through shading, and that a difference in the availability of organic matter under birch and spruce trees caused spatial variation in microbial biomass and activity. Thus, spatial patterns in ground vegetation and soil microbial properties may develop in a mixed forest of coniferous-broad leaved trees, as a result of the difference in influence of tree species and nested variation associated with the arrangement of the trees.},
  journal = {Ecography},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12642971,betula-pubescens,ecology,forest-resources,geostatistics,picea-abies,soil-microbial-properties,sweden},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12642971},
  number = {2}
}

@article{quezelBiodiversityConservationForest1999,
  title = {Biodiversity and Conservation of Forest Species in the {{Mediterranean}} Basin},
  author = {Qu{\'e}zel, Pierre and M{\'e}dail, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric and Loisel, Roger and Barbero, Marcel},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {50},
  pages = {21--28},
  issn = {0041-6436},
  abstract = {The plant diversity of Mediterranean forests is much greater than that of European forests. This rich diversity is a result of palaeogeographical (Verlaque et al., 1997) and historical factors as well as ecological conditions (Quezel, 1985). The Mediterranean region also shows closer interrelations than any other region in the world between its flora and major landscapes and the human activities that have been moulding them for nearly 10 000 years (Thirgood, 1981; Pons and Quezel, 1985). Indeed, Mediterranean plant biodiversity is to a large extent the result of a traditional and harmonious use of the environment. However, since the end of the nineteenth century, this balance has been upset in most places by overexploitation of natural resources or a general shift away from the land - two processes that have had different but equally harmful consequences for the conservation of species and habitats. Focusing on major or associated forest species, the following points will be examined: i) the wealth of woody species in the two Northern Hemisphere Mediterranean zones (California and the Mediterranean basin); ii) the biogeographical origin of the endemic species; and iii) the heritage value of and threats to species and forests of the Mediterranean region.},
  journal = {Unasylva},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13232515,biodiversity,conservation,ecology,forest-resources,mediterranean-region},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13232515},
  number = {197}
}

@incollection{lemaitrePinesCultivationGlobal1998,
  title = {Pines in Cultivation: A Global View},
  booktitle = {Ecology and {{Biogeography}} of {{Pinus}}},
  author = {Le Maitre, D. C.},
  editor = {Richardson, David M.},
  year = {1998},
  pages = {407--431},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  abstract = {Pinus is a remarkable genus of trees with a very large distribution range in the northern hemisphere. Where they occur, pines usually form the dominant vegetation cover and are extremely important components of ecosystems. They also provide a wide range of products for human use. In many cases exploitation and other human pressures are threatening the survival of natural pine forests, although pines are also widely grown in commercial plantations, both within and outside their natural range. This book presents a definitive review of pine ecology and biogeography written by forty of the world's leading authorities on this important genus. In the face of increasing human pressure and global climate change, it provides an essential source of reference for all those concerned with the management of natural and planted pine forests.},
  isbn = {978-0-521-78910-3},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13513535,ecology,pinus-spp,plantation},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13513535}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{citeulike:13547648,
    abstract = {Through a study of the submediterranean woodland communities of Mt Maljen in C. Serbia, the distribution of six dominant tree species (Carpinus orientalis, Pinus nigra, Quercus frainetto, Q. cerris, Fraxinus ornus, and Ostrya carpin!folia) along gradients for four ecological parameters (light, moisture, soil acidity, and nitrogen concentration) was assessed by means of the method of weighted averaging, and the respective optima and tolerance ranges were obtained for each species. Integer values for the estimated opti ma were compared with Ellenberg's indicator values for the corresponding species, and such differences as were found are discussed. The results are apt to illustrate the ecological requirements of the various species and therefore show promise as an instrument to better {pIan} their reintroduction in disturbed and deforested areas},
    author = {Popovi\'{c}, R. and Koji\'{c}, M. and Karad\v{z}i\'{c}, B.},
    citeulike-article-id = {13547648},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://147.163.105.223/bocconea/5-431.pdf},
    issn = {1120-4060},
    journal = {Bocconea},
    keywords = {balkans, carpinus-orientalis, ecology, fraxinus-ornus, ostrya-carpinifolia, pinus-nigra, quercus-cerris, quercus-frainetto},
    pages = {431--438},
    posted-at = {2015-03-12 13:36:11},
    priority = {2},
    title = {Ecological characteristics of six important submediterranean tree species in Serbia},
    url = {http://147.163.105.223/bocconea/5-431.pdf},
    volume = {5},
    year = {1997}
}

Paper  Website  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Dynamics of energy and nutrient concentration and construction cost in a native and two alien C4 grasses from two neotropical savannas},
 type = {article},
 year = {1996},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Plant Physiology,Plant Sciences,Soil Science & Conservation,Venezuela,construction costs,ecology,energy concentration,mineral nutrient concentration,savannas,tropical C4 grasses},
 pages = {175-184},
 volume = {181},
 websites = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00012051},
 month = {5},
 day = {16},
 id = {1eabbef0-93b8-3cad-9318-ccc8b08614c3},
 created = {2015-02-02T14:52:40.000Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {ac4672dc-fcee-3694-89ac-749ebf81d505},
 group_id = {886a50df-fbf3-30e6-9d6b-6771e376eacf},
 last_modified = {2015-02-23T18:11:47.000Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {JOUR},
 language = {en},
 abstract = {In Venezuela, the alien grasses Melinis minutiflora Beauv. and Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees.) Stapf tend to displace the native savanna plant community dominated by Trachypogon plumosus (Humb. and Bonpl.) Nees. This occurs in either relatively wetter and fertile highland savannas or in drier and less fertile lowland savannas. Although the native and aliens are perennial C4 grasses, higher net assimilation leaf biomass per plant and germination rate of the latter are some causes for their higher growth rates and for their competitive success. The objective of this study is to compare seasonal tissue energy, N, P and K concentrations and the calculated construction costs (CC) between the native grass and either one of the alien grasses from lowland and highland savannas. We predict that, in order to out-compete native plants, alien grasses should be more efficient in resource use as evidenced by lower tissue energy and nutrient concentrations and CC. Tissue energy and nutrient concentration were measured throughout the year and compared between M. minutiflora and the co-occurring local population of T. plumosus in a highland savanna and between H. rufa and its neighbor local population of T. plumosus in a lowland savanna. CC was calculated from energy, N and ash concentrations considering ammonium as the sole N source. Differences between co-occurring species, T. plumosus populations, seasons, and organs were analyzed with ANOVA. Highland and lowland grasses differed in concentration and allocation of energy and nutrients whereas the differences between alien and native grasses were specific for each pair considered. Highland grasses had higher energy, N, P and CC than lowland grasses. These variables were always lowest in the culms. In the more stressed lowland site, tissue energy and nutrient concentrations decreased significantly during the dry season except in the roots of both grasses which had the highest energy and nutrients concentrations during the drought. This seasonal response was more marked in the local lowland population of T. plumosus in which maximum CC alternated seasonally between leaves and roots. Energy and nutrient concentrations and CC were the lowest in H. rufa. In the lowland savannas, the higher efficiency of resource use in the invader grass contributes to its higher competitive success through increased growth rate. In the highlands, overall tissue energy concentration and CC, but not N nor P concentration, were lower in the fast growing M. minutiflora but seasonal differences were lacking. The higher leaf CC in T. plumosus can be attributed to the higher proportion of sclerenchyma tissue which is more expensive to construct. Considering CC, both fast growing alien grasses are more efficient in resource use than the co-occurring native grass. However, the role of CC explaining the competitive success of the former, through higher growth rates, is more evident in the more stressful environment of the lowland savanna.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Baruch, Zdravko and Gómez, José A},
 journal = {Plant and Soil},
 number = {2}
}

Paper  Website  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Factors influencing biomass and nutrient content of the submersed macrophyte Egeria densa Planch. in a pampasic stream},
 type = {article},
 year = {1996},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Egeria densa,Historia Natural,Hydrobiology,Nutrientes(Fósforo),Nutrientes(Nitrógeno),Nutrients,biomass,ecology,sediment,submersed macrophytes},
 pages = {21-26},
 volume = {341},
 websites = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00012299,http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00012299},
 month = {5},
 day = {20},
 id = {a023b11a-fd76-3585-9d42-457a4eff86d6},
 created = {2015-02-02T14:52:40.000Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {ac4672dc-fcee-3694-89ac-749ebf81d505},
 group_id = {886a50df-fbf3-30e6-9d6b-6771e376eacf},
 last_modified = {2015-02-23T18:17:12.000Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {JOUR},
 language = {en},
 abstract = {We identified factors influencing biomass and nutrient content in E. densa in an enriched pampean stream of Argentina. Physical (current velocity, temperature), chemical (pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, nutrient content in water and sediments), and biological variables (biomass and nutrient content of E. densa, biomass of periphyton and other macrophytes) were estimated at each sampling occasion, and mean monthly values estimated. Biomass and nutrient content in E. densa were correlated with these physical-chemical and biological variables. Biomass was positively correlated with ammonium in stream water (P<0.05) and sediment total nitrogen (P<0.01). Nitrogen showed a positive relationship with ammonium (P<0.01), and a negative one with nitrate and periphyton biomass (P<0.05). Phosphorus was positively correlated with soluble reactive phosphorus (P<0.01). The growth of other macrophyte species in the stream seemed to influence E. densa biomass, probably through competition for light. Current velocity was low and not significantly related with E. densa biomass, however, a flood at the beginning of the study washed the macrophyte stand downstream.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Feijoó, Claudia S and Momo, Fernando R and Bonetto, Carlos A and Tur, Nuncia M},
 journal = {Hydrobiologia},
 number = {1}
}

Paper  Website  abstract   bibtex   

@inBook{
 title = {Ecophysiological Aspects of the Invasion by African Grasses and Their Impact on Biodiversity and Function of Neotropical Savannas},
 type = {inBook},
 year = {1996},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Geoecology/Natural Processes,Historia Natural,Megathyrsus maximus,Melinis minutiflora,Nature Conservation,Recursos adicionales,Vía fotosintética,ecology},
 pages = {79-93},
 websites = {http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-78969-4_5},
 month = {5},
 publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
 day = {16},
 editors = {[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]},
 id = {f55a568a-987b-39d8-97fc-7a4d304d4fd2},
 created = {2015-02-02T14:52:40.000Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {ac4672dc-fcee-3694-89ac-749ebf81d505},
 group_id = {886a50df-fbf3-30e6-9d6b-6771e376eacf},
 last_modified = {2015-02-23T18:09:31.000Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {CHAP},
 language = {en},
 abstract = {Biological invasions expand the geographical range of plants and animals. They proceed in relation to the organism’s physiological tolerance, migratory ability, and biogeographical barriers. During Earth’s history, these natural processes have been responsible for the assembly of communities through coadaptation and coexistence of species of distinct origin in a common environment. With human mediation, biological invasions have been gradually accelerated. In neotropical savannas, inadvertent or deliberate introduction of African grasses since colonial times was followed by spontaneous spread of the invaders. More recent introductions in this century, for the purpose of pasture improvement, have spread out rapidly and partially displaced native grasses. These new forage grasses were favored by the stockowners, due to their better persistence under grazing and higher nutrient value compared to the indigenous grasses (Parsons 1972).},
 bibtype = {inBook},
 author = {Baruch, Zdravko},
 book = {Biodiversity and Savanna Ecosystem Processes}
}

@book{dinerstein_conservation_1995,
	address = {Washington, D.C},
	title = {A conservation assessment of the terrestrial ecoregions of {Latin} {America} and the {Caribbean}},
	isbn = {978-0-8213-3295-5},
	abstract = {"Important report on the status of conservation efforts in Latin America. This biogeographical approach delimited five major ecosystems, 11 major habitat types, and 191 ecoregions. Appendices provide extensive database on the ecoregions, and nine well-constructed maps of Latin America illustrate the bioregions, major habitats, ecoregions, mangrove, conservation status, biological distinctiveness, and conservation priorities. The foldout map of 'Ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean' is a major contribution"--Handbook of Latin American Studies, v. 57},
	publisher = {World Bank},
	editor = {Dinerstein, Eric and Olson, David M. and Graham, Douglas J. and Webster, Avis L. and Primm, Steven A. and Bookbinder, Marnie P. and Ledec, George},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {Biodiversity conservation, Caribbean Area, Ecological regions, Ecology, Latin America}
}

Paper  Website  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Persistence and recovery of introduced Rhizobium ten years after inoculation on Leucaena leucocephala grown on an Alfisol in southwestern Nigeria},
 type = {article},
 year = {1994},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Leucaena leucocephala,Plant Physiology,Plant Sciences,Recursos adicionales,Rhizobium strains,Soil Science & Conservation,ecology,inoculation,nitrogen fixation,nodulation,persistence},
 pages = {199-204},
 volume = {159},
 websites = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00009281},
 month = {5},
 day = {20},
 id = {e6b6a1b2-2604-3202-97a9-1a011f37b830},
 created = {2015-02-02T14:52:40.000Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {ac4672dc-fcee-3694-89ac-749ebf81d505},
 group_id = {886a50df-fbf3-30e6-9d6b-6771e376eacf},
 last_modified = {2015-02-23T18:09:35.000Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {JOUR},
 language = {en},
 abstract = {Establishment of Leucaena leucocephala was poor at Ibadan (Transition forest-savanna zone) and Fashola (savanna zone, 70 km north of Ibadan) in southwestern Nigeria as a result of low soil fertility and the presence of only a few native rhizobia capable of nodulating it. Inoculation with L. leucocephala at these two locations in 1982 resulted in striking responses with Rhizobium strains IRc 1045 and IRc 1050 isolated from L. leucocephala grown in Nigeria. The persistence of inoculated effective Rhizobium strains after inoculation is desirable since it removes the need for reinoculation. Because of the perennial nature of L. leucocephala and its use in long-term alley farming experiments, we examined the persistence of inoculated rhizobial strains after inoculation, and their ability to sustain N2-fixation and biomass production at Ibadan. In 1992, ten years after Rhizobium introduction, uninoculated, L. leucocephala fixed about 150 kg N ha-1 yr-1 or about 41% of total plant N compared to 180 kg N ha-1 yr-1 or 43% measured in 1982. Serological typing of the nodules using the Enzyme-Linked-Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and intrinsic resistance to the streptomycin test revealed that most of the nodules (96%) formed on L. leucocephala in 1992 were by Rhizobium strains IRc 1045 and IRc 1050, which were inoculated in 1982. Nodules were absent on uninoculated L. leucocephala grown on the adjacent field with no history of L. leucocephala cultivation. We conclude that the N2 fixed by Rhizobium strains IRc 1045 and IRc 1050 persisted for many years in the absence of L. leucocephala and sustained effectively fixed N2 which growth and yield of L. leucocephala after several years, thus encouraging a possible low-input alley farming system by smallholder farmers in Nigeria.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Sanginga, N and Danso, S K A and Mulongoy, K and Ojeifo, A A},
 journal = {Plant and Soil},
 number = {2}
}

Paper  bibtex   

@book{meyer_stream_1993-1,
	address = {Seattle, WA},
	title = {Stream research in the long-term ecological research network},
	volume = {LTER Publication No. 15},
	url = {http://andrewsforest.oregonstate.edu/pubs/pdf/pub1485.pdf},
	publisher = {Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network Office},
	author = {Meyer, Judy L. and Crocker, Tad and D'Angelo, Donna J. and Dodds, Walter K. and Findlay, Stuart G. and Oswood, Mark and Repert, Deborah and Toetz, Dale},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {AND, ecology}
}

@article{sorkEvolutionaryEcologyMastseeding1993,
  title = {Evolutionary Ecology of Mast-Seeding in Temperate and Tropical Oaks ({{Quercus}} Spp.)},
  author = {Sork, V. L.},
  year = {1993},
  month = jun,
  volume = {107-108},
  pages = {133--147},
  issn = {1573-5052},
  doi = {10.1007/bf00052217},
  abstract = {Mast-seeding is the synchronous production of large seed crops within a population or community of species every two or more years. This paper addresses three non-mutually exclusive hypotheses explaining the evolution of mast-seeding in temperate tree species, especially the genus Quercus: (1) mast-seeding is a consequence of mast-flowering which evolves to increased pollination efficiency in mast-flowering years; (2) mast-seeding has evolved as an anti-predator adaptation by which large seed crops during mast years satiate the seed predators and allow survival of some of the seeds; (3) selection on seed size by habitat can indirectly affect the evolution of masting if trees with large seeds require more time to accumulate reserves to mature those seeds. I find support for the pollination hypothesis in several wind-pollinated temperate tree species but not oaks. However, oaks show evidence favoring the predation and seed size hypotheses. I then develop a model to illustrate the relationships among the three hypotheses in their effects on the evolution of masting. Finally, using data from herbaria and Floras, the influence of selection via flowering, fruiting, and seed size in the evolution of masting in tropical oaks is discussed. I conclude that the need for a supra-annual cue to synchronize flowering and fruiting as well as the larger seed size found in many tropical oak species should contribute to the evolution of masting to a greater extent than seen among temperate oaks.},
  journal = {Plant Ecology},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-3767525,ecology,evolution,forest-resources,prey-predator,quercus-spp,seeds},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-3767525},
  number = {1}
}

@article{williams_parasites_1992,
	title = {Parasites as biological indicators of the population biology, migration, diet, and phylogenetics of fish},
	volume = {2},
	journal = {Fish Biology and Fisheries},
	author = {Williams, H. H. and MacKenzie, K. and McCarthy, A.M.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {BIOLOGICAL, ECOLOGY, FISH, MIGRATIONS, host, indicator},
	pages = {144--176}
}

@incollection{griffithPiceaSitchensis1992,
  title = {Picea Sitchensis},
  booktitle = {Fire {{Effects Information System}} [Online]},
  author = {Griffith, Randy S.},
  year = {1992},
  publisher = {{U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer)}},
  abstract = {The Fire Effects Information System is an online collection of reviews of the scientific literature about fire effects on plants and animals and about fire regimes of plant communities in the United States. FEIS reviews are based on thorough literature searches, often supplemented with insights from field scientists and managers. FEIS provides reviews that are efficient to use, thoroughly documented, and defensible. Approximately 15 to 30 new or revised reviews are published in FEIS each year. There are 3 types of FEIS reivews:

1) Species Reviews include information on plant, lichen, and wildlife species' life history, ecology, and relationship to fire. They are available for more than 1,200 species occurring throughout the United States.

2) Fire Studies are summaries of one or more fire research projects at a specific location. Only research that provides detailed descriptions of site characteristics, burning conditions, fire behavior, and fire effects is included in Fire Studies. FEIS contains more than 150 Fire Studies, which complement Species Reviews and provide information on hundreds of species for which a Review is not available.

3) Fire Regime Syntheses provide up-to-date information on fire regimes of ecosystems in the United States. The syntheses provide information from the literature and from LANDFIRE data on historical fire frequency, spatial pattern, extent, and seasonality; historical ignition sources; typical patterns of fire intensity and severity; and contemporary changes in fuels and fire regimes. The detailed analysis in Fire Regime Syntheses supplements the information in Species Reviews and provides fire regime information on plant communities.

The Fire Effects Library houses the literature that supports FEIS reviews. The library contains more than 80,000 references on fire effects and the general biology and ecology of organisms in North America. References are catalogued in an online database, the Citation Retrieval System (CRS). To add to the library, FEIS staff regularly search scientific abstracts, literature databases, and tables of contents from refereed English-language scientific journals and government publication lists. Other library acquisitions include theses and dissertations, conference proceedings, and unpublished reports. A link to the list of scientific literature routinely searched is provided below. Users are encouraged to use CRS to supplement information from FEIS reviews. Managers from several land management agencies (United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, and United States Department of Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Land Management, Fish and Wildlife Service, and National Park Service) choose the species included in FEIS. These agencies funded the original work and continue to support enhancement and maintenance of the database.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13689894,botany,ecology,picea-sitchensis,species-description,united-states},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13689894}
}

Website  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {World Distribution of the Rabbit Oryctolagus-Cuniculus on Islands},
 type = {article},
 year = {1992},
 keywords = {breeding-season,britain,communities,conservation,ecology,evolution,juan-fernandez islands,natural-history,populations,vegetation},
 pages = {151-205},
 volume = {22},
 websites = {<Go to ISI>://A1992JX87700002},
 id = {a97328c9-0ba2-3f33-87cf-90cf8cb5b14c},
 created = {2014-11-12T15:38:04.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {e77fd8b5-61ed-3cb6-9a8d-ead8c87a9123},
 group_id = {886a50df-fbf3-30e6-9d6b-6771e376eacf},
 last_modified = {2015-08-21T02:37:47.000Z},
 tags = {Oryctolagus cuniculus},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 abstract = {Both domestic and wild-type European Rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.) have been liberated on islands all over the world for a variety of reasons: for sport, to farm for meat or fur, as food for other animals or bait for lobster pots, to control vegetation, amuse tourists, and even to conserve representative populations from myxomatosis. Results of these introductions have likewise varied. from complete failure to densities so high as to denude completely the island of vegetation and soil. Some interesting populations have survived remarkably adverse conditions for up to 100 years before becoming extinct. Others provide natural experiments on the effects of introduced predators, competitors. or diseases like myxomatosis.\rWe list 800 islands or island groups on which Rabbits have been liberated, giving name, location, latitude and longitude, and area, followed by date of introduction, type of rabbit, population changes, present status, and effects of the Rabbits on their environment. For many islands information is still meagre of completely lacking; we hope that this provisional list will stimulate readers to send us additions and corrections, or to publish the data themselves.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Flux, J. E. C. and Fullagar, P. J.},
 journal = {Mammal Review}
}

Paper  bibtex   

@phdthesis{mckechnie_spatial_1991,
	address = {Fort Collins},
	title = {Spatial and temporal use of food patches by the pika, {Ochotona} princeps},
	url = {Colorado State University},
	author = {McKechnie, A.M.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {Long-term Ecological Research Program, NWT, NWTLTER, competition, ecology, food habits, lagomorphs, population, saddle}
}

@article{toetz_age_1991,
	title = {Age, growth, and condition of brook trout ({Salvelinus} phontinalis) from an unexploited alpine lake},
	volume = {65},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Northwest Science},
	author = {Toetz, D.W. and Muoneke, M. and Windell, J.T.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {ecology, NWT, NWTLTER, lake, Long-term Ecological Research Program, growth, article, boulder city watershed, fish, demography}
}

@incollection{uchytilPseudotsugaMenziesiiVar1991,
  title = {Pseudotsuga Menziesii Var. Menziesii},
  booktitle = {Fire {{Effects Information System}} [Online]},
  author = {Uchytil, Ronald J.},
  year = {1991},
  publisher = {{U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer)}},
  abstract = {The Fire Effects Information System is an online collection of reviews of the scientific literature about fire effects on plants and animals and about fire regimes of plant communities in the United States. FEIS reviews are based on thorough literature searches, often supplemented with insights from field scientists and managers. FEIS provides reviews that are efficient to use, thoroughly documented, and defensible. Approximately 15 to 30 new or revised reviews are published in FEIS each year. There are 3 types of FEIS reivews:

1) Species Reviews include information on plant, lichen, and wildlife species' life history, ecology, and relationship to fire. They are available for more than 1,200 species occurring throughout the United States.

2) Fire Studies are summaries of one or more fire research projects at a specific location. Only research that provides detailed descriptions of site characteristics, burning conditions, fire behavior, and fire effects is included in Fire Studies. FEIS contains more than 150 Fire Studies, which complement Species Reviews and provide information on hundreds of species for which a Review is not available.

3) Fire Regime Syntheses provide up-to-date information on fire regimes of ecosystems in the United States. The syntheses provide information from the literature and from LANDFIRE data on historical fire frequency, spatial pattern, extent, and seasonality; historical ignition sources; typical patterns of fire intensity and severity; and contemporary changes in fuels and fire regimes. The detailed analysis in Fire Regime Syntheses supplements the information in Species Reviews and provides fire regime information on plant communities.

The Fire Effects Library houses the literature that supports FEIS reviews. The library contains more than 80,000 references on fire effects and the general biology and ecology of organisms in North America. References are catalogued in an online database, the Citation Retrieval System (CRS). To add to the library, FEIS staff regularly search scientific abstracts, literature databases, and tables of contents from refereed English-language scientific journals and government publication lists. Other library acquisitions include theses and dissertations, conference proceedings, and unpublished reports. A link to the list of scientific literature routinely searched is provided below. Users are encouraged to use CRS to supplement information from FEIS reviews. Managers from several land management agencies (United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, and United States Department of Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Land Management, Fish and Wildlife Service, and National Park Service) choose the species included in FEIS. These agencies funded the original work and continue to support enhancement and maintenance of the database.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13507739,botany,ecology,pseudotsuga-menziesii,species-description,united-states},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13507739}
}

@article{funk_fertilizing_1989,
	title = {Fertilizing effects of artificial sulfuric-acid mists on {Bistorta} vivipara plants in alpine tundra},
	volume = {21},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Arctic and Alpine Research},
	author = {Funk, D. and Bonde, E.K.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {nutrients, ecology, NWT, NWTLTER, Long-term Ecological Research Program, growth, angiosperms, article, acid deposition, saddle, fertilizer}
}

Paper  bibtex   

@article{swanson_long-term_1988,
	title = {The long-term ecological research program},
	volume = {69},
	url = {http://andrewsforest.oregonstate.edu/pubs/pdf/pub712.pdf},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	author = {Swanson, Frederick J. and Franklin, Jerry F.},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {AND, ecology}
}

@article{wheater_prey-size_1986,
	title = {Prey-size and parasite relationships in the common toad {Bufo} bufo},
	volume = {1},
	journal = {Herpetological Journal},
	author = {Wheater, C.P.},
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {ABUNDANCE, Bufo, ECOLOGY, Parasite, list, toad},
	pages = {66--70}
}

@article{southwick_population_1986,
	title = {Population density and fluctuations of pikas ({Ochotona} princeps) in {Colorado}},
	volume = {67},
	journal = {Journal of Mammalogy},
	author = {Southwick, C.H. and Golian, S.C. and Whitworth, M.R. and Halfpenny, J.C. and Brown, R},
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {population, ecology, NWT, NWTLTER, Long-term Ecological Research Program, behavior, snow, article, saddle, lagomorphs}
}

@article{voliotisDistributionEcologySynecology1985,
  title = {Distribution, Ecology and Synecology of {{Ostrya}} Carpinifolia in {{Greece}}},
  author = {Voliotis, D.},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {31},
  pages = {339--347},
  issn = {1588-2578},
  journal = {Acta Botanica Hungarica},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13801361,ecology,forest-resources,greece,ostrya-carpinifolia,species-distribution},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13801361},
  number = {1-4}
}

@article{o.e._sala_small_1982,
	title = {Small rainfall events: {Anecological} role in semiarid regions},
	volume = {53},
	journal = {Oecologia (Berl.)},
	author = {{O.E. Sala} and Lauenroth, WK},
	year = {1982},
	keywords = {SGS, ecology, rainfall, semiarid regions}
}

@article{sprent_host-parasite_1982,
	title = {Host-parasite relationships of ascaridoid nematodes and their vertebrate hosts in time and space},
	journal = {Spécificité Parasitaire},
	author = {Sprent, J.F.A.},
	year = {1982},
	keywords = {ASCARIDOIDEA, ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, host, nematode, vertebrate},
	pages = {255--263}
}

@article{waltersEcologicalOptimizationAdaptive1978,
  title = {Ecological Optimization and Adaptive Management},
  author = {Walters, C. J. and Hilborn, R.},
  year = {1978},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {157--188},
  issn = {1545-2069},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev.es.09.110178.001105},
  abstract = {Over the last two decades a large body of literature on control and optimization of dynamic systems has developed. There have been attempts to apply some of the concepts and techniques to problems in resource ecology, particularlyin relation to harvesting policies for exploited populations. This review seeks to provide a non-mathematical overview with emphasis on the anatomy of optimization formulations, the technical problems of obtaining solutions, and the prospects for good decision making in the face of uncertainty. Uncertainty is a pervasive feature of ecological management problems. Rarely is it possible to predict even the short-term effects of major interventions. Given complete biological understanding,we would still be faced with the unpredictability of various environmental agents. Usually our perceptions are further clouded by statistical problems of measurement and aggregation. The practice in fields such as fisheries management has often been to develop deterministic prediction models based on the best available estimates of dynamic parameters, then to hedge against uncertainty by adopting somewhat more conservative behavior than the models predict to be optimal. While the pretense is scientific management, mistakes and failures are seldom treated as useful adaptive experiments or tests of understanding; we bury our mistakes instead of learning from them. In this paper we explore the consequences of uncertainty by examining various optimization analyses for managed populations, beginning with deterministic optimal control models that presume full knowledge and ending with adaptive control models that presume almost complete ignorance. No real population has been managed for a sustained period by consistently applying any of the analyses we will discuss; indeed actual practice always involves a richer set of objectives, constraints, and hedging activities than any simple model can reflect. Thus each model should be viewed as a simplification that has something to teach us if we can avoid its pitfalls. We do not view any of the models as inherently good or bad, because we will not presume to set meaningful absolute standards of performance; rather we hope that the models can be judged against one another and against existing management practice to point toward ways of improving that practice. This review cannot be considered exhaustive. Due to our own inexperience we did not consider related fields, such as water resources. Likewise, space limitations made it impossible to provide more examples on the topics covered, and interested readers are referred to the original literature.},
  journal = {Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13378320,~to-add-doi-URL,adaptive-control,control-problem,curse-of-dimensionality,dynamic-programming,ecology,feedback,forest-pests,forest-resources,optimisation},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13378320},
  number = {1}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{wentsel_sublethal_1977,
	title = {Sublethal effects of heavy metal contaminated sediment on midge larvae ({Chironomus} tentans)},
	volume = {56},
	issn = {0018-8158, 1573-5117},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00023354},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00023354},
	abstract = {Chironomid larvae were maintained for 17 days in sediments with various heavy metal levels. The control sediment had levels of 0.6 ppm cadmium, 17 ppm chromium and 77 ppm zinc. The most contaminated sediment had levels of 1030 ppm cadmium, 1640 ppm chromium, and 17300 ppm zinc. The mean length and weight of the larvae from the control sediment were 1.83 cm and 2.86 mg. The mean length and weight of larvae from the most contaminated sediment were 0.82 cm and 0.20 mg. A linear relationship was found for the square root of length versus metal levels in the sediment.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2013-03-28TZ},
	journal = {Hydrobiologia},
	author = {Wentsel, R. and McIntosh, A. and Atchison, G.},
	month = oct,
	year = {1977},
	keywords = {Cadmium, Chironomids, Chromium, Ecology, Heavy metals, Hydrobiology, Lake, Zinc, benthic macroinvertebrates, toxicity},
	pages = {153--156}
}

@article{arbezDistributionEcologyVariation1974,
  title = {Distribution, Ecology and Variation of {{Pinus}} Brutia in {{Turkey}}},
  author = {Arbez, M.},
  year = {1974},
  volume = {3},
  pages = {07+},
  issn = {1020-4431},
  abstract = {[Excerpt] On the recommendation of the FAO Committee on the Coordination of Mediterranean Forestry Research, a mission was carried out to Turkey in the autumn of 1971. The primary purpose was to visit seed stands of Pinus brutia identified by the Institute of Forest Tree Seeds and Improvement in Ankara. The terms of reference were as follows:

[::] to explore both the geographic and the ecological distribution of P. brutia in Turkey;

[::] to make observations on the phenotypic variation of the species (growth and form, morphological characteristics of needles and cones);

[::] to make proposals for sampling of provenances representative of the natural variation of the species, in accordance with the scope of the anticipated, international provenance trials and practical considerations in seed collection.

[\textbackslash n] During the one-month mission 23 stands of Pinus brutia were visited. Each stand was described (location, ecological conditions, phenotypic characteristics of stand and trees) and measured (height, diameter and mean annual increment of 5 dominant trees). In addition, 25 cone bearing dominants of average or better than average form, standing at least 50 m apart, were chosen and marked for future seed collection.},
  journal = {Forest Genetic Resources},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13605634,ecology,forest-resources,pinus-brutia,species-distribution,turkey},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13605634}
}

@article{carlislePinusSylvestris1968,
  title = {Pinus Sylvestris {{L}}.},
  author = {Carlisle, A. and Brown, A. H. F.},
  year = {1968},
  volume = {56},
  pages = {269--307},
  journal = {Journal of Ecology},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13293713,biology,ecology,pinus-sylvestris},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13293713},
  number = {1}
}

@article{wardleFraxinusExcelsior1961,
  title = {Fraxinus Excelsior {{L}}.},
  author = {Wardle, P.},
  year = {1961},
  volume = {49},
  pages = {739--751},
  journal = {Journal of Ecology},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13293705,biology,ecology,fraxinus-excelsior},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13293705},
  number = {3}
}

@article{mcveanEcologyAlnusGlutinosa1955,
  title = {Ecology of {{Alnus}} Glutinosa ({{L}}.) {{Gaertn}}.: {{II}} - {{Seed}} Distribution and Germination},
  author = {McVean, D. N.},
  year = {1955},
  volume = {43},
  pages = {61--71},
  abstract = {1. Running water and wind-drift over standing water are shown to be the chief agents of dispersal, and this has important effects on seedling establishment and the form of populations. 2. There is considerable variation (0-80\%) in the viability of the seed set, and low viability is almost wholly due to the failure of embryo formation. 3. Optimum germination takes place at about 26{$\mdsmwhtcircle$} C, and is independent of light, normal temperature fluctuations and pH of substrate. 4. High oxygen tension and humidity in the surrounding air are necessary for satisfactory germination. 5. Cold treatment of damp seeds at 0-4{$\mdsmwhtcircle$} C. for at least 6 weeks reduces the minimum germination temperature from 18 to 7{$\mdsmwhtcircle$} C., and this has important ecological implications. 6. The course of germination is described for laboratory and field seedlings. An important feature is the relative weakness of radicle elongation and the liability of the radicle to suffer damage by low temperatures and incipient drying in the early stages of germination. This partly explains the hydrophytic behaviour of the species.},
  journal = {Journal of Ecology},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13293726,alnus-glutinosa,biology,ecology},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13293726},
  number = {1}
}