@article{moseley_onychomycosis_2023,
	title = {Onychomycosis in underrepresented groups: an all of us database analysis},
	volume = {315},
	issn = {1432-069X},
	shorttitle = {Onychomycosis in underrepresented groups},
	doi = {10.1007/s00403-022-02413-4},
	abstract = {Few research studies evaluating the impact of dermatologic diseases in the United States (US) have adequately included underrepresented groups. All of Us (AoU) is an ongoing precision medicine-based research initiative by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) that facilitates research in populations traditionally underrepresented in biomedical research by prioritizing them for data collection. Our objective was to evaluate the burden of onychomycosis in underrepresented groups defined by the framework provided by AoU. The AoU Registered Tier dataset version 5 was used which includes data collected between May 30, 2017 and April 1, 2021. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis linking survey and electronic health record (EHR) data to estimate the prevalence of onychomycosis in underrepresented groups defined by race, ethnicity, age (≥ 75 years), disability, sexual orientation/gender identity (LGBTQIA +), income (annual household income ≤ \$35 000) and education (less than a high school degree). The latest All of Us data release includes 329,038 participants. Of these, 251,597 (76\%) had EHR data and 13,874 had onychomycosis (overall prevalence, 5.5\%; 95\% CI, 5.4-5.6). Multivariate analyses adjusted by tinea pedis, diabetes mellitus, immune compromise, nail psoriasis, and insurance status, in addition to the aforementioned variables, revealed that, compared with White participants, Black and Hispanic participants had a higher adjusted odds of onychomycosis (OR, 1.29; 95\% CI, 1.23-1.36 and OR, 1.24; 95\% CI, 1.17-1.31, respectively). Higher adjusted odds of onychomycosis were also observed in underrepresented groups. Our findings suggest a disproportionately high burden of onychomycosis in underrepresented groups, although further studies are needed to replicate our findings and address this disparity.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Archives of Dermatological Research},
	author = {Moseley, Isabelle and Ragi, Sara D. and Ouellette, Samantha and Rao, Babar},
	month = apr,
	year = {2023},
	pmid = {36261664},
	keywords = {Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Fungal infection, Gender Identity, General dermatology, Humans, Male, Medical dermatology, Nail, Onychomycosis, Population Health, Prevalence, Tinea Pedis, United States},
	pages = {647--651},
}

Few research studies evaluating the impact of dermatologic diseases in the United States (US) have adequately included underrepresented groups. All of Us (AoU) is an ongoing precision medicine-based research initiative by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) that facilitates research in populations traditionally underrepresented in biomedical research by prioritizing them for data collection. Our objective was to evaluate the burden of onychomycosis in underrepresented groups defined by the framework provided by AoU. The AoU Registered Tier dataset version 5 was used which includes data collected between May 30, 2017 and April 1, 2021. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis linking survey and electronic health record (EHR) data to estimate the prevalence of onychomycosis in underrepresented groups defined by race, ethnicity, age (≥ 75 years), disability, sexual orientation/gender identity (LGBTQIA +), income (annual household income ≤ $35 000) and education (less than a high school degree). The latest All of Us data release includes 329,038 participants. Of these, 251,597 (76%) had EHR data and 13,874 had onychomycosis (overall prevalence, 5.5%; 95% CI, 5.4-5.6). Multivariate analyses adjusted by tinea pedis, diabetes mellitus, immune compromise, nail psoriasis, and insurance status, in addition to the aforementioned variables, revealed that, compared with White participants, Black and Hispanic participants had a higher adjusted odds of onychomycosis (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.23-1.36 and OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.17-1.31, respectively). Higher adjusted odds of onychomycosis were also observed in underrepresented groups. Our findings suggest a disproportionately high burden of onychomycosis in underrepresented groups, although further studies are needed to replicate our findings and address this disparity.

@article{ahmed_vitiligo_2023,
	title = {Vitiligo in underrepresented communities: {An} {All} of {Us} database analysis},
	volume = {88},
	issn = {1097-6787},
	shorttitle = {Vitiligo in underrepresented communities},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaad.2022.11.027},
	language = {eng},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology},
	author = {Ahmed, Fadwa and Moseley, Isabelle and Ragi, Sara D. and Ouellette, Samantha and Rao, Babar},
	month = apr,
	year = {2023},
	pmid = {36414097},
	keywords = {All of Us database, Autoimmune Diseases, Humans, Hypopigmentation, Population Health, Vitiligo, autoimmune disease, epidemiology, healthcare access, healthcare disparities, public health, skin of color, underrepresented groups, vitiligo},
	pages = {945--948},
}

@article{ragi_epidemiology_2023,
	title = {Epidemiology and {Survival} of {Eccrine} {Porocarcinoma} by {Sex} in the {United} {States}: {A} {Surveillance}, {Epidemiology}, and {End} {Results} {Database} {Analysis}},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {1524-4725},
	shorttitle = {Epidemiology and {Survival} of {Eccrine} {Porocarcinoma} by {Sex} in the {United} {States}},
	doi = {10.1097/DSS.0000000000003652},
	language = {eng},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Dermatologic Surgery: Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]},
	author = {Ragi, Sara D. and Moseley, Isabelle and Ouellette, Samantha and Rao, Babar},
	month = jan,
	year = {2023},
	pmid = {36533801},
	keywords = {Databases, Factual, Eccrine Porocarcinoma, Humans, Sweat Gland Neoplasms, United States},
	pages = {97--99},
}

@article{liu_one-class_2023,
	title = {One-class machine learning classification of skin tissue based on manually scanned optical coherence tomography imaging},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-023-28155-5},
	abstract = {We investigated a method for automatic skin tissue characterization based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. We developed a manually scanned single fiber OCT instrument to perform in vivo skin imaging and tumor boundary assessment. The goal is to achieve more accurate tissue excision in Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) and reduce the time required for MMS. The focus of this study was to develop a novel machine learning classification method to automatically identify abnormal skin tissues through one-class classification. We trained a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) with a U-Net architecture for automatic skin segmentation, used the pre-trained U-Net as a feature extractor, and trained one-class support vector machine (SVM) classifiers to detect abnormal tissues. The novelty of this study is the use of a neural network as a feature extractor and the use of a one-class SVM for abnormal tissue detection. Our approach eliminated the need to engineer the features for classification and eliminated the need to train the classifier with data obtained from abnormal tissues. To validate the effectiveness of the one-class classification method, we assessed the performance of our algorithm using computer synthesized data, and experimental data. We also performed a pilot study on a patient with skin cancer.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {Liu, Xuan and Ouellette, Samantha and Jamgochian, Marielle and Liu, Yuwei and Rao, Babar},
	month = jan,
	year = {2023},
	pmid = {36650283},
	pmcid = {PMC9845382},
	keywords = {Humans, Machine Learning, Neural Networks, Computer, Pilot Projects, Skin, Support Vector Machine, Tomography, Optical Coherence},
	pages = {867},
}

We investigated a method for automatic skin tissue characterization based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. We developed a manually scanned single fiber OCT instrument to perform in vivo skin imaging and tumor boundary assessment. The goal is to achieve more accurate tissue excision in Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) and reduce the time required for MMS. The focus of this study was to develop a novel machine learning classification method to automatically identify abnormal skin tissues through one-class classification. We trained a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) with a U-Net architecture for automatic skin segmentation, used the pre-trained U-Net as a feature extractor, and trained one-class support vector machine (SVM) classifiers to detect abnormal tissues. The novelty of this study is the use of a neural network as a feature extractor and the use of a one-class SVM for abnormal tissue detection. Our approach eliminated the need to engineer the features for classification and eliminated the need to train the classifier with data obtained from abnormal tissues. To validate the effectiveness of the one-class classification method, we assessed the performance of our algorithm using computer synthesized data, and experimental data. We also performed a pilot study on a patient with skin cancer.

@article{farabi_identifying_2023,
	title = {Identifying {Pitfalls} for {Diagnosing} {Pigmented} {Bowen} {Disease} on {Reflectance} {Confocal} {Microscopy}: {Misleading} {Dendritic} {Cells}},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {2160-9381},
	shorttitle = {Identifying {Pitfalls} for {Diagnosing} {Pigmented} {Bowen} {Disease} on {Reflectance} {Confocal} {Microscopy}},
	doi = {10.5826/dpc.1301a30},
	language = {eng},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Dermatology Practical \& Conceptual},
	author = {Farabi, Banu and Rao, Babar K. and Jain, Manu},
	month = jan,
	year = {2023},
	pmid = {36892388},
	pmcid = {PMC9946061},
	pages = {e2023030},
}

@article{ahmed_rosacea_2023,
	title = {Rosacea diagnosis and prescription patterns in underrepresented groups: {An} {All} of {Us} database analysis},
	issn = {1097-6787},
	shorttitle = {Rosacea diagnosis and prescription patterns in underrepresented groups},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaad.2023.03.042},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology},
	author = {Ahmed, Fadwa and Ragi, Sara D. and Moseley, Isabelle and Mirza, Fatima N. and Yumeen, Sara and Vance, Terrence and Ouellette, Samantha and Rao, Babar},
	month = apr,
	year = {2023},
	pmid = {37024052},
	keywords = {All of Us database, autoimmune disease, epidemiology, health care disparities, rosacea, underrepresented groups},
	pages = {S0190--9622(23)00531--5},
}

@article{razi_demystifying_2022,
	title = {Demystifying the mechanism of action of professional facial peeling: {In}-vivo visualization and quantification of changes in inflammation, melanin and collagen using {Vivascope}® and {ConfoScan}®},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {1529-8019},
	shorttitle = {Demystifying the mechanism of action of professional facial peeling},
	doi = {10.1111/dth.15846},
	abstract = {Professional peeling using chemicals (chemical peeling) is a popular non-surgical procedure commonly used for the treatment for photoaging, pigmentary disorders, scarring, fine lines, and wrinkles. The objective of our case study was to elucidate the mechanism of action of professional peels/peeling. For proof-of-concept, we used a commercial blended peel containing trichloroacetic acid and lactic acid. The facial peeling was performed by a physician on four subjects. These subjects were followed over time in the clinic to take clinical pictures and monitor surface and anatomical changes in inflammation, melanin, and collagen at regular intervals post-peel (5 min, 48 h, and day 9). Dermoscope and Vivascope® were used to image surface and subsurface anatomical changes, respectively, and ConfoScan® was used to quantify aforementioned anatomical changes. Based on Vivascope and ConfoScan analysis, we could see clear visual clinical evidence of controlled injury-healing mechanism of peel's action: immediate but transient onset of inflammation within 5 min (indicate injury response by skin), followed by melanin redistribution evident at 48 h (indicate activation of skin's defense system), and remodeled fibrous collagen network without any inflammatory cells on day 9 (healing response). To our knowledge, this is the first ever clinical study to deconvolute the mysterious mechanism of action of peels, in-vivo.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Dermatologic Therapy},
	author = {Razi, Shazli and Bhardwaj, Vinay and Ouellette, Samantha and Khan, Samavia and Azadegan, Chloe and Boyd, Thomas and Rao, Babar},
	month = nov,
	year = {2022},
	pmid = {36129212},
	pmcid = {PMC9787425},
	keywords = {Chemexfoliation, Collagen, Humans, Inflammation, Melanins, Skin Aging, Trichloroacetic Acid, Vivascope, collagen remodeling, exfoliation, melanin redistribution, peeling, professional peel, reflectance confocal microscopy},
	pages = {e15846},
}

Professional peeling using chemicals (chemical peeling) is a popular non-surgical procedure commonly used for the treatment for photoaging, pigmentary disorders, scarring, fine lines, and wrinkles. The objective of our case study was to elucidate the mechanism of action of professional peels/peeling. For proof-of-concept, we used a commercial blended peel containing trichloroacetic acid and lactic acid. The facial peeling was performed by a physician on four subjects. These subjects were followed over time in the clinic to take clinical pictures and monitor surface and anatomical changes in inflammation, melanin, and collagen at regular intervals post-peel (5 min, 48 h, and day 9). Dermoscope and Vivascope® were used to image surface and subsurface anatomical changes, respectively, and ConfoScan® was used to quantify aforementioned anatomical changes. Based on Vivascope and ConfoScan analysis, we could see clear visual clinical evidence of controlled injury-healing mechanism of peel's action: immediate but transient onset of inflammation within 5 min (indicate injury response by skin), followed by melanin redistribution evident at 48 h (indicate activation of skin's defense system), and remodeled fibrous collagen network without any inflammatory cells on day 9 (healing response). To our knowledge, this is the first ever clinical study to deconvolute the mysterious mechanism of action of peels, in-vivo.

@article{ragi_psychiatric_2022,
	title = {Psychiatric comorbidities of {Hidradenitis} suppurativa in underrepresented groups: a case-control study utilizing the all of us research program},
	issn = {1432-069X},
	shorttitle = {Psychiatric comorbidities of {Hidradenitis} suppurativa in underrepresented groups},
	doi = {10.1007/s00403-022-02503-3},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {Archives of Dermatological Research},
	author = {Ragi, Sara D. and Lin, Zachary and Moseley, Isabelle and Ahmed, Fadwa and Ouellette, Samantha and Rao, Babar},
	month = dec,
	year = {2022},
	pmid = {36482257},
	keywords = {Depression, anxiety, psychiatric comorbidities, Hidradenitis suppurativa, Inflammatory skin conditions, Race},
}

@article{khan_applications_2022,
	title = {Applications of {Reflectance} {Confocal} {Microscopy} in the {Diagnosis} of {Fungal} {Infections}: {A} {Systematic} {Review}},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {2309-608X},
	shorttitle = {Applications of {Reflectance} {Confocal} {Microscopy} in the {Diagnosis} of {Fungal} {Infections}},
	doi = {10.3390/jof9010039},
	abstract = {Cutaneous and adnexal fungal infections are typically diagnosed with potassium hydroxide (KOH) skin scrapings, fungal cultures, and Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) biopsy staining. All three current methods of fungal diagnosis require sample processing and turnover time which leads to a delay in diagnosis. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a non-invasive, in vivo skin imaging technology that provides real-time dermatologic diagnoses. We present an updated systematic review of the applications of RCM in diagnosing fungal infections in an effort to explore the utility of RCM as an adjunct clinical tool in detecting cutaneous and adnexal fungi We systematically searched the MEDLINE (via PubMed) for studies published from January 2000 to October 2022 that described the utility of RCM in the setting of fungal infections. Of the 25 studies that met the inclusion criteria, 202 patients were included. The following information on the application of RCM in the setting of fungal infections was extracted from each study, if reported: study type, year published, number of patients included, diagnosis/diagnostic methods, and RCM description. Concordant within all included studies, fungal infections presented on RCM as bright, linear, branching, filamentous structures at the level of stratum corneum. A limitation of this review is that 11 of 25 studies were case reports (n = 1). Larger scale studies should be conducted to explore the utility of RCM in diagnosing fungal infections and to enrich the RCM descriptions of specific fungal conditions.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland)},
	author = {Khan, Samavia and Farabi, Banu and Navarrete-Dechent, Cristian and Rao, Babar and Safai, Bijan},
	month = dec,
	year = {2022},
	pmid = {36675860},
	pmcid = {PMC9862996},
	keywords = {fungal infections, fungi, medical dermatology, non-invasive skin imaging, reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM)},
	pages = {39},
}

Cutaneous and adnexal fungal infections are typically diagnosed with potassium hydroxide (KOH) skin scrapings, fungal cultures, and Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) biopsy staining. All three current methods of fungal diagnosis require sample processing and turnover time which leads to a delay in diagnosis. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a non-invasive, in vivo skin imaging technology that provides real-time dermatologic diagnoses. We present an updated systematic review of the applications of RCM in diagnosing fungal infections in an effort to explore the utility of RCM as an adjunct clinical tool in detecting cutaneous and adnexal fungi We systematically searched the MEDLINE (via PubMed) for studies published from January 2000 to October 2022 that described the utility of RCM in the setting of fungal infections. Of the 25 studies that met the inclusion criteria, 202 patients were included. The following information on the application of RCM in the setting of fungal infections was extracted from each study, if reported: study type, year published, number of patients included, diagnosis/diagnostic methods, and RCM description. Concordant within all included studies, fungal infections presented on RCM as bright, linear, branching, filamentous structures at the level of stratum corneum. A limitation of this review is that 11 of 25 studies were case reports (n = 1). Larger scale studies should be conducted to explore the utility of RCM in diagnosing fungal infections and to enrich the RCM descriptions of specific fungal conditions.

@article{rubin_utility_2022,
	title = {Utility of {Optical} {Imaging} in a {Patient} {With} {Recurrent}, {Multifocal} {Hydroxyurea}-{Associated} {Basal} {Cell} {Carcinoma}},
	volume = {48},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1076-0512},
	doi = {10.1097/dss.0000000000003279},
	language = {eng},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Dermatol Surg},
	author = {Rubin, A. and Haroon, A. and Rao, B. K. and Firoz, B. F.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {*Optical Imaging, Carcinoma, Basal Cell/chemically induced/*diagnosis/surgery, Female, Head and Neck Neoplasms, Humans, Hydroxyurea/*adverse effects, Middle Aged, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/*diagnosis, Neoplasm, Residual/surgery, Scalp, Skin Neoplasms/chemically induced/*diagnosis/surgery, Skin/diagnostic imaging, Thrombocythemia, Essential/drug therapy},
	pages = {155--156},
}

@article{ouellette_usefulness_2022,
	title = {Usefulness of {Smartphones} in {Dermatology}: {A} {US}-{Based} {Review}},
	volume = {19},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1661-7827 (Print) 1660-4601},
	url = {https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/ijerph/ijerph-19-03553/article_deploy/ijerph-19-03553.pdf?version=1647498774},
	doi = {10.3390/ijerph19063553},
	abstract = {(1) Background: As smartphones have become more widely used, they have become an appealing tool for health-related functions. For dermatology alone, hundreds of applications (apps) are available to download for both patients and providers. (2) Methods: The Google Play Store and Apple App Store were searched from the United States using dermatology-related terms. Apps were categorized based on description, and the number of reviews, download cost, target audience, and use of AI were recorded. The top apps from each category by number of reviews were reported. Additionally, literature on the benefits and limitations of using smartphones for dermatology were reviewed. (3) Results: A total of 632 apps were included in the study: 395 (62.5\%) were marketed towards patients, 203 (32.1\%) towards providers, and 34 (5.4\%) towards both; 265 (41.9\%) were available only on the Google Play Store, 146 (23.1\%) only on the Apple App Store, and 221 (35.0\%) were available on both; and 595 (94.1\%) were free to download and 37 (5.9\%) had a cost to download, ranging from USD 0.99 to USD 349.99 (median USD 37.49). A total of 99 apps (15.7\%) reported the use of artificial intelligence. (4) Conclusions: Although there are many benefits of using smartphones for dermatology, lack of regulation and high-quality evidence supporting the efficacy and accuracy of apps hinders their potential.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Int J Environ Res Public Health},
	author = {Ouellette, S. and Rao, B. K.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {*Dermatology, *Mobile Applications, *ai, *application, *apps, *artificial, *intelligence, *smartphone, Artificial Intelligence, Delivery of Health Care, Humans, Smartphone, United States},
}

(1) Background: As smartphones have become more widely used, they have become an appealing tool for health-related functions. For dermatology alone, hundreds of applications (apps) are available to download for both patients and providers. (2) Methods: The Google Play Store and Apple App Store were searched from the United States using dermatology-related terms. Apps were categorized based on description, and the number of reviews, download cost, target audience, and use of AI were recorded. The top apps from each category by number of reviews were reported. Additionally, literature on the benefits and limitations of using smartphones for dermatology were reviewed. (3) Results: A total of 632 apps were included in the study: 395 (62.5%) were marketed towards patients, 203 (32.1%) towards providers, and 34 (5.4%) towards both; 265 (41.9%) were available only on the Google Play Store, 146 (23.1%) only on the Apple App Store, and 221 (35.0%) were available on both; and 595 (94.1%) were free to download and 37 (5.9%) had a cost to download, ranging from USD 0.99 to USD 349.99 (median USD 37.49). A total of 99 apps (15.7%) reported the use of artificial intelligence. (4) Conclusions: Although there are many benefits of using smartphones for dermatology, lack of regulation and high-quality evidence supporting the efficacy and accuracy of apps hinders their potential.

@article{moseley_tinea_2022,
	title = {Tinea versicolour in underrepresented groups: {An} {All} of {Us} database analysis},
	issn = {2690-442X 2690-442X},
	doi = {10.1002/ski2.152},
	journal = {Skin Health and Disease},
	author = {Moseley, Isabelle and Ragi, Sara D. and Ouellette, Samantha and Rao, Babar},
	year = {2022},
}

@article{moseley_tinea_2022,
	title = {Tinea {Pedis} in {Underrepresented} {Groups}: {An} {All} of {Us} {Database} {Analysis}},
	issn = {1439-0507 (Electronic) 0933-7407 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35997514},
	doi = {10.1111/myc.13522},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Tinea pedis is the most common form of dermatophytosis resulting in interdigital infections. All of Us (AoU) is a National Institute of Health initiative with an emphasis on patient populations traditionally underrepresented in biomedical research. OBJECTIVES: Our objective was to evaluate the burden of tinea pedis in underrepresented groups in the United States, utilizing the novel AoU research program. METHODS: We analyzed AoU Registered Tier dataset version 5, which includes data collected between May 30, 2017 and April 1, 2021. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis linking survey and electronic health record (EHR) data to estimate the prevalence of tinea pedis in underrepresented groups. RESULTS: AoU data release includes 329,038 participants. Of these, 251,597 (76.5\%) had electronic health record data and 6,932 had tinea pedis (overall prevalence, 2.76\%; 95\% CI, 2.69-2.82). Multivariate analyses revealed that, compared with White participants, Black and Hispanic participants had a higher adjusted odds of tinea pedis (OR, 1.29; 95\% CI, 1.20-1.38 and OR, 1.38; 95\% CI, 1.28-1.48, respectively). Higher adjusted odds of tinea pedis were observed in underrepresented groups defined by: age {\textgreater}=75 years (OR, 1.45; 95\% CI, 1.33-1.57), LGBTQ status (OR, 1.17; 95\% CI, 1.09-1.27), less than a high school education (OR, 1.22; 95\% CI, 1.11-1.34), income {\textless}\$35 000 (OR, 1.09; 95\% CI, 1.02-1.16), and physical disability (OR, 1.56; 95\% CI, 1.08-1.24). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings are consistent with overall age, and gender-specific prevalence estimates from prior epidemiologic studies, validating the scientific consistency of the new AoU database. Additionally, there may be an increased burden of tinea pedis among Black and Hispanic individuals.},
	journal = {Mycoses},
	author = {Moseley, I. and Ragi, S. D. and Ouellette, S. and Rao, B.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {All of Us Database, Athlete's Foot, Dermatophytes, Fungal Skin Conditions, Healthcare Disparities, Tinea Pedis, Trichophyton rubrum, Underrepresented groups},
}

BACKGROUND: Tinea pedis is the most common form of dermatophytosis resulting in interdigital infections. All of Us (AoU) is a National Institute of Health initiative with an emphasis on patient populations traditionally underrepresented in biomedical research. OBJECTIVES: Our objective was to evaluate the burden of tinea pedis in underrepresented groups in the United States, utilizing the novel AoU research program. METHODS: We analyzed AoU Registered Tier dataset version 5, which includes data collected between May 30, 2017 and April 1, 2021. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis linking survey and electronic health record (EHR) data to estimate the prevalence of tinea pedis in underrepresented groups. RESULTS: AoU data release includes 329,038 participants. Of these, 251,597 (76.5%) had electronic health record data and 6,932 had tinea pedis (overall prevalence, 2.76%; 95% CI, 2.69-2.82). Multivariate analyses revealed that, compared with White participants, Black and Hispanic participants had a higher adjusted odds of tinea pedis (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.20-1.38 and OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.28-1.48, respectively). Higher adjusted odds of tinea pedis were observed in underrepresented groups defined by: age \textgreater=75 years (OR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.33-1.57), LGBTQ status (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.09-1.27), less than a high school education (OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.11-1.34), income \textless$35 000 (OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.02-1.16), and physical disability (OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.08-1.24). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings are consistent with overall age, and gender-specific prevalence estimates from prior epidemiologic studies, validating the scientific consistency of the new AoU database. Additionally, there may be an increased burden of tinea pedis among Black and Hispanic individuals.

@article{rao_tear_2022,
	title = {Tear {Trough} {Filler} {Techniques} {Utilizing} {Hyaluronic} {Acid}: {A} {Systematic} {Review}},
	volume = {149},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0032-1052},
	url = {https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wk/prs/2022/00000149/00000005/art00040;jsessionid=6n47aitbg3319.x-ic-live-02},
	doi = {10.1097/prs.0000000000008990},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Hyaluronic acid soft-tissue augmentation fillers are commonly injected into multiple areas of the face, including the tear trough. Despite well-documented risks, there is no standardized, evidence-based approach to inject filler in this area, be it using a hypodermic needle or a microcannula. The authors, therefore, sought to establish a preference between the two methods to facilitate progression toward standardization and prevention of adverse events. METHODS: This is a systematic review of articles discussing hyaluronic acid tear trough injection techniques performed in vivo and related outcomes. Searches were conducted across The Cochrane Library, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase to yield relevant articles published before February of 2020. All selected articles incorporated discrete patient cases and were analyzed by a variety of variables assessing evidence strength, outcomes, technique, and patient safety. RESULTS: After appraisal, 42 articles met eligibility criteria: 20 using needles, 12 using cannulas, and 10 focusing on adverse events. Level III was the most commonly awarded evidence grade, corresponding to retrospective, nonexperimental descriptive studies. There were no statistically significant differences in reported aesthetic results, patient satisfaction, or incidence of adverse events across the needle-based and cannula-based articles. Some technique trends, such as targeted anatomical plane and needle position, emerged in subsequent articles. CONCLUSION: Given that there were no statistically significant differences in patient safety or outcomes, an evidence-based preference for needle or cannula injection into the tear trough cannot be made at this time. Current inconsistencies make tear trough injection procedures difficult to replicate, making standardization based on avoidance of adverse events not feasible.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Plast Reconstr Surg},
	author = {Rao, B. K. and Berger, L. E. and Reilly, C. and Alamgir, M. and Galadari, H.},
	month = may,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {*Cosmetic Techniques/adverse effects, *Dermal Fillers/adverse effects, Esthetics, Humans, Hyaluronic Acid/adverse effects, Retrospective Studies},
	pages = {1079--1087},
}

BACKGROUND: Hyaluronic acid soft-tissue augmentation fillers are commonly injected into multiple areas of the face, including the tear trough. Despite well-documented risks, there is no standardized, evidence-based approach to inject filler in this area, be it using a hypodermic needle or a microcannula. The authors, therefore, sought to establish a preference between the two methods to facilitate progression toward standardization and prevention of adverse events. METHODS: This is a systematic review of articles discussing hyaluronic acid tear trough injection techniques performed in vivo and related outcomes. Searches were conducted across The Cochrane Library, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase to yield relevant articles published before February of 2020. All selected articles incorporated discrete patient cases and were analyzed by a variety of variables assessing evidence strength, outcomes, technique, and patient safety. RESULTS: After appraisal, 42 articles met eligibility criteria: 20 using needles, 12 using cannulas, and 10 focusing on adverse events. Level III was the most commonly awarded evidence grade, corresponding to retrospective, nonexperimental descriptive studies. There were no statistically significant differences in reported aesthetic results, patient satisfaction, or incidence of adverse events across the needle-based and cannula-based articles. Some technique trends, such as targeted anatomical plane and needle position, emerged in subsequent articles. CONCLUSION: Given that there were no statistically significant differences in patient safety or outcomes, an evidence-based preference for needle or cannula injection into the tear trough cannot be made at this time. Current inconsistencies make tear trough injection procedures difficult to replicate, making standardization based on avoidance of adverse events not feasible.

@article{chuchvara_teaching_2022,
	title = {Teaching {Evidence}-{Based} {Dermatology} {Using} a {Web}-{Based} {Journal} {Club}: {A} {Pilot} {Study} and {Survey}},
	volume = {109},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0011-4162},
	doi = {10.12788/cutis.0449},
	language = {eng},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Cutis},
	author = {Chuchvara, N. O. and Wassef, C. and Hasan, I. and Rao, B. K.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {*Dermatology, *Internship and Residency, Humans, Internet, Pilot Projects, Surveys and Questionnaires, Teaching},
	pages = {88--89},
}

@article{perveen_randomized_2022,
	title = {A {Randomized} {Trial} of {Oral} {Tranexamic} {Acid} {With} {Fluocinolone}-{Based} {Triple} {Cream} {Versus} {Fluocinolone} {Based} {Triple} {Cream} {Alone} for the {Treatment} of {Melasma}},
	volume = {21},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1545-9616 (Print) 1545-9616},
	doi = {10.36849/jdd.6099},
	abstract = {Oral tranexamic acid (TXA) is a relatively new treatment option for melasma. It is thought to reduce hyperpigmentation through inhibition of the plasminogen/plasmin pathway with resulting decreases in epidermal melanocyte tyrosinase activity, inflammatory mediators, dermal neovascularization, and mast cell numbers.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {J Drugs Dermatol},
	author = {Perveen, S. and Rubin, A. and Berger, L. and Xiong, W. and Waqas, N. and Sharif, S. and Rao, B.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {*Hyperpigmentation, *Melanosis/diagnosis/drug therapy, *Tranexamic Acid, Fluocinolone Acetonide/analogs \& derivatives, Humans, Treatment Outcome},
	pages = {321--322},
}

Oral tranexamic acid (TXA) is a relatively new treatment option for melasma. It is thought to reduce hyperpigmentation through inhibition of the plasminogen/plasmin pathway with resulting decreases in epidermal melanocyte tyrosinase activity, inflammatory mediators, dermal neovascularization, and mast cell numbers.

@article{nageen_platelet_2022,
	title = {Platelet {Count}, {Mean} {Platelet} {Volume}, and {Red} {Cell} {Distribution} {Width} as {Markers} for {Psoriasis} {Severity}},
	volume = {21},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1545-9616},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35133104},
	doi = {10.36849/jdd.6127},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition that is growing in prevalence globally. Routinely available options to assess psoriasis severity and progression are limited. More options are needed to monitor disease progression as therapeutic management is based on disease severity. OBJECTIVES: This study evaluates the usage of complete blood count components (CBC) including platelet count, mean platelet volume (MPV), and red cell distribution width (RDW) as hematological markers for assessing psoriasis severity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study of 120 patients with psoriasis, disease severity was assessed using the PASI score followed by a blood draw to determine whether correlations existed between each marker and PASI score. RESULTS: A significant, positive correlation was found between total platelet count and PASI while no such correlation was found in MPV and RDW. When stratifying for age, duration of disease, sex, and body parts involved, we found intriguing relationships and offer potential explanations for their occurrence. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that hematological parameters MPV, platelet count, and RDW found in the CBC are useful in identifying psoriasis severity to some extent. We foresee the use of RDW, MPV, and platelet count biomarkers as a complement to the PASI score in assessing severity for psoriasis patients, while also as a gauge for likelihood of developing comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease. J Drugs Dermatol. 2022;21(2):156-161. doi:10.36849/JDD.6127.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of drugs in dermatology: JDD},
	author = {Nageen, Safina and Shah, Rohan and Sharif, Shawana and Jamgochian, Marielle and Waqas, Nadia and Rao, Babar},
	month = feb,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {Biomarkers, Cross-Sectional Studies, Erythrocyte Indices, Humans, Mean Platelet Volume, Platelet Count, Psoriasis},
	pages = {156--161},
}

BACKGROUND: Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition that is growing in prevalence globally. Routinely available options to assess psoriasis severity and progression are limited. More options are needed to monitor disease progression as therapeutic management is based on disease severity. OBJECTIVES: This study evaluates the usage of complete blood count components (CBC) including platelet count, mean platelet volume (MPV), and red cell distribution width (RDW) as hematological markers for assessing psoriasis severity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study of 120 patients with psoriasis, disease severity was assessed using the PASI score followed by a blood draw to determine whether correlations existed between each marker and PASI score. RESULTS: A significant, positive correlation was found between total platelet count and PASI while no such correlation was found in MPV and RDW. When stratifying for age, duration of disease, sex, and body parts involved, we found intriguing relationships and offer potential explanations for their occurrence. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that hematological parameters MPV, platelet count, and RDW found in the CBC are useful in identifying psoriasis severity to some extent. We foresee the use of RDW, MPV, and platelet count biomarkers as a complement to the PASI score in assessing severity for psoriasis patients, while also as a gauge for likelihood of developing comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease. J Drugs Dermatol. 2022;21(2):156-161. doi:10.36849/JDD.6127.

@article{atak_pigmented_2022,
	title = {Pigmented purpuric dermatosis after {BNT162B2} {mRNA} {COVID}-19 vaccine administration},
	volume = {21},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1473-2165},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34791786},
	doi = {10.1111/jocd.14607},
	language = {eng},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology},
	author = {Atak, Mehmet Fatih and Farabi, Banu and Kalelioglu, Mehmet Berati and Rao, Babar K.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {BNT162 Vaccine, BNT162B2 mRNA vaccine, COVID-19, COVID-19 Vaccines, COVID-19 vaccine, Humans, Pigmentation Disorders, RNA, Messenger, SARS-CoV-2, Schamber disease, cutaneous adverse event, pigmented purpuric dermatosis},
	pages = {435--437},
}

@article{farabi_multicentric_2022,
	title = {Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis with dermatomyositis-like features: {A} case report with dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy findings},
	volume = {49},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1600-0560},
	shorttitle = {Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis with dermatomyositis-like features},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34787922},
	doi = {10.1111/cup.14170},
	abstract = {Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis (MRH) is an insidious-onset, non-Langerhans-cell histiocytosis (NLCH) affecting the joints and skin. Early diagnosis is important to prevent destructive arthritis and disease-related complications. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a technique that allows the visualization of the epidermis and superficial dermis noninvasively on a horizontal plane with quasi-histologic images of the skin. RCM features of NLCH including Rosai-Dorfman disease, adult xanthogranuloma (AXG), and juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) have been reported. However, RCM features of MRH have not been described previously. Here we present the RCM features of a case of MRH with dermoscopic and histopathologic features.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Cutaneous Pathology},
	author = {Farabi, Banu and Jamgochian, Marielle and Rao, Babar K.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {Dermoscopy, Female, Histiocytosis, Non-Langerhans-Cell, Humans, Microscopy, Confocal, Middle Aged, dermatomyositis-like, dermatopathology, multicentric, non-Langerhans-cell histiocytosis, reflectance confocal microscopy, reticulohistiocytosis},
	pages = {388--392},
}

Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis (MRH) is an insidious-onset, non-Langerhans-cell histiocytosis (NLCH) affecting the joints and skin. Early diagnosis is important to prevent destructive arthritis and disease-related complications. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a technique that allows the visualization of the epidermis and superficial dermis noninvasively on a horizontal plane with quasi-histologic images of the skin. RCM features of NLCH including Rosai-Dorfman disease, adult xanthogranuloma (AXG), and juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) have been reported. However, RCM features of MRH have not been described previously. Here we present the RCM features of a case of MRH with dermoscopic and histopathologic features.

@article{yeh_exercise_2022,
	title = {Exercise in dermatology: {Exercise}'s influence on skin aging, skin cancer, psoriasis, venous ulcers, and androgenetic alopecia},
	volume = {87},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1097-6787},
	shorttitle = {Exercise in dermatology},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34416293},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaad.2021.07.023},
	language = {eng},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology},
	author = {Yeh, Christopher and Flatley, Elizabeth and Elkattawy, Omar and Berger, Lauren and Rao, Babar},
	month = jul,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {Alopecia, Dermatology, Humans, Psoriasis, Skin Aging, Skin Neoplasms, Varicose Ulcer},
	pages = {183--184},
}

@article{khan_its_2022,
	title = {It’s {Here}, {Monkeypox}: {A} {Case} {Report}},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {23525126},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jdcr.2022.07.037},
	journal = {JAAD Case Reports},
	author = {Khan, Samavia and Razi, Shazli and Rao, Babar},
	year = {2022},
}

@article{ragi_epidemiology_2022,
	title = {Epidemiology and {Survival} of {Kaposi}’s {Sarcoma} by {Race} in the {United} {States}: {A} {Surveillance}, {Epidemiology}, and {End} {Results} {Database} {Analysis}},
	volume = {Volume 15},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1178-7015},
	doi = {10.2147/ccid.S380167},
	journal = {Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology},
	author = {Ragi, Sara D. and Moseley, Isabelle and Ouellette, Samantha and Rao, Babar},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {1681--1685},
}

@article{razi_demystifying_2022,
	title = {Demystifying the mechanism of action of professional facial peeling: {In}-{Vivo} visualization and quantification of changes in inflammation, melanin and collagen using {Vivascope}® and {ConfoScan}®},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1529-8019},
	shorttitle = {Demystifying the mechanism of action of professional facial peeling},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36129212},
	doi = {10.1111/dth.15846},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Professional peeling using chemicals (chemical peeling) is a popular non-surgical procedure commonly used for the treatment for photoaging, pigmentary disorders, scarring, fine lines, and wrinkles. OBJECTIVE: The objective of our case study was to elucidate the mechanism of action of professional peels/peeling. For proof-of-concept, we used a commercial blended peel containing trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and lactic acid. METHODS: The facial peeling was performed by a physician on 4 subjects. These subjects were followed over time in the clinic to take clinical pictures and monitor surface and anatomical changes in inflammation, melanin, and collagen at regular intervals post-peel (5 mins, 48 hrs, and day 9). Dermoscope and Vivascope® were used to image surface and subsurface anatomical changes, respectively, and ConfoScan® was used to quantify aforementioned anatomical changes. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Based on Vivascope and ConfoScan analysis, we could see clear visual clinical evidence of controlled injury-healing mechanism of peel's action: immediate but transient onset of inflammation within 5 minutes (indicate injury response by skin), followed by melanin redistribution evident at 48 hours (indicate activation of skin's defense system), and remodeled fibrous collagen network without any inflammatory cells on day 9 (healing response). To our knowledge, this is the first ever clinical study to deconvolute the mysterious mechanism of action of peels, in-vivo.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {Dermatologic Therapy},
	author = {Razi, Shazli and Bhardwaj, Vinay and Ouellette, Samantha and Khan, Samavia and Azadegan, Chloe and Boyd, Thomas and Rao, Babar},
	month = sep,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {Professional peel, Vivascope, collagen remodeling, exfoliation, melanin redistribution, peeling, reflectance confocal microscopy},
	pages = {e15846},
}

BACKGROUND: Professional peeling using chemicals (chemical peeling) is a popular non-surgical procedure commonly used for the treatment for photoaging, pigmentary disorders, scarring, fine lines, and wrinkles. OBJECTIVE: The objective of our case study was to elucidate the mechanism of action of professional peels/peeling. For proof-of-concept, we used a commercial blended peel containing trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and lactic acid. METHODS: The facial peeling was performed by a physician on 4 subjects. These subjects were followed over time in the clinic to take clinical pictures and monitor surface and anatomical changes in inflammation, melanin, and collagen at regular intervals post-peel (5 mins, 48 hrs, and day 9). Dermoscope and Vivascope® were used to image surface and subsurface anatomical changes, respectively, and ConfoScan® was used to quantify aforementioned anatomical changes. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Based on Vivascope and ConfoScan analysis, we could see clear visual clinical evidence of controlled injury-healing mechanism of peel's action: immediate but transient onset of inflammation within 5 minutes (indicate injury response by skin), followed by melanin redistribution evident at 48 hours (indicate activation of skin's defense system), and remodeled fibrous collagen network without any inflammatory cells on day 9 (healing response). To our knowledge, this is the first ever clinical study to deconvolute the mysterious mechanism of action of peels, in-vivo.

@article{moseley_condyloma_2022,
	title = {Condyloma acuminata in under-represented groups: an {All} of {Us} database analysis},
	volume = {98},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1472-3263},
	shorttitle = {Condyloma acuminata in under-represented groups},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35428700},
	doi = {10.1136/sextrans-2022-055467},
	language = {eng},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Sexually Transmitted Infections},
	author = {Moseley, Isabelle and Ragi, Sara D. and Ouellette, Samantha and Rao, Babar},
	month = dec,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {Condylomata Acuminata, DERMATOLOGY, Epidemiology, Humans, Population Health, SEXUAL HEALTH},
	pages = {620--621},
}

@article{ishfaq_comparison_2022,
	title = {A {Comparison} of {Microneedling} versus {Glycolic} {Acid} {Chemical} {Peel} for the {Treatment} of {Acne} {Scarring}},
	volume = {15},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1941-2789 (Print) 1941-2789},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9239127/pdf/jcad_15_6_48.pdf},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Acne vulgaris is a common skin disease that frequently results in scarring. Scars secondary to acne can lead to physical disfigurements and a profound psychological impact. Early and effective treatment is the best means to minimize and prevent acne scarring. In patients with darker skin tones, current acne scar treatments pose complications, including dyspigmentation, further scarring, and overall unsatisfactory clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVE: We sought to compare the efficacy of microneedling versus 35\% glycolic acid chemical peels for the treatment of acne scars. METHODS: Sixty patients with Fitzpatrick Skin Phototype IV to VI with atrophic acne scars were randomized into two groups: Group A underwent microneedling every two weeks for a total of 12 weeks and Group B received chemical peels every two weeks for a total of 12 weeks. Acne scar treatment efficacy was represented by an improvement greater than one grade from baseline according to the Goodman and Baron Scarring Grading System, measured two weeks after the completion of the last treatment session. RESULTS: Group A demonstrated more improved outcomes in acne scar treatment compared to Group B; 73.33\% (n=22) of patients in Group A achieved treatment efficacy while 33.33\% (n=10) in Group B did the same. Additionally, 26.67\% (n=8) in Group A showed no efficacy after treatment compared to 66.67\% (n=20) in Group B. CONCLUSION: Microneedling provided better treatment outcomes compared to 35\% glycolic acid peels for acne scar treatment in our patient population with Fitzpatrick Skin Phototypes IV to VI.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {6},
	journal = {J Clin Aesthet Dermatol},
	author = {Ishfaq, F. and Shah, R. and Sharif, S. and Waqas, N. and Jamgochian, M. and Rao, B.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {Microneedling, acne, acne vulgaris, chemical peel, scar},
	pages = {48--52},
}

BACKGROUND: Acne vulgaris is a common skin disease that frequently results in scarring. Scars secondary to acne can lead to physical disfigurements and a profound psychological impact. Early and effective treatment is the best means to minimize and prevent acne scarring. In patients with darker skin tones, current acne scar treatments pose complications, including dyspigmentation, further scarring, and overall unsatisfactory clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVE: We sought to compare the efficacy of microneedling versus 35% glycolic acid chemical peels for the treatment of acne scars. METHODS: Sixty patients with Fitzpatrick Skin Phototype IV to VI with atrophic acne scars were randomized into two groups: Group A underwent microneedling every two weeks for a total of 12 weeks and Group B received chemical peels every two weeks for a total of 12 weeks. Acne scar treatment efficacy was represented by an improvement greater than one grade from baseline according to the Goodman and Baron Scarring Grading System, measured two weeks after the completion of the last treatment session. RESULTS: Group A demonstrated more improved outcomes in acne scar treatment compared to Group B; 73.33% (n=22) of patients in Group A achieved treatment efficacy while 33.33% (n=10) in Group B did the same. Additionally, 26.67% (n=8) in Group A showed no efficacy after treatment compared to 66.67% (n=20) in Group B. CONCLUSION: Microneedling provided better treatment outcomes compared to 35% glycolic acid peels for acne scar treatment in our patient population with Fitzpatrick Skin Phototypes IV to VI.

@article{rathod_critical_2022,
	title = {Critical {Review} of the {Sentinel} {Lymph} {Node} {Surgery} in {Malignant} {Melanoma}},
	volume = {21},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1545-9616 (Print) 1545-9616},
	doi = {10.36849/jdd.6198},
	abstract = {Malignant melanoma is one of the most aggressive solid tumors but has low morbidity if treated at an early stage. Over the past decade, the advent of targeted therapy and immunotherapy have productively enriched the treatment options for advanced melanomas and further improved the prognosis. The treatment of melanoma is a rapidly evolving field. In patients with sentinel lymph node (SLN)-positive (SLN+) melanoma, the role of complete lymph node dissection (CLND) is still a matter of debate. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is a staging procedure for melanoma that is routinely offered to patients with tumor thickness \≥1 mm or \≥0.8 mm with additional risk factors and is widely accepted as an important diagnostic and prognostic tool, since SLN+ patients can receive adjuvant targeted treatment or immunotherapy. Currently, the role of CLND has largely been replaced by often recommended adjuvant therapies since their approval. This article provides an overview of sentinel lymph-node surgery in cutaneous melanoma. J Drugs Dermatol. 2022;21(5):510-516. doi:10.36849/JDD.6198.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {5},
	journal = {J Drugs Dermatol},
	author = {Rathod, D. and Kroumpouzos, G. and Lallas, A. and Rao, B. and Murrell, D. F. and Apalla, Z. and Grabbe, S. and Loquai, C. and Goldust, M.},
	month = may,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {*Melanoma/diagnosis/pathology/surgery, *Sentinel Lymph Node/pathology/surgery, *Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis/pathology/surgery, Humans, Immunologic Factors, Lymphatic Metastasis/pathology, Prognosis, Retrospective Studies, Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy/methods},
	pages = {510--516},
}

Malignant melanoma is one of the most aggressive solid tumors but has low morbidity if treated at an early stage. Over the past decade, the advent of targeted therapy and immunotherapy have productively enriched the treatment options for advanced melanomas and further improved the prognosis. The treatment of melanoma is a rapidly evolving field. In patients with sentinel lymph node (SLN)-positive (SLN+) melanoma, the role of complete lymph node dissection (CLND) is still a matter of debate. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is a staging procedure for melanoma that is routinely offered to patients with tumor thickness ≥1 mm or ≥0.8 mm with additional risk factors and is widely accepted as an important diagnostic and prognostic tool, since SLN+ patients can receive adjuvant targeted treatment or immunotherapy. Currently, the role of CLND has largely been replaced by often recommended adjuvant therapies since their approval. This article provides an overview of sentinel lymph-node surgery in cutaneous melanoma. J Drugs Dermatol. 2022;21(5):510-516. doi:10.36849/JDD.6198.

@article{nawrocki_case_2022,
	title = {A case of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans and reflectance confocal microscopy of a post-surgical skin graft},
	volume = {28},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0909-752x},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/srt.13117?download=true},
	doi = {10.1111/srt.13117},
	abstract = {Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is an overall rare malignancy yet is one of the most common cutaneous sarcomas. The diagnosis of DFSP is typically made following histopathologic examination of the lesion, classically revealing a storiform pattern of spindle cells with elongated nuclei infiltrating the dermis and subcutis. Surgical excision is the standard treatment. Local recurrence is estimated to occur in 20-50\% of cases, thus frequent postsurgical monitoring is required. Noninvasive imaging modalities offer a potential alternative to multiple repeat biopsies. We report the first case where reflectance confocal microscopy accompanied clinical examination in monitoring for DFSP recurrence postsurgical excision.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Skin Res Technol},
	author = {Nawrocki, S. and Rubin, A. and Srivastava, R. and Chamorro, P. and Rao, B. K. and Wassef, C. M.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {*Dermatofibrosarcoma/diagnostic imaging/surgery, *Skin Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging/surgery, Humans, Microscopy, Confocal, Skin Transplantation, cutaneous sarcomas, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, reflectance confocal microscopy},
	pages = {365--367},
}

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is an overall rare malignancy yet is one of the most common cutaneous sarcomas. The diagnosis of DFSP is typically made following histopathologic examination of the lesion, classically revealing a storiform pattern of spindle cells with elongated nuclei infiltrating the dermis and subcutis. Surgical excision is the standard treatment. Local recurrence is estimated to occur in 20-50% of cases, thus frequent postsurgical monitoring is required. Noninvasive imaging modalities offer a potential alternative to multiple repeat biopsies. We report the first case where reflectance confocal microscopy accompanied clinical examination in monitoring for DFSP recurrence postsurgical excision.

@article{chuchvara_amelanotic_2022,
	title = {Amelanotic melanoma with features of keratinocytic tumor on reflectance confocal microscopy},
	volume = {49},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0303-6987},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cup.14186},
	doi = {10.1111/cup.14186},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {J Cutan Pathol},
	author = {Chuchvara, N. and Farabi, B. and Milgraum, D. and Lee, Y. and Chamorro, P. and Pappert, A. and Rao, B.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {*Microscopy, Confocal, Aged, Female, Humans, Melanoma, Amelanotic/*pathology, Skin Neoplasms/*pathology},
	pages = {317--320},
}

@article{ahn_visualizing_2021,
	title = {Visualizing the in-vivo application of zinc in sensitive skin using reflectance confocal microscopy},
	volume = {11},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33833317},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-021-87346-0},
	abstract = {Findings obtained on objective assessments to evaluate sensitive skin do not correlate well with the symptomatology. We utilized reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) to compare transepidermal application of zinc in sensitive and non-sensitive skin. Thirty-six subjects participated in this study. They were divided into groups based on lactic acid sting test (LAST):'stinger' and 'non-stinger'; transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurements; and sensitivity self-assessments: 'sensitive' and 'non-sensitive'. RCM images were taken to visualize transepidermal application of topically-applied zinc. The intensity of zinc reflectance at different depths was measured by ImageJ software. Based on LAST scores, the 'stinger' group showed significantly higher reflectance of zinc at 8 µm (stratum corneum) [face (P {\textless} 0.001), forearm (P = 0.004)], and at 80-104 µm (dermo-epidermal junction layer) on the face. High-TEWL group showed increased zinc reflectance at 8-24 µm (tight junction layer, P {\textless} 0.001). There were no significant differences amongst subjects self-reporting 'sensitive' and 'non-sensitive' skin. RCM demonstrates that in sensitive skin, there is deeper and higher reflectance of zinc at multiple depths. Structural differences are also visualized. We suggest that RCM is a useful tool for evaluating skin barrier integrity.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {Ahn, Hye-Jin and Kim, Hae Jin and Ham, Hyein and Baek, Ji Hwoon and Lee, Young and Alamgir, Mahin and Rao, Babar and Shin, Min Kyung},
	month = apr,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Administration, Cutaneous, Adult, Dermoscopy, Female, Humans, Male, Microscopy, Confocal, Middle Aged, Skin, Young Adult, Zinc},
	pages = {7738},
}

Findings obtained on objective assessments to evaluate sensitive skin do not correlate well with the symptomatology. We utilized reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) to compare transepidermal application of zinc in sensitive and non-sensitive skin. Thirty-six subjects participated in this study. They were divided into groups based on lactic acid sting test (LAST):'stinger' and 'non-stinger'; transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurements; and sensitivity self-assessments: 'sensitive' and 'non-sensitive'. RCM images were taken to visualize transepidermal application of topically-applied zinc. The intensity of zinc reflectance at different depths was measured by ImageJ software. Based on LAST scores, the 'stinger' group showed significantly higher reflectance of zinc at 8 µm (stratum corneum) [face (P \textless 0.001), forearm (P = 0.004)], and at 80-104 µm (dermo-epidermal junction layer) on the face. High-TEWL group showed increased zinc reflectance at 8-24 µm (tight junction layer, P \textless 0.001). There were no significant differences amongst subjects self-reporting 'sensitive' and 'non-sensitive' skin. RCM demonstrates that in sensitive skin, there is deeper and higher reflectance of zinc at multiple depths. Structural differences are also visualized. We suggest that RCM is a useful tool for evaluating skin barrier integrity.

@article{farabi_updated_2021,
	title = {Updated review on prognostic factors in mycosis fungoides and new skin lymphoma trials},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1473-2130 1473-2165},
	doi = {10.1111/jocd.14528},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology},
	author = {Farabi, Banu and Seminario‐Vidal, Lucia and Jamgochian, Marielle and Akay, Bengu Nisa and Atak, Mehmet Fatih and Rao, Babar K. and Karagaiah, Priyanka and Grabbe, Stephan and Goldust, Mohamad},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {2742--2748},
}

@article{haque_teledermatology_2021,
	title = {Teledermatology after {COVID}-19: key challenges ahead},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {1087-2108},
	doi = {10.5070/d3274053151},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Dermatology Online Journal},
	author = {Haque, Waqas and Chandy, Rithi and Ahmadzada, Muzzammil and Rao, Babar},
	year = {2021},
}

@article{chuchvara_response_2021,
	title = {Response to "{Comment} on: '{The} growth of teledermatology: {Expanding} to reach the underserved'"},
	volume = {85},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1097-6787},
	shorttitle = {Response to "{Comment} on},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33845045},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaad.2021.03.102},
	language = {eng},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology},
	author = {Chuchvara, Nadiya and Reilly, Catherine and Rao, Babar},
	month = aug,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Dermatology, Humans, Skin Diseases},
	pages = {e107},
}

@article{shin_putative_2021,
	title = {Putative therapeutic mechanisms of simvastatin in the treatment of alopecia areata},
	volume = {84},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1097-6787 (Electronic) 0190-9622 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32278796},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaad.2020.03.102},
	number = {3},
	journal = {J Am Acad Dermatol},
	author = {Shin, J. M. and Jung, K. E. and Yim, S. H. and Rao, B. and Hong, D. and Seo, Y. J. and Kim, C. D. and Lee, Y.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Alopecia Areata/*drug therapy/immunology/pathology, Anti-Inflammatory Agents/*pharmacology/therapeutic use, Cells, Cultured, Hair Follicle/cytology/*drug effects/growth \& development/immunology, Humans, Primary Cell Culture, Simvastatin/*pharmacology/therapeutic use, Wnt Signaling Pathway/drug effects/immunology},
	pages = {782--784},
}

@article{farabi_reflectance_2021,
	title = {Reflectance confocal microscopy: {A} new emerging technique for diagnosing and predicting outcome of mycosis fungoides},
	volume = {27},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0909-752X 1600-0846},
	doi = {10.1111/srt.13043},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Skin Research and Technology},
	author = {Farabi, Banu and Jamgochian, Marielle and Hussain, Aamir and Rao, Babar},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {997--1001},
}

@article{liu_real-time_2021,
	title = {Real-time deep learning assisted skin layer delineation in dermal optical coherence tomography},
	volume = {4},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {2578-7519},
	doi = {10.1364/osac.426962},
	number = {7},
	journal = {OSA Continuum},
	author = {Liu, Xuan and Chuchvara, Nadiya and Liu, Yuwei and Rao, Babar},
	year = {2021},
}

@article{gill_lost_2021,
	title = {Lost in translation: true clinical impact of reflectance confocal microscopy overlooked in '{Biopsy} outperforms reflectance confocal microscopy in diagnosing and subtyping basal cell carcinoma: results and experiences from a randomized controlled multicentre trial'},
	volume = {184},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1365-2133},
	shorttitle = {Lost in translation},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33090465},
	doi = {10.1111/bjd.19602},
	language = {eng},
	number = {4},
	journal = {The British Journal of Dermatology},
	author = {Gill, M. and Pellacani, G. and Grant-Kels, J. M. and Ardigò, M. and Chen, C. S. J. and Gonzalez, S. and Guitera, P. and Longo, C. and Malvehy, J. and Markowitz, O. and Puig, S. and Rabinovitz, H. and Rao, B. K. and Scope, A. and Ulrich, M.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Biopsy, Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Humans, Microscopy, Confocal, Skin Neoplasms},
	pages = {775--776},
}

@article{chuchvara_langerhans_2021,
	title = {Langerhans {Cells} as {Morphologic} {Mimickers} of {Atypical} {Melanocytes} on {Reflectance} {Confocal} {Microscopy}: {A} {Case} {Report} and {Review} of the {Literature}},
	volume = {11},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {2160-9381},
	shorttitle = {Langerhans {Cells} as {Morphologic} {Mimickers} of {Atypical} {Melanocytes} on {Reflectance} {Confocal} {Microscopy}},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34123568},
	doi = {10.5826/dpc.1103a78},
	abstract = {Pagetoid spread of melanocytes in the epidermis is a common indicator of melanocytic atypia, both histopathologically and with reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM). Specifically on RCM, large, bright, atypical dendritic and/or roundish cells are characteristic of melanoma. However, intraepidermal Langerhans cells (ILC) create the potential for diagnostic ambiguity on RCM. We describe one case of a pigmented facial lesion that was initially diagnosed as lentigo maligna (LM) due to numerous atypical perifollicular dendritic cells on RCM. Additionally, we present the findings of a literature review for similar reported cases conducted by searching the following terms on PubMed: reflectance confocal microscopy, RCM, lentigo maligna, melanoma, Langerhans cells, dendritic cells, and atypical cells. In our case, the lesion was determined to be a solar lentigo on histopathology. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) with CD1a identified the atypical-appearing cells as ILC, as it did in 54 reported cases of benign lesions (benign melanocytic nevus, Sutton/halo nevus, labial melanotic macule, and solar lentigo) misdiagnosed as malignant on RCM (melanoma, lip melanoma, lentigo maligna, and LM melanoma). According to our case and the literature, both ILC and atypical melanocytes can present with atypical-appearing dendritic and/or roundish cells under RCM. Currently, there is no method to distinguish the two without IHC. Therefore, the presence of pagetoid cells should continue to alert the confocalist of a potential neoplastic process, prompting biopsy, histopathologic diagnosis, and IHC differentiation.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Dermatology Practical \& Conceptual},
	author = {Chuchvara, Nadiya and Berger, Lauren and Reilly, Catherine and Maghari, Amin and Rao, Babar K.},
	month = may,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Langerhans cells, RCM, atypical cells, dendritic cells, reflectance confocal microscopy},
	pages = {e2021078},
}

Pagetoid spread of melanocytes in the epidermis is a common indicator of melanocytic atypia, both histopathologically and with reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM). Specifically on RCM, large, bright, atypical dendritic and/or roundish cells are characteristic of melanoma. However, intraepidermal Langerhans cells (ILC) create the potential for diagnostic ambiguity on RCM. We describe one case of a pigmented facial lesion that was initially diagnosed as lentigo maligna (LM) due to numerous atypical perifollicular dendritic cells on RCM. Additionally, we present the findings of a literature review for similar reported cases conducted by searching the following terms on PubMed: reflectance confocal microscopy, RCM, lentigo maligna, melanoma, Langerhans cells, dendritic cells, and atypical cells. In our case, the lesion was determined to be a solar lentigo on histopathology. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) with CD1a identified the atypical-appearing cells as ILC, as it did in 54 reported cases of benign lesions (benign melanocytic nevus, Sutton/halo nevus, labial melanotic macule, and solar lentigo) misdiagnosed as malignant on RCM (melanoma, lip melanoma, lentigo maligna, and LM melanoma). According to our case and the literature, both ILC and atypical melanocytes can present with atypical-appearing dendritic and/or roundish cells under RCM. Currently, there is no method to distinguish the two without IHC. Therefore, the presence of pagetoid cells should continue to alert the confocalist of a potential neoplastic process, prompting biopsy, histopathologic diagnosis, and IHC differentiation.

@article{alamgir_incidence_2021,
	title = {Incidence of {COVID}-19 in a cohort of dermatology patients receiving immunomodulating biologic medications},
	volume = {60},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1365-4632},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34590713},
	doi = {10.1111/ijd.15922},
	language = {eng},
	number = {12},
	journal = {International Journal of Dermatology},
	author = {Alamgir, Mahin and Jamgochian, Marielle and Cucalon, Jennifer and Razi, Shazli and Farabi, Banu and Rao, Babar},
	month = dec,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Biological Products, COVID-19, Dermatology, Humans, Incidence, SARS-CoV-2},
	pages = {e500--e501},
}

@article{rambhatla_identification_2021,
	title = {Identification of skin signs in human-trafficking survivors},
	volume = {7},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {2352-6475},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35028364},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ijwd.2021.09.011},
	abstract = {Human-trafficking survivors suffer significant physical, mental, and social health consequences, prompting them to seek health care services. Although there is research regarding identification protocols for human-trafficking victims, there is no framework outlining the dermatologic patterns of survivors of human trafficking. We sought to identify the dermatologic signs reported in human-trafficking victims to create a framework for dermatologists and the broader medical community to appropriately screen patients at risk. After screening 577 pertinent records in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases for information about the physical signs of human trafficking in health care, 10 final studies were selected. Significant findings of rashes and brandings, such as tattoos, were more likely in sex-trafficked patients, whereas burns, injuries, and deep cuts were more likely to be found in labor-trafficked patients. This review outlines important identification guidelines that dermatologists and the broader medical community can use to recognize victims and take appropriate action while also raising awareness of human trafficking as an emerging public health issue.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {5Part B},
	journal = {International Journal of Women's Dermatology},
	author = {Rambhatla, Raaga and Jamgochian, Marielle and Ricco, Cristina and Shah, Rohan and Ghani, Hira and Silence, Channi and Rao, Babar and Kourosh, Arianne Shadi},
	month = dec,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Human trafficking, labor trafficking, sex trafficking, tattoo branding},
	pages = {677--682},
}

Human-trafficking survivors suffer significant physical, mental, and social health consequences, prompting them to seek health care services. Although there is research regarding identification protocols for human-trafficking victims, there is no framework outlining the dermatologic patterns of survivors of human trafficking. We sought to identify the dermatologic signs reported in human-trafficking victims to create a framework for dermatologists and the broader medical community to appropriately screen patients at risk. After screening 577 pertinent records in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases for information about the physical signs of human trafficking in health care, 10 final studies were selected. Significant findings of rashes and brandings, such as tattoos, were more likely in sex-trafficked patients, whereas burns, injuries, and deep cuts were more likely to be found in labor-trafficked patients. This review outlines important identification guidelines that dermatologists and the broader medical community can use to recognize victims and take appropriate action while also raising awareness of human trafficking as an emerging public health issue.

@article{khan_evaluating_2021,
	title = {Evaluating residual melanocytic atypia in a post-excision scar using in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy},
	volume = {27},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1600-0846 (Electronic) 0909-752X (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33651471},
	doi = {10.1111/srt.13021},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Skin Res Technol},
	author = {Khan, S. and Chuchvara, N. and Cucalon, J. and Haroon, A. and Rao, B.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {*Nevus, Pigmented/diagnostic imaging/surgery, *Skin Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging/surgery, Cicatrix/diagnostic imaging/etiology/pathology, Dermoscopy/methods, Diagnosis, Differential, Humans, Melanocytes/pathology, Microscopy, Confocal/methods, Rcm, atypical melanocytic hyperplasia, excision, in vivo, lentiginous melanocytic hyperplasia, lentigo maligna, melanoma, reflectance confocal microscopy, residual melanocytic atypia, scar},
	pages = {985--987},
}

@article{chuchvara_manually_2021,
	title = {Manually scanned single fiber optical coherence tomography for skin cancer characterization},
	volume = {11},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-021-95118-z},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {Chuchvara, Nadiya and Rao, Babar and Liu, Xuan},
	year = {2021},
}

@article{kim_kaposi_2021,
	title = {Kaposi {Sarcoma}-{Like} {Lesions} {Caused} by {Candida} guilliermondii {Infection} in a {Kidney} {Transplant} {Patient}},
	volume = {33},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1013-9087 2005-3894},
	doi = {10.5021/ad.2021.33.1.91},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Annals of Dermatology},
	author = {Kim, Soo-Jung and Shin, Jung-Min and Lee, Kang Wook and Kim, Yeon-Sook and Rao, Babar and Lee, Young},
	year = {2021},
}

@article{jamgochian_diet_2021,
	title = {Diet in {Dermatology}: {Review} of {Diet}’s {Influence} on the {Conditions} of {Rosacea}, {Hidradenitis} {Suppurativa}, {Herpes} {Labialis}, and {Vitiligo}},
	volume = {17},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1559-8276, 1559-8284},
	shorttitle = {Diet in {Dermatology}},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/15598276211026592},
	doi = {10.1177/15598276211026592},
	abstract = {The influence of dietary patterns on cutaneous disease has been an oft-posed question to dermatologists by patients in a clinical setting. Similarly, the popularity of nutritional supplementation with vitamins, minerals, and nutraceutical blends has been increasing. Dermatologists, primary care physicians, and other providers should be familiar with dietary interventions that are evidence-based and those that are more marketable than efficacious. In this review, the modification of diet, including dietary exclusion and dietary supplementation for the treatment of rosacea, hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), herpes labialis, and vitiligo was investigated. Despite abundant anecdotal evidence, the literature search found no high-quality evidence that an elimination diet for rosacea “trigger foods” improved rosacea symptoms though these elimination diets (of hot, spicy, alcohol-containing, or cinnamaldehyde-containing foods) had low risk of harm. There is evidence that zinc supplementation and vitamin D supplementation in deficient patients is helpful for treating HS. For herpes labialis, L-lysine supplementation was found to be effective for prophylaxis but not for decreasing duration of active lesions. For vitiligo, the use of the herb Polypodium leucotomos in conjunction with phototherapy was found to increase repigmentation, as well as vitamin D supplementation in deficient patients.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-02-03},
	journal = {American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine},
	author = {Jamgochian, Marielle and Alamgir, Mahin and Rao, Babar},
	month = jul,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {152--160},
}

The influence of dietary patterns on cutaneous disease has been an oft-posed question to dermatologists by patients in a clinical setting. Similarly, the popularity of nutritional supplementation with vitamins, minerals, and nutraceutical blends has been increasing. Dermatologists, primary care physicians, and other providers should be familiar with dietary interventions that are evidence-based and those that are more marketable than efficacious. In this review, the modification of diet, including dietary exclusion and dietary supplementation for the treatment of rosacea, hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), herpes labialis, and vitiligo was investigated. Despite abundant anecdotal evidence, the literature search found no high-quality evidence that an elimination diet for rosacea “trigger foods” improved rosacea symptoms though these elimination diets (of hot, spicy, alcohol-containing, or cinnamaldehyde-containing foods) had low risk of harm. There is evidence that zinc supplementation and vitamin D supplementation in deficient patients is helpful for treating HS. For herpes labialis, L-lysine supplementation was found to be effective for prophylaxis but not for decreasing duration of active lesions. For vitiligo, the use of the herb Polypodium leucotomos in conjunction with phototherapy was found to increase repigmentation, as well as vitamin D supplementation in deficient patients.

@article{rao_pruritus_2021,
	title = {Do {Pruritus} and {Urticaria} {Predict} {For} {Response} to {Antihistamine} {Therapy} in {COVID}-19 {Patients} with {Pulmonary} {Symptoms}?},
	volume = {25},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1683-3570 1683-3562},
	doi = {10.37939/jrmc.v25i1.1612},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Rawalpindi Medical College},
	author = {Rao, Babar K. and Alamgir, Mahin and Rubin, Alexandra},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {3--5},
}

@article{chuchvara_defining_2021,
	title = {Defining and {Grading} {Melanocytic} {Atypia} on {Reflectance} {Confocal} {Microscopy}: {A} {Survey} of {Confocalists} in the {United} {States} and {Abroad}},
	volume = {43},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1533-0311},
	shorttitle = {Defining and {Grading} {Melanocytic} {Atypia} on {Reflectance} {Confocal} {Microscopy}},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33464745},
	doi = {10.1097/DAD.0000000000001884},
	language = {eng},
	number = {8},
	journal = {The American Journal of Dermatopathology},
	author = {Chuchvara, Nadiya and Reilly, Catherine and Rao, Babar K.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Australia, Dermatology, Dermoscopy, Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome, Europe, Humans, Microscopy, Confocal, Neoplasm Grading, Nevus, Pigmented, Pathology, Clinical, Skin Neoplasms, South America, Surveys and Questionnaires, United States},
	pages = {601--603},
}

@article{farabi_congenital_2021,
	title = {Congenital melanocytic naevi: {An} up-to-date overview},
	volume = {62},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1440-0960},
	shorttitle = {Congenital melanocytic naevi},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33591589},
	doi = {10.1111/ajd.13535},
	abstract = {Congenital melanocytic naevi are hamartomas of the neuroectoderm caused by genetic mosaicism. Congenital melanocytic naevi are seen in 1-6\% of all live births and commonly classified based on the projected size in adults. Congenital melanocytic naevi appear in different colours, shapes, and sizes, and occasionally present with complications. In this review, we sought to evaluate congenital melanocytic naevi, their clinical, dermatoscopic, and reflectance confocal microscopic features, behavioural pattern over time, new trends in classification, underlying genetic factors and their influence on clinical manifestations and management, associated risks, complications, magnetic resonance imaging findings and their management in the light of recent literature.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {2},
	journal = {The Australasian Journal of Dermatology},
	author = {Farabi, Banu and Akay, Bengu Nisa and Goldust, Mohamad and Wollina, Uwe and Atak, Mehmet Fatih and Rao, Babar},
	month = may,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Dermabrasion, Humans, Laser Therapy, Melanoma, Melanosis, Microscopy, Confocal, Mutation, Neurocutaneous Syndromes, Nevus, Pigmented, Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf, Risk, Skin Neoplasms, classification, congenital melanocytic naevi, dermatoscopy, dermoscopy, follow-up, genetics, management, neurocutaneous melanocytosis, reflectance confocal microscopy, surgery, treatment},
	pages = {e178--e191},
}

Congenital melanocytic naevi are hamartomas of the neuroectoderm caused by genetic mosaicism. Congenital melanocytic naevi are seen in 1-6% of all live births and commonly classified based on the projected size in adults. Congenital melanocytic naevi appear in different colours, shapes, and sizes, and occasionally present with complications. In this review, we sought to evaluate congenital melanocytic naevi, their clinical, dermatoscopic, and reflectance confocal microscopic features, behavioural pattern over time, new trends in classification, underlying genetic factors and their influence on clinical manifestations and management, associated risks, complications, magnetic resonance imaging findings and their management in the light of recent literature.

@article{chuchvara_dermal_2021,
	title = {Dermal {Filler}-{Induced} {Vascular} {Occlusion} {Successfully} {Treated} {With} {Tadalafil}, {Hyaluronidase}, and {Aspirin}},
	volume = {47},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1076-0512 1524-4725},
	doi = {10.1097/dss.0000000000002894},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Dermatologic Surgery},
	author = {Chuchvara, Nadiya and Alamgir, Mahin and John, Ann M. and Rao, Babar},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1160--1162},
}

@article{waldman_consensus_2021,
	title = {Consensus recommendations for the use of noninvasive melanoma detection techniques based on results of an international {Delphi} process},
	volume = {85},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {01909622},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaad.2019.09.046},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology},
	author = {Waldman, Reid A. and Grant-Kels, Jane M. and Curiel, Clara N. and Curtis, Julia and Rodríguez, Salvador González and Hu, Shasa and Kerr, Philip and Marghoob, Ashfaq and Markowitz, Orit and Pellacani, Giovanni and Rabinovitz, Harold and Rao, Babar and Scope, Alon and Stein, Jennifer A. and Swetter, Susan M.},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {745--749},
}

@article{atak_acute_2021,
	title = {Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis following treatment with favipiravir in a patient with {COVID}-19 without hydroxychloroquine use: {Report} of the first case},
	volume = {20},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1473-2165},
	shorttitle = {Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis following treatment with favipiravir in a patient with {COVID}-19 without hydroxychloroquine use},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34139069},
	doi = {10.1111/jocd.14304},
	language = {eng},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology},
	author = {Atak, Mehmet Fatih and Farabi, Banu and Akbayrak, Atiye and Kalelioğlu, Mehmet Berati and Rao, Babar K.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {AGEP, Amides, COVID-19, COVID-19 Drug Treatment, Humans, Hydroxychloroquine, Pyrazines, SARS-CoV-2, acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, cutaneous adverse event, favipiravir},
	pages = {2387--2389},
}

@article{jamgochian_28406_2021,
	title = {28406 {Social} media usage by dermatology programs in the first ever virtual residency application cycle},
	volume = {85},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {01909622},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaad.2021.06.202},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology},
	author = {Jamgochian, Marielle and Razi, Shazli and Rao, Babar and Kaur, Amandeep},
	year = {2021},
}

@article{macgibeny_25959_2021,
	title = {25959 {Clinical} and histopathologic evolution of inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus in a pediatric patient},
	volume = {85},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {01909622},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaad.2021.06.333},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology},
	author = {MacGibeny, Margaret A. and Milgraum, David M. and Chuchvara, Nadiya and Rao, Babar K. and Wassef, Cindy},
	year = {2021},
}

@article{rubin_25886_2021,
	title = {25886 {Recurrent} basal cell carcinoma of the scalp in a patient on long-term hydroxyurea therapy},
	volume = {85},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {01909622},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaad.2021.06.319},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology},
	author = {Rubin, Alexandra and Haroon, Attiya and Chuchvara, Nadiya and Rao, Babar K. and Firoz, Bahar F.},
	year = {2021},
}

@article{khan_evaluating_2021,
	title = {Evaluating residual melanocytic atypia in a post-excision scar using in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy},
	volume = {27},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1600-0846 (Electronic) 0909-752X (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33651471},
	doi = {10.1111/srt.13021},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Skin Res Technol},
	author = {Khan, S. and Chuchvara, N. and Cucalon, J. and Haroon, A. and Rao, B.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {*Nevus, Pigmented/diagnostic imaging/surgery, *Skin Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging/surgery, Cicatrix/diagnostic imaging/etiology/pathology, Dermoscopy/methods, Diagnosis, Differential, Humans, Melanocytes/pathology, Microscopy, Confocal/methods, Rcm, atypical melanocytic hyperplasia, excision, in vivo, lentiginous melanocytic hyperplasia, lentigo maligna, melanoma, reflectance confocal microscopy, residual melanocytic atypia, scar},
	pages = {985--987},
}

@article{john_stratum_2020,
	title = {Stratum {Corneum} {Debridement} for {Improved} {Visualization} of {Acral} {Skin} {Using} {Reflectance} {Confocal} {Microscopy}},
	volume = {46},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1524-4725},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30882506},
	doi = {10.1097/DSS.0000000000001908},
	language = {eng},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Dermatologic Surgery: Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]},
	author = {John, Ann M. and Francisco, Gina M. and Haroon, Attiya and Rao, Babar K.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Debridement, Dermoscopy, Epidermis, Humans, Melanoma, Microscopy, Confocal, Skin Neoplasms},
	pages = {568--570},
}

@article{john_modified_2020,
	title = {Modified {Mohs} micrographic surgery with rim and deep margin technique},
	volume = {59},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1365-4632},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31483495},
	doi = {10.1111/ijd.14628},
	language = {eng},
	number = {2},
	journal = {International Journal of Dermatology},
	author = {John, Ann M. and Srivastava, Radhika and Francisco, Gina M. and Bhatti, Hamza and Rao, Babar K.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell, Female, Hemorrhage, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mohs Surgery, Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors, Skin Neoplasms},
	pages = {e31--e33},
}

@article{reilly_reflectance_2020,
	title = {Reflectance confocal microscopy evaluation of pigmented lesions on tattooed skin},
	volume = {36},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0268-8921 1435-604X},
	doi = {10.1007/s10103-020-03154-4},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Lasers in Medical Science},
	author = {Reilly, Catherine and Chuchvara, Nadiya and Cucalon, Jennifer and Srivastava, Radhika and Rao, Babar K.},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1077--1084},
}

@article{li_dysregulated_2020,
	title = {Dysregulated {m6A}-{Related} {Regulators} {Are} {Associated} {With} {Tumor} {Metastasis} and {Poor} {Prognosis} in {Osteosarcoma}},
	volume = {10},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {2234-943X (Print) 2234-943X (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32582536},
	doi = {10.3389/fonc.2020.00769},
	abstract = {Background: Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone tumor. The disease has a poor prognosis due to the delay in the diagnosis and the development of metastasis. N6-Methyladenosine (m6A)-related regulators play an essential role in various tumors. In this study, a comprehensive analysis was conducted to elucidate the relationship between the expression profiles of m6A-related molecules and the clinical outcome of OS patients. Materials and Methods: Public genome datasets and a tissue microarray (TMA) cohort were used to analyze the mRNA and protein expression levels of m6A regulators. Next, immunofluorescence (IF) analysis was used to determine the subcellular localization of m6A-related molecules. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were performed to confirm the prognostic value of m6A-related molecules in OS. A comprehensive bioinformatic analysis was conducted to identify the potential molecular mechanisms mediated by m6A modification in OS. Results: We found that m6A-related regulator expression was dysregulated in OS tissues, especially in metastatic tumor tissues. Low expression of METTL3, METTL14, and YTHDF2 and high expression of KIAA1429 and HNRNPA2B1 were significantly associated with poor prognosis in the TMA cohort. Simultaneously, the genome meta-cohort analysis revealed that low expression of FTO and METTL14 and high expression of METTL3, HNRNPA2B1, and YTHDF3 were associated with poor prognosis in OS. Cox regression analysis showed that HNRNPA2B1 might be an independent risk factor for OS. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that m6A regulators might be involved in OS progression through humoral immune response and cell cycle pathways. Conclusion: M6A-related regulators are frequently dysregulated and correlate with metastasis and prognosis in OS. M6A-related regulators may serve as novel therapeutic targets and prognostic biomarkers for OS.},
	journal = {Front Oncol},
	author = {Li, J. and Rao, B. and Yang, J. and Liu, L. and Huang, M. and Liu, X. and Cui, G. and Li, C. and Han, Q. and Yang, H. and Cui, X. and Sun, R.},
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {N6-methyladenosine, biomarkers, osteosarcoma, prognosis, tumor metastasis},
	pages = {769},
}

Background: Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone tumor. The disease has a poor prognosis due to the delay in the diagnosis and the development of metastasis. N6-Methyladenosine (m6A)-related regulators play an essential role in various tumors. In this study, a comprehensive analysis was conducted to elucidate the relationship between the expression profiles of m6A-related molecules and the clinical outcome of OS patients. Materials and Methods: Public genome datasets and a tissue microarray (TMA) cohort were used to analyze the mRNA and protein expression levels of m6A regulators. Next, immunofluorescence (IF) analysis was used to determine the subcellular localization of m6A-related molecules. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were performed to confirm the prognostic value of m6A-related molecules in OS. A comprehensive bioinformatic analysis was conducted to identify the potential molecular mechanisms mediated by m6A modification in OS. Results: We found that m6A-related regulator expression was dysregulated in OS tissues, especially in metastatic tumor tissues. Low expression of METTL3, METTL14, and YTHDF2 and high expression of KIAA1429 and HNRNPA2B1 were significantly associated with poor prognosis in the TMA cohort. Simultaneously, the genome meta-cohort analysis revealed that low expression of FTO and METTL14 and high expression of METTL3, HNRNPA2B1, and YTHDF3 were associated with poor prognosis in OS. Cox regression analysis showed that HNRNPA2B1 might be an independent risk factor for OS. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that m6A regulators might be involved in OS progression through humoral immune response and cell cycle pathways. Conclusion: M6A-related regulators are frequently dysregulated and correlate with metastasis and prognosis in OS. M6A-related regulators may serve as novel therapeutic targets and prognostic biomarkers for OS.

@article{hu_mobile_2020,
	title = {Mobile {Apps} for {Professional} {Dermatology} {Education}: {An} {Objective} {Review}},
	volume = {106},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	doi = {10.12788/cutis.0127},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Cutis},
	author = {Hu, Eileen and Chuchvara, Nadiya and Alamgir, Mahin and Rao, Babar},
	year = {2020},
}

@article{chuchvara_growth_2020,
	title = {The growth of teledermatology: {Expanding} to reach the underserved},
	volume = {82},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {01909622},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaad.2019.11.055},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology},
	author = {Chuchvara, Nadiya and Patel, Rachel and Srivastava, Radhika and Reilly, Catherine and Rao, Babar K.},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1025--1033},
}

@article{reilly_diagnosing_2020,
	title = {Diagnosing juvenile xanthogranuloma with reflectance confocal microscopy},
	volume = {6},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {2352-5126},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32995422},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jdcr.2020.07.034},
	language = {eng},
	number = {10},
	journal = {JAAD case reports},
	author = {Reilly, Catherine and Chuchvara, Nadiya and Rao, Babar},
	month = oct,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {DEJ, dermoepidermal junction, JXG, juvenile xanthogranuloma, RCM, reflectance confocal microscopy, juvenile xanthogranuloma, reflectance confocal microscopy},
	pages = {975--976},
}

@article{rubin_chilblain-like_2020,
	title = {Chilblain-like lesions with prominent bullae in a patient with {COVID}-19},
	volume = {13},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1757-790X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33139373},
	doi = {10.1136/bcr-2020-237917},
	abstract = {A 27-year-old patient presented with acral chilblain-like lesions atypical of dermatological presentations appearing in current reports of COVID-19. Prominent bullae had formed on the dorsa of her toes and became haemorrhagic 2 days after the initial presentation. The patient had no underlying medical conditions, including any history of collagen vascular disease, Raynaud's phenomenon, chilblains or cold exposure, and was not taking any medications. The patient reported 10 days of ageusia and anosmia 6 weeks prior to the manifestation of her toe lesions, with no other symptoms. A nasopharyngeal swab test for SARS-CoV-2 RNA was positive. It is important that physicians recognise the myriad of cutaneous lesions associated with COVID-19 in this ongoing pandemic.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {11},
	journal = {BMJ case reports},
	author = {Rubin, Alexandra and Alamgir, Mahin and Rubin, Julia and Rao, Babar K.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Adult, Ageusia, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, COVID-19 Testing, Chilblains, Clinical Laboratory Techniques, Coronavirus Infections, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Humans, Olfaction Disorders, Pandemics, Pneumonia, Viral, SARS-CoV-2, Toes, dermatology, infectious diseases},
	pages = {e237917},
}

A 27-year-old patient presented with acral chilblain-like lesions atypical of dermatological presentations appearing in current reports of COVID-19. Prominent bullae had formed on the dorsa of her toes and became haemorrhagic 2 days after the initial presentation. The patient had no underlying medical conditions, including any history of collagen vascular disease, Raynaud's phenomenon, chilblains or cold exposure, and was not taking any medications. The patient reported 10 days of ageusia and anosmia 6 weeks prior to the manifestation of her toe lesions, with no other symptoms. A nasopharyngeal swab test for SARS-CoV-2 RNA was positive. It is important that physicians recognise the myriad of cutaneous lesions associated with COVID-19 in this ongoing pandemic.

@article{zhang_challenges_2020,
	title = {Challenges and countermeasures in the prevention of nosocomial infections of {SARS}-{CoV}-2 before resumption of work: {Implications} for the dermatology department},
	volume = {83},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {01909622},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaad.2020.05.131},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology},
	author = {Zhang, Yamin and Wen, Jingjing and Chen, Cai and Zeng, Lingling and Yang, Liu and Huang, Changzheng and Feng, Aiping and Miao, Xiaoping and Alamgir, Mahin and Rao, Babar and Li, Yan and Tao, Juan},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {961--963},
}

@article{saaiq_brief_2020,
	title = {A brief synopsis on scalp melanoma},
	volume = {33},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1396-0296 1529-8019},
	doi = {10.1111/dth.13795},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Dermatologic Therapy},
	author = {Saaiq, Muhammad and Zalaudek, Iris and Rao, Babar and Lee, Young and Rudnicka, Lidia and Czuwara, Joanna and Giuffrida, Roberta and Wollina, Uwe and Jafferany, Mohammad and Lotti, Torello and Grabbe, Stephan and Goldust, Mohamad},
	year = {2020},
}

@article{chuchvara_atypical_2020,
	title = {Atypical cells on reflectance confocal microscopy may not represent melanoma: {A} case of axillary pigmented extramammary {Paget} disease},
	volume = {47},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0303-6987, 1600-0560},
	shorttitle = {Atypical cells on reflectance confocal microscopy may not represent melanoma},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cup.13804},
	doi = {10.1111/cup.13804},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2023-02-03},
	journal = {Journal of Cutaneous Pathology},
	author = {Chuchvara, Nadiya and Reilly, Catherine and Haroon, Attiya and Wassef, Cindy and Maghari, Amin and Rao, Babar},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1170--1174},
}

@article{reilly_15272_2020,
	title = {15272 {Life} cycle of a halo nevus: {A} noninvasive in vivo study using reflectance confocal microscopy},
	volume = {83},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {01909622},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaad.2020.06.220},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology},
	author = {Reilly, Catherine and Cucalon, Jennifer and Chuchvara, Nadiya and Srivastava, Radhika and John, Ann M. and Rao, Babar},
	year = {2020},
}

@article{chuchvara_15149_2020,
	title = {15149 {Cost}-benefit analysis of traditional biopsy pathway vs noninvasive diagnostic techniques for suspected skin malignancies},
	volume = {83},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {01909622},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaad.2020.06.656},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology},
	author = {Chuchvara, Nadiya and Reilly, Catherine and Srivastava, Radhika and Haroon, Attiya and Rao, Babar},
	year = {2020},
}

@article{john_modified_2020,
	title = {Modified {Mohs} micrographic surgery with rim and deep margin technique},
	volume = {59},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1365-4632},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31483495},
	doi = {10.1111/ijd.14628},
	language = {eng},
	number = {2},
	journal = {International Journal of Dermatology},
	author = {John, Ann M. and Srivastava, Radhika and Francisco, Gina M. and Bhatti, Hamza and Rao, Babar K.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell, Female, Hemorrhage, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mohs Surgery, Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors, Skin Neoplasms},
	pages = {e31--e33},
}

@article{rahman_terahertz_2019,
	title = {Terahertz {Reconstructive} {Imaging}: {A} novel technique to differentiate healthy and diseased human skin},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {26315297},
	shorttitle = {Terahertz {Reconstructive} {Imaging}},
	url = {https://britishjournalofcancerresearch.com/terahertz-reconstructive-imaging-a-novel-technique-to-differentiate-healthy-and-diseased-human-skin},
	doi = {10.31488/bjcr.121},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-02-03},
	journal = {British Journal of Cancer Research},
	author = {Rahman, Anis},
	month = feb,
	year = {2019},
}

@article{srivastava_tender_2019,
	title = {Tender papules on the bilateral dorsal hands},
	volume = {104},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {2326-6929},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31939932},
	language = {eng},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Cutis},
	author = {Srivastava, Radhika and John, Ann and Wassef, Cindy and Maghari, Amin and Rao, Babar K.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Dermatitis, Female, Hand Dermatoses, Humans, Middle Aged},
	pages = {344;354--355},
}

@article{srivastava_sniffing_2019,
	title = {Sniffing out malignant melanoma: a case of canine olfactory detection},
	volume = {104},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {2326-6929 (Electronic) 0011-4162 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31675402},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Cutis},
	author = {Srivastava, R. and John, J. J. and Reilly, C. and John, A. M. and Rao, B. K.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {*Odorants, Adult, Animals, Behavior, Animal/*physiology, Dogs/*physiology/psychology, Female, Humans, Melanoma/*diagnosis/pathology/physiopathology/therapy, Skin Neoplasms/*diagnosis/pathology/physiopathology/therapy, Smell/*physiology, Volatile Organic Compounds},
	pages = {E4--E6},
}

@article{renziehausen_renin_2019,
	title = {The renin angiotensin system ({RAS}) mediates bifunctional growth regulation in melanoma and is a novel target for therapeutic intervention},
	volume = {38},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1476-5594 (Electronic) 0950-9232 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30478450},
	doi = {10.1038/s41388-018-0563-y},
	abstract = {Despite emergence of new systemic therapies, metastatic melanoma remains a challenging and often fatal form of skin cancer. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a major physiological regulatory pathway controlling salt-water equilibrium, intravascular volume and blood pressure. Biological effects of the RAS are mediated by the vasoactive hormone angiotensin II (AngII) via two receptor subtypes, AT1R (encoded by AGTR1) and AT2R (encoded by AGTR2). We report decreasing expression and increasing CpG island methylation of AGTR1 in metastatic versus primary melanoma and detection in serum of methylated genomic DNA from the AGTR1 CpG island in metastatic melanoma implying that AGTR1 encodes a tumour suppressor function in melanoma. Consistent with this hypothesis, antagonism of AT1R using losartan or shRNA-mediated knockdown in melanoma cell lines expressing AGTR1 resulted in acquisition of the ability to proliferate in serum-free conditions. Conversely, ectopic expression of AGTR1 in cell lines lacking endogenous expression inhibits proliferation irrespective of the presence of AngII implying a ligand-independent suppressor function for AT1R. Treatment of melanoma cell lines expressing endogenous AT2R with either AngII or the AT2R-selective agonist Y6AII induces proliferation in serum-free conditions whereas the AT2R-specific antagonists PD123319 and EMA401 inhibit melanoma growth and angiogenesis and potentiate inhibitors of BRAF and MEK in cells with BRAF V600 mutations. Our results demonstrate that the RAS has both oncogenic and tumour suppressor functions in melanoma. Pharmacological inhibition of AT2R may provide therapeutic opportunities in melanomas expressing this receptor and AGTR1 CpG island methylation in serum may serve as a novel biomarker of metastatic melanoma.},
	number = {13},
	journal = {Oncogene},
	author = {Renziehausen, A. and Wang, H. and Rao, B. and Weir, L. and Nigro, C. L. and Lattanzio, L. and Merlano, M. and Vega-Rioja, A. and Del Carmen Fernandez-Carranco, M. and Hajji, N. and Matin, R. and Harwood, C. and Li, S. and Sim, V. R. and O'Neill, K. and Evans, A. and Thompson, A. and Szlosarek, P. and Fleming, C. and Stebbing, J. and Proby, C. and Tzakos, A. G. and Syed, N. and Crook, T.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {*Cell Proliferation/drug effects/genetics, *Molecular Targeted Therapy/methods/trends, Amides/pharmacology/therapeutic use, Angiotensin II/pharmacology/therapeutic use, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology/therapeutic use, Animals, Antihypertensive Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use, Cell Line, Tumor, Cells, Cultured, DNA Methylation/drug effects, Embryo, Nonmammalian, Fumarates/pharmacology/therapeutic use, Humans, Imidazoles/pharmacology/therapeutic use, Melanoma/genetics/*pathology/*therapy, Neoplasm Metastasis, Pyridines/pharmacology/therapeutic use, Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/genetics/metabolism, Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/genetics/metabolism, Renin-Angiotensin System/drug effects/*physiology, Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays, Zebrafish},
	pages = {2320--2336},
}

Despite emergence of new systemic therapies, metastatic melanoma remains a challenging and often fatal form of skin cancer. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a major physiological regulatory pathway controlling salt-water equilibrium, intravascular volume and blood pressure. Biological effects of the RAS are mediated by the vasoactive hormone angiotensin II (AngII) via two receptor subtypes, AT1R (encoded by AGTR1) and AT2R (encoded by AGTR2). We report decreasing expression and increasing CpG island methylation of AGTR1 in metastatic versus primary melanoma and detection in serum of methylated genomic DNA from the AGTR1 CpG island in metastatic melanoma implying that AGTR1 encodes a tumour suppressor function in melanoma. Consistent with this hypothesis, antagonism of AT1R using losartan or shRNA-mediated knockdown in melanoma cell lines expressing AGTR1 resulted in acquisition of the ability to proliferate in serum-free conditions. Conversely, ectopic expression of AGTR1 in cell lines lacking endogenous expression inhibits proliferation irrespective of the presence of AngII implying a ligand-independent suppressor function for AT1R. Treatment of melanoma cell lines expressing endogenous AT2R with either AngII or the AT2R-selective agonist Y6AII induces proliferation in serum-free conditions whereas the AT2R-specific antagonists PD123319 and EMA401 inhibit melanoma growth and angiogenesis and potentiate inhibitors of BRAF and MEK in cells with BRAF V600 mutations. Our results demonstrate that the RAS has both oncogenic and tumour suppressor functions in melanoma. Pharmacological inhibition of AT2R may provide therapeutic opportunities in melanomas expressing this receptor and AGTR1 CpG island methylation in serum may serve as a novel biomarker of metastatic melanoma.

@article{srivastava_noninvasive_2019,
	title = {Noninvasive imaging tools in dermatology},
	volume = {104},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {2326-6929 (Electronic) 0011-4162 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31603963},
	abstract = {The diagnosis of skin disease relies on visual inspection, often followed by biopsy and histopathologic examination, which remains the gold standard in diagnosis. New imaging tools, including dermoscopy, reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), and optical coherence tomography (OCT), can provide noninvasive diagnoses while sparing unnecessary biopsies. We discuss dermoscopy, RCM, and OCT, and compare cost, clinical integration, reimbursement, and accuracy of these imaging modalities.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Cutis},
	author = {Srivastava, R. and Manfredini, M. and Rao, B. K.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Biopsy/methods, Dermatology/methods, Dermoscopy/*methods, Humans, Microscopy, Confocal/*methods, Skin Diseases/*diagnosis/pathology, Tomography, Optical Coherence/*methods},
	pages = {108--113},
}

The diagnosis of skin disease relies on visual inspection, often followed by biopsy and histopathologic examination, which remains the gold standard in diagnosis. New imaging tools, including dermoscopy, reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), and optical coherence tomography (OCT), can provide noninvasive diagnoses while sparing unnecessary biopsies. We discuss dermoscopy, RCM, and OCT, and compare cost, clinical integration, reimbursement, and accuracy of these imaging modalities.

@article{coups_randomized_2019,
	title = {Randomized controlled trial of the {mySmartSkin} web-based intervention to promote skin self-examination and sun protection behaviors among individuals diagnosed with melanoma: study design and baseline characteristics},
	volume = {83},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {15517144},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cct.2019.06.014},
	journal = {Contemporary Clinical Trials},
	author = {Coups, Elliot J. and Manne, Sharon L. and Ohman Strickland, Pamela and Hilgart, Michelle and Goydos, James S. and Heckman, Carolyn J. and Chamorro, Paola and Rao, Babar K. and Davis, Moira and Smith, Franz O. and Thorndike, Frances P. and Ritterband, Lee M.},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {117--127},
}

@article{srivastava_life_2019,
	title = {Life of a {Wound}: {Serial} {Documentation} of {Wound} {Healing} {After} {Shave} {Removal} {Using} {Reflectance} {Confocal} {Microscopy}},
	volume = {18},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1545-9616 (Print) 1545-9616 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31141857},
	abstract = {Reflectance Confocal Microscopy (RCM) is a new noninvasive skin imaging modality that is comparable to traditional histopathology. We present serial in vivo RCM imaging of an atypical nevus after shave excision over a 1-month period. Findings on RCM images are consistent with the inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling phases of wound healing, and RCM may serve as a new tool to study wound healing in vivo over time. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019;18(5):472-474.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {J Drugs Dermatol},
	author = {Srivastava, R. and Reilly, C. and Francisco, G. and Bhatti, H. and Rao, B. K.},
	month = may,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {*Wound Healing, Humans, Microscopy, Confocal, Nevus, Pigmented/diagnostic imaging/*surgery, Skin Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging/*surgery},
	pages = {472--474},
}

Reflectance Confocal Microscopy (RCM) is a new noninvasive skin imaging modality that is comparable to traditional histopathology. We present serial in vivo RCM imaging of an atypical nevus after shave excision over a 1-month period. Findings on RCM images are consistent with the inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling phases of wound healing, and RCM may serve as a new tool to study wound healing in vivo over time. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019;18(5):472-474.

@article{wells_vivo_2019,
	title = {In {Vivo} and {Ex} {Vivo} {Microscopy}: {Moving} {Toward} the {Integration} of {Optical} {Imaging} {Technologies} {Into} {Pathology} {Practice}},
	volume = {143},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1543-2165 (Electronic) 0003-9985 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30525931},
	doi = {10.5858/arpa.2018-0298-RA},
	abstract = {The traditional surgical pathology assessment requires tissue to be removed from the patient, then processed, sectioned, stained, and interpreted by a pathologist using a light microscope. Today, an array of alternate optical imaging technologies allow tissue to be viewed at high resolution, in real time, without the need for processing, fixation, freezing, or staining. Optical imaging can be done in living patients without tissue removal, termed in vivo microscopy, or also in freshly excised tissue, termed ex vivo microscopy. Both in vivo and ex vivo microscopy have tremendous potential for clinical impact in a wide variety of applications. However, in order for these technologies to enter mainstream clinical care, an expert will be required to assess and interpret the imaging data. The optical images generated from these imaging techniques are often similar to the light microscopic images that pathologists already have expertise in interpreting. Other clinical specialists do not have this same expertise in microscopy, therefore, pathologists are a logical choice to step into the developing role of microscopic imaging expert. Here, we review the emerging technologies of in vivo and ex vivo microscopy in terms of the technical aspects and potential clinical applications. We also discuss why pathologists are essential to the successful clinical adoption of such technologies and the educational resources available to help them step into this emerging role.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Arch Pathol Lab Med},
	author = {Wells, W. A. and Thrall, M. and Sorokina, A. and Fine, J. and Krishnamurthy, S. and Haroon, A. and Rao, B. and Shevchuk, M. M. and Wolfsen, H. C. and Tearney, G. J. and Hariri, L. P.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Aged, Diagnostic Imaging/*methods, Female, Humans, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted/methods, Male, Microscopy/*methods, Middle Aged, Optical Imaging/*methods, Pathology, Surgical/*methods},
	pages = {288--298},
}

The traditional surgical pathology assessment requires tissue to be removed from the patient, then processed, sectioned, stained, and interpreted by a pathologist using a light microscope. Today, an array of alternate optical imaging technologies allow tissue to be viewed at high resolution, in real time, without the need for processing, fixation, freezing, or staining. Optical imaging can be done in living patients without tissue removal, termed in vivo microscopy, or also in freshly excised tissue, termed ex vivo microscopy. Both in vivo and ex vivo microscopy have tremendous potential for clinical impact in a wide variety of applications. However, in order for these technologies to enter mainstream clinical care, an expert will be required to assess and interpret the imaging data. The optical images generated from these imaging techniques are often similar to the light microscopic images that pathologists already have expertise in interpreting. Other clinical specialists do not have this same expertise in microscopy, therefore, pathologists are a logical choice to step into the developing role of microscopic imaging expert. Here, we review the emerging technologies of in vivo and ex vivo microscopy in terms of the technical aspects and potential clinical applications. We also discuss why pathologists are essential to the successful clinical adoption of such technologies and the educational resources available to help them step into this emerging role.

@article{vineesh_effect_2019,
	title = {Effect of periodic wheel tread reprofiling on wheel gauge evolution in the wheelsets of tread-braked coaches: {Finite} element modeling and field observations},
	volume = {234},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0954-4097 2041-3017},
	doi = {10.1177/0954409719854810},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit},
	author = {Vineesh, K. P. and Vakkalagadda, M. R. K. and Dev, M. and Rao, B. K. and Racherla, V.},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {678--686},
}

@article{rao_diagnostic_2019,
	title = {Diagnostic {Accuracy} of {Reflectance} {Confocal} {Microscopy} for {Diagnosis} of {Skin} {Lesions}: {An} {Update}},
	volume = {143},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1543-2165 (Electronic) 0003-9985 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30295069},
	doi = {10.5858/arpa.2018-0124-OA},
	abstract = {CONTEXT.-: Histopathology is the current standard to diagnose skin disease. However, biopsy may not always be feasible, such as in patients with multiple nevi, a patient with a lesion on an aesthetically significant site, or in children. Recently, noninvasive techniques, including reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), optical coherence tomography, and Raman spectroscopy, have enabled dermatologists to manage skin lesions in real time without the need for biopsy. OBJECTIVE.-: To report the updated diagnostic accuracy of RCM for equivocal skin lesions. DESIGN.-: In this study, we retrospectively reviewed our data of clinically suspicious lesions from 2010 to 2017 that were evaluated by RCM. RESULTS.-: Our results showed an overall sensitivity of 98.2\% and specificity of 99.8\%. CONCLUSIONS.-: In conclusion, RCM is a noninvasive real-time tool with the potential to diagnose skin lesions with high accuracy and without biopsy.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Arch Pathol Lab Med},
	author = {Rao, B. K. and John, A. M. and Francisco, G. and Haroon, A.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Humans, Microscopy, Confocal/*methods, Retrospective Studies, Sensitivity and Specificity, Skin Diseases/*diagnostic imaging},
	pages = {326--329},
}

CONTEXT.-: Histopathology is the current standard to diagnose skin disease. However, biopsy may not always be feasible, such as in patients with multiple nevi, a patient with a lesion on an aesthetically significant site, or in children. Recently, noninvasive techniques, including reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), optical coherence tomography, and Raman spectroscopy, have enabled dermatologists to manage skin lesions in real time without the need for biopsy. OBJECTIVE.-: To report the updated diagnostic accuracy of RCM for equivocal skin lesions. DESIGN.-: In this study, we retrospectively reviewed our data of clinically suspicious lesions from 2010 to 2017 that were evaluated by RCM. RESULTS.-: Our results showed an overall sensitivity of 98.2% and specificity of 99.8%. CONCLUSIONS.-: In conclusion, RCM is a noninvasive real-time tool with the potential to diagnose skin lesions with high accuracy and without biopsy.

@article{srivastava_dayanara_2019,
	title = {The {Dayanara} effect: increasing skin cancer awareness in the {Hispanic} community},
	volume = {103},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {2326-6929},
	shorttitle = {The {Dayanara} effect},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31233576},
	language = {eng},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Cutis},
	author = {Srivastava, Radhika and Wassef, Cindy and Rao, Babar K.},
	month = may,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Female, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Melanoma, New Jersey, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Puerto Rico, Skin Neoplasms, Social Media},
	pages = {257--258},
}

@article{atkinson_collagen_2019,
	title = {Collagen {Prolyl} {Hydroxylases} {Are} {Bifunctional} {Growth} {Regulators} in {Melanoma}},
	volume = {139},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1523-1747 (Electronic) 0022-202X (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30452903},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jid.2018.10.038},
	abstract = {Appropriate post-translational processing of collagen requires prolyl hydroxylation, catalyzed by collagen prolyl 3-hydroxylase and collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase, and is essential for normal cell function. Here we have investigated the expression, transcriptional regulation, and function of the collagen prolyl 3-hydroxylase and collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase families in melanoma. We show that the collagen prolyl 3-hydroxylase family exemplified by Leprel1 and Leprel2 is subject to methylation-dependent transcriptional silencing in primary and metastatic melanoma consistent with a tumor suppressor function. In contrast, although there is transcriptional silencing of P4HA3 in a subset of melanomas, the collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase family members P4HA1, P4HA2, and P4HA3 are often overexpressed in melanoma, expression being prognostic of worse clinical outcomes. Consistent with tumor suppressor function, ectopic expression of Leprel1 and Leprel2 inhibits melanoma proliferation, whereas P4HA2 and P4HA3 increase proliferation, and particularly invasiveness, of melanoma cells. Pharmacological inhibition with multiple selective collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase inhibitors reduces proliferation and inhibits invasiveness of melanoma cells. Together, our data identify the collagen prolyl 3-hydroxylase and collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase families as potentially important regulators of melanoma growth and invasiveness and suggest that selective inhibition of collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase is an attractive strategy to reduce the invasive properties of melanoma cells.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {J Invest Dermatol},
	author = {Atkinson, A. and Renziehausen, A. and Wang, H. and Lo Nigro, C. and Lattanzio, L. and Merlano, M. and Rao, B. and Weir, L. and Evans, A. and Matin, R. and Harwood, C. and Szlosarek, P. and Pickering, J. G. and Fleming, C. and Sim, V. R. and Li, S. and Vasta, J. T. and Raines, R. T. and Boniol, M. and Thompson, A. and Proby, C. and Crook, T. and Syed, N.},
	month = may,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {*Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, Cell Line, Tumor, Cell Proliferation/genetics, Collagen/metabolism, DNA Methylation/genetics, Humans, Melanoma/*genetics/pathology, Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase/*genetics, Prolyl Hydroxylases/*genetics, Protein Processing, Post-Translational/genetics, Reference Values, Skin Neoplasms/*genetics/pathology},
	pages = {1118--1126},
}

Appropriate post-translational processing of collagen requires prolyl hydroxylation, catalyzed by collagen prolyl 3-hydroxylase and collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase, and is essential for normal cell function. Here we have investigated the expression, transcriptional regulation, and function of the collagen prolyl 3-hydroxylase and collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase families in melanoma. We show that the collagen prolyl 3-hydroxylase family exemplified by Leprel1 and Leprel2 is subject to methylation-dependent transcriptional silencing in primary and metastatic melanoma consistent with a tumor suppressor function. In contrast, although there is transcriptional silencing of P4HA3 in a subset of melanomas, the collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase family members P4HA1, P4HA2, and P4HA3 are often overexpressed in melanoma, expression being prognostic of worse clinical outcomes. Consistent with tumor suppressor function, ectopic expression of Leprel1 and Leprel2 inhibits melanoma proliferation, whereas P4HA2 and P4HA3 increase proliferation, and particularly invasiveness, of melanoma cells. Pharmacological inhibition with multiple selective collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase inhibitors reduces proliferation and inhibits invasiveness of melanoma cells. Together, our data identify the collagen prolyl 3-hydroxylase and collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase families as potentially important regulators of melanoma growth and invasiveness and suggest that selective inhibition of collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase is an attractive strategy to reduce the invasive properties of melanoma cells.

@article{srivastava_back_2019,
	title = {Back to the future: integrating technology to improve patient-provider interactions},
	volume = {103},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {2326-6929 (Electronic) 0011-4162 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31348455},
	abstract = {The adoption of electronic medical records (EMRs) resulted in both improvement and deterioration of different aspects of patient-provider interactions. We envision further integration of current and future technology to optimize patient-provider interactions, which we present using a hypothetical patient encounter.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Cutis},
	author = {Srivastava, R. and Rao, B. K.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {*Electronic Health Records, *Professional-Patient Relations, Biomedical Technology/*methods, Humans},
	pages = {321--322},
}

The adoption of electronic medical records (EMRs) resulted in both improvement and deterioration of different aspects of patient-provider interactions. We envision further integration of current and future technology to optimize patient-provider interactions, which we present using a hypothetical patient encounter.

@article{john_deep_2019,
	title = {“{Deep}” vertical {Mohs} and closure with a tumor-free flap for dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: {A} case report},
	volume = {7},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {2050-313X, 2050-313X},
	shorttitle = {“{Deep}” vertical {Mohs} and closure with a tumor-free flap for dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2050313X19847785},
	doi = {10.1177/2050313X19847785},
	abstract = {Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is an uncommon low-grade malignant tumor that can invade locally and rarely metastasize. Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans has a high rate of local recurrence due to incomplete excision, especially in deep tissues. Morbidity is often related to multiple local recurrences and removal of excessive tissue with large, complex repairs. We present a case of incompletely excised dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans after initial wide local excision. We subsequently employed a “deep” vertical Mohs micrographic surgical technique to remove the remaining tumor while creating a flap with the tumor-free superficial portion to preserve tissue and avoid a complicated repair. The patient is tumor-free for 7 years.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-02-03},
	journal = {SAGE Open Medical Case Reports},
	author = {John, Ann M. and Francisco, Gina and Srivastava, Radhika and Bhatti, Hamza and Rao, Babar K.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {2050313X1984778},
}

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is an uncommon low-grade malignant tumor that can invade locally and rarely metastasize. Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans has a high rate of local recurrence due to incomplete excision, especially in deep tissues. Morbidity is often related to multiple local recurrences and removal of excessive tissue with large, complex repairs. We present a case of incompletely excised dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans after initial wide local excision. We subsequently employed a “deep” vertical Mohs micrographic surgical technique to remove the remaining tumor while creating a flap with the tumor-free superficial portion to preserve tissue and avoid a complicated repair. The patient is tumor-free for 7 years.

@article{francisco_two_2018,
	title = {Two reports of malignant melanoma arising within a new vitiligo-like depigmented patch},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {23525126},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jdcr.2018.05.008},
	number = {6},
	journal = {JAAD Case Reports},
	author = {Francisco, Gina and Rao, Babar K. and Victor, Frank C.},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {573--575},
}

@article{yeager_reflectance_2018,
	title = {Reflectance confocal microscopy as a first-line diagnostic technique for mycosis fungoides},
	volume = {102},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {2326-6929 (Electronic) 0011-4162 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30138497},
	abstract = {Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and is a diagnostic challenge in its early stages. It often can be misdiagnosed as chronic contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, or other common dermatoses. Histologic diagnosis remains the gold standard for MF; however, in many cases repeat biopsies may be needed over time, especially in early patch stages of MF. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a quick and noninvasive diagnostic tool that may be useful to determine an appropriate area to biopsy. We present the case of a 60-year-old man with plaque and tumor lesions clinically suspicious for MF that had originally been misdiagnosed as psoriasis. Reflectance confocal microscopy was used to evaluate for findings specific to MF and to select an appropriate biopsy site. The features noted on RCM were consistent with MF, and subsequent biopsy revealed tumor-stage disease. This article describes a unique case in which RCM was used for initial primary diagnosis of tumor-stage MF in a clinical setting. As in prior studies, our evaluation failed to identify unique RCM features specific to tumor-stage MF when compared to plaque- or patch-stage disease. Nonetheless, RCM may be useful in providing a quick noninvasive diagnosis when the clinical presentation of MF is ambiguous, especially in early lesions.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Cutis},
	author = {Yeager, D. G. and Noor, O. and Rao, B. K.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {*Hodgkin Disease, Diagnosis, Differential, Humans, Male, Microscopy, Confocal, Middle Aged, Mycosis Fungoides/diagnosis/*diagnostic imaging, Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis/*diagnostic imaging},
	pages = {56--58},
}

Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and is a diagnostic challenge in its early stages. It often can be misdiagnosed as chronic contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, or other common dermatoses. Histologic diagnosis remains the gold standard for MF; however, in many cases repeat biopsies may be needed over time, especially in early patch stages of MF. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a quick and noninvasive diagnostic tool that may be useful to determine an appropriate area to biopsy. We present the case of a 60-year-old man with plaque and tumor lesions clinically suspicious for MF that had originally been misdiagnosed as psoriasis. Reflectance confocal microscopy was used to evaluate for findings specific to MF and to select an appropriate biopsy site. The features noted on RCM were consistent with MF, and subsequent biopsy revealed tumor-stage disease. This article describes a unique case in which RCM was used for initial primary diagnosis of tumor-stage MF in a clinical setting. As in prior studies, our evaluation failed to identify unique RCM features specific to tumor-stage MF when compared to plaque- or patch-stage disease. Nonetheless, RCM may be useful in providing a quick noninvasive diagnosis when the clinical presentation of MF is ambiguous, especially in early lesions.

@article{john_reflectance_2018,
	title = {Reflectance confocal microscopy and melanocytic lesions: {The} road to saving a biopsy},
	volume = {36},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0732-183X 1527-7755},
	doi = {10.1200/JCO.2018.36.15_suppl.e21614},
	number = {15\_suppl},
	journal = {Journal of Clinical Oncology},
	author = {John, Ann Mary and Haroon, Attiya and Francisco, Gina and Rao, Babar K.},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {e21614--e21614},
}

@article{francisco_no_2018,
	title = {No wonder it itches: quick bedside visualization of a scabies infestation using reflectance confocal microscopy},
	volume = {45},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {03036987},
	doi = {10.1111/cup.13336},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Journal of Cutaneous Pathology},
	author = {Francisco, Gina and Eilers, Steven and Haroon, Attiya and Virmani, Pooja and Cha, Jisun and Pappert, Amy and Rao, Babar},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {877--879},
}

@article{masud_mobile_2018,
	title = {Mobile medical apps for patient education: a graded review of available dermatology apps},
	volume = {101},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {2326-6929 (Electronic) 0011-4162 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29554157},
	abstract = {The utilization of mobile applications (apps) as educational resources for patients highlights the need for an objective method of evaluating the quality of health care-related mobile apps. In this study, a quantified rubric was developed to objectively grade publicly available dermatology mobile apps with the primary focus of patient education. The rubric included 5 criteria thought to be most important in evaluating the adequacy of these apps in relaying health information to patients: educational objectives, content, accuracy, design, and conflict of interest. A 4-point scale was applied to each criterion. The use of this objective rubric could have implications in the evaluation and recommendation of mobile health care apps as a vital educational resource for patients.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Cutis},
	author = {Masud, A. and Shafi, S. and Rao, B. K.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {*Dermatology/standards, *Mobile Applications/standards, *Patient Education as Topic/standards, Cell Phone, Humans, Telemedicine},
	pages = {141--144},
}

The utilization of mobile applications (apps) as educational resources for patients highlights the need for an objective method of evaluating the quality of health care-related mobile apps. In this study, a quantified rubric was developed to objectively grade publicly available dermatology mobile apps with the primary focus of patient education. The rubric included 5 criteria thought to be most important in evaluating the adequacy of these apps in relaying health information to patients: educational objectives, content, accuracy, design, and conflict of interest. A 4-point scale was applied to each criterion. The use of this objective rubric could have implications in the evaluation and recommendation of mobile health care apps as a vital educational resource for patients.

@article{haenssle_man_2018,
	title = {Man against machine: diagnostic performance of a deep learning convolutional neural network for dermoscopic melanoma recognition in comparison to 58 dermatologists},
	volume = {29},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1569-8041 (Electronic) 0923-7534 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29846502},
	doi = {10.1093/annonc/mdy166},
	abstract = {Background: Deep learning convolutional neural networks (CNN) may facilitate melanoma detection, but data comparing a CNN's diagnostic performance to larger groups of dermatologists are lacking. Methods: Google's Inception v4 CNN architecture was trained and validated using dermoscopic images and corresponding diagnoses. In a comparative cross-sectional reader study a 100-image test-set was used (level-I: dermoscopy only; level-II: dermoscopy plus clinical information and images). Main outcome measures were sensitivity, specificity and area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristics (ROC) for diagnostic classification (dichotomous) of lesions by the CNN versus an international group of 58 dermatologists during level-I or -II of the reader study. Secondary end points included the dermatologists' diagnostic performance in their management decisions and differences in the diagnostic performance of dermatologists during level-I and -II of the reader study. Additionally, the CNN's performance was compared with the top-five algorithms of the 2016 International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI) challenge. Results: In level-I dermatologists achieved a mean (+/-standard deviation) sensitivity and specificity for lesion classification of 86.6\% (+/-9.3\%) and 71.3\% (+/-11.2\%), respectively. More clinical information (level-II) improved the sensitivity to 88.9\% (+/-9.6\%, P = 0.19) and specificity to 75.7\% (+/-11.7\%, P {\textless} 0.05). The CNN ROC curve revealed a higher specificity of 82.5\% when compared with dermatologists in level-I (71.3\%, P {\textless} 0.01) and level-II (75.7\%, P {\textless} 0.01) at their sensitivities of 86.6\% and 88.9\%, respectively. The CNN ROC AUC was greater than the mean ROC area of dermatologists (0.86 versus 0.79, P {\textless} 0.01). The CNN scored results close to the top three algorithms of the ISBI 2016 challenge. Conclusions: For the first time we compared a CNN's diagnostic performance with a large international group of 58 dermatologists, including 30 experts. Most dermatologists were outperformed by the CNN. Irrespective of any physicians' experience, they may benefit from assistance by a CNN's image classification. Clinical trial number: This study was registered at the German Clinical Trial Register (DRKS-Study-ID: DRKS00013570; https://www.drks.de/drks\_web/).},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Ann Oncol},
	author = {Haenssle, H. A. and Fink, C. and Schneiderbauer, R. and Toberer, F. and Buhl, T. and Blum, A. and Kalloo, A. and Hassen, A. B. H. and Thomas, L. and Enk, A. and Uhlmann, L. and Reader study level, I. and level, I. I. Groups and Alt, C. and Arenbergerova, M. and Bakos, R. and Baltzer, A. and Bertlich, I. and Blum, A. and Bokor-Billmann, T. and Bowling, J. and Braghiroli, N. and Braun, R. and Buder-Bakhaya, K. and Buhl, T. and Cabo, H. and Cabrijan, L. and Cevic, N. and Classen, A. and Deltgen, D. and Fink, C. and Georgieva, I. and Hakim-Meibodi, L. E. and Hanner, S. and Hartmann, F. and Hartmann, J. and Haus, G. and Hoxha, E. and Karls, R. and Koga, H. and Kreusch, J. and Lallas, A. and Majenka, P. and Marghoob, A. and Massone, C. and Mekokishvili, L. and Mestel, D. and Meyer, V. and Neuberger, A. and Nielsen, K. and Oliviero, M. and Pampena, R. and Paoli, J. and Pawlik, E. and Rao, B. and Rendon, A. and Russo, T. and Sadek, A. and Samhaber, K. and Schneiderbauer, R. and Schweizer, A. and Toberer, F. and Trennheuser, L. and Vlahova, L. and Wald, A. and Winkler, J. and Wolbing, P. and Zalaudek, I.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {*Deep Learning, Clinical Competence, Cross-Sectional Studies, Dermatologists/*statistics \& numerical data, Dermoscopy, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/*methods/statistics \& numerical data, International Cooperation, Melanoma/*diagnostic imaging, ROC Curve, Retrospective Studies, Skin Neoplasms/*diagnostic imaging, Skin/diagnostic imaging},
	pages = {1836--1842},
}

Background: Deep learning convolutional neural networks (CNN) may facilitate melanoma detection, but data comparing a CNN's diagnostic performance to larger groups of dermatologists are lacking. Methods: Google's Inception v4 CNN architecture was trained and validated using dermoscopic images and corresponding diagnoses. In a comparative cross-sectional reader study a 100-image test-set was used (level-I: dermoscopy only; level-II: dermoscopy plus clinical information and images). Main outcome measures were sensitivity, specificity and area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristics (ROC) for diagnostic classification (dichotomous) of lesions by the CNN versus an international group of 58 dermatologists during level-I or -II of the reader study. Secondary end points included the dermatologists' diagnostic performance in their management decisions and differences in the diagnostic performance of dermatologists during level-I and -II of the reader study. Additionally, the CNN's performance was compared with the top-five algorithms of the 2016 International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI) challenge. Results: In level-I dermatologists achieved a mean (+/-standard deviation) sensitivity and specificity for lesion classification of 86.6% (+/-9.3%) and 71.3% (+/-11.2%), respectively. More clinical information (level-II) improved the sensitivity to 88.9% (+/-9.6%, P = 0.19) and specificity to 75.7% (+/-11.7%, P \textless 0.05). The CNN ROC curve revealed a higher specificity of 82.5% when compared with dermatologists in level-I (71.3%, P \textless 0.01) and level-II (75.7%, P \textless 0.01) at their sensitivities of 86.6% and 88.9%, respectively. The CNN ROC AUC was greater than the mean ROC area of dermatologists (0.86 versus 0.79, P \textless 0.01). The CNN scored results close to the top three algorithms of the ISBI 2016 challenge. Conclusions: For the first time we compared a CNN's diagnostic performance with a large international group of 58 dermatologists, including 30 experts. Most dermatologists were outperformed by the CNN. Irrespective of any physicians' experience, they may benefit from assistance by a CNN's image classification. Clinical trial number: This study was registered at the German Clinical Trial Register (DRKS-Study-ID: DRKS00013570; https://www.drks.de/drks_web/).

@article{francisco_evaluation_2018,
	title = {Evaluation of rosacea before and after intense pulsed laser treatment using reflectance confocal microscopy: case report},
	volume = {2},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {25749943},
	shorttitle = {Evaluation of rosacea before and after intense pulsed laser treatment using reflectance confocal microscopy},
	url = {https://medcraveonline.com/JDC/evaluation-of-rosacea-before-and-after-intense-pulsed-laser-treatment-using-reflectance-confocal-microscopy-case-report.html},
	doi = {10.15406/jdc.2018.02.00073},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2023-02-03},
	journal = {Journal of Dermatology \& Cosmetology},
	author = {Francisco, Gina and Haroon, Attiya and Cha, Jisun and Rao, Babar},
	month = jul,
	year = {2018},
}

@article{zubair_artificial_2018,
	title = {Artificial intelligence for clinical decision support},
	volume = {102},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {2326-6929 (Electronic) 0011-4162 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30372716},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Cutis},
	author = {Zubair, R. and Francisco, G. and Rao, B.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {*Artificial Intelligence, *Decision Support Systems, Clinical, *Dermatology, Humans},
	pages = {210--211},
}

@article{zubair_bedside_2018,
	title = {Bedside diagnosis of lentigo maligna with reflectance confocal microscopy},
	volume = {45},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {03036987},
	doi = {10.1111/cup.13264},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Journal of Cutaneous Pathology},
	author = {Zubair, Raheel and Haroon, Attiya and Rao, Babar},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {553--555},
}

@article{iriarte_acral_2018,
	title = {Acral pigmented {Spitz} nevus in a child with transepidermal migration of melanocytes: {Dermoscopic} and reflectance confocal microscopic features},
	volume = {35},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {07368046},
	doi = {10.1111/pde.13385},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Pediatric Dermatology},
	author = {Iriarte, Christopher and Rao, Babar and Haroon, Attiya and Kirkorian, Anna Yasmine},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {e99--e102},
}

@article{ahluwalia_vitiligo_2017,
	title = {Vitiligo: {Not} {Simply} a {Skin} {Disease}},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1540-9740 (Print) 1540-9740 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28528606},
	abstract = {Melanocytes, the cells responsible for skin pigmentation, are present in other parts of the body, such as the ocular, auditory, nervous, and cardiac systems. Within these systems, their roles serve a different purpose than their classical counterparts in skin as pigment cells. Such roles include cell turnover in retinal pigment epithelium, maintenance of balance and prevention of environmental damage in the auditory neuroepithelium, role-playing as dendritic cells within the leptomeninges, and prevention of oxidative damage in adipose tissue. Vitiligo, commonly known as a skin pigmentation disorder, has also been associated with several systemic disorders, such as Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease and Alezzandrini, Kabuki, and MELAS syndromes. Therefore, since these conditions involve compromise of systems in which melanocytes reside, it is not surprising that vitiligo has other systemic associations. The authors present a detailed review of systemic associations of vitiligo and melanocytes' roles in other organ systems with a focus on systemic disease.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Skinmed},
	author = {Ahluwalia, J. and Correa-Selm, L. M. and Rao, B. K.},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Cell Movement/physiology, Cell Proliferation, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology, Cells, Cultured, Diagnosis, Differential, Disease Progression, Female, Humans, Hypopigmentation/pathology/physiopathology, Male, Melanocytes/cytology/*pathology, Prognosis, Risk Assessment, Uveomeningoencephalitic Syndrome/diagnosis/*pathology, Vitiligo/*pathology/physiopathology},
	pages = {125--127},
}

Melanocytes, the cells responsible for skin pigmentation, are present in other parts of the body, such as the ocular, auditory, nervous, and cardiac systems. Within these systems, their roles serve a different purpose than their classical counterparts in skin as pigment cells. Such roles include cell turnover in retinal pigment epithelium, maintenance of balance and prevention of environmental damage in the auditory neuroepithelium, role-playing as dendritic cells within the leptomeninges, and prevention of oxidative damage in adipose tissue. Vitiligo, commonly known as a skin pigmentation disorder, has also been associated with several systemic disorders, such as Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease and Alezzandrini, Kabuki, and MELAS syndromes. Therefore, since these conditions involve compromise of systems in which melanocytes reside, it is not surprising that vitiligo has other systemic associations. The authors present a detailed review of systemic associations of vitiligo and melanocytes' roles in other organ systems with a focus on systemic disease.

@article{haroon_using_2017,
	title = {Using {Reflectance} {Confocal} {Microscopy} in {Skin} {Cancer} {Diagnosis}},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {07338635},
	doi = {10.1016/j.det.2017.06.007},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Dermatologic Clinics},
	author = {Haroon, Attiya and Shafi, Shahram and Rao, Babar K.},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {457--464},
}

@article{correa-selm_use_2017,
	title = {Use of {Biologics} in {Private} {Practice}: {Nine} {Years} of {Lessons} and {Learning}},
	volume = {16},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1545-9616 (Print) 1545-9616 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28301616},
	abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Over a decade ago, the FDA approved biologics for psoriasis, which changed how the disease is treated and, in most cases, has a significant positive impact on the lives of patients. Side effects primarily identified during the investigational and research phase led to the development of specific guidelines for treatment. The treatment guidelines have been amended to incorporate better understandings of side-effects over the years that the disease has been treated. In this study, we focused on a chart review that included assessing the current guidelines and their alignment with modern patient management and the recent side effects presented. This life-cycle evaluation included over 100 patients, management of their treatment, laboratory abnormalities, criteria for choosing or changing to a different biologic, and the effects of the treatments management throughout the years. The review identified some recommended changes in the application and treatment of psoriasis with biologics. To further evidence our findings, we hope to expand this study to a larger scale with more patients.{\textless}/p{\textgreater} {\textless}p{\textgreater}{\textless}em{\textgreater}J Drugs Dermatol. 2017;16(3):215-217.{\textless}/em{\textgreater}{\textless}/p{\textgreater}.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {J Drugs Dermatol},
	author = {Correa-Selm, L. M. and Alamgir, M. and Rao, B. K.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Biological Products/administration \& dosage/adverse effects/*therapeutic use, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Private Practice/*trends, Psoriasis/blood/*drug therapy, Quality of Life, Retrospective Studies, Severity of Illness Index, Young Adult},
	pages = {215--217},
}

\textlessp\textgreaterOver a decade ago, the FDA approved biologics for psoriasis, which changed how the disease is treated and, in most cases, has a significant positive impact on the lives of patients. Side effects primarily identified during the investigational and research phase led to the development of specific guidelines for treatment. The treatment guidelines have been amended to incorporate better understandings of side-effects over the years that the disease has been treated. In this study, we focused on a chart review that included assessing the current guidelines and their alignment with modern patient management and the recent side effects presented. This life-cycle evaluation included over 100 patients, management of their treatment, laboratory abnormalities, criteria for choosing or changing to a different biologic, and the effects of the treatments management throughout the years. The review identified some recommended changes in the application and treatment of psoriasis with biologics. To further evidence our findings, we hope to expand this study to a larger scale with more patients.\textless/p\textgreater \textlessp\textgreater\textlessem\textgreaterJ Drugs Dermatol. 2017;16(3):215-217.\textless/em\textgreater\textless/p\textgreater.

@article{yeager_recalcitrant_2017,
	title = {Recalcitrant hyperkeratotic plaques},
	volume = {99},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {2326-6929 (Electronic) 0011-4162 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28398423},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Cutis},
	author = {Yeager, D. G. and Schafer, C. S. and Rao, B. K.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Administration, Oral, Arm, Diagnosis, Differential, Humans, Keratosis/*diagnosis/drug therapy/pathology, Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid/*diagnosis/drug therapy/pathology, Male, Middle Aged, Prednisone/administration \& dosage/therapeutic use},
	pages = {E7--E9},
}

@article{haroon_adult_2017,
	title = {Adult xanthogranuloma diagnosed on reflectance confocal microscopy},
	volume = {44},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {03036987},
	doi = {10.1111/cup.12971},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Journal of Cutaneous Pathology},
	author = {Haroon, Attiya and Shafi, Shahram and Rao, Babar},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {809--810},
}

@article{correa-selm_souvenir_2016,
	title = {A {Souvenir} {From} {France}: {Acrodermatitis} {Chronica} {Atrophicans} {Presenting} in the {United} {States}},
	volume = {14},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1540-9740 (Print) 1540-9740 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27502263},
	abstract = {A 70-year-old man was referred by his rheumatologist to our dermatology clinic for evaluation of dermatitis on his right arm that appeared 3 months earlier. The skin lesion was asymptomatic and the patient denied current systemic symptoms, including fever, chills, and joint pain; however, 10 months prior to this presentation he experienced arthritis in the left knee. At that time, Borrelia serology revealed positive IgG (6.07; {\textless}0.8 negative, 0.8 to 0.99 borderline, {\textgreater}/=1 positive) and negative IgM titers. The patient had not received treatment for Lyme disease in the past. He was referred to rheumatology for evaluation of possible Lyme disease but did not follow up until 10 months later. The arthritis has since resolved. He travels frequently to France and recalls multiple tick bites during these trips.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Skinmed},
	author = {Correa-Selm, L. M. and Bronsnick, T. and Rao, B. K. and Kirkorian, A. Y. and Marcus, A. and Cha, J.},
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {*Asymptomatic Infections, *Travel-Related Illness, Acrodermatitis/*diagnosis/immunology, Aged, Arm, Borrelia burgdorferi/*immunology, Dermatitis/diagnosis, France, Humans, Immunoglobulin G/blood, Immunoglobulin M/blood, Lyme Disease/*diagnosis/immunology, Male, Skin Diseases, Bacterial/*diagnosis/immunology, United States},
	pages = {217--9},
}

A 70-year-old man was referred by his rheumatologist to our dermatology clinic for evaluation of dermatitis on his right arm that appeared 3 months earlier. The skin lesion was asymptomatic and the patient denied current systemic symptoms, including fever, chills, and joint pain; however, 10 months prior to this presentation he experienced arthritis in the left knee. At that time, Borrelia serology revealed positive IgG (6.07; \textless0.8 negative, 0.8 to 0.99 borderline, \textgreater/=1 positive) and negative IgM titers. The patient had not received treatment for Lyme disease in the past. He was referred to rheumatology for evaluation of possible Lyme disease but did not follow up until 10 months later. The arthritis has since resolved. He travels frequently to France and recalls multiple tick bites during these trips.

@article{giambrone_microcystic_2016,
	title = {Microcystic {Adnexal} {Carcinoma} {Detected} by {Reflectance} {Confocal} {Microscopy}},
	volume = {42},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1076-0512},
	doi = {10.1097/dss.0000000000000566},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Dermatologic Surgery},
	author = {Giambrone, Danielle and Salvaggio, Christine and Victor, Frank C. and Rao, Babar K.},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {126--127},
}

@article{gaffney_global_2016,
	title = {Global teledermatology},
	volume = {2},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {20567863},
	url = {http://oatext.com/Global-teledermatology.php},
	doi = {10.15761/GOD.1000156},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2023-02-03},
	journal = {Global Dermatology},
	author = {Gaffney, Rebecca and Rao, Babbar},
	year = {2016},
}

@article{rahman_early_2016,
	title = {Early detection of skin cancer via terahertz spectral profiling and {3D} imaging},
	volume = {82},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {09565663},
	doi = {10.1016/j.bios.2016.03.051},
	journal = {Biosensors and Bioelectronics},
	author = {Rahman, Anis and Rahman, Aunik K. and Rao, Babar},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {64--70},
}

@article{khalid_when_2015,
	title = {When {Rings} {Are} {Not} {Ringworms}: {Case} {Reports} and {Review} of {Literature}},
	volume = {79},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0010-6178 (Print) 0010-6178 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26244204},
	abstract = {Presented are two cases of subcorneal pustular dermatosis (SPD), one of which was initially confused with, and treated as, a fungal infection. Eventually both cases were successfully treated with dapsone. The exact etiology and pathophysiology of SPD remains unclear and so does its classification. Dapsone remains the treatment of choice but other valid therapeutic alternatives i.e., retinoids, phototherapy, or anti-TNF inhibitors also need to be explored because of the side effects associated with dapsone.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Conn Med},
	author = {Khalid, N. and Baig, B. U. and Bhatti, H. and Rao, B. K.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use, Dapsone/therapeutic use, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous/*diagnosis/drug therapy/etiology},
	pages = {77--80},
}

Presented are two cases of subcorneal pustular dermatosis (SPD), one of which was initially confused with, and treated as, a fungal infection. Eventually both cases were successfully treated with dapsone. The exact etiology and pathophysiology of SPD remains unclear and so does its classification. Dapsone remains the treatment of choice but other valid therapeutic alternatives i.e., retinoids, phototherapy, or anti-TNF inhibitors also need to be explored because of the side effects associated with dapsone.

@article{murzaku_response_2015,
	title = {Response to: “{Evidence} on pseudoallergen-free diet for chronic urticaria”},
	volume = {72},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {01909622},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaad.2015.03.020},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology},
	author = {Murzaku, Era Caterina and Bronsnick, Tara and Rao, Babar K.},
	year = {2015},
}

@article{ahluwalia_rapidly_2015,
	title = {Rapidly growing nodules on the scalp and forehead},
	volume = {72},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {01909622},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaad.2014.05.065},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology},
	author = {Ahluwalia, Jusleen and Noor, Omar and Rao, Babar and Cha, Jisun},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {e9--e10},
}

@article{giambrone_melasma_2015,
	title = {Melasma: {Which} {Laser} and {Light} {Therapies} {Achieve} {Long} {Lasting} {Results}? {A} {Review} of the {Literature} {Over} the {Last} 30 {Years}},
	volume = {02},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {23760427},
	shorttitle = {Melasma},
	url = {http://www.omicsgroup.org/journals/melasma-which-laser-and-light-therapies-achieve-long-lasting-results-areview-of-the-literature-over-the-last-30-years-2376-0427-1000176.php?aid=51720},
	doi = {10.4172/2376-0427.1000176},
	number = {04},
	urldate = {2023-02-03},
	journal = {Journal of Pigmentary Disorders},
	author = {Giambrone, Danielle},
	year = {2015},
}

@article{murzaku_infraorbital_2015,
	title = {Infraorbital and nasolabial annular plaques},
	volume = {72},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {01909622},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaad.2014.09.045},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology},
	author = {Murzaku, Era Caterina and Bronsnick, Tara and Noor, Omar and Rao, Babar K.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {e91--e92},
}

@article{rao_how_2015,
	title = {How best to manage acral naevi},
	volume = {173},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {00070963},
	doi = {10.1111/bjd.14056},
	number = {4},
	journal = {British Journal of Dermatology},
	author = {Rao, B. K. and Giambrone, D.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {893--894},
}

@article{bronsnick_enlarging_2015,
	title = {Enlarging black plaque on the forehead},
	volume = {72},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {01909622},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaad.2014.06.019},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology},
	author = {Bronsnick, Tara and Noor, Omar and Rao, Babar K.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {e17--e18},
}

@article{giambrone_diagnostic_2015,
	title = {The diagnostic accuracy of in vivo confocal microscopy in clinical practice},
	volume = {73},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {01909622},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaad.2015.03.052},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology},
	author = {Giambrone, Danielle and Alamgir, Mahin and Masud, Aisha and Bronsnick, Tara and Rao, Babar},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {317--319},
}

@article{louis_tungiasis_2014,
	title = {Tungiasis in {Haiti}: a case series of 383 patients},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {00119059},
	doi = {10.1111/ijd.12456},
	number = {8},
	journal = {International Journal of Dermatology},
	author = {Louis, Shesly J. and Bronsnick, Tara and Louis, Frantz J. and Rao, Babar},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {999--1004},
}

@article{rao_privately_2014,
	title = {A privately organized dermatology mission to the {Dominican} {Republic}: show and tell},
	volume = {150},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {2168-6084 (Electronic) 2168-6068 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24382754},
	doi = {10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.7036},
	number = {4},
	journal = {JAMA Dermatol},
	author = {Rao, S. and Bronsnick, T. and Rao, B. K.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {*Private Sector, Dermatology/*organization \& administration, Dominican Republic, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Medical Missions/*organization \& administration, Personnel Selection, Skin Diseases/diagnosis/therapy, Voluntary Programs/organization \& administration},
	pages = {359--60},
}

@article{bronsnick_outcomes_2014,
	title = {Outcomes of {Biopsies} and {Excisions} of {Dysplastic} {Acral} {Nevi}: {A} {Study} of 187 {Lesions}},
	volume = {40},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1076-0512},
	doi = {10.1111/dsu.12448},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Dermatologic Surgery},
	author = {Bronsnick, Tara and Kazi, Nadeem and Kirkorian, Yasmine A. and Rao, Babar K.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {455--459},
}

@article{giambrone_obstacles_2014,
	title = {Obstacles hindering the mainstream practice of teledermatopathology},
	volume = {71},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {01909622},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaad.2014.04.043},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology},
	author = {Giambrone, Danielle and Rao, Babar K. and Esfahani, Amin and Rao, Shaan},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {772--780},
}

@article{ahn_life_2014,
	title = {The life cycles and biological end pathways of dermal fillers},
	volume = {13},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1473-2165},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25196689},
	doi = {10.1111/jocd.12100},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: There is an increased demand for soft tissue augmentation procedures. A wide range of products can provide correction through different mechanisms and it is important for clinicians to understand the biological pathways of each material. This study presents a systematic review of the pathways of commonly used fillers, with consideration of the complications associated with each. METHODS: The PubMed (National Library of Medicine) database was searched for MeSH headings for different types of fillers, including trade names, between January 1, 2000, and January 1, 2013. Article titles were screened, and only studies designed to determine the mechanism of action and histopathology of complications were included. RESULTS: When restricted to studies on biological mechanisms, 109 manuscripts were identified and the mechanisms of action of short-term and long-term degradable as well as permanent fillers were reviewed. Hyaluronic acid fillers, which are the most commonly used, form a fibrous capsule and induce limited de novo collagen. Poly-l-lactic acid and calcium hydroxylapatite are semipermanent fillers that provide long-term restoration of tissue volume by stimulating fibroblasts to lay down a matrix of collagen and elastic fibers. Polymethyl methacrylate is the only FDA-approved permanent implant that is held in place by encapsulation, providing a scaffold upon which the dermis can recover to its original thickness. DISCUSSION: Soft tissue augmentation products are variable, and no single product can be considered the most effective or ideal. An understanding of biological mechanisms may help guide physicians choose the best suited product among the various options available while minimizing the occurrence of complications.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology},
	author = {Ahn, Christine S. and Rao, Babar K.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Biocompatible Materials, Cosmetic Techniques, Durapatite, Face, Humans, Injections, Subcutaneous, Lactic Acid, Polyesters, Polymers, Polymethyl Methacrylate, Skin Aging, calcium hydroxylapatite, cosmetic procedure, hyaluronic acid, injectables, poly-l-lactic acid, polymethylacrylate},
	pages = {212--223},
}

BACKGROUND: There is an increased demand for soft tissue augmentation procedures. A wide range of products can provide correction through different mechanisms and it is important for clinicians to understand the biological pathways of each material. This study presents a systematic review of the pathways of commonly used fillers, with consideration of the complications associated with each. METHODS: The PubMed (National Library of Medicine) database was searched for MeSH headings for different types of fillers, including trade names, between January 1, 2000, and January 1, 2013. Article titles were screened, and only studies designed to determine the mechanism of action and histopathology of complications were included. RESULTS: When restricted to studies on biological mechanisms, 109 manuscripts were identified and the mechanisms of action of short-term and long-term degradable as well as permanent fillers were reviewed. Hyaluronic acid fillers, which are the most commonly used, form a fibrous capsule and induce limited de novo collagen. Poly-l-lactic acid and calcium hydroxylapatite are semipermanent fillers that provide long-term restoration of tissue volume by stimulating fibroblasts to lay down a matrix of collagen and elastic fibers. Polymethyl methacrylate is the only FDA-approved permanent implant that is held in place by encapsulation, providing a scaffold upon which the dermis can recover to its original thickness. DISCUSSION: Soft tissue augmentation products are variable, and no single product can be considered the most effective or ideal. An understanding of biological mechanisms may help guide physicians choose the best suited product among the various options available while minimizing the occurrence of complications.

@article{murzaku_diet_2014,
	title = {Diet in dermatology: {Part} {II}. {Melanoma}, chronic urticaria, and psoriasis},
	volume = {71},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1097-6787 (Electronic) 0190-9622 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25454037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaad.2014.06.016},
	abstract = {The roles of dietary factors in aggravating, preventing, or treating skin diseases are common questions encountered in dermatology practice. Part II of this two-part series reviews dietary modifications that can potentially be utilized in the management of melanoma, chronic urticaria, and psoriasis patients. Specifically, we examine the effect of alcohol consumption and supplementation with vitamins D and E, polyunsaturated fatty acids, selenium, green tea, resveratrol, and lycopene on melanoma risk. The relationships between chronic urticaria symptoms and dietary pseudoallergens, gluten, and vitamin D are analyzed. We explore weight loss, reduced alcohol consumption, and gluten avoidance as means of reducing psoriasis-associated morbidity, as well as the possible utility of supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids, folic acid, vitamin D, and antioxidants. With proper knowledge of the role of diet in these cutaneous disease processes, dermatologists can better answer patient inquiries and consider implementation of dietary modifications as adjuncts to other treatments and preventative measures.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {J Am Acad Dermatol},
	author = {Murzaku, E. C. and Bronsnick, T. and Rao, B. K.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Dietary Supplements, Education, Medical, Continuing, Humans, Melanoma/*diet therapy, Psoriasis/*diet therapy, Skin Neoplasms/*diet therapy, Urticaria/*diet therapy, chronic urticaria, diet, melanoma, nutrition, psoriasis},
	pages = {1053--e1--1053 e16},
}

The roles of dietary factors in aggravating, preventing, or treating skin diseases are common questions encountered in dermatology practice. Part II of this two-part series reviews dietary modifications that can potentially be utilized in the management of melanoma, chronic urticaria, and psoriasis patients. Specifically, we examine the effect of alcohol consumption and supplementation with vitamins D and E, polyunsaturated fatty acids, selenium, green tea, resveratrol, and lycopene on melanoma risk. The relationships between chronic urticaria symptoms and dietary pseudoallergens, gluten, and vitamin D are analyzed. We explore weight loss, reduced alcohol consumption, and gluten avoidance as means of reducing psoriasis-associated morbidity, as well as the possible utility of supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids, folic acid, vitamin D, and antioxidants. With proper knowledge of the role of diet in these cutaneous disease processes, dermatologists can better answer patient inquiries and consider implementation of dietary modifications as adjuncts to other treatments and preventative measures.

@article{bronsnick_diet_2014,
	title = {Diet in dermatology: {Part} {I}. {Atopic} dermatitis, acne, and nonmelanoma skin cancer},
	volume = {71},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1097-6787 (Electronic) 0190-9622 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25454036},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaad.2014.06.015},
	abstract = {Patients commonly inquire about dietary modifications as a means to prevent or manage skin disease. Answering these questions is often challenging, given the vast and conflicting evidence that exists on this topic. This 2-part continuing medical education article summarizes the evidence to date to enable physicians to answer patients' questions in an evidence-based manner. Part I includes atopic dermatitis, acne, and nonmelanoma skin cancer. The role of dietary supplementation, dietary exclusion, food allergy, maternal diet, and breastfeeding in the development and/or prevention of atopic dermatitis is summarized. The dermatoendocrinologic mechanism for the effects of glycemic index/glycemic load and milk on acne is described, as well as related clinical evidence for dietary modifications. Finally, evidence and recommendations for restriction or supplementation of dietary factors in the prevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer, including fat, vitamins A, C, D, and E, and selenium, are reported.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {J Am Acad Dermatol},
	author = {Bronsnick, T. and Murzaku, E. C. and Rao, B. K.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Acne Vulgaris/*diet therapy, Carcinoma, Basal Cell/*diet therapy, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/*diet therapy, Dermatitis, Atopic/*diet therapy, Dietary Supplements, Education, Medical, Continuing, Humans, Skin Neoplasms/*diet therapy, acne, atopic dermatitis, basal cell carcinoma, diet, nonmelanoma skin cancer, nutrition, squamous cell carcinoma},
	pages = {1039--e1--1039 e12},
}

Patients commonly inquire about dietary modifications as a means to prevent or manage skin disease. Answering these questions is often challenging, given the vast and conflicting evidence that exists on this topic. This 2-part continuing medical education article summarizes the evidence to date to enable physicians to answer patients' questions in an evidence-based manner. Part I includes atopic dermatitis, acne, and nonmelanoma skin cancer. The role of dietary supplementation, dietary exclusion, food allergy, maternal diet, and breastfeeding in the development and/or prevention of atopic dermatitis is summarized. The dermatoendocrinologic mechanism for the effects of glycemic index/glycemic load and milk on acne is described, as well as related clinical evidence for dietary modifications. Finally, evidence and recommendations for restriction or supplementation of dietary factors in the prevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer, including fat, vitamins A, C, D, and E, and selenium, are reported.

@article{murzaku_methods_2014,
	title = {Methods and rates of dermoscopy usage: {A} cross-sectional survey of {US} dermatologists stratified by years in practice},
	volume = {71},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {01909622},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaad.2014.03.048},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology},
	author = {Murzaku, Era Caterina and Hayan, Sumar and Rao, Babar K.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {393--395},
}

@article{bronsnick_integrating_2014,
	title = {Integrating dermatology education into the medical school curriculum: {Creation} and evaluation of a clerkship-based curriculum for third-year medical students},
	volume = {70},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {01909622},
	shorttitle = {Integrating dermatology education into the medical school curriculum},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0190962214003259},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaad.2014.01.323},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2023-02-03},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology},
	author = {Bronsnick, Tara and Kirkorian, Yasmine A. and Rao, Babar and Cha, Jisun and Correa-Selm, L. M.},
	month = may,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {AB78},
}

@article{abello-poblete_histologic_2014,
	title = {Histologic {Outcomes} of {Excised} {Moderate} and {Severe} {Dysplastic} {Nevi}},
	volume = {40},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1076-0512},
	doi = {10.1111/dsu.12391},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Dermatologic Surgery},
	author = {Abello-Poblete, Maria V. and Correa-Selm, Lilia M. and Giambrone, Danielle and Victor, Frank and Rao, Babar K.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {40--45},
}

@article{bronsnick_diet_2014,
	title = {Diet in dermatology},
	volume = {71},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {01909622},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaad.2014.06.015},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology},
	author = {Bronsnick, Tara and Murzaku, Era Caterina and Rao, Babar K.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1039.e1--1039.e12},
}

@article{murzaku_axillary_2014,
	title = {Axillary lichen planus pigmentosus-inversus: dermoscopic clues of a rare entity. {Diagnosis}: {Lichen} planus pigmentosus ({LPP})},
	volume = {71},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1097-6787 (Electronic) 0190-9622 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25219722},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaad.2014.01.881},
	number = {4},
	journal = {J Am Acad Dermatol},
	author = {Murzaku, E. C. and Bronsnick, T. and Rao, B. K.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Administration, Topical, Axilla, Biopsy, Needle, Dermoscopy/*methods, Female, Humans, Hyperpigmentation/*diagnosis/drug therapy/pathology, Immunohistochemistry, Lichen Planus/*diagnosis/drug therapy/pathology, Middle Aged, Rare Diseases, Treatment Failure, Triamcinolone/therapeutic use},
	pages = {e119--20},
}

@article{mateus_atypical_2014,
	title = {Atypical pigmented acral lesion proven to be fungal using reflectance confocal microscopy},
	volume = {70},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {01909622},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaad.2013.10.033},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology},
	author = {Mateus, Rosa and Murzaku, Era Caterina and Rao, Babar K.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {e77--e79},
}

@article{wassef_vitiligo_2013,
	title = {Vitiligo surgical, laser, and alternative therapies: a review and case series},
	volume = {12},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1545-9616 (Print) 1545-9616 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23839187},
	abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Vitiligo is a condition caused by the destruction of melanocytes, resulting in areas of skin without pigmentation. While many topical therapies exist for its treatment, not all patients respond to such treatments. Various surgical, laser and other alternative therapies are available for use as well. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this review was to describe the various surgical, laser, and alternative therapies available for vitiligo. A literature review was conducted through Pubmed and Ovid using the search terms "Vitiligo treatment", "Vitiligo surgery", "Vitiligo laser". Since no articles were available about needling on both Pubmed and Ovid using the search criteria, individual articles were sought out through Google. RESULTS: The literature review yielded many possible surgical interventions including autologous mini-punch grafting, suction epidermal blister grafting, split-thickness grafting, and cultured and noncultured melanocyte keratinocyte transfer. Laser options included the helium-neon and xenon-chloride lasers, with tattooing and needling serving as other options. While all the above techniques can provide improvement to pigmentation in vitiliginous patches, physician comfort and experience are important factors with regards to outcome. Our case series of four patients treated with the needling method yielded favorable results, with repigmentation rates ranging from 25-50\%, with one patient having 90\% repigmentation. CONCLUSION: There are many surgical, laser, and alternative treatment options available for vitiligo when conventional medical therapy fails or for use in conjunction with medical therapies. Autologous mini punch grafting and needling both have minimal equipment requirements and are easy to learn. Physician experience and comfort play a large role in outcome and availability of services.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {J Drugs Dermatol},
	author = {Wassef, C. and Lombardi, A. and Khokher, S. and Rao, B. K.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Complementary Therapies/*methods, Humans, Keratinocytes/transplantation, Laser Therapy/*methods, Melanocytes/metabolism/transplantation, Needles, Skin Pigmentation, Tattooing, Vitiligo/pathology/surgery/*therapy},
	pages = {685--91},
}

INTRODUCTION: Vitiligo is a condition caused by the destruction of melanocytes, resulting in areas of skin without pigmentation. While many topical therapies exist for its treatment, not all patients respond to such treatments. Various surgical, laser and other alternative therapies are available for use as well. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this review was to describe the various surgical, laser, and alternative therapies available for vitiligo. A literature review was conducted through Pubmed and Ovid using the search terms "Vitiligo treatment", "Vitiligo surgery", "Vitiligo laser". Since no articles were available about needling on both Pubmed and Ovid using the search criteria, individual articles were sought out through Google. RESULTS: The literature review yielded many possible surgical interventions including autologous mini-punch grafting, suction epidermal blister grafting, split-thickness grafting, and cultured and noncultured melanocyte keratinocyte transfer. Laser options included the helium-neon and xenon-chloride lasers, with tattooing and needling serving as other options. While all the above techniques can provide improvement to pigmentation in vitiliginous patches, physician comfort and experience are important factors with regards to outcome. Our case series of four patients treated with the needling method yielded favorable results, with repigmentation rates ranging from 25-50%, with one patient having 90% repigmentation. CONCLUSION: There are many surgical, laser, and alternative treatment options available for vitiligo when conventional medical therapy fails or for use in conjunction with medical therapies. Autologous mini punch grafting and needling both have minimal equipment requirements and are easy to learn. Physician experience and comfort play a large role in outcome and availability of services.

@article{wassef_uses_2013,
	title = {Uses of non-invasive imaging in the diagnosis of skin cancer: an overview of the currently available modalities},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {00119059},
	doi = {10.1111/ijd.12159},
	number = {12},
	journal = {International Journal of Dermatology},
	author = {Wassef, Cindy and Rao, Babar K.},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {1481--1489},
}

@article{bronsnick_mole_2013,
	title = {From mole to scar: the unintended consequence of treatment with an over-the-counter mole removal cream},
	volume = {11},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1540-9740 (Print) 1540-9740 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24517044},
	abstract = {A 26-year-old man presented with a scar at the site of a pigmented lesion treated with DermaTend (Solace Interntational, Inc., Reno, NV), an over-the-counter mole removal cream. According to the patient, the pigmented lesion had been present since childhood, was asymptomatic, and had not changed in appearance. It remained cosmetically displeasing to him. In an effort to remove the lesion, he had applied DermaTend on a daily basis for several weeks, at which point he noticed a scar at the site of treatment.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Skinmed},
	author = {Bronsnick, T. and Kirkorian, A. Y. and Khan, I. and Cole, A. and Rao, B. K.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Adult, Cicatrix/*chemically induced/pathology, Humans, Male, Nevus/*drug therapy, Nonprescription Drugs/*adverse effects, Skin Neoplasms/*drug therapy},
	pages = {364--6},
}

A 26-year-old man presented with a scar at the site of a pigmented lesion treated with DermaTend (Solace Interntational, Inc., Reno, NV), an over-the-counter mole removal cream. According to the patient, the pigmented lesion had been present since childhood, was asymptomatic, and had not changed in appearance. It remained cosmetically displeasing to him. In an effort to remove the lesion, he had applied DermaTend on a daily basis for several weeks, at which point he noticed a scar at the site of treatment.

@article{rao_vivo_2013,
	title = {In vivo confocal microscopy in clinical practice: {Comparison} of bedside diagnostic accuracy of a trained physician and distant diagnosis of an expert reader},
	volume = {69},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {01909622},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaad.2013.07.022},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology},
	author = {Rao, Babar K. and Mateus, Rosa and Wassef, Cindy and Pellacani, Giovanni},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {e295--e300},
}

@article{narahari_community_2013,
	title = {Community level morbidity control of lymphoedema using self care and integrative treatment in two lymphatic filariasis endemic districts of {South} {India}: a non randomized interventional study},
	volume = {107},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1878-3503 (Electronic) 0035-9203 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23832181},
	doi = {10.1093/trstmh/trt054},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Currently there is no global program to manage lymphoedema as a result of lymphatic filariasis (LF). The primary aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of a previously proposed integrative treatment protocol, using locally available resources to address the morbidity, in a community village setting. METHODS: Two LF endemic districts of south India, Gulbarga in Karnataka (GK) and Alleppey in Kerala (AK), were selected for the study. All known patients were invited to an LF camp. Patients with grade two late or three lymphoedema were enrolled. All patients were given training in the integrative procedure which involved patient education and the domiciliary protocol. RESULTS: A total of 730 patients (851 limbs) completed the three and half month follow up. There was a statistically significant (1\%) reduction up to mid thigh level volume measurement for both small (0.7-1.1 liters) and large (1.8-5.0 liters) limbs, p {\textless} 0.000. In AK inflammatory episodes at the three months interval reduced from 37.5\% (127 patients) to 28.3\% (96 patients) and in GK from 37.6\% (147 patients) to 10.2\% (40 patients), p {\textless} 0.000. All patients had reduced bacterial entry points. There was an overall improvement in quality of life in all domains of LF specific quality of life questionnaire p {\textless} 0.000. CONCLUSIONS: Self care and integrative treatment is possible in resource poor Indian village settings. Further work is needed to explore factors leading to better compliance by randomizing the interventions such as washing and emollient compression vs Ayurvedic and yoga interventions before integrative treatment is considered for national health programmes in developing countries.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg},
	author = {Narahari, S. R. and Bose, K. S. and Aggithaya, M. G. and Swamy, G. K. and Ryan, T. J. and Unnikrishnan, B. and Washington, R. G. and Rao, B. P. and Rajagopala, S. and Manjula, K. and Vandana, U. and Sreemol, T. A. and Rojith, M. and Salimani, S. Y. and Shefuvan, M.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Adult, Ayurveda, Breathing Exercises, Community Networks/*statistics \& numerical data, Compression Bandages, Compression therapy, Elephantiasis, Filarial/*complications, Empowering patients, Female, Humans, India/epidemiology, Integrative Medicine/*methods, Integrative medicine, Lymphedema/etiology/*therapy, Male, Medicine, Ayurvedic, Middle Aged, Neglected Diseases, Neglected tropical disease, Power, Psychological, Rubia, Self Care/*methods, Yoga},
	pages = {566--77},
}

BACKGROUND: Currently there is no global program to manage lymphoedema as a result of lymphatic filariasis (LF). The primary aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of a previously proposed integrative treatment protocol, using locally available resources to address the morbidity, in a community village setting. METHODS: Two LF endemic districts of south India, Gulbarga in Karnataka (GK) and Alleppey in Kerala (AK), were selected for the study. All known patients were invited to an LF camp. Patients with grade two late or three lymphoedema were enrolled. All patients were given training in the integrative procedure which involved patient education and the domiciliary protocol. RESULTS: A total of 730 patients (851 limbs) completed the three and half month follow up. There was a statistically significant (1%) reduction up to mid thigh level volume measurement for both small (0.7-1.1 liters) and large (1.8-5.0 liters) limbs, p \textless 0.000. In AK inflammatory episodes at the three months interval reduced from 37.5% (127 patients) to 28.3% (96 patients) and in GK from 37.6% (147 patients) to 10.2% (40 patients), p \textless 0.000. All patients had reduced bacterial entry points. There was an overall improvement in quality of life in all domains of LF specific quality of life questionnaire p \textless 0.000. CONCLUSIONS: Self care and integrative treatment is possible in resource poor Indian village settings. Further work is needed to explore factors leading to better compliance by randomizing the interventions such as washing and emollient compression vs Ayurvedic and yoga interventions before integrative treatment is considered for national health programmes in developing countries.

@article{ahn_adverse_2013,
	title = {An adverse effect of an injectable cosmetic procedure: a case of mistaken identities},
	volume = {12},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1545-9616},
	shorttitle = {An adverse effect of an injectable cosmetic procedure},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24301251},
	abstract = {Minimally invasive cosmetic procedures are being performed at increasing rates. This is likely due to the combination of a growing aging population, an increased accessibility through non-physician providers, and a common association of "minimally invasive" with the concept of fewer side effects. Despite their overall successes, there are adverse effects associated with these procedures, which are most often related to injection location, amount, and technique. This case describes a patient who sought botulinum toxin injections to smooth the appearance of periorbital lines who presented 12 months later with chronic multiple palpable nodules in the injection sites. Histopathological evaluation demonstrated a foreign body reaction resembling the reaction against semi-permanent or permanent fillers such as poly-L-lactic acid or polymethylmethacralate. Knowledge of the biochemical properties and life cycles of dermal fillers guided the decision to surgically excise the nodules, with cosmetically satisfactory results.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Journal of drugs in dermatology: JDD},
	author = {Ahn, Christine S. and Mateus, Rosa and Khan, Irfan and Rao, Babar K.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Aged, Botulinum Toxins, Cosmetic Techniques, Female, Foreign-Body Reaction, Humans, Injections, Lactic Acid, Polyesters, Polymers, Polymethyl Methacrylate, Skin Aging},
	pages = {1477--1480},
}

Minimally invasive cosmetic procedures are being performed at increasing rates. This is likely due to the combination of a growing aging population, an increased accessibility through non-physician providers, and a common association of "minimally invasive" with the concept of fewer side effects. Despite their overall successes, there are adverse effects associated with these procedures, which are most often related to injection location, amount, and technique. This case describes a patient who sought botulinum toxin injections to smooth the appearance of periorbital lines who presented 12 months later with chronic multiple palpable nodules in the injection sites. Histopathological evaluation demonstrated a foreign body reaction resembling the reaction against semi-permanent or permanent fillers such as poly-L-lactic acid or polymethylmethacralate. Knowledge of the biochemical properties and life cycles of dermal fillers guided the decision to surgically excise the nodules, with cosmetically satisfactory results.

@article{bhatti_superficial_2012,
	title = {Superficial pyoderma gangrenosum treated with infliximab: a case report},
	volume = {90},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0011-4162 (Print) 0011-4162 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23409478},
	abstract = {We report a case of superficial pyoderma gangrenosum (SPG) that was successfully treated with infliximab. A 22-year-old man presented with several polycyclic, purplish red plaques with some crusting and well-defined edges on the bilateral lower extremities. Histology showed superficial and deep mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate with prominent neutrophils and scarring noted as a result of multiple sinus tract formations that were characteristic of SPG. After unsuccessful results with typical treatments (ie, steroids, antibiotics, immunosuppressants), the patient was successfully treated with infliximab.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Cutis},
	author = {Bhatti, H. and Khalid, N. and Rao, B.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Adult, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/*therapeutic use, Antibodies, Monoclonal/*therapeutic use, Humans, Infliximab, Male, Pyoderma Gangrenosum/*drug therapy/pathology, Young Adult},
	pages = {297--9},
}

We report a case of superficial pyoderma gangrenosum (SPG) that was successfully treated with infliximab. A 22-year-old man presented with several polycyclic, purplish red plaques with some crusting and well-defined edges on the bilateral lower extremities. Histology showed superficial and deep mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate with prominent neutrophils and scarring noted as a result of multiple sinus tract formations that were characteristic of SPG. After unsuccessful results with typical treatments (ie, steroids, antibiotics, immunosuppressants), the patient was successfully treated with infliximab.

@article{wassef_science_2012,
	title = {The science of cellulite treatment and its long-term effectiveness},
	volume = {14},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1476-4180},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22372471},
	doi = {10.3109/14764172.2012.670706},
	abstract = {Cellulite is a disorder in which adipose tissue extends through the dermis, producing a cosmetically displeasing dimpling in the affected areas. While many treatments claim to be able to improve the appearance of cellulite, the long-term effectiveness of these treatments and whether the logic behind these treatments can lead to a long-term improvement has not been extensively reviewed. In the following review, our goal is to assess the various cellulite treatments and evaluate the length of time results persist and whether the science behind the treatments warrants them as reliable and effective treatments for cellulite.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy: Official Publication of the European Society for Laser Dermatology},
	author = {Wassef, Cindy and Rao, Babar K.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Connective Tissue Diseases, Cosmetic Techniques, Humans, Lipectomy, Massage, Mesotherapy, Phototherapy, Radiofrequency Therapy, Subcutaneous Fat, Suction, Time Factors, Ultrasonic Therapy},
	pages = {50--58},
}

Cellulite is a disorder in which adipose tissue extends through the dermis, producing a cosmetically displeasing dimpling in the affected areas. While many treatments claim to be able to improve the appearance of cellulite, the long-term effectiveness of these treatments and whether the logic behind these treatments can lead to a long-term improvement has not been extensively reviewed. In the following review, our goal is to assess the various cellulite treatments and evaluate the length of time results persist and whether the science behind the treatments warrants them as reliable and effective treatments for cellulite.

@article{wassef_presence_2012,
	title = {Presence of {Psoriasis} in {Areas} of {Balding} in {Patients} with {Both} {Androgenic} {Alopecia} and {Scalp} {Psoriasis}},
	volume = {18a},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1089-3504, 1557-3168},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/247553031218a00406},
	doi = {10.1177/247553031218a00406},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2023-02-03},
	journal = {Psoriasis Forum},
	author = {Wassef, Cindy and Lombardi, Adriana and Rao, Babar K.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {214--216},
}

@article{wassef_vivo_2012,
	title = {In vivo reflectance confocal microscopy features of discoid lupus erythematosus},
	volume = {11},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1545-9616 (Print) 1545-9616 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23135657},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is an inflammatory condition characterized by round demarcated lesions with varying amounts of erythema, telangiectasia, scaling, follicular plugging, dyspigmentation, atrophy, and scarring. Clinical diagnosis can be confirmed through biopsy samples; reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is also emerging as an accurate diagnostic tool. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: Our objective was to examine the features of discoid lupus erythematosus on reflectance confocal microscopy. Two patients presenting with discoid lupus erythematosus were imaged using RCM. Features seen in RCM were correlated with those seen in histopathology. RESULTS: Reflectance confocal microscopy images of discoid lupus erythematosus yielded features characteristically seen in histopathological samples including inflammatory cells, inflammation at the dermo-epidermal junction, pigment incontinence, and vacuolar degeneration. CONCLUSION: Reflectance confocal microscopy is a useful tool in the diagnosis of discoid lupus erythematosus. Features described in these two cases as well as prior research have yielded sufficient data to allow for the formulation of useful RCM diagnostic algorithms. Further studies with a larger patient population will help in confirming and describing new features of DLE on RCM.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {J Drugs Dermatol},
	author = {Wassef, C. and Mateus, R. and Rao, B. K.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Biopsy, Female, Humans, Inflammation/diagnosis/etiology/*pathology, Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid/diagnosis/*pathology, Microscopy, Confocal/*methods, Middle Aged},
	pages = {1111--3},
}

BACKGROUND: Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is an inflammatory condition characterized by round demarcated lesions with varying amounts of erythema, telangiectasia, scaling, follicular plugging, dyspigmentation, atrophy, and scarring. Clinical diagnosis can be confirmed through biopsy samples; reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is also emerging as an accurate diagnostic tool. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: Our objective was to examine the features of discoid lupus erythematosus on reflectance confocal microscopy. Two patients presenting with discoid lupus erythematosus were imaged using RCM. Features seen in RCM were correlated with those seen in histopathology. RESULTS: Reflectance confocal microscopy images of discoid lupus erythematosus yielded features characteristically seen in histopathological samples including inflammatory cells, inflammation at the dermo-epidermal junction, pigment incontinence, and vacuolar degeneration. CONCLUSION: Reflectance confocal microscopy is a useful tool in the diagnosis of discoid lupus erythematosus. Features described in these two cases as well as prior research have yielded sufficient data to allow for the formulation of useful RCM diagnostic algorithms. Further studies with a larger patient population will help in confirming and describing new features of DLE on RCM.

@inproceedings{rao_fraxelated_2012,
	title = {Fraxelated radiofrequency device for acne scars},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	doi = {10.1063/1.4757831},
	author = {Rao, Babar K. and Khokher, Sairah},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {119--121},
}

@article{rao_dermatoscopy_2012,
	title = {Dermatoscopy for melanoma and pigmented lesions},
	volume = {30},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1558-0520},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22800549},
	doi = {10.1016/j.det.2012.04.005},
	abstract = {This article presents an overview of the history and development of dermatoscopy over the last 2 decades. The common dermatoscopic diagnostic algorithms are discussed, including classic pattern analysis, the ABCD rule (asymmetry, border, color, and dermatoscopic structures), 7-point checklist, and Menzies method, as well as a new method by the authors (ASAP: a simple and practical approach). In addition, evidence on the clinical impact and challenges of dermatoscopy for the diagnosis and management of pigmented lesions and the importance of training are reviewed.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Dermatologic Clinics},
	author = {Rao, Babar K. and Ahn, Christine S.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Dermoscopy, Humans, Melanoma, Nevus, Pigmented, Skin Neoplasms},
	pages = {413--434},
}

This article presents an overview of the history and development of dermatoscopy over the last 2 decades. The common dermatoscopic diagnostic algorithms are discussed, including classic pattern analysis, the ABCD rule (asymmetry, border, color, and dermatoscopic structures), 7-point checklist, and Menzies method, as well as a new method by the authors (ASAP: a simple and practical approach). In addition, evidence on the clinical impact and challenges of dermatoscopy for the diagnosis and management of pigmented lesions and the importance of training are reviewed.

@article{wassef_adalimumab_2012,
	title = {Adalimumab for the treatment of pityriasis rubra pilaris: a case report},
	volume = {90},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0011-4162 (Print) 0011-4162 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23270195},
	abstract = {Pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP) is a chronic papulosquamous eruption of the skin characterized by follicular hyperkeratosis, salmon pink scaly plaques with islands of unaffected skin, and palmoplantar keratoderma. Widely used oral systemic and topical treatments are not greatly effective. We present a 62-year-old man with PRP of 2 years' duration who used routine topical treatments, oral retinoids, and UV therapy without improvement, but his symptoms greatly improved with the initiation of adalimumab.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Cutis},
	author = {Wassef, C. and Lombardi, A. and Rao, B. K.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Adalimumab, Anti-Inflammatory Agents/*administration \& dosage, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/*administration \& dosage/*therapeutic use, Humans, Injections, Subcutaneous, Male, Middle Aged, Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris/*drug therapy/*pathology},
	pages = {244--7},
}

Pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP) is a chronic papulosquamous eruption of the skin characterized by follicular hyperkeratosis, salmon pink scaly plaques with islands of unaffected skin, and palmoplantar keratoderma. Widely used oral systemic and topical treatments are not greatly effective. We present a 62-year-old man with PRP of 2 years' duration who used routine topical treatments, oral retinoids, and UV therapy without improvement, but his symptoms greatly improved with the initiation of adalimumab.

@article{ragi_oregano_2011,
	title = {Oregano extract ointment for wound healing: a randomized, double-blind, petrolatum-controlled study evaluating efficacy},
	volume = {10},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1545-9616 (Print) 1545-9616 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21968667},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Wound healing is a dynamic and complex process affected by tissue hydration, the presence of bacteria, inflammation, and other variables. Oregano has potent antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Studies of oregano ointment on wound healing are lacking. OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of 3\% oregano extract ointment on wound healing. METHODS: An investigator initiated, randomized, double-blind, petrolatum-controlled study was performed to determine the effects of oregano ointment on wound healing. Forty patients who underwent surgical excision were enrolled and randomized. Cultures were obtained on day 12 and scars were evaluated using the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment tool on day 12, 45, and 90. RESULTS: The oregano ointment group had 19 percent of cultures test positive for Staphlococcus aureus compared to 41 percent in the petrolatum group. One patient in the oregano ointment group developed a cellulitis compared to three patients in the petrolatum group. The oregano group had a statistically significant improvement over petrolatum in scar color, pigmentation, and pliability. CONCLUSION: Oregano extract ointment decreased bacterial contamination and subsequent infection on post-surgical wounds and had equivalent overall scar appearance compared to petrolatum.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {J Drugs Dermatol},
	author = {Ragi, J. and Pappert, A. and Rao, B. and Havkin-Frenkel, D. and Milgraum, S.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Adult, Aged, Cellulitis/drug therapy, Cicatrix/drug therapy, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Ointments, Origanum/*chemistry, Petrolatum/chemistry, Plant Extracts/*pharmacology, Staphylococcal Infections/prevention \& control, Staphylococcus aureus/isolation \& purification, Surgical Wound Infection/microbiology/*prevention \& control, Time Factors, Treatment Outcome, Wound Healing/*drug effects, Young Adult},
	pages = {1168--72},
}

BACKGROUND: Wound healing is a dynamic and complex process affected by tissue hydration, the presence of bacteria, inflammation, and other variables. Oregano has potent antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Studies of oregano ointment on wound healing are lacking. OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of 3% oregano extract ointment on wound healing. METHODS: An investigator initiated, randomized, double-blind, petrolatum-controlled study was performed to determine the effects of oregano ointment on wound healing. Forty patients who underwent surgical excision were enrolled and randomized. Cultures were obtained on day 12 and scars were evaluated using the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment tool on day 12, 45, and 90. RESULTS: The oregano ointment group had 19 percent of cultures test positive for Staphlococcus aureus compared to 41 percent in the petrolatum group. One patient in the oregano ointment group developed a cellulitis compared to three patients in the petrolatum group. The oregano group had a statistically significant improvement over petrolatum in scar color, pigmentation, and pliability. CONCLUSION: Oregano extract ointment decreased bacterial contamination and subsequent infection on post-surgical wounds and had equivalent overall scar appearance compared to petrolatum.

@article{khan_treatment_2010,
	title = {Treatment of cellulite: {Part} {II}. {Advances} and controversies},
	volume = {62},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1097-6787 (Electronic) 0190-9622 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20159305},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaad.2009.10.041},
	abstract = {Treatments for localized adiposities range from topical creams to liposuction. Most treatments lack a substantial proof of efficacy. The unpredictable treatment outcome can be related to the fact that cellulite adipose tissue is physiologically and biochemically different from subcutaneous tissue found elsewhere in the body. Part II of this two-part series on cellulite reviews the various treatment options that are currently available for human adipose tissue including, but not limited to, cellulite. It also focuses on newer techniques that can be potentially useful in the future for the treatment of cellulite.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {J Am Acad Dermatol},
	author = {Khan, M. H. and Victor, F. and Rao, B. and Sadick, N. S.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Ablation Techniques, Adipose Tissue/*surgery, Combined Modality Therapy, Female, Humans, Lipectomy/adverse effects, Lipolysis/drug effects, Low-Level Light Therapy/methods, Male, Massage, Obesity/*therapy, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors/agonists, Phosphatidylcholines/therapeutic use, Radiofrequency Therapy, Ultrasonic Therapy, Weight Loss},
	pages = {373--84; quiz 385--6},
}

Treatments for localized adiposities range from topical creams to liposuction. Most treatments lack a substantial proof of efficacy. The unpredictable treatment outcome can be related to the fact that cellulite adipose tissue is physiologically and biochemically different from subcutaneous tissue found elsewhere in the body. Part II of this two-part series on cellulite reviews the various treatment options that are currently available for human adipose tissue including, but not limited to, cellulite. It also focuses on newer techniques that can be potentially useful in the future for the treatment of cellulite.

@article{khan_treatment_2010,
	title = {Treatment of cellulite: {Part} {I}. {Pathophysiology}},
	volume = {62},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1097-6787 (Electronic) 0190-9622 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20159304},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaad.2009.10.042},
	abstract = {Cellulite is a topographic skin change that is nearly ubiquitous in postpubertal women. Treatment remains elusive. The various treatments currently available are only partially or temporarily effective. Newer therapeutic modalities continue to evolve without much understanding of the complex nature of cellulite. The successful treatment of cellulite will ultimately depend upon our understanding of the pathophysiology of cellulite adipose tissue. Part I of this two-part series on cellulite reviews how the concept and perception of cellulite has evolved over time and its proposed etiologies. The article also focuses on the physiology of human adipose tissue, particularly regarding cellulite.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {J Am Acad Dermatol},
	author = {Khan, M. H. and Victor, F. and Rao, B. and Sadick, N. S.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Adipose Tissue, Brown/physiology, Adipose Tissue, White/physiology, Adipose Tissue/pathology/*physiopathology, Body Mass Index, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Obesity/pathology/*physiopathology, Sex Factors, Subcutaneous Fat/pathology/physiopathology},
	pages = {361--70; quiz 371--2},
}

Cellulite is a topographic skin change that is nearly ubiquitous in postpubertal women. Treatment remains elusive. The various treatments currently available are only partially or temporarily effective. Newer therapeutic modalities continue to evolve without much understanding of the complex nature of cellulite. The successful treatment of cellulite will ultimately depend upon our understanding of the pathophysiology of cellulite adipose tissue. Part I of this two-part series on cellulite reviews how the concept and perception of cellulite has evolved over time and its proposed etiologies. The article also focuses on the physiology of human adipose tissue, particularly regarding cellulite.

@incollection{sadick_skin_2010,
	title = {Skin {Fillers}},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	isbn = {978-1-4443-1765-7 978-1-4051-8635-3},
	booktitle = {Cosmetic {Dermatology}},
	author = {Sadick, Neil and Khan, Misbah H. and Rao, Babar K.},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {361--372},
}

@article{ragi_nonmelanoma_2010,
	title = {Nonmelanoma {Skin} {Cancer} of the {Ear}: {Frequency}, {Patients}' {Knowledge}, and {Photoprotection} {Practices}},
	volume = {36},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1076-0512},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1524-4725.2010.01615.x},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Dermatologic Surgery},
	author = {Ragi, Jennifer M. and Patel, Devi and Masud, Aisha and Rao, Babar K.},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1232--1239},
}

@article{rao_telemedicine_2009,
	title = {Telemedicine: current status in developed and developing countries},
	volume = {8},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1545-9616 (Print) 1545-9616 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19363855},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Many developed countries, including the United States, have made it a priority to incorporate telemedicine into their healthcare systems. Worldwide, this concept has been adopted by countries in effort to provide better healthcare for those in rural areas where hospitals may be at a distance and specialists may be even farther. Previous studies and reports have shown that the use of telemedicine, especially tele-dermatology, has proven to be an inexpensive method for providing care to those whose countries face financial, social, and environmental barriers to adequate healthcare. OBJECTIVE: To assess the current status of, and address the potential for, improving healthcare by using telemedicine with emphasis on tele-dermatology in developed and developing countries. METHODS: Current literature on telemedicine/tele-dermatology was reviewed and its efficiency critiqued in an attempt to improve dermatological care in developing areas. CONCLUSION: The U.S., while significantly incorporating telemedicine on a national basis, faces various issues from state to state regarding reimbursement and other legality concerns. Although current efforts using telemedicine have demonstrated positive effects in countries in need, they have not substantially reduced or compensated for a fundamental lack of healthcare. Countries with inadequate healthcare must incorporate telemedicine into their healthcare system through volunteer efforts of doctors in countries worldwide.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {J Drugs Dermatol},
	author = {Rao, B. and Lombardi, 2nd, A.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {*Dermatology, *Developing Countries, *Telemedicine, Africa South of the Sahara, Humans, United States, Workforce},
	pages = {371--5},
}

BACKGROUND: Many developed countries, including the United States, have made it a priority to incorporate telemedicine into their healthcare systems. Worldwide, this concept has been adopted by countries in effort to provide better healthcare for those in rural areas where hospitals may be at a distance and specialists may be even farther. Previous studies and reports have shown that the use of telemedicine, especially tele-dermatology, has proven to be an inexpensive method for providing care to those whose countries face financial, social, and environmental barriers to adequate healthcare. OBJECTIVE: To assess the current status of, and address the potential for, improving healthcare by using telemedicine with emphasis on tele-dermatology in developed and developing countries. METHODS: Current literature on telemedicine/tele-dermatology was reviewed and its efficiency critiqued in an attempt to improve dermatological care in developing areas. CONCLUSION: The U.S., while significantly incorporating telemedicine on a national basis, faces various issues from state to state regarding reimbursement and other legality concerns. Although current efforts using telemedicine have demonstrated positive effects in countries in need, they have not substantially reduced or compensated for a fundamental lack of healthcare. Countries with inadequate healthcare must incorporate telemedicine into their healthcare system through volunteer efforts of doctors in countries worldwide.

@article{jennifer_diagnostically_2009,
	title = {Diagnostically challenging cases highlighting clinical problem solving},
	volume = {60},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {01909622},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S019096220801685X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaad.2008.11.252},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2023-02-03},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology},
	author = {Jennifer, Ragi and Pappert, Amy and Rao, Babar K.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {AB54},
}

@article{noor_dermoscopy_2009,
	title = {A dermoscopy survey to assess who is using it and why it is or is not being used},
	volume = {48},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1365-4632},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19702978},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04095.x},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Dermoscopy is a noninvasive method of evaluation of the colors and microstructures of the epidermis, dermo-epidermal junction, and papillary dermis not visible to the naked eye. These structures are correlated with histologic features and used to assess whether a lesion is benign or malignant, further indicating whether or not the lesion should be biopsied. OBJECTIVE: To obtain a better understanding of how many dermatologists are utilizing dermoscopy and their reasons for doing or not doing so. METHOD: A survey was conducted focusing on the prevalence of the use of dermoscopy by US dermatologists, the method by which they learned dermoscopy, how often they use or do not use it, and whether or not they feel it is effective. The survey was distributed to dermatologists attending a dermoscopy seminar at the American Academy of Dermatology's (AAD's) Summer Academy Meeting in 2007, as well as to dermatologists who expressed an interest in dermoscopy. E-mail addresses were also obtained from dermatologists who attended the AAD's Summer Academy Meeting, and subsequent surveys were e-mailed to them as a secondary means of obtaining the data. The survey was conducted online through a website: http://www.surveymonkey.com. One hundred and five dermatologists started the survey and ninety-seven finished it, a completion percentage of 92.4\%. RESULTS: Of the 105 dermatologists who began the survey, the majority (63; 60\%) had training or experience in dermoscopy, and 42 (40\%) did not. Of the 63 individuals who responded positively to having training or experience in dermoscopy, the majority (41; 69.5\%) learned dermoscopy through attendance of a seminar; reading a book and spending time with an experienced dermatologist were the second most popular methods of learning dermoscopy. The frequency of dermoscopy was evaluated, and it was found that 44 (42.7\%) dermatologists used dermoscopy more than once daily, but 44 (42.7\%) dermatologists reported never having used dermoscopy. Further information was obtained with regard to whether or not published algorithms were used by dermatologists to diagnose pigmented lesions. Pattern analysis was the most common algorithm used by 51 (89.5\%) dermatologists questioned. The dermatologists were also questioned as to why they thought dermoscopy was effective or ineffective. The majority of dermatologists (32; 61.5\%) believed that it was effective because it reduced patient anxiety. Helping to detect melanoma early was the second most popular reason for believing dermoscopy to be effective. Twenty-three (62.2\%) dermatologists thought dermoscopy was ineffective as it was not more useful for detecting melanoma earlier than traditional methods. Eleven (29.7\%) dermatologists said that they thought that dermoscopy took too long, which made it ineffective. To build on this, an additional question was asked: how long does dermoscopy take? The overwhelming response of dermatologists (52; 82.5\%) was that dermoscopy took less than 1 min to evaluate one lesion. CONCLUSION: Dermoscopy is a widely used tool for the diagnosis of pigmented skin lesions. The use of dermoscopy is increasing in popularity amongst dermatologists, making it necessary to better understand dermoscopy and to analyse why physicians use it or do not use it. The survey indicated that the majority of physicians used dermoscopy in order to reduce patient anxiety and to detect melanoma early. The main reason why dermatologists found dermoscopy to be ineffective was that they felt that it was not useful in detecting melanoma earlier than traditional methods; 35\% of dermatologists surveyed believed that dermoscopy required excessive training. These results imply that current training methods need to be modified. Training is limited to large dermatology centers and is not being transferred to general centers, which would allow it to be more accessible to a larger group of dermatologists in training. There is also a need to make the learning of dermoscopy easier and to establish a universal method of teaching. Overall, there is a need for improvement in the education of dermoscopy, ranging from training to information on the basics of dermoscopy. This would include aspects such as how long the average examination takes and dermoscopy's effectiveness compared with alternate methods.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {9},
	journal = {International Journal of Dermatology},
	author = {Noor, Omar and Nanda, Anjali and Rao, Babar K.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Dermatology, Dermoscopy, Practice Patterns, Physicians', Surveys and Questionnaires, United States},
	pages = {951--952},
}

BACKGROUND: Dermoscopy is a noninvasive method of evaluation of the colors and microstructures of the epidermis, dermo-epidermal junction, and papillary dermis not visible to the naked eye. These structures are correlated with histologic features and used to assess whether a lesion is benign or malignant, further indicating whether or not the lesion should be biopsied. OBJECTIVE: To obtain a better understanding of how many dermatologists are utilizing dermoscopy and their reasons for doing or not doing so. METHOD: A survey was conducted focusing on the prevalence of the use of dermoscopy by US dermatologists, the method by which they learned dermoscopy, how often they use or do not use it, and whether or not they feel it is effective. The survey was distributed to dermatologists attending a dermoscopy seminar at the American Academy of Dermatology's (AAD's) Summer Academy Meeting in 2007, as well as to dermatologists who expressed an interest in dermoscopy. E-mail addresses were also obtained from dermatologists who attended the AAD's Summer Academy Meeting, and subsequent surveys were e-mailed to them as a secondary means of obtaining the data. The survey was conducted online through a website: http://www.surveymonkey.com. One hundred and five dermatologists started the survey and ninety-seven finished it, a completion percentage of 92.4%. RESULTS: Of the 105 dermatologists who began the survey, the majority (63; 60%) had training or experience in dermoscopy, and 42 (40%) did not. Of the 63 individuals who responded positively to having training or experience in dermoscopy, the majority (41; 69.5%) learned dermoscopy through attendance of a seminar; reading a book and spending time with an experienced dermatologist were the second most popular methods of learning dermoscopy. The frequency of dermoscopy was evaluated, and it was found that 44 (42.7%) dermatologists used dermoscopy more than once daily, but 44 (42.7%) dermatologists reported never having used dermoscopy. Further information was obtained with regard to whether or not published algorithms were used by dermatologists to diagnose pigmented lesions. Pattern analysis was the most common algorithm used by 51 (89.5%) dermatologists questioned. The dermatologists were also questioned as to why they thought dermoscopy was effective or ineffective. The majority of dermatologists (32; 61.5%) believed that it was effective because it reduced patient anxiety. Helping to detect melanoma early was the second most popular reason for believing dermoscopy to be effective. Twenty-three (62.2%) dermatologists thought dermoscopy was ineffective as it was not more useful for detecting melanoma earlier than traditional methods. Eleven (29.7%) dermatologists said that they thought that dermoscopy took too long, which made it ineffective. To build on this, an additional question was asked: how long does dermoscopy take? The overwhelming response of dermatologists (52; 82.5%) was that dermoscopy took less than 1 min to evaluate one lesion. CONCLUSION: Dermoscopy is a widely used tool for the diagnosis of pigmented skin lesions. The use of dermoscopy is increasing in popularity amongst dermatologists, making it necessary to better understand dermoscopy and to analyse why physicians use it or do not use it. The survey indicated that the majority of physicians used dermoscopy in order to reduce patient anxiety and to detect melanoma early. The main reason why dermatologists found dermoscopy to be ineffective was that they felt that it was not useful in detecting melanoma earlier than traditional methods; 35% of dermatologists surveyed believed that dermoscopy required excessive training. These results imply that current training methods need to be modified. Training is limited to large dermatology centers and is not being transferred to general centers, which would allow it to be more accessible to a larger group of dermatologists in training. There is also a need to make the learning of dermoscopy easier and to establish a universal method of teaching. Overall, there is a need for improvement in the education of dermoscopy, ranging from training to information on the basics of dermoscopy. This would include aspects such as how long the average examination takes and dermoscopy's effectiveness compared with alternate methods.

@article{noor_unusual_2008,
	title = {An {Unusual} {Case} of {Coccidioidomycosis} {Presenting} {With} {Skin} {Lesions}},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {0193-1091},
	doi = {10.1097/DAD.0b013e3181728a08},
	number = {5},
	journal = {The American Journal of Dermatopathology},
	author = {Noor, Omar and Rao, Mohammad and Rao, Babar K.},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {481--483},
}

@article{rao_mycosis_2008,
	title = {Mycosis {Fungoides} {Mimicking} {Lichen} {Planus}},
	volume = {32},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {03036987},
	doi = {10.1111/j.0303-6987.2005.320fy.x},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Cutaneous Pathology},
	author = {Rao, Babar K. and Merino, Janet and Rahman, Irfan},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {111--111},
}

@article{rao_identical_2008,
	title = {Identical {Twins} {With} {Primary} {Cutaneous} {Melanoma} {Presenting} at the {Same} {Time} and {Location}},
	volume = {30},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0193-1091},
	doi = {10.1097/DAD.0b013e318164fc87},
	number = {2},
	journal = {The American Journal of Dermatopathology},
	author = {Rao, Babar K. and Noor, Omar and Thosani, Maya-Kolipakam},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {182--184},
}

@article{najarian_hypozincemia_2008,
	title = {Hypozincemia and hyperzincuria associated with necrolytic acral erythema},
	volume = {47},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {00119059 13654632},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-4632.2008.03586.x},
	number = {7},
	journal = {International Journal of Dermatology},
	author = {Najarian, David James and Najarian, James Stephen and Rao, Babar K. and Pappert, Amy S.},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {709--711},
}

@article{najarian_case_2008,
	title = {A case of mucous membrane plasmacytosis successfully treated with cryotherapy},
	volume = {14},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1087-2108},
	doi = {10.5070/d34km4z050},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Dermatology Online Journal},
	author = {Najarian, David James and Rao, Babar K. and Pappert, Amy S.},
	year = {2008},
}

@article{najarian_zinc_2006,
	title = {Zinc deficiency associated with necrolytic acral erythema},
	volume = {55},
	issn = {01909622},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaad.2005.09.044},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology},
	author = {Najarian, David James and Lefkowitz, Ilyse and Balfour, Erika and Pappert, Amy S. and Rao, Babar K.},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {S108--S110},
}

@article{tan_mesotherapy-induced_2006,
	title = {Mesotherapy-induced panniculitis treated with dapsone: case report and review of reported adverse effects of mesotherapy},
	volume = {10},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1203-4754},
	shorttitle = {Mesotherapy-induced panniculitis treated with dapsone},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17241581},
	doi = {10.2310/7750.2006.00013},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Mesotherapy is a procedure involving the injection of substances into the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Used in Europe for decades in the treatment of various medical conditions and cosmetic fat dissolution, the technique only recently became widely available in the United States. Mesotherapy has been surrounded by controversy pertaining to efficacy and has been associated with localized complications, including allergic reactions, necrosis, and infections. Panniculitis is a rare adverse reaction to mesotherapy that may result from injection pressure, local trauma, or the type of injected substances. OBJECTIVE: Treatment options for complications are limited. We report a case of mesotherapy-induced panniculitis successfully treated with dapsone. CONCLUSION: This case illustrates one of the potential adverse effects of mesotherapy and suggests that dapsone may be effective in the treatment of panniculitis resulting from such injections. Reported adverse effects associated with mesotherapy are also reviewed.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery},
	author = {Tan, Jennifer and Rao, Babar},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Adipose Tissue, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal, Cosmetic Techniques, Dapsone, Female, Humans, Injections, Subcutaneous, Lipectomy, Middle Aged, Panniculitis, Thigh},
	pages = {92--95},
}

BACKGROUND: Mesotherapy is a procedure involving the injection of substances into the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Used in Europe for decades in the treatment of various medical conditions and cosmetic fat dissolution, the technique only recently became widely available in the United States. Mesotherapy has been surrounded by controversy pertaining to efficacy and has been associated with localized complications, including allergic reactions, necrosis, and infections. Panniculitis is a rare adverse reaction to mesotherapy that may result from injection pressure, local trauma, or the type of injected substances. OBJECTIVE: Treatment options for complications are limited. We report a case of mesotherapy-induced panniculitis successfully treated with dapsone. CONCLUSION: This case illustrates one of the potential adverse effects of mesotherapy and suggests that dapsone may be effective in the treatment of panniculitis resulting from such injections. Reported adverse effects associated with mesotherapy are also reviewed.

@article{cula_skin_2005,
	title = {Skin {Texture} {Modeling}},
	volume = {62},
	issn = {0920-5691},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1023/B:VISI.0000046591.79973.6f},
	doi = {10.1023/B:VISI.0000046591.79973.6f},
	language = {en},
	number = {1/2},
	urldate = {2023-02-03},
	journal = {International Journal of Computer Vision},
	author = {Cula, Oana G. and Dana, Kristin J. and Murphy, Frank P. and Rao, Babar K.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {97--119},
}

@article{victor_melasma_2004,
	title = {Melasma: {A} {Review}},
	volume = {8},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1203-4754 1615-7109},
	doi = {10.1007/s10227-004-0158-9},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery: Incorporating Medical and Surgical Dermatology},
	author = {Victor, FrankC and Gelber, Jeremy and Rao, Babar},
	year = {2004},
}

@article{maqbool_anorectal_2004,
	title = {Anorectal melanoma--3 case reports and a review of the literature},
	volume = {73},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0011-4162},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15224786},
	abstract = {Anorectal melanoma is an uncommon disease. Histologically, the tumor may mimic adenocarcinomas, small cell carcinomas, and sarcomas; grossly, the lesion often mimics hemorrhoids. We report 3 cases of anorectal melanoma: a 40-year-old woman with anorectal melanoma with local recurrence after an abdominoperineal resection (APR); a 30-year-old woman with anorectal melanoma and multiple liver metastases returning with multiple masses in the rectum and 2 nodules above and below the left clavicle after receiving chemotherapy; and a 62-year-old woman with inguinal node metastases. The histologic findings in all 3 cases revealed malignant tumor composed of atypical melanocytes diagnosed as malignant melanoma of the rectum. In the first case, APR with pararectal lymphadenectomy was performed. Histopathology revealed nodal metastasis. The patient was noncompliant with chemotherapy and died after several months. In the second case, chemotherapeutic treatment was begun. Seven months after receiving chemotherapy, the patient returned with multiple metastases. The final case was lost to follow-up after referral to an oncologist. Anorectal melanoma is highly aggressive and unresponsive to both radical surgery and local control. Although supplemental therapy may improve quality of life and prolong survival, the 5-year survival rate is 10\% with a mean survival time of 15 to 25 months. In the 3 cases presented, metastatic disease was present at the time of diagnosis. At this stage, APR with lymphadenectomy followed by some form of adjuvant therapy is our recommended treatment.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Cutis},
	author = {Maqbool, Abrar and Lintner, Rebecca and Bokhari, Aqiba and Habib, Tariq and Rahman, Irfan and Rao, Babar K.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {Adult, Female, Humans, Melanoma, Rectal Neoplasms},
	pages = {409--413},
}

Anorectal melanoma is an uncommon disease. Histologically, the tumor may mimic adenocarcinomas, small cell carcinomas, and sarcomas; grossly, the lesion often mimics hemorrhoids. We report 3 cases of anorectal melanoma: a 40-year-old woman with anorectal melanoma with local recurrence after an abdominoperineal resection (APR); a 30-year-old woman with anorectal melanoma and multiple liver metastases returning with multiple masses in the rectum and 2 nodules above and below the left clavicle after receiving chemotherapy; and a 62-year-old woman with inguinal node metastases. The histologic findings in all 3 cases revealed malignant tumor composed of atypical melanocytes diagnosed as malignant melanoma of the rectum. In the first case, APR with pararectal lymphadenectomy was performed. Histopathology revealed nodal metastasis. The patient was noncompliant with chemotherapy and died after several months. In the second case, chemotherapeutic treatment was begun. Seven months after receiving chemotherapy, the patient returned with multiple metastases. The final case was lost to follow-up after referral to an oncologist. Anorectal melanoma is highly aggressive and unresponsive to both radical surgery and local control. Although supplemental therapy may improve quality of life and prolong survival, the 5-year survival rate is 10% with a mean survival time of 15 to 25 months. In the 3 cases presented, metastatic disease was present at the time of diagnosis. At this stage, APR with lymphadenectomy followed by some form of adjuvant therapy is our recommended treatment.

@article{cula_bidirectional_2004,
	title = {Bidirectional {Imaging} and {Modeling} of {Skin} {Texture}},
	volume = {51},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0018-9294},
	doi = {10.1109/tbme.2004.836520},
	number = {12},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering},
	author = {Cula, O. G. and Dana, K. J. and Murphy, F. P. and Rao, B. K.},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {2148--2159},
}

@article{argenziano_dermoscopy_2003,
	title = {Dermoscopy of pigmented skin lesions: results of a consensus meeting via the {Internet}},
	volume = {48},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0190-9622},
	shorttitle = {Dermoscopy of pigmented skin lesions},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12734496},
	doi = {10.1067/mjd.2003.281},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: There is a need for better standardization of the dermoscopic terminology in assessing pigmented skin lesions. OBJECTIVE: The virtual Consensus Net Meeting on Dermoscopy was organized to investigate reproducibility and validity of the various features and diagnostic algorithms. METHODS: Dermoscopic images of 108 lesions were evaluated via the Internet by 40 experienced dermoscopists using a 2-step diagnostic procedure. The first-step algorithm distinguished melanocytic versus nonmelanocytic lesions. The second step in the diagnostic procedure used 4 algorithms (pattern analysis, ABCD rule, Menzies method, and 7-point checklist) to distinguish melanoma versus benign melanocytic lesions. kappa Values, log odds ratios, sensitivity, specificity, and positive likelihood ratios were estimated for all diagnostic algorithms and dermoscopic features. RESULTS: Interobserver agreement was fair to good for all diagnostic methods, but it was poor for the majority of dermoscopic criteria. Intraobserver agreement was good to excellent for all algorithms and features considered. Pattern analysis allowed the best diagnostic performance (positive likelihood ratio: 5.1), whereas alternative algorithms revealed comparable sensitivity but less specificity. Interobserver agreement on management decisions made by dermoscopy was fairly good (mean kappa value: 0.53). CONCLUSION: The virtual Consensus Net Meeting on Dermoscopy represents a valid tool for better standardization of the dermoscopic terminology and, moreover, opens up a new territory for diagnosing and managing pigmented skin lesions.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology},
	author = {Argenziano, Giuseppe and Soyer, H. Peter and Chimenti, Sergio and Talamini, Renato and Corona, Rosamaria and Sera, Francesco and Binder, Michael and Cerroni, Lorenzo and De Rosa, Gaetano and Ferrara, Gerardo and Hofmann-Wellenhof, Rainer and Landthaler, Michael and Menzies, Scott W. and Pehamberger, Hubert and Piccolo, Domenico and Rabinovitz, Harold S. and Schiffner, Roman and Staibano, Stefania and Stolz, Wilhelm and Bartenjev, Igor and Blum, Andreas and Braun, Ralph and Cabo, Horacio and Carli, Paolo and De Giorgi, Vincenzo and Fleming, Matthew G. and Grichnik, James M. and Grin, Caron M. and Halpern, Allan C. and Johr, Robert and Katz, Brian and Kenet, Robert O. and Kittler, Harald and Kreusch, Jürgen and Malvehy, Josep and Mazzocchetti, Giampiero and Oliviero, Margaret and Ozdemir, Fezal and Peris, Ketty and Perotti, Roberto and Perusquia, Ana and Pizzichetta, Maria Antonietta and Puig, Susana and Rao, Babar and Rubegni, Pietro and Saida, Toshiaki and Scalvenzi, Massimiliano and Seidenari, Stefania and Stanganelli, Ignazio and Tanaka, Masaru and Westerhoff, Karin and Wolf, Ingrid H. and Braun-Falco, Otto and Kerl, Helmut and Nishikawa, Takeji and Wolff, Klaus and Kopf, Alfred W.},
	month = may,
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Diagnosis, Differential, Humans, Internet, Melanoma, Microscopy, Photography, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Reference Values, Sensitivity and Specificity, Skin Diseases, Skin Neoplasms, Skin Pigmentation, Terminology as Topic},
	pages = {679--693},
}

BACKGROUND: There is a need for better standardization of the dermoscopic terminology in assessing pigmented skin lesions. OBJECTIVE: The virtual Consensus Net Meeting on Dermoscopy was organized to investigate reproducibility and validity of the various features and diagnostic algorithms. METHODS: Dermoscopic images of 108 lesions were evaluated via the Internet by 40 experienced dermoscopists using a 2-step diagnostic procedure. The first-step algorithm distinguished melanocytic versus nonmelanocytic lesions. The second step in the diagnostic procedure used 4 algorithms (pattern analysis, ABCD rule, Menzies method, and 7-point checklist) to distinguish melanoma versus benign melanocytic lesions. kappa Values, log odds ratios, sensitivity, specificity, and positive likelihood ratios were estimated for all diagnostic algorithms and dermoscopic features. RESULTS: Interobserver agreement was fair to good for all diagnostic methods, but it was poor for the majority of dermoscopic criteria. Intraobserver agreement was good to excellent for all algorithms and features considered. Pattern analysis allowed the best diagnostic performance (positive likelihood ratio: 5.1), whereas alternative algorithms revealed comparable sensitivity but less specificity. Interobserver agreement on management decisions made by dermoscopy was fairly good (mean kappa value: 0.53). CONCLUSION: The virtual Consensus Net Meeting on Dermoscopy represents a valid tool for better standardization of the dermoscopic terminology and, moreover, opens up a new territory for diagnosing and managing pigmented skin lesions.

@article{li_peculiar_2002,
	title = {Peculiar unilateral fixed drug eruption of the breast},
	volume = {41},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0011-9059 (Print) 0011-9059 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11982645},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-4362.2002.01405.x},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Fixed drug eruption (FDE) is a common cutaneous disorder which develops within hours of taking the offending drug and recurs at the same site with subsequent exposure to the same drug. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are common offending drugs. METHODS: A 14-year-old girl initially presented with a 1-year history of a recurrent reddish-brown plaque around her right areola. The lesion became pruritic and raised during menses, and subsided during the remainder of her menstrual cycle with the exception of persistent residual hyperpigmentation. The patient had a pattern of naproxen use during menses for dysmenorrhea. RESULTS: The skin biopsy specimen revealed focal bullae formation and scattered necrotic keratinocytes in epidermis, hydropic degeneration of the basal cell layer, pigmentary incontinence and a perivascular infiltrate composed of lymphocytes and eosinophils. These changes confirmed the diagnosis of fixed drug eruption. CONCLUSION: Fixed drug eruption to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is common. However, FDE due to naproxen, one of the NSAIDs, is rarely reported. We describe an unusual case of FDE, which recurred at each menses.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Int J Dermatol},
	author = {Li, H. and Wiederkehr, M. and Rao, Bk and Samady, J. A. and Gardner, B. and Lambert, W. C. and Schwartz, R. A.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/*adverse effects, Breast Diseases/*chemically induced/*pathology, Drug Eruptions/*etiology/*pathology, Female, Humans, Naproxen/*adverse effects},
	pages = {96--8},
}

BACKGROUND: Fixed drug eruption (FDE) is a common cutaneous disorder which develops within hours of taking the offending drug and recurs at the same site with subsequent exposure to the same drug. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are common offending drugs. METHODS: A 14-year-old girl initially presented with a 1-year history of a recurrent reddish-brown plaque around her right areola. The lesion became pruritic and raised during menses, and subsided during the remainder of her menstrual cycle with the exception of persistent residual hyperpigmentation. The patient had a pattern of naproxen use during menses for dysmenorrhea. RESULTS: The skin biopsy specimen revealed focal bullae formation and scattered necrotic keratinocytes in epidermis, hydropic degeneration of the basal cell layer, pigmentary incontinence and a perivascular infiltrate composed of lymphocytes and eosinophils. These changes confirmed the diagnosis of fixed drug eruption. CONCLUSION: Fixed drug eruption to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is common. However, FDE due to naproxen, one of the NSAIDs, is rarely reported. We describe an unusual case of FDE, which recurred at each menses.

@article{rao_typical_2001,
	title = {Typical {Dermoscopic} {Patterns} of {Benign} {Melanocytic} {Nevi}},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {07338635},
	doi = {10.1016/s0733-8635(05)70265-5},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Dermatologic Clinics},
	author = {Rao, Babar K. and Wang, Steven Q. and Murphy, Frank P.},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {269--284},
}

@article{altemus_stress-induced_2001,
	title = {Stress-{Induced} {Changes} in {Skin} {Barrier} {Function} in {Healthy} {Women}},
	volume = {117},
	issn = {0022202X},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022202X15413296},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1523-1747.2001.01373.x},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2023-02-03},
	journal = {Journal of Investigative Dermatology},
	author = {Altemus, Margaret and Rao, Babar and Dhabhar, Firdaus S. and Ding, Wanhong and Granstein, Richard D.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2001},
	pages = {309--317},
}

@article{papadopoulos_pyoderma_2001,
	title = {Pyoderma vegetans},
	volume = {5},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1203-4754 (Print) 1203-4754 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11685669},
	doi = {10.1007/s102270000023},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Pyoderma vegetans is a rare condition that is clinically characterized by large verrucous plaques with elevated borders and multiple pustules. The etiology of this disorder remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: We describe a 24-year-old woman with rapidly evolving pyoderma vegetans. Our patient had the unique additional findings of a highly elevated serum IgE level and a history of hidradenitis suppurativa. CONCLUSIONS: Pyoderma vegetans is diagnosed on clinical and histological criteria. Differentiation must be made from disorders such as pyoderma gangrenosum, Sweet's syndrome, and deep fungal infections. We illustrate a case of pyoderma vegetans and review the literature on this rare disorder. Clinical and histological criteria for diagnosis are presented, as well as differentiation from some mimicking disorders.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {J Cutan Med Surg},
	author = {Papadopoulos, A. J. and Schwartz, R. A. and Kapila, R. and Samady, J. A. and Ruszczak, Z. and Rao, B. K. and Lambert, W. C.},
	month = may,
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {Adult, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Hidradenitis Suppurativa/complications, Humans, Immunoglobulin E/blood, Pyoderma/*diagnosis/pathology/therapy},
	pages = {223--7},
}

BACKGROUND: Pyoderma vegetans is a rare condition that is clinically characterized by large verrucous plaques with elevated borders and multiple pustules. The etiology of this disorder remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: We describe a 24-year-old woman with rapidly evolving pyoderma vegetans. Our patient had the unique additional findings of a highly elevated serum IgE level and a history of hidradenitis suppurativa. CONCLUSIONS: Pyoderma vegetans is diagnosed on clinical and histological criteria. Differentiation must be made from disorders such as pyoderma gangrenosum, Sweet's syndrome, and deep fungal infections. We illustrate a case of pyoderma vegetans and review the literature on this rare disorder. Clinical and histological criteria for diagnosis are presented, as well as differentiation from some mimicking disorders.

@article{lambert_melanoma_2001,
	title = {Melanoma diagnosis by computerized analysis of clinical images},
	volume = {137},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0003-987X (Print) 0003-987X (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11255354},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Arch Dermatol},
	author = {Lambert, W. C. and Lapidus, A. and Rao, B. K.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {*Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, *Photography, Humans, Melanoma/*diagnosis/pathology, Skin Neoplasms/*diagnosis/pathology},
	pages = {377--8},
}

@article{endzweig_case_2001,
	title = {A case of cutaneous {Mycobacterium} chelonae abscessus infection in a renal transplant patient},
	volume = {5},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1203-4754},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11281431},
	doi = {10.1177/120347540100500107},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Mycobacterium chelonae is an atypical "fast-growing Mycobacteria" that is a rare cause of human infection. There have been several reports of cutaneous infection among immunosuppressed patients, as well as in immunocompetent individuals following trauma. Most cases to date seem to have occurred among renal transplant recipients, raising the possibility that there is something inherent to the renal transplant patient that increases their susceptibility more than other immunocompromised patients. OBJECTIVE: The differential diagnosis of subcutaneous nodules distributed in a sporotrichoid pattern is extensive, particularly in an immunocompromised host. Although several cases of cutaneous M. chelonae abscessus infection have been reported among both immunosuppressed and immunocompetent patients, the clinical presentation has varied, and few cases have reported the appearance of lesions in a sporotrichoid pattern. We present a case of a renal transplant patient with a reported history of trauma to the lower extremities, who presents with subcutaneous nodules distributed in a sporotrichoid pattern. The patient is found to have M. chelonae abscessus infection, fails several treatment regimens, and presents with a recurrence. The literature of M. chelonae infection is reviewed, and the various treatment options are discussed. METHODS: An initial skin biopsy was stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin and revealed deep dermal abscesses with acid-fast bacilli in clusters. The culture became positive for Mycobacterium chelonae abscesses in four days and was found to be sensitive to multiple antibiotics. The patient underwent surgical excision of 14 nodules, which revealed findings consistent with the skin biopsy, and was subsequently treated with the appropriate antibiotics. RESULTS: Despite treatment with a full course of an organism-sensitive antibiotic regimen, the patient returned with persistent and recurrent nodules six weeks later. The patient was then treated as an inpatient with a seven-week course of intravenous antibiotics and was discharged home on a combined intravenous and oral regimen. CONCLUSION: Although M. chelonae abscessus is an extremely rare cause of infection among humans, there seems to be a predominance of cases reported among renal transplant patients. The explanation for this is not entirely clear; however, the organism must be considered as a cause of infection in any renal transplant recipient who presents with subcutaneous nodules. Eradication of the organism presents a tremendous challenge to the clinician, and, as presented here, even with appropriate antibiotics, there is a high rate of recurrence.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery},
	author = {Endzweig, C. H. and Strauss, E. and Murphy, F. and Rao, B. K.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {Abscess, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Drug Therapy, Combination, Humans, Kidney Transplantation, Male, Middle Aged, Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous, Mycobacterium chelonae, Skin Diseases, Bacterial},
	pages = {28--32},
}

BACKGROUND: Mycobacterium chelonae is an atypical "fast-growing Mycobacteria" that is a rare cause of human infection. There have been several reports of cutaneous infection among immunosuppressed patients, as well as in immunocompetent individuals following trauma. Most cases to date seem to have occurred among renal transplant recipients, raising the possibility that there is something inherent to the renal transplant patient that increases their susceptibility more than other immunocompromised patients. OBJECTIVE: The differential diagnosis of subcutaneous nodules distributed in a sporotrichoid pattern is extensive, particularly in an immunocompromised host. Although several cases of cutaneous M. chelonae abscessus infection have been reported among both immunosuppressed and immunocompetent patients, the clinical presentation has varied, and few cases have reported the appearance of lesions in a sporotrichoid pattern. We present a case of a renal transplant patient with a reported history of trauma to the lower extremities, who presents with subcutaneous nodules distributed in a sporotrichoid pattern. The patient is found to have M. chelonae abscessus infection, fails several treatment regimens, and presents with a recurrence. The literature of M. chelonae infection is reviewed, and the various treatment options are discussed. METHODS: An initial skin biopsy was stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin and revealed deep dermal abscesses with acid-fast bacilli in clusters. The culture became positive for Mycobacterium chelonae abscesses in four days and was found to be sensitive to multiple antibiotics. The patient underwent surgical excision of 14 nodules, which revealed findings consistent with the skin biopsy, and was subsequently treated with the appropriate antibiotics. RESULTS: Despite treatment with a full course of an organism-sensitive antibiotic regimen, the patient returned with persistent and recurrent nodules six weeks later. The patient was then treated as an inpatient with a seven-week course of intravenous antibiotics and was discharged home on a combined intravenous and oral regimen. CONCLUSION: Although M. chelonae abscessus is an extremely rare cause of infection among humans, there seems to be a predominance of cases reported among renal transplant patients. The explanation for this is not entirely clear; however, the organism must be considered as a cause of infection in any renal transplant recipient who presents with subcutaneous nodules. Eradication of the organism presents a tremendous challenge to the clinician, and, as presented here, even with appropriate antibiotics, there is a high rate of recurrence.

@article{rao_wrinkling_2000,
	title = {Wrinkling due to mid-dermal elastolysis: two cases and literature review},
	volume = {4},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1203-4754 (Print) 1203-4754 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10689227},
	doi = {10.1177/120347540000400111},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Mid-dermal elastolysis is an acquired disorder of elastic tissue clinically characterized by diffuse fine wrinkling, most often of the trunk and arms. Histologically, a clear band of elastolysis is present in the mid-dermis. OBJECTIVE: Although examples of diffuse elastolysis are well known, only a small number of patients with mid-dermal elastolysis have been reported to date. We present two patients with clinical and histological evidence of mid-dermal elastolysis, review the literature, and summarize the salient features of some common disorders of elastic tissue. METHODS: The first patient presented with fine wrinkles and papules over the upper arms, upper chest, and axillae, and demonstrated increased laxity of the eyelids. The second patient had striking wrinkles extending in a band-like pattern on her arms, upper chest, back, and abdomen. Neither one of our patients had a previous history of skin inflammation, urticaria, or any other underlying diseases related to their skin changes. Skin biopsies were taken from lesional and perilesional skin of both patients, and were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and with elastic tissue stain. In addition, a tissue sample from Patient 1 was fixed for electron-microscopy. RESULTS: Hematoxylin and eosin stains did not demonstrate specific changes or diagnostic patterns. However, elastic tissue stains revealed a band-like loss of elastic tissue in the mid-dermis. Elastic tissue in the remaining superficial and deep dermis stained normally. Electron-microscopy was consistent with these findings and revealed significant loss of elastic tissue limited to the mid-dermis. CONCLUSION: We have presented two cases of mid-dermal elastolysis and reviewed the literature. To date, the pathophysiology of mid-dermal elastolysis had not been elucidated and no definitive therapy exists.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {J Cutan Med Surg},
	author = {Rao, B. K. and Endzweig, C. H. and Kagen, M. H. and Kriegel, D. and Freeman, R. G.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {*Skin Aging, Adult, Cutis Laxa/*pathology, Elastic Tissue/pathology, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Skin/*pathology},
	pages = {40--4},
}

BACKGROUND: Mid-dermal elastolysis is an acquired disorder of elastic tissue clinically characterized by diffuse fine wrinkling, most often of the trunk and arms. Histologically, a clear band of elastolysis is present in the mid-dermis. OBJECTIVE: Although examples of diffuse elastolysis are well known, only a small number of patients with mid-dermal elastolysis have been reported to date. We present two patients with clinical and histological evidence of mid-dermal elastolysis, review the literature, and summarize the salient features of some common disorders of elastic tissue. METHODS: The first patient presented with fine wrinkles and papules over the upper arms, upper chest, and axillae, and demonstrated increased laxity of the eyelids. The second patient had striking wrinkles extending in a band-like pattern on her arms, upper chest, back, and abdomen. Neither one of our patients had a previous history of skin inflammation, urticaria, or any other underlying diseases related to their skin changes. Skin biopsies were taken from lesional and perilesional skin of both patients, and were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and with elastic tissue stain. In addition, a tissue sample from Patient 1 was fixed for electron-microscopy. RESULTS: Hematoxylin and eosin stains did not demonstrate specific changes or diagnostic patterns. However, elastic tissue stains revealed a band-like loss of elastic tissue in the mid-dermis. Elastic tissue in the remaining superficial and deep dermis stained normally. Electron-microscopy was consistent with these findings and revealed significant loss of elastic tissue limited to the mid-dermis. CONCLUSION: We have presented two cases of mid-dermal elastolysis and reviewed the literature. To date, the pathophysiology of mid-dermal elastolysis had not been elucidated and no definitive therapy exists.

@article{patterson_melanoma_2000,
	title = {Melanoma in children},
	volume = {65},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0011-4162 (Print) 0011-4162 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10826084},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Cutis},
	author = {Patterson, W. M. and Lefkowitz, A. and Schwartz, R. A. and Lambert, W. C. and Rao, B. K.},
	month = may,
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Humans, Melanoma/congenital/*pathology/therapy, Nevus, Pigmented/congenital/therapy, Skin Neoplasms/congenital/*pathology/therapy, Xeroderma Pigmentosum/pathology/therapy},
	pages = {269--72, 275},
}

@article{wang_lessons_2000,
	title = {Lessons on dermoscopy \#11. {Solar} lentigo},
	volume = {26},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1076-0512 (Print) 1076-0512 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11134997},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Dermatol Surg},
	author = {Wang, S. Q. and Katz, B. and Rabinovitz, H. and Kopf, A. W. and Oliviero, M. and Rao, B. K.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Humans, Leg, Lentigo/*diagnosis/etiology, Middle Aged, Pigmentation Disorders/*diagnosis, Sunlight/*adverse effects},
	pages = {1173--4},
}

@article{wang_lessons_2000,
	title = {Lessons on dermoscopy: case \#10. {Diagnosis}: the differential clinical diagnoses were dysplastic nevus, malignant melanoma, and lichen planus-like keratosis},
	volume = {26},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1076-0512 (Print) 1076-0512 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11096402},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1524-4725.2000.0260111079.x},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Dermatol Surg},
	author = {Wang, S. Q. and Katz, B. and Rabinovitz, H. and Kopf, A. W. and Oliviero, M. and Rao, B. K.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Diagnosis, Differential, Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome/*pathology, Female, Humans, Keratosis/*pathology, Lichen Planus/*pathology, Melanoma/*pathology, Skin Neoplasms/*pathology, Skin/pathology, Thorax},
	pages = {1079--80},
}

@article{ammar_adolescent_2000,
	title = {Adolescent striae},
	volume = {65},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0011-4162},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10696556},
	language = {eng},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Cutis},
	author = {Ammar, N. M. and Rao, B. and Schwartz, R. A. and Janniger, C. K.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Dermatologic Agents, Female, Humans, Male, Skin},
	pages = {69--70},
}

@article{hauptman_spitz_1999,
	title = {Spitz nevus: a case report},
	volume = {64},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0011-4162 (Print) 0011-4162 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10500919},
	abstract = {The case of a 2-mm Spitz nevus is reported. We comment on the case and describe the skin-surface microscopy features.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Cutis},
	author = {Hauptman, G. and Kopf, A. and Rabinovitz, H. and Oliviero, M. and Rao, B.},
	month = sep,
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {Adult, Female, Humans, Nevus, Pigmented/*pathology, Skin Neoplasms/*pathology},
	pages = {177--8},
}

The case of a 2-mm Spitz nevus is reported. We comment on the case and describe the skin-surface microscopy features.

@article{strauss_bullous_1999,
	title = {A bullous eruption in an acutely ill child},
	volume = {3},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1203-4754 (Print) 1203-4754 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10381949},
	doi = {10.1177/120347549900300506},
	number = {5},
	journal = {J Cutan Med Surg},
	author = {Strauss, E. A. and Rao, B. K. and Bernstein, B. and Scott, R. A.},
	month = jul,
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {Child, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Humans, Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/complications/*diagnosis, Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous/diagnosis/etiology, Skin/pathology},
	pages = {242--6},
}

@article{sahin_risk_1998,
	title = {Risk of melanoma in medium-sized congenital melanocytic nevi: {A} follow-up study},
	volume = {39},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {01909622},
	doi = {10.1016/s0190-9622(98)70319-6},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology},
	author = {Sahin, Sedef and Levin, Ludmila and Kopf, Alfred W. and Rao, Babar K. and Triola, Marc and Koenig, Karen and Huang, Carol and Bart, Robert},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {428--433},
}

@article{dedavid_study_1997,
	title = {A study of large congenital melanocytic nevi and associated malignant melanomas: {Review} of cases in the {New} {York} {University} registry and the world literature},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {01909622},
	doi = {10.1016/s0190-9622(97)80217-4},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology},
	author = {DeDavid, Maria and Orlow, Seth J. and Provost, Nathalie and Marghoob, Ashfaq A. and Rao, Babar K. and Huang, Carol L. and Wasti, Qasim and Kopf, Alfred W. and Bart, Robert S.},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {409--416},
}

@article{sahin_predicting_1997,
	title = {Predicting ten-year survival of patients with primary cutaneous melanoma: corroboration of a prognostic model},
	volume = {80},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0008-543X (Print) 0008-543X (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9338466},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Recently, the Pigmented Lesion Group at the University of Pennsylvania described a 4-variable model for predicting 10-year survival for patients with primary cutaneous melanoma. The variables are tumor thickness, anatomic site of the lesion, age, and gender. The objective of the current study was to test the validity of this model, employing the large data base of the New York University Melanoma Cooperative Group. METHODS: The predicted probabilities of 10-year survival for 780 patients with primary cutaneous melanoma were determined by multivariate logistic regression, using the 4 variables. RESULTS: The overall 10-year survival rate of the current study group was 78.4\%. Of the four variables, tumor thickness, anatomic site of the lesion, and age were found to be independent predictors of survival. Although survival was better for women, gender was not a statistically significant factor in predicting 10-year survival when entered into the multivariate logistic regression model. In the current study, the probability of 10-year survival of patients with melanomas {\textless} 0.76 mm ranged from 93-99\%, depending on the age and primary site. Age and site had more impact on the prognosis of intermediate and thick melanomas than on thin melanomas. Thus, for melanomas 0.76-1.69 mm, 1.70-3.60 mm, and thicker than 3.60 mm, the probabilities of survival ranged from 70-94\%, 39-82\%, and 23-68\%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The wider ranges in survival rates for thicker melanomas, depending on the other variables, emphasize the importance of including variables in addition to tumor thickness in a prognostic model. Using a large data base from a medical center, the current study supports the prognostic multivariate model of the Pigmented Lesions Group of the University of Pennsylvania; however, the authors of the current study did not find gender to be statistically significant in this multivariate model.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Cancer},
	author = {Sahin, S. and Rao, B. and Kopf, A. W. and Lee, E. and Rigel, D. S. and Nossa, R. and Rahman, I. J. and Wortzel, H. and Marghoob, A. A. and Bart, R. S.},
	month = oct,
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Melanoma/diagnosis/*mortality, Middle Aged, Predictive Value of Tests, Prognosis, Sex Factors, Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis/*mortality, Survival Analysis},
	pages = {1426--31},
}

BACKGROUND: Recently, the Pigmented Lesion Group at the University of Pennsylvania described a 4-variable model for predicting 10-year survival for patients with primary cutaneous melanoma. The variables are tumor thickness, anatomic site of the lesion, age, and gender. The objective of the current study was to test the validity of this model, employing the large data base of the New York University Melanoma Cooperative Group. METHODS: The predicted probabilities of 10-year survival for 780 patients with primary cutaneous melanoma were determined by multivariate logistic regression, using the 4 variables. RESULTS: The overall 10-year survival rate of the current study group was 78.4%. Of the four variables, tumor thickness, anatomic site of the lesion, and age were found to be independent predictors of survival. Although survival was better for women, gender was not a statistically significant factor in predicting 10-year survival when entered into the multivariate logistic regression model. In the current study, the probability of 10-year survival of patients with melanomas \textless 0.76 mm ranged from 93-99%, depending on the age and primary site. Age and site had more impact on the prognosis of intermediate and thick melanomas than on thin melanomas. Thus, for melanomas 0.76-1.69 mm, 1.70-3.60 mm, and thicker than 3.60 mm, the probabilities of survival ranged from 70-94%, 39-82%, and 23-68%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The wider ranges in survival rates for thicker melanomas, depending on the other variables, emphasize the importance of including variables in addition to tumor thickness in a prognostic model. Using a large data base from a medical center, the current study supports the prognostic multivariate model of the Pigmented Lesions Group of the University of Pennsylvania; however, the authors of the current study did not find gender to be statistically significant in this multivariate model.

@article{rao_can_1997,
	title = {Can early malignant melanoma be differentiated from atypical melanocytic nevi by in vivo techniques?: {Part} {I}. {Clinical} and dermoscopic characteristics},
	volume = {3},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0909-752X (Print) 0909-752X (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27333167},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0846.1997.tb00153.x},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND/AIMS: Atypical melanocytic nevi (AMN) share some or all of the clinical features of malignant melanoma (MM). The clinical sensitivity for diagnosing MM by physicians experienced in evaluating pigmented lesions is reported to range from 73\% to 89\%. This study attempted to determine whether clinical sensitivity can be increased by dermoscopy (epilumnescence microscopy, dermatoscopy). METHODS: A total of 72 melanocytic neoplasms were histologically diagnosed as either AMN or early MM ({\textless}1 mm Breslow thickness). Prior to excisional biopsy, each lesion was photographed without oil being applied to its surface (clinical photo); subsequently it was photographed with oil applied (dermoscopic photo). Each 35 mm color transparency, visualized on a rear-view projector, was analyzed by two experienced and two less experienced observers. Each of them recorded one clinical, one "overall" dermoscopic, and one "scored" dermoscopic diagnosis: either AMN or MM for each. RESULTS: Histologically, 21 lesions were diagnosed as MM and 51 as AMN. The observers, except one of the less experienced, had an increase in sensitivity ranging from 5 to 15\% for diagnosing MM with dermoscopy. The increase was higher for the scored dermoscopy than for overall dermoscopy. Diagnostic Accuracy (DA) changed from -20\% to +11\%. Specificity (SP) changed from -23\% to +24\% with scored dermoscopy. Three of the 21 MMs were missed by one or more observers using all three in vivo diagnostic methods. CONCLUSIONS: In this study dermoscopy, when used by experienced dermatologists, increased diagnostic sensitivity and index of suspicion but decreased specificity and diagnostic accuracy for diagnosing MM. Therefore, dermoscopy may result in an increased number of biopsies of benign lesions (AMN), but would decrease the probability of missing MM.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Skin Res Technol},
	author = {Rao, B. K. and Marghoob, A. A. and Stolz, W. and Kopf, A. W. and Slade, J. and Wasti, Q. and Schoenbach, S. P. and De-David, M. and Bart, R. S.},
	month = feb,
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {atypical melanocytic nevi, malignant melanoma},
	pages = {8--14},
}

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Atypical melanocytic nevi (AMN) share some or all of the clinical features of malignant melanoma (MM). The clinical sensitivity for diagnosing MM by physicians experienced in evaluating pigmented lesions is reported to range from 73% to 89%. This study attempted to determine whether clinical sensitivity can be increased by dermoscopy (epilumnescence microscopy, dermatoscopy). METHODS: A total of 72 melanocytic neoplasms were histologically diagnosed as either AMN or early MM (\textless1 mm Breslow thickness). Prior to excisional biopsy, each lesion was photographed without oil being applied to its surface (clinical photo); subsequently it was photographed with oil applied (dermoscopic photo). Each 35 mm color transparency, visualized on a rear-view projector, was analyzed by two experienced and two less experienced observers. Each of them recorded one clinical, one "overall" dermoscopic, and one "scored" dermoscopic diagnosis: either AMN or MM for each. RESULTS: Histologically, 21 lesions were diagnosed as MM and 51 as AMN. The observers, except one of the less experienced, had an increase in sensitivity ranging from 5 to 15% for diagnosing MM with dermoscopy. The increase was higher for the scored dermoscopy than for overall dermoscopy. Diagnostic Accuracy (DA) changed from -20% to +11%. Specificity (SP) changed from -23% to +24% with scored dermoscopy. Three of the 21 MMs were missed by one or more observers using all three in vivo diagnostic methods. CONCLUSIONS: In this study dermoscopy, when used by experienced dermatologists, increased diagnostic sensitivity and index of suspicion but decreased specificity and diagnostic accuracy for diagnosing MM. Therefore, dermoscopy may result in an increased number of biopsies of benign lesions (AMN), but would decrease the probability of missing MM.

@article{rao_blistering_1997,
	title = {Blistering {Disorder} in a 30-{Month}-{Old} {Boy}},
	volume = {2},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1203-4754, 1615-7109},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/120347549700200109},
	doi = {10.1177/120347549700200109},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-02-03},
	journal = {Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery},
	author = {Rao, Babar and Trager, Jonathan D. K. and Nossa, Robert and Granstein, Richard D. and Scott, Rachelle A.},
	month = jul,
	year = {1997},
	pages = {30--34},
}

@article{dedavid_neurocutaneous_1996,
	title = {Neurocutaneous melanosis: {Clinical} features of large congenital melanocytic nevi in patients with manifest central nervous system melanosis},
	volume = {35},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {01909622},
	doi = {10.1016/s0190-9622(96)90674-x},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology},
	author = {DeDavid, Maria and Orlow, Seth J. and Provost, Nathalie and Marghoob, Ashfaq A. and Rao, Babar K. and Wasti, Qasim and Huang, Carol L. and Kopf, Alfred W. and Bart, Robert S.},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {529--538},
}

@article{andersen_hybrid_1996,
	title = {The hybrid epidermoid and apocrine cyst. {A} combination of apocrine hidrocystoma and epidermal inclusion cyst},
	volume = {18},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0193-1091 (Print) 0193-1091 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8879299},
	doi = {10.1097/00000372-199608000-00006},
	abstract = {We describe four cases of unusual superficial cutaneous cysts that have a lining epithelium composed of apocrine cells immediately adjacent to keratinizing squamous epithelium with an intact granular layer. Two of the cysts were on the nipple of the breast and two of the cysts were on the face. The lumina of all four cysts contained keratin. Immunoperoxidase staining for carcinoembryonic antigen in the facial cysts showed positive staining within the apocrine cells of the lining epithelium in one case. The pathogenesis of these lesions is uncertain. We suggest that these unusual cysts be called hybrid epidermoid and apocrine cysts.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Am J Dermatopathol},
	author = {Andersen, W. K. and Rao, B. K. and Bhawan, J.},
	month = aug,
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {*Apocrine Glands, *Nipples, Adult, Breast Diseases/*pathology, Breast Neoplasms, Male/*pathology, Breast Neoplasms/*pathology, Epidermal Cyst/*pathology, Facial Dermatoses/*pathology, Facial Neoplasms/*pathology, Female, Hidrocystoma/*pathology, Humans, Lip Diseases/pathology, Lip Neoplasms/pathology, Male, Middle Aged, Sweat Gland Diseases/*pathology, Sweat Gland Neoplasms/*pathology},
	pages = {364--6},
}

We describe four cases of unusual superficial cutaneous cysts that have a lining epithelium composed of apocrine cells immediately adjacent to keratinizing squamous epithelium with an intact granular layer. Two of the cysts were on the nipple of the breast and two of the cysts were on the face. The lumina of all four cysts contained keratin. Immunoperoxidase staining for carcinoembryonic antigen in the facial cysts showed positive staining within the apocrine cells of the lining epithelium in one case. The pathogenesis of these lesions is uncertain. We suggest that these unusual cysts be called hybrid epidermoid and apocrine cysts.

@article{wasti_anatomic_1996,
	title = {Anatomic {Distribution} of {Cutaneous} {Melanomas} and {Painful} {Sunburns} in {Adults}},
	volume = {1},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1203-4754, 1615-7109},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/120347549600100204},
	doi = {10.1177/120347549600100204},
	abstract = {Background: Data show that intermittent painful sunburns are an important causative factor for cutaneous malignant melanoma. Objective: This study was undertaken to determine whether the differences in the anatomic distribution of melanomas in men, compared to women, could be accounted for by the distribution of sunburns and whether the high incidence of melanomas on the lower extremities of women is associated with the distribution of sunburns. Methods: One hundred and fifty nonmelanoma patients, men and women aged 20 to 60 years, recalled having painful sunburns within the previous 6 months. The locations of the sunburns were indicated on body surface diagrams. The locations of 1168 melanomas as recorded in the NYU-Melanoma Cooperative Group data base were plotted on anatomic diagrams. The anatomic distribution of melanomas and of sunburns for men and women were compared. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the distribution of sunburns on any anatomic location in men as compared to women. However, there was a disproportionately high number of melanomas on the backs of men and on the legs of women. In both men and women, there was a significant difference between the anatomic distribution of painful sunburns and melanomas. Conclusion: Since the anatomic distribution of painful sunburns is similar in men and women, whereas the anatomic distribution of melanomas differ, it would appear that factors in addition to sunburns in adults account for the differences in the anatomic distribution of melanomas in men and women.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2023-02-03},
	journal = {Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery},
	author = {Wasti, Qasim H. and Kopf, Alfred W. and Marghoob, Ashfaq A. and Stefanato, Catherine M. and Romero, Judith B. and Rao, Babar K. and Bart, Robert S.},
	month = oct,
	year = {1996},
	pages = {81--85},
}

Background: Data show that intermittent painful sunburns are an important causative factor for cutaneous malignant melanoma. Objective: This study was undertaken to determine whether the differences in the anatomic distribution of melanomas in men, compared to women, could be accounted for by the distribution of sunburns and whether the high incidence of melanomas on the lower extremities of women is associated with the distribution of sunburns. Methods: One hundred and fifty nonmelanoma patients, men and women aged 20 to 60 years, recalled having painful sunburns within the previous 6 months. The locations of the sunburns were indicated on body surface diagrams. The locations of 1168 melanomas as recorded in the NYU-Melanoma Cooperative Group data base were plotted on anatomic diagrams. The anatomic distribution of melanomas and of sunburns for men and women were compared. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the distribution of sunburns on any anatomic location in men as compared to women. However, there was a disproportionately high number of melanomas on the backs of men and on the legs of women. In both men and women, there was a significant difference between the anatomic distribution of painful sunburns and melanomas. Conclusion: Since the anatomic distribution of painful sunburns is similar in men and women, whereas the anatomic distribution of melanomas differ, it would appear that factors in addition to sunburns in adults account for the differences in the anatomic distribution of melanomas in men and women.

@article{salopek_estimate_1995,
	title = {An estimate of the incidence of malignant melanoma in the {United} {States}. {Based} on a survey of members of the {American} {Academy} of {Dermatology}},
	volume = {21},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1076-0512 (Print) 1076-0512 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7728479},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1524-4725.1995.tb00177.x},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant melanoma (MM) in the United States (US) must be known to accurately evaluate the costs that MM imposes on the health care system and society in general. Furthermore, knowledge of the incidence is needed to determine the benefit of MM prevention programs. OBJECTIVE: To obtain an estimate of the incidence of MM in the US. METHODS: The data for this study were collected by means of a questionnaire that was sent to all members of the American Academy of Dermatology practicing in the US (N = 7412). RESULTS: Based on the mean number of MMs seen annually per dermatologist in each state and the number of dermatologists per state, the number of new in situ and invasive MMs in the US in 1992 was calculated to be 80,000. This translates to an incidence of 32 MMs per 100,000 persons. CONCLUSIONS: Our estimate of 80,000 new MMs diagnosed in 1992 in the US suggests that MM places much greater burdens on the US health care system and society than that based on current published estimates.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Dermatol Surg},
	author = {Salopek, T. G. and Marghoob, A. A. and Slade, J. M. and Rao, B. and Rigel, D. S. and Kopf, A. W. and Bart, R. S.},
	month = apr,
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {Dermatology, Epidemiologic Methods, Humans, Melanoma/*epidemiology, Societies, Medical, Surveys and Questionnaires, United States/epidemiology},
	pages = {301--5},
}

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant melanoma (MM) in the United States (US) must be known to accurately evaluate the costs that MM imposes on the health care system and society in general. Furthermore, knowledge of the incidence is needed to determine the benefit of MM prevention programs. OBJECTIVE: To obtain an estimate of the incidence of MM in the US. METHODS: The data for this study were collected by means of a questionnaire that was sent to all members of the American Academy of Dermatology practicing in the US (N = 7412). RESULTS: Based on the mean number of MMs seen annually per dermatologist in each state and the number of dermatologists per state, the number of new in situ and invasive MMs in the US in 1992 was calculated to be 80,000. This translates to an incidence of 32 MMs per 100,000 persons. CONCLUSIONS: Our estimate of 80,000 new MMs diagnosed in 1992 in the US suggests that MM places much greater burdens on the US health care system and society than that based on current published estimates.

@article{rao_relationship_1994,
	title = {The relationship between basal cell epithelioma and seborrheic keratosis. {A} study of 60 cases},
	volume = {20},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0148-0812 (Print) 0148-0812 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7962939},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1524-4725.1994.tb03201.x},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Various skin tumors can be seen rarely in association with seborrheic keratosis. We present 60 cases of seborrheic keratosis related to a basal cell epithelioma in the same specimen. OBJECTIVE: To report association of basal cell epithelioma with seborrheic keratosis and discuss the possibility of malignant change in seborrheic keratosis. METHODS: Sixty cases of seborrheic keratosis associated with basal cell epithelioma were studied. Tissues were fixed in neutral buffered formalin, processed, and stained with standard hematoxylin and eosin techniques. RESULTS: Histological evaluation showed a seborrheic keratosis associated with basal cell epithelioma in all of the cases. Basal cell epithelioma was attached with seborrheic keratosis in a majority of the cases (40/60) and appeared to represent a part of the same tumor. Both tumors were lying adjacent to each other in the rest of the cases (20/60). CONCLUSION: Malignant change in seborrheic keratosis is controversial. We recommend the histological evaluation of seborrheic keratosis especially when inflamed or atypical in appearance. This should not be taken as a mandate for pathological evaluation or for treatment of every seborrheic keratosis as though it was potentially malignant.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {J Dermatol Surg Oncol},
	author = {Rao, B. K. and Freeman, R. G. and Poulos, E. G. and Arbesfeld, L. and Rendon, M.},
	month = nov,
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Carcinoma, Basal Cell/*complications/pathology, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic, Female, Humans, Keratosis, Seborrheic/*complications/pathology, Male, Middle Aged, Skin Neoplasms/*complications/pathology},
	pages = {761--4},
}

BACKGROUND: Various skin tumors can be seen rarely in association with seborrheic keratosis. We present 60 cases of seborrheic keratosis related to a basal cell epithelioma in the same specimen. OBJECTIVE: To report association of basal cell epithelioma with seborrheic keratosis and discuss the possibility of malignant change in seborrheic keratosis. METHODS: Sixty cases of seborrheic keratosis associated with basal cell epithelioma were studied. Tissues were fixed in neutral buffered formalin, processed, and stained with standard hematoxylin and eosin techniques. RESULTS: Histological evaluation showed a seborrheic keratosis associated with basal cell epithelioma in all of the cases. Basal cell epithelioma was attached with seborrheic keratosis in a majority of the cases (40/60) and appeared to represent a part of the same tumor. Both tumors were lying adjacent to each other in the rest of the cases (20/60). CONCLUSION: Malignant change in seborrheic keratosis is controversial. We recommend the histological evaluation of seborrheic keratosis especially when inflamed or atypical in appearance. This should not be taken as a mandate for pathological evaluation or for treatment of every seborrheic keratosis as though it was potentially malignant.

@article{rao_acroangiodermatitis_1994,
	title = {Acroangiodermatitis: {A} {Study} of {Ten} {Cases}},
	volume = {33},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0011-9059 1365-4632},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-4362.1994.tb04975.x},
	number = {3},
	journal = {International Journal of Dermatology},
	author = {Rao, Babar and Unis, Mark and Poulos, Evangelos},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {179--181},
}

@article{smith_solitary_1991,
	title = {Solitary {Papule} of the {Lip} in {Recurrent} {Gastroesophageal} {Carcinoma}: {An} {Unusual} {Presentation} of {Cutaneous} {Metastasis}},
	volume = {127},
	issn = {0003-987X},
	shorttitle = {Solitary {Papule} of the {Lip} in {Recurrent} {Gastroesophageal} {Carcinoma}},
	url = {http://archderm.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archderm.1991.04510010156029},
	doi = {10.1001/archderm.1991.04510010156029},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2023-02-03},
	journal = {Archives of Dermatology},
	author = {Smith, Steven P.},
	month = apr,
	year = {1991},
	pages = {588},
}

@article{wieselthier_multiple_1991,
	title = {Multiple crusted plaques in a woman with systemic lupus erythematosus. {Pemphigus} erythematosus ({PE})},
	volume = {127},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0003987X},
	url = {http://archderm.ama-assn.org/cgi/doi/10.1001/archderm.127.10.1572},
	doi = {10.1001/archderm.127.10.1572},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2023-02-03},
	journal = {Archives of Dermatology},
	author = {Wieselthier, J. S.},
	month = oct,
	year = {1991},
	pages = {1572--1573},
}

@article{rao_subacute_1990,
	title = {Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus lesions progressing to morphea},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {01909622},
	doi = {10.1016/0190-9622(90)70327-e},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology},
	author = {Rao, Babar K. and Coldiron, Brett and Freeman, Robert G. and Sontheimer, Richard D.},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {1019--1022},
}

@article{cerio_immunohistochemical_1989,
	title = {An immunohistochemical study of fibrous papule of the nose: 25 cases},
	volume = {16},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0303-6987, 1600-0560},
	shorttitle = {An immunohistochemical study of fibrous papule of the nose},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0560.1989.tb00039.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0560.1989.tb00039.x},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2023-02-03},
	journal = {Journal of Cutaneous Pathology},
	author = {Cerio, R. and Rao, B. K. and Spaull, J. and Jones, E. Wilson},
	month = aug,
	year = {1989},
	pages = {194--198},
}