@article{paul_initial_2018,
	title = {Initial {Assessment}, {Treatment}, and {Follow}-{Up} of {Minor} {Pediatric} {Burn} {Wounds} in {Four} {Patients} {Remotely}: {A} {Preliminary} {Communication}},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {1556-3669},
	shorttitle = {Initial {Assessment}, {Treatment}, and {Follow}-{Up} of {Minor} {Pediatric} {Burn} {Wounds} in {Four} {Patients} {Remotely}},
	doi = {10.1089/tmj.2017.0115},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Close, multidisciplinary collaboration with burn experts is the essential strategy to achieve the best functional and esthetic outcomes in burn wound treatment. Management of minor burn injuries, where no specialized care is available, might be challenging. One concept to achieve a fast and timely result is the application of telemedicine. The objective of this study was to assess and develop a simple telemedicine protocol, which can be applied globally.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: We present a pilot study based on a pediatric population of four patients with minor burns. Based on the severity and burn area, two cases of ambulant pediatric patients (mean 1\% total body surface area, superficial and deep 2° burn) with minor burn injuries met study criteria and were enrolled. A pediatrician performed the initial assessment, followed by plastic surgery video consultation, using telephone's digital camera. Treatment protocols were designed to optimize outcomes. After the initial treatment phase, which took place at a nonteaching local hospital in Poland from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2014, clinical follow-up was performed by a plastic surgeon via smartphone in the United States.
RESULTS: We have achieved complete burn wound resolution, in all patients, with no scarring and only minor discoloration. A simple, reproducible treatment protocol was designed to include dressing changes and additional outpatient visits.
CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of a telemedicine protocol allows for easy access to burn consultations, helps multidisciplinary collaboration, eases follow-ups, and shortens specialists' consult wait times. Real-time evaluation provides fast and flexible treatment, without long distance travels, for patients and their families. Telemedicine increases the frequency of follow-up, contributes to the esthetic outcome, and together with improved cost-effectiveness is beneficial for both the patient and healthcare system.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Telemedicine Journal and E-Health: The Official Journal of the American Telemedicine Association},
	author = {Paul, Marek A. and Kamali, Parisa and Ibrahim, Ahmed M. S. and Medin, Caroline and Lee, Bernard T. and Lin, Samuel J.},
	year = {2018},
	pmid = {29028413},
	keywords = {Bandages, Burns, Child, Preschool, Clinical Protocols, Communication, Cooperative Behavior, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Patient Care Team, Photography, Pilot Projects, Poland, Smartphone, Surgery, Plastic, Telemedicine, Trauma Severity Indices, Videoconferencing, \_tablet, built-in digital cameras, burn wound management, burns, pediatric surgery, smartphone, telemedicine},
	pages = {379--385}
}

@article{devinsky_effect_2018,
	title = {Effect of {Cannabidiol} on {Drop} {Seizures} in the {Lennox}-{Gastaut} {Syndrome}},
	volume = {378},
	issn = {1533-4406 (Electronic) 0028-4793 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1056/NEJMoa1714631},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cannabidiol has been used for treatment-resistant seizures in patients with severe early-onset epilepsy. We investigated the efficacy and safety of cannabidiol added to a regimen of conventional antiepileptic medication to treat drop seizures in patients with the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, a severe developmental epileptic encephalopathy. METHODS: In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted at 30 clinical centers, we randomly assigned patients with the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (age range, 2 to 55 years) who had had two or more drop seizures per week during a 28-day baseline period to receive cannabidiol oral solution at a dose of either 20 mg per kilogram of body weight (20-mg cannabidiol group) or 10 mg per kilogram (10-mg cannabidiol group) or matching placebo, administered in two equally divided doses daily for 14 weeks. The primary outcome was the percentage change from baseline in the frequency of drop seizures (average per 28 days) during the treatment period. RESULTS: A total of 225 patients were enrolled; 76 patients were assigned to the 20-mg cannabidiol group, 73 to the 10-mg cannabidiol group, and 76 to the placebo group. During the 28-day baseline period, the median number of drop seizures was 85 in all trial groups combined. The median percent reduction from baseline in drop-seizure frequency during the treatment period was 41.9\% in the 20-mg cannabidiol group, 37.2\% in the 10-mg cannabidiol group, and 17.2\% in the placebo group (P=0.005 for the 20-mg cannabidiol group vs. placebo group, and P=0.002 for the 10-mg cannabidiol group vs. placebo group). The most common adverse events among the patients in the cannabidiol groups were somnolence, decreased appetite, and diarrhea; these events occurred more frequently in the higher-dose group. Six patients in the 20-mg cannabidiol group and 1 patient in the 10-mg cannabidiol group discontinued the trial medication because of adverse events and were withdrawn from the trial. Fourteen patients who received cannabidiol (9\%) had elevated liver aminotransferase concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Among children and adults with the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, the addition of cannabidiol at a dose of 10 mg or 20 mg per kilogram per day to a conventional antiepileptic regimen resulted in greater reductions in the frequency of drop seizures than placebo. Adverse events with cannabidiol included elevated liver aminotransferase concentrations. (Funded by GW Pharmaceuticals; GWPCARE3 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02224560 .).},
	number = {20},
	journal = {N Engl J Med},
	author = {Devinsky, O. and Patel, A. D. and Cross, J. H. and Villanueva, V. and Wirrell, E. C. and Privitera, M. and Greenwood, S. M. and Roberts, C. and Checketts, D. and VanLandingham, K. E. and Zuberi, S. M. and Gwpcare Study Group},
	month = may,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Anticonvulsants/*administration \& dosage/adverse effects/therapeutic use, Cannabidiol/*administration \& dosage/adverse effects, Child, Child, Preschool, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Double-Blind Method, Drug Therapy, Combination, Humans, Lennox Gastaut Syndrome/complications/*drug therapy, Male, Middle Aged, Odds Ratio, Seizures/*prevention \& control, Transaminases/blood, Young Adult},
	pages = {1888--1897},
}

@article{devinsky_trial_2017,
	title = {Trial of {Cannabidiol} for {Drug}-{Resistant} {Seizures} in the {Dravet} {Syndrome}},
	volume = {376},
	issn = {1533-4406 (Electronic) 0028-4793 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1056/NEJMoa1611618},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Dravet syndrome is a complex childhood epilepsy disorder that is associated with drug-resistant seizures and a high mortality rate. We studied cannabidiol for the treatment of drug-resistant seizures in the Dravet syndrome. METHODS: In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we randomly assigned 120 children and young adults with the Dravet syndrome and drug-resistant seizures to receive either cannabidiol oral solution at a dose of 20 mg per kilogram of body weight per day or placebo, in addition to standard antiepileptic treatment. The primary end point was the change in convulsive-seizure frequency over a 14-week treatment period, as compared with a 4-week baseline period. RESULTS: The median frequency of convulsive seizures per month decreased from 12.4 to 5.9 with cannabidiol, as compared with a decrease from 14.9 to 14.1 with placebo (adjusted median difference between the cannabidiol group and the placebo group in change in seizure frequency, -22.8 percentage points; 95\% confidence interval [CI], -41.1 to -5.4; P=0.01). The percentage of patients who had at least a 50\% reduction in convulsive-seizure frequency was 43\% with cannabidiol and 27\% with placebo (odds ratio, 2.00; 95\% CI, 0.93 to 4.30; P=0.08). The patient's overall condition improved by at least one category on the seven-category Caregiver Global Impression of Change scale in 62\% of the cannabidiol group as compared with 34\% of the placebo group (P=0.02). The frequency of total seizures of all types was significantly reduced with cannabidiol (P=0.03), but there was no significant reduction in nonconvulsive seizures. The percentage of patients who became seizure-free was 5\% with cannabidiol and 0\% with placebo (P=0.08). Adverse events that occurred more frequently in the cannabidiol group than in the placebo group included diarrhea, vomiting, fatigue, pyrexia, somnolence, and abnormal results on liver-function tests. There were more withdrawals from the trial in the cannabidiol group. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with the Dravet syndrome, cannabidiol resulted in a greater reduction in convulsive-seizure frequency than placebo and was associated with higher rates of adverse events. (Funded by GW Pharmaceuticals; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02091375 .).},
	number = {21},
	journal = {N Engl J Med},
	author = {Devinsky, O. and Cross, J. H. and Laux, L. and Marsh, E. and Miller, I. and Nabbout, R. and Scheffer, I. E. and Thiele, E. A. and Wright, S. and Cannabidiol in Dravet Syndrome Study, Group},
	month = may,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Anticonvulsants/adverse effects/*therapeutic use, Cannabidiol/adverse effects/*therapeutic use, Child, Child, Preschool, Double-Blind Method, Epilepsies, Myoclonic/*drug therapy, Fatigue/chemically induced, Female, Humans, Liver Function Tests, Liver/drug effects, Male, Seizures/*prevention \& control},
	pages = {2011--2020},
}

@article{ying_comparison_2017,
	title = {Comparison of cycloplegic refraction between {Grand} {Seiko} autorefractor and {Retinomax} autorefractor in the {Vision} in {Preschoolers}-{Hyperopia} in {Preschoolers} ({VIP}-{HIP}) {Study}},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1528-3933},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaapos.2017.05.008},
	abstract = {PURPOSE: To evaluate the agreement of cycloplegic refractive error measures between the Grand Seiko and Retinomax autorefractors in 4- and 5-year-old children.
METHODS: Cycloplegic refractive error of children was measured using the Grand Seiko and Retinomax during a comprehensive eye examination. Accommodative error was measured using the Grand Seiko. The differences in sphere, cylinder, spherical equivalent (SE) and intereye vector dioptric distance (VDD) between autorefractors were assessed using the Bland-Altman plot and 95\% limits of agreement (95\% LoA).
RESULTS: A total of 702 examinations were included. Compared to the Retinomax, the Grand Seiko provided statistically significantly larger values of sphere (mean difference, 0.34 D; 95\% LoA, -0.46 to 1.14 D), SE (mean, 0.25 D; 95\% LoA, -0.55 to 1.05 D), VDD (mean, 0.19 D; 95\% LoA, -0.67 to 1.05 D), and more cylinder (mean, -0.18 D; 95\% LoA, -0.91 to 0.55 D). The Grand Seiko measured ≥0.5 D than Retinomax in 43.1\% of eyes for sphere and 29.8\% of eyes for SE. In multivariate analysis, eyes with SE of {\textgreater}4 D (based on the average of two autorefractors) had larger differences in sphere (mean, 0.66 D vs 0.35 D; P {\textless} 0.0001) and SE (0.57 D vs 0.26 D; P {\textless} 0.0001) than eyes with SE of ≤4 D.
CONCLUSIONS: Under cycloplegia, the Grand Seiko provided higher measures of sphere, more cylinder, and higher SE than the Retinomax. Higher refractive error was associated with larger differences in sphere and SE between the Grand Seiko and Retinomax.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of AAPOS: the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus},
	author = {Ying, Gui-Shuang and Maguire, Maureen G. and Kulp, Marjean Taylor and Ciner, Elise and Moore, Bruce and Pistilli, Maxwell and Candy, Rowan and {VIP-HIP Study Group}},
	month = jun,
	year = {2017},
	pmid = {28528993},
	pmcid = {PMC5614706},
	keywords = {Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Cyclopentolate, Female, Humans, Hyperopia, Interdisciplinary Research, Male, Mydriatics, Pupil, Refraction, Ocular, Vision Screening, Visual Acuity},
	pages = {219--223.e3}
}

@article{arno_mutations_2016,
	title = {Mutations in {REEP6} {Cause} {Autosomal}-{Recessive} {Retinitis} {Pigmentosa}},
	volume = {99},
	issn = {1537-6605},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.10.008},
	abstract = {Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is the most frequent form of inherited retinal dystrophy. RP is genetically heterogeneous and the genes identified to date encode proteins involved in a wide range of functional pathways, including photoreceptor development, phototransduction, the retinoid cycle, cilia, and outer segment development. Here we report the identification of biallelic mutations in Receptor Expression Enhancer Protein 6 (REEP6) in seven individuals with autosomal-recessive RP from five unrelated families. REEP6 is a member of the REEP/Yop1 family of proteins that influence the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum but is relatively unstudied. The six variants identified include three frameshift variants, two missense variants, and a genomic rearrangement that disrupts exon 1. Human 3D organoid optic cups were used to investigate REEP6 expression and confirmed the expression of a retina-specific isoform REEP6.1, which is specifically affected by one of the frameshift mutations. Expression of the two missense variants (c.383C{\textgreater}T [p.Pro128Leu] and c.404T{\textgreater}C [p.Leu135Pro]) and the REEP6.1 frameshift mutant in cultured cells suggest that these changes destabilize the protein. Furthermore, CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene editing was used to produce Reep6 knock-in mice with the p.Leu135Pro RP-associated variant identified in one RP-affected individual. The homozygous knock-in mice mimic the clinical phenotypes of RP, including progressive photoreceptor degeneration and dysfunction of the rod photoreceptors. Therefore, our study implicates REEP6 in retinal homeostasis and highlights a pathway previously uncharacterized in retinal dystrophy.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {6},
	journal = {American Journal of Human Genetics},
	author = {Arno, Gavin and Agrawal, Smriti A. and Eblimit, Aiden and Bellingham, James and Xu, Mingchu and Wang, Feng and Chakarova, Christina and Parfitt, David A. and Lane, Amelia and Burgoyne, Thomas and Hull, Sarah and Carss, Keren J. and Fiorentino, Alessia and Hayes, Matthew J. and Munro, Peter M. and Nicols, Ralph and Pontikos, Nikolas and Holder, Graham E. and {UKIRDC} and Asomugha, Chinwe and Raymond, F. Lucy and Moore, Anthony T. and Plagnol, Vincent and Michaelides, Michel and Hardcastle, Alison J. and Li, Yumei and Cukras, Catherine and Webster, Andrew R. and Cheetham, Michael E. and Chen, Rui},
	month = dec,
	year = {2016},
	pmid = {27889058},
	pmcid = {PMC5142109},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Alleles, Animals, Child, Child, Preschool, Eye Proteins, Female, Genes, Recessive, Humans, Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells, Male, Membrane Transport Proteins, Mice, Mutation, Mutation, Missense, Phenotype, Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate, Retinitis Pigmentosa, Young Adult},
	pages = {1305--1315}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{bobb_bayesian_2015,
	title = {Bayesian kernel machine regression for estimating the health effects of multi-pollutant mixtures},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {1468-4357},
	url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25532525/},
	doi = {10.1093/BIOSTATISTICS/KXU058},
	abstract = {Because humans are invariably exposed to complex chemical mixtures, estimating the health effects of multi-pollutant exposures is of critical concern in environmental epidemiology, and to regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. However, most health effects studies focus on single agents or consider simple two-way interaction models, in part because we lack the statistical methodology to more realistically capture the complexity of mixed exposures. We introduce Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) as a new approach to study mixtures, in which the health outcome is regressed on a flexible function of the mixture (e.g. air pollution or toxic waste) components that is specified using a kernel function. In high-dimensional settings, a novel hierarchical variable selection approach is incorporated to identify important mixture components and account for the correlated structure of the mixture. Simulation studies demonstrate the success of BKMR in estimating the exposure-response function and in identifying the individual components of the mixture responsible for health effects. We demonstrate the features of the method through epidemiology and toxicology applications.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-12-16},
	journal = {Biostatistics (Oxford, England)},
	author = {Bobb, Jennifer F. and Valeri, Linda and Claus Henn, Birgit and Christiani, David C. and Wright, Robert O. and Mazumdar, Maitreyi and Godleski, John J. and Coull, Brent A.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2015},
	pmid = {25532525},
	note = {Publisher: Biostatistics},
	keywords = {Animals, Bangladesh, Bayes Theorem*, Biostatistics, Brent A Coull, Child, Developmental Disabilities / etiology, Dogs, Environmental Health / statistics \& numerical data, Environmental Pollutants / adverse effects*, Extramural, Female, Hemodynamics / drug effects, Humans, Infant, Jennifer F Bobb, Linda Valeri, MEDLINE, Machine Learning, Metals / adverse effects, Models, N.I.H., NCBI, NIH, NLM, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, Neurodevelopmental Disorders / etiology, Non-P.H.S., Normal Distribution, PMC5963470, Pregnancy, Preschool, PubMed Abstract, Regression Analysis, Research Support, Statistical, U.S. Gov't, doi:10.1093/biostatistics/kxu058, pmid:25532525},
	pages = {493--508},
}

@article{short_anthropometric_2015,
	title = {Anthropometric models of bone mineral content and areal bone mineral density based on the bone mineral density in childhood study},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {1433-2965},
	doi = {10.1007/s00198-014-2916-x},
	abstract = {New models describing anthropometrically adjusted normal values of bone mineral density and content in children have been created for the various measurement sites. The inclusion of multiple explanatory variables in the models provides the opportunity to calculate Z-scores that are adjusted with respect to the relevant anthropometric parameters.
INTRODUCTION: Previous descriptions of children's bone mineral measurements by age have focused on segmenting diverse populations by race and sex without adjusting for anthropometric variables or have included the effects of a single anthropometric variable.
METHODS: We applied multivariate semi-metric smoothing to the various pediatric bone-measurement sites using data from the Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study to evaluate which of sex, race, age, height, weight, percent body fat, and sexual maturity explain variations in the population's bone mineral values. By balancing high adjusted R(2) values with clinical needs, two models are examined.
RESULTS: At the spine, whole body, whole body sub head, total hip, hip neck, and forearm sites, models were created using sex, race, age, height, and weight as well as an additional set of models containing these anthropometric variables and percent body fat. For bone mineral density, weight is more important than percent body fat, which is more important than height. For bone mineral content, the order varied by site with body fat being the weakest component. Including more anthropometrics in the model reduces the overlap of the critical groups, identified as those individuals with a Z-score below -2, from the standard sex, race, and age model.
CONCLUSIONS: If body fat is not available, the simpler model including height and weight should be used. The inclusion of multiple explanatory variables in the models provides the opportunity to calculate Z-scores that are adjusted with respect to the relevant anthropometric parameters.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Osteoporosis international: a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA},
	author = {Short, D. F. and Gilsanz, V. and Kalkwarf, H. J. and Lappe, J. M. and Oberfield, S. and Shepherd, J. A. and Winer, K. K. and Zemel, B. S. and Hangartner, T. N.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2015},
	pmid = {25311106},
	pmcid = {PMC4768717},
	keywords = {Absorptiometry, Photon, Adipose Tissue, Adolescent, Age Factors, Algorithms, Anthropometry, Body Height, Body Weight, Bone Density, Bone and Bones, Child, Child, Preschool, Continental Population Groups, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Models, Theoretical, Sex Factors, Young Adult},
	pages = {1099--1108}
}

@article {1426,
	title = {Sleep problems in children with autism spectrum disorder: examining the contributions of sensory over-responsivity and anxiety.},
	journal = {Sleep Medicine},
	volume = {16},
	year = {2015},
	month = {2015 Feb},
	pages = {270-9},
	abstract = {<p><b>OBJECTIVES: </b>Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at high risk for sleep problems. Previous research suggests that sensory problems and anxiety may be related to the development and maintenance of sleep problems in children with ASD. However, the relationships among these co-occurring conditions have not been previously studied. The current study examined the interrelations of these symptoms in a large well-characterized sample of children and adolescents with ASD.</p><p><b>METHODS: </b>The current study examined the relationships among sleep problems, sensory over-responsivity, and anxiety in 1347 children enrolled in the Autism Speaks Autism Treatment Network. The primary measures included the Children{\textquoteright}s Sleep Habits Questionnaire, the Child Behavior Checklist, and the Short Sensory Profile.</p><p><b>RESULTS: </b>In bivariate correlations and multivariate path analyses, anxiety was associated with all types of sleep problems (ie, bedtime resistance, sleep-onset delay, sleep duration, sleep anxiety, and night wakings; p < 0.01 to p < 0.001; small to medium effect sizes). Sensory over-responsivity (SOR) was correlated with all sleep problems in bivariate analyses (p < 0.01 to p < 0.001; small effect sizes). In multivariate path models, SOR remained significantly associated with all sleep problems except night awakenings for older children, while SOR was no longer significantly associated with bedtime resistance or sleep anxiety for younger children.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS: </b>Children with ASD who have anxiety and SOR may be particularly predisposed to sleep problems. These findings suggest that some children with ASD and sleep disturbance may have difficulties with hyperarousal. Future research using physiological measures of arousal and objective measures of sleep are needed.</p>},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Age Factors, airp, Anxiety, Arousal, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Checklist, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Sensation Disorders, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Sleep Wake Disorders, Surveys and Questionnaires},
	issn = {1878-5506},
	doi = {10.1016/j.sleep.2014.11.006},
	author = {Micah O Mazurek and Petroski, G}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{johnson_growing_2014,
	title = {Growing up after extremely preterm birth: {Lifespan} mental health outcomes},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1744165X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24290907},
	doi = {10.1016/j.siny.2013.11.004},
	abstract = {There is growing interest in the long-term mental health sequelae of extremely preterm birth. In this paper we review literature relating to mental health outcomes across the lifespan. Studies conducted in the preschool years, school age and adolescence, and adulthood show continuity in outcomes and point to an increased risk for inattention, socio-communicative problems and emotional difficulties in individuals born extremely preterm. Both behavioural and neuroimaging studies also provide evidence of a neurodevelopmental origin for mental health disorders in this population. Here we summarise contemporary evidence and highlight key methodological considerations for carrying out and interpreting studies in this field.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2015-03-11},
	journal = {Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine},
	author = {Johnson, Samantha and Marlow, Neil},
	month = apr,
	year = {2014},
	pmid = {24290907},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: dia, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Child Behavior Disorders: diagnosis, Child, Preschool, Developmental Disabilities, Developmental Disabilities: diagnosis, Humans, Infant, Extremely Premature, Infant, Newborn, Mental Health, Risk Factors},
	pages = {97--104},
}

@article{burgoyne_characterizing_2014,
	title = {Characterizing the ultrastructure of primary ciliary dyskinesia transposition defect using electron tomography},
	volume = {71},
	issn = {1949-3592},
	doi = {10.1002/cm.21171},
	abstract = {Primary ciliary dyskinesia is an autosomal recessive disorder affecting the motility of cilia. There are a range of ultrastructural ciliary defects that lead to associated clinical symptoms including ineffective mucus clearance, reduced lung function, infertility, and left-right isomerism. Mutations in radial spoke head proteins are a known cause of primary ciliary dyskinesia. Ultrastructually these defects are identified by a portion of cilia lacking a central pair and transposed outer microtubular doublets. We have repeatedly observed an intermittent loss of the central pair in patients with a transposition defect. To further understand the central pair changes in these radial spoke head mutations we employ electron tomography, a high resolution electron microscope technique, to elucidate in three dimensions the ultrastructural arrangements caused by mutation of the RSPH4A gene. We thereby provide an explanation of the structures observed by conventional electron microscopy studies. We demonstrate that the central pair can be present within the cilium. In some cilia, the central pair rotates at the base of the axoneme. We propose that it is this rotation that gives rise to an intermittent appearance of the central pair when viewed under conventional electron microscopy. We discuss the potential causes and consequences of these findings. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Cytoskeleton (Hoboken, N.J.)},
	author = {Burgoyne, Thomas and Lewis, Amy and Dewar, Ann and Luther, Pradeep and Hogg, Claire and Shoemark, Amelia and Dixon, Mellisa},
	month = may,
	year = {2014},
	pmid = {24616277},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Cilia, Electron Microscope Tomography, Female, Humans, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Kartagener Syndrome, Male, Microtubules, Young Adult, central pair, cilia, radial spoke head, respiratory, tomogram},
	pages = {294--301}
}

Paper  doi  bibtex   

@article{de_berranger_e_impact_2014,
title = {Impact on long-term OS of conditioning regimen in allogeneic BMT for children with AML in first CR: TBI plus CY versus BU plus CY: a report from the Societete Francaise de Greffe de Moelle et de Therapie Cellulaire},
volume = {49},
issn = {0268-3369},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24317131},
DOI = {10.1038/bmt.2013.185},
Language = {English},
Journal = {Bone Marrow Transplant.},
author = {{de Berranger E} and {Cousien A} and {Petit A} and {de Latour RP} and {Galambrun C} and {Bertrand Y} and {Salmon A} and {Rialland F} and {Rohrlich PS} and {Vannier JP} and {Lutz P} and {Yakouben K} and {Duhamel A} and {Bruno B} and {Michel G} and {Dalle JH}},
year = {2014},
keywords = {Adolescent, Body Weight, Busulfan/chemistry, Child, Child, Preschool, Cyclophosphamide/therapeutic use, Female, France, Graft vs Host Disease, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation*, Humans, Infant, Kaplan-Meier Estimate, Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/mortality, Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/therapy*, Male, Multivariate Analysis, Recurrence, Registries, Retrospective Studies, Siblings, Societies, Medical, Tissue Donors, Transplantation Conditioning/methods*, Transplantation, Homologous, Treatment Outcome, Whole-Body Irradiation},
pages = {382-388}
}

@article{huntington_serious_2014,
	title = {Serious adverse effects from single-use detergent sacs: report from a {U}.{S}. statewide poison control system},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {1556-9519},
	shorttitle = {Serious adverse effects from single-use detergent sacs},
	doi = {10.3109/15563650.2014.892122},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: In recent years, serious adverse effects to children from exposure to single-use detergents sacs (SUDS) have been recognized. While most exposures result in minor symptoms, there have been serious outcomes. This study aims to classify which types of serious outcomes follow SUDS exposures, and to assess, if possible, differences in toxicity between various SUDS products.
METHODS: An observational case series with data collected retrospectively was performed for cases of SUDS exposures reported to a statewide poison system's records database from 1 January 2012 to 31 March 2013. Cases were identified and analyzed for clinical details and trends. A statewide database was queried for cases involving the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) product-specific codes for SUDS products using following search terms: laundry pods, the AAPCC product-specific codes for Tide Pods, Purex Ultrapacks, ALL Mighty Pacs, and a unique agent code (AAPCC ID: 6903138; Generic: 077900) created by AAPCC to track SUDS exposures.
RESULTS: A total of 804 cases of exposures to SUDS were identified, the majority of which were exploratory ingestions in young children with a median age of 2 years. Serious adverse effects resulted from 65 (9\%) exposures and 27 (3\%) exposures resulted in admission to hospital. Binary logistic regression demonstrated that the presence of central nervous system (CNS) or respiratory system effects were associated with more severe outcomes, with a model accuracy of 96.4\%. There were significant differences in morbidity among the three most common brand-name products: when compared with Tide Pods, odds ratios (OR) and 95\% confidence intervals (CI) for severe outcome and admission rate were significantly greater following Purex Ultrapack exposures (severity OR 5.1 [CI: 2.13-12.23]; admission OR 10.36 [CI: 3.23-33.22]) and ALL Mighty Pac exposures (severity OR 11.22 [CI: 4.78-28.36]; admission OR 15.20 [CI: 5.01-46.12]).
CONCLUSIONS: Serious complications from exposure to SUDS occur in a small number of exposures for unclear reasons. Respiratory and CNS effects are associated with more severe outcomes. Some brand-name products are associated with a relatively higher risk of severe adverse effects and rates of admission.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.)},
	author = {Huntington, S. and Heppner, J. and Vohra, R. and Mallios, R. and Geller, R. J.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2014},
	pmid = {24580062},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Detergents, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Logistic Models, Poison Control Centers, Retrospective Studies, United States},
	pages = {220--225}
}

@article{thompson_epidemiological_2013,
	title = {Epidemiological features and risk factors of {Salmonella} gastroenteritis in children resident in {Ho} {Chi} {Minh} {City}, {Vietnam}.},
	volume = {141},
	issn = {1469-4409 0950-2688},
	doi = {10.1017/S0950268812002014},
	abstract = {Non-typhoidal Salmonella are an important but poorly characterized cause of paediatric diarrhoea in developing countries. We conducted a hospital-based case-control study in children aged {\textless}5 years in Ho Chi Minh City to define the epidemiology and examine risk factors associated with Salmonella diarrhoeal infections. From 1419 diarrhoea cases and 571 controls enrolled between 2009 and  2010, 77 (54\%) diarrhoea cases were stool culture-positive for non-typhoidal Salmonella. Salmonella patients were more likely to be younger than controls (median age 10 and 12 months, respectively) [odds ratio (OR) 097; 95\% confidence  interval (CI) 094-099], to report a recent diarrhoeal contact (81\% cases, 18\% controls; OR 598, 95\% CI 18-204) and to live in a household with {\textgreater}2 children (cases 208\%, controls 102\%; OR 232, 95\% CI 12-47). Our findings indicate that Salmonella are an important cause of paediatric gastroenteritis in this setting and we suggest that transmission may occur through direct human contact in the home.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Epidemiology and infection},
	author = {Thompson, C. N. and Phan, V. T. M. and Le, T. P. T. and Pham, T. N. T. and Hoang, L. P. and Ha, V. and Nguyen, V. M. H. and Pham, V. M. and Nguyen, T. V. and Cao, T. T. and Tran, T. T. N. and Nguyen, T. T. H. and Dao, M. T. and Campbell, J. I. and Nguyen, T. C. and Tang, C. T. and Ha, M. T. and Farrar, J. and Baker, S.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23010148},
	pmcid = {PMC3733064},
	keywords = {*Developing Countries, Bacterial Typing Techniques, Case-Control Studies, Child, Preschool, Diarrhea/*epidemiology/microbiology, Feces/microbiology, Female, Gastroenteritis/*epidemiology/microbiology, Humans, Infant, Male, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Salmonella Infections/*epidemiology/microbiology/transmission, Salmonella/*isolation \& purification, Surveys and Questionnaires, Urban Population, Vietnam/epidemiology},
	pages = {1604--1613},
}

@article{tan_identification_2013,
	title = {Identification of a new cyclovirus in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with acute  central nervous system infections.},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2150-7511},
	doi = {10.1128/mBio.00231-13},
	abstract = {Acute central nervous system (CNS) infections cause substantial morbidity and mortality, but the etiology remains unknown in a large proportion of cases. We identified and characterized the full genome of a novel cyclovirus (tentatively named cyclovirus-Vietnam [CyCV-VN]) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens of two Vietnamese patients with CNS infections of unknown etiology. CyCV-VN was subsequently detected in 4\% of 642 CSF specimens from Vietnamese patients with suspected CNS infections and none of 122 CSFs from patients with noninfectious neurological disorders. Detection rates were similar in patients with CNS infections of unknown etiology and those in whom other pathogens were detected. A similar detection rate in feces from healthy children suggested food-borne or orofecal transmission routes, while high detection rates in feces from pigs and poultry (average, 58\%) suggested the existence of animal reservoirs for such transmission. Further research is needed to address the epidemiology and pathogenicity of this novel, potentially zoonotic virus.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {mBio},
	author = {Tan, Le Van and van Doorn, H. Rogier and Nghia, Ho Dang Trung and Chau, Tran Thi Hong and Tu, Le Thi Phuong and de Vries, Michel and Canuti, Marta and Deijs, Martin and Jebbink, Maarten F. and Baker, Stephen and Bryant, Juliet E. and Tham, Nguyen Thi and BKrong, Nguyen Thi Thuy Chinh and Boni, Maciej F. and Loi, Tran Quoc and Phuong, Le Thi and Verhoeven, Joost T. P. and Crusat, Martin and Jeeninga, Rienk E. and Schultsz, Constance and Chau, Nguyen Van Vinh and Hien, Tran Tinh and van der Hoek, Lia and Farrar, Jeremy and de Jong, Menno D.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23781068},
	pmcid = {PMC3684831},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Animals, Central Nervous System Infections/epidemiology/*virology, Child, Child, Preschool, Circoviridae Infections/epidemiology/*virology, Circoviridae/*classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Cluster Analysis, DNA, Viral/chemistry/genetics, Female, Genome, Viral, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Prevalence, Prospective Studies, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Vietnam, Young Adult},
	pages = {e00231--00213},
}

@article{theophile_comparison_2013,
	title = {Comparison of three methods (an updated logistic probabilistic method, the {Naranjo} and {Liverpool} algorithms) for the evaluation of routine pharmacovigilance case reports using consensual expert judgement as reference},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {1179-1942},
	doi = {10.1007/s40264-013-0083-1},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: An updated probabilistic causality assessment method and the Liverpool algorithm presented as an improved version of the Naranjo algorithm, one of the most used and accepted causality assessment methods, have recently been proposed.
OBJECTIVE: In order to test the validity of the probabilistic method in routine pharmacovigilance, results provided by the Naranjo and Liverpool algorithms, as well as the updated probabilistic method, were each compared with a consensual expert judgement taken as reference.
METHODS: A sample of 59 drug-event pairs randomly sampled from spontaneous reports to the French pharmacovigilance system was assessed by expert judgement until reaching consensus and by members of a pharmacovigilance unit using the updated probabilistic method, the Naranjo and Liverpool algorithms. Probabilities given by the probabilistic method, and categories obtained by both the Naranjo and the Liverpool algorithms were compared as well as their sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values.
RESULTS: The median probability for drug causation given by the consensual expert judgement was 0.70 (inter-quartile range, IQR 0.54-0.84) versus 0.77 (IQR 0.54-0.91) for the probabilistic method. For the Naranjo algorithm, the 'possible' causality category was predominant (61 \%), followed by 'probable' (35 \%), 'doubtful', and 'almost certain' categories (2 \% each). Category distribution obtained with the Liverpool algorithm was similar to that obtained by the Naranjo algorithm with a majority of 'possible' (61 \%) and 'probable' (30 \%) followed by 'definite' (7 \%) and 'unlikely' (2 \%). For the probabilistic method, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were 0.96, 0.56, 0.92 and 0.71, respectively. For the Naranjo algorithm, depending on whether the 'possible' category was considered in favour or in disfavour of drug causation, sensitivity was, respectively, 1 or 0.42, specificity 0.11 or 0.89, negative predictive value 1 or 0.22 and positive predictive value 0.86 or 0.95; results were identical for the Liverpool algorithm.
CONCLUSION: The logistic probabilistic method gave results closer to the consensual expert judgment than either the Naranjo or Liverpool algorithms whose performance were strongly dependent on the meaning given to the 'possible' category. Owing to its good sensitivity and positive predictive value and by providing results as continuous probabilities, the probabilistic method seems worthy to use for a trustable assessment of adverse drug reactions in routine practice.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Drug Safety},
	author = {Théophile, Hélène and André, Manon and Miremont-Salamé, Ghada and Arimone, Yannick and Bégaud, Bernard},
	month = oct,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23828659},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Algorithms, Child, Preschool, Consensus, Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions, Expert Testimony, Female, France, Humans, Infant, Judgment, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Pharmacovigilance, Sensitivity and Specificity},
	pages = {1033--1044}
}

@article{cornish_socio-economic_2013,
	title = {Socio-economic position and childhood multimorbidity: a study using linkage between the {Avon} {Longitudinal} {Study} of {Parents} and {Children} and the {General} {Practice} {Research} {Database}},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1475-9276},
	shorttitle = {Socio-economic position and childhood multimorbidity},
	doi = {10.1186/1475-9276-12-66},
	abstract = {INTRODUCTION: In adults, multimorbidity is associated with social position. Socially disadvantaged adults typically experience more chronic illness at a younger age than comparable individuals who are more advantaged. The relation between social position and multimorbidity amongst children and adolescents has not been as widely studied and is less clear.
METHODS: The NHS Information Centre (NHS IC) linked participants in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) to the General Practice Research Database (GPRD). Multimorbidity was measured in three different ways: using a count of the number of drugs prescribed, a count of chronic diseases, and a person's predicted resource use score; the latter two measures were derived using the Johns Hopkins ACG system. A number of different socio-economic position variables measured as part of ALSPAC during pregnancy and early childhood were considered. Ordered logistic and negative binomial regression models were used to investigate associations between socio-economic variables and multimorbidity.
RESULTS: After mutually adjusting for the different markers of socio-economic position, there was evidence, albeit weak, that chronic condition counts among children aged from 0 to 9 years were higher among those whose mothers were less well educated (OR = 0.44; 95\% confidence interval 0.18-1.10; p = 0.08). Conversely, children whose mothers were better educated had higher rates of chronic illness between 10 and 18 years (OR = 1.94; 95\% CI 1.14-3.30). However, living in a more deprived area, as indicated by the Townsend score, was associated with a higher odds of chronic illness between 10 and 18 years (OR for each increasing decile of Townsend score = 1.09; 95\% CI 1.00-1.19; p = 0.06).
CONCLUSIONS: We have found some evidence that, in younger children, multimorbidity may be higher amongst children whose parents are less well educated. In older children and adolescents this association is less clear. We have also demonstrated that linkage between prospective observational studies and electronic patient records can provide an effective way of obtaining objectively measured outcome variables.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {International Journal for Equity in Health},
	author = {Cornish, Rosie P. and Boyd, Andy and Van Staa, Tjeerd and Salisbury, Chris and Macleod, John},
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23962118},
	pmcid = {PMC3751770},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Chronic Disease, Comorbidity, Drug Prescriptions, Educational Status, Family Practice, Female, Great Britain, Humans, Infant, Male, Parents, Regression Analysis, Socioeconomic Factors},
	pages = {66}
}

Paper  doi  bibtex   

@article{noauthor_myopia_2013,
	title = {Myopia {Stabilization} and {Associated} {Factors} {Among} {Participants} in the {Correction} of {Myopia} {Evaluation} {Trial} ({COMET})},
	volume = {54},
	issn = {1552-5783},
	url = {http://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?doi=10.1167/iovs.13-12403},
	doi = {10.1167/iovs.13-12403},
	language = {en},
	number = {13},
	urldate = {2018-03-28TZ},
	journal = {Investigative Opthalmology \& Visual Science},
	month = dec,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Aging, Child, Child, Preschool, Ethnic Groups, Eyeglasses, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Gompertz function, Humans, Male, Myopia, Prevalence, Prospective Studies, Refraction, Ocular, Treatment Outcome, United States, associated factors, myopia, myopia progression, myopia stabilization},
	pages = {7871}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{bloemsma_comorbid_2013,
	title = {Comorbid anxiety and neurocognitive dysfunctions in children with {ADHD}.},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1435-165X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23086381},
	doi = {10.1007/s00787-012-0339-9},
	abstract = {Previous research established that children with ADHD and comorbid anxiety have a later age of ADHD onset, show less off-task and hyperactive behavior, and have more school problems than children with ADHD alone. Comorbid anxiety appears to ameliorate behavioral inhibition deficits, worsen working memory problems, and lengthen reaction times in ADHD. This study investigated the effect of comorbid anxiety on a broad range of neurocognitive functions and includes child-, parent- and teacher reports of anxiety. The sample consisted of 509 children in the age range 5-19 years, including 238 children with a diagnosis of ADHD combined subtype and 271 normal control children. Children were tested on a broad battery of neurocognitive tasks that proved highly sensitive to ADHD in previous work. Linear Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to estimate the effect of comorbid anxiety on the neurocognitive functions. Child reported anxiety was associated with slower motor speed and response speed and better behavioral inhibition. Teacher reported anxiety was related to worse time production. Parent reported anxiety was not significantly associated with any of the neurocognitive functions. Compared to parent and teacher reports of anxiety, child reported comorbid anxiety shows foremost the largest associations with the neurocognitive dysfunctions observed in children with ADHD. This stresses the importance of including child self-reported anxiety assessments in clinical and research practice.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2015-05-14},
	journal = {European child \& adolescent psychiatry},
	author = {Bloemsma, J Monique and Boer, Frits and Arnold, Renée and Banaschewski, Tobias and Faraone, Stephen V and Buitelaar, Jan K and Sergeant, Joseph A and Rommelse, Nanda and Oosterlaan, Jaap},
	month = apr,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23086381},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Anxiety, Anxiety: complications, Anxiety: psychology, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: com, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: psy, Child, Child, Preschool, Cognition Disorders, Cognition Disorders: complications, Cognition Disorders: psychology, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disord, Executive Function, Executive Function: physiology, Female, Humans, Inhibition (Psychology), Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Reaction Time, Reaction Time: physiology, Severity of Illness Index, Young Adult},
	pages = {225--34},
}

@article{hall_observational_2013,
	title = {An observational descriptive study of the epidemiology and treatment of neuropathic pain in a {UK} general population},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1471-2296},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2296-14-28},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: This study updated our knowledge of UK primary care neuropathic pain incidence rates and prescribing practices.
METHODS: Patients with a first diagnosis of post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN), painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) or phantom limb pain (PLP) were identified from the General Practice Research Database (2006 - 2010) and incidence rates were calculated. Prescription records were searched for pain treatments from diagnosis of these conditions and the duration and daily dose estimated for first-line and subsequent treatment regimens. Recording of neuropathic back and post-operative pain was investigated.
RESULTS: The study included 5,920 patients with PHN, 5,340 with PDN, and 185 with PLP. The incidence per 10,000 person-years was 3.4 (95\% CI 3.4, 3.5) for PHN; and 0.11 (95\% CI 0.09, 0.12) for PLP. Validation of the PDN case definition suggested that was not sensitive. Incident PHN increased over the study period. The most common first-line treatments were amitriptyline or gabapentin in the PDN and PLP cohorts, and amitriptyline or co-codamol (codeine-paracetamol) in PHN. Paracetamol, co-dydramol (paracetamol-dihydrocodeine) and capsaicin were also often prescribed in one or more condition. Most first-line treatments comprised only one therapeutic class. Use of antiepileptics licensed for neuropathic pain treatment had increased since 2002-2005. Amitriptyline was the only antidepressant prescribed commonly as a first-line treatment.
CONCLUSION: The UK incidence of diagnosed PHN has increased with the incidence of back-pain and post-operative pain unclear. While use of licensed antiepileptics increased, prescribing of therapy with little evidence of efficacy in neuropathic pain is still common and consequently treatment was often not in-line with current guidance.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {BMC family practice},
	author = {Hall, Gillian C. and Morant, Steve V. and Carroll, Dawn and Gabriel, Zahava L. and McQuay, Henry J.},
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23442783},
	pmcid = {PMC3599764},
	keywords = {Acetaminophen, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Amines, Amitriptyline, Analgesics, Non-Narcotic, Analgesics, Opioid, Anticonvulsants, Capsaicin, Child, Child, Preschool, Codeine, Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids, Diabetic Neuropathies, Drug Combinations, Drug Prescriptions, Female, Great Britain, Humans, Hydrocodone, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Neuralgia, Postherpetic, Phantom Limb, Physician's Practice Patterns, Primary Health Care, Sensory System Agents, Young Adult, gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, incidence},
	pages = {28}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{serenius_neurodevelopmental_2013,
	title = {Neurodevelopmental outcome in extremely preterm infants at 2.5 years after active perinatal care in {Sweden}.},
	volume = {309},
	issn = {1538-3598},
	url = {http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1682943},
	doi = {10.1001/jama.2013.3786},
	abstract = {IMPORTANCE: Active perinatal care increases survival of extremely preterm infants; however, improved survival might be associated with increased disability among survivors.

OBJECTIVE: To determine neurodevelopmental outcome in extremely preterm children at 2.5 years (corrected age).

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Population-based prospective cohort of consecutive extremely preterm infants born before 27 weeks of gestation in Sweden between 2004 and 2007. Of 707 live-born infants, 491 (69\%) survived to 2.5 years. Survivors were assessed and compared with singleton control infants who were born at term and matched by sex, ethnicity, and municipality. Assessments ended in February 2010 and comparison estimates were adjusted for demographic differences.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Cognitive, language, and motor development was assessed with Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (3rd edition; Bayley-lll), which are standardized to mean (SD) scores of 100 (15). Clinical examination and parental questionnaires were used for diagnosis of cerebral palsy and visual and hearing impairments. Assessments were made by week of gestational age.

RESULTS: At a median age of 30.5 months (corrected), 456 of 491 (94\%) extremely preterm children were evaluated (41 by chart review only). For controls, 701 had information on health status and 366 had Bayley-lll assessments. Mean (SD) composite Bayley-III scores (cognition, 94 [12.3]; language, 98 [16.5]; motor, 94 [15.9]) were lower than the corresponding mean scores for controls (cognition, 104 [10.6]; P {\textless} .001; adjusted difference in mean scores, 9.2 [99\% CI, 6.9-11.5]; language, 109 [12.3]; P {\textless} .001; adjusted difference in mean scores, 9.3 [99\% Cl, 6.4-12.3]; and motor, 107 [13.7]; P {\textless} .001; adjusted difference in mean scores, 12.6 [99\% Cl, 9.5-15.6]). Cognitive disability was moderate in 5\% of the extremely preterm group vs 0.3\% in controls (P {\textless} .001) and it was severe in 6.3\% of the extremely preterm group vs 0.3\% in controls (P {\textless} .001). Language disability was moderate in 9.4\% of the extremely preterm group vs 2.5\% in controls (P {\textless} .001) and severe in 6.6\% of the extremely preterm group vs 0\% in controls (P {\textless} .001). Other comparisons between the extremely preterm group vs controls were for cerebral palsy (7.0\% vs 0.1\%; P {\textless} .001), for blindness (0.9\% vs 0\%; P = .02), and for hearing impairment (moderate and severe, 0.9\% vs 0\%; P = .02, respectively). Overall, 42\% (99\% CI, 36\%-48\%) of extremely preterm children had no disability, 31\% (99\% CI, 25\%-36\%) had mild disability, 16\% (99\% CI, 12\%-21\%) had moderate disability, and 11\% (99\% CI, 7.2\%-15\%) had severe disability. Moderate or severe overall disability decreased with gestational age at birth (22 weeks, 60\%; 23 weeks, 51\%; 24 weeks, 34\%; 25 weeks, 27\%; and 26 weeks, 17\%; P for trend {\textless} .001).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Of children born extremely preterm and receiving active perinatal care, 73\% had mild or no disability and neurodevelopmental outcome improved with each week of gestational age. These results are relevant for clinicians counseling families facing extremely preterm birth.},
	number = {17},
	urldate = {2015-05-03},
	journal = {JAMA},
	author = {Serenius, Fredrik and Källén, Karin and Blennow, Mats and Ewald, Uwe and Fellman, Vineta and Holmström, Gerd and Lindberg, Eva and Lundqvist, Pia and Maršál, Karel and Norman, Mikael and Olhager, Elisabeth and Stigson, Lennart and Stjernqvist, Karin and Vollmer, Brigitte and Strömberg, Bo},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23632725},
	note = {Publisher: American Medical Association},
	keywords = {Blindness, Case-Control Studies, Cerebral Palsy, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Developmental Disabilities, Disabled Children, Disabled Children: statistics \& numerical data, Female, Gestational Age, Humans, Infant, Infant, Extremely Premature, Infant, Extremely Premature: physiology, Infant, Extremely Premature: psychology, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Premature, Language Development, Male, Perinatal Care, Premature Birth, Prognosis, Prospective Studies, Severity of Illness Index, Survivors, Sweden, Treatment Outcome},
	pages = {1810--20},
}

@article{spoendlin_study_2012,
	title = {A study on the epidemiology of rosacea in the {U}.{K}},
	volume = {167},
	issn = {1365-2133},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11037.x},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Rosacea is a chronic facial skin disease of unclear origin. Epidemiological data are scarce and controversial, with reported prevalences ranging from 0·09\% to 22\%. To our knowledge, incidence rates have not been quantified before.
OBJECTIVES: In this observational study we quantified incidence rates of diagnosed rosacea in the U.K. and described demographic characteristics and the prevalence of ocular symptoms in patients with rosacea. We compared lifestyle factors such as smoking and alcohol consumption between patients with rosacea and controls.
METHODS: Using the U.K.-based General Practice Research Database, we identified patients with an incident diagnosis of rosacea between 1995 and 2009 and matched them (1:1) to rosacea-free control patients. We assessed person-time of all patients at risk and assessed incidence rates of rosacea, stratified by age, sex, year of diagnosis and region.
RESULTS: We identified 60,042 rosacea cases and 60,042 controls (61·5\% women). The overall incidence rate for diagnosed rosacea in the U.K. was 1·65 per 1000 person-years. Rosacea was diagnosed in some 80\% of cases after the age of 30 years. Ocular symptoms were recorded in 20·8\% of cases at the index date. We observed a significantly reduced relative risk of developing rosacea among current smokers (odds ratio 0·64, 95\% confidence interval 0·62-0·67). Alcohol consumption was associated with a marginal risk increase.
CONCLUSIONS: We quantified incidence rates and characteristics of patients with rosacea diagnosed in clinical practice in a large epidemiological study using primary care data from the U.K. Smoking was associated with a substantially reduced risk of developing rosacea.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {The British Journal of Dermatology},
	author = {Spoendlin, J. and Voegel, J. J. and Jick, S. S. and Meier, C. R.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22564022},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alcohol Drinking, Child, Child, Preschool, Diagnosis, Differential, Epidemiologic Methods, Female, Great Britain, Humans, Infant, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Rosacea, Smoking, Young Adult, incidence},
	pages = {598--605}
}

@article{bhargav_evidence_2012,
	title = {Evidence for extended age dependent maternal immunity in infected children: mother to child transmission of {HIV} infection and potential interventions including  sulfatides of the human fetal adnexa and complementary or alternative medicines.},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {1556-8539},
	abstract = {The two neighboring southwestern states of India, Karnataka and Maharashtra, have high incidence of HIV/AIDS and are among the six most high prevalence HIV infected  states. In Karnataka state, the northern districts of Bagalkot, Belgaum and Bijapur  (the three Bs) and in Maharashtra state, the southern districts of Sangli, Satara,  and Solapur (the three Ss) are the areas with the highest incidence of HIV/AIDS. We  have evaluated the incidence of maternal to child transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1  infection in Belgaum District which is more than 500 kilometers distance by road  from the campus in greater Bangalore (Karnataka State). We have obtained the  prenatal CD4 counts of HIV infected pregnant mothers. We have also screened the HIV  infected children in two orphanages (rehabilitation centres for HIV infected  children) in Belgaum District. The clinical conditions of these infected children  were assessed for their CD4 counts, anti-retroviral therapy (ART) intake status,  outpatient illnesses and body composition. We have observed that there is an  influence of the age factor on the CD4 counts of the HIV infected children. Further,  in view of the role of our recently found involvement of sulfatide, 3-O-  galactosylceramide, in inhibition of HIV-1 replication and enhancement of  hematopoiesis which is otherwise inhibited due to such infection, we have discussed  the possible role of sulfatides that biologically occur in the fetal adnexa  (placentatrophoblasts /amnion/chorion-umbilical cord), in containing HIV infection  as a potential safer alternative to the ART regimens currently approved to be  clinically practiced. Lastly, we have discussed the complementary and alternative  medicine (CAM) therapies such as evidence based yoga and ayurveda as add-on to ART  in potential elimination of MTCT of HIV infection. Out of a total of 150 children  delivered by HIV infected mothers, 13 children were found to be positive as  determined by the dried blood smear (DBS) for virological testing, giving an  incidence of about 8.66\% in the Belgaum district during the last two years, in spite  of the prescription of currently available ART regimens. All the 13 HIV-transmitting  mothers had normal vaginal deliveries. Though 12\% of the total 150 deliveries  required lower segment caesarean section (LSCS), none among them resulted in MTCT of  HIV. Comparison of the prenatal CD4 counts between transmitting and non-transmitting  mothers did not show significant differences (p=0.25) thus suggesting indirectly  that HIV-1 proviral loads (undetermined / unavailable) need not necessarily  determine the fate of incidence of vertical transmission. The mean age of 44 HIV  infected children (14 females, 30 males) that were screened in two orphanages was  10.8±3.1 years. Out of these 44 children, 27 were taking ART (61.36\%) with mean  duration of consumption being 2.8±2.28 years. Fifty percent (n=22) of the children  were suffering from at least one outpatient illness, out of which 13 were taking  ART. Their mean basal metabolic rate (BMR), body mass index (BMI), muscle mass, fat  mass and fat \% were 795.45±106.9, 14.55±1.9 kg/m(2), 9.54±3.4 kg, 3.69±2.24 kg and  15.04±7.8\% respectively. Comparison between the children taking ART (on-ART, n=27)  and those not taking ART (non-ART, n= 17) showed that though there was no  significant difference in the average age of the two groups, on-ART children had  significantly higher BMR (p=0.05), and muscle mass (p=0.004), than non-ART. The CD4  counts, BMI, fat mass and fat percentage did not show significant statistical  differences between the two groups. The CD4 counts of the children (both on-ART and  non-ART) of age 8 years and below (n=12) were found to be significantly higher  (p=0.04) than those of age 14 and above (n=10). All the children in age group of 14  years and above (n=10) except one child were on ART, whereas 7 out of 12 children in  age group of 8 years and below were on-ART. In one of the rehabilitation centers  called Aadhar, among non-ART children, a significant correlation was observed  between the age of the child and CD4 counts (measured separately in the months of  June 2011 and December 2011). Both the CD4 counts measured in June 2011 (n=6;  r=-0.82, p= 0.04) as well as in December 2011 (n=6; r=-0.97, p=0.001) showed a  significant decline as the age progressed. Also, at the same center, among on-ART  children, the CD4 counts in June 2011 (n=7) and December 2011 (n=8) were  significantly different between the children in the age group of 8 below years, and  those in the age group of 14 years and above (p= 0.005). As HIV infected children  grow in age, they may lose maternal derived immunity as shown by the decrease in CD4  counts, irrespective of their ART status. It is to be expected from these results  that the conferred maternal immunity (possibly primarily humoral and secondarily  cytotoxic immune responses) to the virus acquired at child birth taper off and  eventually overcome by the generation of mutant HIV strains in the children, as the  life spans of the infected children progress. We have discussed safer therapeutic  interventions whose efficacy on HIV/AIDS may be synergistic to or even substitute  the existing treatment strategies. Some of such interventions may even be customized  to help eliminate MTCT. Further, these virus infected pregnant mother patient blood  / serum samples could prove useful in the vaccine development against HIV infection.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of stem cells},
	author = {Bhargav, Hemant and Huilgol, Vidya and Metri, Kashinath and Sundell, I. Birgitta and Tripathi, Satyam and Ramagouda, Nagaratna and Jadhav, Mahesh and Raghuram, Nagarathna and Ramarao, Nagendra Hongasandra and Koka, Prasad S.},
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {23619381},
	note = {Place: United States},
	keywords = {Humans, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Male, India, Age Factors, Pregnancy, Child, Child, Preschool, *Complementary Therapies, Amnion/immunology/metabolism/virology, Anti-Retroviral Agents/*therapeutic use, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Chorion/immunology/metabolism/virology, HIV Infections/drug therapy/immunology/*transmission, HIV-1/drug effects/isolation \& purification, Infant, Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/*prevention \& control, Mothers, Placenta/immunology/metabolism/virology, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/immunology/*virology, Sulfoglycosphingolipids/*therapeutic use, Umbilical Cord/immunology/metabolism/virology, Viral Load},
	pages = {127--153}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Proton therapy for spinal ependymomas: planning, acute toxicities, and preliminary outcomes.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2012},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Adolescent,Child,Child, Preschool,Disease-Free Survival,Ependymoma,Ependymoma: pathology,Ependymoma: radiotherapy,Ependymoma: surgery,Erythema,Erythema: etiology,Erythema: pathology,Fatigue,Fatigue: etiology,Female,Follow-Up Studies,Humans,Infant,Male,Neoplasm Recurrence, Local,Neoplasm Recurrence, Local: radiotherapy,Protons,Protons: adverse effects,Protons: therapeutic use,Radiation Injuries,Radiotherapy Dosage,Spinal Neoplasms,Spinal Neoplasms: pathology,Spinal Neoplasms: radiotherapy,Spinal Neoplasms: surgery,Survival Rate,Treatment Outcome,Tumor Burden},
 pages = {1419-24},
 volume = {83},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22245209},
 month = {8},
 publisher = {Elsevier Inc},
 day = {1},
 id = {ba888ca5-70c7-39d5-946d-244183b6d8d3},
 created = {2014-03-15T18:24:10.000Z},
 accessed = {2014-03-04},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {8c4ca2d5-86de-3b5d-86be-8408415f34e0},
 group_id = {a484ae4c-fcac-3c7e-9ac3-3fad0df719a2},
 last_modified = {2014-12-29T19:36:51.000Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 abstract = {PURPOSE: To report acute toxicities and preliminary outcomes for pediatric patients with ependymomas of the spine treated with proton beam therapy at the MD Anderson Cancer Center.

METHODS AND MATERIALS: Eight pediatric patients received proton beam irradiation between October 2006 and September 2010 for spinal ependymomas. Toxicity data were collected weekly during radiation therapy and all follow-up visits. Toxicities were graded according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0.

RESULTS: All patients had surgical resection of the tumor before irradiation (7 subtotal resection and 1 gross total resection). Six patients had World Health Organization Grade I ependymomas, and two had World Health Organization Grade II ependymomas. Patients had up to 3 surgical interventions before radiation therapy (range, 1-3; median, 1). Three patients received proton therapy after recurrence and five as part of their primary management. The entire vertebral body was treated in all but 2 patients. The mean radiation dose was 51.1 cobalt gray equivalents (range, 45 to 54 cobalt gray equivalents). With a mean follow-up of 26 months from the radiation therapy start date (range, 7-51 months), local control, event-free survival, and overall survival rates were all 100%. The most common toxicities during treatment were Grade 1 or 2 erythema (75%) and Grade 1 fatigue (38%). No patients had a Grade 3 or higher adverse event. Proton therapy dramatically reduced dose to all normal tissues anterior to the vertebral bodies in comparison to photon therapy.

CONCLUSION: Preliminary outcomes show the expected control rates with favorable acute toxicity profiles. Proton beam therapy offers a powerful treatment option in the pediatric population, where adverse events related to radiation exposure are of concern. Extended follow-up will be required to assess for late recurrences and long-term adverse effects.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Amsbaugh, Mark J and Grosshans, David R and McAleer, Mary Frances and Zhu, Ron and Wages, Cody and Crawford, Cody N and Palmer, Matthew and De Gracia, Beth and Woo, Shiao and Mahajan, Anita},
 journal = {International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics},
 number = {5}
}

@article {116,
	title = {Autism spectrum disorders and developmental disabilities in children from immigrant families in the United States.},
	journal = {Pediatrics},
	volume = {130},
	number = {Suppl 2},
	year = {2012},
	note = {NLM Journal Code: oxv, 0376422},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {S191-7},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Recent census data show that nearly one-quarter of US children have at least 1 immigrant parent; moreover, there has been a dramatic increase in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and select developmental disabilities (DDs). However, little is known about access to medical home and adequacy of insurance coverage for children with ASDs and select DDs from immigrant families. METHODS: By using the 2007 National Survey of Children{\textquoteright}s Health, we compared children with ASDs and select DDs from immigrant (n = 413, foreign born or reside with at least 1 immigrant parent) and nonimmigrant (n = 5411) families on various measures of medical home and insurance coverage. We used weighted logistic regression to examine the association between immigrant family and selected outcome measures while controlling for confounding factors. RESULTS: Compared with nonimmigrant families, children with ASD and select DD from immigrant families were more than twice as likely to lack usual source of care and report physicians not spending enough time with family. Furthermore, multivariable analyses indicate that insurance coverage is an important factor in mitigating health care barriers for immigrant families. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates important areas of deficits in the health care experiences of children with ASD and select DD from immigrant households. Public policy implications include increasing access to existing insurance programs, augmenting public awareness resources for ASD and select DD, and offering assistance to immigrant families that are struggling with the medical needs of their children.},
	keywords = {Adolescent, AIM, airp, Child, Child Development Disorders, Developmental Disabilities/ep [Epidemiology], Emigrants and Immigrants/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Data], Female, Humans, IM, Male, Pervasive/ep [Epidemiology], Preschool, United States/ep [Epidemiology]},
	author = {S. C. Lin and S. M. Yu and Robin L Harwood}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{keown_predictors_2012,
	title = {Predictors of boys' {ADHD} symptoms from early to middle childhood: the role of father-child and mother-child interactions.},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {1573-2835},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22038253},
	doi = {10.1007/s10802-011-9586-3},
	abstract = {This prospective 3 year longitudinal study investigated preschool paternal and maternal parenting predictors of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) in a community sample of 93 school-age boys. Participants were recruited on the basis of inattention-hyperactivity at age 4 and fathers and mothers were observed interacting with their sons. Teachers, fathers, and mothers reported children's ADHD symptoms and impairment. Results from dimensional analysis showed that less observed paternal sensitivity and maternal positive regard predicted higher levels of inattentiveness in middle childhood, and that intrusive paternal behavior was predictive of hyperactive-impulsive behavior at school. In categorical analysis, less maternal warmth and sensitivity were predictive of later ADHD. These predictions held after statistical adjustment for the effects of preschool ADHD behaviors and conduct problems. At follow-up, parents of boys with ADHD reported more negative child-parent relationship perceptions than comparison parents. Findings highlight the importance of examining responsive parenting behaviors of both fathers and mothers in relation to multi-informant ratings of ADHD symptoms.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2012-07-23},
	journal = {Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology},
	author = {Keown, Louise J},
	month = may,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22038253},
	keywords = {Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: psy, Case-Control Studies, Child, Conduct Disorder, Conduct Disorder: psychology, Father-Child Relations, Fathers, Fathers: psychology, Female, Humans, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Mothers, Mothers: psychology, Parenting, Parenting: psychology, Perception, Preschool, Prospective Studies},
	pages = {569--81},
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines: A systematic review and meta-analysis},
 type = {article},
 year = {2012},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Vaccine effectiveness},
 pages = {36-44},
 volume = {12},
 id = {0f707827-12dc-3fde-a01c-bef2cbdbbf77},
 created = {2015-09-09T15:56:50.000Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {7a0fec24-6ec6-312f-956e-f210abd2cdb7},
 group_id = {943817ab-6073-3383-a1c5-963a6e7efbea},
 last_modified = {2015-09-14T21:03:56.000Z},
 tags = {VDECGA,VDECICIDFLUREV,VDECVE},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 abstract = {Background: No published meta-analyses have assessed efficacy and effectiveness of licensed influenza vaccines in the USA with sensitive and highly specific diagnostic tests to confirm influenza. Methods: We searched Medline for randomised controlled trials assessing a relative reduction in influenza risk of all circulating influenza viruses during individual seasons after vaccination (efficacy) and observational studies meeting inclusion criteria (effectiveness). Eligible articles were published between Jan 1, 1967, and Feb 15, 2011, and used RT-PCR or culture for confirmation of influenza. We excluded some studies on the basis of study design and vaccine characteristics. We estimated random-effects pooled efficacy for trivalent inactivated vaccine (TIV) and live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) when data were available for statistical analysis (eg, at least three studies that assessed comparable age groups). Findings: We screened 5707 articles and identified 31 eligible studies (17 randomised controlled trials and 14 observational studies). Efficacy of TIV was shown in eight (67%) of the 12 seasons analysed in ten randomised controlled trials (pooled efficacy 59% [95% CI 51-67] in adults aged 18-65 years). No such trials met inclusion criteria for children aged 2-17 years or adults aged 65 years or older. Efficacy of LAIV was shown in nine (75%) of the 12 seasons analysed in ten randomised controlled trials (pooled efficacy 83% [69-91]) in children aged 6 months to 7 years. No such trials met inclusion criteria for children aged 8-17 years. Vaccine effectiveness was variable for seasonal influenza: six (35%) of 17 analyses in nine studies showed significant protection against medically attended influenza in the outpatient or inpatient setting. Median monovalent pandemic H1N1 vaccine effectiveness in five observational studies was 69% (range 60-93). Interpretation: Influenza vaccines can provide moderate protection against virologically confirmed influenza, but such protection is greatly reduced or absent in some seasons. Evidence for protection in adults aged 65 years or older is lacking. LAIVs consistently show highest efficacy in young children (aged 6 months to 7 years). New vaccines with improved clinical efficacy and effectiveness are needed to further reduce influenza-related morbidity and mortality. Funding: Alfred P Sloan Foundation. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Osterholm, Michael T. and Kelley, Nicholas S. and Sommer, Alfred and Belongia, Edward a.},
 journal = {The Lancet Infectious Diseases},
 number = {1}
}

@article{vos_years_2012,
	title = {Years lived with disability ({YLDs}) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: {A} systematic analysis for the {Global} {Burden} of {Disease} {Study} 2010.},
	volume = {380},
	issn = {1474-547X},
	shorttitle = {Years lived with disability ({YLDs}) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010},
	doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Non-fatal health outcomes from diseases and injuries are a crucial consideration in the promotion and monitoring of individual and population health. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) studies done in 1990 and 2000 have been the only studies to quantify non-fatal health outcomes across an exhaustive set of disorders at the global and regional level. Neither effort quantified uncertainty in prevalence or years lived with disability (YLDs).
METHODS: Of the 291 diseases and injuries in the GBD cause list, 289 cause disability. For 1160 sequelae of the 289 diseases and injuries, we undertook a systematic analysis of prevalence, incidence, remission, duration, and excess mortality. Sources included published studies, case notification, population-based cancer registries, other disease registries, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, hospital discharge data, ambulatory care data, household surveys, other surveys, and cohort studies. For most sequelae, we used a Bayesian meta-regression method, DisMod-MR, designed to address key limitations in descriptive epidemiological data, including missing data, inconsistency, and large methodological variation between data sources. For some disorders, we used natural history models, geospatial models, back-calculation models (models calculating incidence from population mortality rates and case fatality), or registration completeness models (models adjusting for incomplete registration with health-system access and other covariates). Disability weights for 220 unique health states were used to capture the severity of health loss. YLDs by cause at age, sex, country, and year levels were adjusted for comorbidity with simulation methods. We included uncertainty estimates at all stages of the analysis.
FINDINGS: Global prevalence for all ages combined in 2010 across the 1160 sequelae ranged from fewer than one case per 1 million people to 350,000 cases per 1 million people. Prevalence and severity of health loss were weakly correlated (correlation coefficient -0·37). In 2010, there were 777 million YLDs from all causes, up from 583 million in 1990. The main contributors to global YLDs were mental and behavioural disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, and diabetes or endocrine diseases. The leading specific causes of YLDs were much the same in 2010 as they were in 1990: low back pain, major depressive disorder, iron-deficiency anaemia, neck pain, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, anxiety disorders, migraine, diabetes, and falls. Age-specific prevalence of YLDs increased with age in all regions and has decreased slightly from 1990 to 2010. Regional patterns of the leading causes of YLDs were more similar compared with years of life lost due to premature mortality. Neglected tropical diseases, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and anaemia were important causes of YLDs in sub-Saharan Africa.
INTERPRETATION: Rates of YLDs per 100,000 people have remained largely constant over time but rise steadily with age. Population growth and ageing have increased YLD numbers and crude rates over the past two decades. Prevalences of the most common causes of YLDs, such as mental and behavioural disorders and musculoskeletal disorders, have not decreased. Health systems will need to address the needs of the rising numbers of individuals with a range of disorders that largely cause disability but not mortality. Quantification of the burden of non-fatal health outcomes will be crucial to understand how well health systems are responding to these challenges. Effective and affordable strategies to deal with this rising burden are an urgent priority for health systems in most parts of the world.
FUNDING: Bill \& Melinda Gates Foundation.},
	language = {ENG},
	number = {9859},
	journal = {Lancet (London, England)},
	author = {Vos, Theo and Flaxman, Abraham D. and Naghavi, Mohsen and Lozano, Rafael and Michaud, Catherine and Ezzati, Majid and Shibuya, Kenji and Salomon, Joshua A. and Abdalla, Safa and Aboyans, Victor and Abraham, Jerry and Ackerman, Ilana and Aggarwal, Rakesh and Ahn, Stephanie Y. and Ali, Mohammed K. and Alvarado, Miriam and Anderson, H. Ross and Anderson, Laurie M. and Andrews, Kathryn G. and Atkinson, Charles and Baddour, Larry M. and Bahalim, Adil N. and Barker-Collo, Suzanne and Barrero, Lope H. and Bartels, David H. and Basáñez, Maria-Gloria and Baxter, Amanda and Bell, Michelle L. and Benjamin, Emelia J. and Bennett, Derrick and Bernabé, Eduardo and Bhalla, Kavi and Bhandari, Bishal and Bikbov, Boris and Bin Abdulhak, Aref and Birbeck, Gretchen and Black, James A. and Blencowe, Hannah and Blore, Jed D. and Blyth, Fiona and Bolliger, Ian and Bonaventure, Audrey and Boufous, Soufiane and Bourne, Rupert and Boussinesq, Michel and Braithwaite, Tasanee and Brayne, Carol and Bridgett, Lisa and Brooker, Simon and Brooks, Peter and Brugha, Traolach S. and Bryan-Hancock, Claire and Bucello, Chiara and Buchbinder, Rachelle and Buckle, Geoffrey and Budke, Christine M. and Burch, Michael and Burney, Peter and Burstein, Roy and Calabria, Bianca and Campbell, Benjamin and Canter, Charles E. and Carabin, Hélène and Carapetis, Jonathan and Carmona, Loreto and Cella, Claudia and Charlson, Fiona and Chen, Honglei and Cheng, Andrew Tai-Ann and Chou, David and Chugh, Sumeet S. and Coffeng, Luc E. and Colan, Steven D. and Colquhoun, Samantha and Colson, K. Ellicott and Condon, John and Connor, Myles D. and Cooper, Leslie T. and Corriere, Matthew and Cortinovis, Monica and de Vaccaro, Karen Courville and Couser, William and Cowie, Benjamin C. and Criqui, Michael H. and Cross, Marita and Dabhadkar, Kaustubh C. and Dahiya, Manu and Dahodwala, Nabila and Damsere-Derry, James and Danaei, Goodarz and Davis, Adrian and De Leo, Diego and Degenhardt, Louisa and Dellavalle, Robert and Delossantos, Allyne and Denenberg, Julie and Derrett, Sarah and Des Jarlais, Don C. and Dharmaratne, Samath D. and Dherani, Mukesh and Diaz-Torne, Cesar and Dolk, Helen and Dorsey, E. Ray and Driscoll, Tim and Duber, Herbert and Ebel, Beth and Edmond, Karen and Elbaz, Alexis and Ali, Suad Eltahir and Erskine, Holly and Erwin, Patricia J. and Espindola, Patricia and Ewoigbokhan, Stalin E. and Farzadfar, Farshad and Feigin, Valery and Felson, David T. and Ferrari, Alize and Ferri, Cleusa P. and Fèvre, Eric M. and Finucane, Mariel M. and Flaxman, Seth and Flood, Louise and Foreman, Kyle and Forouzanfar, Mohammad H. and Fowkes, Francis Gerry R. and Franklin, Richard and Fransen, Marlene and Freeman, Michael K. and Gabbe, Belinda J. and Gabriel, Sherine E. and Gakidou, Emmanuela and Ganatra, Hammad A. and Garcia, Bianca and Gaspari, Flavio and Gillum, Richard F. and Gmel, Gerhard and Gosselin, Richard and Grainger, Rebecca and Groeger, Justina and Guillemin, Francis and Gunnell, David and Gupta, Ramyani and Haagsma, Juanita and Hagan, Holly and Halasa, Yara A. and Hall, Wayne and Haring, Diana and Haro, Josep Maria and Harrison, James E. and Havmoeller, Rasmus and Hay, Roderick J. and Higashi, Hideki and Hill, Catherine and Hoen, Bruno and Hoffman, Howard and Hotez, Peter J. and Hoy, Damian and Huang, John J. and Ibeanusi, Sydney E. and Jacobsen, Kathryn H. and James, Spencer L. and Jarvis, Deborah and Jasrasaria, Rashmi and Jayaraman, Sudha and Johns, Nicole and Jonas, Jost B. and Karthikeyan, Ganesan and Kassebaum, Nicholas and Kawakami, Norito and Keren, Andre and Khoo, Jon-Paul and King, Charles H. and Knowlton, Lisa Marie and Kobusingye, Olive and Koranteng, Adofo and Krishnamurthi, Rita and Lalloo, Ratilal and Laslett, Laura L. and Lathlean, Tim and Leasher, Janet L. and Lee, Yong Yi and Leigh, James and Lim, Stephen S. and Limb, Elizabeth and Lin, John Kent and Lipnick, Michael and Lipshultz, Steven E. and Liu, Wei and Loane, Maria and Ohno, Summer Lockett and Lyons, Ronan and Ma, Jixiang and Mabweijano, Jacqueline and MacIntyre, Michael F. and Malekzadeh, Reza and Mallinger, Leslie and Manivannan, Sivabalan and Marcenes, Wagner and March, Lyn and Margolis, David J. and Marks, Guy B. and Marks, Robin and Matsumori, Akira and Matzopoulos, Richard and Mayosi, Bongani M. and McAnulty, John H. and McDermott, Mary M. and McGill, Neil and McGrath, John and Medina-Mora, Maria Elena and Meltzer, Michele and Mensah, George A. and Merriman, Tony R. and Meyer, Ana-Claire and Miglioli, Valeria and Miller, Matthew and Miller, Ted R. and Mitchell, Philip B. and Mocumbi, Ana Olga and Moffitt, Terrie E. and Mokdad, Ali A. and Monasta, Lorenzo and Montico, Marcella and Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar and Moran, Andrew and Morawska, Lidia and Mori, Rintaro and Murdoch, Michele E. and Mwaniki, Michael K. and Naidoo, Kovin and Nair, M. Nathan and Naldi, Luigi and Narayan, K. M. Venkat and Nelson, Paul K. and Nelson, Robert G. and Nevitt, Michael C. and Newton, Charles R. and Nolte, Sandra and Norman, Paul and Norman, Rosana and O'Donnell, Martin and O'Hanlon, Simon and Olives, Casey and Omer, Saad B. and Ortblad, Katrina and Osborne, Richard and Ozgediz, Doruk and Page, Andrew and Pahari, Bishnu and Pandian, Jeyaraj Durai and Rivero, Andrea Panozo and Patten, Scott B. and Pearce, Neil and Padilla, Rogelio Perez and Perez-Ruiz, Fernando and Perico, Norberto and Pesudovs, Konrad and Phillips, David and Phillips, Michael R. and Pierce, Kelsey and Pion, Sébastien and Polanczyk, Guilherme V. and Polinder, Suzanne and Pope, C. Arden and Popova, Svetlana and Porrini, Esteban and Pourmalek, Farshad and Prince, Martin and Pullan, Rachel L. and Ramaiah, Kapa D. and Ranganathan, Dharani and Razavi, Homie and Regan, Mathilda and Rehm, Jürgen T. and Rein, David B. and Remuzzi, Guiseppe and Richardson, Kathryn and Rivara, Frederick P. and Roberts, Thomas and Robinson, Carolyn and De Leòn, Felipe Rodriguez and Ronfani, Luca and Room, Robin and Rosenfeld, Lisa C. and Rushton, Lesley and Sacco, Ralph L. and Saha, Sukanta and Sampson, Uchechukwu and Sanchez-Riera, Lidia and Sanman, Ella and Schwebel, David C. and Scott, James Graham and Segui-Gomez, Maria and Shahraz, Saeid and Shepard, Donald S. and Shin, Hwashin and Shivakoti, Rupak and Singh, David and Singh, Gitanjali M. and Singh, Jasvinder A. and Singleton, Jessica and Sleet, David A. and Sliwa, Karen and Smith, Emma and Smith, Jennifer L. and Stapelberg, Nicolas J. C. and Steer, Andrew and Steiner, Timothy and Stolk, Wilma A. and Stovner, Lars Jacob and Sudfeld, Christopher and Syed, Sana and Tamburlini, Giorgio and Tavakkoli, Mohammad and Taylor, Hugh R. and Taylor, Jennifer A. and Taylor, William J. and Thomas, Bernadette and Thomson, W. Murray and Thurston, George D. and Tleyjeh, Imad M. and Tonelli, Marcello and Towbin, Jeffrey A. and Truelsen, Thomas and Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis K. and Ubeda, Clotilde and Undurraga, Eduardo A. and van der Werf, Marieke J. and van Os, Jim and Vavilala, Monica S. and Venketasubramanian, N. and Wang, Mengru and Wang, Wenzhi and Watt, Kerrianne and Weatherall, David J. and Weinstock, Martin A. and Weintraub, Robert and Weisskopf, Marc G. and Weissman, Myrna M. and White, Richard A. and Whiteford, Harvey and Wiersma, Steven T. and Wilkinson, James D. and Williams, Hywel C. and Williams, Sean R. M. and Witt, Emma and Wolfe, Frederick and Woolf, Anthony D. and Wulf, Sarah and Yeh, Pon-Hsiu and Zaidi, Anita K. M. and Zheng, Zhi-Jie and Zonies, David and Lopez, Alan D. and Murray, Christopher J. L. and AlMazroa, Mohammad A. and Memish, Ziad A.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {23245607},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Global Health, Health Status, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Sex Factors, Wounds and Injuries, Young Adult},
	pages = {2163--2196},
}

@article{simkiss_health_2012,
	title = {Health service use in families where children enter public care: a nested case control study using the {General} {Practice} {Research} {Database}},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1472-6963},
	shorttitle = {Health service use in families where children enter public care},
	doi = {10.1186/1472-6963-12-65},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: At least 3\% of children spend some of their childhood in public care and, as a group, have poor outcomes across a range of education, employment, health and social care outcomes. Research, using social care or government datasets, has identified a number of risk factors associated with children entering public care but the utility of risk factors in clinical practice is not established. This paper uses routine primary health care data to see if risk factors for children entering public care can be identified in clinical practice.
METHODS: A nested case control methodology using routine primary care data from the United Kingdom. Health service use data were extracted for the 12 months before the case child entered public care and compared with 12 months of data for four control mother child pairs per case pair, matched on the age and sex of the child and the general practice. Exposures of interest were developed from a systematic review of the literature on risk factors associated with children entering public care.
RESULTS: Conditional logistic regression was used to investigate the combined effect of more than one exposure of interest. Maternal mental illness (OR 2.51, 95\% CI 1.55-4.05), maternal age at birth of the child, socio-economic status (5(th) quintile vs. 1(st) quintile OR 7.14, 95\% CI 2.92-17.4), maternal drug use (OR 28.8, 95\% CI 2.29-363), non attendance at appointments (OR 2.42, 95\% CI 1.42-4.14), child mental illness (OR 2.65, 95\% CI 1.42-4.96) and child admission to hospital (OR 3.31, 95\% CI 1.21-9.02) were all significantly associated with children entering public care. Maternal use of primary care contraception services was negatively associated with children entering public care (OR 0.52, 95\% CI 0.31-0.87).
CONCLUSIONS: Differences in health service use can be identified from routine primary care data in mother child pairs where children enter public care after controlling for maternal age and socio-economic status. The interaction between different risk factors needs testing in a cumulative risk model using longitudinal datasets.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {BMC health services research},
	author = {Simkiss, Douglas E. and Spencer, Nicholas J. and Stallard, Nigel and Thorogood, Margaret},
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22424404},
	pmcid = {PMC3361673},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Case-Control Studies, Child, Child, Preschool, Databases, Factual, Family Health, Female, General Practice, Great Britain, Health Services Research, Hospitalization, Humans, Infant, Logistic Models, Male, Maternal Age, Maternal-Child Health Centers, Mental Disorders, Middle Aged, Mothers, Primary Health Care, Public Sector, Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Social Class, Young Adult},
	pages = {65}
}

Paper  doi  bibtex   

@article{halperin_training_2012,
	title = {Training {Executive}, {Attention}, and {Motor} {Skills}: {A} {Proof}-of-{Concept} {Study} in {Preschool} {Children} {With} {ADHD}},
	issn = {1087-0547},
	url = {http://jad.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/1087054711435681},
	doi = {10.1177/1087054711435681},
	urldate = {2012-03-06},
	journal = {Journal of Attention Disorders},
	author = {Halperin, J. M. and Marks, D. J. and Bedard, a.-C. V. and Chacko, a. and Curchack, J. T. and Yoon, C. a. and Healey, D. M.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {adhd, adhd is a chronic, disorder that typically emerges, during the preschool years, environmental enrichment, highly prevalent neurodevelopmental, kindergarten, preschool, treatment},
}

@article{kelly_london_2011,
	title = {The {London} low emission zone baseline study},
	issn = {1041-5505},
	abstract = {On February 4, 2008, the world's largest low emission zone (LEZ) was established. At 2644 km2, the zone encompasses most of Greater London. It restricts the entry of the oldest and most polluting diesel vehicles, including heavy-goods vehicles (haulage trucks), buses and coaches, larger vans, and minibuses. It does not apply to cars or motorcycles. The LEZ scheme will introduce increasingly stringent Euro emissions standards over time. The creation of this zone presented a unique opportunity to estimate the effects of a stepwise reduction in vehicle emissions on air quality and health. Before undertaking such an investigation, robust baseline data were gathered on air quality and the oxidative activity and metal content of particulate matter (PM) from air pollution monitors located in Greater London. In addition, methods were developed for using databases of electronic primary-care records in order to evaluate the zone's health effects. Our study began in 2007, using information about the planned restrictions in an agreed-upon LEZ scenario and year-on-year changes in the vehicle fleet in models to predict air pollution concentrations in London for the years 2005, 2008, and 2010. Based on this detailed emissions and air pollution modeling, the areas in London were then identified that were expected to show the greatest changes in air pollution concentrations and population exposures after the implementation of the LEZ. Using these predictions, the best placement of a pollution monitoring network was determined and the feasibility of evaluating the health effects using electronic primary-care records was assessed. To measure baseline pollutant concentrations before the implementation of the LEZ, a comprehensive monitoring network was established close to major roadways and intersections. Output-difference plots from statistical modeling for 2010 indicated seven key areas likely to experience the greatest change in concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (at least 3 microg/m3) and of PM with an aerodynamic diameter {\textless} or = 10 microm (PM10) (at least 0.75 microg/m3) as a result of the LEZ; these suggested that the clearest signals of change were most likely to be measured near roadsides. The seven key areas were also likely to be of importance in carrying out a study to assess the health outcomes of an air quality intervention like the LEZ. Of the seven key areas, two already had monitoring sites with a full complement of equipment, four had monitoring sites that required upgrades of existing equipment, and one required a completely new installation. With the upgrades and new installations in place, fully ratified (verified) pollutant data (for PM10, PM with an aerodynamic diameter {\textless} or = 2.5 microm [PM2.5], nitrogen oxides [NOx], and ozone [O3] at all sites as well as for particle number, black smoke [BS], carbon monoxide [CO], and sulfur dioxide [SO2] at selected sites) were then collected for analysis. In addition, the seven key monitoring sites were supported by other sites in the London Air Quality Network (LAQN). From these, a robust set of baseline air quality data was produced. Data from automatic and manual traffic counters as well as automatic license-plate recognition cameras were used to compile detailed vehicle profiles. This enabled us to establish more precise associations between ambient pollutant concentrations and vehicle emissions. An additional goal of the study was to collect baseline PM data in order to test the hypothesis that changes in traffic densities and vehicle mixes caused by the LEZ would affect the oxidative potential and metal content of ambient PM10 and PM2.5. The resulting baseline PM data set was the first to describe, in detail, the oxidative potential and metal content of the PM10 and PM2.5 of a major city's airshed. PM in London has considerable oxidative potential; clear differences in this measure were found from site to site, with evidence that the oxidative potential of both PM10 and PM2.5 at roadside monitoring sites was higher than at urban background locations. In the PM10 samples this increased oxidative activity appeared to be associated with increased concentrations of copper (Cu), barium (Ba), and bathophenanthroline disulfonate-mobilized iron (BPS Fe) in the roadside samples. In the PM2.5 samples, no simple association could be seen, suggesting that other unmeasured components were driving the increased oxidative potential in this fraction of the roadside samples. These data suggest that two components were contributing to the oxidative potential of roadside PM, namely Cu and BPS Fe in the coarse fraction of PM (PM with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 microm to 10 microm; PM(2.5-10)) and an unidentified redox catalyst in PM2.5. The data derived for this baseline study confirmed key observations from a more limited spatial mapping exercise published in our earlier HEI report on the introduction of the London's Congestion Charging Scheme (CCS) in 2003 (Kelly et al. 2011a,b). In addition, the data set in the current report provided robust baseline information on the oxidative potential and metal content of PM found in the London airshed in the period before implementation of the LEZ; the finding that a proportion of the oxidative potential appears in the PM coarse mode and is apparently related to brake wear raises important issues regarding the nature of traffic management schemes. The final goal of this baseline study was to establish the feasibility, in ethical and operational terms, of using the U.K.'s electronic primary-care records to evaluate the effects of the LEZ on human health outcomes. Data on consultations and prescriptions were compiled from a pilot group of general practices (13 distributed across London, with 100,000 patients; 29 situated in the inner London Borough of Lambeth, with 200,000 patients). Ethics approvals were obtained to link individual primary-care records to modeled NOx concentrations by means of post-codes. (To preserve anonymity, the postcodes were removed before delivery to the research team.) A wide range of NOx exposures was found across London as well as within and between the practices examined. Although we observed little association between NOx exposure and smoking status, a positive relationship was found between exposure and increased socioeconomic deprivation. The health outcomes we chose to study were asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, wheeze, hay fever, upper and lower respiratory tract infections, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation. These outcomes were measured as prevalence or incidence. Their distributions by age, sex, socioeconomic deprivation, ethnicity, and smoking were found to accord with those reported in the epidemiology literature. No cross-sectional positive associations were found between exposure to NOx and any of the studied health outcomes; some associations were significantly negative. After the pilot study, a suitable primary-care database of London patients was identified, the General Practice Research Database responsible for giving us access to these data agreed to collaborate in the evaluation of the LEZ, and an acceptable method of ensuring privacy of the records was agreed upon. The database included about 350,000 patients who had remained at the same address over the four-year period of the study. Power calculations for a controlled longitudinal analysis were then performed, indicating that for outcomes such as consultations for respiratory illnesses or prescriptions for asthma there was sufficient power to identify a 5\% to 10\% reduction in consultations for patients most exposed to the intervention compared with patients presumed to not be exposed to it. In conclusion, the work undertaken in this study provides a good foundation for future LEZ evaluations. Our extensive monitoring network, measuring a comprehensive set of pollutants (and a range of particle metrics), will continue to provide a valuable tool both for assessing the impact of LEZ regulations on air quality in London and for furthering understanding of the link between PM's composition and toxicity. Finally, we believe that in combination with our modeling of the predicted population-based changes in pollution exposure in London, the use of primary-care databases forms a sound basis and has sufficient statistical power for the evaluation of the potential impact of the LEZ on human health.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {163},
	journal = {Research Report (Health Effects Institute)},
	author = {Kelly, Frank and Armstrong, Ben and Atkinson, Richard and Anderson, H. Ross and Barratt, Ben and Beevers, Sean and Cook, Derek and Green, Dave and Derwent, Dick and Mudway, Ian and Wilkinson, Paul and {HEI Health Review Committee}},
	month = nov,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {22315924},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Air Pollutants, Air Pollution, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Health Status, Humans, Infant, London, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Metals, Middle Aged, Nitrogen Oxides, Particulate Matter, Pilot Projects, Primary Health Care, Small-Area Analysis, Smoking, Socioeconomic Factors, Vehicle Emissions, Young Adult},
	pages = {3--79}
}

@article{kotz_incidence_2011,
	title = {Incidence, prevalence, and trends of general practitioner-recorded diagnosis of peanut allergy in {England}, 2001 to 2005},
	volume = {127},
	issn = {1097-6825},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaci.2010.11.021},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Previous descriptions of the epidemiology of peanut allergy have mainly been derived from small cross-sectional studies.
OBJECTIVE: To interrogate a large national research database to provide estimates for the incidence, prevalence, and trends of general practitioner (GP)-recorded diagnosis of peanut allergy in the English population.
METHODS: Version 10 of the QRESEARCH database was used with data from 2,958,366 patients who were registered with 422 United Kingdom general practices in the years 2001 to 2005. The primary outcome was a recording of clinician-diagnosed peanut allergy.
RESULTS: The age-sex standardized incidence rate of peanut allergy in 2005 was 0.08 per 1000 person-years (95\% CI, 0.07-0.08), and the prevalence rate was 0.51 per 1000 patients (95\% CI, 0.49-0.54). This translated into an estimated 4000 incident cases (95\% CI, 3500-4600) and 25,700 prevalent cases (95\% CI, 24,400-27,100) of GP-recorded diagnosis of peanut allergy in England in 2005. During the study period, the incidence rate of peanut allergy remained fairly stable, whereas the prevalence rate doubled. In those under 18 years of age, the crude lifetime prevalence rate was higher in males than females. A significant inverse relationship between prevalence and socioeconomic status was found.
CONCLUSION: These data on GP-recorded diagnosis of peanut allergy from a large general practice database suggest a much lower prevalence in peanut allergy than has hitherto been found. This difference may in part be explained by underrecording of peanut allergy in general practice. Further research is needed to assess the true frequency of peanut allergy in the population and whether there has been a true increase in recent years.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology},
	author = {Kotz, Daniel and Simpson, Colin R. and Sheikh, Aziz},
	month = mar,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21236479},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, England, Female, General Practitioners, Great Britain, Humans, Infant, Male, Medical Records, Peanut Hypersensitivity, Prevalence, incidence},
	pages = {623--630.e1}
}

@article{
 title = {Helping children correctly say “I don't know” to unanswerable questions.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2011},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {an integral part of,communication,everyday,how well children can,in,in many different settings,instructions,interview,memory narrative,questions has important implications,the question-answer exchange is,understand and respond to},
 pages = {396-405},
 volume = {17},
 id = {d39d8ec6-2d22-372e-9172-01a2516250b3},
 created = {2016-01-12T14:30:17.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {d5b53108-91c5-30b8-8e6c-dd027f636bcd},
 last_modified = {2017-03-16T06:19:45.131Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 abstract = {Adults ask children questions in a variety of contexts, for example, in the classroom, in the forensic context, or in experimental research. In such situations children will inevitably be asked some questions to which they do not know the answer, because they do not have the required information ("unanswerable" questions). When asked unanswerable questions, it is important that children indicate that they do not have the required information to provide an answer. These 2 studies investigated whether preinterview instructions (Experiment 1) or establishing a memory narrative (Experiment 2) helped children correctly indicate a lack of knowledge to unanswerable questions. In both studies, 6- and 8-year-olds participated in a classroom-based event about which they were subsequently interviewed. Some of the questions were answerable, and some were unanswerable. Results showed that preinterview instructions increased the number of younger children's appropriate "don't know" responses to unanswerable questions, without decreasing correct responses to answerable questions. This suggests that demand characteristics affect children's tendency correctly to say "I don't know." The opportunity to provide a narrative account increased children's appropriate "don't know" responses to unanswerable yes/no questions, and increased the number of younger children's correct responses to answerable questions. This suggests that cognitive factors also contribute to children's tendency correctly to say "I don't know." These results have implications for any context where adults need to obtain information from children through questioning, for example, a health practitioner asking about a medical condition, in classroom discourse, in the investigative interview, and in developmental psychology research.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Waterman, A. H. and Blades, M},
 journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied},
 number = {4}
}

@article{deramecourt_88-year_2011,
	title = {An 88-year old woman with long-lasting parkinsonism},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1750-3639},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1750-3639.2011.00496.x},
	language = {eng},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Brain Pathology (Zurich, Switzerland)},
	author = {Deramecourt, Vincent and Maurage, Claude-Alain and Sergeant, Nicolas and Buée-Scherrer, Valérie and Buée, Luc and Defebvre, Luc},
	month = jul,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21668554},
	keywords = {Aged, Humans, Female, Middle Aged, Brain, Adult, Disease Progression, Aged, 80 and over, Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Infant, Parkinson Disease, Postencephalitic},
	pages = {465--468}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{kaiser_child_2011,
	title = {Child {ADHD} severity and positive and negative parenting as predictors of child social functioning: evaluation of three theoretical models.},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1557-1246},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20424006},
	doi = {10.1177/1087054709356171},
	abstract = {Prior research has established links between child social functioning and both parenting and child ADHD severity; however, research examining the way that these variables work together is lacking. The current article aims to test three possible models (main effects, mediation, and moderation) by which ADHD severity and positive and negative parenting on the part of both mothers and fathers may work together to predict child social functioning.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2012-08-13},
	journal = {Journal of Attention Disorders},
	author = {Kaiser, Nina M and McBurnett, Keith and Pfiffner, Linda J},
	month = apr,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {20424006},
	keywords = {Aggression, Aggression: psychology, Analysis of Variance, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: psy, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Parent-Child Relations, Parenting, Parenting: psychology, Preschool, Psychological, Psychometrics, Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index, Social Behavior},
	pages = {193--203},
}

@article{jit_cost-effectiveness_2011,
	title = {Cost-effectiveness of universal rotavirus vaccination in reducing rotavirus gastroenteritis in {Ireland}.},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {1873-2518},
	abstract = {We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of universal infant rotavirus (RV) vaccination compared to current standard of care of "no vaccination". Two RV vaccines are currently licensed in Ireland: Rotarix and RotaTeq. A cohort model used in several European countries was adapted using Irish epidemiological, resource utilisation and cost data. The base case model considers the impact of Rotarix vaccination on health-related quality of life of children under five years old from a healthcare payer perspective. Other scenarios explored the use of RotaTeq, impact on one caregiver, on societal costs and on cases that do not seek medical attention. Cost was varied between the vaccine list price (100/course) in the base case and an assumed tender price (70/course). One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted. Implementing universal RV vaccination may prevent around 1970 GP visits, 3280 A\&E attendances and 2490 hospitalisations. A vaccination programme was estimated to cost approximately 6.54 million per year but 4.65 million of this would be offset by reducing healthcare resource use. The baseline ICER was 112,048/QALY and 72,736/QALY from the healthcare payer and societal perspective, respectively, falling to 68,896 and 43,916/QALY, respectively, if the impact on one caregiver was considered. If the price fell to 70 per course, universal RV vaccination would be cost saving under all scenarios. Results were sensitive to vaccination costs, incidence of RV infection and direct medical costs. Universal RV vaccination would not be cost-effective under base case assumptions. However, it could be cost-effective at a lower vaccine price or from a wider societal perspective.Copyright 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	number = {43},
	journal = {Vaccine},
	author = {Jit, M and Schmitz, S and Walsh, C and Garvey, P and McKeown, P and Barry, M},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {*Gastroenteritis/pc [Prevention \& Control], *Rotavirus Infections/ec [Economics], *Rotavirus Infections/pc [Prevention \& Control], *Rotavirus Vaccines/ec [Economics], Child, Preschool, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Gastroenteritis/ec [Economics], Gastroenteritis/ep [Epidemiology], Gastroenteritis/im [Immunology], Humans, Infant, Ireland/ep [Epidemiology], Rotavirus Infections/ep [Epidemiology], Rotavirus Infections/im [Immunology], Rotavirus Vaccines/ad [Administration \& Dosage], Rotavirus Vaccines/im [Immunology], Rotavirus/im [Immunology], quality of life},
	pages = {7463--73},
}

@article{hussein_pediatric_2011,
	title = {Pediatric brain tumor cancer stem cells: cell cycle dynamics, {DNA} repair, and etoposide extrusion},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1523-5866},
	shorttitle = {Pediatric brain tumor cancer stem cells},
	doi = {10.1093/neuonc/noq144},
	abstract = {Reliable model systems are needed to elucidate the role cancer stem cells (CSCs) play in pediatric brain tumor drug resistance. The majority of studies to date have focused on clinically distinct adult tumors and restricted tumor types. Here, the CSC component of 7 newly established primary pediatric cell lines (2 ependymomas, 2 medulloblastomas, 2 gliomas, and a CNS primitive neuroectodermal tumor) was thoroughly characterized. Comparison of DNA copy number with the original corresponding tumor demonstrated that genomic changes present in the original tumor, typical of that particular tumor type, were retained in culture. In each case, the CSC component was approximately 3-4-fold enriched in neurosphere culture compared with monolayer culture, and a higher capacity for multilineage differentiation was observed for neurosphere-derived cells. DNA content profiles of neurosphere-derived cells expressing the CSC marker nestin demonstrated the presence of cells in all phases of the cell cycle, indicating that not all CSCs are quiescent. Furthermore, neurosphere-derived cells demonstrated an increased resistance to etoposide compared with monolayer-derived cells, having lower initial DNA damage, potentially due to a combination of increased drug extrusion by ATP-binding cassette multidrug transporters and enhanced rates of DNA repair. Finally, orthotopic xenograft models reflecting the tumor of origin were established from these cell lines. In summary, these cell lines and the approach taken provide a robust model system that can be used to develop our understanding of the biology of CSCs in pediatric brain tumors and other cancer types and to preclinically test therapeutic agents.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Neuro-Oncology},
	author = {Hussein, Deema and Punjaruk, Wiyada and Storer, Lisa C. D. and Shaw, Lucy and Othman, Ramadhan and Ottoman, Ramadan and Peet, Andrew and Miller, Suzanne and Bandopadhyay, Gagori and Heath, Rachel and Kumari, Rajendra and Bowman, Karen J. and Braker, Paul and Rahman, Ruman and Jones, George D. D. and Watson, Susan and Lowe, James and Kerr, Ian D. and Grundy, Richard G. and Coyle, Beth},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Animals, Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic, Brain Neoplasms, Cell cycle, Child, Child, Preschool, Chromosome Aberrations, DNA Repair, Drug Resistance, Neoplasm, Etoposide, Glioblastoma, Humans, Mice, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local, Neoplastic Stem Cells, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Tumor Cells, Cultured, Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays, comet assay},
	pages = {70--83},
}

@article{ cilliers_pyridoxal-5-phosphate_2010,
  title = {Pyridoxal-5-phosphate plasma concentrations in children receiving tuberculosis chemotherapy including isoniazid},
  volume = {99},
  issn = {1651-2227},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.01696.x},
  abstract = {AIM: Little is known about pyridoxine nutriture of children treated with isoniazid (INH) regimens. This study documents plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) concentrations in children, HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected, receiving INH regimens.
METHODS: Children from the Western Cape of South Africa hospitalized for tuberculosis (TB) management were studied. Plasma PLP concentrations were determined on enrolment, 1-month after commencing TB treatment, and again after 4-month's treatment. The children received a supplement meeting pyridoxine requirements.
RESULTS: Nineteen HIV-infected and 33 HIV-uninfected children received INH (dosage range 4-20 mg/kg) daily. Mean PLP plasma concentrations on enrolment were 8.32 (SD 6.75) ng/mL and 11.28 (SD 3.02) ng/mL in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children, respectively (p = 0.11) and after 4-month's treatment 6.75 (SD 2.71) ng/mL and 14.76 (SD 7.96) ng/mL (p {\textless} 0.001). On enrolment 9 (50%) HIV-infected and 5 (15%) HIV-uninfected children (p = 0.016) had suboptimal PLP concentrations ({\textless}6 ng/mL); after 4-month's treatment 8 (42%) and 2 (6%) (p = 0.004).
CONCLUSION: Plasma PLP concentrations in children treated for TB were low on enrolment in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children; after 4-month's treatment low values were still common in HIV-infected children. Additional pyridoxine supplementation of malnourished children treated for tuberculosis is advisable, particularly those HIV-infected.},
  language = {eng},
  number = {5},
  journal = {Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway: 1992)},
  author = {Cilliers, K. and Labadarios, D. and Schaaf, H. S. and Willemse, M. and Maritz, J. S. and Werely, C. J. and Hussey, G. and Donald, P. R.},
  month = {May},
  year = {2010},
  pmid = {20146723},
  keywords = {AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections, Adolescent, Antitubercular Agents, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Genotype, HIV Infections, Humans, Infant, Isoniazid, Male, Pyridoxal Phosphate, South Africa, Tuberculosis},
  pages = {705--710}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{williams_rare_2010,
	title = {Rare chromosomal deletions and duplications in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a genome-wide analysis},
	volume = {376},
	issn = {01406736},
	url = {http://www.thelancet.com/article/S0140673610611099/fulltext},
	doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61109-9},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Large, rare chromosomal deletions and duplications known as copy number variants (CNVs) have been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders similar to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We aimed to establish whether burden of CNVs was increased in ADHD, and to investigate whether identified CNVs were enriched for loci previously identified in autism and schizophrenia.

METHODS: We undertook a genome-wide analysis of CNVs in 410 children with ADHD and 1156 unrelated ethnically matched controls from the 1958 British Birth Cohort. Children of white UK origin, aged 5-17 years, who met diagnostic criteria for ADHD or hyperkinetic disorder, but not schizophrenia and autism, were recruited from community child psychiatry and paediatric outpatient clinics. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in the ADHD and control groups with two arrays; CNV analysis was limited to SNPs common to both arrays and included only samples with high-quality data. CNVs in the ADHD group were validated with comparative genomic hybridisation. We assessed the genome-wide burden of large ({\textgreater}500 kb), rare ({\textless}1\% population frequency) CNVs according to the average number of CNVs per sample, with significance assessed via permutation. Locus-specific tests of association were undertaken for test regions defined for all identified CNVs and for 20 loci implicated in autism or schizophrenia. Findings were replicated in 825 Icelandic patients with ADHD and 35,243 Icelandic controls.

FINDINGS: Data for full analyses were available for 366 children with ADHD and 1047 controls. 57 large, rare CNVs were identified in children with ADHD and 78 in controls, showing a significantly increased rate of CNVs in ADHD (0·156 vs 0·075; p=8·9×10(-5)). This increased rate of CNVs was particularly high in those with intellectual disability (0·424; p=2·0×10(-6)), although there was also a significant excess in cases with no such disability (0·125, p=0·0077). An excess of chromosome 16p13.11 duplications was noted in the ADHD group (p=0·0008 after correction for multiple testing), a finding that was replicated in the Icelandic sample (p=0·031). CNVs identified in our ADHD cohort were significantly enriched for loci previously reported in both autism (p=0·0095) and schizophrenia (p=0·010).

INTERPRETATION: Our findings provide genetic evidence of an increased rate of large CNVs in individuals with ADHD and suggest that ADHD is not purely a social construct.

FUNDING: Action Research; Baily Thomas Charitable Trust; Wellcome Trust; UK Medical Research Council; European Union.},
	language = {English},
	number = {9750},
	urldate = {2015-04-06},
	journal = {The Lancet},
	author = {Williams, Nigel M and Zaharieva, Irina and Martin, Andrew and Langley, Kate and Mantripragada, Kiran and Fossdal, Ragnheidur and Stefansson, Hreinn and Stefansson, Kari and Magnusson, Pall and Gudmundsson, Olafur O and Gustafsson, Omar and Holmans, Peter and Owen, Michael J and O'Donovan, Michael and Thapar, Anita},
	month = oct,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20888040},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: gen, Autistic Disorder, Autistic Disorder: genetics, Child, Child, Preschool, Chromosome Aberrations, Chromosome Deletion, DNA Copy Number Variations, DNA Copy Number Variations: genetics, Female, Genetic Variation, Genome-Wide Association Study, Humans, Male, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide: genetics, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenia: genetics},
	pages = {1401--1408},
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Dissemination limits the survival of patients with anaplastic ependymoma after extensive surgical resection, meticulous follow up, and intensive treatment for recurrence.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2010},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Adjuvant,Adolescent,Adult,Brain Neoplasms,Brain Neoplasms: diagnosis,Brain Neoplasms: mortality,Brain Neoplasms: pathology,Brain Neoplasms: therapy,Chemotherapy,Child,Ependymoma,Ependymoma: diagnosis,Ependymoma: mortality,Ependymoma: pathology,Ependymoma: therapy,Female,Follow-Up Studies,Humans,Kaplan-Meier Estimate,Local,Local: therapy,Magnetic Resonance Imaging,Male,Middle Aged,Neoplasm Recurrence,Preschool,Radiotherapy,Retrospective Studies,Survival Rate},
 pages = {185-91; discussion 191-2},
 volume = {33},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20186454},
 month = {4},
 id = {095ad00f-60e1-3a2f-8cae-2eb3aba8490a},
 created = {2013-09-07T05:22:53.000Z},
 accessed = {2013-09-07},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {8c4ca2d5-86de-3b5d-86be-8408415f34e0},
 group_id = {a484ae4c-fcac-3c7e-9ac3-3fad0df719a2},
 last_modified = {2014-11-22T16:36:56.000Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 abstract = {The extent of resection is the most consistent factor affecting outcome of intracranial ependymomas. The outcomes in patients with intracranial anaplastic ependymomas who underwent more than subtotal resection and intensive treatment for recurrence were reviewed retrospectively. Between 1989 and 2007, 18 patients underwent more than subtotal resection at Tohoku University Hospital. Adjuvant chemoradiation therapy was conducted in 16 patients. Meticulous follow-up was performed for early detection of recurrence. Intensive therapy including surgery and chemoradiation therapy was added for recurrence. Median survival in all 18 patients was 136 months. The 5- and 10-year survival rates were 59.1% and 50.7%, respectively. Eight patients died during the observation period, five of dissemination, but none of uncontrollable local recurrence. High resection rate, meticulous follow-up, and intensive treatment for recurrence improved the survival of patients with anaplastic ependymoma. Dissemination was the life-determining factor in this series of patients.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Saito, Ryuta and Kumabe, Toshihiro and Kanamori, Masayuki and Sonoda, Yukihiko and Tominaga, Teiji},
 journal = {Neurosurgical Review},
 number = {2}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 id = {c38657a8-c1fa-3ef3-9bfe-a4cfa2b950b4},
 title = {Dexmedetomidine infusion for analgesia and prevention of emergence agitation in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2010},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Adenoidectomy,Adenoidectomy: adverse effects,Analgesia,Analgesia: methods,Analgesics,Anesthesia Recovery Period,Child,Dexmedetomidine,Dexmedetomidine: administration & dosage,Female,Fentanyl,Fentanyl: administration & dosage,Humans,Infusions,Intravenous,Male,Non-Narcotic,Non-Narcotic: administration & dosage,Obstructive,Obstructive: drug therapy,Obstructive: surgery,Postoperative Complications,Postoperative Complications: etiology,Postoperative Complications: prevention & control,Preschool,Prospective Studies,Psychomotor Agitation,Psychomotor Agitation: etiology,Psychomotor Agitation: prevention & control,Sleep Apnea,Tonsillectomy,Tonsillectomy: adverse effects},
 created = {2011-06-20T05:32:43.000Z},
 pages = {1004-10},
 volume = {111},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20705788},
 month = {10},
 accessed = {2011-06-16},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {fe7067eb-58b8-34c6-b8cd-6717fdf7605c},
 group_id = {ba0deb47-e19a-3151-83cc-b6262d5edb6e},
 last_modified = {2014-07-19T19:17:29.000Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Patel2010},
 client_data = {"desktop_id":"097be1b9-94fa-4ae9-a74d-296e7811c66d"},
 abstract = {Dexmedetomidine, a specific α(2) agonist, has an analgesic-sparing effect and reduces emergence agitation. We compared an intraoperative dexmedetomidine infusion with bolus fentanyl to reduce perioperative opioid use and decrease emergence agitation in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome undergoing adenotonsillectomy (T&A).},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Patel, Anuradha and Davidson, Melissa and Tran, Minh C J and Quraishi, Huma and Schoenberg, Catherine and Sant, Manasee and Lin, Albert and Sun, Xiuru},
 journal = {Anesthesia and analgesia},
 number = {4}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{mast_burden_2010,
	title = {Burden of childhood rotavirus disease on health systems in the {United} {States}},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {1532-0987},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20135751},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: To determine the burden of rotavirus disease before the introduction of rotavirus vaccines.METHODS: From February 2005 to June 2006, prospective rotavirus surveillance was conducted in Cincinnati, Ohio, and Durham, North Carolina. Children {\textless} 5 years of age presenting at hospitals and outpatient clinics with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) of {\textless} 72 hours duration were enrolled. Stool samples were first tested for rotavirus by EIA and the VP7 type was determined by RT-polymerase chain reaction for rotavirus-positive samples. Medical costs were obtained from billing or accounting data. RESULTS: A total of 1998 children were enrolled, with a mean age of 16.9 months. Among 1601 (80\%) patients with a stool specimen, 44\% were rotavirus positive. The rotavirus detection rate was 38\% for patients admitted to hospital, 60\% for patients requiring a short-stay hospital visit ({\textless} 24 hour hospitalization), 49\% for emergency department visits, and 37\% for outpatient visits. During the rotavirus season, rotavirus accounted for 56\% of all AGE cases. Only 11\% of rotavirus-positive children were assigned the rotavirus-specific ICD-9-CM code and this proportion varied considerably by clinical setting. The VP7 genotypes identified were G1, 79\%; G2, 14\%; G3, 5\%; G9, 1\%; and G12, 1\%. For children hospitalized with rotavirus, the estimated median direct cost was \$4565, the average length of stay was 1.9 days, and parents lost 3.4 days of work. For short-stay, emergency department, and outpatient visits, the estimated median costs were \$3160, \$867, and \$75, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Before the widespread use of rotavirus vaccines in the United States, rotavirus was prevalent among children treated in hospital-based and outpatient settings and was associated with a substantial proportion of pediatric medical visits for AGE.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2010-11-05},
	journal = {The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal},
	author = {Mast, T Christopher and Walter, Emmanuel B and Bulotsky, Monique and Khawaja, Shazia S and DiStefano, Daniel J and Sandquist, Mary K and Straus, Walter L and Staat, Mary Allen},
	month = feb,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20135751},
	keywords = {Child, Preschool, Feces, Female, Gastroenteritis, Genotype, Health Care Costs, Humans, Immunoenzyme Techniques, Infant, Length of Stay, Male, North Carolina, Ohio, Prevalence, Prospective Studies, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Rotavirus, Rotavirus Infections},
	pages = {e19--25},
}

@article{menzies_survey_2009,
	title = {A survey of pediatric caudal extradural anesthesia practice},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1460-9592},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9592.2009.03116.x},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND

Caudal extradural blockade is one of the most commonly performed procedures in pediatric anesthesia. However, there is little information available on variations in clinical practice.


OBJECTIVES

To perform a survey of members of the Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland who undertake caudal anesthesia. Methods: An 'online' World Wide Web questionnaire collected information on various aspects of clinical practice. The survey ran from April to June 2008.


RESULTS

There were 366 questionnaires completed. The majority of respondents had {\textgreater}5 years of pediatric experience and performed up to ten caudal extradural procedures a month. The commonest device used was a cannula (69.7\%) with 68.6\% using a 22G device. There was a trend toward the use of a cannula in those anesthetists with {\textless}15 years experience, while those with {\textgreater}15 years experience tended to use a needle. Most anesthetists (91.5\%) did not believe that there was a significant risk of implantation of dermoid tissue into the caudal extradural space. The majority used a combination of clinical methods to confirm correct placement. Only 27 respondents used ultrasound. The most popular local anesthetics were bupivacaine (43.4\%) and levobupivacaine (41.7\%). The most common additives were clonidine (42.3\%) and ketamine (37.5\%). The caudal catheter technique was used by 43.6\%. Most anesthetists (74\%) wear gloves for a single shot caudal injection.


CONCLUSIONS

This survey provides a snapshot of current practice and acts a useful reference for the development of enhanced techniques and new equipment in the future.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Paediatric anaesthesia},
	author = {Menzies, Robert and Congreve, Kate and Herodes, Veiko and Berg, Simon and Mason, David G},
	month = sep,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19691690},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Anesthesia, Anesthesia, Caudal, Anesthesia, Epidural, Anesthetics, Local, Asepsis, Child, Child, Preschool, Gloves, Surgical, Health Care Surveys, Humans, Infection Control, Marketingaktiv, Masks, Questionnaires},
	pages = {829--836}
}

@article{
 title = {Imaging of ependymomas: MRI and CT.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2009},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Brain Neoplasms,Brain Neoplasms: metabolism,Brain Neoplasms: pathology,Brain Neoplasms: radiography,Child, Preschool,Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging,Ependymoma,Ependymoma: metabolism,Ependymoma: pathology,Ependymoma: radiography,Humans,Magnetic Resonance Imaging,Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy,Perfusion Imaging,Protons,Spinal Cord Neoplasms,Spinal Cord Neoplasms: metabolism,Spinal Cord Neoplasms: pathology,Spinal Cord Neoplasms: radiography,Tomography, X-Ray Computed},
 pages = {1203-13},
 volume = {25},
 websites = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2744772&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
 month = {10},
 id = {2861e18e-9fb0-3054-889f-dab7b8dba29b},
 created = {2015-04-16T16:43:58.000Z},
 accessed = {2015-04-16},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {77af58c9-50fe-33a7-884e-41c4f0059fcb},
 group_id = {a484ae4c-fcac-3c7e-9ac3-3fad0df719a2},
 last_modified = {2015-04-16T16:43:58.000Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 abstract = {The imaging features of intracranial and spinal ependymoma are reviewed with an emphasis on conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), perfusion MRI and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and computed tomography. Imaging manifestations of leptomeningeal dissemination of disease are described. Finally, salient imaging features obtained in the postoperative period to evaluate completeness of surgical resection, and thereafter for long-term surveillance for disease recurrence, are reviewed.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Yuh, E L and Barkovich, A J and Gupta, N},
 journal = {Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery},
 number = {10}
}

@article{ mcilleron_isoniazid_2009,
  title = {Isoniazid plasma concentrations in a cohort of {South} {African} children with tuberculosis: implications for international pediatric dosing guidelines},
  volume = {48},
  issn = {1537-6591},
  shorttitle = {Isoniazid plasma concentrations in a cohort of {South} {African} children with tuberculosis},
  doi = {10.1086/598192},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND: In most countries with a high burden of tuberculosis, children with tuberculosis are prescribed isoniazid at dosages of 4-6 mg/kg/day, as recommended by international authorities.
METHODS: We studied isoniazid concentrations in 56 hospitalized children (median age, 3.22 years; interquartile range [IQR], 1.58-5.38 years) who received isoniazid daily (median dosage, 5.01 mg/kg/day; range, 2.94-15.58 mg/kg/day) as part of antituberculosis treatment. At 1 and 4 months after initiation of treatment, isoniazid concentrations were measured in plasma samples at 0.75, 1.5, 3, 4, and 6 h after a treatment dose, to describe pharmacokinetic measures by using noncompartmental analysis. The effects of dose in milogram per kilogram, acetylator genotype, age, sex, and clinical diagnosis of kwashiorkor and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on isoniazid concentrations were evaluated.
RESULTS: Median peak concentrations of isoniazid in children prescribed a dose of 4-6 mg/kg were 58% lower than those in children prescribed a dose of 8-10 mg/kg (2.39 mg/L [IQR, 1.59-3.40] vs. 5.71 mg/L [IQR, 4.74-7.62]). Peak concentrations were {\textless}3 mg/L in 70% of children prescribed a dose of 4-6 mg/kg. In contrast, children prescribed a dose of 8-12 mg/kg achieved peak concentrations approximating those in adults treated with 300 mg of isoniazid daily. Intermediate or fast acetylator genotype independently predicted a 38% (95% confidence interval [CI], 21%-51%) reduction in peak concentrations, compared with the slow-acetylator genotype. Each 1-mg/kg increase in the dose and each year increase in age were associated with increases in peak concentrations of 21% (95% CI, 16%-25%) and 6% (95% CI, 3%-10%), respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: Younger children require higher doses of isoniazid per kilogram of body weight to achieve isoniazid concentrations similar to those in adults. A daily isoniazid dose of 8-12 mg/kg should be recommended.},
  language = {eng},
  number = {11},
  journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America},
  author = {McIlleron, Helen and Willemse, Marianne and Werely, Cedric J. and Hussey, Gregory D. and Schaaf, H. Simon and Smith, Peter J. and Donald, Peter R.},
  month = {June},
  year = {2009},
  pmid = {19392636},
  keywords = {Antitubercular Agents, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Isoniazid, Male, Plasma, South Africa, Tuberculosis},
  pages = {1547--1553}
}

@article{cardwell_no_2008,
	title = {No association between routinely recorded infections in early life and subsequent risk of childhood-onset {Type} 1 diabetes: a matched case-control study using the {UK} {General} {Practice} {Research} {Database}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1464-5491},
	shorttitle = {No association between routinely recorded infections in early life and subsequent risk of childhood-onset {Type} 1 diabetes},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02351.x},
	abstract = {AIMS: To determine whether children with infections in early life (recorded routinely in general practice) have a reduced risk of Type 1 diabetes, as would be expected from the hygiene hypothesis.
METHODS: Children with Type 1 diabetes and up to 20 matched (on year of birth, sex and region) control subjects were selected from a cohort of children born in the UK at General Practice Research Database practices. For each child, the frequency of general practitioner consultations for infections and prescriptions for antibiotics in the first year of life were determined. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95\% confidence intervals (95\%CIs) were calculated using conditional logistic regression.
RESULTS: The main analysis included 367 case and 4579 matched control subjects. There was no evidence of any reduction in the subsequent risk of Type 1 diabetes in children with at least one infection in the first year of life (OR = 1.03, 95\%CI 0.79, 1.34) or in children prescribed antibiotics in the first year of life (OR = 1.03, 95\%CI 0.82, 1.29). Further analyses also revealed little evidence of a difference in subsequent risk of Type 1 diabetes after different types of infection in the first year of life (including gastrointestinal, conjunctivitis, otitis media and upper and lower respiratory tract). Analyses of infections in the first 2 years of life reached similar conclusions.
CONCLUSIONS: This study provides no evidence of an association between infections in early life and subsequent risk of childhood-onset Type 1 diabetes and therefore does not support the hygiene hypothesis.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Diabetic Medicine: A Journal of the British Diabetic Association},
	author = {Cardwell, C. R. and Carson, D. J. and Patterson, C. C.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18201209},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Case-Control Studies, Child, Child, Preschool, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Great Britain, Humans, Infant, databases as topic, infection},
	pages = {261--267}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{larsson_relationships_2008,
	title = {Relationships between parental negativity and childhood antisocial behavior over time: a bidirectional effects model in a longitudinal genetically informative design.},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {0091-0627},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17602294},
	abstract = {This study examined the direction and etiology underlying the relationships between parental negativity and early childhood antisocial behavior using a bidirectional effects model in a longitudinal genetically informative design. We analyzed parent reports of parental negativity and early childhood antisocial behavior in 6,230 pairs of twins at 4 and 7 years of age. Results from a cross-lagged twin model contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the bidirectional processes involved in parental negativity and childhood antisocial behavior. Specifically, the findings of this study suggest that the association between parenting and child antisocial behavior is best explained by both parent-driven and child-driven effects. We found support for the notion that parent's negative feelings towards their children environmentally mediate the risk for child antisocial behavior. We also found evidence of genetically mediated child effects; in which genetically influenced antisocial behavior evoke parental negativity towards the child.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2014-06-02},
	journal = {Journal of abnormal child psychology},
	author = {Larsson, Henrik and Viding, Essi and Rijsdijk, Fruhling V and Plomin, Robert},
	month = jul,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Antisocial Personality Disorder, Antisocial Personality Disorder: diagnosis, Antisocial Personality Disorder: genetics, Antisocial Personality Disorder: psychology, Child, Diseases in Twins, Diseases in Twins: diagnosis, Diseases in Twins: genetics, Diseases in Twins: psychology, Female, Humans, Infant, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Models, Negativism, Parent-Child Relations, Parenting, Parenting: psychology, Phenotype, Preschool, Psychological, Regression Analysis, Social Environment},
	pages = {633--45},
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 id = {d3b99cc5-13c9-3545-885b-7a4dc0d6a45b},
 title = {Sleep hygiene for children with neurodevelopmental disabilities.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2008},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Caregivers,Caregivers: psychology,Child,Child Care,Child Care: methods,Child, Preschool,Developmental Disabilities,Developmental Disabilities: complications,Developmental Disabilities: diagnosis,Environment,Female,Humans,Infant,Male,Mental Disorders,Mental Disorders: complications,Mental Disorders: diagnosis,Mental Health,Parent-Child Relations,Pediatrics,Pediatrics: standards,Pediatrics: trends,Quality of Life,Risk Assessment,Severity of Illness Index,Sleep Disorders,Sleep Disorders: etiology,Sleep Disorders: rehabilitation,Stress, Psychological},
 created = {2012-06-13T03:54:21.000Z},
 pages = {1343-50},
 volume = {122},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19047255},
 month = {12},
 accessed = {2010-10-11},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {fe7067eb-58b8-34c6-b8cd-6717fdf7605c},
 group_id = {ba0deb47-e19a-3151-83cc-b6262d5edb6e},
 last_modified = {2014-07-19T19:17:22.000Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Jan2008},
 client_data = {"desktop_id":"f412cd4a-20b9-4037-8a18-be3d160659b2"},
 abstract = {Sleep disturbances in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities are common and have a profound effect on the quality of life of the child, as well as the entire family. Although interventions for sleep problems in these children often involve a combination of behavioral and pharmacologic strategies, the first line of treatment is the promotion of improved sleep habits or "hygiene." Despite the importance of sleep-hygiene principles, defined as basic optimal environmental, scheduling, sleep-practice, and physiologic sleep-promoting factors, clinicians often lack appropriate knowledge and skills to implement them. In addition, sleep-hygiene practices may need to be modified and adapted for this population of children and are often more challenging to implement compared with their healthy counterparts. This first comprehensive, multidisciplinary review of sleep hygiene for children with disabilities presents the rationale for incorporating these measures in their treatment, outlines both general and specific sleep-promotion practices, and discusses problem-solving strategies for implementing them in a variety of clinical practice settings.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Jan, James E and Owens, Judith a and Weiss, Margaret D and Johnson, Kyle P and Wasdell, Michael B and Freeman, Roger D and Ipsiroglu, Osman S},
 journal = {Pediatrics},
 number = {6}
}

Website  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Comparison between omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid intakes as assessed by a food frequency questionnaire and erythrocyte membrane fatty acid composition in young children},
 type = {article},
 year = {2008},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {*Diet,Biological Markers/blood,Child,Child, Preschool,Cohort Studies,Colorado,Cross-Sectional Studies,Diet Surveys,Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/*administration & dosage,Erythrocyte Membrane/*chemistry,Fatty Acids, Omega-3/*administration & dosage/anal,Fatty Acids, Omega-6/*administration & dosage/*ana,Female,Humans,Infant,Longitudinal Studies,Male,Questionnaires/*standards,Reproducibility of Results,Seafood,Sensitivity and Specificity},
 pages = {733-738},
 volume = {62},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17440518},
 edition = {2007/04/19},
 id = {73ca6912-d3a5-3d7e-af03-263b919dd64e},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:45:54.565Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:45:54.690Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 language = {eng},
 notes = {<m:note>Orton, H D<m:linebreak/>Szabo, N J<m:linebreak/>Clare-Salzler, M<m:linebreak/>Norris, J M<m:linebreak/>DK32493/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States<m:linebreak/>P30 DK 57516/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States<m:linebreak/>P30 DK057516-019004/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States<m:linebreak/>R01 DK049654-06/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States<m:linebreak/>R01-DK49654/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States<m:linebreak/>R37 DK032493-18/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States<m:linebreak/>Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural<m:linebreak/>Validation Studies<m:linebreak/>England<m:linebreak/>European journal of clinical nutrition<m:linebreak/>1602763<m:linebreak/>Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008 Jun;62(6):733-8. Epub 2007 Apr 18.</m:note>},
 abstract = {OBJECTIVE: We conducted a dietary validation study in youth aged 1-11 years by comparing dietary intake of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) as assessed by a parent-completed semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) over time to erythrocyte membrane composition of the same fatty acids. DESIGN: The study population included youth aged 1-11 years who were participants in the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY), a longitudinal study in Denver, Colorado that is following a cohort of youth at risk for developing type I diabetes. Four hundred and four children who had erythrocyte membrane fatty acid data matched to an FFQ corresponding to the same time frame for a total of 917 visits (matches) were included. PUFA intake was expressed both as g/day (adjusted for total energy) and as percent of total fat intake. We used mixed models to test the association and calculate the correlation between the erythrocyte membrane estimates and PUFA intake using all records of data for each youth. RESULTS: Intakes of total omega-3 fatty acids (beta=0.52, P<0.0001, rho=0.23) and marine PUFAs (beta=1.62, P<0.0001, rho=0.42), as a percent of total fat in the diet, were associated with percent of omega-3 and marine PUFAs in the erythrocyte membrane. Intakes of omega-6 PUFAs (beta=0.04, P=0.418, rho=0.05) and arachidonic acid (beta=0.31, P=0.774, rho=0.01) were not associated. CONCLUSIONS: In these young children, an FFQ using parental report provided estimates of average long-term intakes of marine PUFAs that correlated well with their erythrocyte cell membrane fatty acid status.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Orton, H D and Szabo, N J and Clare-Salzler, M and Norris, J M},
 journal = {Eur J Clin Nutr},
 number = {6}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{luscombe_weight_2007,
	title = {Weight estimation in resuscitation: is the current formula still valid?},
	volume = {92},
	issn = {1468-2044},
	shorttitle = {Weight estimation in resuscitation},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17213259},
	doi = {10.1136/adc.2006.107284},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To gather data on the ages and weights of paediatric patients between 1 and 10 years of age, and to compare these data with the current weight estimation formula weight(kg) = 2(age+4). If a significant difference was found, the data would be used to derive a more accurate formula. DESIGN: Retrospective study using data collected from paediatric attendances at an emergency department (ED). SETTING: A large ED in a major UK city, treating both children and adults. Patients: 17 244 children aged 1-10 years, attending the ED between June and December 2005. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Weight difference between the measured weight and the expected weight, the latter given by weight = 2(age+4). RESULTS: The weights of seriously ill children were recorded in only 41.5\% of cases, necessitating a weight estimate in the remainder. The formula weight = 2(age+4) underestimated children's weights by a mean of 18.8\% (95\% confidence interval (95\% CI) 18.42\% to 19.18\%). Using linear regression and analysis of each individual age group, ten new formulas were tested. Of these formulas, weight(kg) = 3(age)+7 proved the most accurate with a mean underestimate of just 2.48\% (95\% CI 2.17\% to 2.79\%). CONCLUSIONS: Weight estimation remains of paramount importance in paediatric resuscitation. This study shows that the current estimation formula provides a significant underestimate of children's weights. When used to calculate drug and fluid dosages, this may lead to the under-resuscitation of a critically ill child. The formula weight(kg) = 3(age)+7 provided a safe and more accurate estimate of the weight of today's child.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2010-03-18},
	journal = {Archives of Disease in Childhood},
	author = {Luscombe, Mark and Owens, Ben},
	month = may,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17213259},
	keywords = {Aging, Anthropometry, Body Weight, Child, Child, Preschool, Emergency Service, Hospital, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Models, Biological, Reference Values, Resuscitation},
	pages = {412--415},
}

@Article{Corre2007,
  author   = {Mathieu Le Corre and Susan Carey},
  journal  = {Cognition},
  title    = {One, two, three, four, nothing more: an investigation of the conceptual sources of the verbal counting principles.},
  year     = {2007},
  number   = {2},
  pages    = {395-438},
  volume   = {105},
  abstract = {Since the publication of [Gelman, R., & Gallistel, C. R. (1978). The
	child's understanding of number. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
	Press.] seminal work on the development of verbal counting as a representation
	of number, the nature of the ontogenetic sources of the verbal counting
	principles has been intensely debated. The present experiments explore
	proposals according to which the verbal counting principles are acquired
	by mapping numerals in the count list onto systems of numerical representation
	for which there is evidence in infancy, namely, analog magnitudes,
	parallel individuation, and set-based quantification. By asking 3-
	and 4-year-olds to estimate the number of elements in sets without
	counting, we investigate whether the numerals that are assigned cardinal
	meaning as part of the acquisition process display the signatures
	of what we call "enriched parallel individuation" (which combines
	properties of parallel individuation and of set-based quantification)
	or analog magnitudes. Two experiments demonstrate that while "one"
	to "four" are mapped onto core representations of small sets prior
	to the acquisition of the counting principles, numerals beyond "four"
	are only mapped onto analog magnitudes about six months after the
	acquisition of the counting principles. Moreover, we show that children's
	numerical estimates of sets from 1 to 4 elements fail to show the
	signature of numeral use based on analog magnitudes - namely, scalar
	variability. We conclude that, while representations of small sets
	provided by parallel individuation, enriched by the resources of
	set-based quantification are recruited in the acquisition process
	to provide the first numerical meanings for "one" to "four", analog
	magnitudes play no role in this process.},
  doi      = {10.1016/j.cognition.2006.10.005},
  keywords = {Awareness, Child, Comprehension, Concept Formation, Female, Humans, Language Development, Male, Mathematics, Preschool, Problem Solving, Verbal Behavior, 17331490},
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{wadsworth_colorado_2007,
	title = {Colorado longitudinal twin study of reading disability.},
	volume = {57},
	issn = {1934-7243},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/67x87mx717515g70/},
	abstract = {The primary objectives of the present study are to introduce the Colorado Longitudinal Twin Study of Reading Disability, the first longitudinal twin study in which subjects have been specifically selected for having a history of reading difficulties, and to present some initial assessments of the stability of reading performance and cognitive abilities in this sample. Preliminary examination of the test scores of 124 twins with a history of reading difficulties and 154 twins with no history of reading difficulties indicates that over the 5- to 6-year interval between assessments, cognitive and reading performance are highly stable. As a group, those subjects with a history of reading difficulties had substantial deficits relative to control subjects on all measures at initial assessment, and significant deficits remained at follow-up. The stability noted for all cognitive and achievement measures was highest for a composite measure of reading, whose average stability correlation across groups was 0.80. Results of preliminary behavior genetic analyses for this measure indicated that shared genetic influences accounted for 86\% and 49\% of the phenotypic correlations between the two assessments for twin pairs with and without reading difficulties, respectively. In addition, genetic correlations reached unity for both groups, suggesting that the same genetic influences are manifested at both time points.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2012-07-16},
	journal = {Annals of dyslexia},
	author = {Wadsworth, Sally J and DeFries, John C and Olson, Richard K and Willcutt, Erik G},
	month = dec,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: dia, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: gen, Career Choice, Child, Child, Preschool, Colorado, Comorbidity, Comprehension, Diseases in Twins, Diseases in Twins: diagnosis, Diseases in Twins: genetics, Dyslexia, Dyslexia: diagnosis, Dyslexia: genetics, Educational Measurement, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mental Disorders, Mental Disorders: diagnosis, Mental Disorders: genetics, Personality Assessment, Phenotype, Phonetics, Social Adjustment, Twins, Dizygotic, Twins, Dizygotic: genetics, Twins, Dizygotic: psychology, Twins, Monozygotic, Twins, Monozygotic: genetics, Twins, Monozygotic: psychology},
	pages = {139--60},
}

Website  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Child passenger safety for inner-city Latinos: new approaches from the community.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2006},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Adolescent,Adult,Attitudes,Automobiles,Child,Community Health Services,Community Health Services: organization & administ,Female,Health Education,Health Education: methods,Health Knowledge,Hispanic Americans,Humans,Infant,Infant Equipment,Infant Equipment: utilization,Male,Middle Aged,Newborn,Parents,Practice,Preschool,Program Evaluation,United States,Urban Health Services,Urban Health Services: organization & administrati,Wounds and Injuries,Wounds and Injuries: ethnology,Wounds and Injuries: prevention & control},
 pages = {99-104},
 volume = {12},
 websites = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2577363&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
 month = {4},
 id = {87fdea4a-6f0c-3a6b-86a9-61cad4b0a1b7},
 created = {2016-09-13T00:48:25.000Z},
 accessed = {2016-09-05},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {c7856f8a-4963-3e63-90cb-57986d91c9b0},
 group_id = {1fd78437-06d9-37cf-b89d-417b03940b66},
 last_modified = {2016-09-13T05:55:52.000Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 abstract = {Motor vehicle crashes injuries, the leading cause of death for Latino children in the United States, can be reduced by the correct use of child safety seats. This study evaluated the ability of a community health worker education program to improve proper child safety seat usage in urban low income Latino families.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Martin, M. and Holden, J. and Chen, Z. and Quinlan, K.},
 journal = {Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention},
 number = {2}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{lee_marriage-related_2006,
	title = {The marriage-related risk factors during maternal pregnancy in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {0305-1862},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16441855},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2214.2006.00587.x},
	abstract = {The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between marriage-related risk factors during maternal pregnancy and subsequent development of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Child: care, health and development},
	author = {Lee, C-Y and Chang, Y-Y and Lung, F-W},
	month = mar,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16441855},
	keywords = {Adaptation, Psychological, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: eti, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: psy, Case-Control Studies, Child, Child, Preschool, Emotions, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Logistic Models, Marriage, Marriage: psychology, Mothers, Mothers: psychology, Pregnancy, Pregnancy: psychology, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors},
	pages = {205--11},
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{brookes_analysis_2006,
	title = {The analysis of 51 genes in {DSM}-{IV} combined type attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: association signals in {DRD4}, {DAT1} and 16 other genes.},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1359-4184},
	shorttitle = {Mol {Psychiatry}},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001869},
	doi = {10.1038/sj.mp.4001869},
	abstract = {Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder, starting in early childhood and persisting into adulthood in the majority of cases. Family and twin studies have demonstrated the importance of genetic factors and candidate gene association studies have identified several loci that exert small but significant effects on ADHD. To provide further clarification of reported associations and identify novel associated genes, we examined 1,038 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning 51 candidate genes involved in the regulation of neurotransmitter pathways, particularly dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin pathways, in addition to circadian rhythm genes. Analysis used within family tests of association in a sample of 776 DSM-IV ADHD combined type cases ascertained for the International Multi-centre ADHD Gene project. We found nominal significance with one or more SNPs in 18 genes, including the two most replicated findings in the literature: DRD4 and DAT1. Gene-wide tests, adjusted for the number of SNPs analysed in each gene, identified associations with TPH2, ARRB2, SYP, DAT1, ADRB2, HES1, MAOA and PNMT. Further studies will be needed to confirm or refute the observed associations and their generalisability to other samples.},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2012-03-15},
	journal = {Molecular Psychiatry},
	author = {Brookes, K and Xu, X and Chen, W and Zhou, K and Neale, B and Lowe, N and Anney, R and Aneey, R and Franke, B and Gill, M and Ebstein, R and Buitelaar, J and Sham, P and Campbell, D and Knight, J and Andreou, P and Altink, M and Arnold, R and Boer, F and Buschgens, C and Butler, L and Christiansen, H and Feldman, L and Fleischman, K and Fliers, E and Howe-Forbes, R and Goldfarb, A and Heise, A and Gabriëls, I and Korn-Lubetzki, I and Johansson, L and Marco, R and Medad, S and Minderaa, R and Mulas, F and Müller, U and Mulligan, A and Rabin, K and Rommelse, N and Sethna, V and Sorohan, J and Uebel, H and Psychogiou, L and Weeks, A and Barrett, R and Craig, I and Banaschewski, T and Sonuga-Barke, E and Eisenberg, J and Kuntsi, J and Manor, I and McGuffin, P and Miranda, A and Oades, R D and Plomin, R and Roeyers, H and Rothenberger, A and Sergeant, J and Steinhausen, H-C and Taylor, E and Thompson, M and Faraone, S V and Asherson, P},
	month = oct,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16894395},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: gen, Child, Dopamine D4, Dopamine D4: genetics, Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins, Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins: genet, Genetic Markers, Genetic Markers: genetics, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genetic Predisposition to Disease: genetics, Haplotypes, Humans, Linkage Disequilibrium, Monoamine Oxidase, Monoamine Oxidase: genetics, Nicotinic, Nicotinic: genetics, Oncogene Proteins, Oncogene Proteins: genetics, Pedigree, Polymorphism, Preschool, Receptors, Siblings, Single Nucleotide, Single Nucleotide: genetics, Synaptosomal-Associated Protein 25, Synaptosomal-Associated Protein 25: genetics, Tryptophan Hydroxylase, Tryptophan Hydroxylase: genetics},
	pages = {934--53},
}

@article{ruigomez_chest_2006,
	title = {Chest pain in general practice: incidence, comorbidity and mortality},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {0263-2136},
	shorttitle = {Chest pain in general practice},
	doi = {10.1093/fampra/cmi124},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Chest pain is a common symptom that presents the primary care physician with a complex diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.
AIMS: To evaluate the natural history and management of patients diagnosed with chest pain of unspecified type or origin in primary care.
DESIGN: Population-based case-control study.
METHODS: The study included 13,740 patients with a first diagnosis of unspecified chest pain and 20,000 age- and sex-matched controls identified from the UK General Practice Research Database. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95\% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed using unconditional logistic regression. Risk estimates were adjusted for age, sex and number of physician visits.
RESULTS: The incidence of a new diagnosis of chest pain was 15.5 per 1000 person-years and increased with age, particularly in men. The risk of a chest pain diagnosis was greatest in patients with prior diagnoses of coronary heart disease (OR: 7.1; 95\% CI: 6.1-8.2) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (OR: 2.0; 95\% CI: 1.7-2.3). In the year after diagnosis, chest pain patients were more likely than controls to be newly diagnosed with coronary heart disease (OR: 14.9; 95\% CI: 12.7-17.4) and heart failure (OR: 4.7; 95\% CI: 3.6-6.1). A new diagnosis of chest pain was associated with an increased risk of death in the following year (RR: 2.3; 95\% CI: 1.9-2.8).
CONCLUSIONS: Some causes of chest pain are underdiagnosed in primary care. This is of particular consequence for the minority of chest pain patients with cardiac disease.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Family Practice},
	author = {Ruigómez, Ana and Rodríguez, Luis Alberto García and Wallander, Mari-Ann and Johansson, Saga and Jones, Roger},
	month = apr,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16461444},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Case-Control Studies, Chest pain, Child, Child, Preschool, Comorbidity, Family Practice, Female, Great Britain, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, State Medicine, databases as topic},
	pages = {167--174}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Daughters increase longevity of fathers, but daughters and sons equally reduce longevity of mothers},
 type = {article},
 year = {2006},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {*Family Characteristics,*Nuclear Family,*Parents,Adolescent,Adult,Aged,Aged, 80 and over,Child,Child, Preschool,Female,Humans,Longevity/*physiology,Male,Middle Aged,Poland/epidemiology,Rural Population/trends,Survival Rate},
 pages = {422-425},
 volume = {18},
 id = {0e49814c-3477-3b9f-812f-0fd600352d97},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:44:32.411Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:44:32.557Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>Comparative Study<m:linebreak/>Journal Article<m:linebreak/>Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</m:note>},
 abstract = {Reproduction is energetically and physiologically expensive, and an individual investing resources into producing offspring should suffer costs such as deterioration in health condition and possibly shorter life span. Since the energetic and nutritional demands of pregnancy and breastfeeding render reproductive costs much higher in women than in men, women with a large number of children should show signs of deterioration in condition, while men with large families should not. However, whether reproductive costs reduce longevity in women is still questionable, and in men this issue has not been adequately addressed. In addition, since sons are energetically more expensive to produce than daughters, having sons should have a more pronounced negative impact on maternal longevity than having daughters. Here we document a striking disparity in the impact of children on the life span of mothers and fathers in a Polish rural population. We show for the first time that number of daughters was positively related to a longer life span of their fathers, increasing their longevity on average by 74 weeks per daughter born, while number of sons did not have a significant effect on paternal longevity. In contrast, in women, the number of daughters and number of sons reduced maternal longevity and did so to the same extent, on average by 95 weeks per son or daughter, indicating that for women, the costs of having sons and daughters are similar.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Jasienska, G and Nenko, I and Jasienski, M},
 journal = {Am J Hum Biol},
 number = {3}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{cherry_defining_2005,
	title = {Defining pertussis epidemiology: clinical, microbiologic and serologic perspectives},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {0891-3668},
	shorttitle = {Defining pertussis epidemiology},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15876920},
	doi = {00006454-200505001-00005},
	abstract = {In the past decade, numerous sources have noted an increase in reported pertussis in highly immunized populations. This has been accompanied by a perceived change in disease epidemiology, characterized by a significant increase in reported pertussis incidence among adolescents and adults. In populations where children are routinely immunized, adolescents and adults now constitute the main source of infection in infants. However, a range of factors makes delineation of these epidemiologic trends difficult. Reported cases of pertussis represent only a fraction of the actual number of Bordetella pertussis symptomatic infections, because underconsulting, underrecognition and underdiagnosis are widespread and are a particular problem in adolescents and adults. Possible explanations for failure to diagnose pertussis include the heterogeneity in pertussis disease expression and low physician awareness and index of suspicion. Consequently defining pertussis from a clinical perspective is difficult, and this is reflected by a lack of consistency between case definitions. Although case definitions for specific circumstances have been established by the World Health Organization and the United States Centers for Disease Control, these are not universally useful, making intercountry comparisons and global evaluation difficult. Less-than-optimal and poorly performed laboratory tests, or their lack of availability, also make confirmation of B. pertussis infection difficult. To overcome these problems, clinical case definitions should be standardized for outbreak and endemic situations. Rapid, easy-to-use and inexpensive laboratory diagnostic techniques also must be made available and be widely implemented. In particular, polymerase chain reaction and single serum serology are 2 techniques that should be more widely adopted.},
	number = {5 Suppl},
	urldate = {2008-10-01},
	journal = {The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal},
	author = {Cherry, James D and Grimprel, Emmanuel and Guiso, Nicole and Heininger, Ulrich and Mertsola, Jussi},
	month = may,
	year = {2005},
	pmid = {15876920},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Bordetella pertussis, Child, Child, Preschool, Communicable Disease Control, Cough, Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine, Disease Notification, Female, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Male, Risk Assessment, Serologic Tests, Sex Distribution, Vaccination, Whooping Cough, World Health, World Health Organization},
	pages = {S25--34},
}

@article{helms_utility_2005,
	title = {Utility of routinely acquired primary care data for paediatric disease epidemiology and pharmacoepidemiology},
	volume = {59},
	issn = {0306-5251},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2125.2005.02404.x},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: The majority of medicines prescribed for children are prescribed in primary care for common acute and chronic conditions. This is in contrast to prescribing in secondary care where the population of children admitted is small but where a large number of different medicines are prescribed to treat more serious and less common conditions.
METHODS: Data on prescribing was extracted from the General Practice Administration System for Scotland (GPASS) for the year November 1999 to October 2000 and prescribing patterns for children aged 0-16 years expressed as percentages. A comparison of age specific consultations for asthma, as an example of a common paediatric condition, was also made between two separate general practice data sets, the General Practice Research Database (GRPD) and the continuous morbidity recording (CMR) subset of GPASS.
RESULTS: Of 214 medicines investigated for unlicensed and off-label prescribing no unlicensed prescribing was identified. Off-label prescribing due to age was most common among younger and older children. The most common reasons for off-label prescriptions were, in order of frequency, lower than recommended dose, higher than recommended dose, below the recommended age, and unlicensed formulation. Age and gender specific consultations for asthma were similar in the two representative databases, GPRD and CMR, both showing disappearance of the male predominance in the teenage years.
CONCLUSIONS: Large primary care data sets available within a unified health care system such as the UK National Health Service (NHS) are likely to be broadly compatible and produce similar results. The prescribing of off-label medicines to children is common in primary care, most commonly due to prescribing out with the recommended dosage regimen.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {6},
	journal = {British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology},
	author = {Helms, Peter J. and Ekins Daukes, Suzie and Taylor, Michael W. and Simpson, Colin R. and McLay, James S.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2005},
	pmid = {15948933},
	pmcid = {PMC1884863},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Age Distribution, Asthma, Child, Child, Preschool, Databases, Factual, Drug Approval, Drug Prescriptions, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Medical Records Systems, Computerized, Pediatrics, Primary Health Care, Reproducibility of Results, Scotland, State Medicine, pharmacoepidemiology},
	pages = {684--690}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{perez_new_2005,
	title = {New measure o f perceived motor competence for children ages 4 to 6 years},
	volume = {101},
	issn = {0031-5125},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16350617},
	abstract = {The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a test for the assessment of perceived motor competence in young children ages 4 to 6 years old. The structure of the Children's Perception of Motor Competence Scale was analyzed through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis with 495 children between 4 and 6 years of age. A second-order model was selected and consisted of one scale of Perceived General Motor Competence and two subscales, Perceived Gross Motor Competence and Perceived Fine Motor Competence. The number of items was 22. This test showed acceptable internal reliability: global scale (alpha = .81), Perceived Gross Motor Competence (alpha = .80), and Perceived Fine Motor Competence (alpha = .65). Children manifested accuracy in the assessment of the competence. Perceived motor competence was related to actual motor competence as measured by the Movement ABC Test and by an observational scale used by Physical Education teachers. There were no sex differences. The Children's Perception of Motor Competence Scale could be considered an interesting assessment test for identifying current self-perceptions of motor competence in young children.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2012-09-16},
	journal = {Perceptual and motor skills},
	author = {Pérez, Luis Miguel and Graupera Sanz, José Luis},
	month = aug,
	year = {2005},
	pmid = {16350617},
	keywords = {Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Motor Skills, PSYCHOMETRICS, Personality Assessment, Psychomotor Performance, Reproducibility of Results, Self Concept},
	pages = {131--148},
}

@Article{Backwell2004,
  author   = {Patricia R Y Backwell and Michael D Jennions},
  journal  = {Nature},
  title    = {Animal behaviour: {C}oalition among male fiddler crabs.},
  year     = {2004},
  number   = {6998},
  pages    = {417},
  volume   = {430},
  abstract = {Until now, no compelling evidence has emerged from studies of animal
	territoriality to indicate that a resident will strategically help
	a neighbour to defend its territory against an intruder. We show
	here that territory-owning Australian fiddler crabs will judiciously
	assist other crabs in defending their neighbouring territories. This
	cooperation supports the prediction that it is sometimes less costly
	to assist a familiar neighbour than to renegotiate boundaries with
	a new, and possibly stronger, neighbour.},
  doi      = {10.1038/430417a},
  keywords = {Animals, Attention, Brain, Decision Making, Face, Female, Haplorhini, Housing, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Models, Neurological, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Prefrontal Cortex, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Visual Perception, Choice Behavior, Cognition, Dopamine, Learning, Schizophrenia, Substance-Related Disorders, Generalization (Psychology), Motor Skills, Non-P.H.S., Nerve Net, Neuronal Plasticity, Perception, Cerebral Cortex, Memory, Neurons, Sound Localization, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Neural Pathways, Non-, Acoustic Stimulation, Adult, Age of Onset, Aging, Blindness, Child, Preschool, Infant, Newborn, Pitch Perception, Analysis of Variance, Animal Welfare, Laboratory, Behavior, Animal, Hybridization, Genetic, Maze Learning, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Inbred DBA, Phenotype, Reproducibility of Results, Darkness, Deafness, Finches, Sleep, Sound, Sunlight, Time Factors, Vocalization, Energy Metabolism, Evolution, Fossils, History, Ancient, Hominidae, Biological, Physical Endurance, Running, Skeleton, Walking, Acoustics, Auditory Perception, Cues, Discrimination Learning, Pair Bond, Social Behavior, Songbirds, Adolescent, England, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Korea, Language, Semantics, Vocabulary, Action Potentials, Hippocampus, Pyramidal Cells, Rats, Rotation, Australia, Brachyura, Cooperative Behavior, Logistic Models, Territoriality, 15269757},
}

@article{steen_violence_2004,
	title = {Violence in an urban community from the perspective of an accident and emergency department: a two-year prospective study},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1234-1010},
	shorttitle = {Violence in an urban community from the perspective of an accident and emergency department},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Information about violence in a given community is usually based on crime statistics. The aim of this study was to explore violence in an urban community from the perspective of an accident and emergency department.
MATERIAL/METHODS: All assault victims treated at the Bergen Accident and Emergency Department (AED) during a two-year period (1994-1996) were prospectively registered, and data were collected about the patients and the assault incidents. To assess the proportion of unrecognized assault victims treated at the AED, an anonymous questionnaire was sent to all adult patients (first-time consultations) who visited the AED during a ten-day period in 1997.
RESULTS: 1803 assault victims were registered, 433 of whom (24\%) were females. Most of the victims were young men assaulted at public locations, under the influence of alcohol, often by unknown attackers, and frequently feeling that the attack was unprovoked (and thus defined as street violence). Few victims of child abuse or elder abuse were identified. About 40\% of the females were victims of domestic violence. Non-Norwegians, unemployed, and people living in economically deprived areas of the community were over represented. A minority of the assault victims wanted to press legal charges. From the postal survey (n=1264, response rate 43\%) few unrecognized victims of violence could be identified among our patients.
CONCLUSIONS: An accident and emergency department registration of violence victims will mostly identify male victims of street violence.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research},
	author = {Steen, Knut and Hunskaar, Steinar},
	month = feb,
	year = {2004},
	pmid = {14737047},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Crime Victims, Domestic Violence, Emergency Service, Hospital, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Periodicity, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Time Factors, Urban Population, Violence},
	pages = {CR75--79},
}

@Article{Mellars2004,
  author   = {Paul Mellars},
  journal  = {Nature},
  title    = {Neanderthals and the modern human colonization of {E}urope.},
  year     = {2004},
  number   = {7016},
  pages    = {461-5},
  volume   = {432},
  abstract = {The fate of the Neanderthal populations of Europe and western Asia
	has gripped the popular and scientific imaginations for the past
	century. Following at least 200,000 years of successful adaptation
	to the glacial climates of northwestern Eurasia, they disappeared
	abruptly between 30,000 and 40,000 years ago, to be replaced by populations
	all but identical to modern humans. Recent research suggests that
	the roots of this dramatic population replacement can be traced far
	back to events on another continent, with the appearance of distinctively
	modern human remains and artefacts in eastern and southern Africa.},
  doi      = {10.1038/nature03103},
  keywords = {Animals, Attention, Brain, Decision Making, Face, Female, Haplorhini, Housing, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Models, Neurological, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Prefrontal Cortex, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Visual Perception, Choice Behavior, Cognition, Dopamine, Learning, Schizophrenia, Substance-Related Disorders, Generalization (Psychology), Motor Skills, Non-P.H.S., Nerve Net, Neuronal Plasticity, Perception, Cerebral Cortex, Memory, Neurons, Sound Localization, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Neural Pathways, Non-, Acoustic Stimulation, Adult, Age of Onset, Aging, Blindness, Child, Preschool, Infant, Newborn, Pitch Perception, Analysis of Variance, Animal Welfare, Laboratory, Behavior, Animal, Hybridization, Genetic, Maze Learning, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Inbred DBA, Phenotype, Reproducibility of Results, Darkness, Deafness, Finches, Sleep, Sound, Sunlight, Time Factors, Vocalization, Energy Metabolism, Evolution, Fossils, History, Ancient, Hominidae, Biological, Physical Endurance, Running, Skeleton, Walking, Acoustics, Auditory Perception, Cues, Discrimination Learning, Pair Bond, Social Behavior, Songbirds, Adolescent, England, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Korea, Language, Semantics, Vocabulary, Action Potentials, Hippocampus, Pyramidal Cells, Rats, Rotation, Australia, Brachyura, Cooperative Behavior, Logistic Models, Territoriality, Africa, Archaeology, Emigration and Immigration, Europe, Geography, Phylogeny, Population Dynamics, 15565144},
}

@article{ansermino_nonopioid_2003,
	title = {Nonopioid additives to local anaesthetics for caudal blockade in children: a systematic review},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1155-5645},
	shorttitle = {Nonopioid additives to local anaesthetics for caudal blockade in children},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND

Caudal epidural injection with local anaesthetics is a popular regional technique used in infants and children. A disadvantage of caudal blockade is the relatively short duration of postoperative analgesia. Opioids have traditionally been added to increase the duration of analgesia but have been associated with unacceptable side-effects. A number of nonopioid additives have been suggested to increase the duration of analgesia.


METHODS

A systematic review was conducted to identify randomized control trials comparing the use of local anaesthetic to local anaesthetic with nonopioid additives for caudal blockade in children. The increase in duration of analgesia and side-effects were compared.


RESULTS

The addition of clonidine to the local anaesthetic solution produces an increase in the duration of analgesia following caudal blockade in children (pooled weighted mean difference of 145 min with 95\% confidence interval of 132-157 min). Side-effects include sedation and the potential for neonatal respiratory depression. Ketamine and midazolam further increase the duration of analgesia, however, the potential for neurotoxicity remains a concern.


CONCLUSION

The evidence examined shows an increased duration of analgesia with clonidine, ketamine and midazolam. However, we are not convinced that the routine use of these adjuvants in the setting of elective outpatient surgery shows improved patient outcome. It is unclear if the potential for neurotoxicity is outweighed by clinical benefits. Further testing, including large clinical trials, is required before recommending routine use of nonopioid additives for caudal blockade in children.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Paediatric anaesthesia},
	author = {Ansermino, Mark and Basu, Rahul and Vandebeek, Christine and Montgomery, Carolyne},
	month = sep,
	year = {2003},
	pmid = {12950855},
	keywords = {Analgesics, Non-Narcotic, Anesthesia, Caudal, Anesthetics, Local, Child, Child, Preschool, Humans, Pain, Postoperative, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic},
	pages = {561--573}
}

@article{jick_epidemiology_2003,
	title = {Epidemiology and possible causes of autism},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {0277-0008},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To review the recent literature on possible causes of the increase in frequency of diagnosed autism reported from three countries, and to compare the medical diagnoses and drug therapy from a new series of autistic boys and their mothers with that of comparable nonautistic boys and their mothers.
DESIGN: Case-control evaluation.
PARTICIPANTS: Members of over 250 general practices in the United Kingdom.
MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Frequency of exposure to drugs and presence of preexisting clinical illnesses in autistic children and their mothers were compared with nonautistic children and their mothers over time. According to published studies, the incidence of boys diagnosed with autism rose dramatically in the 1990s. Numerous published studies have concluded that the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine is not responsible for the large rise in diagnosed autism. In our study, boys diagnosed with autism had medical and drug histories, such as vaccines, before diagnosis, that were closely similar to those of nonautistic boys, except that developmental and sensory disorders were far more common in autistic boys. No material differences during pregnancy were found between the mothers of autistic boys and those of nonautistic boys in relation to illness or drug therapy. In the early 1990s, boys with diagnosed developmental disorders were infrequently diagnosed with autism. In the later 1990s, such boys more often were diagnosed with autism.
CONCLUSION: A major cause of the recent large increase in the number of boys diagnosed with autism probably is due to changing diagnostic practices.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Pharmacotherapy},
	author = {Jick, Hershel and Kaye, James A.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2003},
	pmid = {14695031},
	keywords = {Autistic Disorder, Case-Control Studies, Child, Preschool, Epidemiologic Methods, Female, Humans, Male, Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine, Pregnancy Complications, Retrospective Studies, pregnancy},
	pages = {1524--1530}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{aman_methylphenidate_2003,
	title = {Methylphenidate treatment in children with borderline {IQ} and mental retardation: analysis of three aggregated studies},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1044-5463},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12804124},
	abstract = {To determine response of low-IQ children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms to methylphenidate (MPH).},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2012-07-23},
	journal = {Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology},
	author = {Aman, Michael G and Buican, Brett and Arnold, L. Eugene},
	month = jan,
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: com, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: dru, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Central Nervous System Stimulants: therapeutic use, Child, Child Behavior, Female, Humans, Intellectual Disability, Intellectual Disability: complications, Intellectual Disability: drug therapy, Intelligence Tests, Male, Methylphenidate, Methylphenidate: therapeutic use, Preschool, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychomotor Performance, Treatment Outcome},
	pages = {29--40},
}

Paper  bibtex   

@article{
 title = {What is the Birth Defect Risk Associated With Consanguineous Marriages ?},
 type = {article},
 year = {2002},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {*Consanguinity,Abnormalities/*genetics,Child,Female,Human,Infant,Male,Preschool,Risk Factors},
 pages = {70-71},
 volume = {109},
 id = {f8021355-3e47-3c4b-b4f4-b8bb58d6fc41},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:42:00.462Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:42:00.784Z},
 tags = {04/11/22},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>        <m:bold>From Duplicate 1 ( </m:bold>        <m:bold>          </m:bold><m:bold><m:italic>What is the birth defect risk associated with consanguineous marriages?</m:italic></m:bold><m:bold>        </m:bold>        <m:bold> - Zlotogora, J )<m:linebreak/>        </m:bold>        <m:linebreak/>Case Reports<m:linebreak/>Letter<m:linebreak/>        <m:linebreak/>      </m:note>},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Zlotogora, Joël},
 journal = {American journal of medical genetics},
 number = {1}
}

@article{coleman_endemic_2001,
	title = {Endemic stability--a veterinary idea applied to human public health.},
	volume = {357},
	issn = {0140-6736 0140-6736},
	abstract = {Endemic stability is an epidemiological state of a population, in which clinical  disease is scarce despite high level of infection. The notion was developed to describe patterns of tick-borne disease in cattle. However, we propose a general  model of endemic stability that is applicable to a broader range of diseases that are important in public health, including malaria, rubella, and mumps. We postulate that endemic stability requires only that (1) the probability, or severity, of clinical disease after infection increases with age, and (2) after one infection, the probability that subsequent infections result in disease is reduced. We present these criteria in simple mathematical terms. Our hypothesis predicts that partial disease control activities might, under certain circumstances, lead to an increase in disease incidence. We discuss the implications for public health interventions.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {9264},
	journal = {Lancet (London, England)},
	author = {Coleman, P. G. and Perry, B. D. and Woolhouse, M. E.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2001},
	pmid = {11418173},
	keywords = {*Endemic Diseases, *Epidemiologic Methods, *Models, Theoretical, *Public Health, Age Distribution, Animals, Child, Preschool, Communicable Diseases/*epidemiology/etiology, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Infant, Newborn},
	pages = {1284--1286}
}

@Article{Wolff2001,
  author   = {C Wolff and E Schr\"oger},
  journal  = {Brain Res Cogn Brain Res},
  title    = {Activation of the auditory pre-attentive change detection system by tone repetitions with fast stimulation rate.},
  year     = {2001},
  number   = {3},
  pages    = {323-7},
  volume   = {10},
  abstract = {The human automatic pre-attentive change detection system indexed
	by the mismatch negativity (MMN) component of the auditory event-related
	brain potential is known to be highly adaptive. The present study
	showed that even infrequent repetitions of tones can elicit MMN,
	independently of attention, when tones of varying frequency are rapidly
	presented in an isochronous rhythm. This demonstrates that frequency
	variation can be extracted as an invariant feature of the acoustic
	environment revealing the capacity for adaptation of the auditory
	pre-attentive change detection system. It is argued that this capacity
	is related to the temporal-window of integration.},
  keywords = {Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, Concept Formation, Form Perception, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Shrews, P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Cochlea, Ear, Gerbillinae, Glycine, Hearing, Neurons, Space Perception, Strychnine, Adolescent, Decision Making, Reaction Time, Astrocytoma, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Evoked Potentials, Frontal Lobe, Noise, Parietal Lobe, Scalp, Child, Language Development, Psycholinguistics, Brain, Perception, Speech, Vocalization, Animal, Discrimination (Psychology), Hippocampus, Rats, Calcium, Chelating Agents, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Glutamic Acid, Guanosine Diphosphate, In Vitro, Neuronal Plasticity, Pyramidal Cells, Receptors, AMPA, Metabotropic Glutamate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Somatosensory Cortex, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Thionucleotides, Action Potentials, Calcium Channels, L-Type, Electric Conductivity, Entorhinal Cortex, Neurological, Long-Evans, Infant, Mathematics, Statistics, Probability Learning, Problem Solving, Psychophysics, Association Learning, Child Psychology, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Probability Theory, Analysis of Variance, Semantics, Symbolism, Behavior, Eye Movements, Macaca mulatta, Prefrontal Cortex, Cats, Dogs, Haplorhini, Photic Stimulation, Electroencephalography, Nervous System Physiology, Darkness, Grasshoppers, Light, Membrane Potentials, Neural Inhibition, Afferent, Picrotoxin, Vision, Deoxyglucose, Injections, Microspheres, Neural Pathways, Rhodamines, Choice Behavior, Speech Perception, Verbal Learning, Dominance, Cerebral, Fixation, Ocular, Language Tests, Random Allocation, Comparative Study, Saguinus, Sound Spectrography, Species Specificity, Audiometry, Auditory Threshold, Calibration, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Anesthesia, General, Electrodes, Implanted, Pitch Perception, Sound Localization, Paired-Associate Learning, Serial Learning, Auditory, Age Factors, Motion Perception, Brain Injuries, Computer Simulation, Blindness, Psychomotor Performance, Color Perception, Signal Detection (Psychology), Judgment, ROC Curve, Regression Analysis, Music, Probability, Arm, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Hemiplegia, Movement, Muscle, Skeletal, Myoclonus, Robotics, Magnetoencephalography, Phonetics, Software, Speech Production Measurement, Epilepsies, Partial, Laterality, Stereotaxic Techniques, Germany, Speech Acoustics, Verbal Behavior, Child Development, Instinct, Brain Stem, Coma, Diagnosis, Differential, Hearing Disorders, Hearing Loss, Central, Neuroma, Acoustic, Dendrites, Down-Regulation, Patch-Clamp Techniques, Wistar, Up-Regulation, Aged, Aphasia, Middle Aged, Cones (Retina), Primates, Retina, Retinal Ganglion Cells, Tympanic Membrane, Cell Communication, Extremities, Biological, Motor Activity, Rana catesbeiana, Spinal Cord, Central Nervous System, Motion, Motor Cortex, Intelligence, Macaca fascicularis, Adoption, Critical Period (Psychology), France, Korea, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Multilingualism, Auditory Pathways, Cochlear Nerve, Loudness Perception, Neural Conduction, Sensory Thresholds, Sound, Language Disorders, Preschool, Generalization (Psychology), Vocabulary, Biophysics, Nerve Net, Potassium Channels, Sodium Channels, Cues, Differential Threshold, Arousal, Newborn, Sucking Behavior, Ferrets, Microelectrodes, Gestalt Theory, Mathematical Computing, Perceptual Closure, Vestibulocochlear Nerve, Brain Damage, Chronic, Regional Blood Flow, Thinking, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Case-Control Studies, Multivariate Analysis, Artificial Intelligence, Depth Perception, Broca, Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex, Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery, X-Ray Computed, 11167055},
}

@article{kaye_mumps_2001,
	title = {Mumps, measles, and rubella vaccine and the incidence of autism recorded by general practitioners: a time trend analysis},
	volume = {322},
	issn = {0959-8138},
	shorttitle = {Mumps, measles, and rubella vaccine and the incidence of autism recorded by general practitioners},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To estimate changes in the risk of autism and assess the relation of autism to the mumps, measles, and rubella (MMR) vaccine.
DESIGN: Time trend analysis of data from the UK general practice research database (GPRD).
SETTING: General practices in the United Kingdom.
SUBJECTS: Children aged 12 years or younger diagnosed with autism 1988-99, with further analysis of boys aged 2 to 5 years born 1988-93.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Annual and age specific incidence for first recorded diagnoses of autism (that is, when the diagnosis of autism was first recorded) in the children aged 12 years or younger; annual, birth cohort specific risk of autism diagnosed in the 2 to 5 year old boys; coverage (prevalence) of MMR vaccination in the same birth cohorts.
RESULTS: The incidence of newly diagnosed autism increased sevenfold, from 0.3 per 10 000 person years in 1988 to 2.1 per 10 000 person years in 1999. The peak incidence was among 3 and 4 year olds, and 83\% (254/305) of cases were boys. In an annual birth cohort analysis of 114 boys born in 1988-93, the risk of autism in 2 to 5 year old boys increased nearly fourfold over time, from 8 (95\% confidence interval 4 to 14) per 10 000 for boys born in 1988 to 29 (20 to 43) per 10 000 for boys born in 1993. For the same annual birth cohorts the prevalence of MMR vaccination was over 95\%.
CONCLUSIONS: Because the incidence of autism among 2 to 5 year olds increased markedly among boys born in each year separately from 1988 to 1993 while MMR vaccine coverage was over 95\% for successive annual birth cohorts, the data provide evidence that no correlation exists between the prevalence of MMR vaccination and the rapid increase in the risk of autism over time. The explanation for the marked increase in risk of the diagnosis of autism in the past decade remains uncertain.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {7284},
	journal = {BMJ (Clinical research ed.)},
	author = {Kaye, J. A. and del Mar Melero-Montes, M. and Jick, H.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2001},
	pmid = {11222420},
	pmcid = {PMC26561},
	keywords = {Age Distribution, Autistic Disorder, Child, Child, Preschool, Family Practice, Female, Great Britain, Humans, Male, Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine, Risk Assessment, incidence},
	pages = {460--463}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {The local field in infratentorial ependymoma: does the entire posterior fossa need to be treated?},
 type = {article},
 year = {2001},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {80 and over,Adolescent,Adult,Aged,Child,Cranial Fossa,Ependymoma,Ependymoma: radiotherapy,Ependymoma: surgery,Female,Humans,Infratentorial Neoplasms,Infratentorial Neoplasms: radiotherapy,Infratentorial Neoplasms: surgery,Male,Middle Aged,Posterior,Preschool,Radiotherapy Dosage,Survival Analysis,Treatment Failure},
 pages = {757-61},
 volume = {49},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11172959},
 month = {3},
 day = {1},
 id = {824b4da9-3acc-37d7-9dd5-8c30fb640a36},
 created = {2014-08-02T21:56:13.000Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {be299c88-7105-3a8d-a1cd-3aa95c25e2c4},
 group_id = {a484ae4c-fcac-3c7e-9ac3-3fad0df719a2},
 last_modified = {2014-12-29T19:36:51.000Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 abstract = {INTRODUCTION: In the past decade, there have been multiple reports indicating that the predominant problem in the curative treatment of intracranial ependymoma is local failure. As a result, many have recommended local field radiotherapy. For infratentorial ependymoma, there is controversy regarding what constitutes the local field. Some radiation oncologists advocate coverage of the entire posterior fossa, whereas others recommend radiotherapy to the tumor bed and a safety margin. METHODS AND MATERIALS: From 1984 to 1998, 28 patients with posterior fossa ependymoma were diagnosed at our institution. There were 18 males and 10 females with a median age of 12 years (range, 2-81 years). Four patients (14%) had high-grade ependymoma and 3 (11%) had M+ disease at initial diagnosis. Gross total resection was achieved in 17 (61%) and postoperative radiotherapy (RT) was given to 22 (77%). Radiotherapy fields were craniospinal in 10, whole brain in 1, posterior fossa in 2, and tumor bed with a 2-cm. margin in 9. Median dose to the primary site was 54 Gy (range, 45-55 Gy). All 4 patients with high-grade ependymoma received craniospinal RT. Six patients did not receive RT after surgery. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scans of the brain at initial diagnosis were compared to MRI or CT scans of patients at relapse to determine if the local relapse was in the tumor bed or nontumor bed posterior fossa. Median follow-up was 127 months (range, 14-188 months). RESULTS: Six patients have relapsed. For the 11 patients who had craniospinal or whole brain radiotherapy (RT), 3 recurred (tumor bed 1, spine 1, nontumor bed posterior fossa + spine 1). Both patients who failed in the spine had high-grade tumors. Neither of the 2 treated with posterior fossa fields relapsed. For the 9 patients who had tumor bed RT alone and the 6 who did not receive RT, there were 3 relapses; all were in the tumor bed. There were no relapses in the nontumor bed posterior fossa. CONCLUSION: For nondisseminated, low-grade infratentorial ependymoma, the radiotherapy volume does not need to include the entire posterior fossa. This information can be used to minimize late effects of RT in the era of three-dimensional (conformal) radiotherapy. No conclusion can be reached regarding the appropriate local field for high-grade infratentorial ependymoma because of the small number of patients.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Paulino, A C},
 journal = {International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics},
 number = {3}
}

@Article{Scholl2001b,
  author   = {B. J. Scholl},
  journal  = {Cognition},
  title    = {Objects and attention: {T}he state of the art.},
  year     = {2001},
  number   = {1-2},
  pages    = {1-46},
  volume   = {80},
  abstract = {What are the units of attention? In addition to standard models holding
	that attention can select spatial regions and visual features, recent
	work suggests that in some cases attention can directly select discrete
	objects. This paper reviews the state of the art with regard to such
	'object-based' attention, and explores how objects of attention relate
	to locations, reference frames, perceptual groups, surfaces, parts,
	and features. Also discussed are the dynamic aspects of objecthood,
	including the question of how attended objects are individuated in
	time, and the possibility of attending to simple dynamic motions
	and events. The final sections of this review generalize these issues
	beyond vision science, to other modalities and fields such as auditory
	objects of attention and the infant's 'object concept'.},
  keywords = {80 and over, Adenoviridae, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Attention, Auditory Perception, Biopsy, Bone Nails, Bone Neoplasms, Bone Screws, Bone Transplantation, Breast Neoplasms, Carcinoma, Child, Child Development, Cognition, Cohort Studies, Comparative Study, Concept Formation, Constriction, Esophageal Neoplasms, Female, Femoral Neck Fractures, Femoral Neoplasms, Femur Head, Femur Neck, Fibula, Follow-Up Studies, Fracture Fixation, Fractures, Gene Expression, Gene Transfer Techniques, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Hepatitis, Homologous, Humans, Inbred Strains, Infant, Injections, Internal, Intramedullary, Intravenous, Judgment, Knee Joint, Liver, Luminescent Proteins, Male, Meta-Analysis, Middle Aged, Models, Motion, Motion Perception, Needle, Neoplasms, Non-P.H.S., Non-U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Perceptual Distortion, Portal Vein, Preschool, Problem Solving, Psychological, Radiation-Induced, Rats, Research Support, Retrospective Studies, Second Primary, Self Concept, Sensitivity and Specificity, Social Perception, Space Perception, Spontaneous, Squamous Cell, Students, Time Factors, Tomography, Transplantation, Treatment Outcome, U.S. Gov't, Visual Perception, X-Ray Computed, 11245838},
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Molecular genetic alterations on chromosomes 11 and 22 in ependymomas},
 type = {article},
 year = {2001},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Adolescent,Adult,Aged,Alleles,Base Sequence,Brain Neoplasms,Brain Neoplasms: genetics,Child,Chromosome Deletion,Chromosomes,DNA,DNA Primers,DNA Primers: chemistry,Ependymoma,Ependymoma: genetics,Ependymoma: pathology,Female,Genes,Human,Humans,Infant,Loss of Heterozygosity,Male,Microsatellite Repeats,Middle Aged,Mutation,Neoplasm Proteins,Neoplasm Proteins: genetics,Neurofibromatosis 2,Neurofibromatosis 2: genetics,Newborn,Pair 11,Pair 11: genetics,Pair 22,Pair 22: genetics,Polymerase Chain Reaction,Preschool,Proto-Oncogene Proteins,Sequence Analysis,Spinal Cord Neoplasms,Spinal Cord Neoplasms: genetics},
 pages = {803-8},
 volume = {91},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11275983},
 month = {3},
 day = {15},
 id = {7d56c6a1-5e17-379e-ab86-667dcf2ce1cd},
 created = {2013-08-05T21:04:27.000Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {8c4ca2d5-86de-3b5d-86be-8408415f34e0},
 group_id = {a484ae4c-fcac-3c7e-9ac3-3fad0df719a2},
 last_modified = {2014-12-29T19:36:50.000Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 abstract = {Ependymomas arise from the ependymal cells at different locations throughout the brain and spinal cord. These tumors have a broad age distribution with a range from less than 1 year to more than 80 years. In some intramedullary spinal ependymomas, mutations in the neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) gene and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosome arm 22q have been described. Cytogenetic studies have also identified alterations involving chromosome arm 11q, including rearrangements at 11q13, in ependymomas. We analyzed 21 intramedullary spinal, 14 ventricular, 11 filum terminale and 6 intracerebral ependymomas for mutations in the MEN1 gene, which is located at 11q13, and mutations in the NF2 gene, which is located at 22q12, as well as for LOH on 11q and 22q. NF2 mutations were found in 6 tumors, all of which were intramedullary spinal and all of which displayed LOH 22q. Allelic loss on 22q was found in 20 cases and was significantly more frequent in intramedullary spinal ependymomas than in tumors in other locations. LOH 11q was found in 7 patients and exhibited a highly significant inverse association with LOH 22q (p<0.001). A hemizygous MEN1 mutation was identified in 3 tumors, all of which were recurrences from the same patient. Interestingly, the initial tumor corresponded to WHO grade II and displayed LOH 11q but not yet a MEN1 mutation. In 2 subsequent recurrences, the tumor had progressed to anaplastic ependymoma (WHO grade III) and exhibited a nonsense mutation in exon 10 of MEN1 (W471X) in conjunction with LOH 11q. This suggests that loss of wild-type MEN1 may be involved in the malignant progression of a subset of ependymomas. To conclude, our findings provide evidence for different genetic pathways involved in ependymoma formation and progression, which may allow to define genetically and clinically distinct tumor entities.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Lamszus, K and Lachenmayer, L and Heinemann, U and Kluwe, L and Finckh, U and Höppner, W and Stavrou, D and Fillbrandt, R and Westphal, M},
 journal = {International journal of cancer},
 number = {6}
}

Website  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Multivariate frailty model with a major gene: application to genealogical data},
 type = {article},
 year = {2000},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {*Genetic Predisposition to Disease,*Models, Genetic,Adolescent,Adult,Alleles,Child,Child, Preschool,Female,Genotype,Humans,Infant,Infant, Newborn,Longevity/*genetics,Male,Mathematical Computing,Multivariate Analysis,Quebec,Risk,Software,Survival Analysis},
 pages = {412-416},
 volume = {77},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11187585},
 id = {23588418-0e3c-33dd-b0e4-fed475556b34},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:44:21.917Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:44:22.080Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>0926-9630<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
 abstract = {Multivariate survival models are shown to be appropriate for the analysis of the genetic and the environmental nature of a human life-span. Models which involve continuously distributed individual frailty, play an important role in the genetic analysis of an individual's susceptibility to disease and death. These models, however, are not appropriate for the detection of the effects of separate genes on survival. For this purpose we developed a 'major gene' frailty model of multivariate survival and applied it to simulated and real pedigree data. The analysis shows that this model can be used for the detection of the presence of major genes in the population and for the evaluation of the effects of such genes on survival.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Begun, A and Desjardins, B and Iachine, I and Yashin, A},
 journal = {Stud Health Technol Inform}
}

@Article{Thoroughman2000,
  author   = {KA Thoroughman and R Shadmehr},
  journal  = {Nature},
  title    = {Learning of action through adaptive combination of motor primitives.},
  year     = {2000},
  number   = {6805},
  pages    = {742-7},
  volume   = {407},
  abstract = {Understanding how the brain constructs movements remains a fundamental
	challenge in neuroscience. The brain may control complex movements
	through flexible combination of motor primitives, where each primitive
	is an element of computation in the sensorimotor map that transforms
	desired limb trajectories into motor commands. Theoretical studies
	have shown that a system's ability to learn action depends on the
	shape of its primitives. Using a time-series analysis of error patterns,
	here we show that humans learn the dynamics of reaching movements
	through a flexible combination of primitives that have gaussian-like
	tuning functions encoding hand velocity. The wide tuning of the inferred
	primitives predicts limitations on the brain's ability to represent
	viscous dynamics. We find close agreement between the predicted limitations
	and the subjects' adaptation to new force fields. The mathematical
	properties of the derived primitives resemble the tuning curves of
	Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. The activity of these cells may
	encode primitives that underlie the learning of dynamics.},
  doi      = {10.1038/35037588},
  keywords = {Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, Concept Formation, Form Perception, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Shrews, P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Cochlea, Ear, Gerbillinae, Glycine, Hearing, Neurons, Space Perception, Strychnine, Adolescent, Decision Making, Reaction Time, Astrocytoma, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Evoked Potentials, Frontal Lobe, Noise, Parietal Lobe, Scalp, Child, Language Development, Psycholinguistics, Brain, Perception, Speech, Vocalization, Animal, Discrimination (Psychology), Hippocampus, Rats, Calcium, Chelating Agents, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Glutamic Acid, Guanosine Diphosphate, In Vitro, Neuronal Plasticity, Pyramidal Cells, Receptors, AMPA, Metabotropic Glutamate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Somatosensory Cortex, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Thionucleotides, Action Potentials, Calcium Channels, L-Type, Electric Conductivity, Entorhinal Cortex, Neurological, Long-Evans, Infant, Mathematics, Statistics, Probability Learning, Problem Solving, Psychophysics, Association Learning, Child Psychology, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Probability Theory, Analysis of Variance, Semantics, Symbolism, Behavior, Eye Movements, Macaca mulatta, Prefrontal Cortex, Cats, Dogs, Haplorhini, Photic Stimulation, Electroencephalography, Nervous System Physiology, Darkness, Grasshoppers, Light, Membrane Potentials, Neural Inhibition, Afferent, Picrotoxin, Vision, Deoxyglucose, Injections, Microspheres, Neural Pathways, Rhodamines, Choice Behavior, Speech Perception, Verbal Learning, Dominance, Cerebral, Fixation, Ocular, Language Tests, Random Allocation, Comparative Study, Saguinus, Sound Spectrography, Species Specificity, Audiometry, Auditory Threshold, Calibration, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Anesthesia, General, Electrodes, Implanted, Pitch Perception, Sound Localization, Paired-Associate Learning, Serial Learning, Auditory, Age Factors, Motion Perception, Brain Injuries, Computer Simulation, Blindness, Psychomotor Performance, Color Perception, Signal Detection (Psychology), Judgment, ROC Curve, Regression Analysis, Music, Probability, Arm, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Hemiplegia, Movement, Muscle, Skeletal, Myoclonus, Robotics, Magnetoencephalography, Phonetics, Software, Speech Production Measurement, Epilepsies, Partial, Laterality, Stereotaxic Techniques, Germany, Speech Acoustics, Verbal Behavior, Child Development, Instinct, Brain Stem, Coma, Diagnosis, Differential, Hearing Disorders, Hearing Loss, Central, Neuroma, Acoustic, Dendrites, Down-Regulation, Patch-Clamp Techniques, Wistar, Up-Regulation, Aged, Aphasia, Middle Aged, Cones (Retina), Primates, Retina, Retinal Ganglion Cells, Tympanic Membrane, Cell Communication, Extremities, Biological, Motor Activity, Rana catesbeiana, Spinal Cord, Central Nervous System, Motion, Motor Cortex, Intelligence, Macaca fascicularis, Adoption, Critical Period (Psychology), France, Korea, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Multilingualism, Auditory Pathways, Cochlear Nerve, Loudness Perception, Neural Conduction, Sensory Thresholds, Sound, Language Disorders, Preschool, Generalization (Psychology), Vocabulary, Biophysics, Nerve Net, Potassium Channels, Sodium Channels, Cues, Differential Threshold, Arousal, Newborn, Sucking Behavior, Ferrets, Microelectrodes, Gestalt Theory, Mathematical Computing, Perceptual Closure, Vestibulocochlear Nerve, Brain Damage, Chronic, Regional Blood Flow, Thinking, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Case-Control Studies, Multivariate Analysis, Artificial Intelligence, Depth Perception, 11048700},
}

@article{kleier_clinical_2000,
	title = {Clinical presentation and mutation identification in the {NBS1} gene in a boy with {Nijmegen} breakage syndrome},
	volume = {57},
	issn = {0009-9163},
	abstract = {Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder which belongs to the group of inherited chromosomal instability syndromes. The clinical characteristics include severe microcephaly, a dysmorphic facies, and immunodeficiency with predisposition to malignancies. While the cellular characteristics of ataxia teleangiectasia (AT) and NBS are similar, the clinical findings are quite distinct. NBS patients show characteristic microcephaly, which is rare in association with AT and they do not develop ataxia and teleangiectasia. Recently, the gene mutated in NBS has been identified. Here we report a 5-year-old Bosnian boy with severe microcephaly. Because of multiple structural aberrations involving chromosomes 7 and 14 typical for AT (MIM 208900) and NBS (MIM 251260), AT was diagnosed. We suggested the diagnosis of NBS because of the boy's remarkable microcephaly, his facial appearance, and the absence of ataxia and teleangiectasia. DNA analysis was performed and revealed that the boy is homozygous for the major mutation (657de15) in the NBS1 gene. This finding confirms the diagnosis of NBS in our patient and offers the possibility to perform a most reliable prenatal diagnosis in a further pregnancy.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Clinical Genetics},
	author = {Kleier, S. and Herrmann, M. and Wittwer, B. and Varon, R. and Reis, A. and Horst, J.},
	month = may,
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {Adult, Ataxia Telangiectasia, Cell Cycle Proteins, Child, Preschool, Chromosome Breakage, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7, DNA Mutational Analysis, Facial Bones, Female, Humans, Male, Microcephaly, Mutation, Nuclear Proteins, Pregnancy},
	pages = {384--387},
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Combined treatment of fourth ventricle ependymomas: report of 26 cases},
 type = {article},
 year = {2000},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Adolescent,Adult,Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols,Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols: th,Brain Neoplasms,Brain Neoplasms: mortality,Brain Neoplasms: pathology,Brain Neoplasms: therapy,Child,Combined Modality Therapy,Cranial Fossa,Ependymoma,Ependymoma: mortality,Ependymoma: pathology,Ependymoma: therapy,Female,Follow-Up Studies,Fourth Ventricle,Fourth Ventricle: radiation effects,Fourth Ventricle: surgery,Humans,Infant,Male,Middle Aged,Posterior,Posterior: radiation effects,Posterior: surgery,Preschool,Radiotherapy Dosage,Retrospective Studies,Survival Rate,Treatment Outcome},
 pages = {19-26; discussion 26},
 volume = {54},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11024503},
 month = {7},
 id = {7cd94e64-54ff-3d5c-8cac-190b02d239a4},
 created = {2013-08-05T21:04:27.000Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {8c4ca2d5-86de-3b5d-86be-8408415f34e0},
 group_id = {a484ae4c-fcac-3c7e-9ac3-3fad0df719a2},
 last_modified = {2014-11-22T16:36:55.000Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 abstract = {This study investigated the relevance of prognostic factors and the impact of histological features in posterior fossa ependymoma.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Spagnoli, D and Tomei, G and Ceccarelli, G and Grimoldi, N and Lanterna, A and Bello, L and Sinisi, M M and De Santis, A and Villani, R M},
 journal = {Surgical Neurology},
 number = {1}
}

@article{
 title = {Familial cancer risks to offspring from mothers with 2 primary breast cancers: leads to cancer syndromes},
 type = {article},
 year = {2000},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Adolescence,Adult,Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology/*genetics,Child,Child, Preschool,Databases, Factual,Family Health,Female,Human,Incidence,Infant,Infant, Newborn,Male,Middle Age,Mothers,Neoplasms, Second Primary/epidemiology/*genetics,Neoplasms/epidemiology/*genetics,Risk Factors,Socioeconomic Factors,Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Sweden/epidemiology},
 pages = {87-91.},
 volume = {88},
 id = {588e6ac8-7072-3509-b985-6895b25455d2},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:44:44.036Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:44:44.218Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>eng<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
 abstract = {The nationwide Swedish Family-Cancer Database was used to analyse the risk of cancer among the offspring of bilateral breast cancer patients. We studied 4,734 such mothers who had 9,391 offspring, of whom 328 presented with a primary cancer in the years 1958-1996. Standardised incidence ratios (SIRs) were increased for breast [SIR 3.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.57-3.59], ovarian (SIR 1.84, 95% CI 1.03-3.05) and anogenital (SIR 1.75, 95% CI 1.11-2.63) cancers and childhood sarcomas (SIR 9.39, 95% CI 1.93-29.13). Additionally, squamous-cell skin cancer was increased among sons and all childhood cancers among daughters. When analysed by histological type, adenocarcinomas of the breast and ovary, all squamous-cell carcinomas and tumours at glandular epithelium (seminomas and intestinal carcinoids) were increased. Mothers with bilateral breast cancer had an excess of 2 or more children with cancer. The increased risk of ovarian cancer is consistent with germline mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, while the risk of soft tissue and bone sarcomas may reflect the association of these tumours with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. The increases in squamous-cell carcinomas at many sites may reflect a new susceptibility syndrome.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Hemminki, K and Vaittinen, P and Easton, D},
 journal = {Int J Cancer},
 number = {1}
}

@article{
 title = {Visual-proprioceptive mapping in children with developmental coordination disorder},
 type = {article},
 year = {1999},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Case-Control Studies,Child,Female,Growth Disorders,Humans,Male,Motor Skills,Preschool,Proprioception,Vision,physiopathology,psychology},
 pages = {247-254},
 volume = {41},
 id = {2a1d6312-9620-3630-b63f-f17c2d8e07ef},
 created = {2016-01-12T14:17:48.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {d5b53108-91c5-30b8-8e6c-dd027f636bcd},
 last_modified = {2017-03-16T06:19:45.131Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 abstract = {Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) occurs in a small but significant proportion of children who present with impaired body-eye coordination and show poor acquisition of motor skills. This study investigated the visual-proprioceptive mapping ability of children with DCD from a small selected group, with particular reference to the use of vision in matching tasks. The children with DCD in this study were significantly poorer than control children on all matching tasks. They seemed to have particular difficulty in cross-modal judgements that required the use of visual information to guide proprioceptive judgements of limb position. A distinction is drawn between tasks that can be achieved purely through sensory matching and those that require body-centred spatial judgements, suggesting that it is the latter that posits a particular difficulty for children with DCD},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Mon-Williams, M A and Wann, J P and Pascal, E},
 journal = {Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology},
 number = {4}
}

@article{schepis_increasing_1998,
	title = {Increasing communicative interactions of young children with autism using a voice output communication aid and naturalistic teaching},
	volume = {31},
	abstract = {We evaluated the effects of a voice output communication aid (VOCA) and naturalistic teaching procedures on the communicative interactions of young children with autism. A teacher and three assistants were taught to use naturalistic teaching strategies to provide opportunities for VOCA use in the context of regularly occurring classroom routines. Naturalistic teaching procedures and VOCA use were introduced in multiple probe fashion across 4 children and two classroom routines (snack and play). As the procedures were implemented, all children showed increases in communicative interactions using VOCAs. Also, there was no apparent reductive effect of VOCA use within the naturalistic teaching paradigm on other communicative behaviors. Teachers' ratings of children's VOCA communication, as well as ratings of a person unfamiliar with the children, supported the contextual appropriateness of the VOCA. Probes likewise indicated that the children used the VOCAs for a variety of different messages including requests, yes and no responses, statements, and social comments. Results are discussed in regard to the potential benefits of a VOCA when combined with naturalistic teaching procedures. Future research needs are also discussed, focusing on more precise identification of the attributes of VOCA use for children with autism, as well as for their support personnel.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {J Appl Behav Anal},
	author = {Schepis, M M and Reid, D H and Behrmann, M M and Sutton, K A},
	year = {1998},
	pmid = {9891394},
	keywords = {*Voice, Autistic Disorder/*complications, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Speech Disorders/*complications/*therapy, Speech Therapy/*methods, Time Factors, Verbal Behavior},
	pages = {561--578},
}

Paper  Website  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Phenotypic variability in five cystic fibrosis patients compound heterozygous for the Y1092X mutation.},
 type = {article},
 year = {1998},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Adolescent,Adult,Amino Acid Substitution,Amino Acid Substitution: genetics,Child,Child, Preschool,Cystic Fibrosis,Cystic Fibrosis: ethnology,Cystic Fibrosis: genetics,Female,Heterozygote Detection,Humans,Male,Mutation,Mutation: genetics,Pedigree,Phenotype,Quebec,Tyrosine,Tyrosine: genetics},
 pages = {158-62},
 volume = {48},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9618063},
 id = {9ed32f45-92a0-3822-89d1-3076c7d8e676},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:41:38.972Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:41:39.171Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 abstract = {Five cystic fibrosis (CF) patients distributed in three families and compound heterozygotes for the Y1092X mutation have been followed for a period ranging from 5 to 20 years. The genealogical reconstruction identified a common ancestor couple to all 3 families at the 5th generation. All 5 patients were pancreatic insufficient. A high variability in the clinical aspects and pulmonary function was seen between the families, but not within. Based on our observations, it will be very difficult to predict the course of disease for CF patients with the Y1092X mutation, even if they are closely related (first-degree cousins).},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {De Braekeleer, M and Allard, C and Leblanc, J P and Simard, F and Aubin, G},
 journal = {Human heredity},
 number = {3}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{wang_changes_1997,
	title = {Changes in lead concentrations in the home environment in {Birmingham}, {England} over the period 1984-1996},
	volume = {207},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9447744},
	abstract = {Data for lead concentrations reported in Birmingham prior to 1984 were reviewed and thought to be not strictly comparable in these surveys due to various sampling and analysis methodologies. A survey was implemented to compare the concentrations of lead for 1984/1985 with those of 85 houses re-sampled within the city in 1996. It is shown that lead concentrations and loading of dusts in and around the houses have fallen significantly over the last 11 years. However, lead concentrations in soils have only slightly decreased over the same period. The US EPA IEUBK model for exposure of children to lead is validated, updated and applied to predict the blood lead level of young children. It is predicted that the blood lead concentrations of 2-year-old children have been reduced considerably over the period. The fall in lead concentrations is thought to be the consequence of the reduction policies for lead emissions in the UK since the 1980s. The result of this study provides a valuable example of the benefits of the reduction policies for lead which are of equal importance in developing countries with rapid economic growth.},
	number = {2-3},
	urldate = {2010-10-12},
	journal = {The Science of the Total Environment},
	author = {Wang, Y and Thornton, I and Farago, M},
	month = nov,
	year = {1997},
	pmid = {9447744},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Child, Preschool, Data Collection, England, Humans, Lead, Lead Poisoning, Soil Pollutants, United States, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Urban Health},
	pages = {149--156},
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Postoperative radiotherapy of spinal and intracranial ependymomas: analysis of prognostic factors},
 type = {article},
 year = {1997},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Adjuvant,Adolescent,Adult,Aged,Child,Disease-Free Survival,Ependymoma,Ependymoma: mortality,Ependymoma: radiotherapy,Ependymoma: surgery,Female,Follow-Up Studies,Humans,Infant,Infratentorial Neoplasms,Infratentorial Neoplasms: mortality,Infratentorial Neoplasms: radiotherapy,Infratentorial Neoplasms: surgery,Male,Middle Aged,Multivariate Analysis,Preschool,Prognosis,Radiotherapy,Spinal Cord Neoplasms,Spinal Cord Neoplasms: mortality,Spinal Cord Neoplasms: radiotherapy,Spinal Cord Neoplasms: surgery,Supratentorial Neoplasms,Supratentorial Neoplasms: mortality,Supratentorial Neoplasms: radiotherapy,Supratentorial Neoplasms: surgery,Survival Rate,Treatment Outcome},
 pages = {3-10},
 volume = {45},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9364625},
 month = {10},
 id = {87860b46-5742-39ca-a2b8-956b96b23280},
 created = {2013-08-05T21:04:27.000Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {8c4ca2d5-86de-3b5d-86be-8408415f34e0},
 group_id = {a484ae4c-fcac-3c7e-9ac3-3fad0df719a2},
 last_modified = {2014-12-29T19:36:50.000Z},
 read = {true},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 abstract = {Postoperative radiation therapy adds significantly to disease control and survival of patients with ependymoma. However, much controversy exists about the radiation treatment policy. We report the long-term results of a cohort of 56 patients with primary intracranial and spinal ependymomas. Special effort has been taken to define prognostic indicators as a basis for future treatment strategies.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Stüben, G and Stuschke, M and Kroll, M and Havers, W and Sack, H},
 journal = {Radiotherapy and Oncology},
 number = {1}
}

Website  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Asthma on Tristan da Cunha: looking for the genetic link. The University of Toronto Genetics of Asthma Research Group},
 type = {article},
 year = {1996},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Adolescent,Adult,Age Distribution,Aged,Aged, 80 and over,Allergens/diagnostic use,Asthma/epidemiology/*genetics,Atlantic Ocean,Bronchoconstrictor Agents/diagnostic use,Child,Child, Preschool,Consanguinity,Female,Forced Expiratory Volume,Founder Effect,Humans,Linkage (Genetics),Male,Methacholine Chloride/diagnostic use,Middle Aged,Prevalence,Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Sex Distribution,Skin Tests},
 pages = {1902-1906},
 volume = {153},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8665053},
 id = {ba377ad3-36ac-3937-b8d3-44f6b08c99e3},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:44:45.103Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:44:45.287Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>1073-449x<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
 abstract = {Although asthma has a significant heritable component, the mode of inheritance remains controversial because of the complexity of the disease and the influence of environmental factors. Isolated, inbred populations serve to reduce variability, thus increasing the probability of gene localization. We studied the inbred population of the remote island of Tristan da Cunha to document asthma prevalence for the purpose of genetic linkage analysis. Medical histories and skin atopy were determined on 282 islanders, representing 97% of the population, and airway responsiveness was measured in 254; 226 by methacholine challenge (tidal breathing method) and 28 by bronchodilator response (400 micrograms salbutamol aerosol). Blood samples were collected from 275 islanders. Participants ranged in age from 3 to 94 yr. Asthma was defined as increased airway responsiveness (AR+: PC20 < 4 mg/ml or > or = 15% increase in FEV1 postbronchodilator) combined with a positive history (Hx+). Fifty-seven percent of the islanders had at least partial evidence of asthma (Hx+ and/or AR+) and 23% had a definitive diagnosis of asthma (AR+ with Hx+). Overall 47% of the population were atopic, atopy was proportionally higher in asthmatics (74%) than nonasthmatics (32%; p < 0.01). Analysis of the methacholine dose-response curves demonstrated that asthmatics were significantly (p < 0.01) more responsive than those with AR+ only, and nonasthmatics (AR-, Hx-) were more responsive than laboratory control subjects (p < 0.05), suggesting that these islanders may also carry an airway hyperresponsiveness gene. A frequency plot of the percent fall in FEV1 for all Hx- subjects compared with control data suggests a bimodal distribution consistent with a major gene mechanism for airway responsiveness. Genealogy mapping revealed that the islanders are direct descendants of the 15 original settlers, and historical records suggest at least two founders may have been asthmatic. The data confirm previous reports of a high asthma prevalence on Tristan and support the postulate that this prevalence is a result of gene enrichment occurring in isolated populations by virtue of extensive inbreeding and a probable founder effect.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Zamel, N and McClean, P A and Sandell, P R and Siminovitch, K A and Slutsky, A S},
 journal = {Am J Respir Crit Care Med},
 number = {6 Pt 1}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{caplan_blink_1996,
	title = {Blink rate in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {0006-3223},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8780838},
	doi = {10.1016/0006-3223(95)00315-0},
	abstract = {Spontaneous blink rate, a noninvasive measure of dopamine function, was coded in 28 children with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and in 47 normal children during a listening, a conversation, and a verbal recall task. Unlike the normal children, the children with ADHD did not increase their blink rates significantly across these three tasks. The ADHD subjects were were not on stimulants had significantly lower blink rates than the normal children during verbal recall. The ADHD subjects on stimulants, however, had significantly higher blink rates than the normal subjects during the listening task. These preliminary findings are discussed in light of their potential implications for theories on neurotransmitter dysfunction and arousal in ADHD.},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2012-10-08},
	journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
	author = {Caplan, R and Guthrie, D and Komo, S},
	month = jun,
	year = {1996},
	pmid = {8780838},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Arousal, Arousal: physiology, Attention, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: dia, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: phy, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: psy, Attention: physiology, Blinking, Blinking: physiology, Child, Dopamine, Dopamine: physiology, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Recall, Mental Recall: physiology, Personality Assessment, Preschool, Problem Solving, Problem Solving: physiology, Reference Values, Speech Perception, Speech Perception: physiology},
	pages = {1032--8},
}

@Article{Hermer1996,
  author   = {L. Hermer and E. Spelke},
  journal  = {Cognition},
  title    = {Modularity and development: the case of spatial reorientation.},
  year     = {1996},
  number   = {3},
  pages    = {195-232},
  volume   = {61},
  abstract = {In a series of experiments, young children who were disoriented in
	a novel environment reoriented themselves in accord with the large-scale
	shape of the environment but not in accord with nongeometric properties
	of the environment such as the color of a wall, the patterning on
	a box, or the categorical identity of an object. Because children's
	failure to reorient by nongeometric information cannot be attributed
	to limits on their ability to detect, remember, or use that information
	for other purposes, this failure suggests that children's reorientation,
	at least in relatively novel environments, depends on a mechanism
	that is informationally encapsulated and task-specific: two hallmarks
	of modular cognitive processes. Parallel studies with rats suggest
	that children share this mechanism with at least some adult nonhuman
	mammals. In contrast, our own studies of human adults, who readily
	solved our tasks by conjoining nongeometric and geometric information,
	indicated that the most striking limitations of this mechanism are
	overcome during human development. These findings support broader
	proposals concerning the domain specificity of humans' core cognitive
	abilities, the conservation of cognitive abilities across related
	species and over the course of human development, and the developmental
	processes by which core abilities are extended to permit more flexible,
	uniquely human kinds of problem solving.},
  keywords = {Adult, Animals, Attention, Child, Child Development, Color Perception, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Mental Recall, Orientation, Preschool, Problem Solving, Rats, Social Environment, Species Specificity, 8990972},
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{ryan_hospital_1996,
	title = {Hospital admissions attributable to rotavirus infection in {England} and {Wales}},
	volume = {174 Suppl 1},
	issn = {0022-1899},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8752285},
	abstract = {Laboratory reports and data on hospital admissions were used to estimate the number of hospitalizations due to group A rotavirus infection in England and Wales. Between January 1990 and December 1994, there were 75,059 laboratory reports of rotavirus infection, and 66,062 of these were in children {\textless}5 years old; rotavirus represented 39\% of all pathogens identified in fecal specimens from this age group. Between April 1993 and March 1994, 1904 hospital admissions coded as "infectious intestinal disease" and 2354 coded as "noninfective gastroenteritis" occurred in children {\textless}5 in the North Thames region (a health authority representing 13\% of the population in England and Wales). By modeling admission and laboratory reporting data, it was estimated that 54\% of hospitalizations for intestinal infectious disease and 34\% for noninfective gastroenteritis were attributable to rotavirus. By extrapolation of the North Thames data, it was estimated that 17,810 rotavirus-related hospitalizations (5/1000 children {\textless}5 years old) occurred in England and Wales during the same period. Effective vaccines have the potential to substantially reduce the number of hospital admissions due to group A rotavirus infection.},
	urldate = {2010-10-20},
	journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases},
	author = {Ryan, M J and Ramsay, M and Brown, D and Gay, N J and Farrington, C P and Wall, P G},
	month = sep,
	year = {1996},
	pmid = {8752285},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, England, Female, Gastroenteritis, Hospitalization, Humans, Infant, Intestinal Diseases, Male, Middle Aged, Population Surveillance, Rotavirus Infections, Seasons, Wales},
	pages = {S12--18},
}

@article{jick_risk_1995,
	title = {The risk of sulfasalazine- and mesalazine-associated blood disorders},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {0277-0008},
	abstract = {Sulfasalazine (SASP) has often been reported to cause serious blood disorders, particularly agranulocytosis; however, little quantitative information is available to estimate the risk or to identify possible modifiers of the risk. We used comprehensive clinical information recorded on office computers by selected general practitioners in Britain to conduct a follow-up study of some 10,000 users of SASP and some 4000 users of mesalazine to estimate the risk of blood disorders associated with these drugs. Overall, the frequency of blood disorders attributable to SASP was 27/10,332 (2.6/1000 users). The risk for SASP users who were treated for arthritic disorders (6.1/1000 users) was some 10 times higher than that for users who were treated for inflammatory bowel disease (0.6/1000 users). There were no cases of blood disorders in users of mesalazine.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Pharmacotherapy},
	author = {Jick, H. and Myers, M. W. and Dean, A. D.},
	month = apr,
	year = {1995},
	pmid = {7624265},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Agranulocytosis, Aminosalicylic Acids, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal, Arthritis, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Great Britain, Hematologic Diseases, Humans, Infant, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Male, Mesalamine, Middle Aged, Product Surveillance, Postmarketing, Risk Factors, Sulfasalazine},
	pages = {176--181}
}

@article{remensnyder_progress_1995,
	title = {Progress in a {Moscow} children's burn unit: a joint {Russian}-{American} collaboration.},
	volume = {21},
	abstract = {A joint Russian-American paediatric burn programme involving Childrens Hospital No. 9 in Moscow and Project HOPE in Millwood, Virginia emerged from the efforts of burn professionals from both countries in caring for a group of children seriously burned as a result of the train-pipeline catastrophe that occurred in June 1989 in the Ural Mountains. This paper describes the burn unit and its activities during the years 1985-93 and includes: (1) a general description of the physical and administrative structure of the unit; (2) the demography of burn admissions; (3) clinical activities; (4) a comparison of the clinical results of the years before the institution of the combined programme (1985-89) with those achieved during the first 4 years of the combined collaboration (1990-93). Among the important changes that have occurred since the onset of the combined programme are: (1) overall reduction in the crude burn mortality rate; (2) decrease in burn deaths in all burn size groups; (3) dramatic reduction in the length of stay of children with the deepest burns; (4) marked improvement in the take of skin grafts applied to burn wounds and an almost total elimination of complete skin graft failures.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Burns},
	author = {Remensnyder, J P and Astrozjnikova, S and Bell, L and Budkevich, L and Buletova, A A and DiCarlo, J and Featherston, D and Johnson, L and Kolotukin, A and Krassovsky, V},
	year = {1995},
	pmid = {7546252},
	note = {Place: ENGLAND
ISBN: 0305-4179},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Burn Units, Burns, Child, Child, Preschool, Hospitals, Pediatric, Humans, Infant, Moscow},
	pages = {323--335},
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Intramedullary spinal cord ependymomas--a study of 45 cases with long-term follow-up.},
 type = {article},
 year = {1992},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Adolescent,Adult,Aged,Child,Child, Preschool,Combined Modality Therapy,Ependymoma,Ependymoma: diagnosis,Ependymoma: radiotherapy,Ependymoma: surgery,Female,Follow-Up Studies,Humans,Magnetic Resonance Imaging,Male,Middle Aged,Neoplasm Recurrence, Local,Neoplasm Recurrence, Local: diagnosis,Neoplasm Recurrence, Local: radiotherapy,Neoplasm Recurrence, Local: surgery,Neurologic Examination,Reoperation,Retrospective Studies,Spinal Cord Neoplasms,Spinal Cord Neoplasms: diagnosis,Spinal Cord Neoplasms: radiotherapy,Spinal Cord Neoplasms: surgery},
 pages = {74-9},
 volume = {119},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1481757},
 month = {1},
 id = {08111960-a49a-3d5e-890c-10bb4dbadd57},
 created = {2013-09-04T15:14:24.000Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {8c4ca2d5-86de-3b5d-86be-8408415f34e0},
 group_id = {a484ae4c-fcac-3c7e-9ac3-3fad0df719a2},
 last_modified = {2014-11-22T16:36:55.000Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 abstract = {Of the 62 patients with intramedullary spinal cord ependymoma treated surgically at our Neurosurgery Division between January 1951 and December 1990 45 had a follow-up of at least 3 years and the longest 30 years. The 28 conus-cauda equina-filum ependymomas operated during the same period are not considered in this study. An analysis of our cases and of the larger published series shows that favourable prognostic factors, apart of course from total tumour removal, which is now usually possible, are a site below the high cervical segments and a mild pre-operative symptom pattern. Patient age at diagnosis, tumour size and "low dose" (< 40 Gy) radiotherapy seem to have no influence on the prognosis. Aggressive surgical removal is the treatment of choice and also for long-term recurrence.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Ferrante, L and Mastronardi, L and Celli, P and Lunardi, P and Acqui, M and Fortuna, a},
 journal = {Acta Neurochirurgica},
 number = {1-4}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{cook_global_1990,
	title = {Global seasonality of rotavirus infections},
	volume = {68},
	issn = {0042-9686},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1694734},
	abstract = {Data from 34 studies of the etiology of childhood diarrhoea were compiled in order to investigate the seasonal patterns of rotavirus gastroenteritis and consider their implications for transmission of the virus. Rotavirus was detected in 11-71\% of children with diarrhoea, and the median rate of detection (33\%) was independent of the level of economic development or geographical region of the study area, as well as of the method of detection used. While rotavirus infections have been called a winter disease in the temperate zones, we found that their incidence peaked in winter primarily in the Americas and that peaks in the autumn or spring are common in other parts of the world. In the tropics, the seasonality of such infections is less distinct and within 10 degrees latitude (north or south) of the equator, eight of the ten locations exhibited no seasonal trend. Throughout most of the world, rotavirus is present all the year round, which suggests that low-level transmission could maintain the chain of infection. The virus is spread by the faecal-oral route but airborne or droplet transmission has also been postulated. The epidemiology of rotavirus--its seasonality in the cooler months, its universal spread in temperate and tropical zones in developed and less developed settings--more closely resembles that of childhood viruses that are spread by the respiratory route (such as measles) than that of common enteric pathogens that are spread predominantly by the faecal-oral route.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2010-12-22},
	journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization},
	author = {Cook, S M and Glass, R I and LeBaron, C W and Ho, M S},
	year = {1990},
	pmid = {1694734},
	keywords = {Americas, Child, Preschool, Diarrhea, Gastroenteritis, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Rotavirus, Rotavirus Infections, Seasons, Tropical Climate},
	pages = {171--177},
}

@article{lawrence_total_1990,
	title = {A total audit of preventive procedures in 45 practices caring for 430,000 patients},
	volume = {300},
	issn = {0959-8138},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To develop and report the results of a system of audit of computer records in general practice.
DESIGN: A retrospective audit of records in practices using the same computer system. Information about recorded preventive procedures was collected by sending the same audit program to each practice on floppy disk. Other characteristics of the practices were determined by postal questionnaire.
SETTING: Forty five general practices, widely distributed in England and Wales.
SUBJECTS: All 430,901 patients registered with the practices.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Within each practice the percentage of patients in specified age groups for whom certain preventive procedures were recorded as having been carried out. These measures were analysed in relation to practice characteristics.
RESULTS: Practice characteristics and recording rates for preventive procedures varied over a wide range. Recording rates were higher in practices with computer terminals on every doctor's desk. Only one practice achieved the new contract target of 90\% coverage for recorded primary immunisations, and fewer than two thirds recorded 80\% coverage for cervical cytology in the past five years. Practices holding clinics did no better than those without. Smaller partnerships and smaller doctors' list sizes were associated with better performance.
CONCLUSIONS: Centrally programmed audit of computerised records is a feasible method of providing data on a regular basis for epidemiological purposes and for performance review. The fact that practices with smaller list sizes had higher levels of recorded preventive care suggests that the trend towards larger lists promoted by the new contract might militate against the intended effect of better preventive care.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {6738},
	journal = {BMJ (Clinical research ed.)},
	author = {Lawrence, M. and Coulter, A. and Jones, L.},
	month = jun,
	year = {1990},
	pmid = {2372603},
	pmcid = {PMC1663201},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Blood Pressure Determination, Child, Child, Preschool, England, Family Practice, Female, Humans, Immunization, Medical Audit, Microcomputers, Middle Aged, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Primary Prevention, Retrospective Studies, Smoking, Vaginal Smears, Wales},
	pages = {1501--1503}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{beckwith_eeg_1986,
	title = {{EEG} patterns of preterm infants, home environment, and later {IQ}.},
	volume = {57},
	issn = {0009-3920},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3720403},
	abstract = {As part of a prospective longitudinal study of preterm infants, sleep state organization and EEG patterns were studied at term date in 53 preterm infants as an index of the maturity and integrity of neurophysiological organization that might have implications for their later development. The rearing environments of the infants were also assessed, using time sampling of caregiver-infant interaction during home observations when the infants were 1, 8, and 24 months. The infants were tested at 4, 9, and 24 months on the Gesell Developmental Scale. At age 5 the children were tested by the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, and at age 8 by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. In general, children who at term date showed less 407-Tracé Alternant EEG pattern in the entire record and particularly in quiet sleep had lower IQs beginning at 4 months and continuing to age 8. There was an exception, however, for those children being reared in consistently attentive, responsive environments. They, by 24 months and continuing to age 8, had higher IQ scores, equal to those of infants with more 407-Tracé Alternant, even if they had shown decreased amounts of 407-Tracé Alternant earlier.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2015-06-01},
	journal = {Child development},
	author = {Beckwith, L and Parmelee, A H},
	month = jun,
	year = {1986},
	pmid = {3720403},
	keywords = {Arousal, Brain Damage, Chronic, Brain Damage, Chronic: diagnosis, Child, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Premature, Diseases, Infant, Premature, Diseases: diagnosis, Male, Sleep Stages, Social Environment},
	pages = {777--89},
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{van_nguyen_incidence_1984,
	title = {Incidence of invasive bacterial disease in children with fever and petechiae},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {0031-4005},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6429626},
	abstract = {The records of 129 patients admitted to the hospital with the findings of fever and petechiae were reviewed to determine the incidence of invasive bacterial disease in patients with this symptom complex. Twenty-six patients (20.2\%) had culture-proven bacterial infections; 13 (11.1\%) of the group had Neisseria meningitidis, eight had Haemophilus influenzae type B. No single laboratory test was sufficiently sensitive to detect all patients with life-threatening bacterial infections, but a combination of normal laboratory findings was highly specific for those without significant disease.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2010-10-20},
	journal = {Pediatrics},
	author = {Van Nguyen, Q and Nguyen, E A and Weiner, L B},
	month = jul,
	year = {1984},
	pmid = {6429626},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Bacterial Infections, Child, Child, Preschool, Ecchymosis, Female, Fever, Haemophilus Infections, Haemophilus influenzae, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Meningitis, Meningococcal, Microbiological Techniques, Neisseria meningitidis, Sepsis},
	pages = {77--80},
}

@article{greensher_emergency_1980,
	title = {Emergency room care of the poisoned child},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {0146-0862},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing},
	author = {Greensher, J. and Mofenson, H. C.},
	month = jun,
	year = {1980},
	pmid = {6900625},
	keywords = {Antidotes, Child, Child, Preschool, Emergency Medical Services, Emergency Service, Hospital, Household Products, Humans, Infant, Plant Poisoning, Poisoning},
	pages = {1--21}
}

@article{arena_treatment_1978,
	title = {The treatment of poisoning},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {0009-9295},
	language = {eng},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Clinical Symposia (Summit, N.J.: 1957)},
	author = {Arena, J. M.},
	year = {1978},
	pmid = {753572},
	keywords = {Acetaminophen, Acids, Antidotes, Aspirin, Barbiturates, Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning, Child, Child, Preschool, Digitalis Glycosides, Emetics, Gastric Lavage, Household Products, Humans, Hypnotics and Sedatives, Infant, Insecticides, Lye, Metals, Morphine, Oxalates, Plant Poisoning, Poisoning, Renal Dialysis, Rodenticides, Tranquilizing Agents},
	pages = {1--47}
}

@Article{Banks1975,
  author   = {MS Banks and Richard N Aslin and RD Letson},
  journal  = {Science},
  title    = {Sensitive period for the development of human binocular vision.},
  year     = {1975},
  number   = {4215},
  pages    = {675-7},
  volume   = {190},
  abstract = {Twenty-four subjects with abnormal binocular experience, due to a
	condition of convergent strabismus that existed during different
	periods of their lives, were tested. Interocular transfer of the
	tilt-aftereffect was used to assess binocularity. Individuals between
	1 and 3 years of age are most susceptible to abnormal binocular experience.},
  keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Child, Preschool, Human, Infant, Newborn, Strabismus, Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Perception, 1188363},
}

Paper  bibtex   

@article{kinsbourne_minimal_1973,
	title = {Minimal brain dysfunction as a neurodevelopmental lag.},
	volume = {205},
	issn = {0077-8923},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4120340},
	urldate = {2015-04-09},
	journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Kinsbourne, M},
	month = feb,
	year = {1973},
	pmid = {4120340},
	keywords = {Attention, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: eti, Central Nervous System, Central Nervous System: growth \& development, Child, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Developmental Disabilities, Developmental Disabilities: etiology, Dyslexia, Dyslexia: etiology, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Motor Skills},
	pages = {268--73},
}