Keyword: climate
2018 (1)
Shrubland carbon sink depends upon winter water availability in the warm deserts of North America. Biederman, J. A., Scott, R. L., Arnone III, J. A., Jasoni, R. L., Litvak, M. E., Moreo, M. T., Papuga, S. A., Ponce-Campos, G. E., Schreiner-McGraw, A. P., & Vivoni, E. R. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 249:407–419, February, 2018.
![Shrubland carbon sink depends upon winter water availability in the warm deserts of North America [link]](https://bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg "link")
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex Global-scale studies suggest that dryland ecosystems dominate an increasing trend in the magnitude and interannual variability of the land CO2 sink. However, such model-based analyses are poorly constrained by measured CO2 exchange in open shrublands, which is the most common global land cover type, covering ∼14% of Earth’s surface. Here we evaluate how the amount and seasonal timing of water availability regulate CO2 exchange between shrublands and the atmosphere. We use eddy covariance data from six US sites across the three warm deserts of North America with observed ranges in annual precipitation of ∼100–400mm, annual temperatures of 13–18°C, and records of 2–8 years (33 site-years in total). The Chihuahuan, Sonoran and Mojave Deserts present gradients in both mean annual precipitation and its seasonal distribution between the wet-winter Mojave Desert and the wet-summer Chihuahuan Desert. We found that due to hydrologic losses during the wettest summers in the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts, evapotranspiration (ET) was a better metric than precipitation of water available to drive dryland CO2 exchange. In contrast with recent synthesis studies across diverse dryland biomes, we found that NEP could not be directly predicted from ET due to wintertime decoupling of the relationship between ecosystem respiration (Reco) and gross ecosystem productivity (GEP). Ecosystem water use efficiency (WUE=GEP/ET) did not differ between winter and summer. Carbon use efficiency (CUE=NEP/GEP), however, was greater in winter because Reco returned a smaller fraction of carbon to the atmosphere (23% of GEP) than in summer (77%). Combining the water-carbon relations found here with historical precipitation since 1980, we estimate that lower average winter precipitation during the 21st century reduced the net carbon sink of the three deserts by an average of 6.8TgC yr1. Our results highlight that winter precipitation is critical to the annual carbon balance of these warm desert shrublands.
@article{biederman_shrubland_2018,
title = {Shrubland carbon sink depends upon winter water availability in the warm deserts of {North} {America}},
volume = {249},
issn = {0168-1923},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168192317303787},
doi = {10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.11.005},
abstract = {Global-scale studies suggest that dryland ecosystems dominate an increasing trend in the magnitude and interannual variability of the land CO2 sink. However, such model-based analyses are poorly constrained by measured CO2 exchange in open shrublands, which is the most common global land cover type, covering ∼14\% of Earth’s surface. Here we evaluate how the amount and seasonal timing of water availability regulate CO2 exchange between shrublands and the atmosphere. We use eddy covariance data from six US sites across the three warm deserts of North America with observed ranges in annual precipitation of ∼100–400mm, annual temperatures of 13–18°C, and records of 2–8 years (33 site-years in total). The Chihuahuan, Sonoran and Mojave Deserts present gradients in both mean annual precipitation and its seasonal distribution between the wet-winter Mojave Desert and the wet-summer Chihuahuan Desert. We found that due to hydrologic losses during the wettest summers in the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts, evapotranspiration (ET) was a better metric than precipitation of water available to drive dryland CO2 exchange. In contrast with recent synthesis studies across diverse dryland biomes, we found that NEP could not be directly predicted from ET due to wintertime decoupling of the relationship between ecosystem respiration (Reco) and gross ecosystem productivity (GEP). Ecosystem water use efficiency (WUE=GEP/ET) did not differ between winter and summer. Carbon use efficiency (CUE=NEP/GEP), however, was greater in winter because Reco returned a smaller fraction of carbon to the atmosphere (23\% of GEP) than in summer (77\%). Combining the water-carbon relations found here with historical precipitation since 1980, we estimate that lower average winter precipitation during the 21st century reduced the net carbon sink of the three deserts by an average of 6.8TgC yr1. Our results highlight that winter precipitation is critical to the annual carbon balance of these warm desert shrublands.},
urldate = {2019-03-11},
journal = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
author = {Biederman, Joel A. and Scott, Russell L. and Arnone III, John A. and Jasoni, Richard L. and Litvak, Marcy E. and Moreo, Michael T. and Papuga, Shirley A. and Ponce-Campos, Guillermo E. and Schreiner-McGraw, Adam P. and Vivoni, Enrique R.},
month = feb,
year = {2018},
keywords = {Climate, Drought, LTER-JRN, Net ecosystem exchange, Photosynthesis, Respiration, Semiarid},
pages = {407--419}
}2017 (3)
Continued Reforestation and Urban Expansion in the New Century of a Tropical Island in the Caribbean. Wang, C., Yu, M., & Gao, Q. Remote Sensing, 9(7):20, July, 2017.
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex Accurate and timely monitoring of tropical land cover/use (LCLU) changes is urgent due to the rapid deforestation/reforestation and its impact on global land-atmosphere interaction. However, persistent cloud cover in the tropics imposes the greatest challenge and retards LCLU mapping in mountainous areas such as the tropic island of Puerto Rico, where forest transition changed from deforestation to reforestation due to the economy shift from agriculture to industry and service after the 1940s. To improve the LCLU mapping in the tropics and to evaluate the trend of forest transition of Puerto Rico in the new century, we integrated the optical Landsat images with the L-band SAR to map LC in 2010 by taking advantage of the cloud-penetrating ability of the SAR signals. The results showed that the incorporation of SAR data with the Landsat data significantly, although not substantially, enhanced the accuracy of LCLU mapping of Puerto Rico, and the Kappa statistic reached 90.5% from 88.4% without SAR data. The enhancement of mapping by SAR is important for urban and forest, as well as locations with limited optical data caused by cloud cover. We found both forests and urban lands continued expanding in the new century despite the declining population. However, the forest cover change slowed down in 2000-2010 compared to that in 1991-2000. The deforestation rate reduced by 42.1% in 2000-2010, and the reforestation was mostly located in the east and southeast of the island where Hurricane Georges landed and caused severe vegetation damage in 1998. We also found that reforestation increased, but deforestation decreased along the topography slope. Reforestation was much higher within the protected area compared to that in the surroundings in the wet and moist forest zones.
@article{wang_continued_2017,
title = {Continued {Reforestation} and {Urban} {Expansion} in the {New} {Century} of a {Tropical} {Island} in the {Caribbean}},
volume = {9},
issn = {2072-4292},
shorttitle = {Continued {Reforestation} and {Urban} {Expansion} in the {New} {Century} of a {Tropical} {Island} in the {Caribbean}},
url = {://WOS:000406676800094},
doi = {10.3390/rs9070731},
abstract = {Accurate and timely monitoring of tropical land cover/use (LCLU) changes is urgent due to the rapid deforestation/reforestation and its impact on global land-atmosphere interaction. However, persistent cloud cover in the tropics imposes the greatest challenge and retards LCLU mapping in mountainous areas such as the tropic island of Puerto Rico, where forest transition changed from deforestation to reforestation due to the economy shift from agriculture to industry and service after the 1940s. To improve the LCLU mapping in the tropics and to evaluate the trend of forest transition of Puerto Rico in the new century, we integrated the optical Landsat images with the L-band SAR to map LC in 2010 by taking advantage of the cloud-penetrating ability of the SAR signals. The results showed that the incorporation of SAR data with the Landsat data significantly, although not substantially, enhanced the accuracy of LCLU mapping of Puerto Rico, and the Kappa statistic reached 90.5\% from 88.4\% without SAR data. The enhancement of mapping by SAR is important for urban and forest, as well as locations with limited optical data caused by cloud cover. We found both forests and urban lands continued expanding in the new century despite the declining population. However, the forest cover change slowed down in 2000-2010 compared to that in 1991-2000. The deforestation rate reduced by 42.1\% in 2000-2010, and the reforestation was mostly located in the east and southeast of the island where Hurricane Georges landed and caused severe vegetation damage in 1998. We also found that reforestation increased, but deforestation decreased along the topography slope. Reforestation was much higher within the protected area compared to that in the surroundings in the wet and moist forest zones.},
language = {English},
number = {7},
journal = {Remote Sensing},
author = {Wang, C. and Yu, M. and Gao, Q.},
month = jul,
year = {2017},
keywords = {Landsat, Remote Sensing, Synthetic Aperture Radar, TM/ETM, classification, climate, consequences, deforestation, forest, forest transition, imagery, integration, land cover land use change, land-cover, palsar, puerto-rico, tropical forests},
pages = {20}
}Observational Evidence for Cloud Cover Enhancement over Western European Forests. Teuling, A. J., Taylor, C. M., Meirink, J. F., Melsen, L. A., Miralles, D. G., van Heerwaarden , C. C., Vautard, R., Stegehuis, A. I., Nabuurs, G., & de Arellano , J. V. Nature Communications, 8:14065+, January, 2017.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Forests impact regional hydrology and climate directly by regulating water and heat fluxes. Indirect effects through cloud formation and precipitation can be important in facilitating continental-scale moisture recycling but are poorly understood at regional scales. In particular, the impact of temperate forest on clouds is largely unknown. Here we provide observational evidence for a strong increase in cloud cover over large forest regions in western Europe based on analysis of 10 years of 15\,min resolution data from geostationary satellites. In addition, we show that widespread windthrow by cyclone Klaus in the Landes forest led to a significant decrease in local cloud cover in subsequent years. Strong cloud development along the downwind edges of larger forest areas are consistent with a forest-breeze mesoscale circulation. Our results highlight the need to include impacts on cloud formation when evaluating the water and climate services of temperate forests, in particular around densely populated areas.
@article{teulingObservationalEvidenceCloud2017,
title = {Observational Evidence for Cloud Cover Enhancement over Western {{European}} Forests},
author = {Teuling, Adriaan J. and Taylor, Christopher M. and Meirink, Jan F. and Melsen, Lieke A. and Miralles, Diego G. and {van Heerwaarden}, Chiel C. and Vautard, Robert and Stegehuis, Annemiek I. and Nabuurs, Gert-Jan and {de Arellano}, Jordi V.},
year = {2017},
month = jan,
volume = {8},
pages = {14065+},
issn = {2041-1723},
doi = {10.1038/ncomms14065},
abstract = {Forests impact regional hydrology and climate directly by regulating water and heat fluxes. Indirect effects through cloud formation and precipitation can be important in facilitating continental-scale moisture recycling but are poorly understood at regional scales. In particular, the impact of temperate forest on clouds is largely unknown. Here we provide observational evidence for a strong increase in cloud cover over large forest regions in western Europe based on analysis of 10 years of 15\,min resolution data from geostationary satellites. In addition, we show that widespread windthrow by cyclone Klaus in the Landes forest led to a significant decrease in local cloud cover in subsequent years. Strong cloud development along the downwind edges of larger forest areas are consistent with a forest-breeze mesoscale circulation. Our results highlight the need to include impacts on cloud formation when evaluating the water and climate services of temperate forests, in particular around densely populated areas.},
journal = {Nature Communications},
keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14257971,~to-add-doi-URL,climate,climate-projections,cloud-formation,cloudiness,cross-disciplinary-perspective,ecosystem-services,europe,featured-publication,feedback,forest-breeze,forest-resources,modelling-uncertainty,temperate-forests},
lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14257971}
}Can snowshoe hares control treeline expansions?. Olnes, J., Kielland, K., Juday, G. P., Mann, D. H., Genet, H., & Ruess, R. W. Ecology, 98(10):2506–2512, October, 2017.
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex Treelines in Alaska are advancing in elevation and latitude because of climate warming, which is expanding the habitat available for boreal wildlife species, including snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus). Snowshoe hares are already present in tall shrub communities beyond treeline and are the main browser of white spruce (Picea glauca), the dominant tree species at treeline in Alaska. We investigated the processes involved in a "snowshoe hare filter" to white spruce establishment near treeline in Denali National Park, Alaska, USA. We modeled the pattern of spruce establishment from 1970 to 2009 and found that fewer spruce established during periods of high hare abundance. Multiple factors interact to influence browsing of spruce, including the hare cycle, snow depth and the characteristics of surrounding vegetation. Hares are abundant at treeline and may exclude spruce from otherwise optimal establishment sites, particularly floodplain locations with closed shrub canopies. The expansion of white spruce treeline in response to warming climate will be strongly modified by the spatial and temporal dynamics of the snowshoe hare filter.
@article{olnes_can_2017,
title = {Can snowshoe hares control treeline expansions?},
volume = {98},
issn = {0012-9658},
shorttitle = {Can snowshoe hares control treeline expansions?},
url = {://WOS:000412121600002},
doi = {10.1002/ecy.1968},
abstract = {Treelines in Alaska are advancing in elevation and latitude because of climate warming, which is expanding the habitat available for boreal wildlife species, including snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus). Snowshoe hares are already present in tall shrub communities beyond treeline and are the main browser of white spruce (Picea glauca), the dominant tree species at treeline in Alaska. We investigated the processes involved in a "snowshoe hare filter" to white spruce establishment near treeline in Denali National Park, Alaska, USA. We modeled the pattern of spruce establishment from 1970 to 2009 and found that fewer spruce established during periods of high hare abundance. Multiple factors interact to influence browsing of spruce, including the hare cycle, snow depth and the characteristics of surrounding vegetation. Hares are abundant at treeline and may exclude spruce from otherwise optimal establishment sites, particularly floodplain locations with closed shrub canopies. The expansion of white spruce treeline in response to warming climate will be strongly modified by the spatial and temporal dynamics of the snowshoe hare filter.},
language = {English},
number = {10},
journal = {Ecology},
author = {Olnes, J. and Kielland, K. and Juday, G. P. and Mann, D. H. and Genet, H. and Ruess, R. W.},
month = oct,
year = {2017},
keywords = {vegetation, landscape, herbivory, climate, Environmental Sciences \& Ecology, interior alaska, boreal forest, forest, patterns, Alaska, treeline, white spruce, Denali National Park and Preserve, lepus-americanus cycle, occupancy, snowshoe hare},
pages = {2506--2512}
}2016 (3)
Wave Climate in the Arctic 1992-2014: Seasonality and Trends. Stopa, J. E., Ardhuin, F., & Girard-Ardhuin, F. The Cryosphere, 10(4):1605–1629, July, 2016.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Over the past decade, the diminishing Arctic sea ice has impacted the wave field, which depends on the ice-free ocean and wind. This study characterizes the wave climate in the Arctic spanning 1992-2014 from a merged altimeter data set and a wave hindcast that uses CFSR winds and ice concentrations from satellites as input. The model performs well, verified by the altimeters, and is relatively consistent for climate studies. The wave seasonality and extremes are linked to the ice coverage, wind strength, and wind direction, creating distinct features in the wind seas and swells. The altimeters and model show that the reduction of sea ice coverage causes increasing wave heights instead of the wind. However, trends are convoluted by interannual climate oscillations like the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation. In the Nordic Greenland Sea the NAO influences the decreasing wind speeds and wave heights. Swells are becoming more prevalent and wind-sea steepness is declining. The satellite data show the sea ice minimum occurs later in fall when the wind speeds increase. This creates more favorable conditions for wave development. Therefore we expect the ice freeze-up in fall to be the most critical season in the Arctic and small changes in ice cover, wind speeds, and wave heights can have large impacts to the evolution of the sea ice throughout the year. It is inconclusive how important wave-ice processes are within the climate system, but selected events suggest the importance of waves within the marginal ice zone.
@article{stopaWaveClimateArctic2016,
title = {Wave Climate in the {{Arctic}} 1992-2014: Seasonality and Trends},
author = {Stopa, Justin E. and Ardhuin, Fabrice and {Girard-Ardhuin}, Fanny},
year = {2016},
month = jul,
volume = {10},
pages = {1605--1629},
issn = {1994-0424},
doi = {10.5194/tc-10-1605-2016},
abstract = {Over the past decade, the diminishing Arctic sea ice has impacted the wave field, which depends on the ice-free ocean and wind. This study characterizes the wave climate in the Arctic spanning 1992-2014 from a merged altimeter data set and a wave hindcast that uses CFSR winds and ice concentrations from satellites as input. The model performs well, verified by the altimeters, and is relatively consistent for climate studies. The wave seasonality and extremes are linked to the ice coverage, wind strength, and wind direction, creating distinct features in the wind seas and swells. The altimeters and model show that the reduction of sea ice coverage causes increasing wave heights instead of the wind. However, trends are convoluted by interannual climate oscillations like the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation. In the Nordic Greenland Sea the NAO influences the decreasing wind speeds and wave heights. Swells are becoming more prevalent and wind-sea steepness is declining. The satellite data show the sea ice minimum occurs later in fall when the wind speeds increase. This creates more favorable conditions for wave development. Therefore we expect the ice freeze-up in fall to be the most critical season in the Arctic and small changes in ice cover, wind speeds, and wave heights can have large impacts to the evolution of the sea ice throughout the year. It is inconclusive how important wave-ice processes are within the climate system, but selected events suggest the importance of waves within the marginal ice zone.},
journal = {The Cryosphere},
keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14109175,~to-add-doi-URL,arctic-region,artic-sea-ice,climate,remote-sensing,waves-energy,wind},
lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14109175},
number = {4}
}The Trouble with Negative Emissions. Anderson, K. & Peters, G. Science, 354(6309):182–183, October, 2016.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
In December 2015, member states of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) adopted the Paris Agreement, which aims to hold the increase in the global average temperature to below 2°C and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C. The Paris Agreement requires that anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission sources and sinks are balanced by the second half of this century. Because some nonzero sources are unavoidable, this leads to the abstract concept of '' negative emissions,'' the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere through technical means. The Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) informing policy-makers assume the large-scale use of negative-emission technologies. If we rely on these and they are not deployed or are unsuccessful at removing CO2 from the atmosphere at the levels assumed, society will be locked into a high-temperature pathway. [Excerpt] [...] The promise of future and cost-optimal negative-emission technologies is more politically appealing than the prospect of developing policies to deliver rapid and deep mitigation now. If negative-emission technologies do indeed follow the idealized, rapid, and successful deployment assumed in the models, then any reduction in near-term mitigation caused by the appeal of negative emissions will likely lead to only a small and temporary overshoot of the Paris temperature goals. In stark contrast, if the many reservations increasingly voiced about negative-emission technologies [...] turn out to be valid, the weakening of near-term mitigation and the failure of future negative-emission technologies will be a prelude to rapid temperature rises reminiscent of the 4°C '' business as usual'' pathway feared before the Paris Agreement. [] Negative-emission technologies are not an insurance policy, but rather an unjust and high-stakes gamble. There is a real risk they will be unable to deliver on the scale of their promise. If the emphasis on equity and risk aversion embodied in the Paris Agreement are to have traction, negative-emission technologies should not form the basis of the mitigation agenda. [...] They could very reasonably be the subject of research, development, and potentially deployment, but the mitigation agenda should proceed on the premise that they will not work at scale. The implications of failing to do otherwise are a moral hazard par excellence.
@article{andersonTroubleNegativeEmissions2016,
title = {The Trouble with Negative Emissions},
author = {Anderson, Kevin and Peters, Glen},
year = {2016},
month = oct,
volume = {354},
pages = {182--183},
issn = {1095-9203},
doi = {10.1126/science.aah4567},
abstract = {In December 2015, member states of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) adopted the Paris Agreement, which aims to hold the increase in the global average temperature to below 2\textdegree C and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5\textdegree C. The Paris Agreement requires that anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission sources and sinks are balanced by the second half of this century. Because some nonzero sources are unavoidable, this leads to the abstract concept of '' negative emissions,'' the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere through technical means. The Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) informing policy-makers assume the large-scale use of negative-emission technologies. If we rely on these and they are not deployed or are unsuccessful at removing CO2 from the atmosphere at the levels assumed, society will be locked into a high-temperature pathway.
[Excerpt] [...] The promise of future and cost-optimal negative-emission technologies is more politically appealing than the prospect of developing policies to deliver rapid and deep mitigation now. If negative-emission technologies do indeed follow the idealized, rapid, and successful deployment assumed in the models, then any reduction in near-term mitigation caused by the appeal of negative emissions will likely lead to only a small and temporary overshoot of the Paris temperature goals. In stark contrast, if the many reservations increasingly voiced about negative-emission technologies [...] turn out to be valid, the weakening of near-term mitigation and the failure of future negative-emission technologies will be a prelude to rapid temperature rises reminiscent of the 4\textdegree C '' business as usual'' pathway feared before the Paris Agreement.
[] Negative-emission technologies are not an insurance policy, but rather an unjust and high-stakes gamble. There is a real risk they will be unable to deliver on the scale of their promise. If the emphasis on equity and risk aversion embodied in the Paris Agreement are to have traction, negative-emission technologies should not form the basis of the mitigation agenda. [...] They could very reasonably be the subject of research, development, and potentially deployment, but the mitigation agenda should proceed on the premise that they will not work at scale. The implications of failing to do otherwise are a moral hazard par excellence.},
journal = {Science},
keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14161174,~to-add-doi-URL,biodiversity,bioenergy,carbon-capture-and-storage,carbon-dioxide-removal,carbon-emissions,climate-change,environment-society-economy,ghg,global-warming,integrated-modelling,negative-emissions,policy-strategies-for-scientific-uncertainty,science-ethics,science-policy-interface,science-society-interface,sustainability,technology,terminology,trade-offs,uncertainty,unknown},
lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14161174},
number = {6309}
}European Atlas of Forest Tree Species. San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., de Rigo , D., Caudullo, G., Houston Durrant, T., Mauri, A., Tinner, W., Ballian, D., Beck, P., Birks, H. J. B., Eaton, E., Enescu, C. M., Pasta, S., Popescu, I., Ravazzi, C., Welk, E., Abad Viñas, R., Azevedo, J. C., Barbati, A., Barredo, J. I., Benham, S. E., Boca, R., Bosco, C., Caldeira, M. C., Cerasoli, S., Chirici, G., Cierjacks, A., Conedera, M., Da Ronch, F., Di Leo, M., Garć\ia-Viñas, J. I., Gastón González, A., Giannetti, F., Guerrero Hue, N., Guerrero Maldonado, N., López, M. J., Jonsson, R., Krebs, P., Magni, D., Mubareka, S., Nieto Quintano, P., Oliveira, S., Pereira, J. S., Pividori, M., Räty, M., Rinaldi, F., Saura, S., Sikkema, R., Sitzia, T., Strona, G., Vidal, C., Vilar, L., & Zecchin, B. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, March, 2016.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
[Excerpt] The European Atlas of Forest Tree Species is the first comprehensive publication of such a unique and essential environmental resource, that is, our trees. Leading scientists and forestry professionals have contributed in the many stages of the production of this atlas, through the collection of ground data on the location of tree species, elaboration of the distribution and suitability maps, production of the photographic material and compilation of the different chapters. The European Atlas of Forest Tree Species is both a scientific publication, in which researchers and forest specialists can find rigorous and up-to-date information on the many tree species of our forests, and a publication suited for education and the dissemination of information about the richness of our forests to our generation and future generations. [\n] Trees, as all other forms of life, adapt to the conditions in which they live. This adaptation is reflected in the shape of their leaves, their seeds, and their strategy for dissemination and expansion. Each chapter of the Atlas presents, in addition to the description of each tree species, high quality graphics and photographs showing the climatic preferences and singularities of the different species of trees. [\n] The European Atlas of Forest Tree Species includes not only the publication you are looking at, but also a dynamic database of information on our trees, their use, their threats, and eventually the changes that climate may bring about in our forests. This 1st edition of the European Atlas of Forest Tree Species will shortly be followed by the publication of an online version which will incorporate updated information of forest resources and their distribution. The European Atlas of Tree Species will thus be continuously updated as new information on tree species becomes available. [\n] Trees are an essential resource for human life. As well as being an important economic resource, they are also a reservoir for biodiversity; they protect our soils, purify our water, clean the air we breathe and populate the forests we use for recreation. We hope that this Atlas will help increase awareness about trees and all the benefits they provide to society. [Scientific board] [::] H. John B. Birks, University of Bergen, Department of Biology, Bergen, Norway [::] Giovanni Caudullo, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra (VA), Italy [::] Daniele de Rigo, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra (VA), Italy [::] Dave Durrant, Forestry Commission, Forest Research, Farnham, United Kingdom (retired) [::] Giorgio Guariso, Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Milan, Italy [::] Tracy Houston Durrant, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra (VA), Italy [::] Achille Mauri, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra (VA), Italy [::] Sandra Oliveira, University of Lisbon, Institute of Geography and Territorial Planning, Lisbon, Portugal [::] Salvatore Pasta, National Research Council, Institute of Biosceinces and Bioresources, Palermo, Italy [::] Jesús San-Miguel-Ayanz, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra (VA), Italy [::] Willy Tinner, University of Bern, Institute of Plant Sciences and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, Bern, Switzerland [Data contributors] [::] Austria (Dr. Klemens Schadauer) [::] Czech Republic (Mr. Martin Posṕ\išil) [::] Denmark (Ms. Vivian Kvist Johannsen, Annemarie Bastrup-Birke) [::] Estonia (Mr. Veiko Adermann, Mr. Mati Valgepea) [::] Finland (Kari T. Korhonen) [::] France (Claude Vidal, Jean-Marc Frémont) [::] Germany (Dr. Heino Polley) [::] Hungary (Mr. Laszlo Kolozs) [::] Ireland (Mr. John Redmond) [::] Italy (Mrs. Patrizia Gasparini, Mr. Enrico Pompei) [::] Latvia (Ms. Ieva Licite, Mr. Toms Zālītis) [::] Lithuania (M. Albertas Kasperavicius) [::] The Netherlands (Mr. Jan Oldenburger) [::] Portugal (Ms. Ferreira Maria Conceição, Ana Paula Dias) [::] Romania (Mr. Gheorghe Marin) [::] Sweden (Dr. Jonas Fridman) [::] Slovak Republic (Ms. Zuzana Kmetova) [::] Spain (Mr. Santiago Saura Mart́ınez de Toda, Iciar Alberdi Asensio, Mr. Guillermo Fernandez Centeno, Roberto Vallejo Bomb́ın) [::] United Kingdom (Mr Mark Lawrence) [::] Norway (Mr. Stein Tomter) [::] Switzerland (Mr. Adrian Lanz) [\n] Forest Focus/Monitoring dataset, BioSoil dataset, European Forest Genetic Resources (EUFORGEN), European Information System on Forest Genetic Resources (EUFGIS) - www.eufgis.org, Geo-referenced Database of Genetic Diversity (GD)$^2$ - www.evoltree.eu
@book{san-miguel-ayanzEuropeanAtlasForest2016,
title = {European Atlas of Forest Tree Species},
author = {{San-Miguel-Ayanz}, Jes{\'u}s and {de Rigo}, Daniele and Caudullo, Giovanni and Houston Durrant, Tracy and Mauri, Achille and Tinner, Willy and Ballian, Dalibor and Beck, Pieter and Birks, H. J. B. and Eaton, Edward and Enescu, Cristian M. and Pasta, Salvatore and Popescu, Ioana and Ravazzi, Cesare and Welk, Erik and Abad Vi{\~n}as, Raul and Azevedo, Jo{\~a}o C. and Barbati, Anna and Barredo, Jose I. and Benham, Suzanne E. and Boca, Roberto and Bosco, Claudio and Caldeira, Maria C. and Cerasoli, Sofia and Chirici, Gherardo and Cierjacks, Arne and Conedera, Marco and Da Ronch, Flavio and Di Leo, Margherita and {Gar{\'c}{\i}a-Vi{\~n}as}, Juan I. and Gast{\'o}n Gonz{\'a}lez, Aitor and Giannetti, Francesca and Guerrero Hue, N{\'u}ria and Guerrero Maldonado, Natalia and L{\'o}pez, Marcelo J. and Jonsson, Ragnar and Krebs, Patrik and Magni, Diego and Mubareka, Sarah and Nieto Quintano, Paula and Oliveira, Sandra and Pereira, Jo{\~a}o S. and Pividori, Mario and R{\"a}ty, Minna and Rinaldi, Francesca and Saura, Santiago and Sikkema, Richard and Sitzia, Tommaso and Strona, Giovanni and Vidal, Claude and Vilar, Lara and Zecchin, Barbara},
editor = {{San-Miguel-Ayanz}, Jes{\'u}s and {de Rigo}, Daniele and Caudullo, Giovanni and Houston Durrant, Tracy and Mauri, Achille},
year = {2016},
month = mar,
publisher = {{Publications Office of the European Union}},
address = {{Luxembourg}},
doi = {10.2788/4251},
abstract = {[Excerpt] The European Atlas of Forest Tree Species is the first comprehensive publication of such a unique and essential environmental resource, that is, our trees. Leading scientists and forestry professionals have contributed in the many stages of the production of this atlas, through the collection of ground data on the location of tree species, elaboration of the distribution and suitability maps, production of the photographic material and compilation of the different chapters. The European Atlas of Forest Tree Species is both a scientific publication, in which researchers and forest specialists can find rigorous and up-to-date information on the many tree species of our forests, and a publication suited for education and the dissemination of information about the richness of our forests to our generation and future generations.
[\textbackslash n] Trees, as all other forms of life, adapt to the conditions in which they live. This adaptation is reflected in the shape of their leaves, their seeds, and their strategy for dissemination and expansion. Each chapter of the Atlas presents, in addition to the description of each tree species, high quality graphics and photographs showing the climatic preferences and singularities of the different species of trees.
[\textbackslash n] The European Atlas of Forest Tree Species includes not only the publication you are looking at, but also a dynamic database of information on our trees, their use, their threats, and eventually the changes that climate may bring about in our forests. This 1st edition of the European Atlas of Forest Tree Species will shortly be followed by the publication of an online version which will incorporate updated information of forest resources and their distribution. The European Atlas of Tree Species will thus be continuously updated as new information on tree species becomes available.
[\textbackslash n] Trees are an essential resource for human life. As well as being an important economic resource, they are also a reservoir for biodiversity; they protect our soils, purify our water, clean the air we breathe and populate the forests we use for recreation. We hope that this Atlas will help increase awareness about trees and all the benefits they provide to society.
[Scientific board] [::] H. John B. Birks, University of Bergen, Department of Biology, Bergen, Norway
[::] Giovanni Caudullo, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra (VA), Italy
[::] Daniele de Rigo, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra (VA), Italy
[::] Dave Durrant, Forestry Commission, Forest Research, Farnham, United Kingdom (retired)
[::] Giorgio Guariso, Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Milan, Italy
[::] Tracy Houston Durrant, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra (VA), Italy
[::] Achille Mauri, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra (VA), Italy
[::] Sandra Oliveira, University of Lisbon, Institute of Geography and Territorial Planning, Lisbon, Portugal
[::] Salvatore Pasta, National Research Council, Institute of Biosceinces and Bioresources, Palermo, Italy
[::] Jes\'us San-Miguel-Ayanz, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra (VA), Italy
[::] Willy Tinner, University of Bern, Institute of Plant Sciences and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, Bern, Switzerland
[Data contributors]
[::] Austria (Dr. Klemens Schadauer)
[::] Czech Republic (Mr. Martin Pos\'p\i\v{s}il)
[::] Denmark (Ms. Vivian Kvist Johannsen, Annemarie Bastrup-Birke)
[::] Estonia (Mr. Veiko Adermann, Mr. Mati Valgepea)
[::] Finland (Kari T. Korhonen)
[::] France (Claude Vidal, Jean-Marc Fr\'emont)
[::] Germany (Dr. Heino Polley)
[::] Hungary (Mr. Laszlo Kolozs)
[::] Ireland (Mr. John Redmond)
[::] Italy (Mrs. Patrizia Gasparini, Mr. Enrico Pompei)
[::] Latvia (Ms. Ieva Licite, Mr. Toms Z\=al\=itis)
[::] Lithuania (M. Albertas Kasperavicius)
[::] The Netherlands (Mr. Jan Oldenburger)
[::] Portugal (Ms. Ferreira Maria Concei\c{c}\~ao, Ana Paula Dias)
[::] Romania (Mr. Gheorghe Marin)
[::] Sweden (Dr. Jonas Fridman)
[::] Slovak Republic (Ms. Zuzana Kmetova)
[::] Spain (Mr. Santiago Saura Mar{\'t}\i nez de Toda, Iciar Alberdi Asensio, Mr. Guillermo Fernandez Centeno, Roberto Vallejo Bom{\'b}\i n)
[::] United Kingdom (Mr Mark Lawrence)
[::] Norway (Mr. Stein Tomter)
[::] Switzerland (Mr. Adrian Lanz)
[\textbackslash n] Forest Focus/Monitoring dataset, BioSoil dataset, European Forest Genetic Resources (EUFORGEN), European Information System on Forest Genetic Resources (EUFGIS) - www.eufgis.org, Geo-referenced Database of Genetic Diversity (GD){$^2$} - www.evoltree.eu},
isbn = {978-92-79-52833-0},
keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13984530,~to-add-doi-URL,bioeconomy,chorology,classification,climate,constrained-spatial-multi-frequency-analysis,data-heterogeneity,data-integration,data-uncertainty,disasters,disturbances,ecological-zones,ecology,ecosystem-services,europe,floods,forest-fires,forest-pests,forest-resources,free-software,geospatial,geospatial-semantic-array-programming,gis,gnu-bash,gnu-linux,gnu-octave,habitat-suitability,integrated-modelling,integrated-natural-resources-modelling-and-management,integration-techniques,knowledge-integration,landslides,mastrave-modelling-library,modelling-uncertainty,open-data,paleoecology,relative-distance-similarity,reproducible-research,review,science-policy-interface,science-society-interface,semantic-array-programming,semantic-constraints,semantics,semap,software-uncertainty,soil-erosion,soil-resources,species-distribution,tree-species,uncertainty,water-resources,windstorm},
lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13984530}
}2015 (5)
The relationship between biogeography and ecology: envelopes, models, predictions. Heads, M. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 115(2):456–468, June, 2015.
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex This paper reviews ideas on the relationship between the ecology of clades and their distribution. Ecological biogeography represents a tradition that dates back to ancient times. It assumes that the distribution of organisms is explained by factors of present environment, especially climate. In contrast, modern systematics, following its origins in the Renaissance, concluded with Darwin that ‘neither the similarity nor the dissimilarity of the inhabitants of various regions can be accounted for by their climatal and other physical conditions’. In many cases, species distribution models – ecological niche models – based on the current environment of a species (its environmental envelope) fail to predict the actual distribution of the species. In particular, they often over-predict distributions. In addition, a group's niche often varies in space and time. These results provide valuable evidence that Darwin was correct, and many ecologists now recognise that there is a problem with the niche theory of distribution. Current ecological processes explain distribution at smaller scales than do biogeographical and evolutionary processes, but the latter can lead to patterns that are much more local than many ecologists have assumed. Biogeographical phenomena often occur at a much smaller scale than that of the Wallacean regions. In areas that have been subjected to marine inundation or intense tectonism, many centres of endemism are only tens of kilometres across. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 115, 456–468.
@article{heads_relationship_2015,
title = {The relationship between biogeography and ecology: envelopes, models, predictions},
volume = {115},
copyright = {© 2015 The Linnean Society of London},
issn = {1095-8312},
shorttitle = {The relationship between biogeography and ecology},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bij.12486/abstract},
doi = {10.1111/bij.12486},
abstract = {This paper reviews ideas on the relationship between the ecology of clades and their distribution. Ecological biogeography represents a tradition that dates back to ancient times. It assumes that the distribution of organisms is explained by factors of present environment, especially climate. In contrast, modern systematics, following its origins in the Renaissance, concluded with Darwin that ‘neither the similarity nor the dissimilarity of the inhabitants of various regions can be accounted for by their climatal and other physical conditions’. In many cases, species distribution models – ecological niche models – based on the current environment of a species (its environmental envelope) fail to predict the actual distribution of the species. In particular, they often over-predict distributions. In addition, a group's niche often varies in space and time. These results provide valuable evidence that Darwin was correct, and many ecologists now recognise that there is a problem with the niche theory of distribution. Current ecological processes explain distribution at smaller scales than do biogeographical and evolutionary processes, but the latter can lead to patterns that are much more local than many ecologists have assumed. Biogeographical phenomena often occur at a much smaller scale than that of the Wallacean regions. In areas that have been subjected to marine inundation or intense tectonism, many centres of endemism are only tens of kilometres across. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 115, 456–468.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2015-11-16TZ},
journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
author = {Heads, Michael},
month = jun,
year = {2015},
keywords = {California, Climate, Grinnell, centre of origin, dispersal, niche, species distribution models},
pages = {456--468}
}The behavior of trade-wind cloudiness in observations and models: The major cloud components and their variability. Nuijens, L., Medeiros, B., Sandu, I., & Ahlgrimm, M. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 7(2):600–616, 2015.
Paper doi bibtex
Paper doi bibtex @article{Nuijens:2015,
Author = {Nuijens, Louise and Medeiros, Brian and Sandu, Irina and Ahlgrimm, Maike},
Date-Added = {2020-10-15 16:27:21 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2020-10-15 16:27:21 -0600},
Doi = {10.1002/2014MS000390},
Issn = {1942-2466},
Journal = {Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems},
Keywords = {Clouds and cloud feedbacks, Remote sensing, Global climate models, clouds, climate},
Number = {2},
Pages = {{600--616}},
Title = {The behavior of trade-wind cloudiness in observations and models: The major cloud components and their variability},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014MS000390},
Volume = {7},
Year = {2015},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014MS000390}}Global Energy Development and Climate-Induced Water Scarcity—Physical Limits, Sectoral Constraints, and Policy Imperatives. Scott, C. & Sugg, Z. Energies, 8(8):8211–8225, August, 2015. 00004
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex The current accelerated growth in demand for energy globally is confronted by water-resource limitations and hydrologic variability linked to climate change. The global spatial and temporal trends in water requirements for energy development and policy alternatives to address these constraints are poorly understood. This article analyzes national-level energy demand trends from U.S. Energy Information Administration data in relation to newly available assessments of water consumption and life-cycle impacts of thermoelectric generation and biofuel production, and freshwater availability and sectoral allocations from the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Bank. Emerging, energy-related water scarcity flashpoints include the world’s largest, most diversified economies (Brazil, India, China, and USA among others), while physical water scarcity continues to pose limits to energy development in the Middle East and small-island states. Findings include the following: (a) technological obstacles to alleviate water scarcity driven by energy demand are surmountable; (b) resource conservation is inevitable, driven by financial limitations and efficiency gains; and (c) institutional arrangements play a pivotal role in the virtuous water-energy-climate cycle. We conclude by making reference to coupled energy-water policy alternatives including water-conserving energy portfolios, intersectoral water transfers, virtual water for energy, hydropower tradeoffs, and use of impaired waters for energy development.
@article{scott_global_2015,
title = {Global {Energy} {Development} and {Climate}-{Induced} {Water} {Scarcity}—{Physical} {Limits}, {Sectoral} {Constraints}, and {Policy} {Imperatives}},
volume = {8},
issn = {1996-1073},
url = {http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/8/8/8211/},
doi = {10.3390/en8088211},
abstract = {The current accelerated growth in demand for energy globally is confronted by water-resource limitations and hydrologic variability linked to climate change. The global spatial and temporal trends in water requirements for energy development and policy alternatives to address these constraints are poorly understood. This article analyzes national-level energy demand trends from U.S. Energy Information Administration data in relation to newly available assessments of water consumption and life-cycle impacts of thermoelectric generation and biofuel production, and freshwater availability and sectoral allocations from the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Bank. Emerging, energy-related water scarcity flashpoints include the world’s largest, most diversified economies (Brazil, India, China, and USA among others), while physical water scarcity continues to pose limits to energy development in the Middle East and small-island states. Findings include the following: (a) technological obstacles to alleviate water scarcity driven by energy demand are surmountable; (b) resource conservation is inevitable, driven by financial limitations and efficiency gains; and (c) institutional arrangements play a pivotal role in the virtuous water-energy-climate cycle. We conclude by making reference to coupled energy-water policy alternatives including water-conserving energy portfolios, intersectoral water transfers, virtual water for energy, hydropower tradeoffs, and use of impaired waters for energy development.},
language = {en},
number = {8},
urldate = {2016-12-13},
journal = {Energies},
author = {Scott, Christopher and Sugg, Zachary},
month = aug,
year = {2015},
note = {00004},
keywords = {energy, boundaries, collapse, water, climate},
pages = {8211--8225},
file = {Scott and Sugg - 2015 - Global Energy Development and Climate-Induced Wate.pdf:C\:\\Users\\rsrs\\Documents\\Zotero Database\\storage\\7FGK5CWC\\Scott and Sugg - 2015 - Global Energy Development and Climate-Induced Wate.pdf:application/pdf}
}Global Fire Size Distribution Is Driven by Human Impact and Climate. Hantson, S., Pueyo, S., & Chuvieco, E. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 24(1):77–86, January, 2015.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
[Aim] In order to understand fire's impacts on vegetation dynamics, it is crucial that the distribution of fire sizes be known. We approached this distribution using a power-law distribution, which derives from self-organized criticality theory (SOC). We compute the global spatial variation in the power-law exponent and determine the main factors that explain its spatial distribution. [Location] Global, at 2\textdegree grid resolution. [Methods] We use satellite-derived MODIS burned-area data (MCD45) to obtain global individual fire size data for 2002-2010, grouped together for each 2\textdegree grid. A global map of fire size distribution was produced by plotting the exponent of the power law. The drivers of the spatial trends in fire size distribution, including vegetation productivity, precipitation, population density and net income, were analysed using a generalized additive model (GAM). [Results] The power law gave a good fit for 93\,% of the global 2\textdegree grid cells with important fire activity. A global map of the fire size distribution, as approached by the power law shows strong spatial patterns. These are associated both with climatic variables (precipitation and evapotranspiration) and with anthropogenic variables (cropland cover and population density). [Main conclusions] Our results indicate that the global fire size distribution changes over gradients of precipitation and aridity, and that it is strongly influenced by human activity. This information is essential for understanding potential changes in fire sizes as a result of climate change and socioeconomic dynamics. The ability to improve SOC fire models by including these human and climatic factors would benefit fire projections as well as fire management and policy.
@article{hantsonGlobalFireSize2015,
title = {Global Fire Size Distribution Is Driven by Human Impact and Climate},
author = {Hantson, Stijn and Pueyo, Salvador and Chuvieco, Emilio},
year = {2015},
month = jan,
volume = {24},
pages = {77--86},
issn = {1466-822X},
doi = {10.1111/geb.12246},
abstract = {[Aim]
In order to understand fire's impacts on vegetation dynamics, it is crucial that the distribution of fire sizes be known. We approached this distribution using a power-law distribution, which derives from self-organized criticality theory (SOC). We compute the global spatial variation in the power-law exponent and determine the main factors that explain its spatial distribution.
[Location]
Global, at 2\textdegree{} grid resolution.
[Methods]
We use satellite-derived MODIS burned-area data (MCD45) to obtain global individual fire size data for 2002-2010, grouped together for each 2\textdegree{} grid. A global map of fire size distribution was produced by plotting the exponent of the power law. The drivers of the spatial trends in fire size distribution, including vegetation productivity, precipitation, population density and net income, were analysed using a generalized additive model (GAM).
[Results]
The power law gave a good fit for 93\,\% of the global 2\textdegree{} grid cells with important fire activity. A global map of the fire size distribution, as approached by the power law shows strong spatial patterns. These are associated both with climatic variables (precipitation and evapotranspiration) and with anthropogenic variables (cropland cover and population density).
[Main conclusions]
Our results indicate that the global fire size distribution changes over gradients of precipitation and aridity, and that it is strongly influenced by human activity. This information is essential for understanding potential changes in fire sizes as a result of climate change and socioeconomic dynamics. The ability to improve SOC fire models by including these human and climatic factors would benefit fire projections as well as fire management and policy.},
journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14136886,anthropogenic-impacts,arid-climate,climate,feedback,forest-resources,global-change,global-scale,precipitation,self-adaptive-systems,self-organization,vegetation,wildfires},
lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14136886},
number = {1}
}BVOCs: Plant Defense against Climate Warming?. Peñuelas, J. & Llusià, J. Trends in Plant Science, 8(3):105–109, June, 2015.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Plants emit a substantial amount of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) into the atmosphere. These BVOCs represent a large carbon loss and can be up to $\sim$10\,% of that fixed by photosynthesis under stressful conditions and up to 100 g C m-2 per year in some tropical ecosystems. Among a variety of proven and unproven BVOC functions in plants and roles in atmospheric processes, recent data intriguingly link emission of these compounds to climate. Ongoing research demonstrates that BVOCs could protect plants against high temperatures. BVOC emissions are probably increasing with warming and with other factors associated to global change, including changes in land cover. These increases in BVOC emissions could contribute in a significant way (via negative and positive feedback) to the complex processes associated with global warming. [\n] Plants re-emit a substantial fraction of their assimilated carbon into the atmosphere as biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) that affect the chemical and physical properties of the atmosphere 1, 2, 3 and 4. Why do plants emit them? What are their effects on atmospheric chemistry and physics? These are two crucial questions that have been challenging the scientific community for several years. Among a variety of likely BVOCs functions in plants and effects on the atmosphere, recent data intriguingly link these compounds with climate. BVOCs could protect plants against high temperatures. But, in their turn, BVOC emissions increase with warming, and might produce both negative and positive feedback on climate warming through aerosol formation and direct and indirect greenhouse effects. [Excerpt] [::Nature and function of BVOCs] BVOCs are produced in many different plant tissues and physiological processes. They are diverse, including isoprene, terpenes, alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, esters, carbonyls and acids (Table 1). Indeed, the enormous variety of BVOCs constitutes one of nature's biodiversity treasures. Advances in molecular and genetic techniques and development of new instrumentation for the collection and analysis of BVOCs have increased our knowledge of their nature and function in recent years. In some plants, BVOCs accumulate in specialized organs in leaves and stems and can be released as deterrents against pathogens and herbivores, or to aid wound sealing after damage [5]. In other plants, BVOCs are not stored and are emitted after production. The purpose of BVOCs appears to be to attract pollinators and herbivore predators, and to communicate with other plants and organisms 6 and 7. But there is another function of BVOCs that has attracted interest given current climate warming. Recently, some evidence has emerged that the production and the emission of BVOCs, such as isoprene and monoterpenes, which constitute a major fraction of BVOCs, might confer protection against high temperatures. [::Thermotolerance and photorespiration] Thomas Sharkey and Eric Singsaas [8] were the first people to propose that isoprene has a thermotolerance function. Later, thermotolerance was also observed in monoterpene emissions from Quercus ilex, a Mediterranean oak species [9]. Further studies have not always been able to reproduce these results and the mechanism for this protection against high-temperature damage has yet to be shown [10]. However, recent research shows a possible link with photorespiration [11], another relatively poorly understood plant process. Earlier work had already suggested that isoprene biosynthesis was linked to photorespiration [12]. However, subsequent results with Populus tremuloides [13], or Arundo donax [14], among others, did not find such a relationship. The most recent studies have not just focused on photorespiration as an alternative source of carbon for isoprenoid biosynthesis when photosynthesis is limited. They have shown that the formation of monoterpenes might depend on photorespiratory activity, and that under non-photorespiratory conditions monoterpenes seem to replace photorespiration in providing protection against high temperatures [11]. Therefore, in agreement with previous suggestions of isoprene as a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals and as a protector of membranes and macromolecules from oxidative damage [15], it is likely that monoterpenes protect plant tissues as scavengers of reactive oxygen species produced under high temperatures, especially when photorespiration is not active in inhibiting their formation. This protection would not be surprising because isoprene and monoterpenes would have, thus, a parallel function to that of larger isoprenoids such as xanthophylls [16]. [...] [::Conclusions and open questions] In conclusion, among the great variety of likely BVOC functions in plants and effects on the atmosphere, recent data intriguingly link these compounds with climate. BVOCs could protect plants against high temperatures in a process linked to photorespiration. But, in turn, BVOCs emissions increase with warming and with most of the other components of the current global environmental change. And this increase, apart from influencing the oxidizing potential of the troposphere, might produce both negative and positive feedback on warming depending on the spatial scales, and on the relative effects of aerosol formation and direct and indirect greenhouse properties. [\n] Many questions about these BVOC relationships with both plant and atmosphere temperatures remain to be solved. Regarding plant thermoprotection: do plants always protect themselves from over-heating by producing and emitting BVOCs? Are there species characteristics, physiological states or environmental conditions that determine this photoprotection? How does photorespiration affect monoterpene synthesis? Which are the mechanisms and the interactions involved? Are BVOCs just scavengers of radical oxygen species or can they also act as membrane stabilizers [40]? To what extent might BVOC emissions directly cool the plant through physiological or evaporative effects? [\n] There are also many unanswered questions regarding the relationship between BVOCs and global change, but they can be summarized by asking: how much will BVOC emissions increase in response to the global change drivers? The scientific community needs to focus not only on the climate-warming effects on BVOC emissions, but also on the effects of the other global change drivers, especially on the increasing land-cover changes. The species- and ecosystem-specificity of BVOC emissions and the possible role of plant species and ecosystems as sinks of BVOCs should also be taken into account. [\n] And finally, regarding the climate relationships, whether the increased BVOC emissions will cool or warm the environment needs to be determined. The overall effect of increasing BVOC emissions will depend on the relative weight and scale of the negative (increased albedo) and positive (increased greenhouse action) feedback. As is the case with so many environmental issues, interactive interdisciplinary research among biologists, physicists and chemists at foliar, ecosystem, regional and global scales is needed to solve these puzzles.
@article{penuelasBVOCsPlantDefense2015,
title = {{{BVOCs}}: Plant Defense against Climate Warming?},
author = {Pe{\~n}uelas, Josep and Llusi{\`a}, Joan},
year = {2015},
month = jun,
volume = {8},
pages = {105--109},
doi = {10.1016/s1360-1385(03)00008-6},
abstract = {Plants emit a substantial amount of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) into the atmosphere. These BVOCs represent a large carbon loss and can be up to {$\sim$}10\,\% of that fixed by photosynthesis under stressful conditions and up to 100 g C m-2 per year in some tropical ecosystems. Among a variety of proven and unproven BVOC functions in plants and roles in atmospheric processes, recent data intriguingly link emission of these compounds to climate. Ongoing research demonstrates that BVOCs could protect plants against high temperatures. BVOC emissions are probably increasing with warming and with other factors associated to global change, including changes in land cover. These increases in BVOC emissions could contribute in a significant way (via negative and positive feedback) to the complex processes associated with global warming.
[\textbackslash n] Plants re-emit a substantial fraction of their assimilated carbon into the atmosphere as biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) that affect the chemical and physical properties of the atmosphere 1, 2, 3 and 4. Why do plants emit them? What are their effects on atmospheric chemistry and physics? These are two crucial questions that have been challenging the scientific community for several years. Among a variety of likely BVOCs functions in plants and effects on the atmosphere, recent data intriguingly link these compounds with climate. BVOCs could protect plants against high temperatures. But, in their turn, BVOC emissions increase with warming, and might produce both negative and positive feedback on climate warming through aerosol formation and direct and indirect greenhouse effects.
[Excerpt]
[::Nature and function of BVOCs] BVOCs are produced in many different plant tissues and physiological processes. They are diverse, including isoprene, terpenes, alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, esters, carbonyls and acids (Table 1). Indeed, the enormous variety of BVOCs constitutes one of nature's biodiversity treasures. Advances in molecular and genetic techniques and development of new instrumentation for the collection and analysis of BVOCs have increased our knowledge of their nature and function in recent years. In some plants, BVOCs accumulate in specialized organs in leaves and stems and can be released as deterrents against pathogens and herbivores, or to aid wound sealing after damage [5]. In other plants, BVOCs are not stored and are emitted after production. The purpose of BVOCs appears to be to attract pollinators and herbivore predators, and to communicate with other plants and organisms 6 and 7. But there is another function of BVOCs that has attracted interest given current climate warming. Recently, some evidence has emerged that the production and the emission of BVOCs, such as isoprene and monoterpenes, which constitute a major fraction of BVOCs, might confer protection against high temperatures.
[::Thermotolerance and photorespiration]
Thomas Sharkey and Eric Singsaas [8] were the first people to propose that isoprene has a thermotolerance function. Later, thermotolerance was also observed in monoterpene emissions from Quercus ilex, a Mediterranean oak species [9]. Further studies have not always been able to reproduce these results and the mechanism for this protection against high-temperature damage has yet to be shown [10]. However, recent research shows a possible link with photorespiration [11], another relatively poorly understood plant process. Earlier work had already suggested that isoprene biosynthesis was linked to photorespiration [12]. However, subsequent results with Populus tremuloides [13], or Arundo donax [14], among others, did not find such a relationship. The most recent studies have not just focused on photorespiration as an alternative source of carbon for isoprenoid biosynthesis when photosynthesis is limited. They have shown that the formation of monoterpenes might depend on photorespiratory activity, and that under non-photorespiratory conditions monoterpenes seem to replace photorespiration in providing protection against high temperatures [11]. Therefore, in agreement with previous suggestions of isoprene as a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals and as a protector of membranes and macromolecules from oxidative damage [15], it is likely that monoterpenes protect plant tissues as scavengers of reactive oxygen species produced under high temperatures, especially when photorespiration is not active in inhibiting their formation. This protection would not be surprising because isoprene and monoterpenes would have, thus, a parallel function to that of larger isoprenoids such as xanthophylls [16]. [...]
[::Conclusions and open questions]
In conclusion, among the great variety of likely BVOC functions in plants and effects on the atmosphere, recent data intriguingly link these compounds with climate. BVOCs could protect plants against high temperatures in a process linked to photorespiration. But, in turn, BVOCs emissions increase with warming and with most of the other components of the current global environmental change. And this increase, apart from influencing the oxidizing potential of the troposphere, might produce both negative and positive feedback on warming depending on the spatial scales, and on the relative effects of aerosol formation and direct and indirect greenhouse properties.
[\textbackslash n] Many questions about these BVOC relationships with both plant and atmosphere temperatures remain to be solved. Regarding plant thermoprotection: do plants always protect themselves from over-heating by producing and emitting BVOCs? Are there species characteristics, physiological states or environmental conditions that determine this photoprotection? How does photorespiration affect monoterpene synthesis? Which are the mechanisms and the interactions involved? Are BVOCs just scavengers of radical oxygen species or can they also act as membrane stabilizers [40]? To what extent might BVOC emissions directly cool the plant through physiological or evaporative effects?
[\textbackslash n] There are also many unanswered questions regarding the relationship between BVOCs and global change, but they can be summarized by asking: how much will BVOC emissions increase in response to the global change drivers? The scientific community needs to focus not only on the climate-warming effects on BVOC emissions, but also on the effects of the other global change drivers, especially on the increasing land-cover changes. The species- and ecosystem-specificity of BVOC emissions and the possible role of plant species and ecosystems as sinks of BVOCs should also be taken into account.
[\textbackslash n] And finally, regarding the climate relationships, whether the increased BVOC emissions will cool or warm the environment needs to be determined. The overall effect of increasing BVOC emissions will depend on the relative weight and scale of the negative (increased albedo) and positive (increased greenhouse action) feedback. As is the case with so many environmental issues, interactive interdisciplinary research among biologists, physicists and chemists at foliar, ecosystem, regional and global scales is needed to solve these puzzles.},
journal = {Trends in Plant Science},
keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13646943,~to-add-doi-URL,biogenic-volatile-organic-compounds,carbon-cycle,climate,complexity,ecosystem-services,feedback,forest-resources,global-warming,homeostasis,isoprene,monoterpenes,off-site-effects,quercus-ilex},
lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13646943},
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}2014 (8)
A Climate-Based Model to Predict Potential Treeline Position around the Globe. Paulsen, J. & Körner, C. Alpine Botany, 124(1):1–12, 2014.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
In situ temperature measurements revealed that the position of the high-elevation treeline is associated with a minimum seasonal mean air temperature within a temperature-defined minimum season length across latitudes. Here, we build upon this experience and present the results of a global statistical analysis and a predictive model for low temperature treeline positions. We identified 376 natural treelines from satellite images across the globe, and searched for their closest climatic proxies using a climate database. The analysis included a snow and a water balance submodel to account for season length constraints by snow pack and drought. We arrive at thermal treeline criteria almost identical to those that emerged from the earlier in situ measurements: tree growth requires a minimum length of the growing season of 94 days. The model yields best fit when the season is defined as all days with a daily mean temperature $>$0.9 °C, and a mean of 6.4 °C across all these days. The resultant treeline model 'TREELIM' offers a robust estimation of potential treeline elevation based on climate data only. Error terms include imprecise treeline position in satellite images and climate approximations in mountainous terrain. The algorithm permits constraining low temperature limits of forest growth worldwide (including polar treelines) and also permits a bioclimatic stratification of mountain biota, for instance, for biodiversity assessments. As a side product, the model yields the global potentially forested area. The results support the isotherm theory for natural treeline formation. This completely independent statistical assessment of the climatic drivers of the global treeline phenomenon confirmed the results of a multi-year measurement campaign. [Excerpt: Basic model assumptions and definition of climatic treeline proxies] From our earlier works with data loggers (Körner and Paulsen 2004), it emerged that only three independent parameters are necessary to model treeline elevation by standardized meteorological data: (a) a threshold temperature DTMIN that constrains the growing season; (b) a minimum mean temperature for all days of the growing season SMT as defined in (a); (c) a minimum length of the growing season LGS. The definition of the growing season is a central issue, because temperatures outside the growing season have no predictive value (Körner 2012). The model, thus, needs to select periods suitable for tree growth, which means, warm enough conditions with sufficient soil moisture and no snow cover. [\n] Defining the beginning and end of the growing season by a critical air temperature only (as in Körner and Paulsen 2004) turned out to be problematic at a global scale because this procedure does not account for irregular seasonal temperatures at equatorial latitudes, and it does not account for snow pack and drought. Therefore, the TREELIM model presented here uses a LGS representing the sum of days with a daily mean temperature above a defined threshold temperature (DTMIN). The mean temperature of the growing season (SMT) for any site is then calculated by averaging the daily means for all these days. Days during which snow is present or during which soil water is not available do not count for season length [...] [\n] [...] [::Snowpack] The snow module of TREELIM accounts for the assumption that trees do not exert significant growth as long as there is late-laying snow on the ground. Snow pack may thus constrain the length of the growing period, despite warm air temperatures. It was assumed that all precipitation that falls at daily mean temperatures $\leq$0 °C fall as snow, and snow was assumed to stay and accumulate on the ground as long as daily mean temperatures remained $<$0 °C. If a snow layer is present, snow is assumed to melt whenever daily mean temperatures are $>$0 °C at a rate of 0.84 kg m-2 day-1 for each degree $>$0 °C (the WATFLOOD model; http://www.civil.uwaterloo.ca/watflood/). Sublimation was ignored. [\n] Whenever rain falls on an existing snow layer, this water cools to 0 °C and the thermal energy (4.186 kJ kg-1 K-1) is used to melt snow (333.5 kJ kg-1 snow). Thus, 1 mm of rain melts 1/80 kg m-2 snow per degree air temperature above 0 °C. The quantity of snow pack (in kg m-2) was calculated by a simple input-output model with a daily resolution: snow layer at day (i) = snow layer at day (i - 1) + snowfall at day (i) - snow melt at day (i). [\n] [...] [::Site water balance] [...] The water balance equation was solved by a submodel of TREELIM that accounts for precipitation (liquid and solid), evapotranspiration, and the resulting soil water content. Since climate databases offer only monthly precipitation, we had to approximate actual rainfall regimes, assuming that air temperature determines saturated vapour content of the air. We then adopted a temperature-related stepwise interpolation of mean daily rainfall from annual data with a monthly resolution. This given amount of precipitation water was allocated by plausibility to precipitation events in the following way: The mean per day event was assumed to be 5 mm if the monthly mean T was $<$5 °C, 10 mm for 5-10 °C, 15 mm for 10-15 °C, 20 mm for $>$15 °C. For instance, if the monthly mean temperature is 7.3 °C and the monthly precipitation is 27.4 mm, precipitation events are assumed to be 10 mm each, one on day 7, one on day 14, and the remaining 7.4 mm are assumed to fall on day 21. [\n] This procedure is more realistic than for instance splitting monthly precipitation into 30 events. Since soil moisture is buffering moisture availability, the actual fragmentation of monthly precipitation is not very critical, except for conditions where drought is critical, which is rare at alpine treeline elevations. Errors introduced by this procedure are certainly small compared to the uncertainty of actual precipitation at treeline, based on climatic layers derived from low elevation climate stations. [::Daily Potential evapotranspiration] (DPET) was estimated using the Hargreaves equation (Hargreaves and Samani 1985) in the FAO-56 form as adopted by Allen et al. (1998), again with a daily resolution. [...] [::The water balance] for a given day was then calculated with a two-layer bucket model for a given soil water holding capacity as defined by the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP 2000). [...] [\n] [...]
@article{paulsenClimatebasedModelPredict2014,
title = {A Climate-Based Model to Predict Potential Treeline Position around the Globe},
author = {Paulsen, Jens and K{\"o}rner, Christian},
year = {2014},
volume = {124},
pages = {1--12},
issn = {1664-221X},
doi = {10.1007/s00035-014-0124-0},
abstract = {In situ temperature measurements revealed that the position of the high-elevation treeline is associated with a minimum seasonal mean air temperature within a temperature-defined minimum season length across latitudes. Here, we build upon this experience and present the results of a global statistical analysis and a predictive model for low temperature treeline positions. We identified 376 natural treelines from satellite images across the globe, and searched for their closest climatic proxies using a climate database. The analysis included a snow and a water balance submodel to account for season length constraints by snow pack and drought. We arrive at thermal treeline criteria almost identical to those that emerged from the earlier in situ measurements: tree growth requires a minimum length of the growing season of 94 days. The model yields best fit when the season is defined as all days with a daily mean temperature {$>$}0.9 \textdegree C, and a mean of 6.4 \textdegree C across all these days. The resultant treeline model 'TREELIM' offers a robust estimation of potential treeline elevation based on climate data only. Error terms include imprecise treeline position in satellite images and climate approximations in mountainous terrain. The algorithm permits constraining low temperature limits of forest growth worldwide (including polar treelines) and also permits a bioclimatic stratification of mountain biota, for instance, for biodiversity assessments. As a side product, the model yields the global potentially forested area. The results support the isotherm theory for natural treeline formation. This completely independent statistical assessment of the climatic drivers of the global treeline phenomenon confirmed the results of a multi-year measurement campaign.
[Excerpt: Basic model assumptions and definition of climatic treeline proxies]
From our earlier works with data loggers (K\"orner and Paulsen 2004), it emerged that only three independent parameters are necessary to model treeline elevation by standardized meteorological data: (a) a threshold temperature DTMIN that constrains the growing season; (b) a minimum mean temperature for all days of the growing season SMT as defined in (a); (c) a minimum length of the growing season LGS. The definition of the growing season is a central issue, because temperatures outside the growing season have no predictive value (K\"orner 2012). The model, thus, needs to select periods suitable for tree growth, which means, warm enough conditions with sufficient soil moisture and no snow cover.
[\textbackslash n] Defining the beginning and end of the growing season by a critical air temperature only (as in K\"orner and Paulsen 2004) turned out to be problematic at a global scale because this procedure does not account for irregular seasonal temperatures at equatorial latitudes, and it does not account for snow pack and drought. Therefore, the TREELIM model presented here uses a LGS representing the sum of days with a daily mean temperature above a defined threshold temperature (DTMIN). The mean temperature of the growing season (SMT) for any site is then calculated by averaging the daily means for all these days. Days during which snow is present or during which soil water is not available do not count for season length [...]
[\textbackslash n] [...]
[::Snowpack] The snow module of TREELIM accounts for the assumption that trees do not exert significant growth as long as there is late-laying snow on the ground. Snow pack may thus constrain the length of the growing period, despite warm air temperatures. It was assumed that all precipitation that falls at daily mean temperatures {$\leq$}0 \textdegree C fall as snow, and snow was assumed to stay and accumulate on the ground as long as daily mean temperatures remained {$<$}0 \textdegree C. If a snow layer is present, snow is assumed to melt whenever daily mean temperatures are {$>$}0 \textdegree C at a rate of 0.84 kg m-2 day-1 for each degree {$>$}0 \textdegree C (the WATFLOOD model; http://www.civil.uwaterloo.ca/watflood/). Sublimation was ignored.
[\textbackslash n] Whenever rain falls on an existing snow layer, this water cools to 0 \textdegree C and the thermal energy (4.186 kJ kg-1 K-1) is used to melt snow (333.5 kJ kg-1 snow). Thus, 1 mm of rain melts 1/80 kg m-2 snow per degree air temperature above 0 \textdegree C. The quantity of snow pack (in kg m-2) was calculated by a simple input-output model with a daily resolution: snow layer at day (i) = snow layer at day (i - 1) + snowfall at day (i) - snow melt at day (i).
[\textbackslash n] [...]
[::Site water balance] [...] The water balance equation was solved by a submodel of TREELIM that accounts for precipitation (liquid and solid), evapotranspiration, and the resulting soil water content. Since climate databases offer only monthly precipitation, we had to approximate actual rainfall regimes, assuming that air temperature determines saturated vapour content of the air. We then adopted a temperature-related stepwise interpolation of mean daily rainfall from annual data with a monthly resolution. This given amount of precipitation water was allocated by plausibility to precipitation events in the following way: The mean per day event was assumed to be 5 mm if the monthly mean T was {$<$}5 \textdegree C, 10 mm for 5-10 \textdegree C, 15 mm for 10-15 \textdegree C, 20 mm for {$>$}15 \textdegree C. For instance, if the monthly mean temperature is 7.3 \textdegree C and the monthly precipitation is 27.4 mm, precipitation events are assumed to be 10 mm each, one on day 7, one on day 14, and the remaining 7.4 mm are assumed to fall on day 21.
[\textbackslash n] This procedure is more realistic than for instance splitting monthly precipitation into 30 events. Since soil moisture is buffering moisture availability, the actual fragmentation of monthly precipitation is not very critical, except for conditions where drought is critical, which is rare at alpine treeline elevations. Errors introduced by this procedure are certainly small compared to the uncertainty of actual precipitation at treeline, based on climatic layers derived from low elevation climate stations.
[::Daily Potential evapotranspiration] (DPET) was estimated using the Hargreaves equation (Hargreaves and Samani 1985) in the FAO-56 form as adopted by Allen et al. (1998), again with a daily resolution. [...]
[::The water balance] for a given day was then calculated with a two-layer bucket model for a given soil water holding capacity as defined by the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP 2000). [...]
[\textbackslash n] [...]},
journal = {Alpine Botany},
keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14127697,bioclimatic-predictors,climate,ecological-zones,environmental-modelling,forest-resources,global-scale,landscape-dynamics,precipitation,snow,temperature,tree-line},
lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14127697},
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}Comparison of one-moment and two-moment bulk microphysics for high-resolution climate simulations of intense precipitation. Van Weverberg, K., Goudenhoofdt, E., Blahak, U., Brisson, E., Demuzere, M., Marbaix, P., & van Ypersele, J. Atmospheric Research, 147-148:145-161, Elsevier B.V., 10, 2014.
Website bibtex
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journal = {Atmospheric Research}
}Early occurrence of temperate oak-dominated forest in the northern part of the Little Hungarian Plain, SW Slovakia. Jamrichová, E., Potůčková, A., Horsák, M., Hajnalová, M., Barta, P., Tóth, P., & Kuneš, P. The Holocene, 24(12):1810–1824, December, 2014. [IF2013=3.794]
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Using a multi-proxy analysis of a postglacial sedimentary sequence from a lowland wetland, we address the possible drivers of change in the wetland habitats and surrounding landscapes of southwestern Slovakia. A 5 m-deep core in the Parížske močiare marshes was investigated for pollen, plant macro-remains, molluscs, organic content and magnetic susceptibility. The palaeoecological record extends from the Pleistocene–Holocene transition (≥11,200 cal. BP) to the 5th millennium cal. BP and was correlated with a macrophysical climate model (MCM) and archaeological data. Our results show the transformation of an open parkland landscape with patches of coniferous forest to a temperate deciduous forest at the onset of the Holocene. The record is remarkable for an early occurrence of Quercus pollen and macro-remains around 11,200 cal. BP and its early expansion (10,390 cal. BP) in the vegetation. Such an early spread of Quercus has not previously been recorded in the region, where Corylus is usually the first to expand among temperate trees. This unusual development of forest communities was most probably triggered by a short-lived increase in precipitation and decrease in temperature, as reconstructed by the MCM model. Higher moisture availability and low temperature inhibited Corylus and favoured the spread of Quercus. Later, the climate became drier and warmer, which, together with fires, supported the expansion of Corylus. Since 7300 cal. BP, human activities became most likely the dominant influence on the landscape. Deforestation contributed to soil erosion, which halted the accumulation of organic material after 5520 cal. BP, followed by the accumulation of clay sediments.
@article{jamrichova_early_2014,
title = {Early occurrence of temperate oak-dominated forest in the northern part of the {Little} {Hungarian} {Plain}, {SW} {Slovakia}},
volume = {24},
copyright = {All rights reserved},
issn = {0959-6836, 1477-0911},
doi = {10.1177/0959683614551225},
abstract = {Using a multi-proxy analysis of a postglacial sedimentary sequence from a lowland wetland, we address the possible drivers of change in the wetland habitats and surrounding landscapes of southwestern Slovakia. A 5 m-deep core in the Parížske močiare marshes was investigated for pollen, plant macro-remains, molluscs, organic content and magnetic susceptibility. The palaeoecological record extends from the Pleistocene–Holocene transition (≥11,200 cal. BP) to the 5th millennium cal. BP and was correlated with a macrophysical climate model (MCM) and archaeological data. Our results show the transformation of an open parkland landscape with patches of coniferous forest to a temperate deciduous forest at the onset of the Holocene. The record is remarkable for an early occurrence of Quercus pollen and macro-remains around 11,200 cal. BP and its early expansion (10,390 cal. BP) in the vegetation. Such an early spread of Quercus has not previously been recorded in the region, where Corylus is usually the first to expand among temperate trees. This unusual development of forest communities was most probably triggered by a short-lived increase in precipitation and decrease in temperature, as reconstructed by the MCM model. Higher moisture availability and low temperature inhibited Corylus and favoured the spread of Quercus. Later, the climate became drier and warmer, which, together with fires, supported the expansion of Corylus. Since 7300 cal. BP, human activities became most likely the dominant influence on the landscape. Deforestation contributed to soil erosion, which halted the accumulation of organic material after 5520 cal. BP, followed by the accumulation of clay sediments.},
language = {English},
number = {12},
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}A large source of low-volatility secondary organic aerosol. Ehn, M., Thornton, J., a., Kleist, E., Sipilä, M., Junninen, H., Pullinen, I., Springer, M., Rubach, F., Tillmann, R., Lee, B., Lopez-Hilfiker, F., Andres, S., Acir, I., Rissanen, M., Jokinen, T., Schobesberger, S., Kangasluoma, J., Kontkanen, J., Nieminen, T., Kurtén, T., Nielsen, L., B., Jørgensen, S., Kjaergaard, H., G., Canagaratna, M., Maso, M., D., Berndt, T., Petäjä, T., Wahner, A., Kerminen, V., Kulmala, M., Worsnop, D., R., Wildt, J., & Mentel, T., F. Nature, 506(7489):476-9, 3, 2014.
Website abstract bibtex
Website abstract bibtex Forests emit large quantities of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to the atmosphere. Their condensable oxidation products can form secondary organic aerosol, a significant and ubiquitous component of atmospheric aerosol, which is known to affect the Earth's radiation balance by scattering solar radiation and by acting as cloud condensation nuclei. The quantitative assessment of such climate effects remains hampered by a number of factors, including an incomplete understanding of how biogenic VOCs contribute to the formation of atmospheric secondary organic aerosol. The growth of newly formed particles from sizes of less than three nanometres up to the sizes of cloud condensation nuclei (about one hundred nanometres) in many continental ecosystems requires abundant, essentially non-volatile organic vapours, but the sources and compositions of such vapours remain unknown. Here we investigate the oxidation of VOCs, in particular the terpene α-pinene, under atmospherically relevant conditions in chamber experiments. We find that a direct pathway leads from several biogenic VOCs, such as monoterpenes, to the formation of large amounts of extremely low-volatility vapours. These vapours form at significant mass yield in the gas phase and condense irreversibly onto aerosol surfaces to produce secondary organic aerosol, helping to explain the discrepancy between the observed atmospheric burden of secondary organic aerosol and that reported by many model studies. We further demonstrate how these low-volatility vapours can enhance, or even dominate, the formation and growth of aerosol particles over forested regions, providing a missing link between biogenic VOCs and their conversion to aerosol particles. Our findings could help to improve assessments of biosphere-aerosol-climate feedback mechanisms, and the air quality and climate effects of biogenic emissions generally.
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abstract = {Forests emit large quantities of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to the atmosphere. Their condensable oxidation products can form secondary organic aerosol, a significant and ubiquitous component of atmospheric aerosol, which is known to affect the Earth's radiation balance by scattering solar radiation and by acting as cloud condensation nuclei. The quantitative assessment of such climate effects remains hampered by a number of factors, including an incomplete understanding of how biogenic VOCs contribute to the formation of atmospheric secondary organic aerosol. The growth of newly formed particles from sizes of less than three nanometres up to the sizes of cloud condensation nuclei (about one hundred nanometres) in many continental ecosystems requires abundant, essentially non-volatile organic vapours, but the sources and compositions of such vapours remain unknown. Here we investigate the oxidation of VOCs, in particular the terpene α-pinene, under atmospherically relevant conditions in chamber experiments. We find that a direct pathway leads from several biogenic VOCs, such as monoterpenes, to the formation of large amounts of extremely low-volatility vapours. These vapours form at significant mass yield in the gas phase and condense irreversibly onto aerosol surfaces to produce secondary organic aerosol, helping to explain the discrepancy between the observed atmospheric burden of secondary organic aerosol and that reported by many model studies. We further demonstrate how these low-volatility vapours can enhance, or even dominate, the formation and growth of aerosol particles over forested regions, providing a missing link between biogenic VOCs and their conversion to aerosol particles. Our findings could help to improve assessments of biosphere-aerosol-climate feedback mechanisms, and the air quality and climate effects of biogenic emissions generally.},
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}A study of anthropogenic and climatic disturbance of the New River Estuary using a Bayesian belief network. Nojavan A, F., Qian, S., S., Paerl, H., W., Reckhow, K., H., & Albright, E., A. Marine pollution bulletin, 83(1):107-15, 6, 2014.
Website abstract bibtex
Website abstract bibtex The present paper utilizes a Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) approach to intuitively present and quantify our current understanding of the complex physical, chemical, and biological processes that lead to eutrophication in an estuarine ecosystem (New River Estuary, North Carolina, USA). The model is further used to explore the effects of plausible future climatic and nutrient pollution management scenarios on water quality indicators. The BBN, through visualizing the structure of the network, facilitates knowledge communication with managers/stakeholders who might not be experts in the underlying scientific disciplines. Moreover, the developed structure of the BBN is transferable to other comparable estuaries. The BBN nodes are discretized exploring a new approach called moment matching method. The conditional probability tables of the variables are driven by a large dataset (four years). Our results show interaction among various predictors and their impact on water quality indicators. The synergistic effects caution future management actions.
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bibtype = {article},
author = {Nojavan A, Farnaz and Qian, Song S and Paerl, Hans W and Reckhow, Kenneth H and Albright, Elizabeth A},
journal = {Marine pollution bulletin},
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}A Bottom-up Control on Fresh-Bedrock Topography under Landscapes. Rempe, D. M. & Dietrich, W. E. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(18):6576–6581, May, 2014.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
[Significance] Hilly landscapes are typically mantled with soil and underlain by a weathered bedrock zone that may extend tens of meters beneath the surface before reaching fresh bedrock. The weathered bedrock zone influences water runoff to channels, the chemistry of that water, the rates and processes of erosion, and atmospheric processes due to plant uptake of moisture and return to the atmosphere. However, the spatial pattern of the underlying fresh-bedrock surface is essentially unknown. We present a testable model that predicts hillslope form and the depth to fresh bedrock. The depth increases upslope and depends strongly on the porosity and permeability of the bedrock and the rate of channel incision at the base of the hillslope. [Abstract] The depth to unweathered bedrock beneath landscapes influences subsurface runoff paths, erosional processes, moisture availability to biota, and water flux to the atmosphere. Here we propose a quantitative model to predict the vertical extent of weathered rock underlying soil-mantled hillslopes. We hypothesize that once fresh bedrock, saturated with nearly stagnant fluid, is advected into the near surface through uplift and erosion, channel incision produces a lateral head gradient within the fresh bedrock inducing drainage toward the channel. Drainage of the fresh bedrock causes weathering through drying and permits the introduction of atmospheric and biotically controlled acids and oxidants such that the boundary between weathered and unweathered bedrock is set by the uppermost elevation of undrained fresh bedrock, Zb. The slow drainage of fresh bedrock exerts a '' bottom up'' control on the advance of the weathering front. The thickness of the weathered zone is calculated as the difference between the predicted topographic surface profile (driven by erosion) and the predicted groundwater profile (driven by drainage of fresh bedrock). For the steady-state, soil-mantled case, a coupled analytical solution arises in which both profiles are driven by channel incision. The model predicts a thickening of the weathered zone upslope and, consequently, a progressive upslope increase in the residence time of bedrock in the weathered zone. Two nondimensional numbers corresponding to the mean hillslope gradient and mean groundwater-table gradient emerge and their ratio defines the proportion of the hillslope relief that is unweathered. Field data from three field sites are consistent with model predictions.
@article{rempeBottomupControlFreshbedrock2014,
title = {A Bottom-up Control on Fresh-Bedrock Topography under Landscapes},
author = {Rempe, Daniella M. and Dietrich, William E.},
year = {2014},
month = may,
volume = {111},
pages = {6576--6581},
issn = {1091-6490},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1404763111},
abstract = {[Significance]
Hilly landscapes are typically mantled with soil and underlain by a weathered bedrock zone that may extend tens of meters beneath the surface before reaching fresh bedrock. The weathered bedrock zone influences water runoff to channels, the chemistry of that water, the rates and processes of erosion, and atmospheric processes due to plant uptake of moisture and return to the atmosphere. However, the spatial pattern of the underlying fresh-bedrock surface is essentially unknown. We present a testable model that predicts hillslope form and the depth to fresh bedrock. The depth increases upslope and depends strongly on the porosity and permeability of the bedrock and the rate of channel incision at the base of the hillslope. [Abstract]
The depth to unweathered bedrock beneath landscapes influences subsurface runoff paths, erosional processes, moisture availability to biota, and water flux to the atmosphere. Here we propose a quantitative model to predict the vertical extent of weathered rock underlying soil-mantled hillslopes. We hypothesize that once fresh bedrock, saturated with nearly stagnant fluid, is advected into the near surface through uplift and erosion, channel incision produces a lateral head gradient within the fresh bedrock inducing drainage toward the channel. Drainage of the fresh bedrock causes weathering through drying and permits the introduction of atmospheric and biotically controlled acids and oxidants such that the boundary between weathered and unweathered bedrock is set by the uppermost elevation of undrained fresh bedrock, Zb. The slow drainage of fresh bedrock exerts a '' bottom up'' control on the advance of the weathering front. The thickness of the weathered zone is calculated as the difference between the predicted topographic surface profile (driven by erosion) and the predicted groundwater profile (driven by drainage of fresh bedrock). For the steady-state, soil-mantled case, a coupled analytical solution arises in which both profiles are driven by channel incision. The model predicts a thickening of the weathered zone upslope and, consequently, a progressive upslope increase in the residence time of bedrock in the weathered zone. Two nondimensional numbers corresponding to the mean hillslope gradient and mean groundwater-table gradient emerge and their ratio defines the proportion of the hillslope relief that is unweathered. Field data from three field sites are consistent with model predictions.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13161423,bedrock,climate,erosion,geomorphology,landscape-modelling,mathematical-reasoning,modelling,soil-resources,topography},
lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13161423},
number = {18}
}Assessing the effects of anthropogenic aerosols on Pacific storm track using a multiscale global climate model. Wang, Y., Wang, M., Zhang, R., Ghan, S., J., Lin, Y., Hu, J., Pan, B., Levy, M., Jiang, J., H., & Molina, M., J. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(19):1-6, 4, 2014.
![Assessing the effects of anthropogenic aerosols on Pacific storm track using a multiscale global climate model [pdf]](https://bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg "pdf")
Paper Website abstract bibtex
Paper Website abstract bibtex Atmospheric aerosols affect weather and global general circulation by modifying cloud and precipitation processes, but the magnitude of cloud adjustment by aerosols remains poorly quantified and represents the largest uncertainty in estimated forcing of climate change. Here we assess the effects of anthropogenic aerosols on the Pacific storm track, using a multiscale global aerosol-climate model (GCM). Simulations of two aerosol scenarios corresponding to the present day and preindustrial conditions reveal long-range transport of anthropogenic aerosols across the north Pacific and large resulting changes in the aerosol optical depth, cloud droplet number concentration, and cloud and ice water paths. Shortwave and longwave cloud radiative forcing at the top of atmosphere are changed by -2.5 and +1.3 W m(-2), respectively, by emission changes from preindustrial to present day, and an increased cloud top height indicates invigorated midlatitude cyclones. The overall increased precipitation and poleward heat transport reflect intensification of the Pacific storm track by anthropogenic aerosols. Hence, this work provides, for the first time to the authors' knowledge, a global perspective of the effects of Asian pollution outflows from GCMs. Furthermore, our results suggest that the multiscale modeling framework is essential in producing the aerosol invigoration effect of deep convective clouds on a global scale.
@article{
title = {Assessing the effects of anthropogenic aerosols on Pacific storm track using a multiscale global climate model},
type = {article},
year = {2014},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {Aerosols,Aerosols: chemistry,Air Pollutants,Air Pollutants: chemistry,Asia,Atmosphere,Atmosphere: chemistry,Climate,Cyclonic Storms,Humans,Industry,Models,Pacific Ocean,Theoretical},
pages = {1-6},
volume = {111},
websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24733923,http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1403364111},
month = {4},
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notes = {<m:note> <m:linebreak/><m:linebreak/> <m:bold>From Duplicate 2 ( </m:bold><m:linebreak/> <m:linebreak/><m:linebreak/> <m:bold><m:linebreak/> <m:linebreak/><m:linebreak/> </m:bold><m:bold><m:italic>Assessing the effects of anthropogenic aerosols on Pacific storm track using a multiscale global climate model</m:italic></m:bold><m:bold><m:linebreak/> <m:linebreak/><m:linebreak/> </m:bold><m:linebreak/> <m:linebreak/><m:linebreak/> <m:bold> - Wang, Y.; Wang, M.; Zhang, R.; Ghan, S. J.; Lin, Y.; Hu, J.; Pan, B.; Levy, M.; Jiang, J. H.; Molina, M. J. )<m:linebreak/><m:linebreak/> <m:linebreak/><m:linebreak/> </m:bold><m:linebreak/> <m:linebreak/><m:linebreak/> <m:linebreak/><m:linebreak/> <m:linebreak/><m:linebreak/> <m:linebreak/><m:linebreak/> <m:linebreak/><m:linebreak/> <m:linebreak/><m:linebreak/> <m:linebreak/><m:linebreak/> </m:note>},
abstract = {Atmospheric aerosols affect weather and global general circulation by modifying cloud and precipitation processes, but the magnitude of cloud adjustment by aerosols remains poorly quantified and represents the largest uncertainty in estimated forcing of climate change. Here we assess the effects of anthropogenic aerosols on the Pacific storm track, using a multiscale global aerosol-climate model (GCM). Simulations of two aerosol scenarios corresponding to the present day and preindustrial conditions reveal long-range transport of anthropogenic aerosols across the north Pacific and large resulting changes in the aerosol optical depth, cloud droplet number concentration, and cloud and ice water paths. Shortwave and longwave cloud radiative forcing at the top of atmosphere are changed by -2.5 and +1.3 W m(-2), respectively, by emission changes from preindustrial to present day, and an increased cloud top height indicates invigorated midlatitude cyclones. The overall increased precipitation and poleward heat transport reflect intensification of the Pacific storm track by anthropogenic aerosols. Hence, this work provides, for the first time to the authors' knowledge, a global perspective of the effects of Asian pollution outflows from GCMs. Furthermore, our results suggest that the multiscale modeling framework is essential in producing the aerosol invigoration effect of deep convective clouds on a global scale.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Wang, Yuan and Wang, Minghuai and Zhang, Renyi and Ghan, Steven J. and Lin, Yun and Hu, Jiaxi and Pan, Bowen and Levy, Misti and Jiang, Jonathan H. and Molina, Mario J.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
number = {19}
}Climate Impacts: Fire Fuels Change. Wake, B. Nature Climate Change, 4(8):662, August, 2014.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
[Excerpt] The burning of vegetation – biomass burning – impacts on climate and air pollution. The fires produce gases and particles that interact and change the atmosphere and clouds. Most biomass burning is human-caused, resulting from land-clearing and land-use change, with a small proportion due to natural causes. Mark Jacobson, of Stanford University, USA, uses a 3D global model to simulate biomass burning [...] Over a 20-year period, biomass burning caused a net temperature increase of 0.4 °C globally, largely because of cloud absorption effects. [...] Additionally, biomass burning was estimated to cause around 250,000 premature deaths per annum, with the majority due to particulate matter. [...]
@article{wakeClimateImpactsFire2014,
title = {Climate Impacts: {{Fire}} Fuels Change},
author = {Wake, Bronwyn},
year = {2014},
month = aug,
volume = {4},
pages = {662},
issn = {1758-6798},
doi = {10.1038/nclimate2333},
abstract = {[Excerpt] The burning of vegetation -- biomass burning -- impacts on climate and air pollution. The fires produce gases and particles that interact and change the atmosphere and clouds. Most biomass burning is human-caused, resulting from land-clearing and land-use change, with a small proportion due to natural causes.
Mark Jacobson, of Stanford University, USA, uses a 3D global model to simulate biomass burning [...] Over a 20-year period, biomass burning caused a net temperature increase of 0.4 \textdegree C globally, largely because of cloud absorption effects. [...]
Additionally, biomass burning was estimated to cause around 250,000 premature deaths per annum, with the majority due to particulate matter. [...]},
journal = {Nature Climate Change},
keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13332579,aerosol,anthropogenic-impacts,biomass,biomass-burning,carbon-emissions,climate,fire-fuel,global-warming},
lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13332579},
number = {8}
}2013 (12)
Adapting to Climate Change: The Remarkable Decline in the U.S. Temperature-Mortality Relationship over the 20th Century. Barreca, A., Clay, K., Deschenes, O., Greenstone, M., & Shapiro, J. Technical Report w18692, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, January, 2013. DOI: 10.3386/w18692
Paper abstract bibtex
Paper abstract bibtex Adaptation is the only strategy that is guaranteed to be part of the world's climate strategy. Using the most comprehensive set of data files ever compiled on mortality and its determinants over the course of the 20th century, this paper makes two primary discoveries. First, we find that the mortality effect of an extremely hot day declined by about 80% between 1900-1959 and 1960-2004. As a consequence, days with temperatures exceeding 90°F were responsible for about 600 premature fatalities annually in the 1960-2004 period, compared to the approximately 3,600 premature fatalities that would have occurred if the temperature-mortality relationship from before 1960 still prevailed. Second, the adoption of residential air conditioning (AC) explains essentially the entire decline in the temperature-mortality relationship. In contrast, increased access to electricity and health care seem not to affect mortality on extremely hot days. Residential AC appears to be both the most promising technology to help poor countries mitigate the temperature related mortality impacts of climate change and, because fossil fuels are the least expensive source of energy, a technology whose proliferation will speed up the rate of climate change.
@techreport{barreca_adapting_2013,
address = {Cambridge, MA},
title = {Adapting to {Climate} {Change}: {The} {Remarkable} {Decline} in the {U}.{S}. {Temperature}-{Mortality} {Relationship} over the 20th {Century}},
shorttitle = {Adapting to {Climate} {Change}},
url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w18692.pdf},
abstract = {Adaptation is the only strategy that is guaranteed to be part of the world's climate strategy. Using the most comprehensive set of data files ever compiled on mortality and its determinants over the course of the 20th century, this paper makes two primary discoveries. First, we find that the mortality effect of an extremely hot day declined by about 80\% between 1900-1959 and 1960-2004. As a consequence, days with temperatures exceeding 90°F were responsible for about 600 premature fatalities annually in the 1960-2004 period, compared to the approximately 3,600 premature fatalities that would have occurred if the temperature-mortality relationship from before 1960 still prevailed. Second, the adoption of residential air conditioning (AC) explains essentially the entire decline in the temperature-mortality relationship. In contrast, increased access to electricity and health care seem not to affect mortality on extremely hot days. Residential AC appears to be both the most promising technology to help poor countries mitigate the temperature related mortality impacts of climate change and, because fossil fuels are the least expensive source of energy, a technology whose proliferation will speed up the rate of climate change.},
language = {en},
number = {w18692},
urldate = {2017-05-23},
institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
author = {Barreca, Alan and Clay, Karen and Deschenes, Olivier and Greenstone, Michael and Shapiro, Joseph},
month = jan,
year = {2013},
note = {DOI: 10.3386/w18692},
keywords = {Climate, Global warming, Natural disasters, Public health}
}Hidden Heat. Nature Nature, 500(7464):501, August, 2013.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Scientists are homing in on the reasons for the current hiatus in global warming, but all must recognize that the long-term risk of warming from carbon dioxide remains high.
@article{natureHiddenHeat2013,
title = {Hidden Heat},
author = {{Nature}},
year = {2013},
month = aug,
volume = {500},
pages = {501},
issn = {0028-0836},
doi = {10.1038/500501a},
abstract = {Scientists are homing in on the reasons for the current hiatus in global warming, but all must recognize that the long-term risk of warming from carbon dioxide remains high.},
journal = {Nature},
keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12601813,climate,climate-projections,global-scale,global-warming,modelling-uncertainty,temperature,uncertainty},
lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12601813},
number = {7464}
}Climate impacts in Europe: an integrated economic assessment. Ciscar, J. C., Feyen, L., Soria, A., Lavalle, C., Perry, M., Raes, F., Nemry, F., Demirel, H., Rozsai, M., Dosio, A., Donatelli, M., Srivastava, A., Fumagalli, D., Zucchini, A., Shrestha, S., Ciaian, P., Himics, M., Doorslaer, B. V., Barrios, S., Ib́añez, N., Rojas, R., Bianchi, A., Dowling, P., Camia, A., Libert̀a, G., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., de Rigo, D., Caudullo, G., Barredo, J. I., Paci, D., Pycroft, J., Saveyn, B., Regemorter, D. V., Revesz, T., Mubareka, S., Baranzelli, C., Gomes, C. R., Lung, T., & Ibarreta, D. In Impacts World 2013 - International Conference on Climate Change Effects, pages 87--96, May, 2013. Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) e. V..
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex The JRC PESETA II study integrates the consequences of several separate climate change impacts into a macroeconomic CGE model. This enables comparison of the different impacts based on common metrics (household welfare and economic activity). The study uses a large set of climate model runs (twelve) and impact categories (agriculture, energy demand, river floods, sea-level rise, forest fires, transport infrastructure). The results show that there is a wide dispersion of impacts across EU regions, with strong geographical asymmetries, depending on the specific impact category and climate future. For instance, Northern Central Europe has negative impacts mainly related to sea level rise and river floods while Southern Europe is affected mainly by agriculture. The study also explores the significance of transboundary effects (where climate change causes economic damages outside the region directly affected).
@inproceedings{ citeulike:12378515,
abstract = {The {JRC} {PESETA} {II} study integrates the consequences of several separate climate change impacts into a macroeconomic {CGE} model. This enables comparison of the different impacts based on common metrics (household welfare and economic activity). The study uses a large set of climate model runs (twelve) and impact categories (agriculture, energy demand, river floods, sea-level rise, forest fires, transport infrastructure).
The results show that there is a wide dispersion of impacts across {EU} regions, with strong geographical asymmetries, depending on the specific impact category and climate future. For instance, Northern Central Europe has negative impacts mainly related to sea level rise and river floods while Southern Europe is affected mainly by agriculture. The study also explores the significance of transboundary effects (where climate change causes economic damages outside the region directly affected).},
author = {Ciscar, J. C. and Feyen, L. and Soria, A. and Lavalle, C. and Perry, M. and Raes, F. and Nemry, F. and Demirel, H. and Rozsai, M. and Dosio, A. and Donatelli, M. and Srivastava, A. and Fumagalli, D. and Zucchini, A. and Shrestha, S. and Ciaian, P. and Himics, M. and Van Doorslaer, B. and Barrios, S. and Ib́{a}ñez, N. and Rojas, R. and Bianchi, A. and Dowling, P. and Camia, A. and Libert̀{a}, G. and San-Miguel-Ayanz, J. and de Rigo, D. and Caudullo, G. and Barredo, J. I. and Paci, D. and Pycroft, J. and Saveyn, B. and Van Regemorter, D. and Revesz, T. and Mubareka, S. and Baranzelli, C. and Rocha Gomes, C. and Lung, T. and Ibarreta, D.},
booktitle = {Impacts World 2013 - International Conference on Climate Change Effects},
citeulike-article-id = {12378515},
citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://www.climate-impacts-2013.org/files/cwi_ciscar.pdf},
citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2312/pik.2013.001},
citeulike-linkout-2 = {http://scholar.google.it/scholar?cluster=3554762681150763424},
citeulike-linkout-3 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2312/pik.2013.001},
citeulike-linkout-4 = {http://www.climate-impacts-2013.org/files/cwi_ciscar.pdf},
doi = {10.2312/pik.2013.001},
keywords = {anthropogenic-impacts, assessment, climate, climate-change, economic-impacts, economics, europe, european-union, integrated-natural-resources-modelling-and-management, integration-techniques, multiauthor},
location = {Postdam, Germany},
month = {May},
organization = {Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) e. V.},
pages = {87--96},
posted-at = {2013-05-30 01:23:43},
priority = {2},
title = {Climate impacts in Europe: an integrated economic assessment},
url = {http://www.climate-impacts-2013.org/files/cwi_ciscar.pdf},
year = {2013}
}Changes and interactions between forest landscape connectivity and burnt area in Spain. Martín-Martín, C., Bunce, R. G. H., Saura, S., & Elena-Rosselló, R. Ecological Indicators, 33:129--138, October, 2013.
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex The spatial structure, functionality and dynamics of forest landscapes in peninsular Spain and the Balearic Islands were compared over the last five decades. Two particular features were studied in the sample sites: forest connectivity for wildlife and areas burnt by wildfires. 191 Squares, each 4 km × 4 km, were selected from the SISPARES (the monitoring framework designed to evaluate the trends in the structure of Spanish rural landscapes) environmental strata. Aerial photographs from 1956, 1984, 1998 and 2008 were interpreted and 11 land cover categories mapped and checked in the field, using a minimum mapping area of one hectare. The Equivalent Connected Area Index was used to assess forest connectivity over the sampling period. Social and economical factors were assessed using indicators of farm intensiveness. The Spanish forest connectivity has improved in the last five decades although two different trends can be identified: the first 40 years are characterized by positive rates of growth whereas the 10 last years are characterized by their stability. Nevertheless the area of burnt land was higher along the first 25 studied years and decreased significantly over the last decade. Our results show the climate is the main driver in the evolution of forest connectivity and burnt area in the forest landscapes, playing a direct role on forest biomass production and wildfire ignition and propagation, as well as an indirect role by keeping vertical and horizontal forest continuity through the landscape spatial pattern. Social and economic factors are very important drivers as well: Rural population density and farm size average have been tested as good indicators of landscape artificiality, highly correlated to wildfire hazard and forest connectivity. Finally, we have pointed out the evolutionary path followed by SISPARES framework as a tool for monitoring rural landscapes. It emphasises on the requirement of a 30 years time window for building-up reliable dynamic multifunctional model.
@article{citeulike:13399222,
abstract = {The spatial structure, functionality and dynamics of forest landscapes in peninsular Spain and the Balearic Islands were compared over the last five decades. Two particular features were studied in the sample sites: forest connectivity for wildlife and areas burnt by wildfires. 191 Squares, each 4 km × 4 km, were selected from the {SISPARES} (the monitoring framework designed to evaluate the trends in the structure of Spanish rural landscapes) environmental strata. Aerial photographs from 1956, 1984, 1998 and 2008 were interpreted and 11 land cover categories mapped and checked in the field, using a minimum mapping area of one hectare. The Equivalent Connected Area Index was used to assess forest connectivity over the sampling period. Social and economical factors were assessed using indicators of farm intensiveness. The Spanish forest connectivity has improved in the last five decades although two different trends can be identified: the first 40 years are characterized by positive rates of growth whereas the 10 last years are characterized by their stability. Nevertheless the area of burnt land was higher along the first 25 studied years and decreased significantly over the last decade.
Our results show the climate is the main driver in the evolution of forest connectivity and burnt area in the forest landscapes, playing a direct role on forest biomass production and wildfire ignition and propagation, as well as an indirect role by keeping vertical and horizontal forest continuity through the landscape spatial pattern. Social and economic factors are very important drivers as well: Rural population density and farm size average have been tested as good indicators of landscape artificiality, highly correlated to wildfire hazard and forest connectivity.
Finally, we have pointed out the evolutionary path followed by {SISPARES} framework as a tool for monitoring rural landscapes. It emphasises on the requirement of a 30 years time window for building-up reliable dynamic multifunctional model.},
author = {Mart\'{\i}n-Mart\'{\i}n, Carmen and Bunce, Robert G. H. and Saura, Santiago and Elena-Rossell\'{o}, Ram\'{o}n},
citeulike-article-id = {13399222},
citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.01.018},
citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=12077256634265477},
citeulike-linkout-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.01.018},
doi = {10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.01.018},
issn = {1470-160X},
journal = {Ecological Indicators},
keywords = {climate, connectivity, cross-disciplinary-perspective, environment-society-economy, forest-biomass, forest-fires, forest-resources, fragmentation, integration-techniques, spain, spatial-pattern},
month = oct,
pages = {129--138},
posted-at = {2014-10-16 17:17:26},
priority = {2},
title = {Changes and interactions between forest landscape connectivity and burnt area in Spain},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.01.018},
volume = {33},
year = {2013}
}Human and natural influences on the changing thermal structure of the atmosphere. Santer, B., D., Painter, J., F., Bonfils, C., Mears, C., a., Solomon, S., Wigley, T., M., L., Gleckler, P., J., Schmidt, G., a., Doutriaux, C., Gillett, N., P., Taylor, K., E., Thorne, P., W., & Wentz, F., J. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(43):17235-40, 10, 2013.
Paper Website abstract bibtex
Paper Website abstract bibtex Since the late 1970s, satellite-based instruments have monitored global changes in atmospheric temperature. These measurements reveal multidecadal tropospheric warming and stratospheric cooling, punctuated by short-term volcanic signals of reverse sign. Similar long- and short-term temperature signals occur in model simulations driven by human-caused changes in atmospheric composition and natural variations in volcanic aerosols. Most previous comparisons of modeled and observed atmospheric temperature changes have used results from individual models and individual observational records. In contrast, we rely on a large multimodel archive and multiple observational datasets. We show that a human-caused latitude/altitude pattern of atmospheric temperature change can be identified with high statistical confidence in satellite data. Results are robust to current uncertainties in models and observations. Virtually all previous research in this area has attempted to discriminate an anthropogenic signal from internal variability. Here, we present evidence that a human-caused signal can also be identified relative to the larger "total" natural variability arising from sources internal to the climate system, solar irradiance changes, and volcanic forcing. Consistent signal identification occurs because both internal and total natural variability (as simulated by state-of-the-art models) cannot produce sustained global-scale tropospheric warming and stratospheric cooling. Our results provide clear evidence for a discernible human influence on the thermal structure of the atmosphere.
@article{
title = {Human and natural influences on the changing thermal structure of the atmosphere.},
type = {article},
year = {2013},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {Atmosphere,Atmosphere: chemistry,Climate,Computer Simulation,Ecosystem,Global Warming,Humans,Models, Theoretical,Sunlight,Temperature,Volcanic Eruptions},
pages = {17235-40},
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abstract = {Since the late 1970s, satellite-based instruments have monitored global changes in atmospheric temperature. These measurements reveal multidecadal tropospheric warming and stratospheric cooling, punctuated by short-term volcanic signals of reverse sign. Similar long- and short-term temperature signals occur in model simulations driven by human-caused changes in atmospheric composition and natural variations in volcanic aerosols. Most previous comparisons of modeled and observed atmospheric temperature changes have used results from individual models and individual observational records. In contrast, we rely on a large multimodel archive and multiple observational datasets. We show that a human-caused latitude/altitude pattern of atmospheric temperature change can be identified with high statistical confidence in satellite data. Results are robust to current uncertainties in models and observations. Virtually all previous research in this area has attempted to discriminate an anthropogenic signal from internal variability. Here, we present evidence that a human-caused signal can also be identified relative to the larger "total" natural variability arising from sources internal to the climate system, solar irradiance changes, and volcanic forcing. Consistent signal identification occurs because both internal and total natural variability (as simulated by state-of-the-art models) cannot produce sustained global-scale tropospheric warming and stratospheric cooling. Our results provide clear evidence for a discernible human influence on the thermal structure of the atmosphere.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Santer, Benjamin D and Painter, Jeffrey F and Bonfils, Céline and Mears, Carl a and Solomon, Susan and Wigley, Tom M L and Gleckler, Peter J and Schmidt, Gavin a and Doutriaux, Charles and Gillett, Nathan P and Taylor, Karl E and Thorne, Peter W and Wentz, Frank J},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
number = {43}
}A Global Assessment of the Effects of Climate Policy on the Impacts of Climate Change. Arnell, N. W., Lowe, J. A., Brown, S., Gosling, S. N., Gottschalk, P., Hinkel, J., Lloyd-Hughes, B., Nicholls, R. J., Osborn, T. J., Osborne, T. M., Rose, G. A., Smith, P., & Warren, R. F. Nature Clim. Change, 3(5):512–519, May, 2013.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
This study presents the first global-scale multi-sectoral regional assessment of the magnitude and uncertainty in the impacts of climate change avoided by emissions policies. The analysis suggests that the most stringent emissions policy considered here – which gives a 50\,% chance of remaining below a 2\,°C temperature rise target – reduces impacts by 20-65\,% by 2100 relative to a 'business-as-usual' pathway which reaches 4\,°C, and can delay impacts by several decades. The effects of mitigation policies vary between sectors and regions, and only a few are noticeable by 2030. The impacts avoided by 2100 are more strongly influenced by the date and level at which emissions peak than the rate of decline of emissions, with an earlier and lower emissions peak avoiding more impacts. The estimated proportion of impacts avoided at the global scale is relatively robust despite uncertainty in the spatial pattern of climate change, but the absolute amount of avoided impacts is considerably more variable and therefore uncertain.
@article{arnellGlobalAssessmentEffects2013,
title = {A Global Assessment of the Effects of Climate Policy on the Impacts of Climate Change},
author = {Arnell, N. W. and Lowe, J. A. and Brown, S. and Gosling, S. N. and Gottschalk, P. and Hinkel, J. and {Lloyd-Hughes}, B. and Nicholls, R. J. and Osborn, T. J. and Osborne, T. M. and Rose, G. A. and Smith, P. and Warren, R. F.},
year = {2013},
month = may,
volume = {3},
pages = {512--519},
issn = {1758-678X},
doi = {10.1038/nclimate1793},
abstract = {This study presents the first global-scale multi-sectoral regional assessment of the magnitude and uncertainty in the impacts of climate change avoided by emissions policies. The analysis suggests that the most stringent emissions policy considered here -- which gives a 50\,\% chance of remaining below a 2\,\textdegree C temperature rise target -- reduces impacts by 20-65\,\% by 2100 relative to a 'business-as-usual' pathway which reaches 4\,\textdegree C, and can delay impacts by several decades. The effects of mitigation policies vary between sectors and regions, and only a few are noticeable by 2030. The impacts avoided by 2100 are more strongly influenced by the date and level at which emissions peak than the rate of decline of emissions, with an earlier and lower emissions peak avoiding more impacts. The estimated proportion of impacts avoided at the global scale is relatively robust despite uncertainty in the spatial pattern of climate change, but the absolute amount of avoided impacts is considerably more variable and therefore uncertain.},
journal = {Nature Clim. Change},
keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-11894824,assessment,climate-change,global-scale,science-policy-interface},
lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-11894824},
number = {5}
}Direct observations of atmospheric aerosol nucleation. Kulmala, M., Kontkanen, J., Junninen, H., Lehtipalo, K., Manninen, H., E., Nieminen, T., Petäjä, T., Sipilä, M., Schobesberger, S., Rantala, P., Franchin, A., Jokinen, T., Järvinen, E., Äijälä, M., Kangasluoma, J., Hakala, J., Aalto, P., P., Paasonen, P., Mikkilä, J., Vanhanen, J., Aalto, J., Hakola, H., Makkonen, U., Ruuskanen, T., Mauldin, R., L., Duplissy, J., Vehkamäki, H., Bäck, J., Kortelainen, A., Riipinen, I., Kurtén, T., Johnston, M., V., Smith, J., N., Ehn, M., Mentel, T., F., Lehtinen, K., E., Laaksonen, A., Kerminen, V., M., & Worsnop, D., R. Science, 339(6122):943-946, 2013.
Website abstract bibtex
Website abstract bibtex Atmospheric nucleation is the dominant source of aerosol particles in the global atmosphere and an important player in aerosol climatic effects. The key steps of this process occur in the sub-2-nanometer (nm) size range, in which direct size-segregated observations have not been possible until very recently. Here, we present detailed observations of atmospheric nanoparticles and clusters down to 1-nm mobility diameter. We identified three separate size regimes below 2-nm diameter that build up a physically, chemically, and dynamically consistent framework on atmospheric nucleation - more specifically, aerosol formation via neutral pathways. Our findings emphasize the important role of organic compounds in atmospheric aerosol formation, subsequent aerosol growth, radiative forcing and associated feedbacks between biogenic emissions, clouds, and climate.
@article{
title = {Direct observations of atmospheric aerosol nucleation},
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pages = {943-946},
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websites = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/339/6122/943.abstract},
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notes = {<b>From Duplicate 1 (<i>Direct observations of atmospheric aerosol nucleation</i> - Kulmala, Markku; Kontkanen, Jenni; Junninen, Heikki; Lehtipalo, Katrianne; Manninen, Hanna E.; Nieminen, Tuomo; Petäjä, Tuukka; Sipilä, Mikko; Schobesberger, Siegfried; Rantala, Pekka; Franchin, Alessandro; Jokinen, Tuija; Järvinen, Emma; Äijälä, Mikko; Kangasluoma, Juha; Hakala, Jani; Aalto, Pasi P.; Paasonen, Pauli; Mikkilä, Jyri; Vanhanen, Joonas; Aalto, Juho; Hakola, Hannele; Makkonen, Ulla; Ruuskanen, Taina; Mauldin, Roy L.; Duplissy, Jonathan; Vehkamäki, Hanna; Bäck, Jaana; Kortelainen, Aki; Riipinen, Ilona; Kurtén, Theo; Johnston, Murray V.; Smith, James N.; Ehn, Mikael; Mentel, Thomas F.; Lehtinen, Kari E.J.; Laaksonen, Ari; Kerminen, Veli Matti; Worsnop, Douglas R.)<br/></b><br/>Times Cited: 123<br/><br/><b>From Duplicate 2 (<i>Direct observations of atmospheric aerosol nucleation</i> - Kulmala, Markku; Kontkanen, Jenni; Junninen, Heikki; Lehtipalo, Katrianne; Manninen, Hanna E.; Nieminen, Tuomo; Petäjä, Tuukka; Sipilä, Mikko; Schobesberger, Siegfried; Rantala, Pekka; Franchin, Alessandro; Jokinen, Tuija; Järvinen, Emma; Äijälä, Mikko; Kangasluoma, Juha; Hakala, Jani; Aalto, Pasi P.; Paasonen, Pauli; Mikkilä, Jyri; Vanhanen, Joonas; Aalto, Juho; Hakola, Hannele; Makkonen, Ulla; Ruuskanen, Taina; Mauldin, Roy L.; Duplissy, Jonathan; Vehkamäki, Hanna; Bäck, Jaana; Kortelainen, Aki; Riipinen, Ilona; Kurtén, Theo; Johnston, Murray V.; Smith, James N.; Ehn, Mikael; Mentel, Thomas F.; Lehtinen, Kari E.J.; Laaksonen, Ari; Kerminen, Veli Matti; Worsnop, Douglas R.)<br/></b><br/><b>From Duplicate 2 (<i>Direct Observations of Atmospheric Aerosol Nucleation</i> - Kulmala, M; Kontkanen, J; Junninen, H; Lehtipalo, K; Manninen, H E; Nieminen, T; Petaja, T; Sipila, M; Schobesberger, S; Rantala, P; Franchin, A; Jokinen, T; Jarvinen, E; Aijala, M; Kangasluoma, J; Hakala, J; Aalto, P P; Paasonen, P; Mikkila, J; Vanhanen, J; Aalto, J; Hakola, H; Makkonen, U; Ruuskanen, T; Mauldin, R L; Duplissy, J; Vehkamaki, H; Back, J; Kortelainen, A; Riipinen, I; Kurten, T; Johnston, M V; Smith, J N; Ehn, M; Mentel, T F; Lehtinen, K E J; Laaksonen, A; Kerminen, V M; Worsnop, D R)<br/></b><br/>Times Cited: 41<br/>Kulmala, Markku Kontkanen, Jenni Junninen, Heikki Lehtipalo, Katrianne Manninen, Hanna E. Nieminen, Tuomo Petaja, Tuukka Sipila, Mikko Schobesberger, Siegfried Rantala, Pekka Franchin, Alessandro Jokinen, Tuija Jarvinen, Emma Aijala, Mikko Kangasluoma, Juha Hakala, Jani Aalto, Pasi P. Paasonen, Pauli Mikkila, Jyri Vanhanen, Joonas Aalto, Juho Hakola, Hannele Makkonen, Ulla Ruuskanen, Taina Mauldin, Roy L., III Duplissy, Jonathan Vehkamaki, Hanna Back, Jaana Kortelainen, Aki Riipinen, Ilona Kurten, Theo Johnston, Murray V. Smith, James N. Ehn, Mikael Mentel, Thomas F. Lehtinen, Kari E. J. Laaksonen, Ari Kerminen, Veli-Matti Worsnop, Douglas R.<br/><br/><b>From Duplicate 3 (<i>Direct Observations of Atmospheric Aerosol Nucleation</i> - Kulmala, M; Kontkanen, J; Junninen, H; Lehtipalo, K; Manninen, H E; Nieminen, T; Petaja, T; Sipila, M; Schobesberger, S; Rantala, P; Franchin, A; Jokinen, T; Jarvinen, E; Aijala, M; Kangasluoma, J; Hakala, J; Aalto, P P; Paasonen, P; Mikkila, J; Vanhanen, J; Aalto, J; Hakola, H; Makkonen, U; Ruuskanen, T; Mauldin, R L; Duplissy, J; Vehkamaki, H; Back, J; Kortelainen, A; Riipinen, I; Kurten, T; Johnston, M V; Smith, J N; Ehn, M; Mentel, T F; Lehtinen, K E J; Laaksonen, A; Kerminen, V M; Worsnop, D R)<br/></b><br/>092UX<br/>Times Cited:1<br/>Cited References Count:31<br/><br/><b>From Duplicate 4 (<i>Direct observations of atmospheric aerosol nucleation</i> - Kulmala, Markku; Kontkanen, Jenni; Junninen, Heikki; Lehtipalo, Katrianne; Manninen, Hanna E.; Nieminen, Tuomo; Petäjä, Tuukka; Sipilä, Mikko; Schobesberger, Siegfried; Rantala, Pekka; Franchin, Alessandro; Jokinen, Tuija; Järvinen, Emma; Äijälä, Mikko; Kangasluoma, Juha; Hakala, Jani; Aalto, Pasi P.; Paasonen, Pauli; Mikkilä, Jyri; Vanhanen, Joonas; Aalto, Juho; Hakola, Hannele; Makkonen, Ulla; Ruuskanen, Taina; Mauldin, Roy L.; Duplissy, Jonathan; Vehkamäki, Hanna; Bäck, Jaana; Kortelainen, Aki; Riipinen, Ilona; Kurtén, Theo; Johnston, Murray V.; Smith, James N.; Ehn, Mikael; Mentel, Thomas F.; Lehtinen, Kari E.J.; Laaksonen, Ari; Kerminen, Veli Matti; Worsnop, Douglas R.)<br/></b><br/>Times Cited: 123},
private_publication = {false},
abstract = {Atmospheric nucleation is the dominant source of aerosol particles in the global atmosphere and an important player in aerosol climatic effects. The key steps of this process occur in the sub-2-nanometer (nm) size range, in which direct size-segregated observations have not been possible until very recently. Here, we present detailed observations of atmospheric nanoparticles and clusters down to 1-nm mobility diameter. We identified three separate size regimes below 2-nm diameter that build up a physically, chemically, and dynamically consistent framework on atmospheric nucleation - more specifically, aerosol formation via neutral pathways. Our findings emphasize the important role of organic compounds in atmospheric aerosol formation, subsequent aerosol growth, radiative forcing and associated feedbacks between biogenic emissions, clouds, and climate.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Kulmala, Markku and Kontkanen, Jenni and Junninen, Heikki and Lehtipalo, Katrianne and Manninen, Hanna E. and Nieminen, Tuomo and Petäjä, Tuukka and Sipilä, Mikko and Schobesberger, Siegfried and Rantala, Pekka and Franchin, Alessandro and Jokinen, Tuija and Järvinen, Emma and Äijälä, Mikko and Kangasluoma, Juha and Hakala, Jani and Aalto, Pasi P. and Paasonen, Pauli and Mikkilä, Jyri and Vanhanen, Joonas and Aalto, Juho and Hakola, Hannele and Makkonen, Ulla and Ruuskanen, Taina and Mauldin, Roy L. and Duplissy, Jonathan and Vehkamäki, Hanna and Bäck, Jaana and Kortelainen, Aki and Riipinen, Ilona and Kurtén, Theo and Johnston, Murray V. and Smith, James N. and Ehn, Mikael and Mentel, Thomas F. and Lehtinen, Kari E.J. and Laaksonen, Ari and Kerminen, Veli Matti and Worsnop, Douglas R.},
journal = {Science},
number = {6122}
}Space-Time Variability of Summer Temperature Field over Bangladesh during 1948-2007. Bhowmik, A. K. & Cabral, P. In Murgante, B., Misra, S., Carlini, M., Torre, C. M., Nguyen, H., Taniar, D., Apduhan, B. O., & Gervasi, O., editors, Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2013, of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 120–135. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013.
Paper abstract bibtex
Paper abstract bibtex Climatic variability analysis is an emerging scientific issue for South-Asian regions, where recent climate change has imposed substantial challenges. In this paper, we analyzed the spatiotemporal variability of the yearly maximum temperature (TXx), which characterizes the summer in Bangladesh, sampled at 34 meteorological stations during 1948-2007. We identified monotonic and robust temporal trends of TXx by each station and examined the spatial pattern of TXx from interpolated surfaces in each year. We quantified the variability of TXx over space and time and indentified temporal trends in the regional mean and interpolated TXx. In contrast to the existing studies, our results depicted an overall decreasing trend in the regional TXx. A regional shift of the summer was observed due to the decreasing and increasing TXx in the warmer northern and the cooler southern regions, respectively. We discussed the relevance of our findings to the future climate change impacts on this region.
@incollection{bhowmik_space-time_2013,
series = {Lecture {Notes} in {Computer} {Science}},
title = {Space-{Time} {Variability} of {Summer} {Temperature} {Field} over {Bangladesh} during 1948-2007},
copyright = {Com2},
isbn = {978-3-642-39648-9 978-3-642-39649-6},
url = {http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-39649-6_9},
abstract = {Climatic variability analysis is an emerging scientific issue for South-Asian regions, where recent climate change has imposed substantial challenges. In this paper, we analyzed the spatiotemporal variability of the yearly maximum temperature (TXx), which characterizes the summer in Bangladesh, sampled at 34 meteorological stations during 1948-2007. We identified monotonic and robust temporal trends of TXx by each station and examined the spatial pattern of TXx from interpolated surfaces in each year. We quantified the variability of TXx over space and time and indentified temporal trends in the regional mean and interpolated TXx. In contrast to the existing studies, our results depicted an overall decreasing trend in the regional TXx. A regional shift of the summer was observed due to the decreasing and increasing TXx in the warmer northern and the cooler southern regions, respectively. We discussed the relevance of our findings to the future climate change impacts on this region.},
number = {7974},
urldate = {2013-08-06},
booktitle = {Computational {Science} and {Its} {Applications} – {ICCSA} 2013},
publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
author = {Bhowmik, Avit Kumar and Cabral, Pedro},
editor = {Murgante, Beniamino and Misra, Sanjay and Carlini, Maurizio and Torre, Carmelo M. and Nguyen, Hong-Quang and Taniar, David and Apduhan, Bernady O. and Gervasi, Osvaldo},
year = {2013},
keywords = {Algorithm Analysis and Problem Complexity, Climate, Climatic Shift, Computer Communication Networks, Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, Information Systems Applications (incl. Internet), Simulation and Modeling, Software Engineering, Spatial Interpolation, Spatiotemporal Variability, Temporal Trend, Trend},
pages = {120--135}
}Vegetation-Microclimate Feedbacks in Woodland-Grassland Ecotones. D'Odorico, P., He, Y., Collins, S., De Wekker, S. F. J., Engel, V., & Fuentes, J. D. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 22(4):364–379, April, 2013.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
[Aim] Climatic conditions exert a strong control on the geographic distribution of many woodland-to-grassland transition zones (or 'tree lines'). Because woody plants have, in general, a weaker cold tolerance than herbaceous vegetation, their altitudinal or latitudinal limits are strongly controlled by cold sensitivity. While temperature controls on the dynamics of woodland-grassland ecotones are relatively well established, the ability of woody plants to modify their microclimate and to create habitat for seedling establishment and growth may involve a variety of processes that are still not completely understood. Here we investigate feedbacks between vegetation and microclimatic conditions in the proximity to woodland-grassland ecotones. [Location] We concentrate on arctic and alpine tree lines, the transition between mangrove forests and salt marshes in coastal ecosystems, and the shift from shrubland to grassland along temperature gradients in arid landscapes. [Methods] We review the major abiotic and biotic mechanisms underlying the ability of woody plants to alter the nocturnal microclimate by increasing the temperatures they are exposed to. [Results] We find that in many arctic, alpine, desert and coastal landscapes the presence of trees or shrubs causes nocturnal warming thereby favouring the establishment and survival of woody plants. [Main conclusion] Because of this feedback, trees and shrubs may establish in areas that would be otherwise unsuitable for their survival. Thus, in grassland-woodland transition zones both vegetation covers may be (alternative) stable states of the landscape, thereby affecting the way tree lines may migrate in response to regional and global climate change. [Excerpt: Conclusions] Positive feedbacks between the encroachment of woody plants and land surface-atmosphere interactions in former grasslands occur as a function of changes in albedo, surface roughness and heat storage which accompany shifts in canopy architecture. The density and height of stems, leaf morphology, total leaf area and the vertical leaf area distributions are examples of architectural properties of the canopy that are likely to influence the degree of coupling between the canopy air mass and the overlying or surrounding atmosphere (Geiger, 1965; Bonan, 2002). In most cases (e.g. arctic and alpine tree lines) the warming effect is due to the ability of the canopy to reduce nocturnal radiative cooling. However, in the case of arid grassland-shrubland transition zones the feedback mechanism is not controlled by canopy architecture but by the ability of some desert shrubs to eliminate grass cover from their surroundings (Báez & Collins, 2008), thereby increasing the bare soil fraction in shrub-dominated areas. The different thermal properties of grass and bare soil surfaces determines a difference in soil heat fluxes between the two land covers, which explains the higher nocturnal temperature in the shrubland. Several environmental factors also regulate the strength of microclimate feedbacks in woodland-grassland transition zones, including solar angles and the land surface aspect, wind speed, cloudiness, photosynthetically active radiation, air humidity and topography. [] In this review we have shown that these feedbacks have been documented across a wide range of arid, coastal, alpine and arctic grassland-woodland transitional communities. Recent studies have shown that, when integrated spatially, the microclimatic alterations caused by woody plant encroachment may have implications for larger-scale climates (e.g. Bonan et\,al., 1992; Beltrán-Przekurat et\,al., 2008), and global carbon cycles (Archer et\,al., 2001; Chmura et\,al., 2003; Chapin et\,al., 2005).
@article{dodoricoVegetationmicroclimateFeedbacksWoodlandgrassland2013,
title = {Vegetation-Microclimate Feedbacks in Woodland-Grassland Ecotones},
author = {D'Odorico, Paolo and He, Yufei and Collins, Scott and De Wekker, Stephan F. J. and Engel, Vic and Fuentes, Jose D.},
year = {2013},
month = apr,
volume = {22},
pages = {364--379},
issn = {1466-822X},
doi = {10.1111/geb.12000},
abstract = {[Aim]
Climatic conditions exert a strong control on the geographic distribution of many woodland-to-grassland transition zones (or 'tree lines'). Because woody plants have, in general, a weaker cold tolerance than herbaceous vegetation, their altitudinal or latitudinal limits are strongly controlled by cold sensitivity. While temperature controls on the dynamics of woodland-grassland ecotones are relatively well established, the ability of woody plants to modify their microclimate and to create habitat for seedling establishment and growth may involve a variety of processes that are still not completely understood. Here we investigate feedbacks between vegetation and microclimatic conditions in the proximity to woodland-grassland ecotones.
[Location]
We concentrate on arctic and alpine tree lines, the transition between mangrove forests and salt marshes in coastal ecosystems, and the shift from shrubland to grassland along temperature gradients in arid landscapes.
[Methods]
We review the major abiotic and biotic mechanisms underlying the ability of woody plants to alter the nocturnal microclimate by increasing the temperatures they are exposed to.
[Results]
We find that in many arctic, alpine, desert and coastal landscapes the presence of trees or shrubs causes nocturnal warming thereby favouring the establishment and survival of woody plants.
[Main conclusion]
Because of this feedback, trees and shrubs may establish in areas that would be otherwise unsuitable for their survival. Thus, in grassland-woodland transition zones both vegetation covers may be (alternative) stable states of the landscape, thereby affecting the way tree lines may migrate in response to regional and global climate change.
[Excerpt: Conclusions]
Positive feedbacks between the encroachment of woody plants and land surface-atmosphere interactions in former grasslands occur as a function of changes in albedo, surface roughness and heat storage which accompany shifts in canopy architecture. The density and height of stems, leaf morphology, total leaf area and the vertical leaf area distributions are examples of architectural properties of the canopy that are likely to influence the degree of coupling between the canopy air mass and the overlying or surrounding atmosphere (Geiger, 1965; Bonan, 2002). In most cases (e.g. arctic and alpine tree lines) the warming effect is due to the ability of the canopy to reduce nocturnal radiative cooling. However, in the case of arid grassland-shrubland transition zones the feedback mechanism is not controlled by canopy architecture but by the ability of some desert shrubs to eliminate grass cover from their surroundings (B\'aez \& Collins, 2008), thereby increasing the bare soil fraction in shrub-dominated areas. The different thermal properties of grass and bare soil surfaces determines a difference in soil heat fluxes between the two land covers, which explains the higher nocturnal temperature in the shrubland. Several environmental factors also regulate the strength of microclimate feedbacks in woodland-grassland transition zones, including solar angles and the land surface aspect, wind speed, cloudiness, photosynthetically active radiation, air humidity and topography.
[] In this review we have shown that these feedbacks have been documented across a wide range of arid, coastal, alpine and arctic grassland-woodland transitional communities. Recent studies have shown that, when integrated spatially, the microclimatic alterations caused by woody plant encroachment may have implications for larger-scale climates (e.g. Bonan et\,al., 1992; Beltr\'an-Przekurat et\,al., 2008), and global carbon cycles (Archer et\,al., 2001; Chmura et\,al., 2003; Chapin et\,al., 2005).},
journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13928385,~to-add-doi-URL,arid-region,boreal-forests,climate,ecological-zones,ecology,feedback,forest-resources,grasslands,habitat-suitability,mangrove-forests,meadows,microclimate,mountainous-areas,temperate-mountain-system,tree-line,tundra},
lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13928385},
number = {4}
}ECDS – A SWEDISH RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE FOR THE OPEN SHARING OF ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE DATA Infrastructure design. Klein, T., Langner, J., Frankenberg, B., Svensson, J., Broman, B., & Bennet, C. 12(March):1-9, 2013.
Paper bibtex
Paper bibtex @article{
title = {ECDS – A SWEDISH RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE FOR THE OPEN SHARING OF ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE DATA Infrastructure design},
type = {article},
year = {2013},
keywords = {access,climate,data,environment,infrastructure,open,research,services,sharing,sweden},
pages = {1-9},
volume = {12},
id = {93cf9e11-0c06-3eaf-9aec-007d297a136d},
created = {2014-11-18T17:07:36.000Z},
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group_id = {b9177f4c-3558-395d-b3bc-73ffd5c5cee1},
last_modified = {2015-01-07T21:38:09.000Z},
tags = {Data Management,data management},
read = {true},
starred = {false},
authored = {false},
confirmed = {true},
hidden = {false},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Klein, T and Langner, J and Frankenberg, B and Svensson, J and Broman, B and Bennet, C},
number = {March}
}State of the Climate: Global Analysis for November 2013. NOAA National Climatic Data Center In of Climate Monitoring - State of the Climate. NOAA National Climatic Data Center, December, 2013.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
[Global Highlights] [::] The combined average temperature over global land and ocean surfaces for November 2013 was record highest for the 134-year period of record, at 0.78°C (1.40°F) above the 20th century average of 12.9°C (55.2°F). [::] The global land surface temperature was 1.43°C (2.57°F) above the 20th century average of 5.9°C (42.6°F), the second highest for November on record, behind 2010. For the global oceans, the November average sea surface temperature was 0.54°C (0.97°F) above the 20th century average of 15.8°C (60.4°F), tying with 2009 as the third highest for November. [::] The combined global land and ocean average surface temperature for the September-November period was 0.68°C (1.22°F) above the 20th century average of 14.0°C (57.1°F), the second warmest such period on record, behind only 2005. [::] The September-November worldwide land surface temperature was 1.08°C (1.94°F) above the 20th century average, the third warmest such period on record. The global ocean surface temperature for the same period was 0.52°C (0.94°F) above the 20th century average, tying with 2009 and 2012 as the fourth warmest September-November on record. [::] The combined global land and ocean average surface temperature for the year-to-date (January-November) was 0.62°C (1.12°F) above the 20th century average of 14.0°C (57.2°F), tying with 2002 as the fourth warmest such period on record.
@incollection{noaanationalclimaticdatacenterStateClimateGlobal2013,
title = {State of the {{Climate}}: {{Global Analysis}} for {{November}} 2013},
author = {{NOAA National Climatic Data Center}},
year = {2013},
month = dec,
publisher = {{NOAA National Climatic Data Center}},
abstract = {[Global Highlights] [::] The combined average temperature over global land and ocean surfaces for November 2013 was record highest for the 134-year period of record, at 0.78\textdegree C (1.40\textdegree F) above the 20th century average of 12.9\textdegree C (55.2\textdegree F). [::] The global land surface temperature was 1.43\textdegree C (2.57\textdegree F) above the 20th century average of 5.9\textdegree C (42.6\textdegree F), the second highest for November on record, behind 2010. For the global oceans, the November average sea surface temperature was 0.54\textdegree C (0.97\textdegree F) above the 20th century average of 15.8\textdegree C (60.4\textdegree F), tying with 2009 as the third highest for November. [::] The combined global land and ocean average surface temperature for the September-November period was 0.68\textdegree C (1.22\textdegree F) above the 20th century average of 14.0\textdegree C (57.1\textdegree F), the second warmest such period on record, behind only 2005. [::] The September-November worldwide land surface temperature was 1.08\textdegree C (1.94\textdegree F) above the 20th century average, the third warmest such period on record. The global ocean surface temperature for the same period was 0.52\textdegree C (0.94\textdegree F) above the 20th century average, tying with 2009 and 2012 as the fourth warmest September-November on record. [::] The combined global land and ocean average surface temperature for the year-to-date (January-November) was 0.62\textdegree C (1.12\textdegree F) above the 20th century average of 14.0\textdegree C (57.2\textdegree F), tying with 2002 as the fourth warmest such period on record.},
keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12906107,anomaly-detection,climate,climate-change,climate-extremes,global-scale,global-warming,mapping,temperature},
lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12906107},
series = {Climate {{Monitoring}} - {{State}} of the {{Climate}}}
}Bioclimatic and Physical Characterization of the World's Islands. Weigelt, P., Jetz, W., & Kreft, H. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(38):15307–15312, September, 2013.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
The Earth's islands harbor a distinct, yet highly threatened, biological and cultural diversity that has been shaped by geographic isolation and unique environments. Island systems are key natural laboratories for testing theory in ecology and evolution. However, despite their potential usefulness for research, a quantitative description of island environments and an environmental classification are still lacking. Here, we prepare a standardized dataset and perform a comprehensive global environmental characterization for 17,883 of the world's marine islands $>$1 km2 ($\sim$98\,% of total island area). We consider area, temperature, precipitation, seasonality in temperature and precipitation, past climate change velocity, elevation, isolation, and past connectivity – key island characteristics and drivers of ecosystem processes. We find that islands are significantly cooler, wetter, and less seasonal than mainlands. Constrained by their limited area, they show less elevational heterogeneity. Wet temperate climates are more prevalent on islands, whereas desert climates are comparatively rare. We use ordination and clustering to characterize islands in multidimensional environmental space and to delimit island ecoregions, which provides unique insights into the environmental configuration and diversity of the world's islands. Combining ordination and classification together with global environmental data in a common framework opens up avenues for a more integrative use of islands in biogeography, macroecology, and conservation. To showcase possible applications of the presented data, we predict vascular plant species richness for all 17,883 islands based on statistically derived environment-richness relationships.
@article{weigeltBioclimaticPhysicalCharacterization2013,
title = {Bioclimatic and Physical Characterization of the World's Islands},
author = {Weigelt, Patrick and Jetz, Walter and Kreft, Holger},
year = {2013},
month = sep,
volume = {110},
pages = {15307--15312},
issn = {1091-6490},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1306309110},
abstract = {The Earth's islands harbor a distinct, yet highly threatened, biological and cultural diversity that has been shaped by geographic isolation and unique environments. Island systems are key natural laboratories for testing theory in ecology and evolution. However, despite their potential usefulness for research, a quantitative description of island environments and an environmental classification are still lacking. Here, we prepare a standardized dataset and perform a comprehensive global environmental characterization for 17,883 of the world's marine islands {$>$}1 km2 ({$\sim$}98\,\% of total island area). We consider area, temperature, precipitation, seasonality in temperature and precipitation, past climate change velocity, elevation, isolation, and past connectivity -- key island characteristics and drivers of ecosystem processes. We find that islands are significantly cooler, wetter, and less seasonal than mainlands. Constrained by their limited area, they show less elevational heterogeneity. Wet temperate climates are more prevalent on islands, whereas desert climates are comparatively rare. We use ordination and clustering to characterize islands in multidimensional environmental space and to delimit island ecoregions, which provides unique insights into the environmental configuration and diversity of the world's islands. Combining ordination and classification together with global environmental data in a common framework opens up avenues for a more integrative use of islands in biogeography, macroecology, and conservation. To showcase possible applications of the presented data, we predict vascular plant species richness for all 17,883 islands based on statistically derived environment-richness relationships.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12606404,bioclimatic-predictors,climate,climate-change-velocity,connectivity,elevation,geospatial,global-scale,islands,isolation,paleo-climate,precipitation,species-richness,temperature},
lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12606404},
number = {38}
}2012 (10)
Primary biological aerosol particles in the atmosphere: a review. Després, V., R., Alex Huffman, J., Burrows, S., M., Hoose, C., Safatov, A., S., Buryak, G., Fröhlich-Nowoisky, J., Elbert, W., Andreae, M., O., Pöschl, U., & Jaenicke, R. Tellus B, 64(12):55128, 2, 2012.
Paper Website bibtex
Paper Website bibtex @article{
title = {Primary biological aerosol particles in the atmosphere: a review},
type = {article},
year = {2012},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {atmospheric ice,bioaerosol,biology,climate,cloud condensation nuclei,nitro-protein,primary biological atmospheric aerosol,reactive oxygen intermediates,roi},
pages = {55128},
volume = {64},
websites = {http://www.tellusb.net/index.php/tellusb/article/view/15598},
month = {2},
day = {22},
id = {db4706d9-08a5-352c-9d51-90bbab98e233},
created = {2015-05-07T15:16:38.000Z},
accessed = {2013-05-22},
file_attached = {true},
profile_id = {81af7548-db00-3f00-bfa0-1774347c59e1},
group_id = {63e349d6-2c70-3938-9e67-2f6483f6cbab},
last_modified = {2015-05-11T20:25:49.000Z},
read = {false},
starred = {false},
authored = {false},
confirmed = {true},
hidden = {false},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Després, Viviane R. and Alex Huffman, J. and Burrows, Susannah M. and Hoose, Corinna and Safatov, Aleksandr S. and Buryak, Galina and Fröhlich-Nowoisky, Janine and Elbert, Wolfgang and Andreae, Meinrat O. and Pöschl, Ulrich and Jaenicke, Ruprecht},
journal = {Tellus B},
number = {12}
}Thermal Desorption Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography: An Improved Instrument for In-Situ Speciated Measurements of Organic Aerosols. Worton, D., R., Kreisberg, N., M., Isaacman, G., Teng, A., P., McNeish, C., Gorecki, T., Hering, S., V., & Goldstein, A., H. Aerosol Science and Technology, 46(4):380-393, 2012.
Website abstract bibtex
Website abstract bibtex The organic fraction is a major constituent of fine atmospheric particulate matter, though its chemical composition is complex and not well understood. This complexity presents an extreme analytical challenge and is well suited to analysis by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC). This has recently been coupled to a thermal desorption aerosol gas (TAG) chromatograph instrument to provide improved in-situ, hourly measurement of speciated organic compounds in atmospheric aerosols (2D-TAG). The original 2D-TAG instrument utilized a flame ionization detector, dual-stage modulator, and a second-dimension column that proved to be thermally unstable under optimal analysis conditions, which limited compound identification, instrument robustness, and time resolution. In this paper, we address these shortcomings by demonstrating the successful integration of a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOFMS), development of a simplified hybrid thermo-pneumatic modulator, and incorporation of a more thermally stable secondary column. These improvements resulted in an instrument capable of providing detailed speciated information of organic tracer compounds in atmospheric aerosols in near real time.
@article{
title = {Thermal Desorption Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography: An Improved Instrument for In-Situ Speciated Measurements of Organic Aerosols},
type = {article},
year = {2012},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {airborne particulate matter,atmosphere,climate,column,cryogenic modulation,flight mass-spectrometry,gcxgc,interface,separations,x gc},
pages = {380-393},
volume = {46},
websites = {<Go to ISI>://000301771600002},
id = {0e6f49a2-73d5-3753-bd84-6cf5091171c8},
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source_type = {Journal Article},
language = {English},
notes = {<m:note>912CG<m:linebreak/>Times Cited:1<m:linebreak/>Cited References Count:50</m:note>},
abstract = {The organic fraction is a major constituent of fine atmospheric particulate matter, though its chemical composition is complex and not well understood. This complexity presents an extreme analytical challenge and is well suited to analysis by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC). This has recently been coupled to a thermal desorption aerosol gas (TAG) chromatograph instrument to provide improved in-situ, hourly measurement of speciated organic compounds in atmospheric aerosols (2D-TAG). The original 2D-TAG instrument utilized a flame ionization detector, dual-stage modulator, and a second-dimension column that proved to be thermally unstable under optimal analysis conditions, which limited compound identification, instrument robustness, and time resolution. In this paper, we address these shortcomings by demonstrating the successful integration of a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOFMS), development of a simplified hybrid thermo-pneumatic modulator, and incorporation of a more thermally stable secondary column. These improvements resulted in an instrument capable of providing detailed speciated information of organic tracer compounds in atmospheric aerosols in near real time.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Worton, D R and Kreisberg, N M and Isaacman, G and Teng, A P and McNeish, C and Gorecki, T and Hering, S V and Goldstein, A H},
journal = {Aerosol Science and Technology},
number = {4}
}Pressure dependency of ozonolysis product formation of α -pinene focusing on low volatile compounds such as organic acids and dimeric compounds. Beck, M., Keunecke, C., Zeuch, T., & Hoffmann, T. 23(2009):55128, 2012.
Paper bibtex
Paper bibtex @article{
title = {Pressure dependency of ozonolysis product formation of α -pinene focusing on low volatile compounds such as organic acids and dimeric compounds},
type = {article},
year = {2012},
keywords = {a better,are important for air,climate,de,hoffmant,monoterpene oxidation,organic acids,ozone,presenting author email,quality and the global,secondary organic aerosols,soa,therefore,uni-mainz},
pages = {55128},
volume = {23},
id = {2c1ba619-2f0d-3931-9a46-78f2cbf7b85e},
created = {2014-05-31T04:17:53.000Z},
file_attached = {true},
profile_id = {9edae5ec-3a23-3830-8934-2c27bef6ccbe},
group_id = {63e349d6-2c70-3938-9e67-2f6483f6cbab},
last_modified = {2014-11-19T05:59:08.000Z},
read = {false},
starred = {false},
authored = {false},
confirmed = {false},
hidden = {false},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Beck, M and Keunecke, C and Zeuch, T and Hoffmann, T},
number = {2009}
}A Robust Algorithm for Estimating Soil Erodibility in Different Climates. Borselli, L., Torri, D., Poesen, J., & Iaquinta, P. CATENA, 97:85–94, October, 2012.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
The analysis of global soil erodibility data by Salvador Sanchis et al. (2008) showed that there is a significant climate effect on soil erodibility which allows for a split of the data into two subsets, one for prevailing cool conditions and another for prevailing warm conditions (defined using the Köppen climate classification). Despite the recognition of this new dichotomous variable, prediction of soil erodibility values remained very poor. This paper presents a new technique for dealing with such a variability by calculating probability density functions of soil erodibility K values when the user knows a set of textural parameters and the climatic classification of the site. Finally the user has the possibility to decide, on the basis of local knowledge, which K value to use. The procedure has been implemented in a freeware software named KUERY available for the scientific community. Finally, as an illustration, the methodology is applied to a catchment in south Italy. \^a\textordmasculine New technique predicting soil erodibility knowing texture and the climatic classification. \^a\textordmasculine Guessing probability distribution of K of similar soils in global soil erodibility database. \^a\textordmasculine Procedure implemented in a freeware software (KUERY), available for scientific community. \^a\textordmasculine Finally, an example of the methodology is applied to a catchment in south Italy.
@article{borselliRobustAlgorithmEstimating2012,
title = {A Robust Algorithm for Estimating Soil Erodibility in Different Climates},
author = {Borselli, L. and Torri, D. and Poesen, J. and Iaquinta, P.},
year = {2012},
month = oct,
volume = {97},
pages = {85--94},
issn = {0341-8162},
doi = {10.1016/j.catena.2012.05.012},
abstract = {The analysis of global soil erodibility data by Salvador Sanchis et al. (2008) showed that there is a significant climate effect on soil erodibility which allows for a split of the data into two subsets, one for prevailing cool conditions and another for prevailing warm conditions (defined using the K\"oppen climate classification). Despite the recognition of this new dichotomous variable, prediction of soil erodibility values remained very poor. This paper presents a new technique for dealing with such a variability by calculating probability density functions of soil erodibility K values when the user knows a set of textural parameters and the climatic classification of the site. Finally the user has the possibility to decide, on the basis of local knowledge, which K value to use. The procedure has been implemented in a freeware software named KUERY available for the scientific community. Finally, as an illustration, the methodology is applied to a catchment in south Italy. \^a\textordmasculine{} New technique predicting soil erodibility knowing texture and the climatic classification. \^a\textordmasculine{} Guessing probability distribution of K of similar soils in global soil erodibility database. \^a\textordmasculine{} Procedure implemented in a freeware software (KUERY), available for scientific community. \^a\textordmasculine{} Finally, an example of the methodology is applied to a catchment in south Italy.},
journal = {CATENA},
keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-10818217,climate,environmental-predictors,erodibility,soil-erosion,soil-resources},
lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-10818217}
}Climate and biofuels in Brazil. Vuollekoski, H., Makkonen, R., Asmi, A., Hillamo, R., Petäjä, T., & Kulmala, M. 39(2005):8949, 2012.
Paper bibtex
Paper bibtex @article{
title = {Climate and biofuels in Brazil},
type = {article},
year = {2012},
keywords = {biofuels,climate,fi,global modeling,helsinki,henri,presenting author email,vuollekoski},
pages = {8949},
volume = {39},
id = {734de66b-7749-3f0e-a4a8-ff5f8d90e3ce},
created = {2014-05-31T04:18:14.000Z},
file_attached = {true},
profile_id = {9edae5ec-3a23-3830-8934-2c27bef6ccbe},
group_id = {63e349d6-2c70-3938-9e67-2f6483f6cbab},
last_modified = {2014-11-19T05:58:51.000Z},
read = {false},
starred = {false},
authored = {false},
confirmed = {false},
hidden = {false},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Vuollekoski, H and Makkonen, R and Asmi, A and Hillamo, R and Petäjä, T and Kulmala, M},
number = {2005}
}Ac 2012-3904: Curriculum Incubation: Data-Driven Innovative Instructional Design. Sunderman, J. A. & Price, R. L. In 2012 Asee Annual Conference. Amer Soc Engineering Education, Washington, 2012. WOS:000380250105009
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
The curriculum incubator is a change strategy that nurtures innovative instructional design. Within the incubator, faculty test ideas outside of the official curriculum. The intention of this research and development process is to minimize early resistance and demonstrate methods that work. This study probed faculty perceptions about incubator characteristics and effectiveness during the first year of operation. An existing instrument, the Situational Outlook Questionnaire (SOQ), which measures organizational capacity for innovation, was adapted for use. Results indicated that faculty perceived high levels of nine characteristics called dimensions of innovation. Support for New Ideas and Time to Explore Ideas were identified as the most valuable. Results for the curriculum incubator compared favorably to earlier studies of organizations with a track record of innovation. The wider significance of this study is about leadership. Within the secure environment of the curriculum incubator, individuals had the time and the opportunity to refine their teaching in ways that made personal sense, and moved the organization forward.
@incollection{sunderman_ac_2012,
address = {Washington},
title = {Ac 2012-3904: {Curriculum} {Incubation}: {Data}-{Driven} {Innovative} {Instructional} {Design}},
shorttitle = {Ac 2012-3904},
abstract = {The curriculum incubator is a change strategy that nurtures innovative instructional design. Within the incubator, faculty test ideas outside of the official curriculum. The intention of this research and development process is to minimize early resistance and demonstrate methods that work. This study probed faculty perceptions about incubator characteristics and effectiveness during the first year of operation. An existing instrument, the Situational Outlook Questionnaire (SOQ), which measures organizational capacity for innovation, was adapted for use. Results indicated that faculty perceived high levels of nine characteristics called dimensions of innovation. Support for New Ideas and Time to Explore Ideas were identified as the most valuable. Results for the curriculum incubator compared favorably to earlier studies of organizations with a track record of innovation. The wider significance of this study is about leadership. Within the secure environment of the curriculum incubator, individuals had the time and the opportunity to refine their teaching in ways that made personal sense, and moved the organization forward.},
language = {English},
booktitle = {2012 {Asee} {Annual} {Conference}},
publisher = {Amer Soc Engineering Education},
author = {Sunderman, Judith A. and Price, Raymond L.},
year = {2012},
note = {WOS:000380250105009},
keywords = {climate, creativity, model}
}Diatom-based paleolimnological reconstruction of regional climate and local land-use change from a protected sinkhole lake in southern Florida, U.S.A. Quillen, A., Gaiser, E., & Grimm, E. Journal of Paleolimnology, 2012.
bibtex
bibtex
@article{quillen_diatom-based_2012,
title = {Diatom-based paleolimnological reconstruction of regional climate and local land-use change from a protected sinkhole lake in southern {Florida}, {U}.{S}.{A}.},
journal = {Journal of Paleolimnology},
author = {Quillen, A. and Gaiser, E.E. and Grimm, E.},
year = {2012},
keywords = {FCE, florida, climate, hydrology, diatoms, paleolimnology, sinkhole lake}
}Climate Change, Impacts and Vulnerability in Europe 2012: An Indicator-Based Report. Füssel, H., Jol, A., Kurnik, B., Hemming, D., Hartley, A., Hildén, M., Christiansen, T., Lowe, J., Meiner, A., Kristensen, P., Vanneuville, W., Marx, A., Jones, A., Cherlet, M., Louwagie, G., Olesen, J. E., Camia, A., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., Bastrup-Birk, A., Jarosinska, D., Wolf, T., Suk, J., Sudre, B., Semenza, J., Clubb, D. O., Sanchez, A., Doll, C., Heyndrick, C., Nokkala, M., Leviäkangas, P., Isoard, S., Lückenkötter, J., Greiving, S., Lindner, C., Georgi, B., Löw, P., & Watkiss, P. Volume 12 , European Environment Agency, 2012.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
[Excerpt]Executive summary. Key messages \textbullet Climate change (increases in temperature, changes in precipitation and decreases in ice and snow) is occurring globally and in Europe; some of the observed changes have established records in recent years. \textbullet Observed climate change has already led to a wide range of impacts on environmental systems and society; further climate change impacts are projected for the future. \textbullet Climate change can increase existing vulnerabilities and deepen socio-economic imbalances in Europe. \textbullet Damage costs from natural disasters have increased; the contribution of climate change to these costs is projected to increase in the future. \textbullet The combined impacts of projected climate change and socio-economic development can lead to high damage costs; these costs can be reduced significantly by mitigation and adaptation actions. \textbullet The causes of the most costly climate impacts are projected to differ strongly across Europe. \textbullet On-going and planned monitoring and research at national and EU level can improve assessments of past and projected impacts of climate change, thereby enhancing the knowledge base for adaptation.
@book{fusselClimateChangeImpacts2012,
title = {Climate Change, Impacts and Vulnerability in {{Europe}} 2012: An Indicator-Based Report},
author = {F{\"u}ssel, Hans-Martin and Jol, Andr{\'e} and Kurnik, Blaz and Hemming, Deborah and Hartley, Andrew and Hild{\'e}n, Mikael and Christiansen, Trine and Lowe, Jason and Meiner, Andrus and Kristensen, Peter and Vanneuville, Wouter and Marx, Andreas and Jones, Arwyn and Cherlet, Michael and Louwagie, Geertrui and Olesen, J{\o}rgen E. and Camia, Andrea and {San-Miguel-Ayanz}, Jes{\'u}s and {Bastrup-Birk}, Annemarie and Jarosinska, Dorota and Wolf, Tanja and Suk, Jonathan and Sudre, Bertrand and Semenza, Jan and Clubb, David O. and Sanchez, Alfredo and Doll, Claus and Heyndrick, Christophe and Nokkala, Marko and Levi{\"a}kangas, Pekka and Isoard, St{\'e}phane and L{\"u}ckenk{\"o}tter, Johannes and Greiving, Stefan and Lindner, Christian and Georgi, Birgit and L{\"o}w, Petra and Watkiss, Paul},
editor = {F{\"u}ssel, Hans-Martin and Jol, Andr{\'e} and Hild{\'e}n, Mikael},
year = {2012},
volume = {12},
publisher = {{European Environment Agency}},
issn = {1725-9177},
abstract = {[Excerpt]Executive summary.
Key messages \textbullet{} Climate change (increases in temperature, changes in precipitation and decreases in ice and snow) is occurring globally and in Europe; some of the observed changes have established records in recent years. \textbullet{} Observed climate change has already led to a wide range of impacts on environmental systems and society; further climate change impacts are projected for the future. \textbullet{} Climate change can increase existing vulnerabilities and deepen socio-economic imbalances in Europe. \textbullet{} Damage costs from natural disasters have increased; the contribution of climate change to these costs is projected to increase in the future. \textbullet{} The combined impacts of projected climate change and socio-economic development can lead to high damage costs; these costs can be reduced significantly by mitigation and adaptation actions. \textbullet{} The causes of the most costly climate impacts are projected to differ strongly across Europe. \textbullet{} On-going and planned monitoring and research at national and EU level can improve assessments of past and projected impacts of climate change, thereby enhancing the knowledge base for adaptation.},
isbn = {978-92-9213-346-7},
keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12590420,anthropogenic-impacts,biodiversity-impacts,climate,climate-change,climate-projections,complexity,ecology,economic-impacts,europe,multiauthor,nonmarket-impacts,precipitation,temperature},
lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12590420}
}A Less Cloudy Future: The Role of Subtropical Subsidence in Climate Sensitivity. Fasullo, J. T. & Trenberth, K. E. Science, 338(6108):792–794, November, 2012.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
An observable constraint on climate sensitivity, based on variations in mid-tropospheric relative humidity (RH) and their impact on clouds, is proposed. We show that the tropics and subtropics are linked by teleconnections that induce seasonal RH variations that relate strongly to albedo (via clouds), and that this covariability is mimicked in a warming climate. A present-day analog for future trends is thus identified whereby the intensity of subtropical dry zones in models associated with the boreal monsoon is strongly linked to projected cloud trends, reflected solar radiation, and model sensitivity. Many models, particularly those with low climate sensitivity, fail to adequately resolve these teleconnections and hence are identifiably biased. Improving model fidelity in matching observed variations provides a viable path forward for better predicting future climate.
@article{fasulloLessCloudyFuture2012,
title = {A Less Cloudy Future: The Role of Subtropical Subsidence in Climate Sensitivity},
author = {Fasullo, John T. and Trenberth, Kevin E.},
year = {2012},
month = nov,
volume = {338},
pages = {792--794},
issn = {1095-9203},
doi = {10.1126/science.1227465},
abstract = {An observable constraint on climate sensitivity, based on variations in mid-tropospheric relative humidity (RH) and their impact on clouds, is proposed. We show that the tropics and subtropics are linked by teleconnections that induce seasonal RH variations that relate strongly to albedo (via clouds), and that this covariability is mimicked in a warming climate. A present-day analog for future trends is thus identified whereby the intensity of subtropical dry zones in models associated with the boreal monsoon is strongly linked to projected cloud trends, reflected solar radiation, and model sensitivity. Many models, particularly those with low climate sensitivity, fail to adequately resolve these teleconnections and hence are identifiably biased. Improving model fidelity in matching observed variations provides a viable path forward for better predicting future climate.},
journal = {Science},
keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-11656918,bias-correction,climate,climate-projections,cloudiness,feedback,non-linearity},
lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-11656918},
number = {6108}
}No-Analog Climates and Shifting Realized Niches during the Late Quaternary: Implications for 21st-Century Predictions by Species Distribution Models. Veloz, S. D., Williams, J. W., Blois, J. L., He, F., Otto-Bliesner, B., & Liu, Z. Global Change Biology, 18(5):1698–1713, May, 2012.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Empirically derived species distributions models (SDMs) are increasingly relied upon to forecast species vulnerabilities to future climate change. However, many of the assumptions of SDMs may be violated when they are used to project species distributions across significant climate change events. In particular, SDM's in theory assume stable fundamental niches, but in practice, they assume stable realized niches. The assumption of a fixed realized niche relative to climate variables remains unlikely for various reasons, particularly if novel future climates open up currently unavailable portions of species' fundamental niches. To demonstrate this effect, we compare the climate distributions for fossil-pollen data from 21 to 15 ka bp (relying on paleoclimate simulations) when communities and climates with no modern analog were common across North America to observed modern pollen assemblages. We test how well SDMs are able to project 20th century pollen-based taxon distributions with models calibrated using data from 21 to 15 ka. We find that taxa which were abundant in areas with no-analog late glacial climates, such as Fraxinus, Ostrya/Carpinus and Ulmus, substantially shifted their realized niches from the late glacial period to present. SDMs for these taxa had low predictive accuracy when projected to modern climates despite demonstrating high predictive accuracy for late glacial pollen distributions. For other taxa, e.g. Quercus, Picea, Pinus strobus, had relatively stable realized niches and models for these taxa tended to have higher predictive accuracy when projected to present. Our findings reinforce the point that a realized niche at any one time often represents only a subset of the climate conditions in which a taxon can persist. Projections from SDMs into future climate conditions that are based solely on contemporary realized distributions are potentially misleading for assessing the vulnerability of species to future climate change.
@article{velozNoanalogClimatesShifting2012,
title = {No-Analog Climates and Shifting Realized Niches during the Late Quaternary: Implications for 21st-Century Predictions by Species Distribution Models},
author = {Veloz, Samuel D. and Williams, John W. and Blois, Jessica L. and He, Feng and {Otto-Bliesner}, Bette and Liu, Zhengyu},
year = {2012},
month = may,
volume = {18},
pages = {1698--1713},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02635.x},
abstract = {Empirically derived species distributions models (SDMs) are increasingly relied upon to forecast species vulnerabilities to future climate change. However, many of the assumptions of SDMs may be violated when they are used to project species distributions across significant climate change events. In particular, SDM's in theory assume stable fundamental niches, but in practice, they assume stable realized niches. The assumption of a fixed realized niche relative to climate variables remains unlikely for various reasons, particularly if novel future climates open up currently unavailable portions of species' fundamental niches. To demonstrate this effect, we compare the climate distributions for fossil-pollen data from 21 to 15 ka bp (relying on paleoclimate simulations) when communities and climates with no modern analog were common across North America to observed modern pollen assemblages. We test how well SDMs are able to project 20th century pollen-based taxon distributions with models calibrated using data from 21 to 15 ka. We find that taxa which were abundant in areas with no-analog late glacial climates, such as Fraxinus, Ostrya/Carpinus and Ulmus, substantially shifted their realized niches from the late glacial period to present. SDMs for these taxa had low predictive accuracy when projected to modern climates despite demonstrating high predictive accuracy for late glacial pollen distributions. For other taxa, e.g. Quercus, Picea, Pinus strobus, had relatively stable realized niches and models for these taxa tended to have higher predictive accuracy when projected to present. Our findings reinforce the point that a realized niche at any one time often represents only a subset of the climate conditions in which a taxon can persist. Projections from SDMs into future climate conditions that are based solely on contemporary realized distributions are potentially misleading for assessing the vulnerability of species to future climate change.},
journal = {Global Change Biology},
keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13090835,climate,climate-change,no-analogue,north-america,paleo-climate,pollen,quaternary},
lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13090835},
number = {5}
}2011 (1)
Global and Regional Analysis of Climate and Human Drivers of Wildfire. Aldersley, A., Murray, S. J., & Cornell, S. E. Science of The Total Environment, 409(18):3472–3481, August, 2011.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Identifying and quantifying the statistical relationships between climate and anthropogenic drivers of fire is important for global biophysical modelling of wildfire and other Earth system processes. This study used regression tree and random forest analysis on global data for various climatic and human variables to establish their relative importance. The main interactions found at the global scale also apply regionally: greatest wildfire burned area is associated with high temperature ($>~$28~°C), intermediate annual rainfall (350-1100~mm), and prolonged dry periods (which varies by region). However, the regions of highest fire incidence do not show clear and systematic behaviour. Thresholds seen in the regression tree split conditions vary, as do the interplay between climatic and anthropogenic variables, so challenges remain in developing robust predictive insight for the most wildfire-threatened regions. Anthropogenic activities alter the spatial extent of wildfires. Gross domestic product (GDP) density is the most important human predictor variable at the regional scale, and burned area is always greater when GDP density is minimised. South America is identified as a region of concern, as anthropogenic factors (notably land conversions) outweigh climatic drivers of wildfire burned area.
@article{aldersleyGlobalRegionalAnalysis2011,
title = {Global and Regional Analysis of Climate and Human Drivers of Wildfire},
author = {Aldersley, Andrew and Murray, Steven J. and Cornell, Sarah E.},
year = {2011},
month = aug,
volume = {409},
pages = {3472--3481},
issn = {0048-9697},
doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.032},
abstract = {Identifying and quantifying the statistical relationships between climate and anthropogenic drivers of fire is important for global biophysical modelling of wildfire and other Earth system processes. This study used regression tree and random forest analysis on global data for various climatic and human variables to establish their relative importance. The main interactions found at the global scale also apply regionally: greatest wildfire burned area is associated with high temperature ({$>~$}28~\textdegree C), intermediate annual rainfall (350-1100~mm), and prolonged dry periods (which varies by region). However, the regions of highest fire incidence do not show clear and systematic behaviour. Thresholds seen in the regression tree split conditions vary, as do the interplay between climatic and anthropogenic variables, so challenges remain in developing robust predictive insight for the most wildfire-threatened regions. Anthropogenic activities alter the spatial extent of wildfires. Gross domestic product (GDP) density is the most important human predictor variable at the regional scale, and burned area is always greater when GDP density is minimised. South America is identified as a region of concern, as anthropogenic factors (notably land conversions) outweigh climatic drivers of wildfire burned area.},
journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-9491913,~to-add-doi-URL,agricultural-land,anthropic-feedback,anthropogenic-impacts,climate,global-scale,population-density,precipitation,regional-scale,temperature,wildfires},
lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-9491913},
number = {18}
}2010 (5)
How important is organic aerosol hygroscopicity to aerosol indirect forcing?. Liu, X. & Wang, J. Environmental Research Letters, 5(4):044010, 10, 2010.
Paper Website bibtex
Paper Website bibtex @article{
title = {How important is organic aerosol hygroscopicity to aerosol indirect forcing?},
type = {article},
year = {2010},
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keywords = {aerosol,climate,cloud,organic},
pages = {044010},
volume = {5},
websites = {http://stacks.iop.org/1748-9326/5/i=4/a=044010?key=crossref.acc2d57099479362c62f0f0d1e9fd49d},
month = {10},
day = {1},
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author = {Liu, Xiaohong and Wang, Jian},
journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
number = {4}
}Climatic Impact of Global-Scale Deforestation: Radiative versus Nonradiative Processes. Davin, E. L. & de Noblet-Ducoudré , N. Journal of Climate, 23(1):97–112, January, 2010.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
A fully coupled land-ocean-atmosphere GCM is used to explore the biogeophysical impact of large-scale deforestation on surface climate. By analyzing the model sensitivity to global-scale replacement of forests by grassland, it is shown that the surface albedo increase owing to deforestation has a cooling effect of -1.36 K globally. On the other hand, forest removal decreases evapotranspiration efficiency and decreases surface roughness, both leading to a global surface warming of 0.24 and 0.29 K, respectively. The net biogeophysical impact of deforestation results from the competition between these effects. Globally, the albedo effect is dominant because of its wider-scale impact, and the net biogeophysical impact of deforestation is thus a cooling of -1 K. Over land, the balance between the different processes varies with latitude. In temperate and boreal zones of the Northern Hemisphere the albedo effect is stronger and deforestation thus induces a cooling. Conversely, in the tropics the net impact of deforestation is a warming, because evapotranspiration efficiency and surface roughness provide the dominant influence. The authors also explore the importance of the ocean coupling in shaping the climate response to deforestation. First, the temperature over ocean responds to the land cover perturbation. Second, even the temperature change over land is greatly affected by the ocean coupling. By assuming fixed oceanic conditions, the net effect of deforestation, averaged over all land areas, is a warming, whereas taking into account the coupling with the ocean leads, on the contrary, to a net land cooling. Furthermore, it is shown that the main parameter involved in the coupling with the ocean is surface albedo. Indeed, a change in albedo modifies temperature and humidity in the whole troposphere, thus enabling the initially land-confined perturbation to be transferred to the ocean. Finally, the radiative forcing framework is discussed in the context of land cover change impact on climate. The experiments herein illustrate that deforestation triggers two opposite types of forcingmechanisms-radiative forcing (owing to surface albedo change) and nonradiative forcing (owing to change in evapotranspiration efficiency and surface roughness)-that exhibit a similar magnitude globally. However, when applying the radiative forcing concept, nonradiative processes are ignored, which may lead to a misrepresentation of land cover change impact on climate. [Excerpt: Conclusions] In this study we addressed the biogeophysical impact of deforestation with a fully coupled land-ocean-atmosphere GCM. We contrasted the climate of a maximally forested earth with the climate resulting from the replacement of forest by grass. Our experimental design allows us to separate the respective roles of surface albedo, evapotranspiration efficiency, and surface roughness in shaping the net biogeophysical effect of deforestation. Whereas our main focus here was on the energy budget and surface temperature, investigations of the response of the hydrological cycle will be conducted in the future. [\n] Increase in surface albedo owing to complete deforestation has a cooling effect on climate (-1.36 K globally). On the other hand, forest removal decreases evapotranspiration efficiency and surface roughness, which warms surface climate (respectively, by 0.24 and 0.29 K globally). The magnitude of these different effects varies regionally. The cooling effect due to albedo change is stronger at high latitudes and affects both land and ocean. Conversely, the warming effect from change in evapotranspiration efficiency and surface roughness is stronger at low latitudes and does not affect the oceans. [\n] The net biogeophysical impact of deforestation results from the competition between these effects. Globally, the albedo effect is dominant and the net biogeophysical impact of deforestation is a cooling of -1 K. This is mainly because the albedo effect spreads over the ocean, whereas the other effects do not. On continents, however, the balance between the different processes changes with latitude. In temperate and boreal zones of the Northern Hemisphere the albedo effect is stronger and deforestation thus induces a cooling, as has already been noticed in previous studies (e.g., Betts 2001; Bounoua et al. 2002). Conversely, in the tropics the net impact of deforestation is a warming because evapotranspiration efficiency and surface roughness provide the dominant influence in these regions. [\n] This study also highlights the importance of the coupling with the ocean. Up to now, most of our knowledge concerning the impact of land cover change on climate comes from atmospheric models not coupled to an ocean model but instead assuming fixed oceanic conditions (e.g., Dickinson and Henderson-Sellers 1988; Nobre et al. 1991; Bonan 1997; Lean and Rowntree 1997; Chase et al. 2000; Gedney and Valdes 2000; Betts 2001; Bounoua et al. 2002; DeFries et al. 2002; Voldoire 2006). Implicitly, this assumption was justified be the fact that the perturbation owing to land cover change is applied to land and not to the ocean. However, our experiments show that taking into account the coupling with the ocean greatly affect the simulated response to deforestation. First, we noted that the ocean surface responds to deforestation by a cooling. Second, even the temperature change over land is strongly affected by the ocean coupling. By not taking into account the coupling with the ocean we would have concluded that the net effect of deforestation, averaged over all land areas, is a warming. By accounting for the ocean coupling, this net effect is of opposite sign. We also further demonstrated that the main parameter involved in the coupling with the ocean is surface albedo. This is because change in albedo modifies temperature and humidity in the whole troposphere, thus enabling the initially land-confined perturbation to be transferred to the ocean. [\n] Finally, the results presented here give some insight concerning the nature of the forcing owing to land cover change. Supporting earlier hypothesis (Pielke et al. 2002; NRC 2005; Davin et al. 2007), we showed that deforestation involves two opposite types of forcing mechanisms: a radiative forcing (owing to surface albedo change) and a nonradiative forcing (owing to change in evapotranspiration efficiency and surface roughness). We quantified the relative importance of these opposite forcings in the context of our complete deforestation experiments and found that, globally, they are of similar magnitude. This result highlights the limitation of the classical radiative forcing framework in which equilibrium temperature change is viewed as a response to a radiative forcing perturbation. Land cover change can also affect equilibrium temperature through nonradiative processes. Historical deforestation took place mostly in temperate regions, and therefore radiative forcing was roughly acceptable in quantifying its effect. Future deforestation, however, is expected to take place in the tropics where nonradiative effects are dominant. Hence, using the radiative forcing framework in the context of future land cover change may lead to a misrepresentation of its impact on climate.
@article{davinClimaticImpactGlobalscale2010,
title = {Climatic Impact of Global-Scale Deforestation: Radiative versus Nonradiative Processes},
author = {Davin, Edouard L. and {de Noblet-Ducoudr{\'e}}, Nathalie},
year = {2010},
month = jan,
volume = {23},
pages = {97--112},
issn = {1520-0442},
doi = {10.1175/2009jcli3102.1},
abstract = {A fully coupled land-ocean-atmosphere GCM is used to explore the biogeophysical impact of large-scale deforestation on surface climate. By analyzing the model sensitivity to global-scale replacement of forests by grassland, it is shown that the surface albedo increase owing to deforestation has a cooling effect of -1.36 K globally. On the other hand, forest removal decreases evapotranspiration efficiency and decreases surface roughness, both leading to a global surface warming of 0.24 and 0.29 K, respectively. The net biogeophysical impact of deforestation results from the competition between these effects. Globally, the albedo effect is dominant because of its wider-scale impact, and the net biogeophysical impact of deforestation is thus a cooling of -1 K. Over land, the balance between the different processes varies with latitude. In temperate and boreal zones of the Northern Hemisphere the albedo effect is stronger and deforestation thus induces a cooling. Conversely, in the tropics the net impact of deforestation is a warming, because evapotranspiration efficiency and surface roughness provide the dominant influence. The authors also explore the importance of the ocean coupling in shaping the climate response to deforestation. First, the temperature over ocean responds to the land cover perturbation. Second, even the temperature change over land is greatly affected by the ocean coupling. By assuming fixed oceanic conditions, the net effect of deforestation, averaged over all land areas, is a warming, whereas taking into account the coupling with the ocean leads, on the contrary, to a net land cooling. Furthermore, it is shown that the main parameter involved in the coupling with the ocean is surface albedo. Indeed, a change in albedo modifies temperature and humidity in the whole troposphere, thus enabling the initially land-confined perturbation to be transferred to the ocean. Finally, the radiative forcing framework is discussed in the context of land cover change impact on climate. The experiments herein illustrate that deforestation triggers two opposite types of forcingmechanisms-radiative forcing (owing to surface albedo change) and nonradiative forcing (owing to change in evapotranspiration efficiency and surface roughness)-that exhibit a similar magnitude globally. However, when applying the radiative forcing concept, nonradiative processes are ignored, which may lead to a misrepresentation of land cover change impact on climate.
[Excerpt: Conclusions]
In this study we addressed the biogeophysical impact of deforestation with a fully coupled land-ocean-atmosphere GCM. We contrasted the climate of a maximally forested earth with the climate resulting from the replacement of forest by grass. Our experimental design allows us to separate the respective roles of surface albedo, evapotranspiration efficiency, and surface roughness in shaping the net biogeophysical effect of deforestation. Whereas our main focus here was on the energy budget and surface temperature, investigations of the response of the hydrological cycle will be conducted in the future.
[\textbackslash n] Increase in surface albedo owing to complete deforestation has a cooling effect on climate (-1.36 K globally). On the other hand, forest removal decreases evapotranspiration efficiency and surface roughness, which warms surface climate (respectively, by 0.24 and 0.29 K globally). The magnitude of these different effects varies regionally. The cooling effect due to albedo change is stronger at high latitudes and affects both land and ocean. Conversely, the warming effect from change in evapotranspiration efficiency and surface roughness is stronger at low latitudes and does not affect the oceans.
[\textbackslash n] The net biogeophysical impact of deforestation results from the competition between these effects. Globally, the albedo effect is dominant and the net biogeophysical impact of deforestation is a cooling of -1 K. This is mainly because the albedo effect spreads over the ocean, whereas the other effects do not. On continents, however, the balance between the different processes changes with latitude. In temperate and boreal zones of the Northern Hemisphere the albedo effect is stronger and deforestation thus induces a cooling, as has already been noticed in previous studies (e.g., Betts 2001; Bounoua et al. 2002). Conversely, in the tropics the net impact of deforestation is a warming because evapotranspiration efficiency and surface roughness provide the dominant influence in these regions.
[\textbackslash n] This study also highlights the importance of the coupling with the ocean. Up to now, most of our knowledge concerning the impact of land cover change on climate comes from atmospheric models not coupled to an ocean model but instead assuming fixed oceanic conditions (e.g., Dickinson and Henderson-Sellers 1988; Nobre et al. 1991; Bonan 1997; Lean and Rowntree 1997; Chase et al. 2000; Gedney and Valdes 2000; Betts 2001; Bounoua et al. 2002; DeFries et al. 2002; Voldoire 2006). Implicitly, this assumption was justified be the fact that the perturbation owing to land cover change is applied to land and not to the ocean. However, our experiments show that taking into account the coupling with the ocean greatly affect the simulated response to deforestation. First, we noted that the ocean surface responds to deforestation by a cooling. Second, even the temperature change over land is strongly affected by the ocean coupling. By not taking into account the coupling with the ocean we would have concluded that the net effect of deforestation, averaged over all land areas, is a warming. By accounting for the ocean coupling, this net effect is of opposite sign. We also further demonstrated that the main parameter involved in the coupling with the ocean is surface albedo. This is because change in albedo modifies temperature and humidity in the whole troposphere, thus enabling the initially land-confined perturbation to be transferred to the ocean.
[\textbackslash n] Finally, the results presented here give some insight concerning the nature of the forcing owing to land cover change. Supporting earlier hypothesis (Pielke et al. 2002; NRC 2005; Davin et al. 2007), we showed that deforestation involves two opposite types of forcing mechanisms: a radiative forcing (owing to surface albedo change) and a nonradiative forcing (owing to change in evapotranspiration efficiency and surface roughness). We quantified the relative importance of these opposite forcings in the context of our complete deforestation experiments and found that, globally, they are of similar magnitude. This result highlights the limitation of the classical radiative forcing framework in which equilibrium temperature change is viewed as a response to a radiative forcing perturbation. Land cover change can also affect equilibrium temperature through nonradiative processes. Historical deforestation took place mostly in temperate regions, and therefore radiative forcing was roughly acceptable in quantifying its effect. Future deforestation, however, is expected to take place in the tropics where nonradiative effects are dominant. Hence, using the radiative forcing framework in the context of future land cover change may lead to a misrepresentation of its impact on climate.},
journal = {Journal of Climate},
keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-6519442,~to-add-doi-URL,albedo,boreal-forests,climate,complexity,deforestation,evapotranspiration,feedback,forest-resources,global-climate-models,humidity,land-cover,large-vs-wide-scale,oceans,off-site-effects,surface-roughness,temperate-forests,temperature,trade-offs,tropical-forests,wide-scale},
lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-6519442},
number = {1}
}Air masses types over the remote Alborán Island. Valenzuela, A., Olmo, F., J., Lyamani, H., Muñoz, M., J., G., & Quirantes, A. 2010.
Paper bibtex
Paper bibtex @article{
title = {Air masses types over the remote Alborán Island},
type = {article},
year = {2010},
keywords = {aerosol optical properties,aerosol origin sources,an enormous effort has,avalenzuela,been,climate,done to determine the,during the last decades,effects of aerosols on,es,presenting author email,remote island,ugr},
pages = {18006},
id = {3efac48b-6903-34c1-8620-20253d10d3c7},
created = {2014-05-31T04:19:20.000Z},
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bibtype = {article},
author = {Valenzuela, A and Olmo, F J and Lyamani, H and Muñoz, M J Granados and Quirantes, A},
number = {2006}
}Global phytoplankton decline over the past century. Boyce, D. G., Lewis, M. R., & Worm, B. Nature, 466(7306):591–596, 2010. 00599
Paper abstract bibtex
Paper abstract bibtex n the oceans, ubiquitous microscopic phototrophs (phytoplankton) account for approximately half the production of organic matter on Earth. Analyses of satellite-derived phytoplankton concentration (available since 1979) have suggested decadal-scale fluctuations linked to climate forcing, but the length of this record is insufficient to resolve longer-term trends. Here we combine available ocean transparency measurements and in situ chlorophyll observations to estimate the time dependence of phytoplankton biomass ...
@article{boyce_global_2010,
title = {Global phytoplankton decline over the past century},
volume = {466},
url = {http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7306/abs/nature09268.html},
abstract = {n the oceans, ubiquitous microscopic phototrophs (phytoplankton) account for
approximately half the production of organic matter on Earth. Analyses of satellite-derived
phytoplankton concentration (available since 1979) have suggested decadal-scale
fluctuations linked to climate forcing, but the length of this record is insufficient to resolve
longer-term trends. Here we combine available ocean transparency measurements and in
situ chlorophyll observations to estimate the time dependence of phytoplankton biomass ...},
number = {7306},
urldate = {2016-12-06},
journal = {Nature},
author = {Boyce, Daniel G. and Lewis, Marlon R. and Worm, Boris},
year = {2010},
note = {00599},
keywords = {biodiversity, boundaries, collapse, oceans},
pages = {591--596},
file = {Boyce et al. - 2010 - Global phytoplankton decline over the past century.pdf:C\:\\Users\\rsrs\\Documents\\Zotero Database\\storage\\KF6QVR3U\\Boyce et al. - 2010 - Global phytoplankton decline over the past century.pdf:application/pdf}
}Oxygen- and capacity-limitation of thermal tolerance: a matrix for integrating climate-related stressor effects in marine ecosystems. Pörtner, H. The Journal of experimental biology, 213(6):881-93, 3, 2010.
Paper Website abstract bibtex
Paper Website abstract bibtex The concept of oxygen- and capacity-dependent thermal tolerance in aquatic ectotherms has successfully explained climate-induced effects of rising temperatures on species abundance in the field. Oxygen supply to tissues and the resulting aerobic performance characters thus form a primary link between organismal fitness and its role and functioning at the ecosystem level. The thermal window of performance in water breathers matches their window of aerobic scope. Loss of performance reflects the earliest level of thermal stress, caused by hypoxaemia and the progressive mismatch of oxygen supply and demand at the borders of the thermal envelope. Oxygen deficiency elicits the transition to passive tolerance and associated systemic and cellular stress signals like hormonal responses or oxidative stress as well as the use of protection mechanisms like heat shock proteins at thermal extremes. Thermal acclimatization between seasons or adaptation to a climate regime involves shifting thermal windows and adjusting window widths. The need to specialize on a limited temperature range results from temperature-dependent trade-offs at several hierarchical levels, from molecular structure to whole-organism functioning, and may also support maximized energy efficiency. Various environmental factors like CO(2) (ocean acidification) and hypoxia interact with these principal relationships. Existing knowledge suggests that these factors elicit metabolic depression supporting passive tolerance to thermal extremes. However, they also exacerbate hypoxaemia, causing a narrowing of thermal performance windows and prematurely leading the organism to the limits of its thermal acclimation capacity. The conceptual analysis suggests that the relationships between energy turnover, the capacities of activity and other functions and the width of thermal windows may lead to an integrative understanding of specialization on climate and, as a thermal matrix, of sensitivity to climate change and the factors involved. Such functional relationships might also relate to climate-induced changes in species interactions and, thus, community responses at the ecosystem level.
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title = {Oxygen- and capacity-limitation of thermal tolerance: a matrix for integrating climate-related stressor effects in marine ecosystems.},
type = {article},
year = {2010},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {Acclimatization,Acclimatization: physiology,Animals,Anoxia,Carbon Dioxide,Climate,Climate Change,Ecosystem,Humans,Oxygen,Oxygen: metabolism,Seawater,Temperature},
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volume = {213},
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abstract = {The concept of oxygen- and capacity-dependent thermal tolerance in aquatic ectotherms has successfully explained climate-induced effects of rising temperatures on species abundance in the field. Oxygen supply to tissues and the resulting aerobic performance characters thus form a primary link between organismal fitness and its role and functioning at the ecosystem level. The thermal window of performance in water breathers matches their window of aerobic scope. Loss of performance reflects the earliest level of thermal stress, caused by hypoxaemia and the progressive mismatch of oxygen supply and demand at the borders of the thermal envelope. Oxygen deficiency elicits the transition to passive tolerance and associated systemic and cellular stress signals like hormonal responses or oxidative stress as well as the use of protection mechanisms like heat shock proteins at thermal extremes. Thermal acclimatization between seasons or adaptation to a climate regime involves shifting thermal windows and adjusting window widths. The need to specialize on a limited temperature range results from temperature-dependent trade-offs at several hierarchical levels, from molecular structure to whole-organism functioning, and may also support maximized energy efficiency. Various environmental factors like CO(2) (ocean acidification) and hypoxia interact with these principal relationships. Existing knowledge suggests that these factors elicit metabolic depression supporting passive tolerance to thermal extremes. However, they also exacerbate hypoxaemia, causing a narrowing of thermal performance windows and prematurely leading the organism to the limits of its thermal acclimation capacity. The conceptual analysis suggests that the relationships between energy turnover, the capacities of activity and other functions and the width of thermal windows may lead to an integrative understanding of specialization on climate and, as a thermal matrix, of sensitivity to climate change and the factors involved. Such functional relationships might also relate to climate-induced changes in species interactions and, thus, community responses at the ecosystem level.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Pörtner, H-O},
journal = {The Journal of experimental biology},
number = {6}
}2009 (8)
Developing the next-generation climate system models: challenges and achievements. Slingo, J., Bates, K., Nikiforakis, N., Piggott, M., Roberts, M. J., Shaffrey, L. C., Stevens, I., Vidale, Luigi, P., & Weller, H. Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences, 367(1890):815--31, March, 2009.
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex Although climate models have been improving in accuracy and efficiency over the past few decades, it now seems that these incremental improvements may be slowing. As tera/petascale computing becomes massively parallel, our legacy codes are less suitable, and even with the increased resolution that we are now beginning to use, these models cannot represent the multiscale nature of the climate system. This paper argues that it may be time to reconsider the use of adaptive mesh refinement for weather and climate forecasting in order to achieve good scaling and representation of the wide range of spatial scales in the atmosphere and ocean. Furthermore, the challenge of introducing living organisms and human responses into climate system models is only just beginning to be tackled. We do not yet have a clear framework in which to approach the problem, but it is likely to cover such a huge number of different scales and processes that radically different methods may have to be considered. The challenges of multiscale modelling and petascale computing provide an opportunity to consider a fresh approach to numerical modelling of the climate (or Earth) system, which takes advantage of the computational fluid dynamics developments in other fields and brings new perspectives on how to incorporate Earth system processes. This paper reviews some of the current issues in climate (and, by implication, Earth) system modelling, and asks the question whether a new generation of models is needed to tackle these problems.
@article{ Slingo2009a,
author = {Slingo, Julia and Bates, Kevin and Nikiforakis, Nikos and Piggott,
Matthew and Roberts, Malcolm J. and Shaffrey, Len C. and Stevens,
Ian and Vidale, Pier Luigi and Weller, Hilary},
title = {{Developing the next-generation climate system models: challenges
and achievements.}},
journal = {Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and
engineering sciences},
year = {2009},
volume = {367},
pages = {815--31},
number = {1890},
month = {March},
abstract = {Although climate models have been improving in accuracy and efficiency
over the past few decades, it now seems that these incremental improvements
may be slowing. As tera/petascale computing becomes massively parallel,
our legacy codes are less suitable, and even with the increased resolution
that we are now beginning to use, these models cannot represent the
multiscale nature of the climate system. This paper argues that it
may be time to reconsider the use of adaptive mesh refinement for
weather and climate forecasting in order to achieve good scaling
and representation of the wide range of spatial scales in the atmosphere
and ocean. Furthermore, the challenge of introducing living organisms
and human responses into climate system models is only just beginning
to be tackled. We do not yet have a clear framework in which to approach
the problem, but it is likely to cover such a huge number of different
scales and processes that radically different methods may have to
be considered. The challenges of multiscale modelling and petascale
computing provide an opportunity to consider a fresh approach to
numerical modelling of the climate (or Earth) system, which takes
advantage of the computational fluid dynamics developments in other
fields and brings new perspectives on how to incorporate Earth system
processes. This paper reviews some of the current issues in climate
(and, by implication, Earth) system modelling, and asks the question
whether a new generation of models is needed to tackle these problems.},
doi = {10.1098/rsta.2008.0207},
file = {:Users/reinhard/Documents/articles/mendeley/Slingo et al‥ 2009. Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1364-503X},
keywords = {Climate,Climatic Processes,Computer Simulation,Ecology,Ecology: methods,Ecology:
trends,Internet,Models,Research,Research: trends,Science,Science:
methods,Science: trends,Theoretical},
pmid = {19087925},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19087925}
}Latitudinal trends in Spartina alterniflora productivity and the response of coastal marshes to global change. Kirwan, M. L., Guntenspergen, G., & Morris, J. Global Change Biology, 2009.
bibtex
bibtex
@article{kirwan_latitudinal_2009,
title = {Latitudinal trends in {Spartina} alterniflora productivity and the response of coastal marshes to global change.},
journal = {Global Change Biology},
author = {Kirwan, M. L. and Guntenspergen, G.R. and Morris, J.T.},
year = {2009},
keywords = {disturbance, PIE, PIE LTER, sea level, primary production, wetland, climate, biomass, organic matter, temperature, warming}
}GHG Emission Reductions with Industrial Biotechnology: Assessing the Opportunities . Buttazzoni, M. 2009.
bibtex
bibtex
@misc{
title = {GHG Emission Reductions with Industrial Biotechnology: Assessing the Opportunities },
type = {misc},
year = {2009},
keywords = {Biofuel, industrial, climate, biobased, green, car},
websites = {http://assets.panda.org/downloads/wwf_biotech_technical_report.pdf},
publisher = {WWF},
city = {Palmetto FL},
id = {59904f5e-e10d-3331-8d71-b2e459b12e49},
created = {2012-01-04T21:04:39.000Z},
file_attached = {false},
profile_id = {1a467167-0a41-3583-a6a3-034c31031332},
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last_modified = {2012-01-05T12:55:08.000Z},
read = {false},
starred = {false},
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confirmed = {true},
hidden = {false},
source_type = {Electronic Article},
bibtype = {misc},
author = {Buttazzoni, Marco}
}Insect rate-temperature relationships: environmental variation and the metabolic theory of ecology. Irlich, U., M., Terblanche, J., S., Blackburn, T., M., & Chown, S., L. Am Nat, 174(6):819-835, 12, 2009.
Website abstract bibtex
Website abstract bibtex Much of the recent discussion concerning the form and underlying mechanistic basis of metabolic rate-temperature and development rate-temperature relationships has been precipitated by the development of the metabolic theory of ecology (MTE). Empirical tests of the theory's fundamental equation are an essential component of establishing its validity. Here, we test the temperature component of the fundamental equation of the MTE as it applies to metabolic rate and development rate, using insects as model organisms. Specifically, we test (i) whether mean activation energies, E, approximate the 0.65 eV value proposed by the proponents of the MTE and whether the range of values is tightly constrained between 0.6 and 0.7 eV, as they have argued; (ii) whether phylogenetic signal is apparent in the rate-temperature relationships; (iii) whether the slopes of the rate-temperature relationships show consistent, directional variation associated with environmental variables; and (iv) whether intra- and interspecific rate-temperature relationships differ significantly. Because the majority of activation energy values fell outside the predicted range and rate-temperature relationships showed consistent directional variation correlated with large-scale climatic variation, we conclude that data from insects provide only limited support for the MTE. In consequence, we consider alternative explanations for variation in rate-temperature relationships.
@article{
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abstract = {Much of the recent discussion concerning the form and underlying mechanistic basis of metabolic rate-temperature and development rate-temperature relationships has been precipitated by the development of the metabolic theory of ecology (MTE). Empirical tests of the theory's fundamental equation are an essential component of establishing its validity. Here, we test the temperature component of the fundamental equation of the MTE as it applies to metabolic rate and development rate, using insects as model organisms. Specifically, we test (i) whether mean activation energies, E, approximate the 0.65 eV value proposed by the proponents of the MTE and whether the range of values is tightly constrained between 0.6 and 0.7 eV, as they have argued; (ii) whether phylogenetic signal is apparent in the rate-temperature relationships; (iii) whether the slopes of the rate-temperature relationships show consistent, directional variation associated with environmental variables; and (iv) whether intra- and interspecific rate-temperature relationships differ significantly. Because the majority of activation energy values fell outside the predicted range and rate-temperature relationships showed consistent directional variation correlated with large-scale climatic variation, we conclude that data from insects provide only limited support for the MTE. In consequence, we consider alternative explanations for variation in rate-temperature relationships.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Irlich, Ulrike M and Terblanche, John S and Blackburn, Tim M and Chown, Steven L},
journal = {Am Nat},
number = {6}
}Communicating Climate Change: Why Frames Matter for Public Engagement. Nisbet, M. C. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 51(2):12–23, 2009.
Paper doi bibtex
Paper doi bibtex @article{nisbet_communicating_2009,
title = {Communicating {Climate} {Change}: {Why} {Frames} {Matter} for {Public} {Engagement}},
volume = {51},
issn = {0013-9157},
shorttitle = {Communicating {Climate} {Change}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3200/ENVT.51.2.12-23},
doi = {10.3200/ENVT.51.2.12-23},
number = {2},
urldate = {2014-02-12},
journal = {Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development},
author = {Nisbet, Matthew C.},
year = {2009},
keywords = {psychology, collapse, climate, denial},
pages = {12--23},
file = {Nisbet - 2009 - Communicating Climate Change Why Frames Matter fo.pdf:C\:\\Users\\rsrs\\Documents\\Zotero Database\\storage\\7KTKI8JM\\Nisbet - 2009 - Communicating Climate Change Why Frames Matter fo.pdf:application/pdf}
}A comparison of soil organic carbon stocks between residential turf grass and native soil. Pouyat, R. V., Yesilonis, I. D., & Golubiewski, N. E. Urban Ecosystems, 2009.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
A central principle in urban ecological theory implies that in urbanized landscapes anthropogenic drivers will dominate natural drivers in the control of soil organic carbon storage (SOC). To assess the effect of urban land-use change on the storage of SOC, we compared SOC stocks of turf grass and native cover types of two metropolitan areas (Baltimore, MD, and Denver, CO) representing climatologically distinct regions in the United States. We hypothesized that introducing turf grass and management will lead to higher SOC densities in the arid Denver area and lower densities in the mesic Baltimore area relative to native cover types. Moreover, differences between turf grass soils will be less than differences between the native soils of each metropolitan region. Within Baltimore, turf grass had almost a 2-fold higher SOC density at 0- to 1-m and 0- to 20-cm depths than in rural forest soils, whereas there were no differences with soils of urban forest remnants. Moreover, urban forest remnants had more than 70% higher SOC densities than rural forest soils. Within Denver, turf grass (\textgreater25 years of age) had more than 2-fold higher SOC densities than in shortgrass steppe soils, while having similar densities to Baltimore turf grass soils. By contrast, the native soils of Baltimore were almost 2-fold higher than the native steppe grass soils of Denver using SOC densities of remnant forests as representative of native soils in the Baltimore region. These results supported our hypothesis that turf grass systems will be similar in SOC densities across regional variations in climate, parent material, and topography. These similarities are apparently due to greater management efforts in the Denver region to offset the constraint of climate, i.e., anthropogenic factors (management supplements) overwhelmed native environmental factors that control SOC storage.
@article{pouyat_comparison_2009,
title = {A comparison of soil organic carbon stocks between residential turf grass and native soil},
volume = {12},
abstract = {A central principle in urban ecological theory implies that in urbanized landscapes anthropogenic drivers will dominate natural drivers in the control of soil organic carbon storage (SOC). To assess the effect of urban land-use change on the storage of SOC, we compared SOC stocks of turf grass and native cover types of two metropolitan areas (Baltimore, MD, and Denver, CO) representing climatologically distinct regions in the United States. We hypothesized that introducing turf grass and management will lead to higher SOC densities in the arid Denver area and lower densities in the mesic Baltimore area relative to native cover types. Moreover, differences between turf grass soils will be less than differences between the native soils of each metropolitan region. Within Baltimore, turf grass had almost a 2-fold higher SOC density at 0- to 1-m and 0- to 20-cm depths than in rural forest soils, whereas there were no differences with soils of urban forest remnants. Moreover, urban forest remnants had more than 70\% higher SOC densities than rural forest soils. Within Denver, turf grass ({\textgreater}25 years of age) had more than 2-fold higher SOC densities than in shortgrass steppe soils, while having similar densities to Baltimore turf grass soils. By contrast, the native soils of Baltimore were almost 2-fold higher than the native steppe grass soils of Denver using SOC densities of remnant forests as representative of native soils in the Baltimore region. These results supported our hypothesis that turf grass systems will be similar in SOC densities across regional variations in climate, parent material, and topography. These similarities are apparently due to greater management efforts in the Denver region to offset the constraint of climate, i.e., anthropogenic factors (management supplements) overwhelmed native environmental factors that control SOC storage.},
number = {1 Special Issue on Soils},
journal = {Urban Ecosystems},
author = {Pouyat, R. V. and Yesilonis, I. D. and Golubiewski, N. E.},
year = {2009},
keywords = {BES, land use, landscape, urban, climate, management, soil, soils, carbon, forest, baltimore, organic, land use change, lawns, area, lead, turf grass}
}Industrial biotechnology More than green fuel in a dirty economy? Exploring the transformational potential of industrial biotechnology on the way to a green economy. John Kornerup Bang Marco Buttazzoni, A., F. 2009.
bibtex
bibtex
@misc{
title = {Industrial biotechnology More than green fuel in a dirty economy? Exploring the transformational potential of industrial biotechnology on the way to a green economy},
type = {misc},
year = {2009},
keywords = {biofuel, industrial, climate, biobased, green, car},
websites = {http://assets.panda.org/downloads/wwf_biotech.pdf},
publisher = {WWF Denmark},
id = {20470c2f-ef88-37fe-b920-f5188a3aa399},
created = {2012-01-05T13:06:03.000Z},
file_attached = {false},
profile_id = {1a467167-0a41-3583-a6a3-034c31031332},
group_id = {0e532975-1a47-38a4-ace8-4fe5968bcd72},
last_modified = {2012-01-05T13:14:23.000Z},
read = {false},
starred = {false},
authored = {false},
confirmed = {true},
hidden = {false},
source_type = {Electronic Article},
bibtype = {misc},
author = {John Kornerup Bang Marco Buttazzoni, Andreas Follér}
}A compilation of data on European flash floods. Gaume, E., Bain, V., Bernardara, P., Newinger, O., Barbuc, M., Bateman, A., Blaškovičová, L., Blöschl, G., Borga, M., Dumitrescu, A., Daliakopoulos, I., Garcia, J., Irimescu, A., Kohnova, S., Koutroulis, A., Marchi, L., Matreata, S., Medina, V., Preciso, E., Sempere-Torres, D., Stancalie, G., Szolgay, J., Tsanis, I., Velasco, D., & Viglione, A. Journal of Hydrology, 367(1-2):70--78, March, 2009.
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex Flash floods are one of the most significant natural hazards in Europe, causing serious risk to life and destruction of buildings and infrastructure. This type of flood, often affecting ungauged watersheds, remains nevertheless a poorly documented phenomenon. To address the gap in available information, and particularly to assess the possible ranges for peak discharges on watersheds with area smaller than 500 km2 and to describe the geography of the hazard across Europe, an intensive data compilation has been carried out for seven European hydrometeorological regions. This inventory is the first step towards an atlas of extreme flash floods in Europe. It contains over 550 documented events. This paper aims at presenting the data compilation strategy, the content of the elaborated data base and some preliminary data analysis results. The initial observations show that the most extreme flash floods are greater in magnitude in the Mediterranean countries than in the inner continental countries and that there is a strong seasonality to flash flood occurrence revealing different climatic forcing mechanisms in each region.
@article{citeulike:13217490,
abstract = {Flash floods are one of the most significant natural hazards in Europe, causing serious risk to life and destruction of buildings and infrastructure. This type of flood, often affecting ungauged watersheds, remains nevertheless a poorly documented phenomenon. To address the gap in available information, and particularly to assess the possible ranges for peak discharges on watersheds with area smaller than 500 km2 and to describe the geography of the hazard across Europe, an intensive data compilation has been carried out for seven European hydrometeorological regions. This inventory is the first step towards an atlas of extreme flash floods in Europe. It contains over 550 documented events. This paper aims at presenting the data compilation strategy, the content of the elaborated data base and some preliminary data analysis results. The initial observations show that the most extreme flash floods are greater in magnitude in the Mediterranean countries than in the inner continental countries and that there is a strong seasonality to flash flood occurrence revealing different climatic forcing mechanisms in each region.},
author = {Gaume, Eric and Bain, Valerie and Bernardara, Pietro and Newinger, Olivier and Barbuc, Mihai and Bateman, Allen and Bla\v{s}kovi\v{c}ov\'{a}, Lotta and Bl\"{o}schl, G\"{u}nter and Borga, Marco and Dumitrescu, Alexandru and Daliakopoulos, Ioannis and Garcia, Joachim and Irimescu, Anisoara and Kohnova, Silvia and Koutroulis, Aristeidis and Marchi, Lorenzo and Matreata, Simona and Medina, Vicente and Preciso, Emanuele and Sempere-Torres, Daniel and Stancalie, Gheorghe and Szolgay, Jan and Tsanis, Ioannis and Velasco, David and Viglione, Alberto},
citeulike-article-id = {13217490},
citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.12.028},
citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=8673629130565874765},
citeulike-linkout-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.12.028},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.12.028},
issn = {0022-1694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {climate, data, europe, flash-flood, floods, hydrology, multiauthor, runoff, storm, water-resources},
month = mar,
number = {1-2},
pages = {70--78},
posted-at = {2014-06-10 09:44:26},
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title = {A compilation of data on European flash floods},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.12.028},
volume = {367},
year = {2009}
}2008 (5)
In a changing climate, cities worsen water quality. Engelhaupt, E. Environmental Science & Technology, 2008.
bibtex
bibtex
@article{engelhaupt_changing_2008,
title = {In a changing climate, cities worsen water quality},
volume = {42},
number = {16},
journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
author = {Engelhaupt, E.},
year = {2008},
keywords = {BES, water quality, climate, water}
}Understanding and forecasting the effects of sea level rise and intense windstorms on coastal and upland ecosystems: the need for a continental-scale network of observatories. Hopkinson, C. S., Lugo, A., Alber, M., Covich, A., & Van Bloem, S. J. Frontiers in Ecology, 2008.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
We identify a continental-scale network of sites to evaluate how two aspects of climate change
@article{hopkinson_understanding_2008,
title = {Understanding and forecasting the effects of sea level rise and intense windstorms on coastal and upland ecosystems: the need for a continental-scale network of observatories},
volume = {6},
abstract = {We identify a continental-scale network of sites to evaluate how two aspects of climate change},
number = {5},
journal = {Frontiers in Ecology},
author = {Hopkinson, Charles S. and Lugo, Ariel. and Alber, Merryl. and Covich, Alan. and Van Bloem, S. J.},
year = {2008},
keywords = {GCE, Network, PIE, climate, coastal, forecasting, meteorology, observatories, sea level, upland, windstorms}
}Global health equity and climate stabilisation: a common agenda. Friel, S., Marmot, M., McMichael, A., J., Kjellstrom, T., & Vågerö, D. Lancet, 372(9650):1677-83, 11, 2008.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Although health has improved for many people, the extent of health inequities between and within countries is growing. Meanwhile, humankind is disrupting the global climate and other life-supporting environmental systems, thereby creating serious risks for health and wellbeing, especially in vulnerable populations but ultimately for everybody. Underlying determinants of health inequity and environmental change overlap substantially; they are signs of an economic system predicated on asymmetric growth and competition, shaped by market forces that mostly disregard health and environmental consequences rather than by values of fairness and support. A shift is needed in priorities in economic development towards healthy forms of urbanisation, more efficient and renewable energy sources, and a sustainable and fairer food system. Global interconnectedness and interdependence enable the social and environmental determinants of health to be addressed in ways that will increase health equity, reduce poverty, and build societies that live within environmental limits.
@article{
title = {Global health equity and climate stabilisation: a common agenda.},
type = {article},
year = {2008},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
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pages = {1677-83},
volume = {372},
websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18994666},
month = {11},
day = {8},
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abstract = {Although health has improved for many people, the extent of health inequities between and within countries is growing. Meanwhile, humankind is disrupting the global climate and other life-supporting environmental systems, thereby creating serious risks for health and wellbeing, especially in vulnerable populations but ultimately for everybody. Underlying determinants of health inequity and environmental change overlap substantially; they are signs of an economic system predicated on asymmetric growth and competition, shaped by market forces that mostly disregard health and environmental consequences rather than by values of fairness and support. A shift is needed in priorities in economic development towards healthy forms of urbanisation, more efficient and renewable energy sources, and a sustainable and fairer food system. Global interconnectedness and interdependence enable the social and environmental determinants of health to be addressed in ways that will increase health equity, reduce poverty, and build societies that live within environmental limits.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Friel, Sharon and Marmot, Michael and McMichael, Anthony J and Kjellstrom, Tord and Vågerö, Denny},
journal = {Lancet},
number = {9650}
}A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems. Halpern, B., S., Walbridge, S., Selkoe, K., a., Kappel, C., V., Micheli, F., D'Agrosa, C., Bruno, J., F., Casey, K., S., Ebert, C., Fox, H., E., Fujita, R., Heinemann, D., Lenihan, H., S., Madin, E., M., P., Perry, M., T., Selig, E., R., Spalding, M., Steneck, R., & Watson, R. Science (New York, N.Y.), 319(5865):948-52, 2, 2008.
Website abstract bibtex
Website abstract bibtex The management and conservation of the world's oceans require synthesis of spatial data on the distribution and intensity of human activities and the overlap of their impacts on marine ecosystems. We developed an ecosystem-specific, multiscale spatial model to synthesize 17 global data sets of anthropogenic drivers of ecological change for 20 marine ecosystems. Our analysis indicates that no area is unaffected by human influence and that a large fraction (41%) is strongly affected by multiple drivers. However, large areas of relatively little human impact remain, particularly near the poles. The analytical process and resulting maps provide flexible tools for regional and global efforts to allocate conservation resources; to implement ecosystem-based management; and to inform marine spatial planning, education, and basic research.
@article{
title = {A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems.},
type = {article},
year = {2008},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {Animals,Climate,Conservation of Natural Resources,Ecosystem,Fisheries,Human Activities,Humans,Mathematics,Models, Theoretical,Oceans and Seas},
pages = {948-52},
volume = {319},
websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18276889},
month = {2},
day = {15},
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abstract = {The management and conservation of the world's oceans require synthesis of spatial data on the distribution and intensity of human activities and the overlap of their impacts on marine ecosystems. We developed an ecosystem-specific, multiscale spatial model to synthesize 17 global data sets of anthropogenic drivers of ecological change for 20 marine ecosystems. Our analysis indicates that no area is unaffected by human influence and that a large fraction (41%) is strongly affected by multiple drivers. However, large areas of relatively little human impact remain, particularly near the poles. The analytical process and resulting maps provide flexible tools for regional and global efforts to allocate conservation resources; to implement ecosystem-based management; and to inform marine spatial planning, education, and basic research.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Halpern, Benjamin S and Walbridge, Shaun and Selkoe, Kimberly a and Kappel, Carrie V and Micheli, Fiorenza and D'Agrosa, Caterina and Bruno, John F and Casey, Kenneth S and Ebert, Colin and Fox, Helen E and Fujita, Rod and Heinemann, Dennis and Lenihan, Hunter S and Madin, Elizabeth M P and Perry, Matthew T and Selig, Elizabeth R and Spalding, Mark and Steneck, Robert and Watson, Reg},
journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
number = {5865}
}Interaction between urbanization and climate variability amplifies watershed nitrate export in Maryland. Kaushal, S. S., Findlay, S. E. G., Fisher, G. T., Groffman, P., Band, L. E., Shields, C. A., Morgan, R. P., Palmer, M., Eshleman, K. N., Belt, K. T., & Swan, C. M. Environmental Science & Technology, 2008.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
We investigated regional effects of urbanization and land use change on nitrate concentrations in approximately 1,000 small streams in Maryland during record drought and wet years in 2001−2003. We also investigated changes in nitrate-N export during the same time period in 8 intensively monitored small watersheds across an urbanization gradient in Baltimore, Maryland. Nitrate-N concentrations in Maryland were greatest in agricultural streams, urban streams, and forest streams respectively. During the period of record drought and wet years, nitrate-N exports in Baltimore showed substantial variation in 6 suburban/urban streams (2.9−15.3 kg/ha/y), 1 agricultural stream (3.4−38.9 kg/ha/y), and 1 forest stream (0.03−0.2 kg/ha/y). Interannual variability was similar for small Baltimore streams and nearby well-monitored tributaries and coincided with record hypoxia in Chesapeake Bay. Discharge-weighted mean annual nitrate concentrations showed a variable tendency to decrease/increase with changes in annual runoff, although total N export generally increased with annual runoff. N retention in small Baltimore watersheds during the 2002 drought was 85%, 99%, and 94% for suburban, forest, and agricultural watersheds, respectively, and declined to 35%, 91%, and 41% during the wet year of 2003. Our results suggest that urban land use change can increase the vulnerability of ecosystem nitrogen retention functions to climatic variability. Further work is necessary to characterize patterns of nitrate-N export and retention in small urbanizing watersheds under varying climatic conditions to improve future forecasting and watershed scale restoration efforts aimed at improving nitrate-N retention.
@article{kaushal_interaction_2008,
title = {Interaction between urbanization and climate variability amplifies watershed nitrate export in {Maryland}},
volume = {42},
abstract = {We investigated regional effects of urbanization and land use change on nitrate concentrations in approximately 1,000 small streams in Maryland during record drought and wet years in 2001−2003. We also investigated changes in nitrate-N export during the same time period in 8 intensively monitored small watersheds across an urbanization gradient in Baltimore, Maryland. Nitrate-N concentrations in Maryland were greatest in agricultural streams, urban streams, and forest streams respectively. During the period of record drought and wet years, nitrate-N exports in Baltimore showed substantial variation in 6 suburban/urban streams (2.9−15.3 kg/ha/y), 1 agricultural stream (3.4−38.9 kg/ha/y), and 1 forest stream (0.03−0.2 kg/ha/y). Interannual variability was similar for small Baltimore streams and nearby well-monitored tributaries and coincided with record hypoxia in Chesapeake Bay. Discharge-weighted mean annual nitrate concentrations showed a variable tendency to decrease/increase with changes in annual runoff, although total N export generally increased with annual runoff. N retention in small Baltimore watersheds during the 2002 drought was 85\%, 99\%, and 94\% for suburban, forest, and agricultural watersheds, respectively, and declined to 35\%, 91\%, and 41\% during the wet year of 2003. Our results suggest that urban land use change can increase the vulnerability of ecosystem nitrogen retention functions to climatic variability. Further work is necessary to characterize patterns of nitrate-N export and retention in small urbanizing watersheds under varying climatic conditions to improve future forecasting and watershed scale restoration efforts aimed at improving nitrate-N retention.},
number = {16},
journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
author = {Kaushal, S. S. and Findlay, S. E. G. and Fisher, G. T. and Groffman, P.M. and Band, L. E. and Shields, C. A. and Morgan, R. P. and Palmer, M.A. and Eshleman, K. N. and Belt, K. T. and Swan, C. M.},
year = {2008},
keywords = {nitrogen, BES, stream, streams, land use, climate, urbanization, watershed, Maryland}
}2007 (10)
Mineral dust is a sink for chlorine in the marine boundary layer. Sullivan, R., C., Guazzotti, S., A., Sodeman, D., A., Tang, Y., H., Carmichael, G., R., & Prather, K., A. Atmospheric Environment, 41(34):7166-7179, 2007.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Dust particles affect the budgets of important traces gases by providing a surface on which heterogeneous reactions can occur. The uptake of soluble species on dust alters the physical, chemical, and optical properties and the overall ability of dust to act as cloud condensation and ice nuclei. It is commonly assumed that all measured chloride in particulate filter samples is associated with sea-salt particles and any chloride in dust occurs as the result of internal mixtures of sea-salt and dust particles, formed by cloud processing. Here we show high temporal resolution data demonstrating the direct uptake of chlorine by dust via heterogeneous reaction with HCl(g). This reaction added significant amounts of chlorine to the dust particles during a major dust storm, representing 4-9% of the individual dust particle mass. Up to 65 +/- 4% of the dust particles contained chlorine due to this heterogeneous reaction during the dust front. Ignoring this process leads to an overestimation of sea-salt concentrations from bulk measurements, and an underestimation of the degree of sea-salt aging. The uptake of chloride will change the pH and hygroscopic properties of the dust and thus can influence the budgets of other reactive gases. Including this heterogeneous process in atmospheric measurements and chemical transport models will improve our ability to predict the atmosphere's composition and radiation budget with greater accuracy. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
@article{
title = {Mineral dust is a sink for chlorine in the marine boundary layer},
type = {article},
year = {2007},
keywords = {Sea-salt,aerosol,asian dust,atmosphere,california,chemical transport model,chemistry,climate,heterogeneous chemistry,mineral dust,sea-salt aerosol,single-particle analysis,storm particles,sulfate,sulfur},
pages = {7166-7179},
volume = {41},
id = {fcee211e-1e26-3c42-9dd0-f2b75dffafb6},
created = {2014-10-08T16:28:18.000Z},
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citation_key = {Sullivan2007b},
source_type = {Journal Article},
notes = {English<m:linebreak></m:linebreak>1352-2310},
private_publication = {false},
abstract = {Dust particles affect the budgets of important traces gases by providing a surface on which heterogeneous reactions can occur. The uptake of soluble species on dust alters the physical, chemical, and optical properties and the overall ability of dust to act as cloud condensation and ice nuclei. It is commonly assumed that all measured chloride in particulate filter samples is associated with sea-salt particles and any chloride in dust occurs as the result of internal mixtures of sea-salt and dust particles, formed by cloud processing. Here we show high temporal resolution data demonstrating the direct uptake of chlorine by dust via heterogeneous reaction with HCl(g). This reaction added significant amounts of chlorine to the dust particles during a major dust storm, representing 4-9% of the individual dust particle mass. Up to 65 +/- 4% of the dust particles contained chlorine due to this heterogeneous reaction during the dust front. Ignoring this process leads to an overestimation of sea-salt concentrations from bulk measurements, and an underestimation of the degree of sea-salt aging. The uptake of chloride will change the pH and hygroscopic properties of the dust and thus can influence the budgets of other reactive gases. Including this heterogeneous process in atmospheric measurements and chemical transport models will improve our ability to predict the atmosphere's composition and radiation budget with greater accuracy. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Sullivan, R. C. and Guazzotti, S A and Sodeman, D A and Tang, Y H and Carmichael, G R and Prather, Kimberly A},
journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
number = {34}
}Investigations of the diurnal cycle and mixing state of oxalic acid in individual particles in Asian aerosol outflow. Sullivan, R., C. & Prather, K., A. Environmental Science & Technology, 41(23):8062-8069, 2007.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
The mixing state of oxalic acid was measured in Asian outflow during ACE-Asia by direct shipboard measurements using an ATOFMS single-particle mass spectrometer. Oxalic and malonic acids were found to-be predominantly internally mixed with mineral dust and aged sea salt particles. A persistent diurnal cycle of oxalic acid in mineral dust occurred for over 25 days in marine, polluted marine, and dust storm air masses. The preferential enrichment of diacids in mineral dust over carbonaceous particles and their diurnal behavior indicate a photochemical source of the diacids. Oxalate was only detected simultaneously with elevated aged dust particle counts. This suggests that the diurnal production of diacids most likely results from episodic atmospheric processing of the polluted dust aerosol. We propose a mechanism to explain these observations in which the photochemical oxidation of volatile organic compounds is followed by partitioning of the diacids and precursors to the alkaline Asian dust, with subsequent heterogeneous and aqueous oxidation. Our data indicate that the particulate diacids were produced over just a few hours close to the source; no significant production or destruction appears to have occurred during long-range transport to the ship. No evidence of extensive cloud processing of the sampled aerosol was found. This mixing state of diacids has important implications for the solubility and cloud nucleation properties of the dominant fraction of water-soluble organics and the bioavailability of iron in dust.
@article{
title = {Investigations of the diurnal cycle and mixing state of oxalic acid in individual particles in Asian aerosol outflow},
type = {article},
year = {2007},
keywords = {Particulate dicarboxylic-acids,atmosphere,atofms,chemistry,climate,dicarbonyls,dust,long-range transport,mechanisms,organic aerosol},
pages = {8062-8069},
volume = {41},
id = {c7379661-925b-3d8b-a348-9e95efc2a5e1},
created = {2014-10-08T16:28:18.000Z},
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group_id = {02267cec-5558-3876-9cfc-78d056bad5b9},
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read = {true},
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hidden = {false},
citation_key = {Sullivan2007},
source_type = {Journal Article},
notes = {English<m:linebreak></m:linebreak>0013-936X},
private_publication = {false},
abstract = {The mixing state of oxalic acid was measured in Asian outflow during ACE-Asia by direct shipboard measurements using an ATOFMS single-particle mass spectrometer. Oxalic and malonic acids were found to-be predominantly internally mixed with mineral dust and aged sea salt particles. A persistent diurnal cycle of oxalic acid in mineral dust occurred for over 25 days in marine, polluted marine, and dust storm air masses. The preferential enrichment of diacids in mineral dust over carbonaceous particles and their diurnal behavior indicate a photochemical source of the diacids. Oxalate was only detected simultaneously with elevated aged dust particle counts. This suggests that the diurnal production of diacids most likely results from episodic atmospheric processing of the polluted dust aerosol. We propose a mechanism to explain these observations in which the photochemical oxidation of volatile organic compounds is followed by partitioning of the diacids and precursors to the alkaline Asian dust, with subsequent heterogeneous and aqueous oxidation. Our data indicate that the particulate diacids were produced over just a few hours close to the source; no significant production or destruction appears to have occurred during long-range transport to the ship. No evidence of extensive cloud processing of the sampled aerosol was found. This mixing state of diacids has important implications for the solubility and cloud nucleation properties of the dominant fraction of water-soluble organics and the bioavailability of iron in dust.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Sullivan, R. C. and Prather, Kimberly A},
journal = {Environmental Science & Technology},
number = {23}
}On the twilight zone between clouds and aerosols. Koren, I., Remer, L., A., Kaufman, Y., J., Rudich, Y., & Martins, J., V. Geophysical Research Letters, 34(8):-, 2007.
Website abstract bibtex
Website abstract bibtex Cloud and aerosols interact and form a complex system leading to high uncertainty in understanding climate change. To simplify this non-linear system it is customary to distinguish between "cloudy'' and "cloud-free'' areas and measure them separately. However, we find that clouds are surrounded by a "twilight zone'' - a belt of forming and evaporating cloud fragments and hydrated aerosols extending tens of kilometers from the clouds into the so-called cloud-free zone. The gradual transition from cloudy to dry atmosphere is proportional to the aerosol loading, suggesting an additional aerosol effect on the composition and radiation fluxes of the atmosphere. Using AERONET data, we find that the measured aerosol optical depth is higher by 13% +/- 2% in the visible and 22% +/- 2% in the NIR in measurements taken near clouds relative to its value in the measurements taken before or after, and that 30% - 60% of the free atmosphere is affected by this phenomenon.
@article{
title = {On the twilight zone between clouds and aerosols},
type = {article},
year = {2007},
keywords = {air,brazil,climate,cumulus clouds,halos,humidity,impact,pollution,smoke},
pages = {-},
volume = {34},
websites = {<Go to ISI>://000245951000004},
id = {e04bb7bb-460e-39ab-a6c8-6aaa66f95240},
created = {2015-05-08T02:28:54.000Z},
file_attached = {false},
profile_id = {f8c267c4-4c39-31dc-80fa-3a9691373386},
group_id = {63e349d6-2c70-3938-9e67-2f6483f6cbab},
last_modified = {2015-05-08T12:53:37.000Z},
tags = {Amer Geophysical Union},
read = {false},
starred = {false},
authored = {false},
confirmed = {true},
hidden = {false},
source_type = {Journal Article},
notes = {Times Cited: 1<br/>Article<br/>English<br/>Cited References Count: 17<br/>160oa},
abstract = {Cloud and aerosols interact and form a complex system leading to high uncertainty in understanding climate change. To simplify this non-linear system it is customary to distinguish between "cloudy'' and "cloud-free'' areas and measure them separately. However, we find that clouds are surrounded by a "twilight zone'' - a belt of forming and evaporating cloud fragments and hydrated aerosols extending tens of kilometers from the clouds into the so-called cloud-free zone. The gradual transition from cloudy to dry atmosphere is proportional to the aerosol loading, suggesting an additional aerosol effect on the composition and radiation fluxes of the atmosphere. Using AERONET data, we find that the measured aerosol optical depth is higher by 13% +/- 2% in the visible and 22% +/- 2% in the NIR in measurements taken near clouds relative to its value in the measurements taken before or after, and that 30% - 60% of the free atmosphere is affected by this phenomenon.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Koren, I and Remer, L A and Kaufman, Y J and Rudich, Y and Martins, J V},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
number = {8}
}Known and unexplored organic constituents in the earth's atmosphere. Goldstein, A., H. & Galbally, I., E. Environmental Science & Technology, 41(5):1515-1521, 2007.
Paper Website bibtex
Paper Website bibtex @article{
title = {Known and unexplored organic constituents in the earth's atmosphere},
type = {article},
year = {2007},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {aerosols,air,biogenic hydrocarbons,carbon,chemistry,climate,emissions,forest,isoprene,oxidation-products},
pages = {1515-1521},
volume = {41},
websites = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000244467500012,http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es072476p},
id = {139be12a-383c-3556-8201-6d2aaad736de},
created = {2015-06-26T16:04:35.000Z},
accessed = {2013-12-26},
file_attached = {true},
profile_id = {81af7548-db00-3f00-bfa0-1774347c59e1},
group_id = {63e349d6-2c70-3938-9e67-2f6483f6cbab},
last_modified = {2015-07-22T20:38:22.000Z},
read = {true},
starred = {true},
authored = {false},
confirmed = {true},
hidden = {false},
source_type = {Journal Article},
language = {English},
notes = {<b>From Duplicate 1 (<i>Known and unexplored organic constituents in the earth's atmosphere</i> - Goldstein, AH H; Galbally, IE E)<br/></b><br/><b>From Duplicate 1 (<i>Known and unexplored organic constituents in the earth's atmosphere</i> - Goldstein, AH H; Galbally, IE E)<br/></b><br/><b>From Duplicate 1 (<i>Known and unexplored organic constituents in the earth's atmosphere</i> - Goldstein, AH H; Galbally, IE E)<br/></b><br/><b>From Duplicate 1 (<i>Known and unexplored organic constituents in the earth's atmosphere</i> - Goldstein, AH H; Galbally, IE E)<br/></b><br/><b>From Duplicate 1 ( </b><br/><br/><br/><b><br/><br/><br/></b><br/><b><br/><i>Known and unexplored organic constituents in the earth's atmosphere</i><br/></b><br/><b><br/><br/><br/></b><br/><br/><br/><b>- Goldstein, A H; Galbally, I E )<br/><br/><br/><br/></b><br/><br/><br/><br/>Times Cited: 22<br/><br/><b>From Duplicate 2 (<i>Known and unexplored organic constituents in the earth's atmosphere</i> - Goldstein, AH H; Galbally, IE E)<br/></b><br/><b>From Duplicate 1 ( </b><br/><br/><br/><b><br/><br/><br/></b><br/><b><br/><i>Known and unexplored organic constituents in the earth's atmosphere</i><br/></b><br/><b><br/><br/><br/></b><br/><br/><br/><b>- Goldstein, A H; Galbally, I E )<br/><br/><br/><br/></b><br/><br/><br/><br/>Times Cited: 22<br/><br/><br/><br/><b>From Duplicate 2 (</b><br/><b><br/><i>Known and unexplored organic constituents in the earth's atmosphere</i><br/></b><br/><b>- Goldstein, A H; Galbally, I E)<br/><br/></b><br/><br/>139XZ<br/>Times Cited:102<br/>Cited References Count:50<br/><br/><br/><br/><b>From Duplicate 1 ( </b><br/><b><br/><i>Known and unexplored organic constituents in the earth's atmosphere</i><br/></b><br/><b>- Goldstein, AH H; Galbally, IE E )<br/><br/></b><br/><br/><br/><br/>From Duplicate 2 (Known and unexplored organic constituents in the earth's atmosphere - Goldstein, A H; Galbally, I E)<br/><br/><br/>139XZTimes Cited:102Cited References Count:50<br/><br/><br/><br/><b>From Duplicate 2 ( </b><br/><b><br/><i>Known and unexplored organic constituents in the earth's atmosphere</i><br/></b><br/><b>- Goldstein, AH H; Galbally, IE E )<br/><br/></b><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><b>From Duplicate 2 (</b><br/><br/><br/><b><br/><br/><br/></b><br/><b><br/><i>Known and unexplored organic constituents in the earth's atmosphere</i><br/></b><br/><b><br/><br/><br/></b><br/><br/><br/><b>- Goldstein, A H; Galbally, I E)<br/><br/><br/><br/></b><br/><br/><br/><br/>139XZ<br/>Times Cited:102<br/>Cited References Count:50},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Goldstein, AH H and Galbally, IE E},
journal = {Environmental Science & Technology},
number = {5}
}Long-Term Interactions between Mediterranean Climate, Vegetation and Fire Regime at Lago Di Massaciuccoli (Tuscany, Italy). Colombaroli, D., Marchetto, A., & Tinner, W. Journal of Ecology, 95(4):755–770, July, 2007.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
* 1A Holocene sedimentary sequence from a coastal lake in the Mediterranean area (Lago di Massaciuccoli, Tuscany, Italy, 0 m a.s.l.) was sampled for pollen and microscopic charcoal analyses. Contiguous 1-cm samples represent an estimated time interval of c. 13~years, thus providing a high-resolution sequence from 6100 to 5400 cal. years bp. * 2Just before 6000 cal. years bp, sub-Mediterranean and Mediterranean forests were present together with fir (Abies alba), a submontane species that is today absent at low altitudes in the Mediterranean. A sharp vegetational change occurred after 6000 cal. years bp involving a drastic decline of Abies alba around the site. * 3Time-series analyses suggest that increased fire activity at this time caused a strong decline in Abies alba, a highly fire-sensitive species. During 100~years of higher fire incidence, diverse (predominantly evergreen) forest communities were converted to low-diversity fire-prone shrub communities. * 4Cross-correlations reveal that fire during the mid-Holocene hindered the expansion of holm oak (Quercus ilex), the most common tree species today in Mediterranean environments. While the factors that triggered the Holocene expansion of this species in the Mediterranean area are unclear, our results do not support the hypothesis that fire was key for holm oak expansion. * 5Diatom analyses of the same sediment core provide an independent palaeoenvironmental proxy for palaeoclimatic reconstruction. A change in the eutrophy and salinity of the lake occurred just before 6000 cal. years bp, suggesting that a climatic shift towards aridity may have triggered the observed change in hydrology and possibly also in fire regime. * 6Over the millennia fire has decisively contributed to the establishment of the present fire-adapted vegetation type (macchia). Native fire-sensitive species were displaced or repressed, and arboreal vegetation became less diverse. Combined ecological and palaeoecological data may help to assess possible future scenarios of biosphere responses to global change. Our results imply that the forecasted global warming and fire increase may trigger irrecoverable biodiversity losses and shifts in vegetational composition within a few decades or centuries at most. In particular, fire and drought-sensitive vegetation types, such as the relict forests of Abies alba in the Apennines, seem particularly threatened by large-scale displacement.
@article{colombaroliLongtermInteractionsMediterranean2007,
title = {Long-Term Interactions between {{Mediterranean}} Climate, Vegetation and Fire Regime at {{Lago}} Di {{Massaciuccoli}} ({{Tuscany}}, {{Italy}})},
author = {Colombaroli, Daniele and Marchetto, Aldo and Tinner, Willy},
year = {2007},
month = jul,
volume = {95},
pages = {755--770},
issn = {0022-0477},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01240.x},
abstract = {* 1A Holocene sedimentary sequence from a coastal lake in the Mediterranean area (Lago di Massaciuccoli, Tuscany, Italy, 0 m a.s.l.) was sampled for pollen and microscopic charcoal analyses. Contiguous 1-cm samples represent an estimated time interval of c. 13~years, thus providing a high-resolution sequence from 6100 to 5400 cal. years bp. * 2Just before 6000 cal. years bp, sub-Mediterranean and Mediterranean forests were present together with fir (Abies alba), a submontane species that is today absent at low altitudes in the Mediterranean. A sharp vegetational change occurred after 6000 cal. years bp involving a drastic decline of Abies alba around the site. * 3Time-series analyses suggest that increased fire activity at this time caused a strong decline in Abies alba, a highly fire-sensitive species. During 100~years of higher fire incidence, diverse (predominantly evergreen) forest communities were converted to low-diversity fire-prone shrub communities. * 4Cross-correlations reveal that fire during the mid-Holocene hindered the expansion of holm oak (Quercus ilex), the most common tree species today in Mediterranean environments. While the factors that triggered the Holocene expansion of this species in the Mediterranean area are unclear, our results do not support the hypothesis that fire was key for holm oak expansion. * 5Diatom analyses of the same sediment core provide an independent palaeoenvironmental proxy for palaeoclimatic reconstruction. A change in the eutrophy and salinity of the lake occurred just before 6000 cal. years bp, suggesting that a climatic shift towards aridity may have triggered the observed change in hydrology and possibly also in fire regime. * 6Over the millennia fire has decisively contributed to the establishment of the present fire-adapted vegetation type (macchia). Native fire-sensitive species were displaced or repressed, and arboreal vegetation became less diverse. Combined ecological and palaeoecological data may help to assess possible future scenarios of biosphere responses to global change. Our results imply that the forecasted global warming and fire increase may trigger irrecoverable biodiversity losses and shifts in vegetational composition within a few decades or centuries at most. In particular, fire and drought-sensitive vegetation types, such as the relict forests of Abies alba in the Apennines, seem particularly threatened by large-scale displacement.},
journal = {Journal of Ecology},
keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-1399973,climate,fire,long-term,mediterranean-region,tuscany,vegetation},
lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-1399973},
number = {4}
}Global food security under climate change. Schmidhuber, J. & Tubiello, F., N. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(50):19703-8, 12, 2007.
Paper abstract bibtex
Paper abstract bibtex This article reviews the potential impacts of climate change on food security. It is found that of the four main elements of food security, i.e., availability, stability, utilization, and access, only the first is routinely addressed in simulation studies. To this end, published results indicate that the impacts of climate change are significant, however, with a wide projected range (between 5 million and 170 million additional people at risk of hunger by 2080) strongly depending on assumed socio-economic development. The likely impacts of climate change on the other important dimensions of food security are discussed qualitatively, indicating the potential for further negative impacts beyond those currently assessed with models. Finally, strengths and weaknesses of current assessment studies are discussed, suggesting improvements and proposing avenues for new analyses.
@article{
title = {Global food security under climate change.},
type = {article},
year = {2007},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {Agriculture,Climate,Food Supply,Forecasting,Greenhouse Effect,Humans},
pages = {19703-8},
volume = {104},
websites = {http://www.pnas.org/content/104/50/19703.short},
month = {12},
day = {11},
id = {fea2c4d9-8619-31d8-bcb0-13826d4b7e08},
created = {2015-06-19T12:52:57.000Z},
accessed = {2015-03-08},
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profile_id = {a0759483-03fa-3e0b-88ee-8f55266b3657},
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last_modified = {2015-06-19T12:53:19.000Z},
read = {false},
starred = {false},
authored = {false},
confirmed = {true},
hidden = {false},
abstract = {This article reviews the potential impacts of climate change on food security. It is found that of the four main elements of food security, i.e., availability, stability, utilization, and access, only the first is routinely addressed in simulation studies. To this end, published results indicate that the impacts of climate change are significant, however, with a wide projected range (between 5 million and 170 million additional people at risk of hunger by 2080) strongly depending on assumed socio-economic development. The likely impacts of climate change on the other important dimensions of food security are discussed qualitatively, indicating the potential for further negative impacts beyond those currently assessed with models. Finally, strengths and weaknesses of current assessment studies are discussed, suggesting improvements and proposing avenues for new analyses.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Schmidhuber, Josef and Tubiello, Francesco N},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
number = {50}
}Predicting Wildfires. Andrews, P., Finney, M., & Fischetti, M. Scientific American, 297(2):46–55, August, 2007.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
The number of catastrophic wildfires in the U.S. has been steadily rising. The nation has spent more than \$1 billion annually to suppress such fires in eight of the past 10 years. In 2005 a record 8.7 million acres burned, only to be succeeded by 9.9 million acres in 2006. And this year is off to a furious start. To a great extent, the increase in fires stems from a buildup of excess fuel, particularly deadwood and underbrush. Forests harbor more fuel than ever in large part because for decades, land management agencies, including the U.S. Forest Service, have followed a policy of trying to quickly put out every fire that starts. Fires, however, can clear out debris, preventing material from accumulating across wide areas and feeding extremely large, intense fires that become impossible to fight. Even in the absence of such a policy, firefighters find themselves compelled to combat many blazes because people continue to build homes further into wildlands, and those structures require protection. Exacerbating the problem, spring snowmelts have been occurring earlier, extending the number of weeks every year when forests are exposed and dangerously dry.
@article{andrewsPredictingWildfires2007,
title = {Predicting {{Wildfires}}},
author = {Andrews, Patricia and Finney, Mark and Fischetti, Mark},
year = {2007},
month = aug,
volume = {297},
pages = {46--55},
issn = {0036-8733},
doi = {10.1038/scientificamerican0807-46},
abstract = {The number of catastrophic wildfires in the U.S. has been steadily rising. The nation has spent more than \$1 billion annually to suppress such fires in eight of the past 10 years. In 2005 a record 8.7 million acres burned, only to be succeeded by 9.9 million acres in 2006. And this year is off to a furious start. To a great extent, the increase in fires stems from a buildup of excess fuel, particularly deadwood and underbrush. Forests harbor more fuel than ever in large part because for decades, land management agencies, including the U.S. Forest Service, have followed a policy of trying to quickly put out every fire that starts. Fires, however, can clear out debris, preventing material from accumulating across wide areas and feeding extremely large, intense fires that become impossible to fight. Even in the absence of such a policy, firefighters find themselves compelled to combat many blazes because people continue to build homes further into wildlands, and those structures require protection. Exacerbating the problem, spring snowmelts have been occurring earlier, extending the number of weeks every year when forests are exposed and dangerously dry.},
journal = {Scientific American},
keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12131831,climate,climate-projections,data-integration,ecosystem,emergency-events,environmental-modelling,integrated-modelling,integration-techniques,modelling,wildfires},
lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12131831},
number = {2}
}Novel Climates, No-Analog Communities, and Ecological Surprises. Williams, J. W. & Jackson, S. T. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 5(9):475–482, November, 2007.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
No-analog communities (communities that are compositionally unlike any found today) occurred frequently in the past and will develop in the greenhouse world of the future. The well documented no-analog plant communities of late-glacial North America are closely linked to '' novel'' climates also lacking modern analogs, characterized by high seasonality of temperature. In climate simulations for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change A2 and B1 emission scenarios, novel climates arise by 2100 AD, primarily in tropical and subtropical regions. These future novel climates are warmer than any present climates globally, with spatially variable shifts in precipitation, and increase the risk of species reshuffling into future no-analog communities and other ecological surprises. Most ecological models are at least partially parameterized from modern observations and so may fail to accurately predict ecological responses to these novel climates. There is an urgent need to test the robustness of ecological models to climate conditions outside modern experience.
@article{williamsNovelClimatesNoanalog2007,
title = {Novel Climates, No-Analog Communities, and Ecological Surprises},
author = {Williams, John W. and Jackson, Stephen T.},
year = {2007},
month = nov,
volume = {5},
pages = {475--482},
issn = {1540-9295},
doi = {10.1890/070037},
abstract = {No-analog communities (communities that are compositionally unlike any found today) occurred frequently in the past and will develop in the greenhouse world of the future. The well documented no-analog plant communities of late-glacial North America are closely linked to '' novel'' climates also lacking modern analogs, characterized by high seasonality of temperature. In climate simulations for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change A2 and B1 emission scenarios, novel climates arise by 2100 AD, primarily in tropical and subtropical regions. These future novel climates are warmer than any present climates globally, with spatially variable shifts in precipitation, and increase the risk of species reshuffling into future no-analog communities and other ecological surprises. Most ecological models are at least partially parameterized from modern observations and so may fail to accurately predict ecological responses to these novel climates. There is an urgent need to test the robustness of ecological models to climate conditions outside modern experience.},
journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment},
keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14281256,bioclimatic-predictors,climate,climate-change,climate-projections,data-uncertainty,extrapolation-error,habitat-suitability,modelling-uncertainty,niche-modelling,no-analog-pattern,surprise,uncertainty,unknown},
lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14281256},
number = {9}
}Detection of human influence on twentieth-century precipitation trends. Zhang, X., Zwiers, F. W., Hegerl, G. C., Lambert, F. H., Gillett, N. P., Solomon, S., Stott, P. A., & Nozawa, T. Nature, 448(7152):461--465, July, 2007. 00778
Paper doi bibtex
Paper doi bibtex @article{zhang_detection_2007,
title = {Detection of human influence on twentieth-century precipitation trends},
volume = {448},
issn = {0028-0836, 1476-4687},
url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature06025},
doi = {10.1038/nature06025},
number = {7152},
urldate = {2017-05-20TZ},
journal = {Nature},
author = {Zhang, Xuebin and Zwiers, Francis W. and Hegerl, Gabriele C. and Lambert, F. Hugo and Gillett, Nathan P. and Solomon, Susan and Stott, Peter A. and Nozawa, Toru},
month = jul,
year = {2007},
note = {00778},
keywords = {climate, hydrology, percipitation, phd},
pages = {461--465}
}Benthic foraminiferal biodiversity response to a changing Arctic palaeoclimate in the last 24.000 years. Wollenburg, J., E., Mackensen, A., & Kuhnt, W. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 255(3-4):195-222, 11, 2007.
Paper Website bibtex
Paper Website bibtex @article{
title = {Benthic foraminiferal biodiversity response to a changing Arctic palaeoclimate in the last 24.000 years},
type = {article},
year = {2007},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {arctic ocean,climate,diversity,foraminifera,holocene,weichselian},
pages = {195-222},
volume = {255},
websites = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031018207002593},
month = {11},
id = {1b4146e3-a451-384a-8725-41968f63e70f},
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bibtype = {article},
author = {Wollenburg, Jutta E. and Mackensen, Andreas and Kuhnt, Wolfgang},
journal = {Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology},
number = {3-4}
}2006 (1)
Marine reserve design: optimal size, habitats, species affinities, diversity, and ocean microclimate. Parnell, P., E., Dayton, P., K., Lennert-Cody, C., E., Rasmussen, L., L., & Leichter, J., J. Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America, 16(3):945-62, 6, 2006.
Paper Website abstract bibtex
Paper Website abstract bibtex The design of marine reserves is complex and fraught with uncertainty. However, protection of critical habitat is of paramount importance for reserve design. We present a case study as an example of a reserve design based on fine-scale habitats, the affinities of exploited species to these habitats, adult mobility, and the physical forcing affecting the dynamics of the habitats. These factors and their interaction are integrated in an algorithm that determines the optimal size and location of a marine reserve for a set of 20 exploited species within five different habitats inside a large kelp forest in southern California. The result is a reserve that encompasses approximately 42% of the kelp forest. Our approach differs fundamentally from many other marine reserve siting methods in which goals of area, diversity, or biomass are targeted a priori. Rather, our method was developed to determine how large a reserve must be within a specific area to protect a self-sustaining assemblage of exploited species. The algorithm is applicable across different ecosystems, spatial scales, and for any number of species. The result is a reserve in which habitat value is optimized for a predetermined set of exploited species against the area left open to exploitation. The importance of fine-scale habitat definitions for the exploited species off La Jolla is exemplified by the spatial pattern of habitats and the stability of these habitats within the kelp forest, both of which appear to be determined by ocean microclimate.
@article{
title = {Marine reserve design: optimal size, habitats, species affinities, diversity, and ocean microclimate.},
type = {article},
year = {2006},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {California,Climate,Environment,Oceans and Seas,Species Specificity,Trees},
pages = {945-62},
volume = {16},
websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16826994},
month = {6},
id = {fd4311bb-0c00-3cac-b6e0-3db2f592e576},
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abstract = {The design of marine reserves is complex and fraught with uncertainty. However, protection of critical habitat is of paramount importance for reserve design. We present a case study as an example of a reserve design based on fine-scale habitats, the affinities of exploited species to these habitats, adult mobility, and the physical forcing affecting the dynamics of the habitats. These factors and their interaction are integrated in an algorithm that determines the optimal size and location of a marine reserve for a set of 20 exploited species within five different habitats inside a large kelp forest in southern California. The result is a reserve that encompasses approximately 42% of the kelp forest. Our approach differs fundamentally from many other marine reserve siting methods in which goals of area, diversity, or biomass are targeted a priori. Rather, our method was developed to determine how large a reserve must be within a specific area to protect a self-sustaining assemblage of exploited species. The algorithm is applicable across different ecosystems, spatial scales, and for any number of species. The result is a reserve in which habitat value is optimized for a predetermined set of exploited species against the area left open to exploitation. The importance of fine-scale habitat definitions for the exploited species off La Jolla is exemplified by the spatial pattern of habitats and the stability of these habitats within the kelp forest, both of which appear to be determined by ocean microclimate.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Parnell, P Ed and Dayton, Paul K and Lennert-Cody, Cleridy E and Rasmussen, Linda L and Leichter, James J},
journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America},
number = {3}
}2005 (5)
Global sulfur emissions from 1850 to 2000. Stern, D., I. Chemosphere, 58(2):163-75, 1, 2005.
Paper Website abstract bibtex
Paper Website abstract bibtex The ASL database provides continuous time-series of sulfur emissions for most countries in the World from 1850 to 1990, but academic and official estimates for the 1990s either do not cover all years or countries. This paper develops continuous time series of sulfur emissions by country for the period 1850-2000 with a particular focus on developments in the 1990s. Global estimates for 1996-2000 are the first that are based on actual observed data. Raw estimates are obtained in two ways. For countries and years with existing published data I compile and integrate that data. Previously published data covers the majority of emissions and almost all countries have published emissions for at least 1995. For the remaining countries and for missing years for countries with some published data, I interpolate or extrapolate estimates using either an econometric emissions frontier model, an environmental Kuznets curve model, or a simple extrapolation, depending on the availability of data. Finally, I discuss the main movements in global and regional emissions in the 1990s and earlier decades and compare the results to other studies. Global emissions peaked in 1989 and declined rapidly thereafter. The locus of emissions shifted towards East and South Asia, but even this region peaked in 1996. My estimates for the 1990s show a much more rapid decline than other global studies, reflecting the view that technological progress in reducing sulfur based pollution has been rapid and is beginning to diffuse worldwide.
@article{
title = {Global sulfur emissions from 1850 to 2000.},
type = {article},
year = {2005},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {Acid Rain,Aerosols,Animals,Asia,Climate,Environmental Exposure,Environmental Exposure: history,Environmental Pollutants,Environmental Pollutants: history,Europe,History, 19th Century,History, 20th Century,Humans,Predictive Value of Tests,Sulfur Compounds,Sulfur Compounds: economics,Sulfur Compounds: metabolism,World Health},
pages = {163-75},
volume = {58},
websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15571748},
month = {1},
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abstract = {The ASL database provides continuous time-series of sulfur emissions for most countries in the World from 1850 to 1990, but academic and official estimates for the 1990s either do not cover all years or countries. This paper develops continuous time series of sulfur emissions by country for the period 1850-2000 with a particular focus on developments in the 1990s. Global estimates for 1996-2000 are the first that are based on actual observed data. Raw estimates are obtained in two ways. For countries and years with existing published data I compile and integrate that data. Previously published data covers the majority of emissions and almost all countries have published emissions for at least 1995. For the remaining countries and for missing years for countries with some published data, I interpolate or extrapolate estimates using either an econometric emissions frontier model, an environmental Kuznets curve model, or a simple extrapolation, depending on the availability of data. Finally, I discuss the main movements in global and regional emissions in the 1990s and earlier decades and compare the results to other studies. Global emissions peaked in 1989 and declined rapidly thereafter. The locus of emissions shifted towards East and South Asia, but even this region peaked in 1996. My estimates for the 1990s show a much more rapid decline than other global studies, reflecting the view that technological progress in reducing sulfur based pollution has been rapid and is beginning to diffuse worldwide.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Stern, David I},
journal = {Chemosphere},
number = {2}
}Ecosystem Service Supply and Vulnerability to Global Change in Europe. Schröter, D., Cramer, W., Leemans, R., Prentice, I. C., Araújo, M. B., Arnell, N. W., Bondeau, A., Bugmann, H., Carter, T. R., Gracia, C. A., de la Vega-Leinert , A. C., Erhard, M., Ewert, F., Glendining, M., House, J. I., Kankaanpää, S., Klein, R. J. T., Lavorel, S., Lindner, M., Metzger, M. J., Meyer, J., Mitchell, T. D., Reginster, I., Rounsevell, M., Sabaté, S., Sitch, S., Smith, B., Smith, J., Smith, P., Sykes, M. T., Thonicke, K., Thuiller, W., Tuck, G., Zaehle, S., & Zierl, B. Science, 310(5752):1333–1337, November, 2005.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Global change will alter the supply of ecosystem services that are vital for human well-being. To investigate ecosystem service supply during the 21st century, we used a range of ecosystem models and scenarios of climate and land-use change to conduct a Europe-wide assessment. Large changes in climate and land use typically resulted in large changes in ecosystem service supply. Some of these trends may be positive (for example, increases in forest area and productivity) or offer opportunities (for example, '' surplus land'' for agricultural extensification and bioenergy production). However, many changes increase vulnerability as a result of a decreasing supply of ecosystem services (for example, declining soil fertility, declining water availability, increasing risk of forest fires), especially in the Mediterranean and mountain regions.
@article{schroterEcosystemServiceSupply2005,
title = {Ecosystem Service Supply and Vulnerability to Global Change in {{Europe}}},
author = {Schr{\"o}ter, Dagmar and Cramer, Wolfgang and Leemans, Rik and Prentice, I. Colin and Ara{\'u}jo, Miguel B. and Arnell, Nigel W. and Bondeau, Alberte and Bugmann, Harald and Carter, Timothy R. and Gracia, Carlos A. and {de la Vega-Leinert}, Anne C. and Erhard, Markus and Ewert, Frank and Glendining, Margaret and House, Joanna I. and Kankaanp{\"a}{\"a}, Susanna and Klein, Richard J. T. and Lavorel, Sandra and Lindner, Marcus and Metzger, Marc J. and Meyer, Jeannette and Mitchell, Timothy D. and Reginster, Isabelle and Rounsevell, Mark and Sabat{\'e}, Santi and Sitch, Stephen and Smith, Ben and Smith, Jo and Smith, Pete and Sykes, Martin T. and Thonicke, Kirsten and Thuiller, Wilfried and Tuck, Gill and Zaehle, S{\"o}nke and Zierl, B{\"a}rbel},
year = {2005},
month = nov,
volume = {310},
pages = {1333--1337},
issn = {1095-9203},
doi = {10.1126/science.1115233},
abstract = {Global change will alter the supply of ecosystem services that are vital for human well-being. To investigate ecosystem service supply during the 21st century, we used a range of ecosystem models and scenarios of climate and land-use change to conduct a Europe-wide assessment. Large changes in climate and land use typically resulted in large changes in ecosystem service supply. Some of these trends may be positive (for example, increases in forest area and productivity) or offer opportunities (for example, '' surplus land'' for agricultural extensification and bioenergy production). However, many changes increase vulnerability as a result of a decreasing supply of ecosystem services (for example, declining soil fertility, declining water availability, increasing risk of forest fires), especially in the Mediterranean and mountain regions.},
journal = {Science},
keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-460429,~to-add-doi-URL,agricultural-land,agricultural-resources,bioenergy,climate,climate-change,ecosystem,ecosystem-services,environmental-modelling,europe,forest-fires,forest-resources,global-change,land-use,mediterranean-region,mountainous-areas,scenario-analysis,soil-resources,vulnerability,water-resources,wildfires},
lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-460429},
number = {5752}
}Evolution of carbon sinks in a changing climate. Fung, I., Y., Doney, S., C., Lindsay, K., & John, J. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(32):11201-6, 8, 2005.
Paper Website abstract bibtex
Paper Website abstract bibtex Climate change is expected to influence the capacities of the land and oceans to act as repositories for anthropogenic CO2 and hence provide a feedback to climate change. A series of experiments with the National Center for Atmospheric Research-Climate System Model 1 coupled carbon-climate model shows that carbon sink strengths vary with the rate of fossil fuel emissions, so that carbon storage capacities of the land and oceans decrease and climate warming accelerates with faster CO2 emissions. Furthermore, there is a positive feedback between the carbon and climate systems, so that climate warming acts to increase the airborne fraction of anthropogenic CO2 and amplify the climate change itself. Globally, the amplification is small at the end of the 21st century in this model because of its low transient climate response and the near-cancellation between large regional changes in the hydrologic and ecosystem responses. Analysis of our results in the context of comparable models suggests that destabilization of the tropical land sink is qualitatively robust, although its degree is uncertain.
@article{
title = {Evolution of carbon sinks in a changing climate.},
type = {article},
year = {2005},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
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pages = {11201-6},
volume = {102},
websites = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1182133&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
month = {8},
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abstract = {Climate change is expected to influence the capacities of the land and oceans to act as repositories for anthropogenic CO2 and hence provide a feedback to climate change. A series of experiments with the National Center for Atmospheric Research-Climate System Model 1 coupled carbon-climate model shows that carbon sink strengths vary with the rate of fossil fuel emissions, so that carbon storage capacities of the land and oceans decrease and climate warming accelerates with faster CO2 emissions. Furthermore, there is a positive feedback between the carbon and climate systems, so that climate warming acts to increase the airborne fraction of anthropogenic CO2 and amplify the climate change itself. Globally, the amplification is small at the end of the 21st century in this model because of its low transient climate response and the near-cancellation between large regional changes in the hydrologic and ecosystem responses. Analysis of our results in the context of comparable models suggests that destabilization of the tropical land sink is qualitatively robust, although its degree is uncertain.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Fung, Inez Y and Doney, Scott C and Lindsay, Keith and John, Jasmin},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
number = {32}
}Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Orr, J. C., Fabry, V. J., Aumont, O., Bopp, L., Doney, S. C., Feely, R. A., Gnanadesikan, A., Gruber, N., Ishida, A., & Joos, F. Nature, 437(7059):681–686, 2005.
Paper abstract bibtex
Paper abstract bibtex Today's surface ocean is saturated with respect to calcium carbonate, but increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are reducing ocean pH and carbonate ion concentrations, and thus the level of calcium carbonate saturation. Experimental evidence suggests that if these trends continue, key marine organisms—such as corals and some plankton—will have difficulty maintaining their external calcium carbonate skeletons. Here we use 13 models of the ocean–carbon cycle to assess calcium carbonate saturation under the IS92a 'business-as-usual' scenario for future emissions of anthropogenic carbon dioxide. In our projections, Southern Ocean surface waters will begin to become undersaturated with respect to aragonite, a metastable form of calcium carbonate, by the year 2050. By 2100, this undersaturation could extend throughout the entire Southern Ocean and into the subarctic Pacific Ocean. When live pteropods were exposed to our predicted level of undersaturation during a two-day shipboard experiment, their aragonite shells showed notable dissolution. Our findings indicate that conditions detrimental to high-latitude ecosystems could develop within decades, not centuries as suggested previously.
@article{orr_anthropogenic_2005,
title = {Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms},
volume = {437},
url = {http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v437/n7059/abs/nature04095.html},
abstract = {Today's surface ocean is saturated with respect to calcium carbonate, but increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are reducing ocean pH and carbonate ion concentrations, and thus the level of calcium carbonate saturation. Experimental evidence suggests that if these trends continue, key marine organisms—such as corals and some plankton—will have difficulty maintaining their external calcium carbonate skeletons. Here we use 13 models of the ocean–carbon cycle to assess calcium carbonate saturation under the IS92a 'business-as-usual' scenario for future emissions of anthropogenic carbon dioxide. In our projections, Southern Ocean surface waters will begin to become undersaturated with respect to aragonite, a metastable form of calcium carbonate, by the year 2050. By 2100, this undersaturation could extend throughout the entire Southern Ocean and into the subarctic Pacific Ocean. When live pteropods were exposed to our predicted level of undersaturation during a two-day shipboard experiment, their aragonite shells showed notable dissolution. Our findings indicate that conditions detrimental to high-latitude ecosystems could develop within decades, not centuries as suggested previously.},
number = {7059},
urldate = {2016-12-01},
journal = {Nature},
author = {Orr, James C. and Fabry, Victoria J. and Aumont, Olivier and Bopp, Laurent and Doney, Scott C. and Feely, Richard A. and Gnanadesikan, Anand and Gruber, Nicolas and Ishida, Akio and Joos, Fortunat},
year = {2005},
keywords = {boundaries, collapse, acidification, oceans},
pages = {681--686},
file = {Orr et al. - 2005 - Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-.pdf:C\:\\Users\\rsrs\\Documents\\Zotero Database\\storage\\837GEGAT\\Orr et al. - 2005 - Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-.pdf:application/pdf}
}Climate Change and British Woodland. Broadmeadow, M. & Ray, D. Forestry Commission Information Note, June, 2005.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
The global climate is changing as a result of human activity, caused primarily by the increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The most recent predictions for the UK suggest an increase in temperature and changes in rainfall patterns, wind speed, cloud cover and humidity. This Information Note explains how these environmental changes may affect the growth of trees, including the distribution of individual species. Implications for woodland management and practice are outlined, and guidance is given on climate change adaptation.
@article{broadmeadowClimateChangeBritish2005,
title = {Climate {{Change}} and {{British Woodland}}},
author = {Broadmeadow, M. and Ray, D.},
year = {2005},
month = jun,
abstract = {The global climate is changing as a result of human activity, caused primarily by the increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The most recent predictions for the UK suggest an increase in temperature and changes in rainfall patterns, wind speed, cloud cover and humidity. This Information Note explains how these environmental changes may affect the growth of trees, including the distribution of individual species. Implications for woodland management and practice are outlined, and guidance is given on climate change adaptation.},
journal = {Forestry Commission Information Note},
keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13803836,british-isles,change,climate,woodland},
lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13803836}
}2004 (4)
Warming of the Arctic lower stratosphere by light absorbing particles. Baumgardner, D., Kok, G., & Raga, G. Geophysical Research Letters, 31(6):L06117, 2004.
Website abstract bibtex
Website abstract bibtex Recent measurements of light absorbing particles in the Arctic lower stratosphere show significantly higher mass concentrations of black carbon than were measured in 1992. The difference is primarily a result of measurements with a more quantitative and accurate technique than was previously used. We attribute the large amount of light absorbing material to transport from lower latitude, tropospheric sources rather than increases in aircraft emissions. The calculated heating rate in this aerosol layer, as compared to an atmosphere consisting of only gases, increases by 12% during the winter. This is a result of light absorption by the particles and could perturb the altitude of the local tropopause and affect tropospheric/stratospheric exchange processes.
@article{
title = {Warming of the Arctic lower stratosphere by light absorbing particles},
type = {article},
year = {2004},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {AEROSOLS,BUDGET,CLIMATE,MODEL,SOOT,TROPOSPHERE,WINTER},
pages = {L06117},
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notes = {<b>From Duplicate 2 (<i>Warming of the Arctic lower stratosphere by light absorbing particles</i> - Baumgardner, D; Kok, G; Raga, G)<br/></b><br/><b>From Duplicate 2 (<i>Warming of the Arctic lower stratosphere by light absorbing particles</i> - Baumgardner, D; Kok, G; Raga, G)<br/></b><br/>ISI Document Delivery No.: 809EW<br/>Times Cited: 21<br/>Cited Reference Count: 28},
abstract = {Recent measurements of light absorbing particles in the Arctic lower stratosphere show significantly higher mass concentrations of black carbon than were measured in 1992. The difference is primarily a result of measurements with a more quantitative and accurate technique than was previously used. We attribute the large amount of light absorbing material to transport from lower latitude, tropospheric sources rather than increases in aircraft emissions. The calculated heating rate in this aerosol layer, as compared to an atmosphere consisting of only gases, increases by 12% during the winter. This is a result of light absorption by the particles and could perturb the altitude of the local tropopause and affect tropospheric/stratospheric exchange processes.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Baumgardner, D and Kok, G and Raga, G},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
number = {6}
}Global Climate and the Distribution of Plant Biomes. Woodward, F. I., Lomas, M. R., & Kelly, C. K. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 359(1450):1465–1476, October, 2004.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Biomes are areas of vegetation that are characterized by the same life-form. Traditional definitions of biomes have also included either geographical or climatic descriptors. This approach describes a wide range of biomes that can be correlated with characteristic climatic conditions, or climatic envelopes. The application of remote sensing technology to the frequent observation of biomes has led to a move away from the often subjective definition of biomes to one that is objective. Carefully characterized observations of life-form, by satellite, have been used to reconsider biome classification and their climatic envelopes. Five major tree biomes can be recognized by satellites based on leaf longevity and morphology: needleleaf evergreen, broadleaf evergreen, needleleaf deciduous, broadleaf cold deciduous and broadleaf drought deciduous. Observations indicate that broadleaf drought deciduous vegetation grades substantially into broadleaf evergreen vegetation. The needleleaf deciduous biome occurs in the world's coldest climates, where summer drought and therefore a drought deciduous biome are absent. [\n] Traditional biome definitions are quite static, implying no change in their life-form composition with time, within their particular climatic envelopes. However, this is not the case where there has been global ingress of grasslands and croplands into forested vegetation. The global spread of grasses, a new superbiome, was probably initiated 30-45 Myr ago by an increase in global aridity, and was driven by the natural spread of the disturbances of fire and animal grazing. These disturbances have been further extended over the Holocene era by human activities that have increased the land areas available for domestic animal grazing and for growing crops. The current situation is that grasses now occur in most, if not all biomes, and in many areas they dominate and define the biome. Croplands are also increasing, defining a new and relatively recent component to the grassland super-biome. In the case of both grassland and croplands, various forms of disturbance, particularly frequent disturbance, lead to continued range extensions of the biomes. [Excerpt: Conclusions] Biomes have been defined traditionally by plant physiognomy and geographical distribution or climate. There has been a trend away from this non-observable biome type to one that is based on plant features that are wholly observable by remote sensing satellites. This offers the potential for objective classifications, although this may be difficult to achieve. The approach also offers a high frequency of repeat observations through the year, providing unrivalled large-scale measures of biome phenology and dynamics. Satellite observations, in addition to global fields of climate, indicate that there is only one biome with a unique climatic envelope: the deciduous needleleaf forest (figure 9). Although this biome escapes the cultivated biome there is clear overlap with C3 grassland, and also shrubs, which have not been considered here. The climatic envelope of the evergreen needleleaf forests overlaps with the cold deciduous broadleaf forests, and there is considerable overlap between the drought deciduous and evergreen broadleaf forests. In all of these cases, grassland and cultivated and managed land are also present at varying frequencies. [\n] The biome concept can be supported by obvious physiognomic and phenological differences, such as between evergreen and deciduous behaviour and between broadleaf and needleleaf structure. However, the climatic overlap between most of these major biomes suggests that longterm history and migration are crucial in underpinning the actual geographical locations. The historical perspective is further amplified when it is realized that grasses, which constitute the new super-biome, through their linkage with all forms of disturbance are slowly advancing on ancient forests, in addition to changing the climate en route (Hoffmann & Jackson 2000). In bringing ecology and history together there is, therefore, a need for much greater emphasis on disturbance, in all its guises, and how it has impacted on land and biome history and phylogeny.
@article{woodwardGlobalClimateDistribution2004,
title = {Global Climate and the Distribution of Plant Biomes},
author = {Woodward, F. I. and Lomas, M. R. and Kelly, C. K.},
year = {2004},
month = oct,
volume = {359},
pages = {1465--1476},
issn = {1471-2970},
doi = {10.1098/rstb.2004.1525},
abstract = {Biomes are areas of vegetation that are characterized by the same life-form. Traditional definitions of biomes have also included either geographical or climatic descriptors. This approach describes a wide range of biomes that can be correlated with characteristic climatic conditions, or climatic envelopes. The application of remote sensing technology to the frequent observation of biomes has led to a move away from the often subjective definition of biomes to one that is objective. Carefully characterized observations of life-form, by satellite, have been used to reconsider biome classification and their climatic envelopes. Five major tree biomes can be recognized by satellites based on leaf longevity and morphology: needleleaf evergreen, broadleaf evergreen, needleleaf deciduous, broadleaf cold deciduous and broadleaf drought deciduous. Observations indicate that broadleaf drought deciduous vegetation grades substantially into broadleaf evergreen vegetation. The needleleaf deciduous biome occurs in the world's coldest climates, where summer drought and therefore a drought deciduous biome are absent.
[\textbackslash n] Traditional biome definitions are quite static, implying no change in their life-form composition with time, within their particular climatic envelopes. However, this is not the case where there has been global ingress of grasslands and croplands into forested vegetation. The global spread of grasses, a new superbiome, was probably initiated 30-45 Myr ago by an increase in global aridity, and was driven by the natural spread of the disturbances of fire and animal grazing. These disturbances have been further extended over the Holocene era by human activities that have increased the land areas available for domestic animal grazing and for growing crops. The current situation is that grasses now occur in most, if not all biomes, and in many areas they dominate and define the biome. Croplands are also increasing, defining a new and relatively recent component to the grassland super-biome. In the case of both grassland and croplands, various forms of disturbance, particularly frequent disturbance, lead to continued range extensions of the biomes.
[Excerpt: Conclusions] Biomes have been defined traditionally by plant physiognomy and geographical distribution or climate. There has been a trend away from this non-observable biome type to one that is based on plant features that are wholly observable by remote sensing satellites. This offers the potential for objective classifications, although this may be difficult to achieve. The approach also offers a high frequency of repeat observations through the year, providing unrivalled large-scale measures of biome phenology and dynamics. Satellite observations, in addition to global fields of climate, indicate that there is only one biome with a unique climatic envelope: the deciduous needleleaf forest (figure 9). Although this biome escapes the cultivated biome there is clear overlap with C3 grassland, and also shrubs, which have not been considered here. The climatic envelope of the evergreen needleleaf forests overlaps with the cold deciduous broadleaf forests, and there is considerable overlap between the drought deciduous and evergreen broadleaf forests. In all of these cases, grassland and cultivated and managed land are also present at varying frequencies.
[\textbackslash n] The biome concept can be supported by obvious physiognomic and phenological differences, such as between evergreen and deciduous behaviour and between broadleaf and needleleaf structure. However, the climatic overlap between most of these major biomes suggests that longterm history and migration are crucial in underpinning the actual geographical locations. The historical perspective is further amplified when it is realized that grasses, which constitute the new super-biome, through their linkage with all forms of disturbance are slowly advancing on ancient forests, in addition to changing the climate en route (Hoffmann \& Jackson 2000). In bringing ecology and history together there is, therefore, a need for much greater emphasis on disturbance, in all its guises, and how it has impacted on land and biome history and phylogeny.},
journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13966522,~to-add-doi-URL,biome,broadleaved,climate,conifers,deciduous,ecological-zones,evergreen,forest-resources,fuzzy,grasslands},
lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13966522},
number = {1450}
}Erratum: A Test of Corrections for Extraneous Signals in Gridded Surface Temperature Data. McKitrick, R. & Michaels, P. J. Climate Research, 26:159–173, 2004.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
There was a mistake in the command file used to compute the results in our paper (McKitrick & Michaels 2004). The formula for computing cosine of absolute latitude (COSABLAT) takes the angle in radians, but our data were entered in degrees. We have corrected this and produced new versions of the affected tables. Table 4 below, showing the central results of the paper, displays the original and corrected columns side-by-side for ease of comparison. Tables 5 to 8 are presented in corrected versions only. As is evident in Table 4, except for the impacts on the COSABLAT variable itself, the changes are very small. The principal effect of the correction is a reduced weight on the constant term and an increased weight on the COSABLAT variable itself. Indeed, the correction improves the overall fit and removes the anomalously small cosine-latitude effect. The socioeconomic variables remain significant and the effects carry over from the station data to the gridded data as before. Because the main patterns of results persist across the revised tables, the original discussions as worded in our paper need only minor modification, and our overall conclusion, re-stated here, is unaffected: Overall, the results of this study support the hypothesis that published temperature data are contaminated with nonclimatic influences that add up to a net warming bias, and that efforts should be made to properly quantify these effects. Except as noted below, readers should rely on the original discussion in McKitrick & Michaels (2004), substituting corrected coefficient values as necessary.
@article{mckitrickErratumTestCorrections2004,
title = {Erratum: {{A}} Test of Corrections for Extraneous Signals in Gridded Surface Temperature Data},
author = {McKitrick, Ross and Michaels, Patrick J.},
year = {2004},
volume = {26},
pages = {159--173},
issn = {1616-1572},
abstract = {There was a mistake in the command file used to compute the results in our paper (McKitrick \& Michaels 2004). The formula for computing cosine of absolute latitude (COSABLAT) takes the angle in radians, but our data were entered in degrees. We have corrected this and produced new versions of the affected tables. Table 4 below, showing the central results of the paper, displays the original and corrected columns side-by-side for ease of comparison. Tables 5 to 8 are presented in corrected versions only. As is evident in Table 4, except for the impacts on the COSABLAT variable itself, the changes are very small. The principal effect of the correction is a reduced weight on the constant term and an increased weight on the COSABLAT variable itself. Indeed, the correction improves the overall fit and removes the anomalously small cosine-latitude effect. The socioeconomic variables remain significant and the effects carry over from the station data to the gridded data as before. Because the main patterns of results persist across the revised tables, the original discussions as worded in our paper need only minor modification, and our overall conclusion, re-stated here, is unaffected: Overall, the results of this study support the hypothesis that published temperature data are contaminated with nonclimatic influences that add up to a net warming bias, and that efforts should be made to properly quantify these effects. Except as noted below, readers should rely on the original discussion in McKitrick \& Michaels (2004), substituting corrected coefficient values as necessary.},
journal = {Climate Research},
keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-11894953,climate,computational-science,corrigenda,publication-errors,software-errors},
lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-11894953}
}The importance of ocean temperature to global biogeochemistry. Archer, D., Martin, P., Buffett, B., Brovkin, V., Rahmstorf, S., & Ganopolski, A. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 222(2):333-348, 5, 2004.
Paper Website bibtex
Paper Website bibtex @article{
title = {The importance of ocean temperature to global biogeochemistry},
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journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
number = {2}
}2003 (1)
Intercontinental transport of air pollution: will emerging science lead to a new hemispheric treaty?. Holloway, T., Fiore, A., & Hastings, M., G. Environmental science & technology, 37(20):4535-42, 10, 2003.
Paper Website abstract bibtex
Paper Website abstract bibtex We examine the emergence of InterContinental Transport (ICT) of air pollution on the agendas of the air quality and climate communities and consider the potential for a new treaty on hemispheric air pollution. ICT is the flow of air pollutants from a source continent (e.g., North America) to a receptor continent (e.g., Europe). ICT of air pollutants occurs through two mechanisms: (i) episodic advection and (ii) increasing the global background, which enhances surface concentrations. We outline the current scientific evidence for ICT of aerosols and ozone, both of which contribute to air pollution and radiative forcing. The growing body of scientific evidence for ICT suggests that a hemispheric-scale treaty to reduce air pollutant concentrations may be appropriate to address climate and air quality concerns simultaneously. Such a treaty could pave the way for future climate agreements.
@article{
title = {Intercontinental transport of air pollution: will emerging science lead to a new hemispheric treaty?},
type = {article},
year = {2003},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {Aerosols,Air Movements,Air Pollutants,Air Pollutants: standards,Climate,Environment,International Cooperation,Ozone,Ozone: standards},
pages = {4535-42},
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websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14594358},
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abstract = {We examine the emergence of InterContinental Transport (ICT) of air pollution on the agendas of the air quality and climate communities and consider the potential for a new treaty on hemispheric air pollution. ICT is the flow of air pollutants from a source continent (e.g., North America) to a receptor continent (e.g., Europe). ICT of air pollutants occurs through two mechanisms: (i) episodic advection and (ii) increasing the global background, which enhances surface concentrations. We outline the current scientific evidence for ICT of aerosols and ozone, both of which contribute to air pollution and radiative forcing. The growing body of scientific evidence for ICT suggests that a hemispheric-scale treaty to reduce air pollutant concentrations may be appropriate to address climate and air quality concerns simultaneously. Such a treaty could pave the way for future climate agreements.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Holloway, Tracey and Fiore, Arlene and Hastings, Meredith Galanter},
journal = {Environmental science & technology},
number = {20}
}2002 (1)
A 14 500 year record of the accumulation of atmospheric mercury in peat: volcanic signals, anthropogenic influences and a correlation to bromine accumulation. Roos-Barraclough, F., Martinez-Cortizas, A., Garcia-Rodeja, E., & Shotyk, W. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 202(2):435-451, 2002.
Website abstract bibtex
Website abstract bibtex A 14 500 calendar year record of mercury accumulation rates has been obtained from an ombrotrophic peat bog in the Swiss Jura mountains. The range of natural (pre-industrial) mercury accumulation rates varied from 0.3 to 8.0 mug m(-2) yr(-1). During the Late Glacial and Holocene, climatic and volcanic signals were evident in the mercury record. Mercury accumulation rates increased by a factor of ca 5 during the Younger Dryas cold period. Short-term spikes in mercury accumulation rates, which correspond in time to known volcanic eruptions, occur during the late Boreal and Older Atlantic periods, when volcanic influences on mercury deposition appear to have been intensified due to increased atmospheric humidity. A correlation of mercury to bromine accumulation is observed throughout the preanthropogenic period. During the Holocene, mercury accumulation only exceeded the range of this correlation for a few short periods of elevated mercury deposition which correspond to known volcanic eruptions during the Older Atlantic. During historical times, mercury accumulation rates have exceeded the range of the correlation of mercury to bromine continuously since ca 1330 AD. This excess in mercury accumulation is interpreted as an indication of pollution. During the industrial period, mercury accumulation rates reached 107.6 mug m(-2) yr(-1), of which 84% was mercury that exceeded the correlation range. Mercury accumulation rates peaked again during the 1970s, with 78.8 mug m(-2) yr(-1). Early 20th century pollution appears to have been dominated by non-Swiss emissions from coal burning, whereas Swiss mercury emissions appear to have been the dominant pollution source during the mid and late 20th century. Current mercury accumulation rates at the site are similar to those ca 10 years ago, with modern deposition rates being ca 15 times their prehistorical average. Anthropogenic emissions of reactive brominated compounds could be contributing to increased atmospheric deposition rates of mercury. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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title = {A 14 500 year record of the accumulation of atmospheric mercury in peat: volcanic signals, anthropogenic influences and a correlation to bromine accumulation},
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pages = {435-451},
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abstract = {A 14 500 calendar year record of mercury accumulation rates has been obtained from an ombrotrophic peat bog in the Swiss Jura mountains. The range of natural (pre-industrial) mercury accumulation rates varied from 0.3 to 8.0 mug m(-2) yr(-1). During the Late Glacial and Holocene, climatic and volcanic signals were evident in the mercury record. Mercury accumulation rates increased by a factor of ca 5 during the Younger Dryas cold period. Short-term spikes in mercury accumulation rates, which correspond in time to known volcanic eruptions, occur during the late Boreal and Older Atlantic periods, when volcanic influences on mercury deposition appear to have been intensified due to increased atmospheric humidity. A correlation of mercury to bromine accumulation is observed throughout the preanthropogenic period. During the Holocene, mercury accumulation only exceeded the range of this correlation for a few short periods of elevated mercury deposition which correspond to known volcanic eruptions during the Older Atlantic. During historical times, mercury accumulation rates have exceeded the range of the correlation of mercury to bromine continuously since ca 1330 AD. This excess in mercury accumulation is interpreted as an indication of pollution. During the industrial period, mercury accumulation rates reached 107.6 mug m(-2) yr(-1), of which 84% was mercury that exceeded the correlation range. Mercury accumulation rates peaked again during the 1970s, with 78.8 mug m(-2) yr(-1). Early 20th century pollution appears to have been dominated by non-Swiss emissions from coal burning, whereas Swiss mercury emissions appear to have been the dominant pollution source during the mid and late 20th century. Current mercury accumulation rates at the site are similar to those ca 10 years ago, with modern deposition rates being ca 15 times their prehistorical average. Anthropogenic emissions of reactive brominated compounds could be contributing to increased atmospheric deposition rates of mercury. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Roos-Barraclough, F and Martinez-Cortizas, A and Garcia-Rodeja, E and Shotyk, W},
journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
number = {2}
}2001 (3)
A closer look at United States and global surface temperature change. Hansen, J., Ruedy, R., Sato, M., Imhoff, M., Lawrence, W., Easterling, D., Peterson, T., & Karl, T. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106(D20):23947-23963, 2001.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
The authors compare the United States and global surface air temperature changes of the past century using the current Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) analysis and the U.S. Historical Climatology Network (USHCN) record [Karl et al., 1990]. Changes in the GISS analysis subsequent to the documentation by Hansen et al. [1999] are as follows: (1) incorporation of corrections for time-of-observation bias and station history adjustments in the United States based on Easterling et al. [1996], (2) reclassification of rural, small-town, and urban stations in the United States, southern Canada, and northern Mexico based on satellite measurements of night light intensity [Imhoff et al., 1997], and (3) a more flexible urban adjustment than that employed by Hansen et al. [1999], including reliance on only unlit stations in the United States and rural stations in the rest of the world for determining long-term trends. We find evidence of local human effects ("urban warming") even in suburban and small-town surface air temperature records, but the effect is modest in magnitude and conceivably could be an artifact of inhomogeneities in the station records. We suggest further studies, including more complete satellite night light analyses, which may clarify the potential urban effect.
@article{
title = {A closer look at United States and global surface temperature change},
type = {article},
year = {2001},
keywords = {AD 1900 to 2000,Air pollution,Atmosphere,Atmospheric temperature,Climate,Climatology,Global change,Global surface temperature,Meteorology,Temperature,Temporal variation,United States,Warming,usa},
pages = {23947-23963},
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abstract = {The authors compare the United States and global surface air temperature changes of the past century using the current Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) analysis and the U.S. Historical Climatology Network (USHCN) record [Karl et al., 1990]. Changes in the GISS analysis subsequent to the documentation by Hansen et al. [1999] are as follows: (1) incorporation of corrections for time-of-observation bias and station history adjustments in the United States based on Easterling et al. [1996], (2) reclassification of rural, small-town, and urban stations in the United States, southern Canada, and northern Mexico based on satellite measurements of night light intensity [Imhoff et al., 1997], and (3) a more flexible urban adjustment than that employed by Hansen et al. [1999], including reliance on only unlit stations in the United States and rural stations in the rest of the world for determining long-term trends. We find evidence of local human effects ("urban warming") even in suburban and small-town surface air temperature records, but the effect is modest in magnitude and conceivably could be an artifact of inhomogeneities in the station records. We suggest further studies, including more complete satellite night light analyses, which may clarify the potential urban effect.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Hansen, J and Ruedy, R and Sato, M and Imhoff, M and Lawrence, W and Easterling, D and Peterson, T and Karl, T},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
number = {D20}
}Properties of the aerosol over the central Arctic Ocean. Bigg, E., K. & Leck, C. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 106(D23):32101-32109, 2001.
Website abstract bibtex
Website abstract bibtex Transmission electron microscopy was used to examine the morphology and some physical and chemical properties of individual particles collected north of latitude 80degreesN by impaction or electrostatic precipitation during the period July 21 to September 18, 1996. Particles smaller than 50 nm in diameter showed no evidence of the presence of sulfuric acid, previously believed responsible for new particle formation. Many were crystalline or semicrystalline often with pentagonal or hexagonal habit and more heat resistant than ammonium salts. Most were unaffected by decane or xylene vapor, but some were wholly or partly dissolved, indicating that they were chemically different. Sulfuric acid, ammonia, and probably methane sulfonic acid appeared to be mainly responsible for growth of these particles to the sizes that could become involved in cloud drop formation, about 80-100 nm in diameter. Much greater diversity was present in larger particles, the most numerous class of which usually appeared to be very variable mixtures of sulfuric acid, methane sulfonic acid, and their ammonium salts. All contained significant organic material. Particles containing sea salt were generally larger than 250 nm in diameter and contained an amazing variety of other material, much of it organic. On days with sunshine unusual numbers of particles <5 nm and in the range 10-50 nm in diameter occurred. At the same time, concentrations of three different types of particle with diameters of the order of 100 nm were enhanced. One group was liquid when collected, had a large organic content, and wet the collecting surface. The other two were bacteria and flat insoluble plates some of which contained fragments of diatoms. It is proposed that they were ejected into the air by bubbles bursting on the open leads.
@article{
title = {Properties of the aerosol over the central Arctic Ocean},
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pages = {32101-32109},
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abstract = {Transmission electron microscopy was used to examine the morphology and some physical and chemical properties of individual particles collected north of latitude 80degreesN by impaction or electrostatic precipitation during the period July 21 to September 18, 1996. Particles smaller than 50 nm in diameter showed no evidence of the presence of sulfuric acid, previously believed responsible for new particle formation. Many were crystalline or semicrystalline often with pentagonal or hexagonal habit and more heat resistant than ammonium salts. Most were unaffected by decane or xylene vapor, but some were wholly or partly dissolved, indicating that they were chemically different. Sulfuric acid, ammonia, and probably methane sulfonic acid appeared to be mainly responsible for growth of these particles to the sizes that could become involved in cloud drop formation, about 80-100 nm in diameter. Much greater diversity was present in larger particles, the most numerous class of which usually appeared to be very variable mixtures of sulfuric acid, methane sulfonic acid, and their ammonium salts. All contained significant organic material. Particles containing sea salt were generally larger than 250 nm in diameter and contained an amazing variety of other material, much of it organic. On days with sunshine unusual numbers of particles <5 nm and in the range 10-50 nm in diameter occurred. At the same time, concentrations of three different types of particle with diameters of the order of 100 nm were enhanced. One group was liquid when collected, had a large organic content, and wet the collecting surface. The other two were bacteria and flat insoluble plates some of which contained fragments of diatoms. It is proposed that they were ejected into the air by bubbles bursting on the open leads.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Bigg, E K and Leck, C},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
number = {D23}
}Complex Species Interactions and the Dynamics of Ecological Systems: Long-Term Experiments. Brown, J. H., Whitham, T. G., Ernest, S. K. M., & Gehring, C. A. Science, 293(5530):643–650, July, 2001.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Studies that combine experimental manipulations with long-term data collection reveal elaborate interactions among species that affect the structure and dynamics of ecosystems. Research programs in U.S. desert shrubland and pinyon-juniper woodland have shown that (i) complex dynamics of species populations reflect interactions with other organisms and fluctuating climate; (ii) genotype x environment interactions affect responses of species to environmental change; (iii) herbivore-resistance traits of dominant plant species and impacts of '' keystone'' animal species cascade through the system to affect many organisms and ecosystem processes; and (iv) some environmental perturbations can cause wholesale reorganization of ecosystems because they exceed the ecological tolerances of dominant or keystone species, whereas other changes may be buffered because of the compensatory dynamics of complementary species.
@article{brownComplexSpeciesInteractions2001,
title = {Complex Species Interactions and the Dynamics of Ecological Systems: Long-Term Experiments},
author = {Brown, James H. and Whitham, Thomas G. and Ernest, S. K. Morgan and Gehring, Catherine A.},
year = {2001},
month = jul,
volume = {293},
pages = {643--650},
issn = {1095-9203},
doi = {10.1126/science.293.5530.643},
abstract = {Studies that combine experimental manipulations with long-term data collection reveal elaborate interactions among species that affect the structure and dynamics of ecosystems. Research programs in U.S. desert shrubland and pinyon-juniper woodland have shown that (i) complex dynamics of species populations reflect interactions with other organisms and fluctuating climate; (ii) genotype x environment interactions affect responses of species to environmental change; (iii) herbivore-resistance traits of dominant plant species and impacts of '' keystone'' animal species cascade through the system to affect many organisms and ecosystem processes; and (iv) some environmental perturbations can cause wholesale reorganization of ecosystems because they exceed the ecological tolerances of dominant or keystone species, whereas other changes may be buffered because of the compensatory dynamics of complementary species.},
journal = {Science},
keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-11834301,biodiversity,climate,disturbances,ecology,ecosystem-resilience,homeostasis,low-diversity},
lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-11834301},
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}2000 (3)
Structuring features of lake districts: Landscape controls on lake chemical responses to drought. Webster, K., E., Soranno, P., A., Baines, S., B., Kratz, T., K., Bowser, C., J., Dillon, P., J., Campbell, P., Fee, E., J., & Hecky, R., E. Freshwater Biology, 43(3):499-515, 2000.
Paper abstract bibtex
Paper abstract bibtex 1. Within a lake district of relatively homogeneous geomorphology, the responses of lakes to climate are influenced by the complexity of the hydrogeologic setting, position in the landscape, and lake-specific biological and physical features. We examined lake chemical responses to drought in surface water- and groundwater-dominated districts to address two general questions. (1) Are spatial patterns in chemical dynamics among lakes uniform and synchronous within a lake district, suggesting broad geomorphic controls; variable in a spatially explicit pattern, with synchrony related to landscape position, suggesting hydrologic flowpath controls; or spatially unstructured and asynchronous, suggesting overriding control by lake-specific factors? (2) Are lake responses to drought a simple function of precipitation quantity or are they dictated by more complex interactions among climate, unique lake features, and hydrologic setting? 2. Annual open-water means for epilimnetic concentrations of chloride, calcium, sulfate, ANC, DOC, total nitrogen, silica, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll a measured between 1982 and 1995 were assembled for lakes in the Red Lake and ELA districts of north- western Ontario, the Muskoka - Dorset district in south-central Ontario, and the Northern Highland district of Wisconsin. Within each district, we compared responses of lakes classified by landscape position into highland or lowland, depending on relative location within the local to regional hydrologic flow system. Synchrony, defined as a measure of the similarity in inter-annual dynamics among lakes within a district, was quantified as the Pearson product-moment correlation (r) between two lakes with observations paired by year. To determine if solute concentrations were directly related to interannual variations in precipitation quantity, we used regression analysis to fit district-wide slopes describing the relationship between each chemical variable and annual (June to May) and October to May (Oct-May) precipitation. 3. Among lakes in each of the three Ontario districts, the pattern of chemical response to interannual shifts in precipitation was spatially uniform. In these surface water-dominated districts, solute concentrations were generally a simple function of precipitation. Conservative solutes, like calcium and chloride, tended to be more synchronous and were negatively related to precipitation. Solutes such as silica, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll a, which are influenced by in-lake processes, were less synchronous and relationships with precipitation tended to be positive or absent. 4. In the groundwater-dominated Northern Highland lakes of Wisconsin, we observed spatial structure in drought response, with lowland lakes more synchronous than highland lakes. However, there was no evidence for a direct relationship between any solute and precipitation. Instead, increases in the concentration of the conservative ion calcium during drought were not followed by a symmetrical return to pre-drought conditions when precipitation returned to normal or above-average values. 5. For calcium, time lags in recovery from drought appeared related to hydrologic features in a complex way. In the highland Crystal Lake, calcium concentrations tracked lake stage inversely, with a return to pre-drought concentrations and lake stage five years after the drought. This pattern suggests strong evaporative controls. In contrast, after five years of normal precipitation, calcium in the lowland Sparkling Lake had not returned to predrought conditions despite a rebound in lake stage. This result suggests that calcium concentrations in lowland lakes were controlled more by regional groundwater flowpaths, which track climatic signals more slowly. 6. Temporal dynamics driven by climate were most similar among lakes in districts that have a relatively simple hydrology, such as ELA. Where hydrologic setting was more complex, as in the groundwater-dominated Northern Highland of Wisconsin, the expression of climate signals in lakes showed lags and spatial patterns related to landscape position. In general, we expect that landscape and lake-specific factors become increasingly important in lake districts with more heterogeneous hydrogeology, topography or land use. These strong chemical responses to climate need to be considered when interpreting the responses of lakes to other regional disturbances.
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abstract = {1. Within a lake district of relatively homogeneous geomorphology, the responses of lakes to climate are influenced by the complexity of the hydrogeologic setting, position in the landscape, and lake-specific biological and physical features. We examined lake chemical responses to drought in surface water- and groundwater-dominated districts to address two general questions. (1) Are spatial patterns in chemical dynamics among lakes uniform and synchronous within a lake district, suggesting broad geomorphic controls; variable in a spatially explicit pattern, with synchrony related to landscape position, suggesting hydrologic flowpath controls; or spatially unstructured and asynchronous, suggesting overriding control by lake-specific factors? (2) Are lake responses to drought a simple function of precipitation quantity or are they dictated by more complex interactions among climate, unique lake features, and hydrologic setting? 2. Annual open-water means for epilimnetic concentrations of chloride, calcium, sulfate, ANC, DOC, total nitrogen, silica, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll a measured between 1982 and 1995 were assembled for lakes in the Red Lake and ELA districts of north- western Ontario, the Muskoka - Dorset district in south-central Ontario, and the Northern Highland district of Wisconsin. Within each district, we compared responses of lakes classified by landscape position into highland or lowland, depending on relative location within the local to regional hydrologic flow system. Synchrony, defined as a measure of the similarity in inter-annual dynamics among lakes within a district, was quantified as the Pearson product-moment correlation (r) between two lakes with observations paired by year. To determine if solute concentrations were directly related to interannual variations in precipitation quantity, we used regression analysis to fit district-wide slopes describing the relationship between each chemical variable and annual (June to May) and October to May (Oct-May) precipitation. 3. Among lakes in each of the three Ontario districts, the pattern of chemical response to interannual shifts in precipitation was spatially uniform. In these surface water-dominated districts, solute concentrations were generally a simple function of precipitation. Conservative solutes, like calcium and chloride, tended to be more synchronous and were negatively related to precipitation. Solutes such as silica, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll a, which are influenced by in-lake processes, were less synchronous and relationships with precipitation tended to be positive or absent. 4. In the groundwater-dominated Northern Highland lakes of Wisconsin, we observed spatial structure in drought response, with lowland lakes more synchronous than highland lakes. However, there was no evidence for a direct relationship between any solute and precipitation. Instead, increases in the concentration of the conservative ion calcium during drought were not followed by a symmetrical return to pre-drought conditions when precipitation returned to normal or above-average values. 5. For calcium, time lags in recovery from drought appeared related to hydrologic features in a complex way. In the highland Crystal Lake, calcium concentrations tracked lake stage inversely, with a return to pre-drought concentrations and lake stage five years after the drought. This pattern suggests strong evaporative controls. In contrast, after five years of normal precipitation, calcium in the lowland Sparkling Lake had not returned to predrought conditions despite a rebound in lake stage. This result suggests that calcium concentrations in lowland lakes were controlled more by regional groundwater flowpaths, which track climatic signals more slowly. 6. Temporal dynamics driven by climate were most similar among lakes in districts that have a relatively simple hydrology, such as ELA. Where hydrologic setting was more complex, as in the groundwater-dominated Northern Highland of Wisconsin, the expression of climate signals in lakes showed lags and spatial patterns related to landscape position. In general, we expect that landscape and lake-specific factors become increasingly important in lake districts with more heterogeneous hydrogeology, topography or land use. These strong chemical responses to climate need to be considered when interpreting the responses of lakes to other regional disturbances.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Webster, K. E. and Soranno, P. A. and Baines, S. B. and Kratz, T. K. and Bowser, C. J. and Dillon, P. J. and Campbell, P. and Fee, E. J. and Hecky, R. E.},
journal = {Freshwater Biology},
number = {3}
}Evidence from polychromatism and bioluminescence that the cosmopolitan ophiuroid Amphipholis squamata might not represent a unique taxon. Deheyn, D., D., Mallefet, J., & Jangoux, M. Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences. Série III, Sciences de la vie, 323(5):499-509, 5, 2000.
Paper Website abstract bibtex
Paper Website abstract bibtex Individuals of the cosmopolitan ophiuroid Amphipholis squamata were collected from eight stations. Eleven colour varieties were described and their distribution was non-random among stations. This suggests that the varieties differ in ecophysiologic tolerance and that their geographical distribution is modulated by environmental conditions. Varieties also differed in bioluminescence. Contrary to kinetics, intensity of light production varied among co-occurring varieties, meaning that they have similar bioluminescent reactions but a different amount of bioluminescent reagent. Light intensity differed in absolute value among stations but the rank position of each variety relative to others remained constant from one station to another. The 'colour-bioluminescence' link appeared clearly fixed (the same level of bioluminescence for the same variety) and is suggested to be of genetic origin. The species 'A. squamata' may then be a mosaic of genetically different entities (the varieties) rather than a unique cosmopolitan taxonomic entity.
@article{
title = {Evidence from polychromatism and bioluminescence that the cosmopolitan ophiuroid Amphipholis squamata might not represent a unique taxon.},
type = {article},
year = {2000},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {Animals,Climate,Echinodermata,Echinodermata: classification,Echinodermata: genetics,Echinodermata: physiology,France,Genetics, Population,Great Britain,Luminescent Measurements,New Zealand,Papua New Guinea,Pigmentation,Pigmentation: genetics,Species Specificity},
pages = {499-509},
volume = {323},
websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10879298},
month = {5},
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abstract = {Individuals of the cosmopolitan ophiuroid Amphipholis squamata were collected from eight stations. Eleven colour varieties were described and their distribution was non-random among stations. This suggests that the varieties differ in ecophysiologic tolerance and that their geographical distribution is modulated by environmental conditions. Varieties also differed in bioluminescence. Contrary to kinetics, intensity of light production varied among co-occurring varieties, meaning that they have similar bioluminescent reactions but a different amount of bioluminescent reagent. Light intensity differed in absolute value among stations but the rank position of each variety relative to others remained constant from one station to another. The 'colour-bioluminescence' link appeared clearly fixed (the same level of bioluminescence for the same variety) and is suggested to be of genetic origin. The species 'A. squamata' may then be a mosaic of genetically different entities (the varieties) rather than a unique cosmopolitan taxonomic entity.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Deheyn, D D and Mallefet, J and Jangoux, M},
journal = {Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences. Série III, Sciences de la vie},
number = {5}
}The interactions between urban forests and global climate change. Nowak, D. J. In Global climate change and the urban forest.. GCRCC and Franklin Press, Baton Rouge, 2000.
bibtex
bibtex
@incollection{nowak_interactions_2000,
address = {Baton Rouge},
title = {The interactions between urban forests and global climate change},
booktitle = {Global climate change and the urban forest.},
publisher = {GCRCC and Franklin Press},
author = {Nowak, D. J.},
editor = {Appeaning, A.},
year = {2000},
keywords = {BES, urban, climate, forest}
}1999 (2)
Biogenic hydrocarbon emissions and landcover/climate change in a subtropical savanna. Guenther, A., Archer, S., Greenberg, J., Harley, P., Helmig, D., Klinger, L., Vierling, L., Wildermuth, M., Zimmerman, P., & Zitzer, S. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Part B-Hydrology Oceans and Atmosphere, 24(6):659-667, 1999.
Website abstract bibtex
Website abstract bibtex Biogenic non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) emissions strongly influence the chemical composition of the troposphere. Thus, variations in emissions of these compounds are expected to cause changes in concentrations of important atmospheric trace gases. Here, we assess the relative magnitude of potential changes in NMHC (e.g., isoprene and monoterpene) emissions using field flux measurements from a subtropical savanna parkland/thorn woodland site in conjunction with model predictions of climate and landcover change. NMHC emissions of about 40 plant species were characterized. Grasses, as a group, had low emission rates. Several common woody species had high emission rates. However, there was little evidence of emissions being consistently related to woody plant taxonomy, growthform or functional groups. Above-canopy measurements were used to validate modeled isoprene flux predictions of about 2 mg C m(-2) h(-1) for savanna parkland/thorn woodland and ca. 0.7 mg C m(-2) h(-1) for the regional landscape, which is a mixture of savanna parkland/thorn woodland and cropland. Linkage of the biogenic emissions model with a plant succession model indicated that landcover change since the early 1800s has elicited a 3-fold increase in total NMHC emissions. This increase reflected changes in vegetation species composition (from domination by grasses which were typically 'low emitters', to shrubs and trees, many of which were 'high emitters') and increases in foliar density. Field measurements on two common shrub species indicated that isoprene emission increased exponentially with increases in leaf temperature from 20 to 40 degrees C and were not suppressed by drought stress. Accordingly, our model predicted that projected increases in ambient temperature (3 to 6 degrees C) emissions could produce a 2-fold increase in biogenic NMHC emissions. Cloud cover, precipitation, relative humidity, and winds also exerted some control over NMHC emissions, but their influence was highly variable and difficult to estimate. Although our results are specific to southern Texas USA, they indicate the magnitude of change in NMHC emissions that could occur at other locations when climate and vegetation composition are altered. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
@article{
title = {Biogenic hydrocarbon emissions and landcover/climate change in a subtropical savanna},
type = {article},
year = {1999},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {climate,ecosystem,isoprene emission,land-use,model,organic-compound emissions,photosynthesis,united-states,variability,woodlands},
pages = {659-667},
volume = {24},
websites = {<Go to ISI>://000082526000028},
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notes = {<m:note>235EA<m:linebreak/>Times Cited:38<m:linebreak/>Cited References Count:33</m:note>},
abstract = {Biogenic non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) emissions strongly influence the chemical composition of the troposphere. Thus, variations in emissions of these compounds are expected to cause changes in concentrations of important atmospheric trace gases. Here, we assess the relative magnitude of potential changes in NMHC (e.g., isoprene and monoterpene) emissions using field flux measurements from a subtropical savanna parkland/thorn woodland site in conjunction with model predictions of climate and landcover change. NMHC emissions of about 40 plant species were characterized. Grasses, as a group, had low emission rates. Several common woody species had high emission rates. However, there was little evidence of emissions being consistently related to woody plant taxonomy, growthform or functional groups. Above-canopy measurements were used to validate modeled isoprene flux predictions of about 2 mg C m(-2) h(-1) for savanna parkland/thorn woodland and ca. 0.7 mg C m(-2) h(-1) for the regional landscape, which is a mixture of savanna parkland/thorn woodland and cropland. Linkage of the biogenic emissions model with a plant succession model indicated that landcover change since the early 1800s has elicited a 3-fold increase in total NMHC emissions. This increase reflected changes in vegetation species composition (from domination by grasses which were typically 'low emitters', to shrubs and trees, many of which were 'high emitters') and increases in foliar density. Field measurements on two common shrub species indicated that isoprene emission increased exponentially with increases in leaf temperature from 20 to 40 degrees C and were not suppressed by drought stress. Accordingly, our model predicted that projected increases in ambient temperature (3 to 6 degrees C) emissions could produce a 2-fold increase in biogenic NMHC emissions. Cloud cover, precipitation, relative humidity, and winds also exerted some control over NMHC emissions, but their influence was highly variable and difficult to estimate. Although our results are specific to southern Texas USA, they indicate the magnitude of change in NMHC emissions that could occur at other locations when climate and vegetation composition are altered. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Guenther, A and Archer, S and Greenberg, J and Harley, P and Helmig, D and Klinger, L and Vierling, L and Wildermuth, M and Zimmerman, P and Zitzer, S},
journal = {Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Part B-Hydrology Oceans and Atmosphere},
number = {6}
}Soil oxygen availability and biogeo chemistry along rainfall and topographic gradients in upland wet tropical forest soils. Silver, W. L., Lugo, A., & Keller, M. Biogeochemistry, 1999.
Paper bibtex
Paper bibtex @article{silver_soil_1999,
title = {Soil oxygen availability and biogeo chemistry along rainfall and topographic gradients in upland wet tropical forest soils},
volume = {44},
url = {http://luq.lternet.edu/publications/lterpub/silvsoi.htm},
journal = {Biogeochemistry},
author = {Silver, W. L. and Lugo, A.E. and Keller, M.},
year = {1999},
keywords = {LUQ, climate, methane, Puerto Rico, soil phosphorus, N2O, soil oxigen}
}1998 (2)
Review of Oak Stand Decline with Special Reference to the Role of Drought in Poland. Siwkcki, R. & Ufnalski, K. Forest Pathology, 28(2):99–112, March, 1998.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Declines in oak-forest ecosystems have been reported frequently throughout the world since the beginning of this century. They have been associated with the death of individual trees, of small groups of trees or of entire stands. In this paper, the phenomenon of oak decline is presented in the context of the local site conditions in selected countries. Oak decline is regarded as a result of the synergistic action between damaging agents, both biotic and abiotic. Periodic changes of the climate in selected experimental plots of Quercus robur stands in Poland were analysed by comparing Walter's climatic diagrams and annual growth rings. Climatic conditions have a major influence on the vigour of oaks. An increase in the frequency of dry years (especially when drought occurs at the beginning of the growing season, e.g. in May-June) has contributed to the complex phenomenon of oak decline.
@article{siwkckiReviewOakStand1998,
title = {Review of Oak Stand Decline with Special Reference to the Role of Drought in {{Poland}}},
author = {Siwkcki, R. and Ufnalski, K.},
year = {1998},
month = mar,
volume = {28},
pages = {99--112},
issn = {1437-4781},
doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0329.1998.tb01171.x},
abstract = {Declines in oak-forest ecosystems have been reported frequently throughout the world since the beginning of this century. They have been associated with the death of individual trees, of small groups of trees or of entire stands. In this paper, the phenomenon of oak decline is presented in the context of the local site conditions in selected countries. Oak decline is regarded as a result of the synergistic action between damaging agents, both biotic and abiotic. Periodic changes of the climate in selected experimental plots of Quercus robur stands in Poland were analysed by comparing Walter's climatic diagrams and annual growth rings. Climatic conditions have a major influence on the vigour of oaks. An increase in the frequency of dry years (especially when drought occurs at the beginning of the growing season, e.g. in May-June) has contributed to the complex phenomenon of oak decline.},
journal = {Forest Pathology},
keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13512768,climate,droughts,dry-years,forest-pests,quercus-cerris,quercus-ilex,quercus-petraea,quercus-pubescens,quercus-robur,quercus-spp,quercus-suber,species-decline},
lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13512768},
number = {2}
}Regional productivity patterns of plant species in the Great Plains of the United States. Epstein, H. E., Lauenroth, W., Burke, I., & Coffin, D. Plant Ecology, 1998.
bibtex
bibtex
@article{epstein_regional_1998,
title = {Regional productivity patterns of plant species in the {Great} {Plains} of the {United} {States}},
volume = {134},
journal = {Plant Ecology},
author = {Epstein, H. E. and Lauenroth, WK and Burke, IC and Coffin, DP},
year = {1998},
keywords = {SGS, climate, productivity, precipitation, grasslands, great plains, soil texture, plant species}
}1997 (1)
Vegetation dynamics in four ecosystems along an elevational gradient in the Front Range of Colorado. Korb, J. Ph.D. Thesis, Boulder., 1997.
Paper bibtex
Paper bibtex @phdthesis{korb_vegetation_1997,
address = {Boulder.},
title = {Vegetation dynamics in four ecosystems along an elevational gradient in the {Front} {Range} of {Colorado}.},
url = {University of Colorado},
author = {Korb, J.},
year = {1997},
keywords = {NWT, NWTLTER, elevation, climate, vegetation dynamics}
}1996 (1)
Changes in climate and hydrochemical responses in a high-eleveation catchment in the Rocky Mountains, USA. Williams, M. W., Losleben, M., Caine, N., & Greenland, D. Limnology and Oceanography, 1996.
bibtex
bibtex
@article{williams_changes_1996,
title = {Changes in climate and hydrochemical responses in a high-eleveation catchment in the {Rocky} {Mountains}, {USA}},
volume = {41},
number = {5},
journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
author = {Williams, M. W. and Losleben, M. and Caine, N. and Greenland, D.},
year = {1996},
keywords = {NWT, NWTLTER, climate, alpine, acidification, snowpack, hydrochemistry, wet deposition}
}1994 (1)
Short- and long-term patterns of soil moisture in alpine tundra. Taylor, R. & Seastedt, T. R. Arctic and Alpine Research, 1994.
bibtex
bibtex
@article{taylor_short-_1994,
title = {Short- and long-term patterns of soil moisture in alpine tundra},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
journal = {Arctic and Alpine Research},
author = {Taylor, R.V. and Seastedt, T. R.},
year = {1994},
keywords = {NWT, NWTLTER, Niwot Ridge, climate, soil moisture, saddle, time domain reflectometry}
}1975 (1)
Jornada validation site report. Whitford, W. G. Technical Report Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 1975.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Drought conditions characterized the first six months of 1974– a continuation of conditions which began in late summer of 1973. Because of drought conditions, there was a virtual absence of spring annuals, and many species of plants such as Panicum obtusum, Hymenoxys odorata, Hilaria mutica, Larrea tridentata, etc., exhibited no growth until after the first rains, July 4. The only plants exhibiting new growth in spring were those which appear to be more independent of water like Prosopis glandulosa and Yucca elata. Mammals and lizards exhibited decreases in species diversity and densities in early summer 1974, but their populations recovered during the wet summer and fall. Ant and termite activity was low or absent depending on the area until after the summer rains started. Termites consumed all species of buried native vegetation and also ate through the control bags s we were unable to obtain quantitative data on feeding rates. Microbial studies continued this year showed little activity during the dry months of January through June. Litter production data followed the phenology of the plants. Larrea tridentata dropped more bark and twigs than the other species studied. On the spray site, we found that the rodent fauna had switched from a desert fauna dominated by Dipodomys merriami and Perognathus penicillatus to a grassland fauna dominated by Dipodomys ordii and Perognathus flavus. This shift was obviously not related to soil differences.
@techreport{whitford_jornada_1975,
address = {Logan, Utah},
type = {{US}/{IBP} {Desert} {Biome} {Research} {Memorandum} 75-4},
title = {Jornada validation site report},
abstract = {Drought conditions characterized the first six months of 1974– a continuation of conditions which began in late summer of 1973. Because of drought conditions, there was a virtual absence of spring annuals, and many species of plants such as Panicum obtusum, Hymenoxys odorata, Hilaria mutica, Larrea tridentata, etc., exhibited no growth until after the first rains, July 4. The only plants exhibiting new growth in spring were those which appear to be more independent of water like Prosopis glandulosa and Yucca elata. Mammals and lizards exhibited decreases in species diversity and densities in early summer 1974, but their populations recovered during the wet summer and fall. Ant and termite activity was low or absent depending on the area until after the summer rains started. Termites consumed all species of buried native vegetation and also ate through the control bags s we were unable to obtain quantitative data on feeding rates. Microbial studies continued this year showed little activity during the dry months of January through June. Litter production data followed the phenology of the plants. Larrea tridentata dropped more bark and twigs than the other species studied. On the spray site, we found that the rodent fauna had switched from a desert fauna dominated by Dipodomys merriami and Perognathus penicillatus to a grassland fauna dominated by Dipodomys ordii and Perognathus flavus. This shift was obviously not related to soil differences.},
institution = {Utah State University},
author = {Whitford, W. G.},
year = {1975},
keywords = {Amitermes, Bufo, Gnathamitermes, LTER-JRN, Reticulitermes, Scaphiopus, Swainson's hawk, US-IBP, ants, anurans, arthropods, bajada, bird, birds, book, chapter, climate, climatic, decomposition, distribution patterns, flooding, food habits, herbicides, insects, lagomorphs, microbial activity, plants, playa, productivity, report, reptiles, rodents, soil bacteria, soil enzymes, soil thermophiles, surface activity, termite, termites, validation site report}
}1968 (1)
An Introduction to Climate. Trewartha, G. T. & Sale, R. D. McGraw-Hill, Fourth edition, 1968.
bibtex
bibtex
@book{trewarthaIntroductionClimate1968,
title = {An Introduction to Climate},
author = {Trewartha, Glenn T. and Sale, Randall D.},
year = {1968},
edition = {Fourth},
publisher = {{McGraw-Hill}},
keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13812836,classification,climate,forest-resources,global-scale,precipitation,temperature,vegetation},
lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13812836},
series = {{{McGraw}}-{{Hill}} Series in Geography}
}undefined (2)
Population and forest dynamics during the Central European Eneolithic (4500–2000 BC). Kolář, J., Kuneš, P., Szabó, P., Hajnalová, M., Svobodová, H. S., Macek, M., & Tkáč, P. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences.
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex The population boom-and-bust during the European Neolithic (7000–2000 BC) has been the subject of lively discussion for the past decade. Most of the research on this topic was carried out with help of summed radiocarbon probability distributions. We aim to reconstruct population dynamics within the catchment of a medium sized lake on the basis of information on the presence of all known past human activities. We calculated a human activity model based on Monte Carlo simulations. The model showed the lowest level of human activity between 4000 and 3000 BC. For a better understanding of long-term socio-environmental dynamics, we also used the results of a pollen-based quantitative vegetation model, as well as a local macrophysical climate model. The beginning of the decline of archaeologically visible human activities corresponds with climatic changes and an increase in secondary forest taxa probably indicating more extensive land use. In addition, social and technological innovations are important, such as the introduction of the ard, wheel, animal traction and metallurgy, as well as changes in social hierarchy characterizing the same period.
@article{kolar_population_nodate,
title = {Population and forest dynamics during the {Central} {European} {Eneolithic} (4500–2000 {BC})},
issn = {1866-9557, 1866-9565},
url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12520-016-0446-5},
doi = {10.1007/s12520-016-0446-5},
abstract = {The population boom-and-bust during the European Neolithic (7000–2000 BC) has been the subject of lively discussion for the past decade. Most of the research on this topic was carried out with help of summed radiocarbon probability distributions. We aim to reconstruct population dynamics within the catchment of a medium sized lake on the basis of information on the presence of all known past human activities. We calculated a human activity model based on Monte Carlo simulations. The model showed the lowest level of human activity between 4000 and 3000 BC. For a better understanding of long-term socio-environmental dynamics, we also used the results of a pollen-based quantitative vegetation model, as well as a local macrophysical climate model. The beginning of the decline of archaeologically visible human activities corresponds with climatic changes and an increase in secondary forest taxa probably indicating more extensive land use. In addition, social and technological innovations are important, such as the introduction of the ard, wheel, animal traction and metallurgy, as well as changes in social hierarchy characterizing the same period.},
language = {English},
urldate = {2016-12-14TZ},
journal = {Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences},
author = {Kolář, Jan and Kuneš, Petr and Szabó, Péter and Hajnalová, Mária and Svobodová, Helena Svitavská and Macek, Martin and Tkáč, Peter},
keywords = {Czech Republic, MCM model, Neolithic, Population density, REVEALS, climate, cultural landscape}
}Mainstreaming urban climate resilience into policy and planning; reflections from Asia. Friend, R., Jarvie, J., Reed, S., Sutarto, R., Thinphanga, P., & Toan, V. C. Urban Climate.
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex Abstract Emerging literature on urban climate adaptation emphasizes the need to “mainstream” climate change resilience into city planning, while simultaneously acknowledging a frequent disconnect between planning and implementation, especially in countries where governance lacks transparency and/or technical capacity. Moreover, how to influence planning towards prioritizing climate vulnerabilities is by no means self-evident. Particularly in developing countries, policy and planning processes are often complex, murky, and can be poorly understood even by the planners themselves. This paper discusses gaps in the process of mainstreaming climate resilience in Vietnam, Thailand, and Indonesia. Experience indicates that there is a common fundamental governance deficit among the three countries in that there is frequently no effective planning process into which climate change resilience could be mainstreamed. Even where governance mechanisms do function, they are often at odds with the kinds of adaptive, learning oriented processes that are at the heart of climate resilience theory. Reconfiguring urban governance is the core challenge, and within this, greater accountability and transparency. This requires informed public dialogue, where critical information about land, current and projected risks and vulnerabilities is in the public domain, and where regulatory framework, public access to redress and remedy is strengthened.
@article{friend_mainstreaming_????,
title = {Mainstreaming urban climate resilience into policy and planning; reflections from {Asia}},
issn = {2212-0955},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212095513000357},
doi = {10.1016/j.uclim.2013.08.001},
abstract = {Abstract
Emerging literature on urban climate adaptation emphasizes the need to “mainstream” climate change resilience into city planning, while simultaneously acknowledging a frequent disconnect between planning and implementation, especially in countries where governance lacks transparency and/or technical capacity. Moreover, how to influence planning towards prioritizing climate vulnerabilities is by no means self-evident. Particularly in developing countries, policy and planning processes are often complex, murky, and can be poorly understood even by the planners themselves. This paper discusses gaps in the process of mainstreaming climate resilience in Vietnam, Thailand, and Indonesia. Experience indicates that there is a common fundamental governance deficit among the three countries in that there is frequently no effective planning process into which climate change resilience could be mainstreamed. Even where governance mechanisms do function, they are often at odds with the kinds of adaptive, learning oriented processes that are at the heart of climate resilience theory. Reconfiguring urban governance is the core challenge, and within this, greater accountability and transparency. This requires informed public dialogue, where critical information about land, current and projected risks and vulnerabilities is in the public domain, and where regulatory framework, public access to redress and remedy is strengthened.},
urldate = {2013-08-30},
journal = {Urban Climate},
author = {Friend, Richard and Jarvie, Jim and Reed, Sarah and Sutarto, Ratri and Thinphanga, Pakamas and Toan, Vu Canh},
keywords = {Asia, climate, governance, Policy, Resilience, Urban},
file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/47247/Friend et al. - Mainstreaming urban climate resilience into policy.pdf:application/pdf}
}