@article{ying_comparison_2017,
	title = {Comparison of cycloplegic refraction between {Grand} {Seiko} autorefractor and {Retinomax} autorefractor in the {Vision} in {Preschoolers}-{Hyperopia} in {Preschoolers} ({VIP}-{HIP}) {Study}},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1528-3933},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaapos.2017.05.008},
	abstract = {PURPOSE: To evaluate the agreement of cycloplegic refractive error measures between the Grand Seiko and Retinomax autorefractors in 4- and 5-year-old children.
METHODS: Cycloplegic refractive error of children was measured using the Grand Seiko and Retinomax during a comprehensive eye examination. Accommodative error was measured using the Grand Seiko. The differences in sphere, cylinder, spherical equivalent (SE) and intereye vector dioptric distance (VDD) between autorefractors were assessed using the Bland-Altman plot and 95\% limits of agreement (95\% LoA).
RESULTS: A total of 702 examinations were included. Compared to the Retinomax, the Grand Seiko provided statistically significantly larger values of sphere (mean difference, 0.34 D; 95\% LoA, -0.46 to 1.14 D), SE (mean, 0.25 D; 95\% LoA, -0.55 to 1.05 D), VDD (mean, 0.19 D; 95\% LoA, -0.67 to 1.05 D), and more cylinder (mean, -0.18 D; 95\% LoA, -0.91 to 0.55 D). The Grand Seiko measured ≥0.5 D than Retinomax in 43.1\% of eyes for sphere and 29.8\% of eyes for SE. In multivariate analysis, eyes with SE of {\textgreater}4 D (based on the average of two autorefractors) had larger differences in sphere (mean, 0.66 D vs 0.35 D; P {\textless} 0.0001) and SE (0.57 D vs 0.26 D; P {\textless} 0.0001) than eyes with SE of ≤4 D.
CONCLUSIONS: Under cycloplegia, the Grand Seiko provided higher measures of sphere, more cylinder, and higher SE than the Retinomax. Higher refractive error was associated with larger differences in sphere and SE between the Grand Seiko and Retinomax.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of AAPOS: the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus},
	author = {Ying, Gui-Shuang and Maguire, Maureen G. and Kulp, Marjean Taylor and Ciner, Elise and Moore, Bruce and Pistilli, Maxwell and Candy, Rowan and {VIP-HIP Study Group}},
	month = jun,
	year = {2017},
	pmid = {28528993},
	pmcid = {PMC5614706},
	keywords = {Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Cyclopentolate, Female, Humans, Hyperopia, Interdisciplinary Research, Male, Mydriatics, Pupil, Refraction, Ocular, Vision Screening, Visual Acuity},
	pages = {219--223.e3}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{kakkos_complication-related_2017,
	title = {Complication-related removal of totally implantable venous access port systems: {Does} the interval between placement and first use and the neutropenia-inducing potential of chemotherapy regimens influence their incidence? {A} four-year prospective study of 4045 patients},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {1532-2157 (Electronic) 0748-7983 (Linking)},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27889197},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ejso.2016.10.020},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Totally implantable venous access port systems are widely used in oncology, with frequent complications that sometimes necessitate device removal. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of the time interval between port placement and initiation of chemotherapy and the neutropenia-inducing potential of the chemotherapy administered upon complication-related port removal. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 2010 and December 2013, 4045 consecutive patients were included in this observational, single-center prospective study. The chemotherapy regimens were classified as having a low ({\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless10\%), intermediate (10-20\%), or high ({\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater20\%) risk for inducing neutropenia. RESULTS: The overall removal rate due to complications was 7.2\%. Among them, port-related infection (2.5\%) and port expulsion (1\%) were the most frequent. The interval between port insertion and its first use was shown to be a predictive factor for complication-related removal rates. A cut-off of 6 days was statistically significant (p = 0.008), as the removal rate for complications was 9.4\% when this interval was 0-5 days and 5.7\% when it was {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater/=6 days. Another factor associated with port complication rate was the neutropenia-inducing potential of the chemotherapy regimens used, with removal for complications involved in 5.5\% of low-risk regimens versus 9.4\% for the intermediate- and high-risk regimens (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION: An interval of 6 days between placement and first use of the port reduces the removal rate from complications. The intermediate- and high-risk for neutropenia chemotherapy regimens are related to higher port removal rates from complications than low-risk regimens.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Eur J Surg Oncol},
	author = {Kakkos, A. and Bresson, L. and Hudry, D. and Cousin, S. and Lervat, C. and Bogart, E. and Meurant, J. P. and El Bedoui, S. and Decanter, G. and Hannebicque, K. and Regis, C. and Hamdani, A. and Penel, N. and Tresch-Bruneel, E. and Narducci, F.},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {*Vascular Access Devices, 80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/*adverse effects, Catheter Obstruction/statistics \& numerical data, Catheter-Related Infections/*epidemiology, Child, Device Removal/*statistics \& numerical data, Equipment Failure/*statistics \& numerical data, Female, Foreign-Body Migration/*epidemiology, Hematoma/epidemiology, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, Multivariate Analysis, Neoplasms/*drug therapy, Neutropenia/chemically induced, Postoperative Complications/*epidemiology, Preschool, Prospective Studies, Prosthesis Implantation, Thrombosis/epidemiology, Young Adult},
	pages = {689--695},
}

@article{short_anthropometric_2015,
	title = {Anthropometric models of bone mineral content and areal bone mineral density based on the bone mineral density in childhood study},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {1433-2965},
	doi = {10.1007/s00198-014-2916-x},
	abstract = {New models describing anthropometrically adjusted normal values of bone mineral density and content in children have been created for the various measurement sites. The inclusion of multiple explanatory variables in the models provides the opportunity to calculate Z-scores that are adjusted with respect to the relevant anthropometric parameters.
INTRODUCTION: Previous descriptions of children's bone mineral measurements by age have focused on segmenting diverse populations by race and sex without adjusting for anthropometric variables or have included the effects of a single anthropometric variable.
METHODS: We applied multivariate semi-metric smoothing to the various pediatric bone-measurement sites using data from the Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study to evaluate which of sex, race, age, height, weight, percent body fat, and sexual maturity explain variations in the population's bone mineral values. By balancing high adjusted R(2) values with clinical needs, two models are examined.
RESULTS: At the spine, whole body, whole body sub head, total hip, hip neck, and forearm sites, models were created using sex, race, age, height, and weight as well as an additional set of models containing these anthropometric variables and percent body fat. For bone mineral density, weight is more important than percent body fat, which is more important than height. For bone mineral content, the order varied by site with body fat being the weakest component. Including more anthropometrics in the model reduces the overlap of the critical groups, identified as those individuals with a Z-score below -2, from the standard sex, race, and age model.
CONCLUSIONS: If body fat is not available, the simpler model including height and weight should be used. The inclusion of multiple explanatory variables in the models provides the opportunity to calculate Z-scores that are adjusted with respect to the relevant anthropometric parameters.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Osteoporosis international: a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA},
	author = {Short, D. F. and Gilsanz, V. and Kalkwarf, H. J. and Lappe, J. M. and Oberfield, S. and Shepherd, J. A. and Winer, K. K. and Zemel, B. S. and Hangartner, T. N.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2015},
	pmid = {25311106},
	pmcid = {PMC4768717},
	keywords = {Absorptiometry, Photon, Adipose Tissue, Adolescent, Age Factors, Algorithms, Anthropometry, Body Height, Body Weight, Bone Density, Bone and Bones, Child, Child, Preschool, Continental Population Groups, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Models, Theoretical, Sex Factors, Young Adult},
	pages = {1099--1108}
}

@article{dart_poisoning_2015,
	title = {Poisoning in the {United} {States}: 2012 emergency medicine report of the {National} {Poison} {Data} {System}},
	volume = {65},
	issn = {1097-6760},
	shorttitle = {Poisoning in the {United} {States}},
	doi = {10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.11.001},
	abstract = {Deaths from drug overdose have become the leading cause of injury death in the United States, where the poison center system is available to provide real-time advice and collect data about a variety of poisonings. In 2012, emergency medical providers were confronted with new poisonings, such as bath salts (substituted cathinones) and Spice (synthetic cannabinoid drugs), as well as continued trends in established poisonings such as from prescription opioids. This article addresses current trends in opioid poisonings; new substances implicated in poisoning cases, including unit-dose laundry detergents, bath salts, Spice, and energy drinks; and the role of poison centers in public health emergencies such as the Fukushima radiation incident.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Annals of Emergency Medicine},
	author = {Dart, Richard C. and Bronstein, Alvin C. and Spyker, Daniel A. and Cantilena, Louis R. and Seifert, Steven A. and Heard, Stuart E. and Krenzelok, Edward P.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2015},
	pmid = {25523411},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Analgesics, Opioid, Child, Child, Preschool, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Databases, Factual, Decontamination, Detergents, Emergency Medical Services, Humans, Poison Control Centers, Poisoning, United States, Young Adult},
	pages = {416--422}
}

@article{mitchell_genetics_2015,
	title = {Genetics of {Bone} {Mass} in {Childhood} and {Adolescence}: {Effects} of {Sex} and {Maturation} {Interactions}},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {1523-4681},
	shorttitle = {Genetics of {Bone} {Mass} in {Childhood} and {Adolescence}},
	doi = {10.1002/jbmr.2508},
	abstract = {We aimed to determine if adult bone mineral density (BMD) susceptibility loci were associated with pediatric bone mass and density, and if sex and pubertal stage influenced any association. We analyzed prospective areal BMD (aBMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) data from the Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study (n = 603, European ancestry, 54\% female). Linear mixed models were used to assess if 77 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near known adult BMD susceptibility loci interacted with sex and pubertal stage to influence the aBMD/BMC; adjusting for age, BMI, physical activity, and dietary calcium. The strongest main association was observed between an SNP near C7orf58 and distal radius aBMD. However, this association had a significant sex • SNP interaction, revealing a significant association only in females (b = -0.32, p = 1.8 × 10(-6)). Furthermore, the C12orf23 locus had significant interactions with both sex and pubertal stage, revealing associations in females during Tanner stage I for total hip aBMD (b = 0.24, p = 0.001) and femoral neck aBMD (b = 0.27, p = 3.0 × 10(-5)). In contrast, the sex • SNP interactions for loci near LRP5 and WNT16 uncovered associations that were only in males for total body less head BMC (b = 0.22, p = 4.4 × 10(-4)) and distal radius aBMD (b = 0.27, p = 0.001), respectively. Furthermore, the LRP5 locus interacted with both sex and pubertal stage, demonstrating associations that were exclusively in males during Tanner V for total hip aBMD (b = 0.29, p = 0.003). In total, significant sex • SNP interactions were found at 15 loci; pubertal stage • SNP interactions at 23 loci and 19 loci interacted with both sex and pubertal stage. In conclusion, variants originally associated with adult BMD influence bone mass in children of European ancestry, highlighting the fact that many of these loci operate early in life. However, the direction and magnitude of associations for a large number of SNPs only became evident when accounting for sex and maturation.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Journal of Bone and Mineral Research: The Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research},
	author = {Mitchell, Jonathan A. and Chesi, Alessandra and Elci, Okan and McCormack, Shana E. and Kalkwarf, Heidi J. and Lappe, Joan M. and Gilsanz, Vicente and Oberfield, Sharon E. and Shepherd, John A. and Kelly, Andrea and Zemel, Babette S. and Grant, Struan F. A.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2015},
	pmid = {25762182},
	pmcid = {PMC4839534},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Bone Density, Bone Development, Bone and Bones, CHILDHOOD, Calcium, Dietary, Child, Child, Preschool, DXA, Densitometry, Female, Fractures, Bone, GENERAL POPULATION STUDIES, GENETIC RESEARCH, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genotype, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-5, Male, PUBERTY, Phenotype, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Prospective Studies, Puberty, Sex Factors, United States, Young Adult},
	pages = {1676--1683}
}

@article{huntington_serious_2014,
	title = {Serious adverse effects from single-use detergent sacs: report from a {U}.{S}. statewide poison control system},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {1556-9519},
	shorttitle = {Serious adverse effects from single-use detergent sacs},
	doi = {10.3109/15563650.2014.892122},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: In recent years, serious adverse effects to children from exposure to single-use detergents sacs (SUDS) have been recognized. While most exposures result in minor symptoms, there have been serious outcomes. This study aims to classify which types of serious outcomes follow SUDS exposures, and to assess, if possible, differences in toxicity between various SUDS products.
METHODS: An observational case series with data collected retrospectively was performed for cases of SUDS exposures reported to a statewide poison system's records database from 1 January 2012 to 31 March 2013. Cases were identified and analyzed for clinical details and trends. A statewide database was queried for cases involving the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) product-specific codes for SUDS products using following search terms: laundry pods, the AAPCC product-specific codes for Tide Pods, Purex Ultrapacks, ALL Mighty Pacs, and a unique agent code (AAPCC ID: 6903138; Generic: 077900) created by AAPCC to track SUDS exposures.
RESULTS: A total of 804 cases of exposures to SUDS were identified, the majority of which were exploratory ingestions in young children with a median age of 2 years. Serious adverse effects resulted from 65 (9\%) exposures and 27 (3\%) exposures resulted in admission to hospital. Binary logistic regression demonstrated that the presence of central nervous system (CNS) or respiratory system effects were associated with more severe outcomes, with a model accuracy of 96.4\%. There were significant differences in morbidity among the three most common brand-name products: when compared with Tide Pods, odds ratios (OR) and 95\% confidence intervals (CI) for severe outcome and admission rate were significantly greater following Purex Ultrapack exposures (severity OR 5.1 [CI: 2.13-12.23]; admission OR 10.36 [CI: 3.23-33.22]) and ALL Mighty Pac exposures (severity OR 11.22 [CI: 4.78-28.36]; admission OR 15.20 [CI: 5.01-46.12]).
CONCLUSIONS: Serious complications from exposure to SUDS occur in a small number of exposures for unclear reasons. Respiratory and CNS effects are associated with more severe outcomes. Some brand-name products are associated with a relatively higher risk of severe adverse effects and rates of admission.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.)},
	author = {Huntington, S. and Heppner, J. and Vohra, R. and Mallios, R. and Geller, R. J.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2014},
	pmid = {24580062},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Detergents, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Logistic Models, Poison Control Centers, Retrospective Studies, United States},
	pages = {220--225}
}

@article{thornton_castor_2014-1,
	title = {Castor bean seed ingestions: a state-wide poison control system's experience},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {1556-9519},
	shorttitle = {Castor bean seed ingestions},
	doi = {10.3109/15563650.2014.892124},
	abstract = {CONTEXT: Ingestions of the seed of the castor bean plant (Ricinus communis) carries the risk of toxicity from ricin, a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis.
OBJECTIVE: We sought to describe characteristics of castor bean seed exposures reported to a state-wide poison control system.
METHODS: This was an observational case series. A state-wide poison control system's database was reviewed for exposures to castor bean plant seeds from 2001 to 2011. Case notes were reviewed and data collected, when available, included age, gender, circumstances surrounding exposure, number of castor beans consumed, whether beans were chewed or crushed, symptoms described, laboratory values (aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], prothrombin time [PT] and international normalized ratio [INR]), duration of follow-up, treatment, and patient outcomes.
RESULTS: Eighty-four cases were identified. Ingestions were unintentional in 50 cases (59\%) cases and intentional in 34 (40\%) cases. A median of 10 seeds (range: 1-20) were ingested in intentional cases versus 1 seed (range: 1-40) in unintentional cases. In 49 (58\%) of cases the seeds were reported to have been chewed or crushed. Gastrointestinal symptoms were the most commonly reported symptoms. Vomiting (n = 39), nausea (n = 24), diarrhea (n = 17), and abdominal pain (n = 16) predominated. One patient developed hematochezia and vomiting after reportedly ingesting and intravenously injecting castor bean seeds. Laboratory values were documented in 17 (20\%) cases. Only one abnormality was noted; an asymptomatic patient one week following ingestion had AST/ALT of 93 U/L and 164 U/L, respectively. Ricinine was confirmed in the urine of two patients. Twenty-three (27\%) cases received activated charcoal. Seventy-two (86\%) of cases were calls from health care facilities or referred to health care facilities by the poison control center. Twenty-two (26\%) cases were admitted for a median of 2 days (range: 1-10). Admitted cases ingested a median of 8.5 seeds (range: 1-20). Intentional ingestions were followed for median of 37.5 h (range: 0.5-285.5) while unintentional cases were followed for 14 h (range: 1-182). No delayed symptoms, serious outcomes, or deaths were reported.
DISCUSSION: Due to the presence of ricin, there is concern for serious outcomes after ingestions of the seeds of the castor bean plant. In this study GI symptoms were most commonly reported but serious morbidity or mortality was not present. The true risk of castor bean plant seed ingestions should continue to be re-evaluated.
CONCLUSION: In this retrospective review, gastrointestinal symptoms were the most common symptoms described after reported exposures to castor bean seeds. These exposures were not associated with serious morbidity, mortality, or delayed symptoms.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.)},
	author = {Thornton, S. L. and Darracq, M. and Lo, J. and Cantrell, F. L.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2014},
	pmid = {24579983},
	note = {00005 },
	keywords = {Accidents, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Antidotes, Castor Bean, Charcoal, Child, Child, Preschool, Emergency Medical Services, Female, Humans, Kansas, Male, Nausea, Plant Poisoning, Poison Control Centers, Retrospective Studies, Ricin, Seeds, Vomiting},
	pages = {265--268}
}

@article{kirkendall_evaluating_2014,
	title = {Evaluating the accuracy of electronic pediatric drug dosing rules},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1527-974X},
	doi = {10.1136/amiajnl-2013-001793},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy of vendor-supplied dosing eRules for pediatric medication orders. Inaccurate or absent dosing rules can lead to high numbers of false alerts or undetected prescribing errors and may potentially compromise safety in this already vulnerable population.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: 7 months of medication orders and alerts from a large pediatric hospital were analyzed. 30 medications were selected for study across 5 age ranges and 5 dosing parameters. The resulting 750 dosing rules from a commercial system formed the study corpus and were examined for accuracy against a gold standard created from traditional clinical resources.
RESULTS: Overall accuracy of the rules in the study corpus was 55.1\% when the rules were transformed to fit a priori age ranges. Over a pediatric lifetime, the dosing rules were accurate an average of 57.6\% of the days. Dosing rules pertaining to the newborn age range were as accurate as other age ranges on average, but exhibited more variability. Daily frequency dosing parameters showed more accuracy than total daily dose, single dose minimum, or single dose maximum.
DISCUSSION: The accuracy of a vendor-supplied set of dosing eRules is suboptimal when compared with traditional dosing sources, exposing a gap between dosing rules in commercial products and actual prescribing practices by pediatric care providers. More research on vendor-supplied eRules is warranted in order to understand the effects of these products on safe prescribing in children.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {e1},
	journal = {Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association: JAMIA},
	author = {Kirkendall, Eric S. and Spooner, S. Andrew and Logan, Judith R.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2014},
	pmid = {23813541},
	pmcid = {PMC3957390},
	note = {00012 },
	keywords = {Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Drug Therapy, Computer-Assisted, Female, Hospitals, Pediatric, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Medical Order Entry Systems, Medication Errors, Medication Systems, Hospital, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Retrospective Studies},
	pages = {e43--49}
}

@article{thompson_epidemiological_2013,
	title = {Epidemiological features and risk factors of {Salmonella} gastroenteritis in children resident in {Ho} {Chi} {Minh} {City}, {Vietnam}.},
	volume = {141},
	issn = {1469-4409 0950-2688},
	doi = {10.1017/S0950268812002014},
	abstract = {Non-typhoidal Salmonella are an important but poorly characterized cause of paediatric diarrhoea in developing countries. We conducted a hospital-based case-control study in children aged {\textless}5 years in Ho Chi Minh City to define the epidemiology and examine risk factors associated with Salmonella diarrhoeal infections. From 1419 diarrhoea cases and 571 controls enrolled between 2009 and  2010, 77 (54\%) diarrhoea cases were stool culture-positive for non-typhoidal Salmonella. Salmonella patients were more likely to be younger than controls (median age 10 and 12 months, respectively) [odds ratio (OR) 097; 95\% confidence  interval (CI) 094-099], to report a recent diarrhoeal contact (81\% cases, 18\% controls; OR 598, 95\% CI 18-204) and to live in a household with {\textgreater}2 children (cases 208\%, controls 102\%; OR 232, 95\% CI 12-47). Our findings indicate that Salmonella are an important cause of paediatric gastroenteritis in this setting and we suggest that transmission may occur through direct human contact in the home.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Epidemiology and infection},
	author = {Thompson, C. N. and Phan, V. T. M. and Le, T. P. T. and Pham, T. N. T. and Hoang, L. P. and Ha, V. and Nguyen, V. M. H. and Pham, V. M. and Nguyen, T. V. and Cao, T. T. and Tran, T. T. N. and Nguyen, T. T. H. and Dao, M. T. and Campbell, J. I. and Nguyen, T. C. and Tang, C. T. and Ha, M. T. and Farrar, J. and Baker, S.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23010148},
	pmcid = {PMC3733064},
	keywords = {*Developing Countries, Bacterial Typing Techniques, Case-Control Studies, Child, Preschool, Diarrhea/*epidemiology/microbiology, Feces/microbiology, Female, Gastroenteritis/*epidemiology/microbiology, Humans, Infant, Male, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Salmonella Infections/*epidemiology/microbiology/transmission, Salmonella/*isolation \& purification, Surveys and Questionnaires, Urban Population, Vietnam/epidemiology},
	pages = {1604--1613},
}

@article{tan_identification_2013,
	title = {Identification of a new cyclovirus in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with acute  central nervous system infections.},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2150-7511},
	doi = {10.1128/mBio.00231-13},
	abstract = {Acute central nervous system (CNS) infections cause substantial morbidity and mortality, but the etiology remains unknown in a large proportion of cases. We identified and characterized the full genome of a novel cyclovirus (tentatively named cyclovirus-Vietnam [CyCV-VN]) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens of two Vietnamese patients with CNS infections of unknown etiology. CyCV-VN was subsequently detected in 4\% of 642 CSF specimens from Vietnamese patients with suspected CNS infections and none of 122 CSFs from patients with noninfectious neurological disorders. Detection rates were similar in patients with CNS infections of unknown etiology and those in whom other pathogens were detected. A similar detection rate in feces from healthy children suggested food-borne or orofecal transmission routes, while high detection rates in feces from pigs and poultry (average, 58\%) suggested the existence of animal reservoirs for such transmission. Further research is needed to address the epidemiology and pathogenicity of this novel, potentially zoonotic virus.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {mBio},
	author = {Tan, Le Van and van Doorn, H. Rogier and Nghia, Ho Dang Trung and Chau, Tran Thi Hong and Tu, Le Thi Phuong and de Vries, Michel and Canuti, Marta and Deijs, Martin and Jebbink, Maarten F. and Baker, Stephen and Bryant, Juliet E. and Tham, Nguyen Thi and BKrong, Nguyen Thi Thuy Chinh and Boni, Maciej F. and Loi, Tran Quoc and Phuong, Le Thi and Verhoeven, Joost T. P. and Crusat, Martin and Jeeninga, Rienk E. and Schultsz, Constance and Chau, Nguyen Van Vinh and Hien, Tran Tinh and van der Hoek, Lia and Farrar, Jeremy and de Jong, Menno D.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23781068},
	pmcid = {PMC3684831},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Animals, Central Nervous System Infections/epidemiology/*virology, Child, Child, Preschool, Circoviridae Infections/epidemiology/*virology, Circoviridae/*classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Cluster Analysis, DNA, Viral/chemistry/genetics, Female, Genome, Viral, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Prevalence, Prospective Studies, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Vietnam, Young Adult},
	pages = {e00231--00213},
}

@article{theophile_comparison_2013,
	title = {Comparison of three methods (an updated logistic probabilistic method, the {Naranjo} and {Liverpool} algorithms) for the evaluation of routine pharmacovigilance case reports using consensual expert judgement as reference},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {1179-1942},
	doi = {10.1007/s40264-013-0083-1},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: An updated probabilistic causality assessment method and the Liverpool algorithm presented as an improved version of the Naranjo algorithm, one of the most used and accepted causality assessment methods, have recently been proposed.
OBJECTIVE: In order to test the validity of the probabilistic method in routine pharmacovigilance, results provided by the Naranjo and Liverpool algorithms, as well as the updated probabilistic method, were each compared with a consensual expert judgement taken as reference.
METHODS: A sample of 59 drug-event pairs randomly sampled from spontaneous reports to the French pharmacovigilance system was assessed by expert judgement until reaching consensus and by members of a pharmacovigilance unit using the updated probabilistic method, the Naranjo and Liverpool algorithms. Probabilities given by the probabilistic method, and categories obtained by both the Naranjo and the Liverpool algorithms were compared as well as their sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values.
RESULTS: The median probability for drug causation given by the consensual expert judgement was 0.70 (inter-quartile range, IQR 0.54-0.84) versus 0.77 (IQR 0.54-0.91) for the probabilistic method. For the Naranjo algorithm, the 'possible' causality category was predominant (61 \%), followed by 'probable' (35 \%), 'doubtful', and 'almost certain' categories (2 \% each). Category distribution obtained with the Liverpool algorithm was similar to that obtained by the Naranjo algorithm with a majority of 'possible' (61 \%) and 'probable' (30 \%) followed by 'definite' (7 \%) and 'unlikely' (2 \%). For the probabilistic method, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were 0.96, 0.56, 0.92 and 0.71, respectively. For the Naranjo algorithm, depending on whether the 'possible' category was considered in favour or in disfavour of drug causation, sensitivity was, respectively, 1 or 0.42, specificity 0.11 or 0.89, negative predictive value 1 or 0.22 and positive predictive value 0.86 or 0.95; results were identical for the Liverpool algorithm.
CONCLUSION: The logistic probabilistic method gave results closer to the consensual expert judgment than either the Naranjo or Liverpool algorithms whose performance were strongly dependent on the meaning given to the 'possible' category. Owing to its good sensitivity and positive predictive value and by providing results as continuous probabilities, the probabilistic method seems worthy to use for a trustable assessment of adverse drug reactions in routine practice.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Drug Safety},
	author = {Théophile, Hélène and André, Manon and Miremont-Salamé, Ghada and Arimone, Yannick and Bégaud, Bernard},
	month = oct,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23828659},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Algorithms, Child, Preschool, Consensus, Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions, Expert Testimony, Female, France, Humans, Infant, Judgment, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Pharmacovigilance, Sensitivity and Specificity},
	pages = {1033--1044}
}

@article{cornish_socio-economic_2013,
	title = {Socio-economic position and childhood multimorbidity: a study using linkage between the {Avon} {Longitudinal} {Study} of {Parents} and {Children} and the {General} {Practice} {Research} {Database}},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1475-9276},
	shorttitle = {Socio-economic position and childhood multimorbidity},
	doi = {10.1186/1475-9276-12-66},
	abstract = {INTRODUCTION: In adults, multimorbidity is associated with social position. Socially disadvantaged adults typically experience more chronic illness at a younger age than comparable individuals who are more advantaged. The relation between social position and multimorbidity amongst children and adolescents has not been as widely studied and is less clear.
METHODS: The NHS Information Centre (NHS IC) linked participants in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) to the General Practice Research Database (GPRD). Multimorbidity was measured in three different ways: using a count of the number of drugs prescribed, a count of chronic diseases, and a person's predicted resource use score; the latter two measures were derived using the Johns Hopkins ACG system. A number of different socio-economic position variables measured as part of ALSPAC during pregnancy and early childhood were considered. Ordered logistic and negative binomial regression models were used to investigate associations between socio-economic variables and multimorbidity.
RESULTS: After mutually adjusting for the different markers of socio-economic position, there was evidence, albeit weak, that chronic condition counts among children aged from 0 to 9 years were higher among those whose mothers were less well educated (OR = 0.44; 95\% confidence interval 0.18-1.10; p = 0.08). Conversely, children whose mothers were better educated had higher rates of chronic illness between 10 and 18 years (OR = 1.94; 95\% CI 1.14-3.30). However, living in a more deprived area, as indicated by the Townsend score, was associated with a higher odds of chronic illness between 10 and 18 years (OR for each increasing decile of Townsend score = 1.09; 95\% CI 1.00-1.19; p = 0.06).
CONCLUSIONS: We have found some evidence that, in younger children, multimorbidity may be higher amongst children whose parents are less well educated. In older children and adolescents this association is less clear. We have also demonstrated that linkage between prospective observational studies and electronic patient records can provide an effective way of obtaining objectively measured outcome variables.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {International Journal for Equity in Health},
	author = {Cornish, Rosie P. and Boyd, Andy and Van Staa, Tjeerd and Salisbury, Chris and Macleod, John},
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23962118},
	pmcid = {PMC3751770},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Chronic Disease, Comorbidity, Drug Prescriptions, Educational Status, Family Practice, Female, Great Britain, Humans, Infant, Male, Parents, Regression Analysis, Socioeconomic Factors},
	pages = {66}
}

Paper  doi  bibtex   

@article{noauthor_myopia_2013,
	title = {Myopia {Stabilization} and {Associated} {Factors} {Among} {Participants} in the {Correction} of {Myopia} {Evaluation} {Trial} ({COMET})},
	volume = {54},
	issn = {1552-5783},
	url = {http://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?doi=10.1167/iovs.13-12403},
	doi = {10.1167/iovs.13-12403},
	language = {en},
	number = {13},
	urldate = {2018-03-28TZ},
	journal = {Investigative Opthalmology \& Visual Science},
	month = dec,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Aging, Child, Child, Preschool, Ethnic Groups, Eyeglasses, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Gompertz function, Humans, Male, Myopia, Prevalence, Prospective Studies, Refraction, Ocular, Treatment Outcome, United States, associated factors, myopia, myopia progression, myopia stabilization},
	pages = {7871}
}

@article{hall_observational_2013,
	title = {An observational descriptive study of the epidemiology and treatment of neuropathic pain in a {UK} general population},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1471-2296},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2296-14-28},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: This study updated our knowledge of UK primary care neuropathic pain incidence rates and prescribing practices.
METHODS: Patients with a first diagnosis of post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN), painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) or phantom limb pain (PLP) were identified from the General Practice Research Database (2006 - 2010) and incidence rates were calculated. Prescription records were searched for pain treatments from diagnosis of these conditions and the duration and daily dose estimated for first-line and subsequent treatment regimens. Recording of neuropathic back and post-operative pain was investigated.
RESULTS: The study included 5,920 patients with PHN, 5,340 with PDN, and 185 with PLP. The incidence per 10,000 person-years was 3.4 (95\% CI 3.4, 3.5) for PHN; and 0.11 (95\% CI 0.09, 0.12) for PLP. Validation of the PDN case definition suggested that was not sensitive. Incident PHN increased over the study period. The most common first-line treatments were amitriptyline or gabapentin in the PDN and PLP cohorts, and amitriptyline or co-codamol (codeine-paracetamol) in PHN. Paracetamol, co-dydramol (paracetamol-dihydrocodeine) and capsaicin were also often prescribed in one or more condition. Most first-line treatments comprised only one therapeutic class. Use of antiepileptics licensed for neuropathic pain treatment had increased since 2002-2005. Amitriptyline was the only antidepressant prescribed commonly as a first-line treatment.
CONCLUSION: The UK incidence of diagnosed PHN has increased with the incidence of back-pain and post-operative pain unclear. While use of licensed antiepileptics increased, prescribing of therapy with little evidence of efficacy in neuropathic pain is still common and consequently treatment was often not in-line with current guidance.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {BMC family practice},
	author = {Hall, Gillian C. and Morant, Steve V. and Carroll, Dawn and Gabriel, Zahava L. and McQuay, Henry J.},
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23442783},
	pmcid = {PMC3599764},
	keywords = {Acetaminophen, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Amines, Amitriptyline, Analgesics, Non-Narcotic, Analgesics, Opioid, Anticonvulsants, Capsaicin, Child, Child, Preschool, Codeine, Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids, Diabetic Neuropathies, Drug Combinations, Drug Prescriptions, Female, Great Britain, Humans, Hydrocodone, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Neuralgia, Postherpetic, Phantom Limb, Physician's Practice Patterns, Primary Health Care, Sensory System Agents, Young Adult, gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, incidence},
	pages = {28}
}

@article{restrepo_multimodality_2013,
	title = {Multimodality imaging of vascular anomalies},
	volume = {43 Suppl 1},
	issn = {1432-1998},
	doi = {10.1007/s00247-012-2584-y},
	abstract = {Vascular malformations and hemangiomas are common in children but remain a source of confusion during diagnosis, in part because of the lack of a uniform terminology. With the existing treatments for hemangiomas and vascular malformations, it is important to make the correct diagnosis initially to prevent adverse physical and emotional sequelae in not only the child but also the family. The diagnosis of vascular malformations is made primarily by the clinician and based on the physical exam. Imaging is carried out using predominantly ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which are complementary modalities. In most cases of vascular anomalies, US is the first line of imaging as it is readily available, less expensive, lacks ionizing radiation and does not require sedation. MRI is also of great help for further characterizing the lesions. Conventional arteriography is reserved for cases that require therapeutic intervention, more commonly for arteriovenous malformations. Radiographs usually play no role in diagnosing vascular anomalies in children. In this article, the author describes the terminology and types of hemangiomas and vascular malformations and their clinical, histological features, as well as the imaging approach and appearance.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {Pediatric Radiology},
	author = {Restrepo, Ricardo},
	month = mar,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23478930},
	note = {00009 },
	keywords = {Child, Child, Preschool, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Hemangioma, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Magnetic Resonance Angiography, Male, Subtraction Technique, ultrasonography, vascular malformations},
	pages = {S141--154}
}

@article{tsang_cancer_2013,
	title = {Cancer diagnosed by emergency admission in {England}: an observational study using the general practice research database},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1472-6963},
	shorttitle = {Cancer diagnosed by emergency admission in {England}},
	doi = {10.1186/1472-6963-13-308},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Patients diagnosed with cancer by the emergency route often have more advanced diseases and poorer outcomes. Rates of cancer diagnosed through unplanned admissions vary within and between countries, suggesting potential inconsistencies in the quality of care. To reduce diagnoses by this route and improve patient outcomes, high risk patient groups must be identified. This cross-sectional observational study determined the incidence of first-ever diagnoses of cancer by emergency (unplanned) admission and identified patient-level risk factors for these diagnoses in England.
METHODS: Data for 74,763 randomly selected patients at 457 general practices between 1999 and 2008 were obtained from the General Practice Research Database (GPRD), including integrated Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) data and Office for National Statistics (ONS) mortality data. The proportion of first-ever diagnoses by emergency admission out of all recorded first cancer diagnoses by any route was analysed by patient characteristics.
RESULTS: Diagnosis by emergency admission was recorded in 13.9\% of patients diagnosed with cancer for the first time (n = 817/5870). The incidence of first cases by the emergency route was 2.51 patients per 10,000 person years. In adjusted regression analyses, patients of older age (p {\textless} 0.0001), living in the most deprived areas (RR 1.93, 95\% CI 1.51 to 2.47; p {\textless} 0.0001) or who had a total Charlson score of 1 compared to 0 (RR 1.34, 95\% CI 1.06 to 1.69; p = 0.014) were most at risk of diagnosis by emergency admission. Patients with more prior (all-cause) emergency admissions were less at risk of subsequent diagnosis by the emergency route (RR 0.31 per prior emergency admission, 95\% CI 0.20 to 0.46; p {\textless} 0.0001).
CONCLUSIONS: A much lower incidence of first-ever cancer diagnoses by emergency admission was found compared with previous studies. Identified high risk groups may benefit from interventions to reduce delayed diagnosis. Further studies should include screening and cancer staging data to improve understanding of delayed or untimely diagnosis and patient care pathways.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {BMC health services research},
	author = {Tsang, Carmen and Bottle, Alex and Majeed, Azeem and Aylin, Paul},
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23941140},
	pmcid = {PMC3751722},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Confidence Intervals, Cross-Sectional Studies, Databases, Factual, Emergency Service, Hospital, England, Female, General Practice, Humans, Infant, Male, Medical Audit, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Patient Admission, Poisson Distribution, Qualitative Research, Risk Factors, Young Adult},
	pages = {308}
}

@article{schneider_antimalarial_2013,
	title = {Antimalarial chemoprophylaxis and the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1873-0442},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tmaid.2013.02.008},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Case reports and epidemiological studies have associated the use of mefloquine with neuropsychiatric adverse events.
METHODS: We used the General Practice Research Database to conduct a follow-up study with a nested case-control analysis. We assessed the risk of developing first-time anxiety, stress-related disorders/psychosis, depression, epilepsy or peripheral neuropathies in patients using mefloquine, chloroquine and/or proguanil, or atovaquone/proguanil for malaria chemoprophylaxis, as compared to unexposed travelers.
RESULTS: Compared to non-users of antimalarials, the adjusted odds ratio in the nested case-control analysis for users of mefloquine, chloroquine and/or proguanil, or atovaquone/proguanil were 0.71 (95\% CI 0.56-0.90), 1.04 (95\% CI 0.74-1.46), and 0.73 (95\% CI 0.61-0.86) for anxiety or stress-related disorders combined, 0.54 (95\% CI 0.41-0.71), 1.06 (95\% CI 0.71-1.59), and 0.75 (95\% CI 0.62-0.91) for depression, 0.69 (95\% CI 0.35-1.36), 1.41 (95\% CI 0.54-3.67), and 0.75 (95\% CI 0.42-1.36) for epilepsy, and 1.22 (95\% CI 0.50-2.99), 1.59 (95\% CI 0.41-6.15), and 1.05 (95\% CI 0.54-2.03) for neuropathies, respectively. The risk of all outcomes was higher in females than in males across all exposure categories.
CONCLUSIONS: The risk of neuropsychiatric disorders was similar for users and for non-users of anti-malarial chemoprophylaxis, with evidence for elevated risks in some subgroups.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease},
	author = {Schneider, Cornelia and Adamcova, Miriam and Jick, Susan S. and Schlagenhauf, Patricia and Miller, Mary K. and Rhein, Hans-Georg and Meier, Christoph R.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23541791},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Antimalarials, Chemoprevention, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Great Britain, Humans, Infant, Malaria, Male, Mental Disorders, Middle Aged, Odds Ratio, Risk, Travel, incidence},
	pages = {71--80}
}

@article{dung_validation_2013,
	title = {The validation and utility of a quantitative one-step multiplex {RT} real-time {PCR}  targeting rotavirus {A} and norovirus.},
	volume = {187},
	copyright = {Copyright (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {1879-0984 0166-0934},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.09.021},
	abstract = {Rotavirus (RoV) and Norovirus (NoV) are the main causes of viral gastroenteritis. Currently, there is no validated multiplex real-time PCR that can detect and quantify RoV and NoV simultaneously. The aim of the study was to develop, validate, and internally control a multiplex one-step RT real-time PCR to detect  and quantify RoV and NoV in stool samples. PCR sensitivity was assessed by comparing amplification against the current gold standard, enzyme immunoassay (EIA), on stool samples from 94 individuals with diarrhea and 94 individuals without diarrhea. PCR detected 10\% more RoV positive samples than EIA in stools samples from patients with diarrhea. PCR detected 23\% more NoV genogroup II positive samples from individuals with diarrhea and 9\% more from individuals without diarrhea than EIA, respectively. Genotyping of the PCR positive/EIA negative samples suggested the higher rate of PCR positivity, in comparison to EIA, was due to increased sensitivity, rather than nonspecific hybridization. Quantitation demonstrated that the viral loads of RoV and NoV in the stools of diarrheal patients were an order of magnitude greater than in individuals without diarrhea. This internally controlled real-time PCR method is robust, exhibits a high degree of reproducibility, and may have a greater utility and sensitivity than commercial EIA kits.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of virological methods},
	author = {Dung, Tran Thi Ngoc and Phat, Voong Vinh and Nga, Tran Vu Thieu and My, Phan Vu Tra and Duy, Pham Thanh and Campbell, James I. and Thuy, Cao Thu and Hoang, Nguyen Van Minh and Van Minh, Pham and Le Phuc, Hoang and Tuyet, Pham Thi Ngoc and Vinh, Ha and Kien, Duong Thi Hue and Huy, Huynh Le Anh and Vinh, Nguyen Thanh and Nga, Tran Thi Thu and Hau, Nguyen Thi Thu and Chinh, Nguyen Tran and Thuong, Tang Chi and Tuan, Ha Manh and Simmons, Cameron and Farrar, Jeremy J. and Baker, Stephen},
	month = jan,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23046990},
	pmcid = {PMC3528950},
	keywords = {*Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction, *Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Caliciviridae Infections/*diagnosis/virology, Child, Preschool, Diarrhea/diagnosis/virology, Feces/virology, Gastroenteritis/diagnosis/genetics, Genotype, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Norovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification, RNA, Viral/analysis, Reproducibility of Results, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Rotavirus Infections/*diagnosis/virology, Rotavirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification},
	pages = {138--143},
}

@article{spoendlin_study_2012,
	title = {A study on the epidemiology of rosacea in the {U}.{K}},
	volume = {167},
	issn = {1365-2133},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11037.x},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Rosacea is a chronic facial skin disease of unclear origin. Epidemiological data are scarce and controversial, with reported prevalences ranging from 0·09\% to 22\%. To our knowledge, incidence rates have not been quantified before.
OBJECTIVES: In this observational study we quantified incidence rates of diagnosed rosacea in the U.K. and described demographic characteristics and the prevalence of ocular symptoms in patients with rosacea. We compared lifestyle factors such as smoking and alcohol consumption between patients with rosacea and controls.
METHODS: Using the U.K.-based General Practice Research Database, we identified patients with an incident diagnosis of rosacea between 1995 and 2009 and matched them (1:1) to rosacea-free control patients. We assessed person-time of all patients at risk and assessed incidence rates of rosacea, stratified by age, sex, year of diagnosis and region.
RESULTS: We identified 60,042 rosacea cases and 60,042 controls (61·5\% women). The overall incidence rate for diagnosed rosacea in the U.K. was 1·65 per 1000 person-years. Rosacea was diagnosed in some 80\% of cases after the age of 30 years. Ocular symptoms were recorded in 20·8\% of cases at the index date. We observed a significantly reduced relative risk of developing rosacea among current smokers (odds ratio 0·64, 95\% confidence interval 0·62-0·67). Alcohol consumption was associated with a marginal risk increase.
CONCLUSIONS: We quantified incidence rates and characteristics of patients with rosacea diagnosed in clinical practice in a large epidemiological study using primary care data from the U.K. Smoking was associated with a substantially reduced risk of developing rosacea.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {The British Journal of Dermatology},
	author = {Spoendlin, J. and Voegel, J. J. and Jick, S. S. and Meier, C. R.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22564022},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alcohol Drinking, Child, Child, Preschool, Diagnosis, Differential, Epidemiologic Methods, Female, Great Britain, Humans, Infant, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Rosacea, Smoking, Young Adult, incidence},
	pages = {598--605}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Proton therapy for spinal ependymomas: planning, acute toxicities, and preliminary outcomes.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2012},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Adolescent,Child,Child, Preschool,Disease-Free Survival,Ependymoma,Ependymoma: pathology,Ependymoma: radiotherapy,Ependymoma: surgery,Erythema,Erythema: etiology,Erythema: pathology,Fatigue,Fatigue: etiology,Female,Follow-Up Studies,Humans,Infant,Male,Neoplasm Recurrence, Local,Neoplasm Recurrence, Local: radiotherapy,Protons,Protons: adverse effects,Protons: therapeutic use,Radiation Injuries,Radiotherapy Dosage,Spinal Neoplasms,Spinal Neoplasms: pathology,Spinal Neoplasms: radiotherapy,Spinal Neoplasms: surgery,Survival Rate,Treatment Outcome,Tumor Burden},
 pages = {1419-24},
 volume = {83},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22245209},
 month = {8},
 publisher = {Elsevier Inc},
 day = {1},
 id = {ba888ca5-70c7-39d5-946d-244183b6d8d3},
 created = {2014-03-15T18:24:10.000Z},
 accessed = {2014-03-04},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {8c4ca2d5-86de-3b5d-86be-8408415f34e0},
 group_id = {a484ae4c-fcac-3c7e-9ac3-3fad0df719a2},
 last_modified = {2014-12-29T19:36:51.000Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 abstract = {PURPOSE: To report acute toxicities and preliminary outcomes for pediatric patients with ependymomas of the spine treated with proton beam therapy at the MD Anderson Cancer Center.

METHODS AND MATERIALS: Eight pediatric patients received proton beam irradiation between October 2006 and September 2010 for spinal ependymomas. Toxicity data were collected weekly during radiation therapy and all follow-up visits. Toxicities were graded according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0.

RESULTS: All patients had surgical resection of the tumor before irradiation (7 subtotal resection and 1 gross total resection). Six patients had World Health Organization Grade I ependymomas, and two had World Health Organization Grade II ependymomas. Patients had up to 3 surgical interventions before radiation therapy (range, 1-3; median, 1). Three patients received proton therapy after recurrence and five as part of their primary management. The entire vertebral body was treated in all but 2 patients. The mean radiation dose was 51.1 cobalt gray equivalents (range, 45 to 54 cobalt gray equivalents). With a mean follow-up of 26 months from the radiation therapy start date (range, 7-51 months), local control, event-free survival, and overall survival rates were all 100%. The most common toxicities during treatment were Grade 1 or 2 erythema (75%) and Grade 1 fatigue (38%). No patients had a Grade 3 or higher adverse event. Proton therapy dramatically reduced dose to all normal tissues anterior to the vertebral bodies in comparison to photon therapy.

CONCLUSION: Preliminary outcomes show the expected control rates with favorable acute toxicity profiles. Proton beam therapy offers a powerful treatment option in the pediatric population, where adverse events related to radiation exposure are of concern. Extended follow-up will be required to assess for late recurrences and long-term adverse effects.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Amsbaugh, Mark J and Grosshans, David R and McAleer, Mary Frances and Zhu, Ron and Wages, Cody and Crawford, Cody N and Palmer, Matthew and De Gracia, Beth and Woo, Shiao and Mahajan, Anita},
 journal = {International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics},
 number = {5}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines: A systematic review and meta-analysis},
 type = {article},
 year = {2012},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Vaccine effectiveness},
 pages = {36-44},
 volume = {12},
 id = {0f707827-12dc-3fde-a01c-bef2cbdbbf77},
 created = {2015-09-09T15:56:50.000Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {7a0fec24-6ec6-312f-956e-f210abd2cdb7},
 group_id = {943817ab-6073-3383-a1c5-963a6e7efbea},
 last_modified = {2015-09-14T21:03:56.000Z},
 tags = {VDECGA,VDECICIDFLUREV,VDECVE},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 abstract = {Background: No published meta-analyses have assessed efficacy and effectiveness of licensed influenza vaccines in the USA with sensitive and highly specific diagnostic tests to confirm influenza. Methods: We searched Medline for randomised controlled trials assessing a relative reduction in influenza risk of all circulating influenza viruses during individual seasons after vaccination (efficacy) and observational studies meeting inclusion criteria (effectiveness). Eligible articles were published between Jan 1, 1967, and Feb 15, 2011, and used RT-PCR or culture for confirmation of influenza. We excluded some studies on the basis of study design and vaccine characteristics. We estimated random-effects pooled efficacy for trivalent inactivated vaccine (TIV) and live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) when data were available for statistical analysis (eg, at least three studies that assessed comparable age groups). Findings: We screened 5707 articles and identified 31 eligible studies (17 randomised controlled trials and 14 observational studies). Efficacy of TIV was shown in eight (67%) of the 12 seasons analysed in ten randomised controlled trials (pooled efficacy 59% [95% CI 51-67] in adults aged 18-65 years). No such trials met inclusion criteria for children aged 2-17 years or adults aged 65 years or older. Efficacy of LAIV was shown in nine (75%) of the 12 seasons analysed in ten randomised controlled trials (pooled efficacy 83% [69-91]) in children aged 6 months to 7 years. No such trials met inclusion criteria for children aged 8-17 years. Vaccine effectiveness was variable for seasonal influenza: six (35%) of 17 analyses in nine studies showed significant protection against medically attended influenza in the outpatient or inpatient setting. Median monovalent pandemic H1N1 vaccine effectiveness in five observational studies was 69% (range 60-93). Interpretation: Influenza vaccines can provide moderate protection against virologically confirmed influenza, but such protection is greatly reduced or absent in some seasons. Evidence for protection in adults aged 65 years or older is lacking. LAIVs consistently show highest efficacy in young children (aged 6 months to 7 years). New vaccines with improved clinical efficacy and effectiveness are needed to further reduce influenza-related morbidity and mortality. Funding: Alfred P Sloan Foundation. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Osterholm, Michael T. and Kelley, Nicholas S. and Sommer, Alfred and Belongia, Edward a.},
 journal = {The Lancet Infectious Diseases},
 number = {1}
}

@article{vos_years_2012,
	title = {Years lived with disability ({YLDs}) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: {A} systematic analysis for the {Global} {Burden} of {Disease} {Study} 2010.},
	volume = {380},
	issn = {1474-547X},
	shorttitle = {Years lived with disability ({YLDs}) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010},
	doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Non-fatal health outcomes from diseases and injuries are a crucial consideration in the promotion and monitoring of individual and population health. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) studies done in 1990 and 2000 have been the only studies to quantify non-fatal health outcomes across an exhaustive set of disorders at the global and regional level. Neither effort quantified uncertainty in prevalence or years lived with disability (YLDs).
METHODS: Of the 291 diseases and injuries in the GBD cause list, 289 cause disability. For 1160 sequelae of the 289 diseases and injuries, we undertook a systematic analysis of prevalence, incidence, remission, duration, and excess mortality. Sources included published studies, case notification, population-based cancer registries, other disease registries, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, hospital discharge data, ambulatory care data, household surveys, other surveys, and cohort studies. For most sequelae, we used a Bayesian meta-regression method, DisMod-MR, designed to address key limitations in descriptive epidemiological data, including missing data, inconsistency, and large methodological variation between data sources. For some disorders, we used natural history models, geospatial models, back-calculation models (models calculating incidence from population mortality rates and case fatality), or registration completeness models (models adjusting for incomplete registration with health-system access and other covariates). Disability weights for 220 unique health states were used to capture the severity of health loss. YLDs by cause at age, sex, country, and year levels were adjusted for comorbidity with simulation methods. We included uncertainty estimates at all stages of the analysis.
FINDINGS: Global prevalence for all ages combined in 2010 across the 1160 sequelae ranged from fewer than one case per 1 million people to 350,000 cases per 1 million people. Prevalence and severity of health loss were weakly correlated (correlation coefficient -0·37). In 2010, there were 777 million YLDs from all causes, up from 583 million in 1990. The main contributors to global YLDs were mental and behavioural disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, and diabetes or endocrine diseases. The leading specific causes of YLDs were much the same in 2010 as they were in 1990: low back pain, major depressive disorder, iron-deficiency anaemia, neck pain, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, anxiety disorders, migraine, diabetes, and falls. Age-specific prevalence of YLDs increased with age in all regions and has decreased slightly from 1990 to 2010. Regional patterns of the leading causes of YLDs were more similar compared with years of life lost due to premature mortality. Neglected tropical diseases, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and anaemia were important causes of YLDs in sub-Saharan Africa.
INTERPRETATION: Rates of YLDs per 100,000 people have remained largely constant over time but rise steadily with age. Population growth and ageing have increased YLD numbers and crude rates over the past two decades. Prevalences of the most common causes of YLDs, such as mental and behavioural disorders and musculoskeletal disorders, have not decreased. Health systems will need to address the needs of the rising numbers of individuals with a range of disorders that largely cause disability but not mortality. Quantification of the burden of non-fatal health outcomes will be crucial to understand how well health systems are responding to these challenges. Effective and affordable strategies to deal with this rising burden are an urgent priority for health systems in most parts of the world.
FUNDING: Bill \& Melinda Gates Foundation.},
	language = {ENG},
	number = {9859},
	journal = {Lancet (London, England)},
	author = {Vos, Theo and Flaxman, Abraham D. and Naghavi, Mohsen and Lozano, Rafael and Michaud, Catherine and Ezzati, Majid and Shibuya, Kenji and Salomon, Joshua A. and Abdalla, Safa and Aboyans, Victor and Abraham, Jerry and Ackerman, Ilana and Aggarwal, Rakesh and Ahn, Stephanie Y. and Ali, Mohammed K. and Alvarado, Miriam and Anderson, H. Ross and Anderson, Laurie M. and Andrews, Kathryn G. and Atkinson, Charles and Baddour, Larry M. and Bahalim, Adil N. and Barker-Collo, Suzanne and Barrero, Lope H. and Bartels, David H. and Basáñez, Maria-Gloria and Baxter, Amanda and Bell, Michelle L. and Benjamin, Emelia J. and Bennett, Derrick and Bernabé, Eduardo and Bhalla, Kavi and Bhandari, Bishal and Bikbov, Boris and Bin Abdulhak, Aref and Birbeck, Gretchen and Black, James A. and Blencowe, Hannah and Blore, Jed D. and Blyth, Fiona and Bolliger, Ian and Bonaventure, Audrey and Boufous, Soufiane and Bourne, Rupert and Boussinesq, Michel and Braithwaite, Tasanee and Brayne, Carol and Bridgett, Lisa and Brooker, Simon and Brooks, Peter and Brugha, Traolach S. and Bryan-Hancock, Claire and Bucello, Chiara and Buchbinder, Rachelle and Buckle, Geoffrey and Budke, Christine M. and Burch, Michael and Burney, Peter and Burstein, Roy and Calabria, Bianca and Campbell, Benjamin and Canter, Charles E. and Carabin, Hélène and Carapetis, Jonathan and Carmona, Loreto and Cella, Claudia and Charlson, Fiona and Chen, Honglei and Cheng, Andrew Tai-Ann and Chou, David and Chugh, Sumeet S. and Coffeng, Luc E. and Colan, Steven D. and Colquhoun, Samantha and Colson, K. Ellicott and Condon, John and Connor, Myles D. and Cooper, Leslie T. and Corriere, Matthew and Cortinovis, Monica and de Vaccaro, Karen Courville and Couser, William and Cowie, Benjamin C. and Criqui, Michael H. and Cross, Marita and Dabhadkar, Kaustubh C. and Dahiya, Manu and Dahodwala, Nabila and Damsere-Derry, James and Danaei, Goodarz and Davis, Adrian and De Leo, Diego and Degenhardt, Louisa and Dellavalle, Robert and Delossantos, Allyne and Denenberg, Julie and Derrett, Sarah and Des Jarlais, Don C. and Dharmaratne, Samath D. and Dherani, Mukesh and Diaz-Torne, Cesar and Dolk, Helen and Dorsey, E. Ray and Driscoll, Tim and Duber, Herbert and Ebel, Beth and Edmond, Karen and Elbaz, Alexis and Ali, Suad Eltahir and Erskine, Holly and Erwin, Patricia J. and Espindola, Patricia and Ewoigbokhan, Stalin E. and Farzadfar, Farshad and Feigin, Valery and Felson, David T. and Ferrari, Alize and Ferri, Cleusa P. and Fèvre, Eric M. and Finucane, Mariel M. and Flaxman, Seth and Flood, Louise and Foreman, Kyle and Forouzanfar, Mohammad H. and Fowkes, Francis Gerry R. and Franklin, Richard and Fransen, Marlene and Freeman, Michael K. and Gabbe, Belinda J. and Gabriel, Sherine E. and Gakidou, Emmanuela and Ganatra, Hammad A. and Garcia, Bianca and Gaspari, Flavio and Gillum, Richard F. and Gmel, Gerhard and Gosselin, Richard and Grainger, Rebecca and Groeger, Justina and Guillemin, Francis and Gunnell, David and Gupta, Ramyani and Haagsma, Juanita and Hagan, Holly and Halasa, Yara A. and Hall, Wayne and Haring, Diana and Haro, Josep Maria and Harrison, James E. and Havmoeller, Rasmus and Hay, Roderick J. and Higashi, Hideki and Hill, Catherine and Hoen, Bruno and Hoffman, Howard and Hotez, Peter J. and Hoy, Damian and Huang, John J. and Ibeanusi, Sydney E. and Jacobsen, Kathryn H. and James, Spencer L. and Jarvis, Deborah and Jasrasaria, Rashmi and Jayaraman, Sudha and Johns, Nicole and Jonas, Jost B. and Karthikeyan, Ganesan and Kassebaum, Nicholas and Kawakami, Norito and Keren, Andre and Khoo, Jon-Paul and King, Charles H. and Knowlton, Lisa Marie and Kobusingye, Olive and Koranteng, Adofo and Krishnamurthi, Rita and Lalloo, Ratilal and Laslett, Laura L. and Lathlean, Tim and Leasher, Janet L. and Lee, Yong Yi and Leigh, James and Lim, Stephen S. and Limb, Elizabeth and Lin, John Kent and Lipnick, Michael and Lipshultz, Steven E. and Liu, Wei and Loane, Maria and Ohno, Summer Lockett and Lyons, Ronan and Ma, Jixiang and Mabweijano, Jacqueline and MacIntyre, Michael F. and Malekzadeh, Reza and Mallinger, Leslie and Manivannan, Sivabalan and Marcenes, Wagner and March, Lyn and Margolis, David J. and Marks, Guy B. and Marks, Robin and Matsumori, Akira and Matzopoulos, Richard and Mayosi, Bongani M. and McAnulty, John H. and McDermott, Mary M. and McGill, Neil and McGrath, John and Medina-Mora, Maria Elena and Meltzer, Michele and Mensah, George A. and Merriman, Tony R. and Meyer, Ana-Claire and Miglioli, Valeria and Miller, Matthew and Miller, Ted R. and Mitchell, Philip B. and Mocumbi, Ana Olga and Moffitt, Terrie E. and Mokdad, Ali A. and Monasta, Lorenzo and Montico, Marcella and Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar and Moran, Andrew and Morawska, Lidia and Mori, Rintaro and Murdoch, Michele E. and Mwaniki, Michael K. and Naidoo, Kovin and Nair, M. Nathan and Naldi, Luigi and Narayan, K. M. Venkat and Nelson, Paul K. and Nelson, Robert G. and Nevitt, Michael C. and Newton, Charles R. and Nolte, Sandra and Norman, Paul and Norman, Rosana and O'Donnell, Martin and O'Hanlon, Simon and Olives, Casey and Omer, Saad B. and Ortblad, Katrina and Osborne, Richard and Ozgediz, Doruk and Page, Andrew and Pahari, Bishnu and Pandian, Jeyaraj Durai and Rivero, Andrea Panozo and Patten, Scott B. and Pearce, Neil and Padilla, Rogelio Perez and Perez-Ruiz, Fernando and Perico, Norberto and Pesudovs, Konrad and Phillips, David and Phillips, Michael R. and Pierce, Kelsey and Pion, Sébastien and Polanczyk, Guilherme V. and Polinder, Suzanne and Pope, C. Arden and Popova, Svetlana and Porrini, Esteban and Pourmalek, Farshad and Prince, Martin and Pullan, Rachel L. and Ramaiah, Kapa D. and Ranganathan, Dharani and Razavi, Homie and Regan, Mathilda and Rehm, Jürgen T. and Rein, David B. and Remuzzi, Guiseppe and Richardson, Kathryn and Rivara, Frederick P. and Roberts, Thomas and Robinson, Carolyn and De Leòn, Felipe Rodriguez and Ronfani, Luca and Room, Robin and Rosenfeld, Lisa C. and Rushton, Lesley and Sacco, Ralph L. and Saha, Sukanta and Sampson, Uchechukwu and Sanchez-Riera, Lidia and Sanman, Ella and Schwebel, David C. and Scott, James Graham and Segui-Gomez, Maria and Shahraz, Saeid and Shepard, Donald S. and Shin, Hwashin and Shivakoti, Rupak and Singh, David and Singh, Gitanjali M. and Singh, Jasvinder A. and Singleton, Jessica and Sleet, David A. and Sliwa, Karen and Smith, Emma and Smith, Jennifer L. and Stapelberg, Nicolas J. C. and Steer, Andrew and Steiner, Timothy and Stolk, Wilma A. and Stovner, Lars Jacob and Sudfeld, Christopher and Syed, Sana and Tamburlini, Giorgio and Tavakkoli, Mohammad and Taylor, Hugh R. and Taylor, Jennifer A. and Taylor, William J. and Thomas, Bernadette and Thomson, W. Murray and Thurston, George D. and Tleyjeh, Imad M. and Tonelli, Marcello and Towbin, Jeffrey A. and Truelsen, Thomas and Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis K. and Ubeda, Clotilde and Undurraga, Eduardo A. and van der Werf, Marieke J. and van Os, Jim and Vavilala, Monica S. and Venketasubramanian, N. and Wang, Mengru and Wang, Wenzhi and Watt, Kerrianne and Weatherall, David J. and Weinstock, Martin A. and Weintraub, Robert and Weisskopf, Marc G. and Weissman, Myrna M. and White, Richard A. and Whiteford, Harvey and Wiersma, Steven T. and Wilkinson, James D. and Williams, Hywel C. and Williams, Sean R. M. and Witt, Emma and Wolfe, Frederick and Woolf, Anthony D. and Wulf, Sarah and Yeh, Pon-Hsiu and Zaidi, Anita K. M. and Zheng, Zhi-Jie and Zonies, David and Lopez, Alan D. and Murray, Christopher J. L. and AlMazroa, Mohammad A. and Memish, Ziad A.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {23245607},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Global Health, Health Status, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Sex Factors, Wounds and Injuries, Young Adult},
	pages = {2163--2196}
}

@article{simkiss_health_2012,
	title = {Health service use in families where children enter public care: a nested case control study using the {General} {Practice} {Research} {Database}},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1472-6963},
	shorttitle = {Health service use in families where children enter public care},
	doi = {10.1186/1472-6963-12-65},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: At least 3\% of children spend some of their childhood in public care and, as a group, have poor outcomes across a range of education, employment, health and social care outcomes. Research, using social care or government datasets, has identified a number of risk factors associated with children entering public care but the utility of risk factors in clinical practice is not established. This paper uses routine primary health care data to see if risk factors for children entering public care can be identified in clinical practice.
METHODS: A nested case control methodology using routine primary care data from the United Kingdom. Health service use data were extracted for the 12 months before the case child entered public care and compared with 12 months of data for four control mother child pairs per case pair, matched on the age and sex of the child and the general practice. Exposures of interest were developed from a systematic review of the literature on risk factors associated with children entering public care.
RESULTS: Conditional logistic regression was used to investigate the combined effect of more than one exposure of interest. Maternal mental illness (OR 2.51, 95\% CI 1.55-4.05), maternal age at birth of the child, socio-economic status (5(th) quintile vs. 1(st) quintile OR 7.14, 95\% CI 2.92-17.4), maternal drug use (OR 28.8, 95\% CI 2.29-363), non attendance at appointments (OR 2.42, 95\% CI 1.42-4.14), child mental illness (OR 2.65, 95\% CI 1.42-4.96) and child admission to hospital (OR 3.31, 95\% CI 1.21-9.02) were all significantly associated with children entering public care. Maternal use of primary care contraception services was negatively associated with children entering public care (OR 0.52, 95\% CI 0.31-0.87).
CONCLUSIONS: Differences in health service use can be identified from routine primary care data in mother child pairs where children enter public care after controlling for maternal age and socio-economic status. The interaction between different risk factors needs testing in a cumulative risk model using longitudinal datasets.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {BMC health services research},
	author = {Simkiss, Douglas E. and Spencer, Nicholas J. and Stallard, Nigel and Thorogood, Margaret},
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22424404},
	pmcid = {PMC3361673},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Case-Control Studies, Child, Child, Preschool, Databases, Factual, Family Health, Female, General Practice, Great Britain, Health Services Research, Hospitalization, Humans, Infant, Logistic Models, Male, Maternal Age, Maternal-Child Health Centers, Mental Disorders, Middle Aged, Mothers, Primary Health Care, Public Sector, Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Social Class, Young Adult},
	pages = {65}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Spinal cord ependymomas in children and adolescents.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2012},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Adjuvant,Adolescent,Brain Neoplasms,Brain Neoplasms: genetics,Brain Neoplasms: pathology,Brain Neoplasms: therapy,Chemoradiotherapy,Child,Ependymoma,Ependymoma: complications,Ependymoma: genetics,Ependymoma: pathology,Ependymoma: therapy,Humans,Infant,Neoplasm Staging,Neurofibromatosis 2,Neurofibromatosis 2: complications,Neurofibromatosis 2: therapy,Neurosurgical Procedures,Newborn,Preschool,Prognosis,Spinal Cord Neoplasms,Spinal Cord Neoplasms: complications,Spinal Cord Neoplasms: genetics,Spinal Cord Neoplasms: pathology,Spinal Cord Neoplasms: therapy},
 pages = {2017-28},
 volume = {28},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22961356},
 month = {12},
 id = {3e7f2bf5-e18c-3953-8743-88d1dc07815c},
 created = {2014-03-15T18:34:43.000Z},
 accessed = {2014-02-13},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {8c4ca2d5-86de-3b5d-86be-8408415f34e0},
 group_id = {a484ae4c-fcac-3c7e-9ac3-3fad0df719a2},
 last_modified = {2014-12-29T20:32:50.000Z},
 read = {true},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 abstract = {BACKGROUND: Spinal cord ependymomas are very rare among children and adolescents. Due to their rarity, our current knowledge of these tumors is based on case reports and few retrospective case series. METHODS: The present review summarizes the currently available literature on childhood spinal cord ependymomas. RESULTS: Although overall survival rates are favorable, relapse incidence is high, particularly in myxopapillary ependymomas. Since long-term follow-up data are provided in a limited number of studies only, the true relapse incidence is unknown. Maximal safe radical surgery is the backbone of treatment for children with spinal cord ependymomas, but the impact of adjuvant treatment on progression and survival is still unclear. Presently, the decision to initiate non-surgical treatment depends primarily on the WHO grade of the tumor and the extent of resection. In terms of the known side effects, early radiotherapy should be avoided in children with WHO grade II spinal cord ependymomas irrespective of the extent of resection but is indicated in anaplastic spinal cord ependymomas both after complete and incomplete resection. The high relapse incidence in myxopapillary ependymomas argue for the use of early radiotherapy, but its definitive impact on progression has to be proven in larger series. Close surveillance is important due to the high recurrence rate in all patients with spinal cord ependymomas. CONCLUSION: Prospective collection of both clinical and molecular data from a greater number of patients with spinal cord ependymomas within an international collaboration is the prerequisite to establish standardized management guidelines for these rare CNS tumors.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Benesch, Martin and Frappaz, Didier and Massimino, Maura},
 journal = {Child's nervous system},
 number = {12}
}

@article{ de_waure_economic_2012,
  title = {Economic value of influenza vaccination},
  volume = {8},
  issn = {2164-554X},
  doi = {10.4161/hv.8.1.18420},
  abstract = {Influenza epidemics are responsible for high mortality and morbidity rates in particular among elderly and high risk groups. This review is aimed at assessing the economic value of vaccination in these groups. A search of full economic evaluations of influenza vaccination in comparison with no interventions was performed on PubMed from January 1990 to May 2011. Only economic evaluations dealing with elderly and high risk groups were considered. The quality of selected articles was assessed through Drummond's checklist. Sixteen cost-effectiveness analyses and four cost-benefit analyses were included: overall, the quality of studies was fairly good. The vaccination was demonstrated to be cost-effective or cost-saving in almost all studies, independently by the perspective and the type of analysis. Influenza vaccination is a worthwhile intervention from the pharmacoeconomic view-point, anyway a standardization of methods should be desirable in order to guarantee the comparability and transferability of results.},
  language = {eng},
  number = {1},
  journal = {Human Vaccines \& Immunotherapeutics},
  author = {de Waure, Chiara and Veneziano, Maria Assunta and Cadeddu, Chiara and Capizzi, Silvio and Specchia, Maria Lucia and Capri, Stefano and Ricciardi, Walter},
  month = {January},
  year = {2012},
  pmid = {22251999},
  keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Europe, Female, Humans, Infant, Influenza Vaccines, Influenza, Human, Male, Middle Aged, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious, Risk, Vaccination, Young Adult},
  pages = {119--129}
}

@article{kelly_london_2011,
	title = {The {London} low emission zone baseline study},
	issn = {1041-5505},
	abstract = {On February 4, 2008, the world's largest low emission zone (LEZ) was established. At 2644 km2, the zone encompasses most of Greater London. It restricts the entry of the oldest and most polluting diesel vehicles, including heavy-goods vehicles (haulage trucks), buses and coaches, larger vans, and minibuses. It does not apply to cars or motorcycles. The LEZ scheme will introduce increasingly stringent Euro emissions standards over time. The creation of this zone presented a unique opportunity to estimate the effects of a stepwise reduction in vehicle emissions on air quality and health. Before undertaking such an investigation, robust baseline data were gathered on air quality and the oxidative activity and metal content of particulate matter (PM) from air pollution monitors located in Greater London. In addition, methods were developed for using databases of electronic primary-care records in order to evaluate the zone's health effects. Our study began in 2007, using information about the planned restrictions in an agreed-upon LEZ scenario and year-on-year changes in the vehicle fleet in models to predict air pollution concentrations in London for the years 2005, 2008, and 2010. Based on this detailed emissions and air pollution modeling, the areas in London were then identified that were expected to show the greatest changes in air pollution concentrations and population exposures after the implementation of the LEZ. Using these predictions, the best placement of a pollution monitoring network was determined and the feasibility of evaluating the health effects using electronic primary-care records was assessed. To measure baseline pollutant concentrations before the implementation of the LEZ, a comprehensive monitoring network was established close to major roadways and intersections. Output-difference plots from statistical modeling for 2010 indicated seven key areas likely to experience the greatest change in concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (at least 3 microg/m3) and of PM with an aerodynamic diameter {\textless} or = 10 microm (PM10) (at least 0.75 microg/m3) as a result of the LEZ; these suggested that the clearest signals of change were most likely to be measured near roadsides. The seven key areas were also likely to be of importance in carrying out a study to assess the health outcomes of an air quality intervention like the LEZ. Of the seven key areas, two already had monitoring sites with a full complement of equipment, four had monitoring sites that required upgrades of existing equipment, and one required a completely new installation. With the upgrades and new installations in place, fully ratified (verified) pollutant data (for PM10, PM with an aerodynamic diameter {\textless} or = 2.5 microm [PM2.5], nitrogen oxides [NOx], and ozone [O3] at all sites as well as for particle number, black smoke [BS], carbon monoxide [CO], and sulfur dioxide [SO2] at selected sites) were then collected for analysis. In addition, the seven key monitoring sites were supported by other sites in the London Air Quality Network (LAQN). From these, a robust set of baseline air quality data was produced. Data from automatic and manual traffic counters as well as automatic license-plate recognition cameras were used to compile detailed vehicle profiles. This enabled us to establish more precise associations between ambient pollutant concentrations and vehicle emissions. An additional goal of the study was to collect baseline PM data in order to test the hypothesis that changes in traffic densities and vehicle mixes caused by the LEZ would affect the oxidative potential and metal content of ambient PM10 and PM2.5. The resulting baseline PM data set was the first to describe, in detail, the oxidative potential and metal content of the PM10 and PM2.5 of a major city's airshed. PM in London has considerable oxidative potential; clear differences in this measure were found from site to site, with evidence that the oxidative potential of both PM10 and PM2.5 at roadside monitoring sites was higher than at urban background locations. In the PM10 samples this increased oxidative activity appeared to be associated with increased concentrations of copper (Cu), barium (Ba), and bathophenanthroline disulfonate-mobilized iron (BPS Fe) in the roadside samples. In the PM2.5 samples, no simple association could be seen, suggesting that other unmeasured components were driving the increased oxidative potential in this fraction of the roadside samples. These data suggest that two components were contributing to the oxidative potential of roadside PM, namely Cu and BPS Fe in the coarse fraction of PM (PM with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 microm to 10 microm; PM(2.5-10)) and an unidentified redox catalyst in PM2.5. The data derived for this baseline study confirmed key observations from a more limited spatial mapping exercise published in our earlier HEI report on the introduction of the London's Congestion Charging Scheme (CCS) in 2003 (Kelly et al. 2011a,b). In addition, the data set in the current report provided robust baseline information on the oxidative potential and metal content of PM found in the London airshed in the period before implementation of the LEZ; the finding that a proportion of the oxidative potential appears in the PM coarse mode and is apparently related to brake wear raises important issues regarding the nature of traffic management schemes. The final goal of this baseline study was to establish the feasibility, in ethical and operational terms, of using the U.K.'s electronic primary-care records to evaluate the effects of the LEZ on human health outcomes. Data on consultations and prescriptions were compiled from a pilot group of general practices (13 distributed across London, with 100,000 patients; 29 situated in the inner London Borough of Lambeth, with 200,000 patients). Ethics approvals were obtained to link individual primary-care records to modeled NOx concentrations by means of post-codes. (To preserve anonymity, the postcodes were removed before delivery to the research team.) A wide range of NOx exposures was found across London as well as within and between the practices examined. Although we observed little association between NOx exposure and smoking status, a positive relationship was found between exposure and increased socioeconomic deprivation. The health outcomes we chose to study were asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, wheeze, hay fever, upper and lower respiratory tract infections, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation. These outcomes were measured as prevalence or incidence. Their distributions by age, sex, socioeconomic deprivation, ethnicity, and smoking were found to accord with those reported in the epidemiology literature. No cross-sectional positive associations were found between exposure to NOx and any of the studied health outcomes; some associations were significantly negative. After the pilot study, a suitable primary-care database of London patients was identified, the General Practice Research Database responsible for giving us access to these data agreed to collaborate in the evaluation of the LEZ, and an acceptable method of ensuring privacy of the records was agreed upon. The database included about 350,000 patients who had remained at the same address over the four-year period of the study. Power calculations for a controlled longitudinal analysis were then performed, indicating that for outcomes such as consultations for respiratory illnesses or prescriptions for asthma there was sufficient power to identify a 5\% to 10\% reduction in consultations for patients most exposed to the intervention compared with patients presumed to not be exposed to it. In conclusion, the work undertaken in this study provides a good foundation for future LEZ evaluations. Our extensive monitoring network, measuring a comprehensive set of pollutants (and a range of particle metrics), will continue to provide a valuable tool both for assessing the impact of LEZ regulations on air quality in London and for furthering understanding of the link between PM's composition and toxicity. Finally, we believe that in combination with our modeling of the predicted population-based changes in pollution exposure in London, the use of primary-care databases forms a sound basis and has sufficient statistical power for the evaluation of the potential impact of the LEZ on human health.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {163},
	journal = {Research Report (Health Effects Institute)},
	author = {Kelly, Frank and Armstrong, Ben and Atkinson, Richard and Anderson, H. Ross and Barratt, Ben and Beevers, Sean and Cook, Derek and Green, Dave and Derwent, Dick and Mudway, Ian and Wilkinson, Paul and {HEI Health Review Committee}},
	month = nov,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {22315924},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Air Pollutants, Air Pollution, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Health Status, Humans, Infant, London, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Metals, Middle Aged, Nitrogen Oxides, Particulate Matter, Pilot Projects, Primary Health Care, Small-Area Analysis, Smoking, Socioeconomic Factors, Vehicle Emissions, Young Adult},
	pages = {3--79}
}

@article{kotz_incidence_2011,
	title = {Incidence, prevalence, and trends of general practitioner-recorded diagnosis of peanut allergy in {England}, 2001 to 2005},
	volume = {127},
	issn = {1097-6825},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaci.2010.11.021},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Previous descriptions of the epidemiology of peanut allergy have mainly been derived from small cross-sectional studies.
OBJECTIVE: To interrogate a large national research database to provide estimates for the incidence, prevalence, and trends of general practitioner (GP)-recorded diagnosis of peanut allergy in the English population.
METHODS: Version 10 of the QRESEARCH database was used with data from 2,958,366 patients who were registered with 422 United Kingdom general practices in the years 2001 to 2005. The primary outcome was a recording of clinician-diagnosed peanut allergy.
RESULTS: The age-sex standardized incidence rate of peanut allergy in 2005 was 0.08 per 1000 person-years (95\% CI, 0.07-0.08), and the prevalence rate was 0.51 per 1000 patients (95\% CI, 0.49-0.54). This translated into an estimated 4000 incident cases (95\% CI, 3500-4600) and 25,700 prevalent cases (95\% CI, 24,400-27,100) of GP-recorded diagnosis of peanut allergy in England in 2005. During the study period, the incidence rate of peanut allergy remained fairly stable, whereas the prevalence rate doubled. In those under 18 years of age, the crude lifetime prevalence rate was higher in males than females. A significant inverse relationship between prevalence and socioeconomic status was found.
CONCLUSION: These data on GP-recorded diagnosis of peanut allergy from a large general practice database suggest a much lower prevalence in peanut allergy than has hitherto been found. This difference may in part be explained by underrecording of peanut allergy in general practice. Further research is needed to assess the true frequency of peanut allergy in the population and whether there has been a true increase in recent years.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology},
	author = {Kotz, Daniel and Simpson, Colin R. and Sheikh, Aziz},
	month = mar,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21236479},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, England, Female, General Practitioners, Great Britain, Humans, Infant, Male, Medical Records, Peanut Hypersensitivity, Prevalence, incidence},
	pages = {623--630.e1}
}

@article{
 title = {Helping children correctly say “I don't know” to unanswerable questions.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2011},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {an integral part of,communication,everyday,how well children can,in,in many different settings,instructions,interview,memory narrative,questions has important implications,the question-answer exchange is,understand and respond to},
 pages = {396-405},
 volume = {17},
 id = {d39d8ec6-2d22-372e-9172-01a2516250b3},
 created = {2016-01-12T14:30:17.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {d5b53108-91c5-30b8-8e6c-dd027f636bcd},
 last_modified = {2017-03-16T06:19:45.131Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 abstract = {Adults ask children questions in a variety of contexts, for example, in the classroom, in the forensic context, or in experimental research. In such situations children will inevitably be asked some questions to which they do not know the answer, because they do not have the required information ("unanswerable" questions). When asked unanswerable questions, it is important that children indicate that they do not have the required information to provide an answer. These 2 studies investigated whether preinterview instructions (Experiment 1) or establishing a memory narrative (Experiment 2) helped children correctly indicate a lack of knowledge to unanswerable questions. In both studies, 6- and 8-year-olds participated in a classroom-based event about which they were subsequently interviewed. Some of the questions were answerable, and some were unanswerable. Results showed that preinterview instructions increased the number of younger children's appropriate "don't know" responses to unanswerable questions, without decreasing correct responses to answerable questions. This suggests that demand characteristics affect children's tendency correctly to say "I don't know." The opportunity to provide a narrative account increased children's appropriate "don't know" responses to unanswerable yes/no questions, and increased the number of younger children's correct responses to answerable questions. This suggests that cognitive factors also contribute to children's tendency correctly to say "I don't know." These results have implications for any context where adults need to obtain information from children through questioning, for example, a health practitioner asking about a medical condition, in classroom discourse, in the investigative interview, and in developmental psychology research.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Waterman, A. H. and Blades, M},
 journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied},
 number = {4}
}

@article{fernandez-pineda_childhood_2011,
	title = {Childhood hemangiopericytoma: review of {St} {Jude} {Children}'s {Research} {Hospital}},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {1536-3678},
	shorttitle = {Childhood hemangiopericytoma},
	doi = {10.1097/MPH.0b013e318214e667},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Hemangiopericytoma (HPC) is a heterogeneous, highly vascularized malignant soft-tissue neoplasm with 2 different clinical presentations: adult-type and infantile-type HPC. Intracranial HPC represents a special subtype with a high proclivity toward recurrence and metastasis.
METHODS: The authors have reviewed the clinical features, response to treatment, and outcomes of 17 patients with HPC treated at St Jude Children's Research Hospital from 1962 to 2009.
RESULTS: At diagnosis, 11 patients were older than 1 year (subgroup A) and 6 patients were younger than 1 year (subgroup B). Subgroup A: median age at diagnosis 13.5 years, (range, 4 to 20 y). Primary sites were intracranial (n=5), thigh (n=3), calf (n=1), foot (n=1), and scalp (n=1). One patient who presented with a thigh HPC had metastatic disease at diagnosis, and 3 patients with head location had unresectable tumors. Two patients with thigh location experienced objective responses to chemotherapy. Six patients died of disease progression, 4 of them had an intracranial location. The remaining 5 children are alive at follow-up of 12 to 32 years. Subgroup B: median age at diagnosis 0.5 months (range, 0 to 3 mo). Primary sites were thigh (n=2), calf (n=1), perianal (n=1), forearm (n=1), and lung (n=1). Three patients with limb location had unresectable disease at diagnosis, 2 of them experienced excellent responses to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and 1 did not show any response to chemotherapy and a staged resection was performed. All 6 infants are alive without evidence of disease at follow-up of 2 to 27 years.
CONCLUSIONS: Infantile HPC is characterized by a better clinical behavior than the adult type, which requires an aggressive multimodality therapy. Chemoresponsiveness and spontaneous regression have been reported in children younger than 1 year, suggesting that a more conservative surgical approach should be used. Intracranial HPC is considered as an aggressive tumor because of its propensity for recurrence and metastasis.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology},
	author = {Fernandez-Pineda, Israel and Parida, Lalit and Jenkins, Jesse J. and Davidoff, Andrew M. and Rao, Bhaskar N. and Rodriguez-Galindo, Carlos},
	month = jul,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21602721},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Brain Neoplasms, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Hemangiopericytoma, Hospitals, Pediatric, Humans, Infant, Male, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local, Neoplasm Staging, Soft Tissue Neoplasms, Young Adult},
	pages = {356--359}
}

@article{restrepo_hemangiomas_2011,
	title = {Hemangiomas revisited: the useful, the unusual and the new. {Part} 2: endangering hemangiomas and treatment},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {1432-1998},
	shorttitle = {Hemangiomas revisited},
	doi = {10.1007/s00247-011-2090-7},
	abstract = {Hemangiomas, although benign tumors, can when located in particular regions threaten vital structures or in certain clinical circumstances be associated with other abnormalities, carrying significant morbidity and mortality. We review these endangering hemangiomas. We also discuss briefly the treatment with emphasis on the recent use of propranolol.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Pediatric Radiology},
	author = {Restrepo, Ricardo and Palani, Rajaneeshankar and Cervantes, Luisa F. and Duarte, Ana-Margarita and Amjad, Ibrahim and Altman, Nolan R.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21607598},
	keywords = {Child, Child, Preschool, Contrast Media, Diagnostic Imaging, Hemangioma, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Laser Therapy, Propranolol, Vasodilator Agents},
	pages = {905--915}
}

@article{ nichol_cost-effectiveness_2011,
  title = {Cost-effectiveness and socio-economic aspects of childhood influenza vaccination},
  volume = {29},
  issn = {1873-2518},
  doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.015},
  abstract = {Children have high rates of healthcare utilization due to influenza. In addition, children also transmit influenza to others in their households and the community. The costs of influenza in children include the direct medical care costs from increased outpatient visits and hospitalizations, and also indirect costs due to productivity losses especially for their parents and due to transmission of the virus to others. A variety of studies using different methods and assumptions have assessed the cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination of children, and many find that vaccination is either cost saving or cost effective.},
  language = {eng},
  number = {43},
  journal = {Vaccine},
  author = {Nichol, Kristin L.},
  month = {October},
  year = {2011},
  pmid = {21820477},
  keywords = {Child, Child, Preschool, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Health Care Costs, Hospitalization, Humans, Infant, Influenza Vaccines, Influenza, Human, Vaccination},
  pages = {7554--7558}
}

@article{stowe_risk_2011,
	title = {Risk of convulsions in children after monovalent {H}1N1 (2009) and trivalent influenza vaccines: a database study},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {1873-2518},
	shorttitle = {Risk of convulsions in children after monovalent {H}1N1 (2009) and trivalent influenza vaccines},
	doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.10.029},
	abstract = {The monovalent H1N1 (2009) pandemic influenza vaccine used predominantly in the UK in 2009/10 was a split virion vaccine with a novel oil-in-water adjuvant (ASO3). While this was highly immunogenic it was also reactogenic especially for fever in children. There is a paucity of comparative data on reactogenicity of trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV). Using the General Practice Research Database (GPRD) we investigated whether there was an increased risk of convulsions in children vaccinated with monovalent H1N1 influenza vaccine in the 2009/10 season and also the risk after vaccination with the seasonal TIVs using the self-controlled case-series method. A total of 2366 children aged under 10 years with at least one convulsion recorded in the GPRD and who had received at least one influenza vaccine at anytime (2858 doses of TIV and 1895 doses of the monovalent H1N1 influenza vaccine) were identified between May 2000 and April 2010. Over this period these 2366 children had a total of 3846 convulsion episodes. There was no increase in the incidence rate ratio (IRR) in the week after vaccination for either the monovalent H1N1 influenza vaccine (IRR 0.99, 95\% CI 0.61-1.60) or the first dose of TIV (IRR 0.89, 95\% CI 0.53-1.52). A signal of an elevated risk in the first few days after the second dose of monovalent H1N1 influenza vaccine was seen with an IRR for days 1-3 post vaccination of 3.48 (95\% CI 0.86-14.07). This is consistent with findings of increased fever in a clinical trial. These results neither provide evidence of an increased risk of convulsions following TIV over a 10-year surveillance period nor following a single dose of the ASO3 adjuvanted monovalent H1N1 vaccine in 2009/10.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {51},
	journal = {Vaccine},
	author = {Stowe, Julia and Andrews, Nick and Bryan, Phil and Seabroke, Suzie and Miller, Elizabeth},
	month = nov,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {22019757},
	keywords = {Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Fever, Humans, Infant, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype, Influenza Vaccines, Influenza, Human, Male, seizures},
	pages = {9467--9472}
}

@article{ cilliers_pyridoxal-5-phosphate_2010,
  title = {Pyridoxal-5-phosphate plasma concentrations in children receiving tuberculosis chemotherapy including isoniazid},
  volume = {99},
  issn = {1651-2227},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.01696.x},
  abstract = {AIM: Little is known about pyridoxine nutriture of children treated with isoniazid (INH) regimens. This study documents plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) concentrations in children, HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected, receiving INH regimens.
METHODS: Children from the Western Cape of South Africa hospitalized for tuberculosis (TB) management were studied. Plasma PLP concentrations were determined on enrolment, 1-month after commencing TB treatment, and again after 4-month's treatment. The children received a supplement meeting pyridoxine requirements.
RESULTS: Nineteen HIV-infected and 33 HIV-uninfected children received INH (dosage range 4-20 mg/kg) daily. Mean PLP plasma concentrations on enrolment were 8.32 (SD 6.75) ng/mL and 11.28 (SD 3.02) ng/mL in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children, respectively (p = 0.11) and after 4-month's treatment 6.75 (SD 2.71) ng/mL and 14.76 (SD 7.96) ng/mL (p {\textless} 0.001). On enrolment 9 (50%) HIV-infected and 5 (15%) HIV-uninfected children (p = 0.016) had suboptimal PLP concentrations ({\textless}6 ng/mL); after 4-month's treatment 8 (42%) and 2 (6%) (p = 0.004).
CONCLUSION: Plasma PLP concentrations in children treated for TB were low on enrolment in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children; after 4-month's treatment low values were still common in HIV-infected children. Additional pyridoxine supplementation of malnourished children treated for tuberculosis is advisable, particularly those HIV-infected.},
  language = {eng},
  number = {5},
  journal = {Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway: 1992)},
  author = {Cilliers, K. and Labadarios, D. and Schaaf, H. S. and Willemse, M. and Maritz, J. S. and Werely, C. J. and Hussey, G. and Donald, P. R.},
  month = {May},
  year = {2010},
  pmid = {20146723},
  keywords = {AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections, Adolescent, Antitubercular Agents, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Genotype, HIV Infections, Humans, Infant, Isoniazid, Male, Pyridoxal Phosphate, South Africa, Tuberculosis},
  pages = {705--710}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Dissemination limits the survival of patients with anaplastic ependymoma after extensive surgical resection, meticulous follow up, and intensive treatment for recurrence.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2010},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Adjuvant,Adolescent,Adult,Brain Neoplasms,Brain Neoplasms: diagnosis,Brain Neoplasms: mortality,Brain Neoplasms: pathology,Brain Neoplasms: therapy,Chemotherapy,Child,Ependymoma,Ependymoma: diagnosis,Ependymoma: mortality,Ependymoma: pathology,Ependymoma: therapy,Female,Follow-Up Studies,Humans,Kaplan-Meier Estimate,Local,Local: therapy,Magnetic Resonance Imaging,Male,Middle Aged,Neoplasm Recurrence,Preschool,Radiotherapy,Retrospective Studies,Survival Rate},
 pages = {185-91; discussion 191-2},
 volume = {33},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20186454},
 month = {4},
 id = {095ad00f-60e1-3a2f-8cae-2eb3aba8490a},
 created = {2013-09-07T05:22:53.000Z},
 accessed = {2013-09-07},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {8c4ca2d5-86de-3b5d-86be-8408415f34e0},
 group_id = {a484ae4c-fcac-3c7e-9ac3-3fad0df719a2},
 last_modified = {2014-11-22T16:36:56.000Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 abstract = {The extent of resection is the most consistent factor affecting outcome of intracranial ependymomas. The outcomes in patients with intracranial anaplastic ependymomas who underwent more than subtotal resection and intensive treatment for recurrence were reviewed retrospectively. Between 1989 and 2007, 18 patients underwent more than subtotal resection at Tohoku University Hospital. Adjuvant chemoradiation therapy was conducted in 16 patients. Meticulous follow-up was performed for early detection of recurrence. Intensive therapy including surgery and chemoradiation therapy was added for recurrence. Median survival in all 18 patients was 136 months. The 5- and 10-year survival rates were 59.1% and 50.7%, respectively. Eight patients died during the observation period, five of dissemination, but none of uncontrollable local recurrence. High resection rate, meticulous follow-up, and intensive treatment for recurrence improved the survival of patients with anaplastic ependymoma. Dissemination was the life-determining factor in this series of patients.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Saito, Ryuta and Kumabe, Toshihiro and Kanamori, Masayuki and Sonoda, Yukihiko and Tominaga, Teiji},
 journal = {Neurosurgical Review},
 number = {2}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 id = {c38657a8-c1fa-3ef3-9bfe-a4cfa2b950b4},
 title = {Dexmedetomidine infusion for analgesia and prevention of emergence agitation in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2010},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Adenoidectomy,Adenoidectomy: adverse effects,Analgesia,Analgesia: methods,Analgesics,Anesthesia Recovery Period,Child,Dexmedetomidine,Dexmedetomidine: administration & dosage,Female,Fentanyl,Fentanyl: administration & dosage,Humans,Infusions,Intravenous,Male,Non-Narcotic,Non-Narcotic: administration & dosage,Obstructive,Obstructive: drug therapy,Obstructive: surgery,Postoperative Complications,Postoperative Complications: etiology,Postoperative Complications: prevention & control,Preschool,Prospective Studies,Psychomotor Agitation,Psychomotor Agitation: etiology,Psychomotor Agitation: prevention & control,Sleep Apnea,Tonsillectomy,Tonsillectomy: adverse effects},
 created = {2011-06-20T05:32:43.000Z},
 pages = {1004-10},
 volume = {111},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20705788},
 month = {10},
 accessed = {2011-06-16},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {fe7067eb-58b8-34c6-b8cd-6717fdf7605c},
 group_id = {ba0deb47-e19a-3151-83cc-b6262d5edb6e},
 last_modified = {2014-07-19T19:17:29.000Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Patel2010},
 client_data = {"desktop_id":"097be1b9-94fa-4ae9-a74d-296e7811c66d"},
 abstract = {Dexmedetomidine, a specific α(2) agonist, has an analgesic-sparing effect and reduces emergence agitation. We compared an intraoperative dexmedetomidine infusion with bolus fentanyl to reduce perioperative opioid use and decrease emergence agitation in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome undergoing adenotonsillectomy (T&A).},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Patel, Anuradha and Davidson, Melissa and Tran, Minh C J and Quraishi, Huma and Schoenberg, Catherine and Sant, Manasee and Lin, Albert and Sun, Xiuru},
 journal = {Anesthesia and analgesia},
 number = {4}
}

@article{sparchez_role_2010,
	title = {The role of {Power} {Doppler} ultrasonography in comparison with biological markers in the evaluation of disease activity in {Juvenile} {Idiopathic} {Arthritis}},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1844-4172},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of Power Doppler Ultrasonography (PDUS) compared with biological markers, in the assessment of disease activity in children with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA).
METHODS: Forty hospital visits were studied comprising 32 patients with JIA, during one year of follow-up. Each patient underwent clinical, laboratory and ultrasound (PDUS) evaluation. The physician global assessment score on the visual analog scale (PhGA) was used as a standard for assessing disease activity, based on previous studies. The PDUS signal was scored according to a semiquantitative four grade scale (0-3).
RESULTS: PDUS assessment of synovial vascularisation was more sensitive than erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) or C-reactive protein (CRP) in identification of the active disease: 90.4\% vs. 57\% and 28.5\% respectively. CRP had a higher specificity (94\%) in comparison with PDUS (89.5\%). A significant association between clinical examination (PhGA) and PDUS score or ESR was found. Kappa statistics revealed a high level of agreement between PhGA and PDUS score (k=0.799) and a low level of agreement between PhGA and biological markers (k=0.356 and k=0.225 respectively). Patients with higher PDUS score ({\textgreater}or=2), ESR{\textgreater}or=30 mm/h or CRP{\textgreater}or=2 mg/dl were more likely to have active disease.
CONCLUSION: Laboratory tests used today are not sufficiently sensitive for the prediction of active disease. PDUS assessment of synovial vascularisation is a technique with good sensitivity and specificity, thus it may be a beneficial criteria for evaluating disease activity in JIA, completing conventional clinical examination.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Medical Ultrasonography},
	author = {Spârchez, Mihaela and Fodor, Daniela and Miu, Nicolae},
	month = jun,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {21173935},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Arthritis, Juvenile, Biomarkers, Blood Sedimentation, C-Reactive Protein, Chi-Square Distribution, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Predictive Value of Tests, Sensitivity and Specificity, Ultrasonography, Doppler, Young Adult},
	pages = {97--103}
}

@article{menzies_survey_2009,
	title = {A survey of pediatric caudal extradural anesthesia practice},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1460-9592},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9592.2009.03116.x},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND

Caudal extradural blockade is one of the most commonly performed procedures in pediatric anesthesia. However, there is little information available on variations in clinical practice.


OBJECTIVES

To perform a survey of members of the Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland who undertake caudal anesthesia. Methods: An 'online' World Wide Web questionnaire collected information on various aspects of clinical practice. The survey ran from April to June 2008.


RESULTS

There were 366 questionnaires completed. The majority of respondents had {\textgreater}5 years of pediatric experience and performed up to ten caudal extradural procedures a month. The commonest device used was a cannula (69.7\%) with 68.6\% using a 22G device. There was a trend toward the use of a cannula in those anesthetists with {\textless}15 years experience, while those with {\textgreater}15 years experience tended to use a needle. Most anesthetists (91.5\%) did not believe that there was a significant risk of implantation of dermoid tissue into the caudal extradural space. The majority used a combination of clinical methods to confirm correct placement. Only 27 respondents used ultrasound. The most popular local anesthetics were bupivacaine (43.4\%) and levobupivacaine (41.7\%). The most common additives were clonidine (42.3\%) and ketamine (37.5\%). The caudal catheter technique was used by 43.6\%. Most anesthetists (74\%) wear gloves for a single shot caudal injection.


CONCLUSIONS

This survey provides a snapshot of current practice and acts a useful reference for the development of enhanced techniques and new equipment in the future.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Paediatric anaesthesia},
	author = {Menzies, Robert and Congreve, Kate and Herodes, Veiko and Berg, Simon and Mason, David G},
	month = sep,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19691690},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Anesthesia, Anesthesia, Caudal, Anesthesia, Epidural, Anesthetics, Local, Asepsis, Child, Child, Preschool, Gloves, Surgical, Health Care Surveys, Humans, Infection Control, Marketingaktiv, Masks, Questionnaires},
	pages = {829--836}
}

@article{
 title = {Imaging of ependymomas: MRI and CT.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2009},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Brain Neoplasms,Brain Neoplasms: metabolism,Brain Neoplasms: pathology,Brain Neoplasms: radiography,Child, Preschool,Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging,Ependymoma,Ependymoma: metabolism,Ependymoma: pathology,Ependymoma: radiography,Humans,Magnetic Resonance Imaging,Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy,Perfusion Imaging,Protons,Spinal Cord Neoplasms,Spinal Cord Neoplasms: metabolism,Spinal Cord Neoplasms: pathology,Spinal Cord Neoplasms: radiography,Tomography, X-Ray Computed},
 pages = {1203-13},
 volume = {25},
 websites = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2744772&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
 month = {10},
 id = {2861e18e-9fb0-3054-889f-dab7b8dba29b},
 created = {2015-04-16T16:43:58.000Z},
 accessed = {2015-04-16},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {77af58c9-50fe-33a7-884e-41c4f0059fcb},
 group_id = {a484ae4c-fcac-3c7e-9ac3-3fad0df719a2},
 last_modified = {2015-04-16T16:43:58.000Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 abstract = {The imaging features of intracranial and spinal ependymoma are reviewed with an emphasis on conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), perfusion MRI and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and computed tomography. Imaging manifestations of leptomeningeal dissemination of disease are described. Finally, salient imaging features obtained in the postoperative period to evaluate completeness of surgical resection, and thereafter for long-term surveillance for disease recurrence, are reviewed.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Yuh, E L and Barkovich, A J and Gupta, N},
 journal = {Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery},
 number = {10}
}

@article{ mcilleron_isoniazid_2009,
  title = {Isoniazid plasma concentrations in a cohort of {South} {African} children with tuberculosis: implications for international pediatric dosing guidelines},
  volume = {48},
  issn = {1537-6591},
  shorttitle = {Isoniazid plasma concentrations in a cohort of {South} {African} children with tuberculosis},
  doi = {10.1086/598192},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND: In most countries with a high burden of tuberculosis, children with tuberculosis are prescribed isoniazid at dosages of 4-6 mg/kg/day, as recommended by international authorities.
METHODS: We studied isoniazid concentrations in 56 hospitalized children (median age, 3.22 years; interquartile range [IQR], 1.58-5.38 years) who received isoniazid daily (median dosage, 5.01 mg/kg/day; range, 2.94-15.58 mg/kg/day) as part of antituberculosis treatment. At 1 and 4 months after initiation of treatment, isoniazid concentrations were measured in plasma samples at 0.75, 1.5, 3, 4, and 6 h after a treatment dose, to describe pharmacokinetic measures by using noncompartmental analysis. The effects of dose in milogram per kilogram, acetylator genotype, age, sex, and clinical diagnosis of kwashiorkor and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on isoniazid concentrations were evaluated.
RESULTS: Median peak concentrations of isoniazid in children prescribed a dose of 4-6 mg/kg were 58% lower than those in children prescribed a dose of 8-10 mg/kg (2.39 mg/L [IQR, 1.59-3.40] vs. 5.71 mg/L [IQR, 4.74-7.62]). Peak concentrations were {\textless}3 mg/L in 70% of children prescribed a dose of 4-6 mg/kg. In contrast, children prescribed a dose of 8-12 mg/kg achieved peak concentrations approximating those in adults treated with 300 mg of isoniazid daily. Intermediate or fast acetylator genotype independently predicted a 38% (95% confidence interval [CI], 21%-51%) reduction in peak concentrations, compared with the slow-acetylator genotype. Each 1-mg/kg increase in the dose and each year increase in age were associated with increases in peak concentrations of 21% (95% CI, 16%-25%) and 6% (95% CI, 3%-10%), respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: Younger children require higher doses of isoniazid per kilogram of body weight to achieve isoniazid concentrations similar to those in adults. A daily isoniazid dose of 8-12 mg/kg should be recommended.},
  language = {eng},
  number = {11},
  journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America},
  author = {McIlleron, Helen and Willemse, Marianne and Werely, Cedric J. and Hussey, Gregory D. and Schaaf, H. Simon and Smith, Peter J. and Donald, Peter R.},
  month = {June},
  year = {2009},
  pmid = {19392636},
  keywords = {Antitubercular Agents, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Isoniazid, Male, Plasma, South Africa, Tuberculosis},
  pages = {1547--1553}
}

@article{jick_origin_2009,
	title = {The origin and spread of a mumps epidemic: {United} kingdom, 2003-2006},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1531-5487},
	shorttitle = {The origin and spread of a mumps epidemic},
	doi = {10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181b056f5},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: The United Kingdom (UK) underwent a massive epidemic of mumps from 2003 through 2006. The origin and spread was mapped in 350 general practices that used office computers to contribute comprehensive medical information on approximately 3 million patients to the General Practice Research Database (GPRD).
METHODS: The continuous 3-month cumulative incidence of mumps (2003-2006) was estimated by dividing the number of diagnosed cases of mumps each 3 months by the population at risk according to age, region, practice, and calendar time. The effect of the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine was estimated by comparing vaccine exposure of those diagnosed with mumps and those who were not.
RESULTS: There were 5683 cases of mumps recorded in the Database over the 4-year time period. As the Database represents about 5\% of the UK population, we estimate that there were more than 100,000 cases of mumps diagnosed in the UK during these 4 years. The epidemic appears to have started in one practice in Wales in the first 6 months of 2003 and then spread slowly north and east, reaching a peak in 2005. Young adults aged 18-24 years were at the highest risk. There were 3 major MMR vaccination campaigns (1988-1989, 1997, and 2004-2005) that by 2006 provided more than 70\% protection against mumps in children younger than 18 years of age. Protection was higher in those who had received 2 doses of the vaccine.
CONCLUSION: A comprehensive program of medical information generated by selected general practitioners has provided a sound basis for the real-time recording of the origin, spread, and scope of an infectious disease.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)},
	author = {Jick, Hershel and Chamberlin, Douglas P. and Hagberg, Katrina Wilcox},
	month = sep,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19593154},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Epidemiologic Studies, Female, Great Britain, Humans, Immunization Programs, Male, Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine, Mumps, Population Surveillance, Young Adult},
	pages = {656--661}
}

@article{mccarthy_mortality_2009,
	title = {Mortality associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder ({ADHD}) drug treatment: a retrospective cohort study of children, adolescents and young adults using the general practice research database},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {0114-5916},
	shorttitle = {Mortality associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder ({ADHD}) drug treatment},
	doi = {10.2165/11317630-000000000-00000},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Following reports of sudden death in patients taking medication to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), this study aimed to identify cases of death in patients prescribed stimulants and atomoxetine and to determine any association between these and sudden death.
METHOD: The UK General Practice Research Database (GPRD) was used to identify patients aged 2-21 years from 1 January 1993 to 30 June 2006 with a prescription for methylphenidate, dexamfetamine or atomoxetine. Patients were followed from the date of first prescription until whichever came first: date of death, transferred-out date, age {\textgreater}21 years or end of the study period.
RESULTS: From a cohort of 18 637 patient-years, seven patients died. Cause of death was obtained for six of the patients. None were deemed to be cases of sudden death. Compared with a general population rate of sudden death in the literature, the worst-case scenario of one case of sudden death gave an incident rate ratio of 1.63 (95\% CI 0.04, 9.71). Although it was not the primary outcome of the study, following reports of suicide in the cohort the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of suicide was calculated. Due to differences in the definition of suicide used for children and adults, patients were categorized into two age groups: 11-14 years and 15-21 years. The SMR for suicide for patients aged 11-14 years was 161.91 (95\% CI 19.61, 584.88). The SMR for suicide for patients aged 15-21 years was 1.84 (95\% CI 0.05, 10.25).
CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated no increase in the risk of sudden death associated with stimulants or atomoxetine. However, an increased risk of suicide was seen. Although we cannot exclude that the medications may contribute to the increased risk of suicide, there are other factors such as depression and antisocial behaviour that frequently co-exist with ADHD, which can also predispose to teenage suicide. Clinicians should identify patients at increased risk of cardiovascular events and identify those patients at increased risk of suicide, particularly males with co-morbid conditions, and monitor them appropriately.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Drug Safety},
	author = {McCarthy, Suzanne and Cranswick, Noel and Potts, Laura and Taylor, Eric and Wong, Ian C. K.},
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19810780},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Cause of Death, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Child, Child, Preschool, Cohort Studies, Databases, Factual, Death, Sudden, Dextroamphetamine, Female, Great Britain, Humans, Male, Methylphenidate, Propylamines, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Suicide, Young Adult},
	pages = {1089--1096}
}

@article{
 title = {Caffeine levels in beverages from Argentina's market: application to caffeine dietary intake assessment.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2009},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Adolescent,Adult,Aged,Aged, 80 and over,Analysis of Variance,Argentina,Beverages,Beverages: analysis,Cacao,Cacao: chemistry,Caffeine,Caffeine: administration & dosage,Caffeine: analysis,Carbonated Beverages,Carbonated Beverages: analysis,Central Nervous System Stimulants,Central Nervous System Stimulants: administration,Central Nervous System Stimulants: analysis,Child,Child, Preschool,Coffee,Coffee: chemistry,Cross-Sectional Studies,Diet Surveys,Female,Humans,Male,Middle Aged,Pregnancy,Questionnaires,Tea,Tea: chemistry,Young Adult},
 pages = {275-81},
 volume = {26},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19680899},
 month = {3},
 id = {04924fd0-36ea-3e16-9bc7-3a44806536f6},
 created = {2015-06-19T12:52:56.000Z},
 accessed = {2015-06-18},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {a0759483-03fa-3e0b-88ee-8f55266b3657},
 group_id = {0e532975-1a47-38a4-ace8-4fe5968bcd72},
 last_modified = {2015-06-19T12:52:56.000Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 abstract = {The caffeine content of different beverages from Argentina's market was measured. Several brands of coffees, teas, mates, chocolate milks, soft and energy drinks were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet detection. The highest concentration level was found in short coffee (1.38 mg ml(-1)) and the highest amount per serving was found in instant coffee (95 mg per serving). A consumption study was also carried out among 471 people from 2 to 93 years of age to evaluate caffeine total dietary intake by age and to identify the sources of caffeine intake. The mean caffeine intake among adults was 288 mg day(-1) and mate was the main contributor to that intake. The mean caffeine intake among children of 10 years of age and under was 35 mg day(-1) and soft drinks were the major contributors to that intake. Children between 11 and 15 years old and teenagers (between 16 and 20 years) had caffeine mean intakes of 120 and 240 mg day(-1), respectively, and mate was the major contributor to those intakes. Drinking mate is a deep-rooted habit among Argentine people and it might be the reason for their elevated caffeine mean daily intake.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Olmos, V and Bardoni, N and Ridolfi, A S and Villaamil Lepori, E C},
 journal = {Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment},
 number = {3}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 id = {6d0699ba-6431-3c98-9e36-118145163c4d},
 title = {Cleft lip and/or palate and breathing during sleep.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2009},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Adolescent,Child,Child, Preschool,Cleft Lip,Cleft Lip: complications,Cleft Lip: physiopathology,Cleft Lip: surgery,Cleft Palate,Cleft Palate: complications,Cleft Palate: physiopathology,Cleft Palate: surgery,Continuous Positive Airway Pressure,Humans,Infant,Respiratory Physiological Processes,Risk Factors,Sleep,Sleep Apnea Syndromes,Sleep Apnea Syndromes: etiology,Sleep Apnea Syndromes: therapy,Sleep: physiology},
 created = {2012-06-13T03:54:21.000Z},
 pages = {345-54},
 volume = {13},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19501529},
 month = {10},
 publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
 accessed = {2010-11-18},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {fe7067eb-58b8-34c6-b8cd-6717fdf7605c},
 group_id = {ba0deb47-e19a-3151-83cc-b6262d5edb6e},
 last_modified = {2014-07-19T19:17:36.000Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {MacLean2009},
 client_data = {"desktop_id":"f70bc372-447e-476f-81ed-f7adc11ca43c"},
 abstract = {Cleft of the lip and/or palate (CL/P) is a common defect which is associated with changes in facial structures and a smaller upper airway. As a result, infants and children with CL/P have an increased risk of sleep disordered breathing (SDB). This paper will review the anatomical and functional factors which place infants and children with CL/P at increased risk of SDB as well as review the literature which defines the magnitude of this risk. The information available on treatment of SDB in infants and children with CL/P will be presented. Finally, outstanding issues relevant to SDB in children with CL/P are discussed with direction for future research.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {MacLean, Joanna E and Hayward, Peter and Fitzgerald, Dominic a and Waters, Karen},
 journal = {Sleep medicine reviews},
 number = {5}
}

@article{cardwell_no_2008,
	title = {No association between routinely recorded infections in early life and subsequent risk of childhood-onset {Type} 1 diabetes: a matched case-control study using the {UK} {General} {Practice} {Research} {Database}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1464-5491},
	shorttitle = {No association between routinely recorded infections in early life and subsequent risk of childhood-onset {Type} 1 diabetes},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02351.x},
	abstract = {AIMS: To determine whether children with infections in early life (recorded routinely in general practice) have a reduced risk of Type 1 diabetes, as would be expected from the hygiene hypothesis.
METHODS: Children with Type 1 diabetes and up to 20 matched (on year of birth, sex and region) control subjects were selected from a cohort of children born in the UK at General Practice Research Database practices. For each child, the frequency of general practitioner consultations for infections and prescriptions for antibiotics in the first year of life were determined. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95\% confidence intervals (95\%CIs) were calculated using conditional logistic regression.
RESULTS: The main analysis included 367 case and 4579 matched control subjects. There was no evidence of any reduction in the subsequent risk of Type 1 diabetes in children with at least one infection in the first year of life (OR = 1.03, 95\%CI 0.79, 1.34) or in children prescribed antibiotics in the first year of life (OR = 1.03, 95\%CI 0.82, 1.29). Further analyses also revealed little evidence of a difference in subsequent risk of Type 1 diabetes after different types of infection in the first year of life (including gastrointestinal, conjunctivitis, otitis media and upper and lower respiratory tract). Analyses of infections in the first 2 years of life reached similar conclusions.
CONCLUSIONS: This study provides no evidence of an association between infections in early life and subsequent risk of childhood-onset Type 1 diabetes and therefore does not support the hygiene hypothesis.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Diabetic Medicine: A Journal of the British Diabetic Association},
	author = {Cardwell, C. R. and Carson, D. J. and Patterson, C. C.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18201209},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Case-Control Studies, Child, Child, Preschool, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Great Britain, Humans, Infant, databases as topic, infection},
	pages = {261--267}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 id = {d3b99cc5-13c9-3545-885b-7a4dc0d6a45b},
 title = {Sleep hygiene for children with neurodevelopmental disabilities.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2008},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Caregivers,Caregivers: psychology,Child,Child Care,Child Care: methods,Child, Preschool,Developmental Disabilities,Developmental Disabilities: complications,Developmental Disabilities: diagnosis,Environment,Female,Humans,Infant,Male,Mental Disorders,Mental Disorders: complications,Mental Disorders: diagnosis,Mental Health,Parent-Child Relations,Pediatrics,Pediatrics: standards,Pediatrics: trends,Quality of Life,Risk Assessment,Severity of Illness Index,Sleep Disorders,Sleep Disorders: etiology,Sleep Disorders: rehabilitation,Stress, Psychological},
 created = {2012-06-13T03:54:21.000Z},
 pages = {1343-50},
 volume = {122},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19047255},
 month = {12},
 accessed = {2010-10-11},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {fe7067eb-58b8-34c6-b8cd-6717fdf7605c},
 group_id = {ba0deb47-e19a-3151-83cc-b6262d5edb6e},
 last_modified = {2014-07-19T19:17:22.000Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Jan2008},
 client_data = {"desktop_id":"f412cd4a-20b9-4037-8a18-be3d160659b2"},
 abstract = {Sleep disturbances in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities are common and have a profound effect on the quality of life of the child, as well as the entire family. Although interventions for sleep problems in these children often involve a combination of behavioral and pharmacologic strategies, the first line of treatment is the promotion of improved sleep habits or "hygiene." Despite the importance of sleep-hygiene principles, defined as basic optimal environmental, scheduling, sleep-practice, and physiologic sleep-promoting factors, clinicians often lack appropriate knowledge and skills to implement them. In addition, sleep-hygiene practices may need to be modified and adapted for this population of children and are often more challenging to implement compared with their healthy counterparts. This first comprehensive, multidisciplinary review of sleep hygiene for children with disabilities presents the rationale for incorporating these measures in their treatment, outlines both general and specific sleep-promotion practices, and discusses problem-solving strategies for implementing them in a variety of clinical practice settings.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Jan, James E and Owens, Judith a and Weiss, Margaret D and Johnson, Kyle P and Wasdell, Michael B and Freeman, Roger D and Ipsiroglu, Osman S},
 journal = {Pediatrics},
 number = {6}
}

Website  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Comparison between omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid intakes as assessed by a food frequency questionnaire and erythrocyte membrane fatty acid composition in young children},
 type = {article},
 year = {2008},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {*Diet,Biological Markers/blood,Child,Child, Preschool,Cohort Studies,Colorado,Cross-Sectional Studies,Diet Surveys,Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/*administration & dosage,Erythrocyte Membrane/*chemistry,Fatty Acids, Omega-3/*administration & dosage/anal,Fatty Acids, Omega-6/*administration & dosage/*ana,Female,Humans,Infant,Longitudinal Studies,Male,Questionnaires/*standards,Reproducibility of Results,Seafood,Sensitivity and Specificity},
 pages = {733-738},
 volume = {62},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17440518},
 edition = {2007/04/19},
 id = {73ca6912-d3a5-3d7e-af03-263b919dd64e},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:45:54.565Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:45:54.690Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 language = {eng},
 notes = {<m:note>Orton, H D<m:linebreak/>Szabo, N J<m:linebreak/>Clare-Salzler, M<m:linebreak/>Norris, J M<m:linebreak/>DK32493/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States<m:linebreak/>P30 DK 57516/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States<m:linebreak/>P30 DK057516-019004/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States<m:linebreak/>R01 DK049654-06/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States<m:linebreak/>R01-DK49654/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States<m:linebreak/>R37 DK032493-18/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States<m:linebreak/>Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural<m:linebreak/>Validation Studies<m:linebreak/>England<m:linebreak/>European journal of clinical nutrition<m:linebreak/>1602763<m:linebreak/>Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008 Jun;62(6):733-8. Epub 2007 Apr 18.</m:note>},
 abstract = {OBJECTIVE: We conducted a dietary validation study in youth aged 1-11 years by comparing dietary intake of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) as assessed by a parent-completed semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) over time to erythrocyte membrane composition of the same fatty acids. DESIGN: The study population included youth aged 1-11 years who were participants in the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY), a longitudinal study in Denver, Colorado that is following a cohort of youth at risk for developing type I diabetes. Four hundred and four children who had erythrocyte membrane fatty acid data matched to an FFQ corresponding to the same time frame for a total of 917 visits (matches) were included. PUFA intake was expressed both as g/day (adjusted for total energy) and as percent of total fat intake. We used mixed models to test the association and calculate the correlation between the erythrocyte membrane estimates and PUFA intake using all records of data for each youth. RESULTS: Intakes of total omega-3 fatty acids (beta=0.52, P<0.0001, rho=0.23) and marine PUFAs (beta=1.62, P<0.0001, rho=0.42), as a percent of total fat in the diet, were associated with percent of omega-3 and marine PUFAs in the erythrocyte membrane. Intakes of omega-6 PUFAs (beta=0.04, P=0.418, rho=0.05) and arachidonic acid (beta=0.31, P=0.774, rho=0.01) were not associated. CONCLUSIONS: In these young children, an FFQ using parental report provided estimates of average long-term intakes of marine PUFAs that correlated well with their erythrocyte cell membrane fatty acid status.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Orton, H D and Szabo, N J and Clare-Salzler, M and Norris, J M},
 journal = {Eur J Clin Nutr},
 number = {6}
}

@article{sheikh_trends_2008,
	title = {Trends in national incidence, lifetime prevalence and adrenaline prescribing for anaphylaxis in {England}},
	volume = {101},
	issn = {0141-0768},
	doi = {10.1258/jrsm.2008.070306},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Analysis of primary healthcare datasets offers the possibility to increase understanding of the epidemiology of acute uncommon conditions such as anaphylaxis, but these datasets remain under-exploited.
AIM: To investigate recent trends in the recorded incidence, lifetime prevalence and prescribing of adrenaline for anaphylaxis in England.
METHODS: QRESEARCH is one of the world's largest national aggregated health databases containing the records of over nine million patients. We extracted data on all patients with a recorded diagnosis of anaphylaxis and calculated annual age-sex standardized incidence and lifetime period prevalence rates for each year from 2001-2005. We also analysed trends in adrenaline prescribing in those with a recorded diagnosis of anaphylaxis. National population figures were used to estimate numbers of people in England that have experienced anaphylaxis at some point in their lives.
RESULTS: The age-sex standardized incidence of anaphylaxis was 6.7 per 100,000 person-years in 2001 and increased by 19\% to 7.9 in 2005. Lifetime age-sex standardized prevalence of a recorded diagnosis of anaphylaxis was 50.0 per 100,000 in 2001 and increased by 51\% to 75.5 in 2005. Prescribing of adrenaline increased by 97\% over this period. By the end of 2005 there were an estimated 37,800 people that had experienced anaphylaxis at some point in their lives.
CONCLUSIONS: Recorded incidence, lifetime prevalence and prescribing of adrenaline for anaphylaxis all showed substantial increases in recent years. An estimated 1 in 1,333 of the English population have at some point in their lives experienced anaphylaxis.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine},
	author = {Sheikh, Aziz and Hippisley-Cox, Julia and Newton, John and Fenty, Justin},
	month = mar,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18344471},
	pmcid = {PMC2270246},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anaphylaxis, Child, Child, Preschool, England, Epinephrine, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Physician's Practice Patterns, Prevalence, Sex Distribution, incidence},
	pages = {139--143}
}

@article{thompson_has_2008,
	title = {Has {UK} guidance affected general practitioner antibiotic prescribing for otitis media in children?},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {1741-3850},
	doi = {10.1093/pubmed/fdn072},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Since 1997, UK guidance has advocated limiting antibiotic prescribing for otitis media. It is not known whether this has influenced general practitioner prescribing practice. Aims and objectives To investigate the trends in diagnoses and antibiotic prescribing for otitis media in children in relation to guidance.
METHODS: We used the General Practice Research Database to conduct time-trend analyses of diagnoses and antibiotic prescribing for otitis media in 3 months to 15 years old, between 1990 and 2006.
RESULTS: A total of 1 210 237 otitis media episodes were identified in 464 845 children; two-thirds (68\%; 818 006) received antibiotics. Twenty-two percent (267 335) were classified as acute, 85\% (227 335) of which received antibiotics. Overall, antibiotic prescribing for otitis media declined by 51\% between 1995 and 2000. Much of this reduction predated guidance. During this period, prescribing for otitis media coded as acute increased by 22\%. Children diagnosed with acute otitis media were more likely to receive antibiotics than otitis media not coded as acute (P {\textless} 0.05). From 2000 prescribing plateaued, despite publication of further guidance. Otitis media diagnoses consistently paralleled prescribing.
CONCLUSIONS: The reduction in antibiotic prescribing for otitis media predated guidance. The simultaneous decrease in prescribing for non-acute otitis media and increase for acute otitis media suggest diagnostic transfer, possibly to justify the decision to treat.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Public Health (Oxford, England)},
	author = {Thompson, P. L. and Gilbert, R. E. and Long, P. F. and Saxena, S. and Sharland, M. and Wong, I. C. K.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18765405},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Amoxicillin, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Child, Child, Preschool, Confidence Intervals, Erythromycin, Family Practice, Female, Great Britain, Guideline Adherence, Humans, Infant, Male, Otitis Media, Physician's Practice Patterns, Practice Guidelines as Topic, databases as topic},
	pages = {479--486}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 id = {2a81e749-ad05-3a4c-a113-bff2d3dc91b1},
 title = {Assessment of children for acute respiratory infections in hospital outpatients in Tanzania: what drives good practice?},
 type = {article},
 year = {2008},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Acute Disease,Child,Female,Hospital,Hospital: standards,Humans,Infant,Male,Odds Ratio,Outpatient Clinics,Preschool,Respiratory Tract Infections,Respiratory Tract Infections: diagnosis,Tanzania},
 created = {2010-05-18T05:27:29.000Z},
 pages = {925-32},
 volume = {79},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19052307},
 month = {12},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {fe7067eb-58b8-34c6-b8cd-6717fdf7605c},
 group_id = {40edfabd-7bdc-3bc6-bcbd-771ecea09b89},
 last_modified = {2014-07-19T19:15:54.000Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Chandler2008},
 client_data = {"desktop_id":"43338813-6d18-4a4d-b8cc-8c5d2da46208"},
 abstract = {Respiratory infections cause significant mortality in developing countries but are frequently undiagnosed. Reasons for this are unclear. We observed 1,081 outpatient consultations with patients less than five years of age in Tanzania. In 554 patients with cough or difficulty breathing, the absolute percentages examined were 5% for respiratory rate counted, 14% chest exposed, and 25% stethoscope used. Decisions to conduct particular examinations did appear to follow clinical logic, with odds ratios of 4.28 for counting respiratory rate (95% confidence interval [CI]=1.75-10.47), 2.57 for exposing the chest (95% CI=1.67-3.95), and 18.91 for using a stethoscope (95% CI=9.52-37.57) in patients with cough or difficulty breathing. Non-clinical variables, including salary level, were also associated with examinations, and history taking was more common among clinicians originating outside the hospital area. Although respiratory examinations are relatively more common in those with cough or difficulty breathing, the absolute rates are low and related to non-clinical and clinical factors.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Chandler, Clare I R and Nadjm, Behzad and Boniface, Gloria and Juma, Kaseem and Reyburn, Hugh and Whitty, Christopher J M},
 journal = {The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene},
 number = {6}
}

@article{mcintosh_incidence_2008,
	title = {Incidence of oronasal haemorrhage in infancy presenting to general practice in the {UK}},
	volume = {58},
	issn = {1478-5242},
	doi = {10.3399/bjgp08X376122},
	abstract = {The frequency of oronasal haemorrhage in infancy was estimated from two national GP research databases (6\% UK population). When a case was identified, other presentations in the child over the first year were available from one dataset. In the first year haemoptysis is rare. In contrast, epistaxis (7-20 cases of per 10,000 infants) was 10 times more common, and 14.3\% of these infants had an injury at some other point in infancy, (four times greater than the general population). In general practice epistaxis may herald other trauma presentations, implying that such infants may be part of a high-risk group for injury.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {557},
	journal = {The British Journal of General Practice: The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners},
	author = {McIntosh, Neil and Chalmers, James},
	month = dec,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {19068161},
	pmcid = {PMC2593537},
	keywords = {Child Abuse, Child, Preschool, Epistaxis, Family Practice, Great Britain, Hemoptysis, Humans, Infant, Risk Factors, incidence},
	pages = {877--879}
}

Website  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Mental health and substance abuse services to parents of children involved with child welfare: a study of racial and ethnic differences for American Indian parents},
 type = {article},
 year = {2007},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {*Child Welfare,*Ethnic Groups,*Indians, North American,*Mental Health Services,*Parents,*Substance-Related Disorders,Adolescent,Child,Child, Preschool,Data Collection,Female,Health Services Accessibility,Humans,Longitudinal Studies,Male},
 pages = {150-159},
 volume = {34},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17066330},
 edition = {2006/10/27},
 id = {5c81160d-7ed3-3c40-aca8-80f42784ec8a},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:44:10.113Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:44:10.328Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 language = {eng},
 notes = {<m:note>Libby, Anne M<m:linebreak/>Orton, Heather D<m:linebreak/>Barth, Richard P<m:linebreak/>Webb, Mary Bruce<m:linebreak/>Burns, Barbara J<m:linebreak/>Wood, Patricia A<m:linebreak/>Spicer, Paul<m:linebreak/>MH59672/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States<m:linebreak/>Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural<m:linebreak/>Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't<m:linebreak/>Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.<m:linebreak/>United States<m:linebreak/>Administration and policy in mental health<m:linebreak/>Adm Policy Ment Health. 2007 Mar;34(2):150-9.</m:note>},
 abstract = {American Indian (AI) parents of children involved with child welfare were compared to White, Black and Hispanic parents on mental health and substance abuse problems and access to treatment. Data came from the National Study of Child and Adolescent Well-Being, a longitudinal study of a nationally representative sample of children aged 0-14 years involved with child welfare. Weighted statistics provided population estimates, and multivariate logistic regression was used to predict the likelihood of caregivers receiving mental health or substance abuse services. There were significant disparities in the likelihood of receiving mental health, but not substance abuse, services. Unmet need for mental health and substance abuse treatment characterized all parents in this study. AI parents fared the worst in obtaining mental health treatment. Parents of children at home and of older children were less likely to access mental health or substance abuse treatment.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Libby, A M and Orton, H D and Barth, R P and Webb, M B and Burns, B J and Wood, P A and Spicer, P},
 journal = {Adm Policy Ment Health},
 number = {2}
}

Website  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Child passenger safety for inner-city Latinos: new approaches from the community.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2006},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Adolescent,Adult,Attitudes,Automobiles,Child,Community Health Services,Community Health Services: organization & administ,Female,Health Education,Health Education: methods,Health Knowledge,Hispanic Americans,Humans,Infant,Infant Equipment,Infant Equipment: utilization,Male,Middle Aged,Newborn,Parents,Practice,Preschool,Program Evaluation,United States,Urban Health Services,Urban Health Services: organization & administrati,Wounds and Injuries,Wounds and Injuries: ethnology,Wounds and Injuries: prevention & control},
 pages = {99-104},
 volume = {12},
 websites = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2577363&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
 month = {4},
 id = {87fdea4a-6f0c-3a6b-86a9-61cad4b0a1b7},
 created = {2016-09-13T00:48:25.000Z},
 accessed = {2016-09-05},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {c7856f8a-4963-3e63-90cb-57986d91c9b0},
 group_id = {1fd78437-06d9-37cf-b89d-417b03940b66},
 last_modified = {2016-09-13T05:55:52.000Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 abstract = {Motor vehicle crashes injuries, the leading cause of death for Latino children in the United States, can be reduced by the correct use of child safety seats. This study evaluated the ability of a community health worker education program to improve proper child safety seat usage in urban low income Latino families.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Martin, M. and Holden, J. and Chen, Z. and Quinlan, K.},
 journal = {Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention},
 number = {2}
}

@article{ruigomez_chest_2006,
	title = {Chest pain in general practice: incidence, comorbidity and mortality},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {0263-2136},
	shorttitle = {Chest pain in general practice},
	doi = {10.1093/fampra/cmi124},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Chest pain is a common symptom that presents the primary care physician with a complex diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.
AIMS: To evaluate the natural history and management of patients diagnosed with chest pain of unspecified type or origin in primary care.
DESIGN: Population-based case-control study.
METHODS: The study included 13,740 patients with a first diagnosis of unspecified chest pain and 20,000 age- and sex-matched controls identified from the UK General Practice Research Database. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95\% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed using unconditional logistic regression. Risk estimates were adjusted for age, sex and number of physician visits.
RESULTS: The incidence of a new diagnosis of chest pain was 15.5 per 1000 person-years and increased with age, particularly in men. The risk of a chest pain diagnosis was greatest in patients with prior diagnoses of coronary heart disease (OR: 7.1; 95\% CI: 6.1-8.2) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (OR: 2.0; 95\% CI: 1.7-2.3). In the year after diagnosis, chest pain patients were more likely than controls to be newly diagnosed with coronary heart disease (OR: 14.9; 95\% CI: 12.7-17.4) and heart failure (OR: 4.7; 95\% CI: 3.6-6.1). A new diagnosis of chest pain was associated with an increased risk of death in the following year (RR: 2.3; 95\% CI: 1.9-2.8).
CONCLUSIONS: Some causes of chest pain are underdiagnosed in primary care. This is of particular consequence for the minority of chest pain patients with cardiac disease.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Family Practice},
	author = {Ruigómez, Ana and Rodríguez, Luis Alberto García and Wallander, Mari-Ann and Johansson, Saga and Jones, Roger},
	month = apr,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16461444},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Case-Control Studies, Chest pain, Child, Child, Preschool, Comorbidity, Family Practice, Female, Great Britain, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, State Medicine, databases as topic},
	pages = {167--174}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Daughters increase longevity of fathers, but daughters and sons equally reduce longevity of mothers},
 type = {article},
 year = {2006},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {*Family Characteristics,*Nuclear Family,*Parents,Adolescent,Adult,Aged,Aged, 80 and over,Child,Child, Preschool,Female,Humans,Longevity/*physiology,Male,Middle Aged,Poland/epidemiology,Rural Population/trends,Survival Rate},
 pages = {422-425},
 volume = {18},
 id = {0e49814c-3477-3b9f-812f-0fd600352d97},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:44:32.411Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:44:32.557Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>Comparative Study<m:linebreak/>Journal Article<m:linebreak/>Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</m:note>},
 abstract = {Reproduction is energetically and physiologically expensive, and an individual investing resources into producing offspring should suffer costs such as deterioration in health condition and possibly shorter life span. Since the energetic and nutritional demands of pregnancy and breastfeeding render reproductive costs much higher in women than in men, women with a large number of children should show signs of deterioration in condition, while men with large families should not. However, whether reproductive costs reduce longevity in women is still questionable, and in men this issue has not been adequately addressed. In addition, since sons are energetically more expensive to produce than daughters, having sons should have a more pronounced negative impact on maternal longevity than having daughters. Here we document a striking disparity in the impact of children on the life span of mothers and fathers in a Polish rural population. We show for the first time that number of daughters was positively related to a longer life span of their fathers, increasing their longevity on average by 74 weeks per daughter born, while number of sons did not have a significant effect on paternal longevity. In contrast, in women, the number of daughters and number of sons reduced maternal longevity and did so to the same extent, on average by 95 weeks per son or daughter, indicating that for women, the costs of having sons and daughters are similar.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Jasienska, G and Nenko, I and Jasienski, M},
 journal = {Am J Hum Biol},
 number = {3}
}

@article{ashworth_age-related_2006,
	title = {Age-related changes in consultations and antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory infections, 1995-2000. {Data} from the {UK} {General} {Practice} {Research} {Database}},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {0269-4727},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2710.2006.00765.x},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: International studies using data aggregated for all ages have shown decreasing rates of general practice consultations for acute respiratory infections with fewer antibiotic prescriptions issued per consultation. The occurrence of different respiratory infections varies widely at different ages but we do not know whether prescribing has reduced equally in all age groups.
OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine how reductions in consultation rates and antibiotic prescribing varied with age for different respiratory infections.
METHODS: Data were abstracted from the General Practice Research Database for 108 general practices in the UK (mean registered population 642 685). We estimated age-specific changes between 1995 and 2000 in consultation rates, and the proportion of consultations resulting in an antibiotic prescription for 'all respiratory infections' and for 'sore throat', 'ear infection', 'bronchitis' and 'chest infection'.
RESULTS: Consultation rates for 'all respiratory infections' declined in all age groups with the greatest decreases in children aged 1-4 years (41\%), 5-10 year olds (53\%) and 11-16 year olds (54\%), whereas at 75-84 years the reduction was 28\%. The pattern of greater reductions in children held for each separate condition even though the age of peak incidence varied. The relative reduction in antibiotic prescribing was greatest at 1-4 years (18\%), 5-10 years (17\%) and 11-16 years (17\%), compared with 5\% at 75-84 years. Antibiotic prescribing decreased most for sore throat and this was observed at all ages particularly in 5-10 year olds (relative reduction, 32\%).
CONCLUSIONS: School age children account for the greatest reduction in consultations for acute respiratory infection. School age and preschool children account for the greatest reductions in antibiotic prescribing during the consultation. The rapid changes in consultation rates are unexplained.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics},
	author = {Ashworth, M. and Charlton, J. and Latinovic, R. and Gulliford, M.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16958824},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Child, Child, Preschool, Confidence Intervals, Databases, Factual, Family Practice, Great Britain, Humans, Infant, Middle Aged, Physician's Practice Patterns, Respiratory Tract Infections},
	pages = {461--467}
}

Website  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {A long-term population-based clinical and morbidity review of Prader-Willi syndrome in Western Australia},
 type = {article},
 year = {2006},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Adolescent,Adult,Age of Onset,Child,Child, Preschool,Cohort Studies,Comorbidity,Female,Humans,Infant,Male,Middle Aged,Prader-Willi Syndrome/*epidemiology/genetics/*psyc,Prevalence,Residence Characteristics,Retrospective Studies,Time Factors,Western Australia/epidemiology},
 pages = {69-78},
 volume = {50},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16316432},
 edition = {2005/12/01},
 id = {6304b879-7510-31b5-b1d5-0e08d20fda12},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:42:45.337Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:42:45.433Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 language = {eng},
 notes = {<m:note>Thomson, A K<m:linebreak/>Glasson, E J<m:linebreak/>Bittles, A H<m:linebreak/>Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't<m:linebreak/>England<m:linebreak/>Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR<m:linebreak/>Jir770<m:linebreak/>J Intellect Disabil Res. 2006 Jan;50(Pt 1):69-78.</m:note>},
 abstract = {BACKGROUND: An investigation of the clinical morbidity and genetic profiles of individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) in Western Australia (WA) was undertaken as part of a wider study into the effects of intellectual disability (ID) on the life course of individuals. METHODS: All persons with a diagnosis of PWS were identified from the records of the Disability Services Commission of WA (DSC). The DSC client files formed the main data source, and were supplemented by information from other state health data sets. The analysis was retrospective and quantitative in nature. RESULTS: A total of 56 individuals were identified, 10 of whom exhibited normal methylation patterns and so were analysed separately (PWS-like). The ages of the PWS group ranged from 0.9 to 48.3 years, with six persons deceased. Most people with PWS (76%) had mild or moderate ID, and 70% lived in their family home. The birth prevalence of the disorder was 1 in 29 500 births. Respiratory disorders, dentistry and gastrointestinal disorders were common reasons for hospital admission, with epilepsy or convulsions also reported at moderate frequency. The PWS-like group shared many clinical features in common with PWS patients, the principal exceptions being hypotonia and feeding difficulties in infancy. CONCLUSIONS: The estimated birth prevalence of PWS was lower than expected; however, the case ascertainment method may have excluded some individuals. Older people with PWS were generally living in sheltered accommodation. As the cohort ages, demand for places in similar accommodation will increase, adding to the existing burden on service providers. Substantial future increases in the use of medical services and hospital-based care also are predicted with the onset of age-associated disorders.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Thomson, A K and Glasson, E J and Bittles, A H},
 journal = {J Intellect Disabil Res},
 number = {Pt 1}
}

@article{helms_utility_2005,
	title = {Utility of routinely acquired primary care data for paediatric disease epidemiology and pharmacoepidemiology},
	volume = {59},
	issn = {0306-5251},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2125.2005.02404.x},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: The majority of medicines prescribed for children are prescribed in primary care for common acute and chronic conditions. This is in contrast to prescribing in secondary care where the population of children admitted is small but where a large number of different medicines are prescribed to treat more serious and less common conditions.
METHODS: Data on prescribing was extracted from the General Practice Administration System for Scotland (GPASS) for the year November 1999 to October 2000 and prescribing patterns for children aged 0-16 years expressed as percentages. A comparison of age specific consultations for asthma, as an example of a common paediatric condition, was also made between two separate general practice data sets, the General Practice Research Database (GRPD) and the continuous morbidity recording (CMR) subset of GPASS.
RESULTS: Of 214 medicines investigated for unlicensed and off-label prescribing no unlicensed prescribing was identified. Off-label prescribing due to age was most common among younger and older children. The most common reasons for off-label prescriptions were, in order of frequency, lower than recommended dose, higher than recommended dose, below the recommended age, and unlicensed formulation. Age and gender specific consultations for asthma were similar in the two representative databases, GPRD and CMR, both showing disappearance of the male predominance in the teenage years.
CONCLUSIONS: Large primary care data sets available within a unified health care system such as the UK National Health Service (NHS) are likely to be broadly compatible and produce similar results. The prescribing of off-label medicines to children is common in primary care, most commonly due to prescribing out with the recommended dosage regimen.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {6},
	journal = {British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology},
	author = {Helms, Peter J. and Ekins Daukes, Suzie and Taylor, Michael W. and Simpson, Colin R. and McLay, James S.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2005},
	pmid = {15948933},
	pmcid = {PMC1884863},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Age Distribution, Asthma, Child, Child, Preschool, Databases, Factual, Drug Approval, Drug Prescriptions, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Medical Records Systems, Computerized, Pediatrics, Primary Health Care, Reproducibility of Results, Scotland, State Medicine, pharmacoepidemiology},
	pages = {684--690}
}

Website  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Two mutations in the HSN2 gene explain the high prevalence of HSAN2 in French Canadians.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2005},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Adult,Aged,Base Sequence,Base Sequence: genetics,Child,Child, Preschool,Chromosome Mapping,Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12,Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12: genetics,Cohort Studies,DNA Mutational Analysis,Female,Genetic Predisposition to Disease,Genetic Predisposition to Disease: genetics,Genetic Testing,Genotype,Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathies,Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathies: epi,Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathies: gen,Humans,Infant,Male,Middle Aged,Mutation,Mutation: genetics,Nerve Tissue Proteins,Nerve Tissue Proteins: genetics,Pedigree,Peripheral Nerves,Peripheral Nerves: pathology,Peripheral Nerves: physiopathology,Phenotype,Prevalence,Quebec,Quebec: epidemiology},
 pages = {1762-7},
 volume = {64},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15911806},
 month = {5},
 day = {24},
 id = {71758a4d-1534-3114-8245-28d8a8dcfda2},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:46:38.335Z},
 accessed = {2011-06-02},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:46:38.523Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 abstract = {Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 2 (HSAN2; MIM 201300) is a rare recessive neuropathy typically diagnosed in the first decade. The 1973 study of a French Canadian family led to the definition of HSAN2.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Roddier, K and Thomas, T and Marleau, G and Gagnon, A M and Dicaire, M J and St-Denis, A and Gosselin, I and Sarrazin, A M and Larbrisseau, A and Lambert, M and Vanasse, M and Gaudet, D and Rouleau, G A and Brais, B},
 journal = {Neurology},
 number = {10}
}

@article{sharland_antibiotic_2005,
	title = {Antibiotic prescribing in general practice and hospital admissions for peritonsillar abscess, mastoiditis, and rheumatic fever in children: time trend analysis},
	volume = {331},
	issn = {1756-1833},
	shorttitle = {Antibiotic prescribing in general practice and hospital admissions for peritonsillar abscess, mastoiditis, and rheumatic fever in children},
	doi = {10.1136/bmj.38503.706887.AE1},
	language = {eng},
	number = {7512},
	journal = {BMJ (Clinical research ed.)},
	author = {Sharland, M. and Kendall, H. and Yeates, D. and Randall, A. and Hughes, G. and Glasziou, P. and Mant, D.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2005},
	pmid = {15967760},
	pmcid = {PMC1183132},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Child, Child, Preschool, Drug Utilization, England, Family Practice, Hospitalization, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Mastoiditis, Peritonsillar Abscess, Physician's Practice Patterns, Referral and Consultation, Respiratory Tract Infections, Rheumatic Fever},
	pages = {328--329}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Functional outcome after surgical treatment of intramedullary spinal cord tumors: experience with 78 patients.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2005},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Adolescent,Adult,Aged,Astrocytoma,Astrocytoma: epidemiology,Astrocytoma: pathology,Astrocytoma: surgery,Cervical Vertebrae,Cervical Vertebrae: surgery,Child,Child, Preschool,Dermoid Cyst,Dermoid Cyst: epidemiology,Dermoid Cyst: pathology,Dermoid Cyst: surgery,Ependymoma,Ependymoma: epidemiology,Ependymoma: pathology,Ependymoma: surgery,Female,Germany,Hemangioblastoma,Hemangioblastoma: epidemiology,Hemangioblastoma: pathology,Hemangioblastoma: surgery,Humans,Infant,Lumbar Vertebrae,Lumbar Vertebrae: surgery,Magnetic Resonance Imaging,Male,Middle Aged,Neoplasm Invasiveness,Neoplasm Metastasis,Neoplasm Metastasis: pathology,Outcome Assessment (Health Care),Postoperative Complications,Postoperative Complications: pathology,Postoperative Complications: physiopathology,Prevalence,Risk Factors,Spinal Cord Compression,Spinal Cord Compression: etiology,Spinal Cord Compression: surgery,Spinal Cord Neoplasms,Spinal Cord Neoplasms: epidemiology,Spinal Cord Neoplasms: pathology,Spinal Cord Neoplasms: surgery,Thoracic Vertebrae,Thoracic Vertebrae: surgery},
 pages = {34-41},
 volume = {43},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15326473},
 month = {1},
 id = {493d4d42-dd72-3348-adee-f6882ad5549a},
 created = {2013-09-04T15:14:21.000Z},
 accessed = {2013-09-04},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {8c4ca2d5-86de-3b5d-86be-8408415f34e0},
 group_id = {a484ae4c-fcac-3c7e-9ac3-3fad0df719a2},
 last_modified = {2014-11-22T16:36:56.000Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To analyze factors with impact on the functional outcome for patients with surgically treated intramedullary spinal cord tumors (IMSCT) and to point out characteristics of the different histological entities.

SETTING: Neurosurgical Department, University of Essen, Germany.

METHODS: Between 1990 and 2000, a consecutive series of 78 patients were referred to our institution and underwent surgical treatment. There were 46 (59%) male and 32 (41%) female patients. Mean age was 43.3 years. Functional outcome was analyzed depending on histological features, age, tumor localization and the extension of involved spinal segments. The mean follow-up period was 34.4 months. Operative removal of the IMSCT was performed under standard microsurgical conditions with intraoperative monitoring of somatosensory-evoked potentials (SSEP).

RESULTS: The most frequently involved localization was the cervical and cervicothoracic region (55%) followed by the thoracic region (32%) and the medullar conus (13%). The most frequent IMSCTs were neuroepithelial tumors in 44 patients (56.5%) including 32 patients with ependymomas, 15 astrocytomas, and two lesions without further histological classification. Non-neuroepithelial tumors included 10 metastases, nine cavernomas, eight hemangioblastomas, one dermoidal cyst and one enterogenetic cyst. Complete tumor removal was achieved in 65 cases (83.3%) and subtotal resection in nine cases. In four cases a biopsy was performed only. The overall postoperative neurological state was improved or unchanged in 51 patients (65.4%) and worsened in 27 patients (34.6%). A favorable functional outcome was observed in 94.1% of patients with vascular tumors, in 61.3% of patients with low-grade neuroepithelial tumors and in 53.3% of patients with malignant tumors.

CONCLUSIONS: The strongest predicting factor of functional outcome was the preoperative neurological condition beyond the histological differentiation of the IMSCT. Although there was no outcome difference with respect to the age and tumor extension, thoracically located IMSCTs proved to harbor an increased risk of postoperative surgical morbidity.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Sandalcioglu, I E and Gasser, T and Asgari, S and Lazorisak, a and Engelhorn, T and Egelhof, T and Stolke, D and Wiedemayer, H},
 journal = {Spinal cord},
 number = {1}
}

@article{jick_autism_2004,
	title = {Autism and {DPT} vaccination in the {United} {Kingdom}},
	volume = {350},
	issn = {1533-4406},
	doi = {10.1056/NEJM200406243502623},
	language = {eng},
	number = {26},
	journal = {The New England Journal of Medicine},
	author = {Jick, Hershel and Kaye, James A.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2004},
	pmid = {15215496},
	keywords = {Autistic Disorder, Case-Control Studies, Child, Preschool, Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine, Great Britain, Humans, Infant, Male, Thimerosal},
	pages = {2722--2723}
}

@article{de_abajo_acute_2004,
	title = {Acute and clinically relevant drug-induced liver injury: a population based case-control study},
	volume = {58},
	issn = {0306-5251},
	shorttitle = {Acute and clinically relevant drug-induced liver injury},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2125.2004.02133.x},
	abstract = {AIMS: To provide quantitative information about the absolute and relative risks of acute and clinically relevant drug-induced liver injury.
METHODS: We performed a population-based case-control study using the UK-based General Practice Research Database as the source of information. A total of 1,636,792 persons subjects aged 5-75 years old registered in the database from 1 January, 1994 to 31 December, 1999 were followed-up for a total of 5,404,705 person-years. Cases were identified by an exhaustive computer search, then reviewed manually and finally validated against the clinical records. Only idiopathic cases serious enough to be referred to hospital or a consultant were selected. A total of 5000 controls were randomly sampled from the person-time of study cohort. Current users were defined if a prescription ended within 15 days of the index date, and nonusers if there was no prescription before the index date.
RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-eight patients were considered as valid cases, being the crude incidence rate of 2.4 (95\% confidence interval: 2.0, 2.8) per 100 000 person-years. The strongest associations were found with chlorpromazine (adjusted odds ratio (AOR); 95\% CI = 416; 45, 3840), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (AOR = 94.8; 27.8, 323), flucloxacillin (AOR = 17.7; 4.4, 71.0), macrolides (AOR = 6.9; 2.3, 21.0), tetracyclines (AOR = 6.2; 2.4, 15.8); metoclopramide (AOR = 6.2; 1.8, 21.3); chlorpheniramine (AOR = 9.6; 1.9, 49.7); betahistine (AOR = 15.3; 2.9, 80.7); sulphasalazine (AOR = 25.5; 6.0, 109); azathioprine (AOR = 10.5; 1.4, 76.4), diclofenac (AOR = 4.1; 1.9, 8.8) and antiepileptics (AOR = 5.1; 1.9, 13.7). A dose-effect was apparent for diclofenac, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and flucloxacillin. The combination of two or more hepatotoxic drugs increased the risk by a factor of 6. The highest crude incidence rates were found for chlorpromazine, azathioprine, and sulfasalazine (about 1 per 1000 users).
CONCLUSIONS: Idiopathic, acute and clinically relevant liver injury, which has the use of drugs as the most probable aetiology, is a rare event in the general population. The relative risks of 40 drugs/therapeutic classes are provided, along with the crude incidence rates for 15 of them where a statistical association was found.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {1},
	journal = {British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology},
	author = {de Abajo, Francisco J. and Montero, Dolores and Madurga, Mariano and García Rodríguez, Luis A.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2004},
	pmid = {15206996},
	pmcid = {PMC1884531},
	keywords = {Acute Disease, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Case-Control Studies, Child, Child, Preschool, Drug-Induced Liver Injury, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors},
	pages = {71--80}
}

@article{ruigomez_natural_2004,
	title = {Natural history of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease diagnosed in general practice},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {0269-2813},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.02169.x},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cross-sectional studies indicate that gastro-oesophageal reflux disease symptoms have a prevalence of 10-20\% in Western countries and are associated with obesity, smoking, oesophagitis, chest pain and respiratory disease.
AIM: To determine the natural history of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease presenting in primary care in the UK.
METHODS: Patients with a first diagnosis of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease during 1996 were identified in the UK General Practice Research Database and compared with age- and sex-matched controls. We investigated the incidence of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, potential risk factors and comorbidities, and relative risk for subsequent oesophageal complications and mortality.
RESULTS: The incidence of a gastro-oesophageal reflux disease diagnosis was 4.5 per 1000 person-years (95\% confidence interval: 4.4-4.7). Prior use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, smoking, excess body weight and gastrointestinal and cardiac conditions were associated with an increased risk of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease diagnosis. Subjects with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease had an increased risk of respiratory problems, chest pain and angina in the year after diagnosis, and had a relative risk of 11.5 (95\% confidence interval: 5.9-22.3) of being diagnosed with an oesophageal complication. There was an increase in mortality in the gastro-oesophageal reflux disease cohort only in the year following the diagnosis.
CONCLUSIONS: Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease is a disease associated with a range of potentially serious oesophageal complications and extra-oesophageal diseases.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Alimentary Pharmacology \& Therapeutics},
	author = {Ruigómez, A. and García Rodríguez, L. A. and Wallander, M.-A. and Johansson, S. and Graffner, H. and Dent, J.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2004},
	pmid = {15379835},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal, Antirheumatic Agents, Child, Child, Preschool, Cohort Studies, Family Practice, Female, Gastroesophageal Reflux, Great Britain, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Nitrates, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Risk Factors, Steroids},
	pages = {751--760}
}

@article{ansermino_nonopioid_2003,
	title = {Nonopioid additives to local anaesthetics for caudal blockade in children: a systematic review},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1155-5645},
	shorttitle = {Nonopioid additives to local anaesthetics for caudal blockade in children},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND

Caudal epidural injection with local anaesthetics is a popular regional technique used in infants and children. A disadvantage of caudal blockade is the relatively short duration of postoperative analgesia. Opioids have traditionally been added to increase the duration of analgesia but have been associated with unacceptable side-effects. A number of nonopioid additives have been suggested to increase the duration of analgesia.


METHODS

A systematic review was conducted to identify randomized control trials comparing the use of local anaesthetic to local anaesthetic with nonopioid additives for caudal blockade in children. The increase in duration of analgesia and side-effects were compared.


RESULTS

The addition of clonidine to the local anaesthetic solution produces an increase in the duration of analgesia following caudal blockade in children (pooled weighted mean difference of 145 min with 95\% confidence interval of 132-157 min). Side-effects include sedation and the potential for neonatal respiratory depression. Ketamine and midazolam further increase the duration of analgesia, however, the potential for neurotoxicity remains a concern.


CONCLUSION

The evidence examined shows an increased duration of analgesia with clonidine, ketamine and midazolam. However, we are not convinced that the routine use of these adjuvants in the setting of elective outpatient surgery shows improved patient outcome. It is unclear if the potential for neurotoxicity is outweighed by clinical benefits. Further testing, including large clinical trials, is required before recommending routine use of nonopioid additives for caudal blockade in children.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Paediatric anaesthesia},
	author = {Ansermino, Mark and Basu, Rahul and Vandebeek, Christine and Montgomery, Carolyne},
	month = sep,
	year = {2003},
	pmid = {12950855},
	keywords = {Analgesics, Non-Narcotic, Anesthesia, Caudal, Anesthetics, Local, Child, Child, Preschool, Humans, Pain, Postoperative, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic},
	pages = {561--573}
}

@article{jick_epidemiology_2003,
	title = {Epidemiology and possible causes of autism},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {0277-0008},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To review the recent literature on possible causes of the increase in frequency of diagnosed autism reported from three countries, and to compare the medical diagnoses and drug therapy from a new series of autistic boys and their mothers with that of comparable nonautistic boys and their mothers.
DESIGN: Case-control evaluation.
PARTICIPANTS: Members of over 250 general practices in the United Kingdom.
MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Frequency of exposure to drugs and presence of preexisting clinical illnesses in autistic children and their mothers were compared with nonautistic children and their mothers over time. According to published studies, the incidence of boys diagnosed with autism rose dramatically in the 1990s. Numerous published studies have concluded that the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine is not responsible for the large rise in diagnosed autism. In our study, boys diagnosed with autism had medical and drug histories, such as vaccines, before diagnosis, that were closely similar to those of nonautistic boys, except that developmental and sensory disorders were far more common in autistic boys. No material differences during pregnancy were found between the mothers of autistic boys and those of nonautistic boys in relation to illness or drug therapy. In the early 1990s, boys with diagnosed developmental disorders were infrequently diagnosed with autism. In the later 1990s, such boys more often were diagnosed with autism.
CONCLUSION: A major cause of the recent large increase in the number of boys diagnosed with autism probably is due to changing diagnostic practices.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Pharmacotherapy},
	author = {Jick, Hershel and Kaye, James A.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2003},
	pmid = {14695031},
	keywords = {Autistic Disorder, Case-Control Studies, Child, Preschool, Epidemiologic Methods, Female, Humans, Male, Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine, Pregnancy Complications, Retrospective Studies, pregnancy},
	pages = {1524--1530}
}

@article{black_mmr_2003,
	title = {{MMR} vaccine and idiopathic thrombocytopaenic purpura},
	volume = {55},
	issn = {0306-5251},
	abstract = {AIMS: To estimate the relationship between idiopathic thrombocytopaenic purpura (ITP) and the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination in children; calculating the relative risk estimate for ITP with in 6 weeks after MMR vaccination and the attributable risk of ITP within 6 weeks after MMR vaccination.
METHODS: Using the General Practice Research Database we identified children with a first-time diagnosis of ITP from a base population of children aged less than 6 years between January 1988 and December 1999. After describing the characteristics of all the children identified with ITP, we focused on cases aged 13-24 months to perform a population-based, case-control analysis to estimate the relative risk of developing ITP within 6 weeks after MMR vaccination. We also calculated the risk of ITP attributable to the MMR vaccination.
RESULTS: Sixty-three children with a first time diagnosis of ITP were identified; 23 cases were between 13 and 24 months old. The relative risk estimate for ITP within 6 weeks after MMR vaccination, compared to the combined group of unvaccinated children and children vaccinated with MMR more than 26 weeks previously was 6.3 (95\% CI 1.3-30.1). The attributable risk of developing ITP within 6 weeks after MMR vaccination was estimated to be 1 in 25,000 vaccinations (95\% confidence interval 21,300, 89,400).
CONCLUSION: This study confirms the increased risk of ITP within 6 weeks after MMR vaccination. However, the attributable risk of ITP within 6 weeks after MMR vaccination is low.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {1},
	journal = {British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology},
	author = {Black, Corri and Kaye, James A. and Jick, Hershel},
	month = jan,
	year = {2003},
	pmid = {12534647},
	pmcid = {PMC1884189},
	keywords = {Case-Control Studies, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine, Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic, Risk Factors},
	pages = {107--111}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy with agenesis of the corpus callosum},
 type = {article},
 year = {2003},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Adolescent,Adult,Atrophy/pathology,Brachial Plexus Neuritis/epidemiology,Brain/pathology,Child,Child, Preschool,Cognition Disorders/epidemiology,Comorbidity,Corpus Callosum/*abnormalities,Electromyography,Exons/genetics,Female,Gene Deletion,Genotype,Hereditary Motor and Sensory,Homozygote,Human,Infant,Infant, Newborn,Magnetic Resonance Imaging,Male,Median Nerve/physiopathology,Muscle Hypotonia/epidemiology,Neural Conduction/physiology,Neuropathies/epidemiology/*genetics/physiopatholog,Point Mutation/genetics,Quebec/epidemiology,Reflex, Abnormal/physiology,Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Symporters/genetics},
 pages = {9-18},
 volume = {54},
 id = {99285bba-7525-3fd4-81d8-6fb91fc4d581},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:45:18.932Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:45:19.076Z},
 tags = {04/09/01},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>Journal Article<m:linebreak/>Review<m:linebreak/>Review of Reported Cases</m:note>},
 abstract = {Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy associated with agenesis of the corpus callosum (OMIM 218000) is an autosomal recessive disease of early onset characterized by a delay in developmental milestones, a severe sensory-motor polyneuropathy with areflexia, a variable degree of agenesis of the corpus callosum, amyotrophy, hypotonia, and cognitive impairment. Although this disorder has rarely been reported worldwide, it has a high prevalence in the Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean region of the province of Quebec (Canada) predominantly because of a founder effect. The gene defect responsible for this disorder recently has been identified, and it is a protein-truncating mutation in the SLC12A6 gene, which codes for a cotransporter protein known as KCC3. Herein, we provide the first extensive review of this disorder, covering epidemiological, clinical, and molecular genetic studies.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Dupre, N and Howard, H C and Mathieu, J and Karpati, G and Vanasse, M and Bouchard, J P and Carpenter, S and Rouleau, G A},
 journal = {Ann Neurol},
 number = {1}
}

Paper  bibtex   

@article{
 title = {What is the Birth Defect Risk Associated With Consanguineous Marriages ?},
 type = {article},
 year = {2002},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {*Consanguinity,Abnormalities/*genetics,Child,Female,Human,Infant,Male,Preschool,Risk Factors},
 pages = {70-71},
 volume = {109},
 id = {f8021355-3e47-3c4b-b4f4-b8bb58d6fc41},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:42:00.462Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:42:00.784Z},
 tags = {04/11/22},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>        <m:bold>From Duplicate 1 ( </m:bold>        <m:bold>          </m:bold><m:bold><m:italic>What is the birth defect risk associated with consanguineous marriages?</m:italic></m:bold><m:bold>        </m:bold>        <m:bold> - Zlotogora, J )<m:linebreak/>        </m:bold>        <m:linebreak/>Case Reports<m:linebreak/>Letter<m:linebreak/>        <m:linebreak/>      </m:note>},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Zlotogora, Joël},
 journal = {American journal of medical genetics},
 number = {1}
}

@article{coleman_endemic_2001,
	title = {Endemic stability--a veterinary idea applied to human public health.},
	volume = {357},
	issn = {0140-6736 0140-6736},
	abstract = {Endemic stability is an epidemiological state of a population, in which clinical  disease is scarce despite high level of infection. The notion was developed to describe patterns of tick-borne disease in cattle. However, we propose a general  model of endemic stability that is applicable to a broader range of diseases that are important in public health, including malaria, rubella, and mumps. We postulate that endemic stability requires only that (1) the probability, or severity, of clinical disease after infection increases with age, and (2) after one infection, the probability that subsequent infections result in disease is reduced. We present these criteria in simple mathematical terms. Our hypothesis predicts that partial disease control activities might, under certain circumstances, lead to an increase in disease incidence. We discuss the implications for public health interventions.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {9264},
	journal = {Lancet (London, England)},
	author = {Coleman, P. G. and Perry, B. D. and Woolhouse, M. E.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2001},
	pmid = {11418173},
	keywords = {*Endemic Diseases, *Epidemiologic Methods, *Models, Theoretical, *Public Health, Age Distribution, Animals, Child, Preschool, Communicable Diseases/*epidemiology/etiology, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Infant, Newborn},
	pages = {1284--1286}
}

@article{kaye_mumps_2001,
	title = {Mumps, measles, and rubella vaccine and the incidence of autism recorded by general practitioners: a time trend analysis},
	volume = {322},
	issn = {0959-8138},
	shorttitle = {Mumps, measles, and rubella vaccine and the incidence of autism recorded by general practitioners},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To estimate changes in the risk of autism and assess the relation of autism to the mumps, measles, and rubella (MMR) vaccine.
DESIGN: Time trend analysis of data from the UK general practice research database (GPRD).
SETTING: General practices in the United Kingdom.
SUBJECTS: Children aged 12 years or younger diagnosed with autism 1988-99, with further analysis of boys aged 2 to 5 years born 1988-93.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Annual and age specific incidence for first recorded diagnoses of autism (that is, when the diagnosis of autism was first recorded) in the children aged 12 years or younger; annual, birth cohort specific risk of autism diagnosed in the 2 to 5 year old boys; coverage (prevalence) of MMR vaccination in the same birth cohorts.
RESULTS: The incidence of newly diagnosed autism increased sevenfold, from 0.3 per 10 000 person years in 1988 to 2.1 per 10 000 person years in 1999. The peak incidence was among 3 and 4 year olds, and 83\% (254/305) of cases were boys. In an annual birth cohort analysis of 114 boys born in 1988-93, the risk of autism in 2 to 5 year old boys increased nearly fourfold over time, from 8 (95\% confidence interval 4 to 14) per 10 000 for boys born in 1988 to 29 (20 to 43) per 10 000 for boys born in 1993. For the same annual birth cohorts the prevalence of MMR vaccination was over 95\%.
CONCLUSIONS: Because the incidence of autism among 2 to 5 year olds increased markedly among boys born in each year separately from 1988 to 1993 while MMR vaccine coverage was over 95\% for successive annual birth cohorts, the data provide evidence that no correlation exists between the prevalence of MMR vaccination and the rapid increase in the risk of autism over time. The explanation for the marked increase in risk of the diagnosis of autism in the past decade remains uncertain.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {7284},
	journal = {BMJ (Clinical research ed.)},
	author = {Kaye, J. A. and del Mar Melero-Montes, M. and Jick, H.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2001},
	pmid = {11222420},
	pmcid = {PMC26561},
	keywords = {Age Distribution, Autistic Disorder, Child, Child, Preschool, Family Practice, Female, Great Britain, Humans, Male, Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine, Risk Assessment, incidence},
	pages = {460--463}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {The local field in infratentorial ependymoma: does the entire posterior fossa need to be treated?},
 type = {article},
 year = {2001},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {80 and over,Adolescent,Adult,Aged,Child,Cranial Fossa,Ependymoma,Ependymoma: radiotherapy,Ependymoma: surgery,Female,Humans,Infratentorial Neoplasms,Infratentorial Neoplasms: radiotherapy,Infratentorial Neoplasms: surgery,Male,Middle Aged,Posterior,Preschool,Radiotherapy Dosage,Survival Analysis,Treatment Failure},
 pages = {757-61},
 volume = {49},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11172959},
 month = {3},
 day = {1},
 id = {824b4da9-3acc-37d7-9dd5-8c30fb640a36},
 created = {2014-08-02T21:56:13.000Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {be299c88-7105-3a8d-a1cd-3aa95c25e2c4},
 group_id = {a484ae4c-fcac-3c7e-9ac3-3fad0df719a2},
 last_modified = {2014-12-29T19:36:51.000Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 abstract = {INTRODUCTION: In the past decade, there have been multiple reports indicating that the predominant problem in the curative treatment of intracranial ependymoma is local failure. As a result, many have recommended local field radiotherapy. For infratentorial ependymoma, there is controversy regarding what constitutes the local field. Some radiation oncologists advocate coverage of the entire posterior fossa, whereas others recommend radiotherapy to the tumor bed and a safety margin. METHODS AND MATERIALS: From 1984 to 1998, 28 patients with posterior fossa ependymoma were diagnosed at our institution. There were 18 males and 10 females with a median age of 12 years (range, 2-81 years). Four patients (14%) had high-grade ependymoma and 3 (11%) had M+ disease at initial diagnosis. Gross total resection was achieved in 17 (61%) and postoperative radiotherapy (RT) was given to 22 (77%). Radiotherapy fields were craniospinal in 10, whole brain in 1, posterior fossa in 2, and tumor bed with a 2-cm. margin in 9. Median dose to the primary site was 54 Gy (range, 45-55 Gy). All 4 patients with high-grade ependymoma received craniospinal RT. Six patients did not receive RT after surgery. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scans of the brain at initial diagnosis were compared to MRI or CT scans of patients at relapse to determine if the local relapse was in the tumor bed or nontumor bed posterior fossa. Median follow-up was 127 months (range, 14-188 months). RESULTS: Six patients have relapsed. For the 11 patients who had craniospinal or whole brain radiotherapy (RT), 3 recurred (tumor bed 1, spine 1, nontumor bed posterior fossa + spine 1). Both patients who failed in the spine had high-grade tumors. Neither of the 2 treated with posterior fossa fields relapsed. For the 9 patients who had tumor bed RT alone and the 6 who did not receive RT, there were 3 relapses; all were in the tumor bed. There were no relapses in the nontumor bed posterior fossa. CONCLUSION: For nondisseminated, low-grade infratentorial ependymoma, the radiotherapy volume does not need to include the entire posterior fossa. This information can be used to minimize late effects of RT in the era of three-dimensional (conformal) radiotherapy. No conclusion can be reached regarding the appropriate local field for high-grade infratentorial ependymoma because of the small number of patients.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Paulino, A C},
 journal = {International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics},
 number = {3}
}

@Article{Scholl2001b,
  author   = {B. J. Scholl},
  journal  = {Cognition},
  title    = {Objects and attention: {T}he state of the art.},
  year     = {2001},
  number   = {1-2},
  pages    = {1-46},
  volume   = {80},
  abstract = {What are the units of attention? In addition to standard models holding
	that attention can select spatial regions and visual features, recent
	work suggests that in some cases attention can directly select discrete
	objects. This paper reviews the state of the art with regard to such
	'object-based' attention, and explores how objects of attention relate
	to locations, reference frames, perceptual groups, surfaces, parts,
	and features. Also discussed are the dynamic aspects of objecthood,
	including the question of how attended objects are individuated in
	time, and the possibility of attending to simple dynamic motions
	and events. The final sections of this review generalize these issues
	beyond vision science, to other modalities and fields such as auditory
	objects of attention and the infant's 'object concept'.},
  keywords = {80 and over, Adenoviridae, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Attention, Auditory Perception, Biopsy, Bone Nails, Bone Neoplasms, Bone Screws, Bone Transplantation, Breast Neoplasms, Carcinoma, Child, Child Development, Cognition, Cohort Studies, Comparative Study, Concept Formation, Constriction, Esophageal Neoplasms, Female, Femoral Neck Fractures, Femoral Neoplasms, Femur Head, Femur Neck, Fibula, Follow-Up Studies, Fracture Fixation, Fractures, Gene Expression, Gene Transfer Techniques, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Hepatitis, Homologous, Humans, Inbred Strains, Infant, Injections, Internal, Intramedullary, Intravenous, Judgment, Knee Joint, Liver, Luminescent Proteins, Male, Meta-Analysis, Middle Aged, Models, Motion, Motion Perception, Needle, Neoplasms, Non-P.H.S., Non-U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Perceptual Distortion, Portal Vein, Preschool, Problem Solving, Psychological, Radiation-Induced, Rats, Research Support, Retrospective Studies, Second Primary, Self Concept, Sensitivity and Specificity, Social Perception, Space Perception, Spontaneous, Squamous Cell, Students, Time Factors, Tomography, Transplantation, Treatment Outcome, U.S. Gov't, Visual Perception, X-Ray Computed, 11245838},
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Molecular genetic alterations on chromosomes 11 and 22 in ependymomas},
 type = {article},
 year = {2001},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Adolescent,Adult,Aged,Alleles,Base Sequence,Brain Neoplasms,Brain Neoplasms: genetics,Child,Chromosome Deletion,Chromosomes,DNA,DNA Primers,DNA Primers: chemistry,Ependymoma,Ependymoma: genetics,Ependymoma: pathology,Female,Genes,Human,Humans,Infant,Loss of Heterozygosity,Male,Microsatellite Repeats,Middle Aged,Mutation,Neoplasm Proteins,Neoplasm Proteins: genetics,Neurofibromatosis 2,Neurofibromatosis 2: genetics,Newborn,Pair 11,Pair 11: genetics,Pair 22,Pair 22: genetics,Polymerase Chain Reaction,Preschool,Proto-Oncogene Proteins,Sequence Analysis,Spinal Cord Neoplasms,Spinal Cord Neoplasms: genetics},
 pages = {803-8},
 volume = {91},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11275983},
 month = {3},
 day = {15},
 id = {7d56c6a1-5e17-379e-ab86-667dcf2ce1cd},
 created = {2013-08-05T21:04:27.000Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {8c4ca2d5-86de-3b5d-86be-8408415f34e0},
 group_id = {a484ae4c-fcac-3c7e-9ac3-3fad0df719a2},
 last_modified = {2014-12-29T19:36:50.000Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 abstract = {Ependymomas arise from the ependymal cells at different locations throughout the brain and spinal cord. These tumors have a broad age distribution with a range from less than 1 year to more than 80 years. In some intramedullary spinal ependymomas, mutations in the neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) gene and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosome arm 22q have been described. Cytogenetic studies have also identified alterations involving chromosome arm 11q, including rearrangements at 11q13, in ependymomas. We analyzed 21 intramedullary spinal, 14 ventricular, 11 filum terminale and 6 intracerebral ependymomas for mutations in the MEN1 gene, which is located at 11q13, and mutations in the NF2 gene, which is located at 22q12, as well as for LOH on 11q and 22q. NF2 mutations were found in 6 tumors, all of which were intramedullary spinal and all of which displayed LOH 22q. Allelic loss on 22q was found in 20 cases and was significantly more frequent in intramedullary spinal ependymomas than in tumors in other locations. LOH 11q was found in 7 patients and exhibited a highly significant inverse association with LOH 22q (p<0.001). A hemizygous MEN1 mutation was identified in 3 tumors, all of which were recurrences from the same patient. Interestingly, the initial tumor corresponded to WHO grade II and displayed LOH 11q but not yet a MEN1 mutation. In 2 subsequent recurrences, the tumor had progressed to anaplastic ependymoma (WHO grade III) and exhibited a nonsense mutation in exon 10 of MEN1 (W471X) in conjunction with LOH 11q. This suggests that loss of wild-type MEN1 may be involved in the malignant progression of a subset of ependymomas. To conclude, our findings provide evidence for different genetic pathways involved in ependymoma formation and progression, which may allow to define genetically and clinically distinct tumor entities.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Lamszus, K and Lachenmayer, L and Heinemann, U and Kluwe, L and Finckh, U and Höppner, W and Stavrou, D and Fillbrandt, R and Westphal, M},
 journal = {International journal of cancer},
 number = {6}
}

@article{gale_patterns_2001,
	title = {Patterns of prescribing of nutritional supplements in the {United} {Kingdom}},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {0261-5614},
	doi = {10.1054/clnu.2001.0396},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: A large number of prescriptions are issued for nutritional supplements under British National Formulary classifications 9.4.1 (foods for special diets) and 9.4.2 (enteral feeds), but little is known about the characteristics of the patients who receive them. We used the General Practice Research Database to examine patterns of prescribing of these supplements.
METHODS: We selected patients who had been prescribed supplements under classifications 9.4.1 and 9.4.2 during 1996-1997. Descriptive statistics were used to examine how prescribing varied.
RESULTS: 28644 patients received prescriptions during 1996-1997. Among the 27413 (96\%) patients prescribed supplements for oral use, 14750 received supplements for enteral nutrition alone, 8122 received supplements for special diets alone and 4541 had both types of supplement. 51\% of patients receiving supplements for special diets were {\textless}18 years. The commonest diagnoses among such children were milk intolerance (24\%) and malnutrition (17\%). 94\% of patients receiving supplements for enteral nutrition were adult, 52\% of whom had cancer or cardiovascular disease. Only 4\% of patients had weight and height recorded prior to first prescription.
CONCLUSIONS: The GPRD provides valuable information on the characteristics of patients prescribed nutritional supplements. But because only limited data are available on their nutritional status prior to supplementation, it is hard to assess whether general practitioners are prescribing these supplements appropriately.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)},
	author = {Gale, C. R. and Edington, J. and Coles, S. J. and Martyn, C. N.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2001},
	pmid = {11478831},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, Databases, Factual, Dietary Supplements, Drug Prescriptions, Enteral Nutrition, Family Practice, Female, Food, Formulated, Gastrointestinal Diseases, Great Britain, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Nutrition Disorders, Nutritional Status, Physician's Practice Patterns},
	pages = {333--337}
}

@article{majeed_trends_2001,
	title = {Trends in the prevalence and management of atrial fibrillation in general practice in {England} and {Wales}, 1994-1998: analysis of data from the general practice research database},
	volume = {86},
	issn = {1468-201X},
	shorttitle = {Trends in the prevalence and management of atrial fibrillation in general practice in {England} and {Wales}, 1994-1998},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of atrial fibrillation in England and Wales, and examine trends in its treatment with warfarin and aspirin between 1994 and 1998.
DESIGN: Analysis of data from the general practice research database.
SETTING: England and Wales.
PATIENTS: 1.4 million patients registered with 211 general practices.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Age and sex specific prevalence rates of atrial fibrillation; percentage of patients with atrial fibrillation treated with oral anticoagulants or aspirin.
RESULTS: The prevalence of atrial fibrillation in 1998 was 12.1/1000 in men and 12.7/1000 in women. Prevalence increased from less than 1/1000 in under 35 year olds to over 100/1000 in those aged 85 years and over. There was a 22\% increase in the age standardised prevalence of atrial fibrillation in men and a 14\% increase in women between 1994 and 1998. The percentage of patients prescribed oral anticoagulants increased from 20\% to 34\% in men and from 17\% to 25\% in women. The percentage of men with atrial fibrillation prescribed aspirin increased from 26\% to 36\%, and the percentage of women increased from 24\% to 36\%. Applying the age and sex specific prevalence and treatment rates to the population gives an estimate of around 650 000 cases of atrial fibrillation in England and Wales. The greatest number of cases occurs in the 75-84 year old age group.
CONCLUSIONS: The number of patients in the community with identified atrial fibrillation is increasing. There has also been a pronounced increase in the percentage of patients with atrial fibrillation prescribed oral anticoagulants or aspirin.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Heart (British Cardiac Society)},
	author = {Majeed, A. and Moser, K. and Carroll, K.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2001},
	pmid = {11514479},
	pmcid = {PMC1729916},
	keywords = {Administration, Oral, Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anticoagulants, Aspirin, Atrial Fibrillation, Child, Child, Preschool, England, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors, Prevalence, Sex Distribution, Wales, Warfarin},
	pages = {284--288}
}

@Article{Sigman2001,
  author   = {M Sigman and GA Cecchi and CD Gilbert and MO Magnasco},
  journal  = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
  title    = {On a common circle: {N}atural scenes and {G}estalt rules.},
  year     = {2001},
  number   = {4},
  pages    = {1935-40},
  volume   = {98},
  abstract = {To understand how the human visual system analyzes images, it is essential
	to know the structure of the visual environment. In particular, natural
	images display consistent statistical properties that distinguish
	them from random luminance distributions. We have studied the geometric
	regularities of oriented elements (edges or line segments) present
	in an ensemble of visual scenes, asking how much information the
	presence of a segment in a particular location of the visual scene
	carries about the presence of a second segment at different relative
	positions and orientations. We observed strong long-range correlations
	in the distribution of oriented segments that extend over the whole
	visual field. We further show that a very simple geometric rule,
	cocircularity, predicts the arrangement of segments in natural scenes,
	and that different geometrical arrangements show relevant differences
	in their scaling properties. Our results show similarities to geometric
	features of previous physiological and psychophysical studies. We
	discuss the implications of these findings for theories of early
	vision.},
  doi      = {10.1073/pnas.031571498},
  keywords = {Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, Concept Formation, Form Perception, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Shrews, P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Cochlea, Ear, Gerbillinae, Glycine, Hearing, Neurons, Space Perception, Strychnine, Adolescent, Decision Making, Reaction Time, Astrocytoma, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Evoked Potentials, Frontal Lobe, Noise, Parietal Lobe, Scalp, Child, Language Development, Psycholinguistics, Brain, Perception, Speech, Vocalization, Animal, Discrimination (Psychology), Hippocampus, Rats, Calcium, Chelating Agents, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Glutamic Acid, Guanosine Diphosphate, In Vitro, Neuronal Plasticity, Pyramidal Cells, Receptors, AMPA, Metabotropic Glutamate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Somatosensory Cortex, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Thionucleotides, Action Potentials, Calcium Channels, L-Type, Electric Conductivity, Entorhinal Cortex, Neurological, Long-Evans, Infant, Mathematics, Statistics, Probability Learning, Problem Solving, Psychophysics, Association Learning, Child Psychology, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Probability Theory, Analysis of Variance, Semantics, Symbolism, Behavior, Eye Movements, Macaca mulatta, Prefrontal Cortex, Cats, Dogs, Haplorhini, Photic Stimulation, Electroencephalography, Nervous System Physiology, Darkness, Grasshoppers, Light, Membrane Potentials, Neural Inhibition, Afferent, Picrotoxin, Vision, Deoxyglucose, Injections, Microspheres, Neural Pathways, Rhodamines, Choice Behavior, Speech Perception, Verbal Learning, Dominance, Cerebral, Fixation, Ocular, Language Tests, Random Allocation, Comparative Study, Saguinus, Sound Spectrography, Species Specificity, Audiometry, Auditory Threshold, Calibration, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Anesthesia, General, Electrodes, Implanted, Pitch Perception, Sound Localization, Paired-Associate Learning, Serial Learning, Auditory, Age Factors, Motion Perception, Brain Injuries, Computer Simulation, Blindness, Psychomotor Performance, Color Perception, Signal Detection (Psychology), Judgment, ROC Curve, Regression Analysis, Music, Probability, Arm, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Hemiplegia, Movement, Muscle, Skeletal, Myoclonus, Robotics, Magnetoencephalography, Phonetics, Software, Speech Production Measurement, Epilepsies, Partial, Laterality, Stereotaxic Techniques, Germany, Speech Acoustics, Verbal Behavior, Child Development, Instinct, Brain Stem, Coma, Diagnosis, Differential, Hearing Disorders, Hearing Loss, Central, Neuroma, Acoustic, Dendrites, Down-Regulation, Patch-Clamp Techniques, Wistar, Up-Regulation, Aged, Aphasia, Middle Aged, Cones (Retina), Primates, Retina, Retinal Ganglion Cells, Tympanic Membrane, Cell Communication, Extremities, Biological, Motor Activity, Rana catesbeiana, Spinal Cord, Central Nervous System, Motion, Motor Cortex, Intelligence, Macaca fascicularis, Adoption, Critical Period (Psychology), France, Korea, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Multilingualism, Auditory Pathways, Cochlear Nerve, Loudness Perception, Neural Conduction, Sensory Thresholds, Sound, Language Disorders, Preschool, Generalization (Psychology), Vocabulary, Biophysics, Nerve Net, Potassium Channels, Sodium Channels, Cues, Differential Threshold, Arousal, Newborn, Sucking Behavior, Ferrets, Microelectrodes, Gestalt Theory, Mathematical Computing, Perceptual Closure, 11172054},
}

Paper  Website  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Social, neuroradiologic, medical, and neuropsychologic correlates of sexually aberrant behavior after traumatic brain injury: a controlled study.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2001},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Adult,Aggression,Aggression: psychology,Brain Injuries,Brain Injuries: complications,Brain Injuries: psychology,Brain Injuries: radiography,Case-Control Studies,Chi-Square Distribution,Child Abuse, Sexual,Child Abuse, Sexual: psychology,Child, Preschool,Frontal Lobe,Frontal Lobe: injuries,Frontal Lobe: radiography,Humans,Incidence,Injury Severity Score,Life Style,Male,Middle Aged,Neuropsychological Tests,Probability,Prognosis,Reference Values,Retrospective Studies,Risk Factors,Sex Offenses,Sex Offenses: psychology,Social Behavior},
 pages = {556-72},
 volume = {16},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11732971},
 month = {12},
 id = {3e04371c-7ea3-3a19-874f-b650290c3f7e},
 created = {2017-06-01T08:23:43.118Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {b6efe121-8b29-3abc-9df5-2353a8d30e77},
 group_id = {32ad6c38-dd7d-39b9-9a71-86890e245b76},
 last_modified = {2017-06-01T08:23:43.251Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 abstract = {To identify social, neuroradiological, medical, and neuropsychological correlates of sexually aberrant behavior (SAB) after traumatic brain injury (TBI).},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Simpson, G and Tate, R and Ferry, K and Hodgkinson, a and Blaszczynski, a},
 journal = {The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation},
 number = {6}
}

Website  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Multivariate frailty model with a major gene: application to genealogical data},
 type = {article},
 year = {2000},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {*Genetic Predisposition to Disease,*Models, Genetic,Adolescent,Adult,Alleles,Child,Child, Preschool,Female,Genotype,Humans,Infant,Infant, Newborn,Longevity/*genetics,Male,Mathematical Computing,Multivariate Analysis,Quebec,Risk,Software,Survival Analysis},
 pages = {412-416},
 volume = {77},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11187585},
 id = {23588418-0e3c-33dd-b0e4-fed475556b34},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:44:21.917Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:44:22.080Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>0926-9630<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
 abstract = {Multivariate survival models are shown to be appropriate for the analysis of the genetic and the environmental nature of a human life-span. Models which involve continuously distributed individual frailty, play an important role in the genetic analysis of an individual's susceptibility to disease and death. These models, however, are not appropriate for the detection of the effects of separate genes on survival. For this purpose we developed a 'major gene' frailty model of multivariate survival and applied it to simulated and real pedigree data. The analysis shows that this model can be used for the detection of the presence of major genes in the population and for the evaluation of the effects of such genes on survival.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Begun, A and Desjardins, B and Iachine, I and Yashin, A},
 journal = {Stud Health Technol Inform}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Combined treatment of fourth ventricle ependymomas: report of 26 cases},
 type = {article},
 year = {2000},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Adolescent,Adult,Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols,Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols: th,Brain Neoplasms,Brain Neoplasms: mortality,Brain Neoplasms: pathology,Brain Neoplasms: therapy,Child,Combined Modality Therapy,Cranial Fossa,Ependymoma,Ependymoma: mortality,Ependymoma: pathology,Ependymoma: therapy,Female,Follow-Up Studies,Fourth Ventricle,Fourth Ventricle: radiation effects,Fourth Ventricle: surgery,Humans,Infant,Male,Middle Aged,Posterior,Posterior: radiation effects,Posterior: surgery,Preschool,Radiotherapy Dosage,Retrospective Studies,Survival Rate,Treatment Outcome},
 pages = {19-26; discussion 26},
 volume = {54},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11024503},
 month = {7},
 id = {7cd94e64-54ff-3d5c-8cac-190b02d239a4},
 created = {2013-08-05T21:04:27.000Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {8c4ca2d5-86de-3b5d-86be-8408415f34e0},
 group_id = {a484ae4c-fcac-3c7e-9ac3-3fad0df719a2},
 last_modified = {2014-11-22T16:36:55.000Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 abstract = {This study investigated the relevance of prognostic factors and the impact of histological features in posterior fossa ependymoma.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Spagnoli, D and Tomei, G and Ceccarelli, G and Grimoldi, N and Lanterna, A and Bello, L and Sinisi, M M and De Santis, A and Villani, R M},
 journal = {Surgical Neurology},
 number = {1}
}

@article{
 title = {Familial cancer risks to offspring from mothers with 2 primary breast cancers: leads to cancer syndromes},
 type = {article},
 year = {2000},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Adolescence,Adult,Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology/*genetics,Child,Child, Preschool,Databases, Factual,Family Health,Female,Human,Incidence,Infant,Infant, Newborn,Male,Middle Age,Mothers,Neoplasms, Second Primary/epidemiology/*genetics,Neoplasms/epidemiology/*genetics,Risk Factors,Socioeconomic Factors,Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Sweden/epidemiology},
 pages = {87-91.},
 volume = {88},
 id = {588e6ac8-7072-3509-b985-6895b25455d2},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:44:44.036Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:44:44.218Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>eng<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
 abstract = {The nationwide Swedish Family-Cancer Database was used to analyse the risk of cancer among the offspring of bilateral breast cancer patients. We studied 4,734 such mothers who had 9,391 offspring, of whom 328 presented with a primary cancer in the years 1958-1996. Standardised incidence ratios (SIRs) were increased for breast [SIR 3.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.57-3.59], ovarian (SIR 1.84, 95% CI 1.03-3.05) and anogenital (SIR 1.75, 95% CI 1.11-2.63) cancers and childhood sarcomas (SIR 9.39, 95% CI 1.93-29.13). Additionally, squamous-cell skin cancer was increased among sons and all childhood cancers among daughters. When analysed by histological type, adenocarcinomas of the breast and ovary, all squamous-cell carcinomas and tumours at glandular epithelium (seminomas and intestinal carcinoids) were increased. Mothers with bilateral breast cancer had an excess of 2 or more children with cancer. The increased risk of ovarian cancer is consistent with germline mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, while the risk of soft tissue and bone sarcomas may reflect the association of these tumours with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. The increases in squamous-cell carcinomas at many sites may reflect a new susceptibility syndrome.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Hemminki, K and Vaittinen, P and Easton, D},
 journal = {Int J Cancer},
 number = {1}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Immunohistochemical markers for intracranial ependymoma recurrence. An analysis of 88 cases},
 type = {article},
 year = {2000},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Adolescent,Adult,Apoptosis,Apoptosis: physiology,Biological,Biological: metabolism,Brain Neoplasms,Brain Neoplasms: diagnosis,Brain Neoplasms: metabolism,Brain Neoplasms: surgery,Chi-Square Distribution,Child,Child, Preschool,Confidence Intervals,Endothelial Growth Factors,Endothelial Growth Factors: metabolism,Ependymoma,Ependymoma: diagnosis,Ependymoma: metabolism,Ependymoma: surgery,Female,Humans,Immunohistochemistry,Lymphokines,Lymphokines: metabolism,Male,Multivariate Analysis,Nonparametric,Preschool,Prognosis,Retrospective Studies,Statistics, Nonparametric,Survival Analysis,Tenascin,Tenascin: metabolism,Tumor Markers, Biological,Tumor Markers, Biological: metabolism,Tumor Suppressor Protein p53,Tumor Suppressor Protein p53: metabolism,Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A,Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors},
 pages = {72-82},
 volume = {177},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10967185},
 month = {8},
 day = {1},
 id = {a0bdb3f8-6445-348d-8e9a-2799688c5bce},
 created = {2013-08-05T21:04:27.000Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {8c4ca2d5-86de-3b5d-86be-8408415f34e0},
 group_id = {a484ae4c-fcac-3c7e-9ac3-3fad0df719a2},
 last_modified = {2014-12-14T15:37:04.000Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 abstract = {Intracranial ependymomas are the third most common primary brain tumor in children. Although clinical and histological criteria for ependymoma prognosis are recognized, studies have reported contradictory results. Prognostic significance based on immunohistochemistry of ependymomas has been reported in a few studies. Eighty-eight patients with intracranial ependymomas were examined retrospectively for immunoexpression of various tumor-associated antigens and apoptosis. The results demonstrated significant preponderance of expression of the tenascin, vascular endothelial growth factor protein (VEGF), epidermal growth factor (EGFR), and p53 protein in high-grade tumors. Also high-grade ependymomas revealed more prominent labeling indices (LI) for proliferative marker Ki-S1 and lower LI for cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27/Kip1. For low-grade ependymomas the progression free survival time (PFS) was found to be significantly shorter for Ki-S1 LI>/=5%, and for tenascin, VEGF, and EGFR positivity. For high-grade ependymomas PFS was found to be significantly reduced for age <16 years, subtotal tumor removal, p27 LI <20%, p53 positivity, and for apoptotic index (AI) <1%. The classification regression tree analysis exhibited four groups of ependymomas; (1) low-grade tenascin negative (32 cases, recurrence rate=0), (2) high-grade with AI >/=1% (21 cases, recurrence rate=57%), (3) low-grade tenascin-positive (10 cases, recurrence rate=89%), and (4) high-grade with AI <1% (25 cases, recurrence rate=100%). So, the immunohistochemical variables were found to be strongest predictors of ependymoma recurrence and they seem to be useful for assessing individual tumor prognosis in routinely processed biopsy specimen.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Korshunov, A and Golanov, A and Timirgaz, V},
 journal = {Journal of the Neurological Sciences},
 number = {1}
}

@article{
 title = {Data mining applied to linkage disequilibrium mapping},
 type = {article},
 year = {2000},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Adolescence,Adult,Aged,Aged, 80 and over,Algorithms,Alleles,Child,Child, Preschool,Chromosome Mapping/*methods/statistics & numerical,Computer Simulation,Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent/genetics,Female,Founder Effect,Genes, Dominant/genetics,Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics,Great Britain,HLA Antigens/genetics,Haplotypes/*genetics,Human,Infant,Linkage Disequilibrium/*genetics,Male,Microsatellite Repeats/genetics,Middle Age,Models, Genetic,Mutation/genetics,Phenotype,Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics,Statistics, Nonparametric,Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
 pages = {133-45.},
 volume = {67},
 id = {f0c72e95-0269-3a20-8f92-79ced23957fb},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:43:38.237Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:43:38.346Z},
 tags = {01/11/30},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>eng<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
 abstract = {We introduce a new method for linkage disequilibrium mapping: haplotype pattern mining (HPM). The method, inspired by data mining methods, is based on discovery of recurrent patterns. We define a class of useful haplotype patterns in genetic case-control data and use the algorithm for finding disease-associated haplotypes. The haplotypes are ordered by their strength of association with the phenotype, and all haplotypes exceeding a given threshold level are used for prediction of disease susceptibility-gene location. The method is model-free, in the sense that it does not require (and is unable to utilize) any assumptions about the inheritance model of the disease. The statistical model is nonparametric. The haplotypes are allowed to contain gaps, which improves the method's robustness to mutations and to missing and erroneous data. Experimental studies with simulated microsatellite and SNP data show that the method has good localization power in data sets with large degrees of phenocopies and with lots of missing and erroneous data. The power of HPM is roughly identical for marker maps at a density of 3 single-nucleotide polymorphisms/cM or 1 microsatellite/cM. The capacity to handle high proportions of phenocopies makes the method promising for complex disease mapping. An example of correct disease susceptibility-gene localization with HPM is given with real marker data from families from the United Kingdom affected by type 1 diabetes. The method is extendable to include environmental covariates or phenotype measurements or to find several genes simultaneously.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Toivonen, H T and Onkamo, P and Vasko, K and Ollikainen, V and Sevon, P and Mannila, H and Herr, M and Kere, J},
 journal = {Am J Hum Genet},
 number = {1}
}

@article{schalamon_experience_2000,
	title = {Experience with gastro-intestinal duplications in childhood},
	volume = {385},
	issn = {1435-2443},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Intestinal duplications are rare congenital malformations. The different locations and sizes of these duplications require a specific diagnostic and surgical approach. This study reviews our paediatric patients with intestinal duplications in order to analyse the influence of prenatal sonography and laparoscopy on the clinical course.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirteen duplications of the alimentary tract in 12 patients have been treated over a 10-year period from 1989 to 1999. Six of our patients were diagnosed prenatally by ultrasound and were free of symptoms until surgery, except for one patient who had meconium-ileus owing to cystic fibrosis. In another five patients, the diagnosis was made on the basis of symptoms with signs of obstruction. In one child, the duplication was found incidentally during an operation for an anorectal malformation. The location of the 13 duplications was the stomach in three cases, the duodenum in one case, the jejunum in two cases, the ileum in six cases and the rectum in one case. Laparotomy was performed in ten patients. Two cases were treated by laparoscopic-assisted resection.
CONCLUSION: Early diagnosis and treatment of uncomplicated intestinal duplications by means of prenatal sonographic screening and laparoscopic-assisted resection, respectively, are desirable in this congenital malformation. Resection of the duplication with or without minimal resection of the adjacent normal intestine should be mandatory.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery},
	author = {Schalamon, J. and Schleef, J. and Höllwarth, M. E.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2000},
	pmid = {11127525},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Duodenum, Female, Humans, Ileum, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Intestine, Small, Jejunum, Male, Pregnancy, Rectum, Retrospective Studies, Stomach, Ultrasonography, Prenatal},
	pages = {402--405}
}

@article{
 title = {Visual-proprioceptive mapping in children with developmental coordination disorder},
 type = {article},
 year = {1999},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Case-Control Studies,Child,Female,Growth Disorders,Humans,Male,Motor Skills,Preschool,Proprioception,Vision,physiopathology,psychology},
 pages = {247-254},
 volume = {41},
 id = {2a1d6312-9620-3630-b63f-f17c2d8e07ef},
 created = {2016-01-12T14:17:48.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {d5b53108-91c5-30b8-8e6c-dd027f636bcd},
 last_modified = {2017-03-16T06:19:45.131Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 abstract = {Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) occurs in a small but significant proportion of children who present with impaired body-eye coordination and show poor acquisition of motor skills. This study investigated the visual-proprioceptive mapping ability of children with DCD from a small selected group, with particular reference to the use of vision in matching tasks. The children with DCD in this study were significantly poorer than control children on all matching tasks. They seemed to have particular difficulty in cross-modal judgements that required the use of visual information to guide proprioceptive judgements of limb position. A distinction is drawn between tasks that can be achieved purely through sensory matching and those that require body-centred spatial judgements, suggesting that it is the latter that posits a particular difficulty for children with DCD},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Mon-Williams, M A and Wann, J P and Pascal, E},
 journal = {Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology},
 number = {4}
}

@article{daneman_value_1998,
	title = {The value of sonography, {CT} and air enema for detection of complicated {Meckel} diverticulum in children with nonspecific clinical presentation},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {0301-0449},
	doi = {10.1007/s002470050502},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Complicated Meckel diverticulum (MD) in children does not always present with painless rectal bleeding and its presentation can then produce a difficult diagnostic dilemma. In this clinical setting, sonography (US), CT or even air enema may be the first modality chosen to evaluate these children rather than the radionuclide Meckel scan (RNMS).
PURPOSE: To assess the value of US, CT and air enema for detection of complicated MD.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Review of clinical, imaging, surgical and pathological findings in 64 children (55 males, 9 females) aged 4 days -14 years (mean = 3.7 years) with MD seen during an 8-year period, 1990-1997.
RESULTS: (a) In 33 patients with rectal bleeding, MD was detected on RNMS in 32. Ten of these 32 had other imaging studies, all of which were negative. (b) The other 31 patients, with varied clinical presentations, did not undergo RNMS. In these 31 and the 1 with a negative RNMS, 14 (44 \%) had imaging features highly suggestive for the diagnosis of MD on US in all 14, on CT in 1, and on air enema in 3. The radiological spectrum of the inflamed, hemorrhagic MD is illustrated.
CONCLUSION: The inflamed, hemorrhagic and the inverted, intussuscepted MD have a spectrum of features recognizable on US, CT and air enema. Some of these appearances are specific, others are not. Knowledge of and recognition of these features will facilitate detection of complicated MD in larger numbers of children presenting with symptoms other than the classic history of painless rectal bleeding and also in those with normal RNMS.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Pediatric Radiology},
	author = {Daneman, A. and Lobo, E. and Alton, D. J. and Shuckett, B.},
	month = dec,
	year = {1998},
	pmid = {9880634},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Enema, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Meckel Diverticulum, Pneumoradiography, Retrospective Studies, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, ultrasonography},
	pages = {928--932}
}

Paper  Website  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Phenotypic variability in five cystic fibrosis patients compound heterozygous for the Y1092X mutation.},
 type = {article},
 year = {1998},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Adolescent,Adult,Amino Acid Substitution,Amino Acid Substitution: genetics,Child,Child, Preschool,Cystic Fibrosis,Cystic Fibrosis: ethnology,Cystic Fibrosis: genetics,Female,Heterozygote Detection,Humans,Male,Mutation,Mutation: genetics,Pedigree,Phenotype,Quebec,Tyrosine,Tyrosine: genetics},
 pages = {158-62},
 volume = {48},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9618063},
 id = {9ed32f45-92a0-3822-89d1-3076c7d8e676},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:41:38.972Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:41:39.171Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 abstract = {Five cystic fibrosis (CF) patients distributed in three families and compound heterozygotes for the Y1092X mutation have been followed for a period ranging from 5 to 20 years. The genealogical reconstruction identified a common ancestor couple to all 3 families at the 5th generation. All 5 patients were pancreatic insufficient. A high variability in the clinical aspects and pulmonary function was seen between the families, but not within. Based on our observations, it will be very difficult to predict the course of disease for CF patients with the Y1092X mutation, even if they are closely related (first-degree cousins).},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {De Braekeleer, M and Allard, C and Leblanc, J P and Simard, F and Aubin, G},
 journal = {Human heredity},
 number = {3}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Postoperative radiotherapy of spinal and intracranial ependymomas: analysis of prognostic factors},
 type = {article},
 year = {1997},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Adjuvant,Adolescent,Adult,Aged,Child,Disease-Free Survival,Ependymoma,Ependymoma: mortality,Ependymoma: radiotherapy,Ependymoma: surgery,Female,Follow-Up Studies,Humans,Infant,Infratentorial Neoplasms,Infratentorial Neoplasms: mortality,Infratentorial Neoplasms: radiotherapy,Infratentorial Neoplasms: surgery,Male,Middle Aged,Multivariate Analysis,Preschool,Prognosis,Radiotherapy,Spinal Cord Neoplasms,Spinal Cord Neoplasms: mortality,Spinal Cord Neoplasms: radiotherapy,Spinal Cord Neoplasms: surgery,Supratentorial Neoplasms,Supratentorial Neoplasms: mortality,Supratentorial Neoplasms: radiotherapy,Supratentorial Neoplasms: surgery,Survival Rate,Treatment Outcome},
 pages = {3-10},
 volume = {45},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9364625},
 month = {10},
 id = {87860b46-5742-39ca-a2b8-956b96b23280},
 created = {2013-08-05T21:04:27.000Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {8c4ca2d5-86de-3b5d-86be-8408415f34e0},
 group_id = {a484ae4c-fcac-3c7e-9ac3-3fad0df719a2},
 last_modified = {2014-12-29T19:36:50.000Z},
 read = {true},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 abstract = {Postoperative radiation therapy adds significantly to disease control and survival of patients with ependymoma. However, much controversy exists about the radiation treatment policy. We report the long-term results of a cohort of 56 patients with primary intracranial and spinal ependymomas. Special effort has been taken to define prognostic indicators as a basis for future treatment strategies.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Stüben, G and Stuschke, M and Kroll, M and Havers, W and Sack, H},
 journal = {Radiotherapy and Oncology},
 number = {1}
}

Website  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Asthma on Tristan da Cunha: looking for the genetic link. The University of Toronto Genetics of Asthma Research Group},
 type = {article},
 year = {1996},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Adolescent,Adult,Age Distribution,Aged,Aged, 80 and over,Allergens/diagnostic use,Asthma/epidemiology/*genetics,Atlantic Ocean,Bronchoconstrictor Agents/diagnostic use,Child,Child, Preschool,Consanguinity,Female,Forced Expiratory Volume,Founder Effect,Humans,Linkage (Genetics),Male,Methacholine Chloride/diagnostic use,Middle Aged,Prevalence,Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Sex Distribution,Skin Tests},
 pages = {1902-1906},
 volume = {153},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8665053},
 id = {ba377ad3-36ac-3937-b8d3-44f6b08c99e3},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:44:45.103Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:44:45.287Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>1073-449x<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
 abstract = {Although asthma has a significant heritable component, the mode of inheritance remains controversial because of the complexity of the disease and the influence of environmental factors. Isolated, inbred populations serve to reduce variability, thus increasing the probability of gene localization. We studied the inbred population of the remote island of Tristan da Cunha to document asthma prevalence for the purpose of genetic linkage analysis. Medical histories and skin atopy were determined on 282 islanders, representing 97% of the population, and airway responsiveness was measured in 254; 226 by methacholine challenge (tidal breathing method) and 28 by bronchodilator response (400 micrograms salbutamol aerosol). Blood samples were collected from 275 islanders. Participants ranged in age from 3 to 94 yr. Asthma was defined as increased airway responsiveness (AR+: PC20 < 4 mg/ml or > or = 15% increase in FEV1 postbronchodilator) combined with a positive history (Hx+). Fifty-seven percent of the islanders had at least partial evidence of asthma (Hx+ and/or AR+) and 23% had a definitive diagnosis of asthma (AR+ with Hx+). Overall 47% of the population were atopic, atopy was proportionally higher in asthmatics (74%) than nonasthmatics (32%; p < 0.01). Analysis of the methacholine dose-response curves demonstrated that asthmatics were significantly (p < 0.01) more responsive than those with AR+ only, and nonasthmatics (AR-, Hx-) were more responsive than laboratory control subjects (p < 0.05), suggesting that these islanders may also carry an airway hyperresponsiveness gene. A frequency plot of the percent fall in FEV1 for all Hx- subjects compared with control data suggests a bimodal distribution consistent with a major gene mechanism for airway responsiveness. Genealogy mapping revealed that the islanders are direct descendants of the 15 original settlers, and historical records suggest at least two founders may have been asthmatic. The data confirm previous reports of a high asthma prevalence on Tristan and support the postulate that this prevalence is a result of gene enrichment occurring in isolated populations by virtue of extensive inbreeding and a probable founder effect.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Zamel, N and McClean, P A and Sandell, P R and Siminovitch, K A and Slutsky, A S},
 journal = {Am J Respir Crit Care Med},
 number = {6 Pt 1}
}

@article{jick_risk_1995,
	title = {The risk of sulfasalazine- and mesalazine-associated blood disorders},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {0277-0008},
	abstract = {Sulfasalazine (SASP) has often been reported to cause serious blood disorders, particularly agranulocytosis; however, little quantitative information is available to estimate the risk or to identify possible modifiers of the risk. We used comprehensive clinical information recorded on office computers by selected general practitioners in Britain to conduct a follow-up study of some 10,000 users of SASP and some 4000 users of mesalazine to estimate the risk of blood disorders associated with these drugs. Overall, the frequency of blood disorders attributable to SASP was 27/10,332 (2.6/1000 users). The risk for SASP users who were treated for arthritic disorders (6.1/1000 users) was some 10 times higher than that for users who were treated for inflammatory bowel disease (0.6/1000 users). There were no cases of blood disorders in users of mesalazine.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Pharmacotherapy},
	author = {Jick, H. and Myers, M. W. and Dean, A. D.},
	month = apr,
	year = {1995},
	pmid = {7624265},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Agranulocytosis, Aminosalicylic Acids, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal, Arthritis, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Great Britain, Hematologic Diseases, Humans, Infant, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Male, Mesalamine, Middle Aged, Product Surveillance, Postmarketing, Risk Factors, Sulfasalazine},
	pages = {176--181}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{de_smet_mr_1993,
	title = {{MR} diagnosis of meniscal tears of the knee: importance of high signal in the meniscus that extends to the surface},
	volume = {161},
	issn = {0361-803X},
	shorttitle = {{MR} diagnosis of meniscal tears of the knee},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8517286},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE

The presence of intrameniscal signal in contact with the surface is a commonly used criterion for the diagnosis of meniscal tear. This signal presumably represents the actual tear in the meniscus. However, some menisci with signal that contacts the surface are noted to be intact at arthroscopy whereas other menisci that have no signal in contact with the surface are found to be torn. We investigated the relationship between the presence of a meniscal tear at arthroscopy and the location within the menisci of signal that contacted the surface. We hypothesized that patterns were present that would improve the accuracy of MR diagnosis of a meniscal tear.


MATERIALS AND METHODS

We reviewed the MR and arthroscopic findings from 200 consecutive patients who had both knee MR examinations and knee arthroscopy. There were 108 medial and 58 lateral meniscal tears on arthroscopy. Each MR examination was reviewed for three aspects of intrameniscal signal: the number of images showing signal possibly or definitely contacting the surface, the specific surfaces involved, and the signal location. The coronal and sagittal images were evaluated separately. We correlated each of these features with the presence of a meniscal tear at arthroscopy.


RESULTS

Menisci with signal possibly contacting the surface had the same frequency of tears (three tears in 33 menisci) as menisci without signal contacting the surface (15 tears in 194 menisci). More than 90\% of menisci with signal contacting the surface on more than one image were torn, but only 55\% of medial and 30\% of lateral menisci with such signal on only one image were torn. In the torn menisci with signal contacting the surface, such signal was seen only on sagittal MR images in 31\% of the medial menisci and 45\% of the lateral menisci. Sixteen percent of the torn lateral menisci had signal contacting the meniscal surface in only the anterior two thirds of the meniscus, whereas this was true in only 2\% of the torn medial menisci. Distinct patterns were not seen in the association between tears and signal contacting either the superior or the inferior surface.


CONCLUSION

We found definite patterns in the location of intrameniscal signal that comes in contact with the meniscal surface. These patterns vary in the frequency of associated meniscal tears. Although menisci with internal signal in contact with the surface are usually torn, a tear is less likely if such signal is present on only one image. Tears may be identifiable on only one image plane. Tears in the anterior horn of the lateral meniscus are not uncommon. Knowledge of these patterns should help in the MR diagnosis of meniscal tears.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2012-10-31TZ},
	journal = {AJR. American journal of roentgenology},
	author = {De Smet, A A and Norris, M A and Yandow, D R and Quintana, F A and Graf, B K and Keene, J S},
	month = jul,
	year = {1993},
	pmid = {8517286},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Menisci, Tibial, Middle Aged, Predictive Value of Tests, Retrospective Studies, Sensitivity and Specificity, knee injuries},
	pages = {101--107}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{yang_value_1992,
	title = {Value of sonography in determining the nature of pleural effusion: analysis of 320 cases.},
	volume = {159},
	issn = {0361-803X},
	shorttitle = {Value of sonography in determining the nature of pleural effusion},
	url = {http://www.ajronline.org/doi/abs/10.2214/ajr.159.1.1609716},
	doi = {10.2214/ajr.159.1.1609716},
	abstract = {ABSTRACT : To assess the value of sonography in determining the nature of pleural effusions, we prospectively analyzed the sonographic findings in 320 patients with pleural effusion of various causes (224 with exudates and 96 with transudates). The nature of the effusions was established on the basis of chemical, bacteriologic, and cytologic examination of pleural fluid; pleural biopsy; and clinical follow-up. All patients had high-frequency, real-time sonography performed by one of three sonographers who had no clinical information concerning the patients. The sonographer evaluated the images for internal echogenicity of the effusion, thickness of the pleura, and associated parenchymal lesions of the lung. The images were also printed out and interpreted a second time by the other two sonographers to reach a consensus. Our results showed that the two types of effusions could be distinguished on the basis of sonographic findings. Transudates were anechoic, whereas an anechoic effusion could be either a transudate or an exudate. Pleural effusions with complex septated, complex nonseptated, or homogeneously echogenic patterns were always exudates (p less than .01). Sonographic findings of thickened pleura and associated parenchymal lesions in the lung also were indicative of an exudate (p less than .01). Homogenous echogenic effusions were due to hemorrhagic effusion or empyema. Sonographic evidence of a pleural nodule was a specific finding in patients with a malignant effusion. We conclude that sonography is useful in determining the nature of pleural effusion.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2015-01-20TZ},
	journal = {American Journal of Roentgenology},
	author = {Yang, P C and Luh, K T and Chang, D B and Wu, H D and Yu, C J and Kuo, S H},
	month = jul,
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Lung, Male, Middle Aged, Pleura, Pleural Effusion, Prospective Studies},
	pages = {29--33}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Intramedullary spinal cord ependymomas--a study of 45 cases with long-term follow-up.},
 type = {article},
 year = {1992},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Adolescent,Adult,Aged,Child,Child, Preschool,Combined Modality Therapy,Ependymoma,Ependymoma: diagnosis,Ependymoma: radiotherapy,Ependymoma: surgery,Female,Follow-Up Studies,Humans,Magnetic Resonance Imaging,Male,Middle Aged,Neoplasm Recurrence, Local,Neoplasm Recurrence, Local: diagnosis,Neoplasm Recurrence, Local: radiotherapy,Neoplasm Recurrence, Local: surgery,Neurologic Examination,Reoperation,Retrospective Studies,Spinal Cord Neoplasms,Spinal Cord Neoplasms: diagnosis,Spinal Cord Neoplasms: radiotherapy,Spinal Cord Neoplasms: surgery},
 pages = {74-9},
 volume = {119},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1481757},
 month = {1},
 id = {08111960-a49a-3d5e-890c-10bb4dbadd57},
 created = {2013-09-04T15:14:24.000Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {8c4ca2d5-86de-3b5d-86be-8408415f34e0},
 group_id = {a484ae4c-fcac-3c7e-9ac3-3fad0df719a2},
 last_modified = {2014-11-22T16:36:55.000Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 abstract = {Of the 62 patients with intramedullary spinal cord ependymoma treated surgically at our Neurosurgery Division between January 1951 and December 1990 45 had a follow-up of at least 3 years and the longest 30 years. The 28 conus-cauda equina-filum ependymomas operated during the same period are not considered in this study. An analysis of our cases and of the larger published series shows that favourable prognostic factors, apart of course from total tumour removal, which is now usually possible, are a site below the high cervical segments and a mild pre-operative symptom pattern. Patient age at diagnosis, tumour size and "low dose" (< 40 Gy) radiotherapy seem to have no influence on the prognosis. Aggressive surgical removal is the treatment of choice and also for long-term recurrence.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Ferrante, L and Mastronardi, L and Celli, P and Lunardi, P and Acqui, M and Fortuna, a},
 journal = {Acta Neurochirurgica},
 number = {1-4}
}

@article{lawrence_total_1990,
	title = {A total audit of preventive procedures in 45 practices caring for 430,000 patients},
	volume = {300},
	issn = {0959-8138},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To develop and report the results of a system of audit of computer records in general practice.
DESIGN: A retrospective audit of records in practices using the same computer system. Information about recorded preventive procedures was collected by sending the same audit program to each practice on floppy disk. Other characteristics of the practices were determined by postal questionnaire.
SETTING: Forty five general practices, widely distributed in England and Wales.
SUBJECTS: All 430,901 patients registered with the practices.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Within each practice the percentage of patients in specified age groups for whom certain preventive procedures were recorded as having been carried out. These measures were analysed in relation to practice characteristics.
RESULTS: Practice characteristics and recording rates for preventive procedures varied over a wide range. Recording rates were higher in practices with computer terminals on every doctor's desk. Only one practice achieved the new contract target of 90\% coverage for recorded primary immunisations, and fewer than two thirds recorded 80\% coverage for cervical cytology in the past five years. Practices holding clinics did no better than those without. Smaller partnerships and smaller doctors' list sizes were associated with better performance.
CONCLUSIONS: Centrally programmed audit of computerised records is a feasible method of providing data on a regular basis for epidemiological purposes and for performance review. The fact that practices with smaller list sizes had higher levels of recorded preventive care suggests that the trend towards larger lists promoted by the new contract might militate against the intended effect of better preventive care.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {6738},
	journal = {BMJ (Clinical research ed.)},
	author = {Lawrence, M. and Coulter, A. and Jones, L.},
	month = jun,
	year = {1990},
	pmid = {2372603},
	pmcid = {PMC1663201},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Blood Pressure Determination, Child, Child, Preschool, England, Family Practice, Female, Humans, Immunization, Medical Audit, Microcomputers, Middle Aged, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Primary Prevention, Retrospective Studies, Smoking, Vaginal Smears, Wales},
	pages = {1501--1503}
}

@article{harvell_diagnostic_1989,
	title = {Diagnostic arthroscopy of the knee in children and adolescents},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {0147-7447},
	abstract = {There is a definite role for arthroscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of problem knees in children and adolescents. In this series, the largest reported to date, significant intraarticular pathology frequently existed in both preadolescent and adolescent groups. Three hundred ten knee arthroscopies in 285 children were reviewed. Preoperative clinical diagnoses were correlated with arthroscopic findings. In preadolescents (12 years old and younger), only 55\% of preoperative clinical diagnoses were confirmed at surgery. Thirty-five percent of this group were found to have additional pathology not anticipated preoperatively. In adolescents (13 to 18 years old), 70\% of clinical diagnoses were confirmed arthroscopically. Additional pathology was also found on arthroscopic examination in 25\% of this group.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Orthopedics},
	author = {Harvell, Jr, J C and Fu, F H and Stanitski, C L},
	month = dec,
	year = {1989},
	pmid = {2594588},
	note = {00000 },
	keywords = {Adolescent, Arthroscopy, Cartilage Diseases, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Joint Diseases, Knee Joint, Male, Retrospective Studies, knee injuries},
	pages = {1555--1560}
}

@article{maurer_intergroup_1988,
	title = {The {Intergroup} {Rhabdomyosarcoma} {Study}-{I}. {A} final report},
	volume = {61},
	issn = {0008-543X},
	abstract = {The results of treatment of 686, previously untreated patients younger than 21 years with rhabdomyosarcoma or undifferentiated sarcoma, who were entered on Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study-I (IRS-I) were analyzed after a minimum potential follow-up time of 7 years. Patients in Clinical Group I (localized disease, completely resected) were randomized to receive either vincristine, dactinomycin, and cyclophosphamide (VAC) or VAC + radiation. At 5 years, approximately 80\% of patients given either treatment were still disease-free and there was no significant difference between treatments in the overall percentages of patients surviving of 93\% and 81\%, respectively (P = 0.67). Patients in Clinical Group II (regional disease, grossly resected) were randomized to receive either vincristine and dactinomycin (VA) + radiation or VAC + radiation. At 5 years, 72\% and 65\% of the patients, respectively, were disease-free and there was no evidence of a difference between treatments (P = 0.46). The overall survival percentage at 5 years was approximately 72\% for both treatments. Patients in Clinical Groups III (gross residual disease after surgery) and IV (metastatic disease) were randomized to receive either "pulse" VAC + radiation or "pulse" VAC + Adriamycin (doxorubicin) + radiation. The complete remission (CR) rate was 69\% in Clinical Group III and 50\% in IV, with no statistically significant difference in CR rates between treatments in either group. Those who achieved a CR had a nearly 60\% chance of staying in remission for 5 years in Clinical Group III compared with approximately 30\% in Clinical Group IV. The overall survival percentage at 5 years was 52\% in Clinical Group III compared to 20\% in Clinical Group IV (P less than 0.0001). The 5-year survival percentage for the entire cohort of 686 patients was 55\%. Survival after relapse was poor, being 32\% at 1 year and 17\% at 2 years. The risk of distant metastasis was much greater than the risk of local recurrence within each clinical group, and there was no evidence of differing types of relapses between treatments. Primary tumors of the orbit and genitourinary tract carried the best prognosis, whereas tumors of the retroperitoneum had the worst prognosis. The authors conclude that for the therapeutic regimens evaluated there was no therapeutic advantage to including radiation in the treatment of Clinical Group I disease, or cyclophosphamide given as a daily low-dose oral regimen in the treatment of Clinical Group II disease or Adriamycin in the treatment of Clinical Groups III and IV diseases.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Cancer},
	author = {Maurer, H. M. and Beltangady, M. and Gehan, E. A. and Crist, W. and Hammond, D. and Hays, D. M. and Heyn, R. and Lawrence, W. and Newton, W. and Ortega, J.},
	month = jan,
	year = {1988},
	pmid = {3275486},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols, Child, Child, Preschool, Clinical Trials as Topic, Combined Modality Therapy, Cyclophosphamide, Dactinomycin, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Infant, Male, Prognosis, Random Allocation, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Vincristine},
	pages = {209--220}
}

@article{greensher_emergency_1980,
	title = {Emergency room care of the poisoned child},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {0146-0862},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing},
	author = {Greensher, J. and Mofenson, H. C.},
	month = jun,
	year = {1980},
	pmid = {6900625},
	keywords = {Antidotes, Child, Child, Preschool, Emergency Medical Services, Emergency Service, Hospital, Household Products, Humans, Infant, Plant Poisoning, Poisoning},
	pages = {1--21}
}

@article{arena_treatment_1978,
	title = {The treatment of poisoning},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {0009-9295},
	language = {eng},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Clinical Symposia (Summit, N.J.: 1957)},
	author = {Arena, J. M.},
	year = {1978},
	pmid = {753572},
	keywords = {Acetaminophen, Acids, Antidotes, Aspirin, Barbiturates, Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning, Child, Child, Preschool, Digitalis Glycosides, Emetics, Gastric Lavage, Household Products, Humans, Hypnotics and Sedatives, Infant, Insecticides, Lye, Metals, Morphine, Oxalates, Plant Poisoning, Poisoning, Renal Dialysis, Rodenticides, Tranquilizing Agents},
	pages = {1--47}
}

@article{soule_fibrosarcoma_1977,
	title = {Fibrosarcoma in infants and children: a review of 110 cases},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {0008-543X},
	shorttitle = {Fibrosarcoma in infants and children},
	abstract = {This retrospective study summarizes the clinicopathologic findings in 110 children with fibrosarcoma. Seventy cases were selected from previous reports and 40 were from our files. The histologic criteria used for diagnosis are the same as those used for adults. Sixty-eight patients were in the first quinquennium of life, 13 in the second, and 29 in the third. Eleven patients died of their tumor, three in the first quinquennium and eight in ght third. Our findings indicate that children who are less than 5 years old have a 7.3\% chance of developing metastatic spread even though the local recurrence rate is 43\%. Children who are 10 years old or older had a metastatic rate of 50\% at 5-year follow-up, a figure closely approximating that for adults. We believe that infants and children less than 5 years old may be treated initially by local excision of the lesion, without sacrificing significant function of the part. Recurrent tumor does not seem to predispose to metastatic disease.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Cancer},
	author = {Soule, E. H. and Pritchard, D. J.},
	month = oct,
	year = {1977},
	pmid = {561651},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Age Factors, Child, Child, Preschool, Fibrosarcoma, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Neoplasm Metastasis, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local, Retrospective Studies},
	pages = {1711--1721}
}

@article{chung_infantile_1976,
	title = {Infantile fibrosarcoma},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {0008-543X},
	abstract = {The pathologic features and the behavior of 53 cases of infantile fibrosarcoma are presented. The tumor nearly always occurred during the first 2 years of life; 41 of the 53 cases occurred during the first, six during the second, and three each during the third and fourth year of life, respectively. Twenty of the 53 cases were present at birth. The tumor was more common in boys (60\%) and affected chiefly the distal portions of the lower and upper extremities (72\%). Most of the tumors grew rapidly and reached a large size within a few weeks or months. They were generally poorly circumscribed and infiltrated variously subcutaneous fat, muscle, fascia and tendons. Microscopically, they were composed of immature-appearing spindle-shaped cells and were marked by their high cellularity and prominent mitotic activity. Despite these features, follow-up information revealed a favorable clinical course, particularly as compared with the adult form of fibrosarcoma. Of the 48 patients with follow-up data, 31 were alive and well with no evidence of recurrence, eight were alive with recurrence, and one was alive following lobectomy for metastatic tumor. Of the living patients, 12 were treated with amputation, nine with radical or wide local excision, and 15 with simple excision. In two cases surgery was followed by chemotherapy, and in one, by radiotherapy. Eight of the 48 patients with follow-up had died, four of metastatic tumor (8.3\%) and four of miscellaneous causes. Wide local excision appears to be the treatment of choice unless the size of the tumor and its anatomic location require amputation. Since late recurrent and metastatic lesions were encountered, long-term followup is necessary before one can safely assume that the patient has been cured.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Cancer},
	author = {Chung, E. B. and Enzinger, F. M.},
	month = aug,
	year = {1976},
	pmid = {974993},
	keywords = {Child, Preschool, Extremities, Female, Fibrosarcoma, Follow-Up Studies, Head and Neck Neoplasms, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Newborn, Diseases, Male, Neoplasm Metastasis, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local, Remission, Spontaneous},
	pages = {729--739}
}

@article{favara_enteric_1971,
	title = {Enteric duplications. {Thirty}-seven cases: a vascular theory of pathogenesis},
	volume = {122},
	issn = {0002-922X},
	shorttitle = {Enteric duplications. {Thirty}-seven cases},
	language = {eng},
	number = {6},
	journal = {American Journal of Diseases of Children (1960)},
	author = {Favara, B. E. and Franciosi, R. A. and Akers, D. R.},
	month = dec,
	year = {1971},
	pmid = {5145872},
	keywords = {Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Ileum, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Intestinal Atresia, Intestinal Mucosa, Intestine, Small, Male, Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion, Pregnancy, Vomiting},
	pages = {501--506}
}