@article{borgognaUnderstandingDifferencesProblematic2022,
  title = {Understanding {{Differences}} in {{Problematic Pornography Use}}: {{Considerations}} for {{Gender}} and {{Sexual Orientation}}},
  shorttitle = {Understanding {{Differences}} in {{Problematic Pornography Use}}},
  author = {Borgogna, Nicholas C. and Griffin, Kaelyn R. and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Kraus, Shane W.},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {The Journal of Sexual Medicine},
  issn = {1743-6095},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jsxm.2022.05.144},
  abstract = {Background While preliminary research suggests non-heterosexual men and women view more pornography than their heterosexual counterparts, few studies have examined how problematic use differs across sexual and gender identity groups. Aim We sought to test measurement invariance across popular measures of problematic pornography use (PPU) and examine mean PPU differences across heterosexual men, non-heterosexual men, heterosexual women, and non-heterosexual women. Methods We used 3 large archival datasets to examine psychometrics/group differences on the Brief Pornography Screen (BPS; N~=~1,439), Problematic Pornography Use Scale (PPUS; N~=~5,859), and Cyber Pornography Use Inventory-4 (CPUI-4; N~=~893). Outcomes Most PPU scales/subscales demonstrated acceptable fit, and non-heterosexual men and women tended to report more PPU than heterosexual men and women (though exceptions were evident). Results Confirmatory factor analyses revealed good fit across each group and instrument, with exception to sexual minority women on the CPUI-4. Each instrument demonstrated at least metric invariance between groups, with exception to one item between heterosexual and sexual minority men on the CPUI-4. Mean differences suggested that sexual minority men and women tend to report more PPU than heterosexual men and women, though several exceptions were evident depending on the PPU dimension. Men tended to report more PPU than women, though exceptions were also evident. Effect sizes ranged from large-to-non-significant depending on PPU dimension. Clinical Implications Researchers and clinicians should consider sexual orientation, gender, and PPU dimension when addressing PPU concerns. Strengths \& Limitations A primary strength of this study is the use of multiple large samples, meaning our results are likely highly generalizable. However, this study is limited in that it only examined sexual orientation groups broadly and did not account for non-cisgender identities. Conclusions The BPS, PPUS, and CPUI-4 are all appropriate tools to measure PPU depending on researcher and clinician needs. Borgogna NC, Griffin KR, Grubbs JB, and Kraus SW. Understanding Differences in Problematic Pornography Use: Considerations for Gender and Sexual Orientation. J Sex Med 2022;XX:XXX–XXX.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder,Gender,Measurement,Problematic Pornography Use,Sexual Orientation},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/6LX4PANU/Borgogna et al. - 2022 - Understanding Differences in Problematic Pornograp.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/E9SEFU64/S1743609522014618.html}
}

Background While preliminary research suggests non-heterosexual men and women view more pornography than their heterosexual counterparts, few studies have examined how problematic use differs across sexual and gender identity groups. Aim We sought to test measurement invariance across popular measures of problematic pornography use (PPU) and examine mean PPU differences across heterosexual men, non-heterosexual men, heterosexual women, and non-heterosexual women. Methods We used 3 large archival datasets to examine psychometrics/group differences on the Brief Pornography Screen (BPS; N = 1,439), Problematic Pornography Use Scale (PPUS; N = 5,859), and Cyber Pornography Use Inventory-4 (CPUI-4; N = 893). Outcomes Most PPU scales/subscales demonstrated acceptable fit, and non-heterosexual men and women tended to report more PPU than heterosexual men and women (though exceptions were evident). Results Confirmatory factor analyses revealed good fit across each group and instrument, with exception to sexual minority women on the CPUI-4. Each instrument demonstrated at least metric invariance between groups, with exception to one item between heterosexual and sexual minority men on the CPUI-4. Mean differences suggested that sexual minority men and women tend to report more PPU than heterosexual men and women, though several exceptions were evident depending on the PPU dimension. Men tended to report more PPU than women, though exceptions were also evident. Effect sizes ranged from large-to-non-significant depending on PPU dimension. Clinical Implications Researchers and clinicians should consider sexual orientation, gender, and PPU dimension when addressing PPU concerns. Strengths & Limitations A primary strength of this study is the use of multiple large samples, meaning our results are likely highly generalizable. However, this study is limited in that it only examined sexual orientation groups broadly and did not account for non-cisgender identities. Conclusions The BPS, PPUS, and CPUI-4 are all appropriate tools to measure PPU depending on researcher and clinician needs. Borgogna NC, Griffin KR, Grubbs JB, and Kraus SW. Understanding Differences in Problematic Pornography Use: Considerations for Gender and Sexual Orientation. J Sex Med 2022;XX:XXX–XXX.

@article{exlineRSS14DevelopmentPreliminary2022,
  title = {The {{RSS-14}}: {{Development}} and Preliminary Validation of a 14-Item Form of the {{Religious}} and {{Spiritual Struggles Scale}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{RSS-14}}},
  author = {Exline, Julie J. and Pargament, Kenneth I. and Wilt, Joshua A. and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Yali, Ann Marie},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Psychology of Religion and Spirituality},
  pages = {No Pagination Specified-No Pagination Specified},
  publisher = {{Educational Publishing Foundation}},
  address = {{US}},
  issn = {1943-1562},
  doi = {10.1037/rel0000472},
  abstract = {The Religious and Spiritual Struggles (RSS) Scale (Exline, Pargament, Grubbs, \& Yali, 2014) is a 26-item measure assessing six types of religious/spiritual (r/s) struggles: divine, demonic, interpersonal (IP), moral, ultimate meaning (Ult. mean.), and doubt. A need has emerged for shorter measures when administration of the full RSS is not practical. The Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale-14 (RSS-14) uses 14 items drawn directly from the full RSS, with subscales of two or three items each (vs. 4 or 5 items each on the RSS). Following preregistered hypotheses and analysis plans, our aim here was to gather initial data on the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the RSS-14 drawing from a longitudinal, Internet sample of U.S. adults who had reported some r/s struggle on an initial six-item screener (N = 2,889). Structural analyses at the 2-week (N = 1,911; Wave 1) and 4-week (N = 1,003; Wave 2) timepoints suggested a good fit for the six-factor model, although this structure emerged only in confirmatory analyses, not in exploratory analyses. Wave 1 analyses suggested reasonable evidence of reliability and validity (emphasizing convergent validity), using preregistered hypotheses with measures similar to those from the original RSS validation study (e.g., anger toward God, attributions for a specific struggle, depression, anxiety, other distress, and struggle indicators). RSS-14 scores correlated positively with religious participation (Rlg. partic.) and negatively with social desirability, as expected, suggesting that it may be wise to control these variables when doing analyses with the RSS-14. Taken together, these findings provide preliminary support for the RSS-14 as a relatively brief measure of r/s struggles. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)},
  keywords = {Anger,Coping Behavior,Distress,Factor Structure,Major Depression,Measurement,Religious Beliefs,Spirituality,Test Construction,Test Reliability,Test Validity},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/FHC4WRTB/2022-58392-001.html}
}

The Religious and Spiritual Struggles (RSS) Scale (Exline, Pargament, Grubbs, & Yali, 2014) is a 26-item measure assessing six types of religious/spiritual (r/s) struggles: divine, demonic, interpersonal (IP), moral, ultimate meaning (Ult. mean.), and doubt. A need has emerged for shorter measures when administration of the full RSS is not practical. The Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale-14 (RSS-14) uses 14 items drawn directly from the full RSS, with subscales of two or three items each (vs. 4 or 5 items each on the RSS). Following preregistered hypotheses and analysis plans, our aim here was to gather initial data on the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the RSS-14 drawing from a longitudinal, Internet sample of U.S. adults who had reported some r/s struggle on an initial six-item screener (N = 2,889). Structural analyses at the 2-week (N = 1,911; Wave 1) and 4-week (N = 1,003; Wave 2) timepoints suggested a good fit for the six-factor model, although this structure emerged only in confirmatory analyses, not in exploratory analyses. Wave 1 analyses suggested reasonable evidence of reliability and validity (emphasizing convergent validity), using preregistered hypotheses with measures similar to those from the original RSS validation study (e.g., anger toward God, attributions for a specific struggle, depression, anxiety, other distress, and struggle indicators). RSS-14 scores correlated positively with religious participation (Rlg. partic.) and negatively with social desirability, as expected, suggesting that it may be wise to control these variables when doing analyses with the RSS-14. Taken together, these findings provide preliminary support for the RSS-14 as a relatively brief measure of r/s struggles. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

@article{floydContextMattersHow2022,
  title = {Context {{Matters}}: {{How Religion}} and {{Morality Shape Pornography Use Effects}}},
  shorttitle = {Context {{Matters}}},
  author = {Floyd, Christopher G. and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Current Sexual Health Reports},
  issn = {1548-3592},
  doi = {10.1007/s11930-022-00329-8},
  abstract = {Purpose of the Review\hspace{0.6em} Pornography use itself and research related to pornography use remain controversial topics, due in large part to the morally charged subject matter. Given the historical relationship between religion and sexual morality, an argument could be made for attributing some of the contemporary increases in empirical attention to pornography, and thus some of the most substantial advances in research regarding its effects, to public outcry or moral panic. Due to a general lack of consensus among pornography researchers and contrasting findings regarding the potential for pornography use to be problematic or addictive, the last 5 years of pornography research is marked by increased attention to the impact of context and individual differences when assessing pornography use effects. Particularly, researchers have provided compelling evidence that differences in religious and moral values regarding sexual behavior can impact estimates of pornography use and perceptions regarding the problematic or addictive nature of pornography. Considering recent findings, a systematic review of recent research (within the past 5 years) on how religion and morality shape pornography use effects was conducted, with a particular focus on findings regarding pornography problems due to moral incongruence.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/633F35WG/11930_2022_329_Author.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/Y86FCD2Q/Floyd and Grubbs - 2022 - Context Matters How Religion and Morality Shape P.pdf}
}

Purpose of the Review  Pornography use itself and research related to pornography use remain controversial topics, due in large part to the morally charged subject matter. Given the historical relationship between religion and sexual morality, an argument could be made for attributing some of the contemporary increases in empirical attention to pornography, and thus some of the most substantial advances in research regarding its effects, to public outcry or moral panic. Due to a general lack of consensus among pornography researchers and contrasting findings regarding the potential for pornography use to be problematic or addictive, the last 5 years of pornography research is marked by increased attention to the impact of context and individual differences when assessing pornography use effects. Particularly, researchers have provided compelling evidence that differences in religious and moral values regarding sexual behavior can impact estimates of pornography use and perceptions regarding the problematic or addictive nature of pornography. Considering recent findings, a systematic review of recent research (within the past 5 years) on how religion and morality shape pornography use effects was conducted, with a particular focus on findings regarding pornography problems due to moral incongruence.

@article{golaWhatShouldBe2022,
  title = {What Should Be Included in the Criteria for Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder?},
  author = {Gola, Mateusz and Lewczuk, Karol and Potenza, Marc N. and Kingston, Drew A. and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Stark, Rudolf and Reid, Rory C.},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Journal of Behavioral Addictions},
  volume = {11},
  number = {2},
  pages = {160--165},
  publisher = {{Akadémiai Kiadó}},
  issn = {2063-5303, 2062-5871},
  doi = {10.1556/2006.2020.00090},
  abstract = {Abstract Compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD) is currently defined in the eleventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) as an impulse control disorder. Criteria for hypersexual disorder (HD) had been proposed in 2010 for the fifth revision of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5). In this article, we compare differences between HD and CSBD and discuss their relevance. Significant differences between HD and CSBD criteria include: (1) the role of sexual behavior as a maladaptive coping and emotion regulation strategy listed in criteria for HD but not in those for CSBD; (2) different exclusionary criteria including bipolar and substance use disorders in HD but not in CSBD, and (3) inclusion of new considerations in CSBD, such as moral incongruence (as an exclusion criterion), and diminished pleasure from sexual activity. Each of these aspects has clinical and research-related implications. The inclusion of CSBD in the ICD-11 will have a significant impact on clinical practice and research. Researchers should continue to investigate core and related features of CSBD, inlcuding those not included in the current criteria, in order to provide additional insight into the disorder and to help promote clinical advances.},
  chapter = {Journal of Behavioral Addictions},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/ZBHZQVY5/Gola et al. - 2020 - What should be included in the criteria for compul.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/TFW3DKGP/article-p160.html}
}

Abstract Compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD) is currently defined in the eleventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) as an impulse control disorder. Criteria for hypersexual disorder (HD) had been proposed in 2010 for the fifth revision of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5). In this article, we compare differences between HD and CSBD and discuss their relevance. Significant differences between HD and CSBD criteria include: (1) the role of sexual behavior as a maladaptive coping and emotion regulation strategy listed in criteria for HD but not in those for CSBD; (2) different exclusionary criteria including bipolar and substance use disorders in HD but not in CSBD, and (3) inclusion of new considerations in CSBD, such as moral incongruence (as an exclusion criterion), and diminished pleasure from sexual activity. Each of these aspects has clinical and research-related implications. The inclusion of CSBD in the ICD-11 will have a significant impact on clinical practice and research. Researchers should continue to investigate core and related features of CSBD, inlcuding those not included in the current criteria, in order to provide additional insight into the disorder and to help promote clinical advances.

@article{grantweinandyAnxietyCompulsiveSexual2022,
  title = {Anxiety and {{Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder}}: {{A Systematic Review}}},
  shorttitle = {Anxiety and {{Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder}}},
  author = {Grant Weinandy, Jennifer T. and Lee, Brinna and Hoagland, K. Camille and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Bőthe, Beáta},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {The Journal of Sex Research},
  pages = {1--13},
  issn = {0022-4499, 1559-8519},
  doi = {10.1080/00224499.2022.2066616},
  abstract = {The inclusion of the novel diagnosis of Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder in the forthcoming 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases has spurred increasing interest in the clinical profile of the disorder. Such attention has included a focus on potential comorbidities, risk factors, or symptoms resulting from such behaviors, including anxiety. Anxiety disorders have long been noted as comorbid with many other diagnoses, such as posttraumatic stress disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and substance use disorders. This review aims to understand the relationship between anxiety and compulsive sexual behavior in adults and adolescents, based on available quantitative studies. A search of PsycInfo and PubMed revealed 40 studies which quantitatively assessed a relationship between an anxiety measure and a Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder measure, including dissertations and published articles using clinical and community samples. A qualitative synthesis and risk of bias analysis of the studies was conducted, rather than a meta-analysis, due to the variety of methods. Overall, studies were primarily cross-sectional and the relationship between these two constructs was unclear, likely due to several factors, including inconsistent measurement of Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder, lack of gender diversity, and very little longitudinal data. Directions for future research are discussed.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/8SSNTTFZ/Grant Weinandy et al. - 2022 - Anxiety and Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder A.pdf}
}

The inclusion of the novel diagnosis of Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder in the forthcoming 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases has spurred increasing interest in the clinical profile of the disorder. Such attention has included a focus on potential comorbidities, risk factors, or symptoms resulting from such behaviors, including anxiety. Anxiety disorders have long been noted as comorbid with many other diagnoses, such as posttraumatic stress disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and substance use disorders. This review aims to understand the relationship between anxiety and compulsive sexual behavior in adults and adolescents, based on available quantitative studies. A search of PsycInfo and PubMed revealed 40 studies which quantitatively assessed a relationship between an anxiety measure and a Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder measure, including dissertations and published articles using clinical and community samples. A qualitative synthesis and risk of bias analysis of the studies was conducted, rather than a meta-analysis, due to the variety of methods. Overall, studies were primarily cross-sectional and the relationship between these two constructs was unclear, likely due to several factors, including inconsistent measurement of Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder, lack of gender diversity, and very little longitudinal data. Directions for future research are discussed.

@article{grubbsCostCrisisClinical2022,
  title = {The Cost of Crisis in Clinical Psychological Science},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Behavioral and Brain Sciences},
  volume = {45},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  issn = {0140-525X, 1469-1825},
  doi = {10.1017/S0140525X21000388},
  abstract = {Yarkoni has argued that psychology is facing a generalizability crisis, but the real cost of this crisis is obscured by a focus on topics from psychology's most academic subfields. Psychology is also filled with applied subfields, and it is within those subfields – especially clinical science – where the cost of a generalizability crisis will be most severe.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/327M7WSS/39E7032238F45F75AE98018CA25FDD7F.html}
}

Yarkoni has argued that psychology is facing a generalizability crisis, but the real cost of this crisis is obscured by a focus on topics from psychology's most academic subfields. Psychology is also filled with applied subfields, and it is within those subfields – especially clinical science – where the cost of a generalizability crisis will be most severe.

@article{grubbsKateManneEntitled2022,
  title = {Kate {{Manne}}, {{Entitled}}: {{How Male Privilege Hurts Women}}},
  shorttitle = {Kate {{Manne}}, {{Entitled}}},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Warmke, Brandon},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Journal of Moral Philosophy},
  volume = {19},
  number = {1},
  pages = {85--90},
  publisher = {{Brill}},
  issn = {1745-5243, 1740-4681},
  doi = {10.1163/17455243-19010003},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Ethics \& Moral Philosophy,General,Journal,Philosophy},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/4PV48FJD/Grubbs and Warmke - 2022 - Kate Manne, Entitled How Male Privilege Hurts Wom.pdf}
}

@article{grubbsMoralGrandstandingNarcissism2022,
  title = {Moral Grandstanding, Narcissism, and Self-Reported Responses to the {{COVID-19}} Crisis},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and James, A. Shanti and Warmke, Brandon and Tosi, Justin},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Journal of Research in Personality},
  volume = {97},
  pages = {104187},
  issn = {0092-6566},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104187},
  abstract = {The present study aimed to understand how status-oriented individual differences such as narcissistic antagonism, narcissistic extraversion, and moral grandstanding motivations may havelongitudinally predicted both behavioral and social media responses during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Via YouGov, a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults was recruited in August of 2019 (N~=~2,519;Mage~=~47.5,SD~=~17.8; 51.4\% women) and resampled in May of 2020, (N~=~1,533). Results indicated that baseline levels of narcissistic antagonism were associated with lower levels of social distancing and lower compliance with public health recommended behaviors. Similarly, dominance oriented moral grandstanding motivations predicted greater conflict with others over COVID-19, greater engagement in status-oriented social media behaviors about COVID-19, and lower levels of social distancing.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {antisocial behavior,Antisocial behavior,entitlement,Entitlement,Status seeking,virtue signaling,Virtue signaling},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/KSL2BL2A/Grubbs et al. - 2022 - Moral grandstanding, narcissism, and self-reported.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/Z4PRMZHC/Grubbs et al. - 2022 - Moral Grandstanding, Narcissism, and Self-Reported.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/4P8ARTKD/S0092656621001240.html;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/68BW2CK2/S0092656621001240.html}
}

The present study aimed to understand how status-oriented individual differences such as narcissistic antagonism, narcissistic extraversion, and moral grandstanding motivations may havelongitudinally predicted both behavioral and social media responses during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Via YouGov, a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults was recruited in August of 2019 (N = 2,519;Mage = 47.5,SD = 17.8; 51.4% women) and resampled in May of 2020, (N = 1,533). Results indicated that baseline levels of narcissistic antagonism were associated with lower levels of social distancing and lower compliance with public health recommended behaviors. Similarly, dominance oriented moral grandstanding motivations predicted greater conflict with others over COVID-19, greater engagement in status-oriented social media behaviors about COVID-19, and lower levels of social distancing.

@article{grubbsMoralIncongruenceAddiction2022,
  title = {Moral {{Incongruence}} and {{Addiction}}: {{A Registered Report}}},
  shorttitle = {Moral {{Incongruence}} and {{Addiction}}},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Floyd, Christopher and Kraus, Shane W. and Griffin, Kaelyn and Jennings, Todd Lucas},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Psychology of Addictive Behaviors},
  publisher = {{OSF}},
  doi = {10.1037/adb0000876},
  abstract = {Objectives: Diagnostic criteria for Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD) specifically note that moral distress related to sexual behavior is not sufficient to receive the diagnosis. At present, CSBD is the only recognized disorder in any diagnostic manual to include such a caveat, pointing to the unique role of morality in shaping feelings of compulsivity in or addiction to sexual behaviors. Even so, recent work has called into the question the uniqueness of moral distress or disapproval in predicting self-reported feelings of behavioral addiction, demonstrating that other so-called addictive behaviors (e.g., gaming and internet use) are well-predicted by moral disapproval of those behaviors and speculating that moral disapproval is likely present in the full spectrum of addictions, both substance and behavioral.  Methods: The present work seeks to clarify if moral incongruence (the interaction of behavioral frequency and moral disapproval of a behavior) is uniquely related to sexual behavior, or if it generalizes to other addictions as well. This work will make use of an upcoming study (N=4,000) involving a representative sample of the U.S. population (n=2,500) and a sample of sports-wagering individuals in the U.S. (n=1,500).  Results: Interactions between moral disapproval and behavioral frequency will be tested for a variety of behaviors (i.e., pornography use, gambling, and several commonly used substances) to establish whether moral incongruence is related to self-reported feelings of addiction in various domains or if such links are unique to compulsive sexual behaviors. Conclusions: We will draw appropriate conclusions after completion of the project.},
  langid = {american},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/QWPPM4LI/Grubbs, Joshua - 2022 - Moral Incongruence and Addiction A Registered Rep.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/XIDJVC4L/2022-95644-001.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/GTI7BFFH/npk9x.html}
}

Objectives: Diagnostic criteria for Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD) specifically note that moral distress related to sexual behavior is not sufficient to receive the diagnosis. At present, CSBD is the only recognized disorder in any diagnostic manual to include such a caveat, pointing to the unique role of morality in shaping feelings of compulsivity in or addiction to sexual behaviors. Even so, recent work has called into the question the uniqueness of moral distress or disapproval in predicting self-reported feelings of behavioral addiction, demonstrating that other so-called addictive behaviors (e.g., gaming and internet use) are well-predicted by moral disapproval of those behaviors and speculating that moral disapproval is likely present in the full spectrum of addictions, both substance and behavioral. Methods: The present work seeks to clarify if moral incongruence (the interaction of behavioral frequency and moral disapproval of a behavior) is uniquely related to sexual behavior, or if it generalizes to other addictions as well. This work will make use of an upcoming study (N=4,000) involving a representative sample of the U.S. population (n=2,500) and a sample of sports-wagering individuals in the U.S. (n=1,500). Results: Interactions between moral disapproval and behavioral frequency will be tested for a variety of behaviors (i.e., pornography use, gambling, and several commonly used substances) to establish whether moral incongruence is related to self-reported feelings of addiction in various domains or if such links are unique to compulsive sexual behaviors. Conclusions: We will draw appropriate conclusions after completion of the project.

@article{grubbsPorndemicLongitudinalStudy2022,
  title = {Porndemic? {{A}} Longitudinal Study of Pornography Use before and during the {{COVID-19}} Pandemic in a Nationally Representative Sample of {{Americans}}},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B and Perry, Samuel L and Grant Weinandy, Jennifer T and Kraus, Shane W},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Archives of Sexual Behavior},
  volume = {51},
  number = {1},
  pages = {123--137},
  publisher = {{Springer}},
  issn = {1573-2800},
  keywords = {*Addiction,*Compulsive sexual behavior disorder,*COVID-19,*Pandemics,*Problematic pornography use,*Sexual media,Adult,Communicable Disease Control,Erotica,Female,Humans,Longitudinal Studies,Male,SARS-CoV-2,United States/epidemiology},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/DGLZRNE2/Grubbs et al. - 2021 - Porndemic A Longitudinal Study of Pornography Use.pdf}
}

@article{grubbsSymptomsProblemGambling2022,
  title = {Symptoms of {{Problem Gambling Among U}}.{{S}}. {{Adults Who Wager}} on {{Sports}}},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Kraus, Shane W.},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {JAMA Network Open},
  doi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.39670}
}

@article{magyar-russellExperienceSacredMoments2022,
  title = {The Experience of Sacred Moments and Mental Health Benefits over Time},
  author = {{Magyar-Russell}, Gina and Pargament, Kenneth I. and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Wilt, Joshua A. and Exline, Julie J.},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Psychology of Religion and Spirituality},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {161--169},
  publisher = {{Educational Publishing Foundation}},
  address = {{US}},
  issn = {1943-1562(Electronic),1941-1022(Print)},
  doi = {10.1037/rel0000394},
  abstract = {Sacred moments refer to experiences during which people perceive they encountered the sacred. The goal of the present study was to identify potential salutary effects of experiencing sacred moments over time. Participants included 2,889 adults (M age = 45.46 years; SD = 14.65) who completed online self-report questionnaires at baseline (T1) and 2 weeks (T2), 4 weeks (T3), 3 months (T4), and 6 months (T5) after baseline. Sacred moments were significantly related to engagement in religious and spiritual (r/s) activities and r/s belief salience at the T1 assessment. Relations between sacred moments and mental health variables over time were examined by conducting bivariate latent growth curve models (LCGMs). We included age, sex, and participation in r/s activities (measured at T1) as time-invariant covariates of intercepts and slopes for all variables. Results from LCGMs indicated that people who had higher levels of sacred moments over the course of the study had greater levels of mental health. In addition, people with lower levels of mental health overall were more likely to experience increases in sacred moments over time. Finally, people who had higher levels of sacred moments at baseline showed no change in level of perceived stress, depressed distress, or anxious distress. The paper concludes with a discussion of limitations and future directions for research, as well as the potential benefits of helping individuals cultivate the sacred in their daily lives. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  keywords = {Anxiety,Meaning,Mental Health,Spiritual Well Being,Spirituality,Stress,Test Construction},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/VMK4F4LV/2020-69777-001.html}
}

Sacred moments refer to experiences during which people perceive they encountered the sacred. The goal of the present study was to identify potential salutary effects of experiencing sacred moments over time. Participants included 2,889 adults (M age = 45.46 years; SD = 14.65) who completed online self-report questionnaires at baseline (T1) and 2 weeks (T2), 4 weeks (T3), 3 months (T4), and 6 months (T5) after baseline. Sacred moments were significantly related to engagement in religious and spiritual (r/s) activities and r/s belief salience at the T1 assessment. Relations between sacred moments and mental health variables over time were examined by conducting bivariate latent growth curve models (LCGMs). We included age, sex, and participation in r/s activities (measured at T1) as time-invariant covariates of intercepts and slopes for all variables. Results from LCGMs indicated that people who had higher levels of sacred moments over the course of the study had greater levels of mental health. In addition, people with lower levels of mental health overall were more likely to experience increases in sacred moments over time. Finally, people who had higher levels of sacred moments at baseline showed no change in level of perceived stress, depressed distress, or anxious distress. The paper concludes with a discussion of limitations and future directions for research, as well as the potential benefits of helping individuals cultivate the sacred in their daily lives. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)

@article{perryDevilThatYou2022,
  title = {The {{Devil That You Know}}: {{Christian Nationalism}} and {{Intent}} to {{Change One}}'s {{Voting Behavior For}} or {{Against Trump}} in 2020},
  shorttitle = {The {{Devil That You Know}}},
  author = {Perry, Samuel L. and Whitehead, Andrew L. and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Politics and Religion},
  volume = {15},
  number = {2},
  pages = {229--246},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  issn = {1755-0483, 1755-0491},
  doi = {10.1017/S175504832100002X},
  abstract = {Christian nationalist ideology was among the strongest predictors of Americans voting for Trump in 2016 and remained a strong predictor of intent to vote for him prior to the 2020 election. This study uses national data to examine whether Christian nationalism could potentially convert the previously-unconverted to supporting Trump or, conversely, prevent apostatizing from Trump. Among Americans who did not vote for Trump in 2016, Christian nationalism increased the likelihood that they intended to vote for Trump in 2020, but only those who earlier did not vote at all or voted third party. Conversely, among Americans who did vote for Trump in 2016, Christian nationalism reduced the likelihood that they planned on voting for a Democratic or third party candidate. Christian nationalism thus potentially inclined Americans who previously did not vote for Trump in 2016 to vote his way in 2020 and inoculated previous Trump-voters from considering other candidates in 2020.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/J4X2PSW3/Perry et al. - 2022 - The Devil That You Know Christian Nationalism and.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/DWQZA7U2/75F4DE9A5F8D298C8743C917B5A86AA9.html}
}

Christian nationalist ideology was among the strongest predictors of Americans voting for Trump in 2016 and remained a strong predictor of intent to vote for him prior to the 2020 election. This study uses national data to examine whether Christian nationalism could potentially convert the previously-unconverted to supporting Trump or, conversely, prevent apostatizing from Trump. Among Americans who did not vote for Trump in 2016, Christian nationalism increased the likelihood that they intended to vote for Trump in 2020, but only those who earlier did not vote at all or voted third party. Conversely, among Americans who did vote for Trump in 2016, Christian nationalism reduced the likelihood that they planned on voting for a Democratic or third party candidate. Christian nationalism thus potentially inclined Americans who previously did not vote for Trump in 2016 to vote his way in 2020 and inoculated previous Trump-voters from considering other candidates in 2020.

@article{perryDidWorshipAttendance2022,
  title = {Did {{Worship Attendance During Lockdown Promote COVID-19 Infection}}? {{Evidence}} from {{National Panel Data}}},
  shorttitle = {Did {{Worship Attendance During Lockdown Promote COVID-19 Infection}}?},
  author = {Perry, Samuel L. and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Socius},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {23780231221100376},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications}},
  issn = {2378-0231},
  doi = {10.1177/23780231221100376},
  abstract = {During late spring 2020, when states were issuing stay-at-home orders, the majority of congregations and Americans followed protocols and avoided in-person worship. Yet a vocal minority of Americans defied protocols and gathered in worship. The authors use national panel data collected in mid-May and August 2020 to assess whether Americans who attended worship more frequently during lockdown restrictions were more likely to report testing positive for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) three months later. Accounting for relevant correlates including mask use, general attendance at large gatherings, and knowing others who had tested positive, the likelihood that Americans tested positive for COVID-19 between May and August 2020 grew almost linearly as Americans attended in-person worship more frequently during lockdown. However, interactions indicate that this increase was limited primarily to those who were not regular attenders previously. The results suggest that worship attendance during lockdown substantially increased COVID-19 infections for the minority who attended possibly as a form of protest.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {church attendance,COVID-19,lockdown,shelter-in-place orders,social distancing,stay-at-home orders},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/45PQBBXN/Perry and Grubbs - 2022 - Did Worship Attendance During Lockdown Promote COV.pdf}
}

During late spring 2020, when states were issuing stay-at-home orders, the majority of congregations and Americans followed protocols and avoided in-person worship. Yet a vocal minority of Americans defied protocols and gathered in worship. The authors use national panel data collected in mid-May and August 2020 to assess whether Americans who attended worship more frequently during lockdown restrictions were more likely to report testing positive for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) three months later. Accounting for relevant correlates including mask use, general attendance at large gatherings, and knowing others who had tested positive, the likelihood that Americans tested positive for COVID-19 between May and August 2020 grew almost linearly as Americans attended in-person worship more frequently during lockdown. However, interactions indicate that this increase was limited primarily to those who were not regular attenders previously. The results suggest that worship attendance during lockdown substantially increased COVID-19 infections for the minority who attended possibly as a form of protest.

@article{perryDonWantEverybody2022,
  title = {“{{I Don}}’t {{Want Everybody}} to {{Vote}}”: {{Christian Nationalism}} and {{Restricting Voter Access}} in the {{United States}}},
  shorttitle = {“{{I Don}}’t {{Want Everybody}} to {{Vote}}”},
  author = {Perry, Samuel L. and Whitehead, Andrew L. and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Sociological Forum},
  pages = {socf.12776},
  issn = {0884-8971, 1573-7861},
  doi = {10.1111/socf.12776},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {2020 election,Christian nationalism,Christian Right,disenfranchisement,Political Sociology,Racial and Ethnic Minorities,Social and Behavioral Sciences,Sociology,Sociology of Religion,Trump,voter fraud,voter suppression,voting rights},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/3DAFXFCW/Perry et al. - 2022 - “I Don’t Want Everybody to Vote” Christian Nation.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/CFZF5Z9L/Perry et al. - 2021 - I Don't Want Everybody to Vote Christian Nation.pdf}
}

@article{perryFillEarthSubdue2022a,
  title = {Fill the {{Earth}} and {{Subdue It}}: {{Christian Nationalism}}, {{Ethno}}‐{{Religious Threat}}, and {{Nationalist Pronatalism}}},
  shorttitle = {Fill the {{Earth}} and {{Subdue It}}},
  author = {Perry, Samuel L. and McElroy, Elizabeth E. and Schnabel, Landon and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2022},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Sociological Forum},
  pages = {socf.12854},
  issn = {0884-8971, 1573-7861},
  doi = {10.1111/socf.12854},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {American religion,authoritarianism,birth rates,Buffalo,Christian nationalism,conservative Christians,Culture,culture war,Family,fertility,Great Replacement Theory,nationalism,Political Sociology,politics,pronatalism,race,Racial and Ethnic Minorities,religion,Social and Behavioral Sciences,sociology,Sociology,sociology of religion,Sociology of Religion,Tucker Carlson,United States},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/WJYM5HYZ/Perry et al. - 2022 - Fill the Earth and Subdue It Christian Nationalis.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/BH78NKKT/socf.html}
}

@article{perryHistoricalFundamentalismChristian2022,
  title = {Historical {{Fundamentalism}}? {{Christian Nationalism}} and {{Ignorance About Religion}} in {{American Political History}}},
  shorttitle = {Historical {{Fundamentalism}}?},
  author = {Perry, Samuel L. and Braunstein, Ruth and Gorski, Philip S. and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion},
  volume = {61},
  number = {1},
  pages = {21--40},
  issn = {1468-5906},
  doi = {10.1111/jssr.12760},
  abstract = {Religious right leaders often promulgate views of Christianity's historical preeminence, privilege, and persecution in the United States that are factually incorrect, suggesting credulity, ignorance, or perhaps, a form of ideologically motivated ignorance on the part of their audience. This study examines whether Christian nationalism predicts explicit misconceptions regarding religion in American political history and explores theories about the connection. Analyzing nationally representative panel data containing true/false statements about religion's place in America's founding documents, policies, and court decisions, Christian nationalism is the strongest predictor that Americans fail to affirm factually correct answers. This association is stronger among whites compared to black Americans and religiosity actually predicts selecting factually correct answers once we account for Christian nationalism. Analyses of “do not know” response patterns find more confident correct answers from Americans who reject Christian nationalism and more confident incorrect answers from Americans who embrace Christian nationalism. We theorize that, much like conservative Christians have been shown to incorrectly answer science questions that are “religiously contested,” Christian nationalism inclines Americans to affirm factually incorrect views about religion in American political history, likely through their exposure to certain disseminators of such misinformation, but also through their allegiance to a particular political-cultural narrative they wish to privilege.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {America,Christian nationalism,history,politics,religion},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jssr.12760},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/5RRV4BMR/Perry et al. - Historical Fundamentalism Christian Nationalism a.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/A77RVTT5/jssr.html;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/X8KKJZTS/jssr.html}
}

Religious right leaders often promulgate views of Christianity's historical preeminence, privilege, and persecution in the United States that are factually incorrect, suggesting credulity, ignorance, or perhaps, a form of ideologically motivated ignorance on the part of their audience. This study examines whether Christian nationalism predicts explicit misconceptions regarding religion in American political history and explores theories about the connection. Analyzing nationally representative panel data containing true/false statements about religion's place in America's founding documents, policies, and court decisions, Christian nationalism is the strongest predictor that Americans fail to affirm factually correct answers. This association is stronger among whites compared to black Americans and religiosity actually predicts selecting factually correct answers once we account for Christian nationalism. Analyses of “do not know” response patterns find more confident correct answers from Americans who reject Christian nationalism and more confident incorrect answers from Americans who embrace Christian nationalism. We theorize that, much like conservative Christians have been shown to incorrectly answer science questions that are “religiously contested,” Christian nationalism inclines Americans to affirm factually incorrect views about religion in American political history, likely through their exposure to certain disseminators of such misinformation, but also through their allegiance to a particular political-cultural narrative they wish to privilege.

@article{exlineReligiousSpiritualStruggles2021,
  title = {Religious and Spiritual Struggles around the 2016 and 2020 {{U}}.{{S}}. Presidential Elections},
  author = {Exline, Julie J. and Stauner, Nick and Wilt, Joshua A. and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Psychology of Religion and Spirituality},
  pages = {No Pagination Specified-No Pagination Specified},
  publisher = {{Educational Publishing Foundation}},
  address = {{US}},
  issn = {1943-1562},
  doi = {10.1037/rel0000449},
  abstract = {This project focused on religious/spiritual (r/s) struggles reported by U.S. adults around the 2016 and 2020 U.S. Presidential elections. Two separate samples of U.S. Mechanical Turk workers completed surveys about the 2016 (N = 504) and 2020 (N = 618) elections, with cross-sectional data collected between each election and the inauguration. Overall levels of r/s struggle were similar between the two elections. In 2016, Democratic voters (those voting for Clinton) struggled more than Republican voters (those voting for Trump), whereas in 2020, Trump and Biden voters struggled at similar levels. In both elections, interpersonal struggles around religion were the top-rated r/s struggle for Democratic voters, whereas Republican voters showed a more even balance of struggles (divine, demonic, interpersonal, moral, ultimate meaning, and doubt). Yet, aside from these straightforward differences in struggle based on whether one’s preferred candidate won or lost, correlations, regressions, and path models revealed similar predictors of struggle across both elections: more negative reactions to election results, greater religiousness, more demonic attributions, more divine attributions (especially negative attributions about God’s intent), more right-wing authoritarianism (specifically, authoritarian aggression/submission; clearest in 2020), and more anger at both Democrats and Republicans. Taken together, these findings suggest that major societal events such as Presidential elections have the potential to trigger r/s struggles for many individuals. Given the current level of political polarization in the U.S., along with the many ways in which politics and religion can become intertwined, the nature, causes, and consequences of politically focused r/s struggles merit more research attention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  keywords = {Anger,Attribution,Political Attitudes,Political Elections,Religion,Spirituality,Surveys},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/8HFYPWBW/2022-10715-001.html}
}

This project focused on religious/spiritual (r/s) struggles reported by U.S. adults around the 2016 and 2020 U.S. Presidential elections. Two separate samples of U.S. Mechanical Turk workers completed surveys about the 2016 (N = 504) and 2020 (N = 618) elections, with cross-sectional data collected between each election and the inauguration. Overall levels of r/s struggle were similar between the two elections. In 2016, Democratic voters (those voting for Clinton) struggled more than Republican voters (those voting for Trump), whereas in 2020, Trump and Biden voters struggled at similar levels. In both elections, interpersonal struggles around religion were the top-rated r/s struggle for Democratic voters, whereas Republican voters showed a more even balance of struggles (divine, demonic, interpersonal, moral, ultimate meaning, and doubt). Yet, aside from these straightforward differences in struggle based on whether one’s preferred candidate won or lost, correlations, regressions, and path models revealed similar predictors of struggle across both elections: more negative reactions to election results, greater religiousness, more demonic attributions, more divine attributions (especially negative attributions about God’s intent), more right-wing authoritarianism (specifically, authoritarian aggression/submission; clearest in 2020), and more anger at both Democrats and Republicans. Taken together, these findings suggest that major societal events such as Presidential elections have the potential to trigger r/s struggles for many individuals. Given the current level of political polarization in the U.S., along with the many ways in which politics and religion can become intertwined, the nature, causes, and consequences of politically focused r/s struggles merit more research attention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)

@article{grantweinandyGamblingGodEffect2021,
  title = {Gambling with {{God}}: The Effect of Gambling on Religious and Spiritual Struggles},
  shorttitle = {Gambling with {{God}}},
  author = {Grant Weinandy, Jennifer T. and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Mental Health, Religion \& Culture},
  pages = {1--13},
  issn = {1367-4676, 1469-9737},
  doi = {10.1080/13674676.2021.1878491},
  abstract = {Religion and spirituality are often related to various addictive behaviors, such as substance use disorders, excessive internet pornography use, and Gambling Disorder. However, presently, very few published articles have considered the relationship between Gambling Disorder and negative aspects of religion and spirituality such as religious and spiritual struggles. This study aimed to better understand how problem gambling severity may be uniquely associated with religious and spiritual struggles, both cross-sectionally and over time. The study used secondary data from a longitudinal MTurk Survey (n = 764; follow-up n = 342) and controlled for neuroticism, age, gender, income, and gambling preference. Problem gambling severity was uniquely associated with several types of religious and spiritual struggles at baseline and most struggles at a six-month follow-up, even after controlling for baseline levels of such struggles. Further research is necessary to understand the nature of these links and how they might inform clinical care.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cross Sectional Studies,CROSS-sectional method,Gambling,GAMBLING,gambling disorder,Human,NEUROSES,Neurotic Disorders,No terms assigned,problem gambling,PSYCHOLOGY \& religion,Religion,Religion and Psychology,religious and spiritual struggles,Severity of Illness,SEVERITY of illness index,spirituality,Spirituality,SPIRITUALITY},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/BLCMA2KS/Grant Weinandy and Grubbs - 2021 - Gambling with God the effect of gambling on relig.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/P7SZY7IT/Grant and Grubbs - 2019 - Gambling with God The Effect of Gambling on Relig.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/ZLXK6BR9/13674676.2021.html}
}

Religion and spirituality are often related to various addictive behaviors, such as substance use disorders, excessive internet pornography use, and Gambling Disorder. However, presently, very few published articles have considered the relationship between Gambling Disorder and negative aspects of religion and spirituality such as religious and spiritual struggles. This study aimed to better understand how problem gambling severity may be uniquely associated with religious and spiritual struggles, both cross-sectionally and over time. The study used secondary data from a longitudinal MTurk Survey (n = 764; follow-up n = 342) and controlled for neuroticism, age, gender, income, and gambling preference. Problem gambling severity was uniquely associated with several types of religious and spiritual struggles at baseline and most struggles at a six-month follow-up, even after controlling for baseline levels of such struggles. Further research is necessary to understand the nature of these links and how they might inform clinical care.

@article{grantweinandyReligiousSpiritualBeliefs2021,
  title = {Religious and {{Spiritual Beliefs}} and {{Attitudes Towards Addiction}} and {{Addiction Treatment}}: {{A Scoping Review}}},
  shorttitle = {Religious and {{Spiritual Beliefs}} and {{Attitudes Towards Addiction}} and {{Addiction Treatment}}},
  author = {Grant Weinandy, Jennifer T. and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Addictive Behaviors Reports},
  pages = {100393},
  issn = {2352-8532},
  doi = {10.1016/j.abrep.2021.100393},
  abstract = {Introduction Throughout history, ideas about addiction have been informed and influenced by religious belief and practice. Even continuing into the present, religion and spirituality are often thought to impact attitudes towards addiction and its treatment, particularly given the use of religion and spirituality in various well-known treatments such as Alcoholics Anonymous. Although research has flourished with regards to the role that addiction and spirituality might play in vulnerability to addiction or the treatment of addiction, there has been comparatively less research examining how religion might impact attitudes toward addiction more broadly. Method The present work sought to examine the current state of empirical literature evaluating the relationships between religion and attitudes toward addiction and addiction treatment. In service of the above aim, a scoping review was conducted. Results This summary of peer-reviewed, quantitative studies (n=36) found that higher religiosity is related to more belief in the disease model of addiction in providers, negative attitudes towards addiction, and a stronger support for spiritually based treatments. However, results varied based on the measures used and many relationships tested were not significant. There also appeared to be differences in the interaction between religion and spirituality and other variables, such as the respondent’s sex or whether the individual was a student or provider, in terms of attitudes. Conclusions Further research is needed to fully understand the nuances in the relationship between these variables, including more clear operationalization and standardized measurement. Until such research is conducted, no cohesive conclusions can be drawn, and clinical implications remain unclear.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {addiction,addiction treatment,and attitudes,religion and spirituality},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/HA4VZ5K5/Grant Weinandy and Grubbs - 2021 - Religious and spiritual beliefs and attitudes towa.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/I5YQLBXD/S2352853221000560.html}
}

Introduction Throughout history, ideas about addiction have been informed and influenced by religious belief and practice. Even continuing into the present, religion and spirituality are often thought to impact attitudes towards addiction and its treatment, particularly given the use of religion and spirituality in various well-known treatments such as Alcoholics Anonymous. Although research has flourished with regards to the role that addiction and spirituality might play in vulnerability to addiction or the treatment of addiction, there has been comparatively less research examining how religion might impact attitudes toward addiction more broadly. Method The present work sought to examine the current state of empirical literature evaluating the relationships between religion and attitudes toward addiction and addiction treatment. In service of the above aim, a scoping review was conducted. Results This summary of peer-reviewed, quantitative studies (n=36) found that higher religiosity is related to more belief in the disease model of addiction in providers, negative attitudes towards addiction, and a stronger support for spiritually based treatments. However, results varied based on the measures used and many relationships tested were not significant. There also appeared to be differences in the interaction between religion and spirituality and other variables, such as the respondent’s sex or whether the individual was a student or provider, in terms of attitudes. Conclusions Further research is needed to fully understand the nuances in the relationship between these variables, including more clear operationalization and standardized measurement. Until such research is conducted, no cohesive conclusions can be drawn, and clinical implications remain unclear.

@article{grubbsCommentaryLewczukMoral2021,
  title = {Commentary on {{Lewczuk}} et al : {{Moral}} Incongruence, Disapproval and Behavioral 'Addiction'.},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2021},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Addiction (Abingdon, England)},
  volume = {116},
  number = {4},
  pages = {900--901},
  address = {{England}},
  issn = {1360-0443 0965-2140},
  doi = {10.1111/add.15326},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {33314391},
  keywords = {*Behavior; Addictive,*Compulsive sexual behavior disorder,*gaming disorder,*moral incongruence,*morality,*perceived addiction,*pornography addiction,*Video Games,Behavior Disorders,Compulsive sexual behavior disorder,Erotica,gaming disorder,Humans,Internet Addiction,Internet Use,moral incongruence,morality,Morality,Morals,Nonsubstance Related Addictions,perceived addiction,Pornography,pornography addiction,Prediction,Sexual Addiction,Social Networking},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/BLXL3RN7/Grubbs - 2021 - Commentary on Lewczuk et al  Moral incongruence, .pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/T893BRGQ/add.html}
}

@article{grubbsPornographyUsePsychological2021,
  title = {Pornography {{Use}} and {{Psychological Science}}: {{A Call}} for {{Consideration}}},
  shorttitle = {Pornography {{Use}} and {{Psychological Science}}},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Kraus, Shane W.},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Current Directions in Psychological Science},
  pages = {096372142097959},
  issn = {0963-7214, 1467-8721},
  doi = {10.1177/0963721420979594},
  abstract = {Pornography use is both ubiquitous and controversial in developed nations. Although research related to pornography use has flourished in topical and special-interest journals for several decades, much of this work has remained in the periphery of mainstream interests. The current article reviews how pornography use is likely relevant to various domains within psychological science, particularly emphasizing its significance in relationship research, adolescentdevelopment research, and clinical science. Specifically, pornography use is likely salient to research examining both sexual and romantic satisfaction. Additionally, it is also likely relevant to understanding adolescent sexual development, particularly among sexual-minority populations. Finally, a large body of research suggests that pornography use may become problematic, either because of excessive use or moral incongruence about such use, illustrating its salience in clinical psychological science. Collectively, the current research related to pornography use suggests that it is of interest to multiple domains in psychological science and that its effects can range from positive to neutral to negative.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {ADOLESCENCE,Compulsions,COMPULSIVE behavior,compulsive sexual behavior,DEVELOPED countries,Mass Media,media effects,pornography,Pornography,PORNOGRAPHY,Sexual Addiction,SEXUAL excitement,sexually explicit media,technology,Technology},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/N5V469Q2/Grubbs and Kraus - Pornography Use and Psychological Science A Call .pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/PMC9RINN/Grubbs and Kraus - 2021 - Pornography Use and Psychological Science A Call .pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/8PRXVQFV/full.html}
}

Pornography use is both ubiquitous and controversial in developed nations. Although research related to pornography use has flourished in topical and special-interest journals for several decades, much of this work has remained in the periphery of mainstream interests. The current article reviews how pornography use is likely relevant to various domains within psychological science, particularly emphasizing its significance in relationship research, adolescentdevelopment research, and clinical science. Specifically, pornography use is likely salient to research examining both sexual and romantic satisfaction. Additionally, it is also likely relevant to understanding adolescent sexual development, particularly among sexual-minority populations. Finally, a large body of research suggests that pornography use may become problematic, either because of excessive use or moral incongruence about such use, illustrating its salience in clinical psychological science. Collectively, the current research related to pornography use suggests that it is of interest to multiple domains in psychological science and that its effects can range from positive to neutral to negative.

@article{hoaglandPornographyUseHolistic2021,
  title = {Pornography {{Use}} and {{Holistic Sexual Functioning}}: A {{Systematic Review}} of {{Recent Research}}},
  shorttitle = {Pornography {{Use}} and {{Holistic Sexual Functioning}}},
  author = {Hoagland, K. Camille and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Current Addiction Reports},
  volume = {8},
  number = {3},
  pages = {408--421},
  publisher = {{Springer International Publishing}},
  issn = {2196-2952},
  doi = {10.1007/s40429-021-00378-4},
  abstract = {Purpose of Review Pornography use is a common recreational activity in most developed nations with unrestricted internet access. As public awareness of pornography’s popularity has grown, so have concerns about potentially deleterious effects of pornography. One domain of particular concern has been the impact of pornography use and online sexual behaviors on sexual wellbeing. Over recent years, a number of studies have examined how pornography use relates to sexual wellbeing. The present work seeks to review such literature, with a particular focus on the effects of pornography on sexual functioning and sexual satisfaction. To this end, a systematic review of recent research (within the past 5 years) was conducted. Recent Findings A total of 44 articles were included in the systematic review. In some situations, pornography use is associated with greater sexual functioning and greater sexual satisfaction, and in other cases it seems to be associated with lower sexual functioning and lower sexual satisfaction. Specifically, mere pornography use itself was most often not associated with sexual functioning in either direction, but self-reported problematic use of pornography was consistently associated with more sexual functioning problems. Summary Collectively, results suggest a nuanced understanding of the effects of pornography on sexual wellbeing, with the context of and perceptions about pornography use being extremely important in predicting whether or not pornography has negative effects.},
  copyright = {2021 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {and Family,behavioral addiction,Clinical Psychology,Couples,erectile dysfunction,Health Psychology,Marriage,online sexual activity,other,pornography addiction,Psychiatry,Psychology,Sexual Dysfunctions,sexually explicit media,Social and Behavioral Sciences},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/EYTUEV3B/Hoagland and Grubbs - 2021 - Pornography Use and Holistic Sexual Functioning a.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/GSXDDWVH/Hoagland and Grubbs - 2021 - Pornography Use and Holistic Sexual Functioning a.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/WUJJY75Z/Hoagland and Grubbs - 2021 - Pornography Use and Holistic Sexual Functioning A.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/VFMIGK3H/s40429-021-00378-4.html}
}

Purpose of Review Pornography use is a common recreational activity in most developed nations with unrestricted internet access. As public awareness of pornography’s popularity has grown, so have concerns about potentially deleterious effects of pornography. One domain of particular concern has been the impact of pornography use and online sexual behaviors on sexual wellbeing. Over recent years, a number of studies have examined how pornography use relates to sexual wellbeing. The present work seeks to review such literature, with a particular focus on the effects of pornography on sexual functioning and sexual satisfaction. To this end, a systematic review of recent research (within the past 5 years) was conducted. Recent Findings A total of 44 articles were included in the systematic review. In some situations, pornography use is associated with greater sexual functioning and greater sexual satisfaction, and in other cases it seems to be associated with lower sexual functioning and lower sexual satisfaction. Specifically, mere pornography use itself was most often not associated with sexual functioning in either direction, but self-reported problematic use of pornography was consistently associated with more sexual functioning problems. Summary Collectively, results suggest a nuanced understanding of the effects of pornography on sexual wellbeing, with the context of and perceptions about pornography use being extremely important in predicting whether or not pornography has negative effects.

@article{perryChristianNationalismPerceived2021,
  title = {Christian Nationalism, Perceived anti‐{{Christian}} Discrimination, and Prioritising “Religious Freedom” in the 2020 Presidential Election.},
  author = {Perry, Samuel L. and Schnabel, Landon and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Nations \& Nationalism},
  pages = {1},
  issn = {13545078},
  abstract = {For decades now and particularly during the 2020 presidential campaign, American conservatives have stressed the need to protect “religious freedom.” Building on research documenting a connection between Trump‐support, a desire to privilege conservative Christianity, and perceptions that conservative Christianity is persecuted due to its anti‐LGT (lesbian, gay, or transgender) views, we theorise such factors were the ideological driving force behind prioritising “religious freedom” in the 2020 presidential election. Drawing on national survey data from just after the November election, we find Christian nationalism and perceptions of anti‐Christian discrimination are strong predictors that (1) Americans feel “religious freedom” was an important factor influencing their vote and (2) that they ranked it the single greatest factor influencing their vote. In contrast, the perception that LGT persons are {$<$}italic{$>$}not{$<$}/italic{$>$} discriminated against also predicts viewing religious freedom as important, as does a perception of anti‐Semitism, but never perceptions of anti‐atheist or anti‐Muslim discrimination. Findings suggest conservative Christian supremacism, fear of (Judeo‐)Christian persecution and belief that LGT persons are privileged are ideological antecedents of votes for “religious freedom.” [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  keywords = {atheists,conservatives,Jews,LGBT issues,Muslims,religious persecution},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/3DGGJ89K/nana.html}
}

For decades now and particularly during the 2020 presidential campaign, American conservatives have stressed the need to protect “religious freedom.” Building on research documenting a connection between Trump‐support, a desire to privilege conservative Christianity, and perceptions that conservative Christianity is persecuted due to its anti‐LGT (lesbian, gay, or transgender) views, we theorise such factors were the ideological driving force behind prioritising “religious freedom” in the 2020 presidential election. Drawing on national survey data from just after the November election, we find Christian nationalism and perceptions of anti‐Christian discrimination are strong predictors that (1) Americans feel “religious freedom” was an important factor influencing their vote and (2) that they ranked it the single greatest factor influencing their vote. In contrast, the perception that LGT persons are $<$italic$>$not$<$/italic$>$ discriminated against also predicts viewing religious freedom as important, as does a perception of anti‐Semitism, but never perceptions of anti‐atheist or anti‐Muslim discrimination. Findings suggest conservative Christian supremacism, fear of (Judeo‐)Christian persecution and belief that LGT persons are privileged are ideological antecedents of votes for “religious freedom.” [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

@article{perryDividedFaithChristian2021,
  title = {Divided by {{Faith}} (in {{Christian America}}): {{Christian Nationalism}}, {{Race}}, and {{Divergent Perceptions}} of {{Racial Injustice}}},
  shorttitle = {Divided by {{Faith}} (in {{Christian America}})},
  author = {Perry, Samuel L and Cobb, Ryon J and Whitehead, Andrew L and Grubbs, Joshua B},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Social Forces},
  number = {soab134},
  issn = {0037-7732},
  doi = {10.1093/sf/soab134},
  abstract = {Sociologists have long identified a “perception gap” between Black and White Americans regarding racial injustice, often emphasizing either “epistemologies of ignorance” or “religio-cultural” mechanisms. Integrating and extending these insights, we theorize that conceptions of America’s religio-cultural heritage and identity are racially coded and grounded in White supremacy, but only for those atop the racial hierarchy. From this, we predict the perception gap is largely driven by Whites’ racialized idealization of their own religio-cultural preeminence in American civic life—what we call “White Christian nationalism.” Drawing on nationally representative data with currently relevant measures of Americans’ perceptions of racial injustice, we show the more Whites affirm seemingly race-neutral statements promoting Christianity’s preeminence in American life, the more they affirm White victimhood and deny anti-Black injustice. This association seems to drive the perception gap. Specifically, for Whites, Christian nationalism is powerfully associated with refusing to acknowledge anti-Black discrimination while affirming supposed anti-White discrimination; lower likelihood of attributing Ahmaud Arbery’s murder to racism or to even know about the incident; and greater likelihood of denying racial inequality in policing. For Black Americans, however, affirming the same measures of Christian nationalism produces no consistent change in their recognition of racial injustice. Thus, for Whites, appeals to America’s “Christian” heritage are racially coded and contribute to an ideological defense of White supremacy, including the denial of blatant anti-Black injustice and a commitment to White victimhood.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/Y7BK7HDV/6425239.html}
}

Sociologists have long identified a “perception gap” between Black and White Americans regarding racial injustice, often emphasizing either “epistemologies of ignorance” or “religio-cultural” mechanisms. Integrating and extending these insights, we theorize that conceptions of America’s religio-cultural heritage and identity are racially coded and grounded in White supremacy, but only for those atop the racial hierarchy. From this, we predict the perception gap is largely driven by Whites’ racialized idealization of their own religio-cultural preeminence in American civic life—what we call “White Christian nationalism.” Drawing on nationally representative data with currently relevant measures of Americans’ perceptions of racial injustice, we show the more Whites affirm seemingly race-neutral statements promoting Christianity’s preeminence in American life, the more they affirm White victimhood and deny anti-Black injustice. This association seems to drive the perception gap. Specifically, for Whites, Christian nationalism is powerfully associated with refusing to acknowledge anti-Black discrimination while affirming supposed anti-White discrimination; lower likelihood of attributing Ahmaud Arbery’s murder to racism or to even know about the incident; and greater likelihood of denying racial inequality in policing. For Black Americans, however, affirming the same measures of Christian nationalism produces no consistent change in their recognition of racial injustice. Thus, for Whites, appeals to America’s “Christian” heritage are racially coded and contribute to an ideological defense of White supremacy, including the denial of blatant anti-Black injustice and a commitment to White victimhood.

@article{perryIgnoranceCultureWar2021,
  title = {Ignorance or Culture War? {{Christian}} Nationalism and Scientific Illiteracy},
  author = {Perry, Samuel L and Baker, Joseph O and Grubbs, Joshua B},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Public Understanding of Science},
  doi = {10.1177/09636625211006271},
  abstract = {Religiously conservative Americans consistently demonstrate lower scientific literacy than other Americans. Some argue, however, that Americans’ scientific literacy is contingent on subcultural conflict, showing differences in scientific literacy that emerge only on religiously contested scientific claims. Building on these insights, we find that the most salient factor explaining Americans’ divergence on contested (though not on uncontested) scientific claims is not religious commitment or conservatism per se, but an ideology that seeks political—and consequently epistemic—dominance: Christian nationalism. National data show that Christian nationalism is unassociated with Americans’ answers on questions about uncontested scientific knowledge. However, Christian nationalism is the strongest predictor of incorrect answers on questions about religiously contested scientific claims. Contemporary “culture war” debates over science have little to do with outright ignorance of science, nor are they strictly about religiosity or theological conservatism. Rather, disputes over science and religion reflect politically motivated denials of scientific facts that threaten Christian nationalism’s claims to epistemic and cultural authority.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/6CNN8VAQ/Perry et al. - Ignorance or culture war Christian nationalism an.pdf}
}

Religiously conservative Americans consistently demonstrate lower scientific literacy than other Americans. Some argue, however, that Americans’ scientific literacy is contingent on subcultural conflict, showing differences in scientific literacy that emerge only on religiously contested scientific claims. Building on these insights, we find that the most salient factor explaining Americans’ divergence on contested (though not on uncontested) scientific claims is not religious commitment or conservatism per se, but an ideology that seeks political—and consequently epistemic—dominance: Christian nationalism. National data show that Christian nationalism is unassociated with Americans’ answers on questions about uncontested scientific knowledge. However, Christian nationalism is the strongest predictor of incorrect answers on questions about religiously contested scientific claims. Contemporary “culture war” debates over science have little to do with outright ignorance of science, nor are they strictly about religiosity or theological conservatism. Rather, disputes over science and religion reflect politically motivated denials of scientific facts that threaten Christian nationalism’s claims to epistemic and cultural authority.

@article{perryPrejudicePandemicPromised2021a,
  title = {Prejudice and Pandemic in the Promised Land: How White {{Christian}} Nationalism Shapes {{Americans}}’ Racist and Xenophobic Views of {{COVID-19}}},
  author = {Perry, Samuel L. and Whitehead, Andrew L. and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Ethnic and Racial Studies},
  pages = {1--14},
  publisher = {{Routledge}},
  issn = {0141-9870},
  doi = {10.1080/01419870.2020.1839114},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/9UA6D5LF/Perry et al. - 2020 - Prejudice and pandemic in the promised land how w.pdf}
}

@article{perrySexItsDiscontents2021,
  title = {Sex and {{Its Discontents}}: {{How Moral Incongruence Connects Same-Sex}} and {{Non-Marital Sexual Activity}} with {{Unhappiness}}},
  shorttitle = {Sex and {{Its Discontents}}},
  author = {Perry, Samuel L. and Grubbs, Joshua B. and McElroy, Elizabeth E.},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Archives of Sexual Behavior},
  issn = {0004-0002, 1573-2800},
  doi = {10.1007/s10508-020-01860-2},
  abstract = {A growing body of research has demonstrated how the link between pornography use and various manifestations of psychological distress and dissatisfaction is explained by moral incongruence—the experience of violating one’s deeply held moral values. The predictive power of moral incongruence, however, has yet to be applied to other sexual activities. Drawing on data from available waves of the General Social Surveys (1988–2018: nmen\,=\,6590, nwomen\,=\,7047; 1989–2018: nmen\,=\,3558, nwomen\,=\,4841), this study extended moral incongruence theory by testing whether engaging in same-sex or non-marital sexual activity when one rejects either as morally wrong is associated with a greater likelihood of reporting unhappiness. Analyses demonstrated that American men (but not women) who reported engaging in same-sex sex in the previous year were more likely than other men to say they were unhappy, but only if they viewed homosexuality as “always wrong.” Analyses also showed that American women (not men) who reported higher frequencies of non-marital sex in the previous year were more likely than other women to report being unhappy, but only if they viewed non-marital sex as “always wrong.” Though nuanced by gender, findings affirmed expectations from moral incongruence research: Sexual behavior per se is not associated with unhappiness, but moral inconsistency or conflict regarding one’s sexual behavior is.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {*Happiness,*Homosexuality,*Moral incongruence,*Non-marital sex,*Pornography,Adult,Conflict; Psychological,Erotica/psychology,Extramarital Relations/*psychology,Female,Happiness,HAPPINESS,Homosexuality,HOMOSEXUALITY,HUMAN sexuality,Humans,Male,Marital Status/statistics \& numerical data,Middle Aged,Moral incongruence,Morals,Non-marital sex,Pornography,PORNOGRAPHY,PSYCHOLOGICAL distress,Sadness/*psychology,Sex Factors,Sexual Behavior/*psychology,SEXUAL intercourse,Sexual Partners/*psychology,Young Adult},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/G5JXYT35/Perry - Sex and Its Discontents How Moral Incongruence Co.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/S354V6TG/Perry et al. - 2021 - Sex and Its Discontents How Moral Incongruence Co.pdf}
}

A growing body of research has demonstrated how the link between pornography use and various manifestations of psychological distress and dissatisfaction is explained by moral incongruence—the experience of violating one’s deeply held moral values. The predictive power of moral incongruence, however, has yet to be applied to other sexual activities. Drawing on data from available waves of the General Social Surveys (1988–2018: nmen\,=\,6590, nwomen\,=\,7047; 1989–2018: nmen\,=\,3558, nwomen\,=\,4841), this study extended moral incongruence theory by testing whether engaging in same-sex or non-marital sexual activity when one rejects either as morally wrong is associated with a greater likelihood of reporting unhappiness. Analyses demonstrated that American men (but not women) who reported engaging in same-sex sex in the previous year were more likely than other men to say they were unhappy, but only if they viewed homosexuality as “always wrong.” Analyses also showed that American women (not men) who reported higher frequencies of non-marital sex in the previous year were more likely than other women to report being unhappy, but only if they viewed non-marital sex as “always wrong.” Though nuanced by gender, findings affirmed expectations from moral incongruence research: Sexual behavior per se is not associated with unhappiness, but moral inconsistency or conflict regarding one’s sexual behavior is.

@article{perryWhoIdentifiesAntiRacist2021,
  title = {Who {{Identifies}} as {{Anti-Racist}}? {{Racial Identity}}, {{Color-Blindness}}, and {{Generic Liberalism}}},
  shorttitle = {Who {{Identifies}} as {{Anti-Racist}}?},
  author = {Perry, Samuel L. and Frantz, Kenneth E. and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Socius},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {23780231211052945},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications}},
  issn = {2378-0231},
  doi = {10.1177/23780231211052945},
  abstract = {Although decades old, the terms “anti-racism/antiracism” and “anti-racist/antiracist” have grown in usage by scholars, authors, and activists to convey the necessity of active opposition to racial injustice. But as the terms have become more mainstream, researchers have yet to examine the social and ideological correlates of actually describing oneself as “anti-racist.” Drawing on nationally representative survey data fielded at the height of national interest in “antiracist/anti-racist” language, the authors find that Blacks and Hispanics are significantly less likely than whites to describe themselves as “anti-racist,” and only the “very liberal” are more likely than other political orientations to identify with the label. Considering ideological correlates, progressive racial ideology is the strongest predictor of identifying as “anti-racist.” However, the second strongest correlate is describing oneself as “color-blind.” Analyses of quadratic terms suggests that this correlation is curvilinear for nonwhites but more linear for whites. Although originally conveying more radical and subversive ideals, those currently most likely to self-describe as “anti-racist” are white progressives with what we call “generically liberal” racial views.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {antiracism,antiracist,color-blindness,liberals,whiteness},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/2DCMY57S/Perry et al. - 2021 - Who Identifies as Anti-Racist Racial Identity, Co.pdf}
}

Although decades old, the terms “anti-racism/antiracism” and “anti-racist/antiracist” have grown in usage by scholars, authors, and activists to convey the necessity of active opposition to racial injustice. But as the terms have become more mainstream, researchers have yet to examine the social and ideological correlates of actually describing oneself as “anti-racist.” Drawing on nationally representative survey data fielded at the height of national interest in “antiracist/anti-racist” language, the authors find that Blacks and Hispanics are significantly less likely than whites to describe themselves as “anti-racist,” and only the “very liberal” are more likely than other political orientations to identify with the label. Considering ideological correlates, progressive racial ideology is the strongest predictor of identifying as “anti-racist.” However, the second strongest correlate is describing oneself as “color-blind.” Analyses of quadratic terms suggests that this correlation is curvilinear for nonwhites but more linear for whites. Although originally conveying more radical and subversive ideals, those currently most likely to self-describe as “anti-racist” are white progressives with what we call “generically liberal” racial views.

@incollection{staunerReligiousSpiritualStruggles2021,
  title = {The {{Religious}} and {{Spiritual Struggles}} ({{RSS}}) {{Scale}}: {{Stability Over One Year}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Religious}} and {{Spiritual Struggles}} ({{RSS}}) {{Scale}}},
  booktitle = {Assessing {{Spirituality}} in a {{Diverse World}}},
  author = {Stauner, Nick and Exline, Julie J. and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Pargament, Kenneth I.},
  editor = {Ai, Amy L. and Wink, Paul and Paloutzian, Raymond F. and Harris, Kevin A.},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  pages = {141--163},
  publisher = {{Springer International Publishing}},
  address = {{Cham}},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-52140-0_7},
  abstract = {The Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale (RSS) measures important psychological constructs involved in the complex relationship between religion and well-being. Religious/spiritual struggles are distinct from religiousness, distress, and each other, but the RSS’ internal discriminant validity has not been tested longitudinally. Previously, we published three alternative measurement models with a large sample of undergraduates in the USA (N = 3851), including two bifactor models with unidentified general factors. We reused this sample as our baseline measurement, and tested each measurement model’s ability to predict new measurements collected a year later (n = 583). Both general factors predicted themselves best over time with strength and specificity similar to the original six group factors, all of which also predicted themselves strongly and specifically in all three models. Correlations one year after baseline weakened slightly but remained positive, continuing to reflect both the general and group factors’ mutual influence. All group and general factors appear valid and meaningfully different as independent psychological constructs. Significant evidence that certain RSS factors independently predict certain others only emerged in the restricted bifactor model, where we least expected it. These effects did not diminish discriminant validity, but suggested subtle ways that some R/S struggles could predict changes in others, pending replication of these results. Overall, the RSS appears to measure distinct phases that are more stable than states, yet more transitory than traits. The RSS is well-suited to longitudinal research into many important questions about the dynamics of R/S struggles, which we discuss within.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  isbn = {978-3-030-52140-0},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Autoregression,Bifactor,Longitudinal,Meaning,Measurement,Morality,Religion,Spirituality,Struggle,Supernatural}
}

The Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale (RSS) measures important psychological constructs involved in the complex relationship between religion and well-being. Religious/spiritual struggles are distinct from religiousness, distress, and each other, but the RSS’ internal discriminant validity has not been tested longitudinally. Previously, we published three alternative measurement models with a large sample of undergraduates in the USA (N = 3851), including two bifactor models with unidentified general factors. We reused this sample as our baseline measurement, and tested each measurement model’s ability to predict new measurements collected a year later (n = 583). Both general factors predicted themselves best over time with strength and specificity similar to the original six group factors, all of which also predicted themselves strongly and specifically in all three models. Correlations one year after baseline weakened slightly but remained positive, continuing to reflect both the general and group factors’ mutual influence. All group and general factors appear valid and meaningfully different as independent psychological constructs. Significant evidence that certain RSS factors independently predict certain others only emerged in the restricted bifactor model, where we least expected it. These effects did not diminish discriminant validity, but suggested subtle ways that some R/S struggles could predict changes in others, pending replication of these results. Overall, the RSS appears to measure distinct phases that are more stable than states, yet more transitory than traits. The RSS is well-suited to longitudinal research into many important questions about the dynamics of R/S struggles, which we discuss within.

@article{wiltAuthenticityPresenceMeaning2021,
  title = {Authenticity, Presence of Meaning, and Struggle with Ultimate Meaning: {{Nuanced}} between-and within-Person Associations},
  shorttitle = {Authenticity, Presence of Meaning, and Struggle with Ultimate Meaning},
  author = {Wilt, Joshua A. and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Exline, Julie J. and Pargament, Kenneth I.},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal of Research in Personality},
  volume = {93},
  pages = {104104},
  issn = {0092-6566},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104104},
  abstract = {Authenticity predicts greater presence of meaning in life, in general (between-persons) and in the moment (within-persons). However, little is known about whether authenticity predicts negative aspects of life meaning, such as struggles with ultimate meaning. Across three studies (total N~=~719), two of which used daily diaries (daily reports~=~1,980), correlations, confirmatory factor analyses, and multilevel path models together showed that higher levels of authenticity related positively to presence of meaning and negatively to struggle with ultimate meaning at the between- and within-person levels. These findings are consistent with humanistic, existential, and positive psychology theories of authenticity and meaning and raise the possibility that increasing authenticity states over time may predict sustained improvement in multiple aspects of meaning.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Authenticity,Presence of meaning,Struggle with ultimate meaning},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/LBRM4IZ6/S0092656621000416.html}
}

Authenticity predicts greater presence of meaning in life, in general (between-persons) and in the moment (within-persons). However, little is known about whether authenticity predicts negative aspects of life meaning, such as struggles with ultimate meaning. Across three studies (total N = 719), two of which used daily diaries (daily reports = 1,980), correlations, confirmatory factor analyses, and multilevel path models together showed that higher levels of authenticity related positively to presence of meaning and negatively to struggle with ultimate meaning at the between- and within-person levels. These findings are consistent with humanistic, existential, and positive psychology theories of authenticity and meaning and raise the possibility that increasing authenticity states over time may predict sustained improvement in multiple aspects of meaning.

@article{2020-68332-00920200901,
  title = {Addiction or Transgression? {{Moral}} Incongruence and Self-Reported Problematic Pornography Use in a Nationally Representative Sample},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Lee, Brinna N. and Hoagland, K. Camille and Kraus, Shane W. and Perry, Samuel L.},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {Clinical Psychological Science},
  volume = {8},
  number = {5},
  pages = {936--946},
  issn = {2167-7026, 2167-7034},
  abstract = {In the United States, pornography use is common, and it is increasingly a clinical concern under some circumstances. Excessive pornography use may qualify for the new diagnosis of compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD) in the forthcoming 11th version of the International Classification of Diseases. There is also evidence, however, that moral incongruence (i.e., a misalignment of moral beliefs about sexual behavior and actual sexual behavior) may inflate self-reports of problems associated with pornography use. Prior work suggests religiousness may drive such moral incongruence. Using a large sample matched to U.S. representative norms (total: N = 2,519; past-year pornography users: n = 1,424, 66.4\% men), we examined the interaction between pornography use and religiousness in predicting self-reported addiction to pornography. Results indicated that religiousness moderated the association between pornography use and self-reported addiction so that, despite a negative association between religiousness and use, at higher levels of religiousness, pornography use was more strongly related to self-reports of addiction. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)},
  keywords = {addiction,Behavior Disorders,compulsive sexual behavior disorder,moral incongruence,Morality,Nonsubstance Related Addictions,open materials,Pornography,Psychosexual Behavior,Self-Report,Sexual Addiction,sexually explicit media},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/KE8G8MB8/Grubbs et al. - 2020 - Addiction or transgression Moral incongruence and.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/FUBQ7NTJ/full.html}
}

In the United States, pornography use is common, and it is increasingly a clinical concern under some circumstances. Excessive pornography use may qualify for the new diagnosis of compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD) in the forthcoming 11th version of the International Classification of Diseases. There is also evidence, however, that moral incongruence (i.e., a misalignment of moral beliefs about sexual behavior and actual sexual behavior) may inflate self-reports of problems associated with pornography use. Prior work suggests religiousness may drive such moral incongruence. Using a large sample matched to U.S. representative norms (total: N = 2,519; past-year pornography users: n = 1,424, 66.4% men), we examined the interaction between pornography use and religiousness in predicting self-reported addiction to pornography. Results indicated that religiousness moderated the association between pornography use and self-reported addiction so that, despite a negative association between religiousness and use, at higher levels of religiousness, pornography use was more strongly related to self-reports of addiction. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)

@article{borgognaMilitaryVeteransPsychological2020,
  title = {Military {{Veterans}}’ {{Psychological Distress Associated}} with {{Problematic Pornography Viewing}}},
  author = {Borgogna, Nicholas C. and Kraus, Shane W. and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction},
  issn = {1557-1874, 1557-1882},
  doi = {10.1007/s11469-021-00508-z},
  abstract = {Problematic pornography use represents a common feature reported by those with compulsive sexual behavior disorder. While prior research suggests US military veterans may experience disproportional rates of problematic pornography use, few comparative studies exist. Moreover, no measurement invariance analyses between veterans and non-veterans exist on measures designed to assess problematic pornography use. The purposes of the present report were to explore whether differences exist between veteran and non-veteran men on indices of problematic pornography use, determine whether veteran status is associated with an exacerbation of psychological distress in conjunction with problematic pornography use, and establish measurement invariance psychometric data between veteran and non-veteran men on the Brief Pornography Screen (Kraus et al., 2020). We analyzed data drawn from a nationally representative panel of men from the USA (N = 658 nonveterans, N = 186 veterans). When adjusting for age, veteran men experienced significantly more problematic pornography use compared to non-veteran men. A substantial moderation effect was also evident, with veterans experiencing significantly more psychological distress associated with their problematic pornography use (β = .65) compared to non-veterans (β = .29), while adjusting for age and pornography use frequency. The Brief Pornography Screen demonstrated residual invariance (i.e., measurement equivalence of factor structure, loadings, intercepts, and errors) between veteran and non-veteran men. Clinicians working with veterans should explore how pornography use is related to their mental health. The Brief Pornography Screen is an effective tool to assess problematic pornography viewing in veteran and non-veteran men.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/Y3NN9WGW/Borgogna et al. - 2021 - Military Veterans’ Psychological Distress Associat.pdf}
}

Problematic pornography use represents a common feature reported by those with compulsive sexual behavior disorder. While prior research suggests US military veterans may experience disproportional rates of problematic pornography use, few comparative studies exist. Moreover, no measurement invariance analyses between veterans and non-veterans exist on measures designed to assess problematic pornography use. The purposes of the present report were to explore whether differences exist between veteran and non-veteran men on indices of problematic pornography use, determine whether veteran status is associated with an exacerbation of psychological distress in conjunction with problematic pornography use, and establish measurement invariance psychometric data between veteran and non-veteran men on the Brief Pornography Screen (Kraus et al., 2020). We analyzed data drawn from a nationally representative panel of men from the USA (N = 658 nonveterans, N = 186 veterans). When adjusting for age, veteran men experienced significantly more problematic pornography use compared to non-veteran men. A substantial moderation effect was also evident, with veterans experiencing significantly more psychological distress associated with their problematic pornography use (β = .65) compared to non-veterans (β = .29), while adjusting for age and pornography use frequency. The Brief Pornography Screen demonstrated residual invariance (i.e., measurement equivalence of factor structure, loadings, intercepts, and errors) between veteran and non-veteran men. Clinicians working with veterans should explore how pornography use is related to their mental health. The Brief Pornography Screen is an effective tool to assess problematic pornography viewing in veteran and non-veteran men.

@article{cowdenTraitTendenciesForgive2020,
  title = {Trait Tendencies to Forgive, Punish, and Exonerate Oneself: {{A}} Multi-Study Investigation},
  shorttitle = {Trait Tendencies to Forgive, Punish, and Exonerate Oneself},
  author = {Cowden, Richard G. and Worthington, Everett L. and Griffin, Brandon J. and Davis, Don E. and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal of Research in Personality},
  pages = {103934},
  issn = {0092-6566},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jrp.2020.103934},
  abstract = {In two studies (N’s = 515 and 359), we examine the utility of the Dual-Process Model of Self-Forgiveness for conceptualizing and measuring trait self-forgiveness with South African and American adults. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the trait-adapted Dual-Process Self-Forgiveness Scale supported an eight-item, two-factor structure of self-forgivingness consistent with prior theorizing and empirical evidence. The trait-adapted measure predicted incrementally more variance in outcomes beyond an existing measure of trait self-forgiveness. Latent subgroups characterized by tendencies to forgive, punish, and exonerate oneself in response to wrongdoing or failure were identified. Comparisons of mean differences provided preliminary evidence supporting the validity of the subgroups. Implications of the findings for conceptualizing and measuring self-forgiveness are discussed.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {latent profile analysis,measurement,self-exoneration,self-forgiveness,self-punishment},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/33WRGU77/Cowden et al. - 2020 - Trait tendencies to forgive, punish, and exonerate.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/L3DQ7JS6/S0092656620300234.html}
}

In two studies (N’s = 515 and 359), we examine the utility of the Dual-Process Model of Self-Forgiveness for conceptualizing and measuring trait self-forgiveness with South African and American adults. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the trait-adapted Dual-Process Self-Forgiveness Scale supported an eight-item, two-factor structure of self-forgivingness consistent with prior theorizing and empirical evidence. The trait-adapted measure predicted incrementally more variance in outcomes beyond an existing measure of trait self-forgiveness. Latent subgroups characterized by tendencies to forgive, punish, and exonerate oneself in response to wrongdoing or failure were identified. Comparisons of mean differences provided preliminary evidence supporting the validity of the subgroups. Implications of the findings for conceptualizing and measuring self-forgiveness are discussed.

@article{droubaySecrecyDeceptionValues2020,
  title = {Secrecy and Deception: Values, Shame, and Endorsement of Hiding One’s Pornography Viewing},
  shorttitle = {Secrecy and Deception},
  author = {Droubay, Brian A. and Shafer, Kevin and Miles, Rashun J. and Butters, Robert P. and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Sexual and Relationship Therapy},
  volume = {0},
  number = {0},
  pages = {1--28},
  publisher = {{Routledge}},
  issn = {1468-1994},
  doi = {10.1080/14681994.2021.1976403},
  abstract = {Pornography’s effects have received renewed attention, with particular concern about how viewing impacts committed partner relationships. Given that secrecy and deception about pornography viewing are linked with negative relationship outcomes, we sought to identify variables associated with persons’ endorsement of hiding it. We explored this in two studies. Results from a regression analysis suggest that consumer moral disapproval of pornography and experiences of shame were associated with hiding behavior. Results from a path analysis suggest that the positive relationship between sexual conservatism and endorsement of hiding viewing from one’s committed partner is mediated by both moral incongruence (associated with viewing) and perception that pornography causes a host of harms. Persons with moral qualms related to their viewing were especially likely to endorse hiding it if they were shame-prone. These findings point to the importance of sexual values and shame in relation to persons hiding their viewing; they also suggest that individuals who internalize messaging that pornography causes serious harms are more likely to keep their viewing secret. This suggests that practitioners, policymakers, and advocates need to be circumspect about their messaging, avoiding shame-inducing rhetoric, while keeping in mind the centrality of people’s values in informing attitudes and behaviors about pornography.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  keywords = {marriage,Pornography,public health,relationships,sexuality},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/14681994.2021.1976403},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/AWHUZ4JU/Droubay et al. - 2021 - Secrecy and deception values, shame, and endorsem.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/6J3WBFEH/14681994.2021.html}
}

Pornography’s effects have received renewed attention, with particular concern about how viewing impacts committed partner relationships. Given that secrecy and deception about pornography viewing are linked with negative relationship outcomes, we sought to identify variables associated with persons’ endorsement of hiding it. We explored this in two studies. Results from a regression analysis suggest that consumer moral disapproval of pornography and experiences of shame were associated with hiding behavior. Results from a path analysis suggest that the positive relationship between sexual conservatism and endorsement of hiding viewing from one’s committed partner is mediated by both moral incongruence (associated with viewing) and perception that pornography causes a host of harms. Persons with moral qualms related to their viewing were especially likely to endorse hiding it if they were shame-prone. These findings point to the importance of sexual values and shame in relation to persons hiding their viewing; they also suggest that individuals who internalize messaging that pornography causes serious harms are more likely to keep their viewing secret. This suggests that practitioners, policymakers, and advocates need to be circumspect about their messaging, avoiding shame-inducing rhetoric, while keeping in mind the centrality of people’s values in informing attitudes and behaviors about pornography.

@techreport{engelmanExaminingExitRoles2020,
  title = {Examining {{Exit}}: {{The Roles}} of {{Push}} and {{Pull}} in {{Leaving Religion}}},
  shorttitle = {Examining {{Exit}}},
  author = {Engelman, Joel and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Milstein, Glen and Schonfeld, Irvin Sam},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  institution = {{PsyArXiv}},
  doi = {10.31234/osf.io/ax5bg},
  abstract = {The population of religious “nones,” those who do not affiliate with any religion, is continually growing. Many of those who identify as nones have exited from religious traditions. Sparse research has examined the psychological processes involved in religious exit. Although various theories of religious exit have been proposed, they have provided limited empirical utility for psychological research. Immigration psychology, with its empirically well-established paradigms, may provide a better theoretical basis with which to understand religious exit. More specifically, the push (from origin group) and pull (towards destination group) theory of migration may be useful in understanding what motivates individuals to leave religions, and the individual psychological experiences of the religious exit process. Further, the push and pull theory may inform the trajectories of disaffiliates and their psychological wellbeing and adjustment post religious exit. This study’s main aim was to empirically establish a measure of push-pull forces for religious exit. To accomplish this goal, Latent Variable Modeling was performed to reduce a larger push-pull item bank (38 items) to a brief 8-item scale. Hypothesis testing using correlation and Structural Equation Modeling demonstrated that push and pull are associated with mental health outcomes for those leaving religions.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  keywords = {Anxiety Disorders,apostasy,Clinical Psychology,Cultural Psychology,Depressive Disorders,Health Psychology,migration,nones,other,Psychology,religious disaffiliation,religious switching,Social and Behavioral Sciences},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/8QCGEQCU/Engelman et al. - 2020 - Examining Exit The Roles of Push and Pull in Leav.pdf}
}

The population of religious “nones,” those who do not affiliate with any religion, is continually growing. Many of those who identify as nones have exited from religious traditions. Sparse research has examined the psychological processes involved in religious exit. Although various theories of religious exit have been proposed, they have provided limited empirical utility for psychological research. Immigration psychology, with its empirically well-established paradigms, may provide a better theoretical basis with which to understand religious exit. More specifically, the push (from origin group) and pull (towards destination group) theory of migration may be useful in understanding what motivates individuals to leave religions, and the individual psychological experiences of the religious exit process. Further, the push and pull theory may inform the trajectories of disaffiliates and their psychological wellbeing and adjustment post religious exit. This study’s main aim was to empirically establish a measure of push-pull forces for religious exit. To accomplish this goal, Latent Variable Modeling was performed to reduce a larger push-pull item bank (38 items) to a brief 8-item scale. Hypothesis testing using correlation and Structural Equation Modeling demonstrated that push and pull are associated with mental health outcomes for those leaving religions.

@article{engelmanLeavingCovenantalReligion2020,
  title = {Leaving a Covenantal Religion: {{Orthodox Jewish}} Disaffiliation from an Immigration Psychology Perspective},
  shorttitle = {Leaving a Covenantal Religion},
  author = {Engelman, Joel and Milstein, Glen and Schonfeld, Irvin Sam and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Mental Health, Religion \& Culture},
  volume = {Online First},
  doi = {10.1080/13674676.2020.1744547},
  abstract = {This study explored psychological variables associated with disaffiliation from Orthodox Judaism (a covenantal community), and subsequent wellness. A web-based survey (N = 206) assessed factors previously used to study immigrants: push (distress within origin community), pull (toward destination community), and goal attainment. Psychological and emotional wellness, perceived stress, overall health, and loneliness were also assessed. Findings included: 1) strong pull toward opportunities for physical and ideological autonomy; 2) those who experienced more push toward disaffiliation, reported decreased current wellness; 3) goal attainment was associated with increased wellness 4) significant differences in the experiences of disaffiliation between men and women; 5) most who disaffiliated left religion altogether; those who remained religious decreased their participation, few joined non-Jewish faith communities. Results demonstrate that this immigration paradigm can be adapted to advance research on individuals who disaffiliate from covenantal communities.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/CM2HKDBP/Engelman et al. - 2019 - Leaving a Covenantal Religion Orthodox Jewish Dis.pdf}
}

This study explored psychological variables associated with disaffiliation from Orthodox Judaism (a covenantal community), and subsequent wellness. A web-based survey (N = 206) assessed factors previously used to study immigrants: push (distress within origin community), pull (toward destination community), and goal attainment. Psychological and emotional wellness, perceived stress, overall health, and loneliness were also assessed. Findings included: 1) strong pull toward opportunities for physical and ideological autonomy; 2) those who experienced more push toward disaffiliation, reported decreased current wellness; 3) goal attainment was associated with increased wellness 4) significant differences in the experiences of disaffiliation between men and women; 5) most who disaffiliated left religion altogether; those who remained religious decreased their participation, few joined non-Jewish faith communities. Results demonstrate that this immigration paradigm can be adapted to advance research on individuals who disaffiliate from covenantal communities.

@article{etukGamblingProblemsUS2020,
  title = {Gambling {{Problems}} in {{US Military Veterans}}},
  author = {Etuk, Repairer and Shirk, Steven D. and Grubbs, Joshua and Kraus, Shane W.},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Current Addiction Reports},
  issn = {2196-2952},
  doi = {10.1007/s40429-020-00310-2},
  abstract = {Purpose of Review Gambling disorder (GD) is a debilitating mental illness characterized by persistent patterns of dysregulated gambling behaviors. Recent evidence suggests that US military veterans are a high-risk population vulnerable to the development of problem gambling. This systemic review examined the published literature on the rates, correlates, comorbidities, treatment, and genetic contributions to US veterans’ gambling behaviors in 39 studies.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/R7HJK3WS/Etuk et al. - 2020 - Gambling Problems in US Military Veterans.pdf}
}

Purpose of Review Gambling disorder (GD) is a debilitating mental illness characterized by persistent patterns of dysregulated gambling behaviors. Recent evidence suggests that US military veterans are a high-risk population vulnerable to the development of problem gambling. This systemic review examined the published literature on the rates, correlates, comorbidities, treatment, and genetic contributions to US veterans’ gambling behaviors in 39 studies.

@article{grubbsBigNumber182020,
  title = {Big {{Number}}: 18\%},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Boston Sunday Globe},
  edition = {Print},
  pages = {K2},
  chapter = {Ideas},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/7N74Z8ZS/2010393807283220611_20074.pdf}
}

@article{grubbsMoralGrandstandingPolitical2020,
  title = {Moral Grandstanding and Political Polarization: {{A}} Multi-Study Consideration},
  shorttitle = {Moral Grandstanding and Political Polarization},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Warmke, Brandon and Tosi, Justin and James, A. Shanti},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal of Research in Personality},
  volume = {88},
  pages = {104009},
  issn = {00926566},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jrp.2020.104009},
  abstract = {The present work posits that social motives, particularly status seeking in the form of moral grandstanding, are likely at least partially to blame for elevated levels of affective polarization and ideological extremism in the U.S. In Study 1, results from both undergraduates (N = 981; Mean age = 19.4; SD = 2.1; 69.7\% women) and a cross-section of U.S. adults matched to 2010 census norms (N = 1,063; Mean age = 48.20, SD = 16.38; 49.8\% women) indicated that prestige-motived grandstanding was consistently and robustly related to more extreme ideological views on a variety of issues. In Study 2, results from a weighted, nationally-representative cross-section of U.S. adults (N = 2,519; Mean age = 47.5, SD = 17.8; 51.4\% women) found that prestige motivated grandstanding was reliably related to both ideological extremism and affective polarization.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Grandstanding,Narcissism,Polarization,Status-seeking,Virtue-signaling},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/DDQS7FDD/Grubbs et al. - 2020 - Moral Grandstanding and Political Polarization A .pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/U7E88VBT/Grubbs et al. - 2020 - Moral grandstanding and political polarization A .pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/Y95J65DE/Grubbs et al. - 2020 - Moral grandstanding and political polarization A .pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/FJBFSAXX/S0092656620300970.html;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/ZJ6A5RV5/S0092656620300970.html}
}

The present work posits that social motives, particularly status seeking in the form of moral grandstanding, are likely at least partially to blame for elevated levels of affective polarization and ideological extremism in the U.S. In Study 1, results from both undergraduates (N = 981; Mean age = 19.4; SD = 2.1; 69.7% women) and a cross-section of U.S. adults matched to 2010 census norms (N = 1,063; Mean age = 48.20, SD = 16.38; 49.8% women) indicated that prestige-motived grandstanding was consistently and robustly related to more extreme ideological views on a variety of issues. In Study 2, results from a weighted, nationally-representative cross-section of U.S. adults (N = 2,519; Mean age = 47.5, SD = 17.8; 51.4% women) found that prestige motivated grandstanding was reliably related to both ideological extremism and affective polarization.

@article{grubbsMoralIncongruenceCompulsive2020,
  title = {Moral Incongruence and Compulsive Sexual Behavior: {{Results}} from Cross-Sectional Interactions and Parallel Growth Curve Analyses.},
  shorttitle = {Moral Incongruence and Compulsive Sexual Behavior},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Kraus, Shane W. and Perry, Samuel L. and Lewczuk, Karol and Gola, Mateusz},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal of Abnormal Psychology},
  volume = {129},
  number = {3},
  pages = {266--278},
  issn = {1939-1846, 0021-843X},
  doi = {10.1037/abn0000501},
  abstract = {People may report feeling addicted to pornography or sexual behavior for various reasons, but morality and moral distress seem to be key parts of why individuals might think they are addicted to pornography or sexual behavior.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {*Morals,addiction,Addiction,Adolescent,Adult,Behavior Disorders,BEHAVIOR disorders,Compulsions,Compulsive Behavior,COMPULSIVE behavior,Compulsive Behavior/*diagnosis/psychology,CROSS-sectional method,Cross-Sectional Studies,Diagnosis,diagnostic issues,Diagnostic Self Evaluation,Erotica,ETHICS,Female,HUMAN sexuality,Humans,INCONGRUITY,INTERNATIONAL Statistical Classification of Diseases \& Related Health Problems,INTERNET pornography addiction,Male,Middle Aged,morality,Morality,Morals,Pornography,PORNOGRAPHY,pornography use,PREMATURE ejaculation,Psychological,religion,Religion,SELF diagnosis,Self-Report,Sexual Addiction,Sexual Behavior,Sexual Behavior/*psychology,SEXUAL dysfunction,Sexual Dysfunctions,Sexual Dysfunctions; Psychological,Sexual Dysfunctions; Psychological/*diagnosis/psychology,Social Norms,SOCIAL norms,Test Construction,WORLD Health Organization,Young Adult},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/EH6FPYDQ/Grubbs et al. - 2020 - Moral incongruence and compulsive sexual behavior.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/KZ9C7CYU/Grubbs et al. - 2020 - Moral incongruence and compulsive sexual behavior.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/JECXWIN6/2020-04888-001.html}
}

People may report feeling addicted to pornography or sexual behavior for various reasons, but morality and moral distress seem to be key parts of why individuals might think they are addicted to pornography or sexual behavior.

@article{grubbsProblemGamblingCoping2020,
  title = {Problem Gambling, Coping Motivations, and Positive Expectancies: {{A}} Longitudinal Survey Study.},
  shorttitle = {Problem Gambling, Coping Motivations, and Positive Expectancies},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Rosansky, Joseph A.},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Psychology of Addictive Behaviors},
  volume = {34},
  number = {2},
  pages = {414--419},
  issn = {1939-1501, 0893-164X},
  doi = {10.1037/adb0000529},
  abstract = {Previous research suggests that gambling motives are important considerations in understanding the etiology and maintenance of gambling-related problems. The present work sought to examine whether beliefs about gambling, such as positive expectations for gambling, may be related to coping motivations for gambling over time and how both might be related to problem gambling behavior. Additionally, the present study sought to establish these relationships above and beyond trait neuroticism. To accomplish these goals, a 6-month longitudinal survey study of Internet using adults was conducted using Amazon Mechanical Turk. Participants were adults in the United States who acknowledged gambling in some form over the 12 months prior to the survey (N ϭ 812; Mage ϭ 36.00, SD ϭ 11.10; 45.6\% men). A subset of this sample (n ϭ 373) participated in a follow-up survey 6 months after the original survey. Cross-sectional correlations revealed robust associations between coping motivations, positive expectancies, and problem gambling. Structural equation models revealed unique associations between baseline coping motivations for gambling and future problem gambling over a 6-month period, even when controlling for baseline gambling behaviors. Additionally, baseline neuroticism predicted future coping motivations for gambling after controlling for baseline coping motivations.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Adaptation; Psychological/*physiology,Adult,Female,Gambling/*physiopathology,Humans,Longitudinal Studies,Male,Middle Aged,Motivation/*physiology,Surveys and Questionnaires,United States/epidemiology},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/QSZEXLJ3/Grubbs and Rosansky - 2019 - Problem gambling, coping motivations, and positive.pdf}
}

Previous research suggests that gambling motives are important considerations in understanding the etiology and maintenance of gambling-related problems. The present work sought to examine whether beliefs about gambling, such as positive expectations for gambling, may be related to coping motivations for gambling over time and how both might be related to problem gambling behavior. Additionally, the present study sought to establish these relationships above and beyond trait neuroticism. To accomplish these goals, a 6-month longitudinal survey study of Internet using adults was conducted using Amazon Mechanical Turk. Participants were adults in the United States who acknowledged gambling in some form over the 12 months prior to the survey (N ϭ 812; Mage ϭ 36.00, SD ϭ 11.10; 45.6% men). A subset of this sample (n ϭ 373) participated in a follow-up survey 6 months after the original survey. Cross-sectional correlations revealed robust associations between coping motivations, positive expectancies, and problem gambling. Structural equation models revealed unique associations between baseline coping motivations for gambling and future problem gambling over a 6-month period, even when controlling for baseline gambling behaviors. Additionally, baseline neuroticism predicted future coping motivations for gambling after controlling for baseline coping motivations.

@article{grubbsSexualAddiction252020,
  title = {Sexual Addiction 25~Years on: {{A}} Systematic and Methodological Review of Empirical Literature and an Agenda for Future Research},
  shorttitle = {Sexual Addiction 25~Years On},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Hoagland, K. Camille and Lee, Brinna N. and Grant, Jennifer T. and Davison, Paul and Reid, Rory C. and Kraus, Shane W.},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Clinical Psychology Review},
  volume = {82},
  pages = {101925},
  issn = {0272-7358},
  doi = {10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101925},
  abstract = {In 1998, Gold and Heffner authored a landmark review in Clinical Psychology Review on the topic of sexual addiction that concluded that sexual addiction, though increasingly popular in mental health settings, was largely based on speculation, with virtually no empirical basis. In the more than two decades since that review, empirical research around compulsive sexual behaviors (which subsumes prior research about sexual addiction) has flourished, ultimately culminating in the inclusion of a novel diagnosis of Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder in the eleventh edition of the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases. The present work details a systematic review of empirical research published between January 1st, 1995 and August 1st, 2020 related to compulsive sexual behaviors, with a specific focus on evaluating the methodologies of that literature. This review yielded 371 papers detailing 415 individual studies. In general, the present review finds that, although research related to compulsive sexual behaviors has proliferated, much of this work is characterized by simplistic methodological designs, a lack of theoretical integration, and an absence of quality measurement. Moreover, the present review finds a virtual absence of high-quality treatment-related research published within this time frame. Implications of these findings for both clinical practice and future research are discussed.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Behavioral addiction,Compulsive sexual behavior disorder,Hypersexuality,Pornography addiction,Sexual addiction},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/RN56ZN82/Grubbs et al. - 2020 - Sexual addiction 25 years on A systematic and met.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/UB6MHCT5/Grubbs et al. - 2020 - Sexual addiction 25 years on A systematic and met.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/AUPQ4I8N/S0272735820301136.html;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/VJDKLVGH/S0272735820301136.html}
}

In 1998, Gold and Heffner authored a landmark review in Clinical Psychology Review on the topic of sexual addiction that concluded that sexual addiction, though increasingly popular in mental health settings, was largely based on speculation, with virtually no empirical basis. In the more than two decades since that review, empirical research around compulsive sexual behaviors (which subsumes prior research about sexual addiction) has flourished, ultimately culminating in the inclusion of a novel diagnosis of Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder in the eleventh edition of the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases. The present work details a systematic review of empirical research published between January 1st, 1995 and August 1st, 2020 related to compulsive sexual behaviors, with a specific focus on evaluating the methodologies of that literature. This review yielded 371 papers detailing 415 individual studies. In general, the present review finds that, although research related to compulsive sexual behaviors has proliferated, much of this work is characterized by simplistic methodological designs, a lack of theoretical integration, and an absence of quality measurement. Moreover, the present review finds a virtual absence of high-quality treatment-related research published within this time frame. Implications of these findings for both clinical practice and future research are discussed.

@incollection{grubbsSpiritualityReligionBehavioral2020,
  title = {Spirituality/Religion and Behavioral Addictions},
  booktitle = {Handbook of {{Spirituality}}, {{Religion}}, and {{Mental Health}}},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua Briggs and Grant, Jennifer Tegan},
  editor = {Rosmarin, David H. and Koenig, Harold G.},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  pages = {139--157},
  publisher = {{Elsevier}},
  doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-816766-3.00008-2},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  isbn = {978-0-12-816766-3},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/HIZR879J/Grubbs and Grant - 2020 - Spiritualityreligion and behavioral addictions.pdf}
}

@article{gutierrezPrevalenceImpactReligious2020,
  title = {The {{Prevalence}} and {{Impact}} of {{Religious}} and {{Spiritual Struggles}} among {{Veterans}} in a {{Residential Gambling Treatment Program}}},
  author = {Gutierrez, Ian A and Chapman, Heather and Grubbs, Joshua and Grant, Jennifer},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Mental Health, Religion \& Culture},
  doi = {10.31234/osf.io/mtps5},
  abstract = {Veterans of the U. S. Armed Forces are at greater risk for engaging in problem gambling and meeting diagnostic criteria for Gambling Disorder (GD) than are non-veterans. For veterans and non-veterans alike, religious/spiritual beliefs and practices support recovery from addiction and bolster mental health and well-being. Moreover, religious/spiritual ideas pervade Gamblers Anonymous (GA), which remains the predominant community-based treatment modality for GD. However, research has increasingly highlighted the negative impact of religious/spiritual struggles—i.e., conflicts, tensions, or problems associated with aspects of religious/spiritual life—on mental health and well-being. To date, no research has examined the role of religious/spiritual struggles in GD. The current study aimed to fill that gap in the literature by assessing the prevalence and impact of religious/spiritual struggles among U.S. veterans (N = 157) admitted to a residential treatment program for GD. Findings showed that a majority of veterans in the gambling treatment program endorsed each of six types of religious/spiritual struggles assessed. Moral struggles were the most prevalent, severe, and unremitting of the religious/spiritual struggles assessed. Findings highlight the need for clinicians and chaplains working with problem gamblers to address religious/spiritual struggles generally, and moral struggles most specifically, in treatment of GD.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/F76Z4IAS/Gutierrez et al. - 2020 - The Prevalence and Impact of Religious and Spiritu.pdf}
}

Veterans of the U. S. Armed Forces are at greater risk for engaging in problem gambling and meeting diagnostic criteria for Gambling Disorder (GD) than are non-veterans. For veterans and non-veterans alike, religious/spiritual beliefs and practices support recovery from addiction and bolster mental health and well-being. Moreover, religious/spiritual ideas pervade Gamblers Anonymous (GA), which remains the predominant community-based treatment modality for GD. However, research has increasingly highlighted the negative impact of religious/spiritual struggles—i.e., conflicts, tensions, or problems associated with aspects of religious/spiritual life—on mental health and well-being. To date, no research has examined the role of religious/spiritual struggles in GD. The current study aimed to fill that gap in the literature by assessing the prevalence and impact of religious/spiritual struggles among U.S. veterans (N = 157) admitted to a residential treatment program for GD. Findings showed that a majority of veterans in the gambling treatment program endorsed each of six types of religious/spiritual struggles assessed. Moral struggles were the most prevalent, severe, and unremitting of the religious/spiritual struggles assessed. Findings highlight the need for clinicians and chaplains working with problem gamblers to address religious/spiritual struggles generally, and moral struggles most specifically, in treatment of GD.

@article{hartPredictorsSelfReportedGrowth2020,
  title = {Predictors of {{Self-Reported Growth Following Religious}} and {{Spiritual Struggles}}: {{Exploring}} the {{Role}} of {{Wholeness}}},
  shorttitle = {Predictors of {{Self-Reported Growth Following Religious}} and {{Spiritual Struggles}}},
  author = {Hart, Allison C. and Pargament, Kenneth I. and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Exline, Julie J. and Wilt, Joshua A.},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Religions},
  volume = {11},
  number = {9},
  pages = {445},
  publisher = {{Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}},
  doi = {10.3390/rel11090445},
  abstract = {Religious and spiritual (r/s) struggles have been robustly linked to negative outcomes, such as greater psychological distress, reduced well-being, and difficulty finding meaning in life. R/s struggles, however, do not inevitably lead to decline. Many people report post-traumatic and spiritual growth through their r/s struggles, even though correlational studies linking r/s struggles to perceptions of growth have produced mixed results. How do we make sense of this overall pattern of findings? Perhaps growth following r/s struggles occurs under certain conditions. Prior conceptual work by Pargament suggests that specific aspects of one\’s orienting system (i.e., the confluence of r/s, dispositional, and psychosocial factors which help guide people in their search for significance and purpose) may play a pivotal role in predicting growth or decline in the wake of an r/s struggle. In the present empirical study, we expected to find that among r/s strugglers, those with orienting systems marked by greater wholeness would be more likely to report growth and less decline. Four dimensions of greater wholeness (purposiveness, breadth and depth, life affirmation, cohesiveness) were measured by the presence of meaning in one\’s life, self-control, universality, optimism, compassion, openness to change while tolerating doubt, and a collaborative problem-solving relationship with God. We tested these hypotheses using data from a cross-sectional study (N = 1162) of undergraduates at three universities. Results generally supported our hypotheses, with a few exceptions. Greater wholeness was associated with reports of more growth and less decline after an r/s struggle.},
  copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {growth,religion,spirituality,struggles,wholeness},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/JKLTFHDD/Hart et al. - 2020 - Predictors of Self-Reported Growth Following Relig.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/RNPVKPDC/htm.html}
}

Religious and spiritual (r/s) struggles have been robustly linked to negative outcomes, such as greater psychological distress, reduced well-being, and difficulty finding meaning in life. R/s struggles, however, do not inevitably lead to decline. Many people report post-traumatic and spiritual growth through their r/s struggles, even though correlational studies linking r/s struggles to perceptions of growth have produced mixed results. How do we make sense of this overall pattern of findings? Perhaps growth following r/s struggles occurs under certain conditions. Prior conceptual work by Pargament suggests that specific aspects of one’s orienting system (i.e., the confluence of r/s, dispositional, and psychosocial factors which help guide people in their search for significance and purpose) may play a pivotal role in predicting growth or decline in the wake of an r/s struggle. In the present empirical study, we expected to find that among r/s strugglers, those with orienting systems marked by greater wholeness would be more likely to report growth and less decline. Four dimensions of greater wholeness (purposiveness, breadth and depth, life affirmation, cohesiveness) were measured by the presence of meaning in one’s life, self-control, universality, optimism, compassion, openness to change while tolerating doubt, and a collaborative problem-solving relationship with God. We tested these hypotheses using data from a cross-sectional study (N = 1162) of undergraduates at three universities. Results generally supported our hypotheses, with a few exceptions. Greater wholeness was associated with reports of more growth and less decline after an r/s struggle.

@article{krausValidationBriefPornography2020,
  title = {Validation of a {{Brief Pornography Screen}} across Multiple Samples},
  author = {Kraus, Shane W. and Gola, Mateusz and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Kowalewska, Ewelina and Hoff, Rani A. and {Lew-Starowicz}, Michał and Martino, Steve and Shirk, Steven D. and Potenza, Marc N.},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal of Behavioral Addictions},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  pages = {259--271},
  publisher = {{Akadémiai Kiadó}},
  issn = {2063-5303, 2062-5871},
  doi = {10.1556/2006.2020.00038},
  abstract = {{$<$}section class="abstract"{$><$}h2 class="abstractTitle text-title my-1" id="d44e2"{$>$}Abstract{$<$}/h2{$><$}p{$><$}/p{$><$}div id="" class="section"{$><$}h3 class="abstractTitle text-title my-1" id="d44e6"{$>$}Background and Aims{$<$}/h3{$><$}p{$>$}To address current gaps around screening for problematic pornography use (PPU), we initially developed and tested a six-item Brief Pornography Screen (BPS) that asked about PPU in the past six months.{$<$}/p{$><$}/div{$><$}div id="" class="section"{$><$}h3 class="abstractTitle text-title my-1" id="d44e22"{$>$}Methods and Participants{$<$}/h3{$><$}p{$>$}We recruited five independent samples from the U.S. and Poland to evaluate the psychometric properties of the BPS. In Study 1, we evaluated the factor structure, reliability, and elements of validity using a sample of 224 U.S. veterans. One item from the BPS was dropped in Study 1 due to low item endorsement. In Studies 2 and 3, we further investigated the five-item the factor structure of the BPS and evaluated its reliability and validity in two national U.S. representative samples ({$<$}em{$>$}N{$<$}/em{$>$} = 1,466, {$<$}em{$>$}N{$<$}/em{$>$} = 1,063, respectively). In Study 4, we confirmed the factor structure and evaluated its validity and reliability using a sample of 703 Polish adults. In Study 5, we calculated the suggested cut-off score for the screen using a sample of 105 male patients seeking treatment for compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD).{$<$}/p{$><$}/div{$><$}div id="" class="section"{$><$}h3 class="abstractTitle text-title my-1" id="d44e35"{$>$}Results{$<$}/h3{$><$}p{$>$}Findings from a principal components analysis and confirmatory factor analysis supported a one-factor solution which yielded high internal consistency ({$<$}em{$>$}α{$<$}/em{$>$} = 0.89–0.90), and analyses further supported elements of construct, convergent, criterion, and discriminant validity of the newly developed screen. Results from a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve suggested a cut-off score of four or higher for detecting possible PPU.{$<$}/p{$><$}/div{$><$}div id="" class="section"{$><$}h3 class="abstractTitle text-title my-1" id="d44e45"{$>$}Conclusions{$<$}/h3{$><$}p{$>$}The BPS appears to be psychometrically sound, short, and easy to use in various settings with high potential for use in populations across international jurisdictions.{$<$}/p{$><$}/div{$><$}/section{$>$}},
  chapter = {Journal of Behavioral Addictions},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {american},
  keywords = {*Erotica,*Sexual Behavior,Adult,Aged,Compulsive Behavior/*diagnosis,Female,Humans,Male,Middle Aged,Paraphilic Disorders/*diagnosis,Poland,Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/*standards,Psychometrics/*standards,Reproducibility of Results,United States},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/IVV65V43/Kraus et al. - 2020 - Validation of a Brief Pornography Screen across mu.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/Q89JR8QU/article-p259.html}
}

$<$section class="abstract"$><$h2 class="abstractTitle text-title my-1" id="d44e2"$>$Abstract$<$/h2$><$p$><$/p$><$div id="" class="section"$><$h3 class="abstractTitle text-title my-1" id="d44e6"$>$Background and Aims$<$/h3$><$p$>$To address current gaps around screening for problematic pornography use (PPU), we initially developed and tested a six-item Brief Pornography Screen (BPS) that asked about PPU in the past six months.$<$/p$><$/div$><$div id="" class="section"$><$h3 class="abstractTitle text-title my-1" id="d44e22"$>$Methods and Participants$<$/h3$><$p$>$We recruited five independent samples from the U.S. and Poland to evaluate the psychometric properties of the BPS. In Study 1, we evaluated the factor structure, reliability, and elements of validity using a sample of 224 U.S. veterans. One item from the BPS was dropped in Study 1 due to low item endorsement. In Studies 2 and 3, we further investigated the five-item the factor structure of the BPS and evaluated its reliability and validity in two national U.S. representative samples ($<$em$>$N$<$/em$>$ = 1,466, $<$em$>$N$<$/em$>$ = 1,063, respectively). In Study 4, we confirmed the factor structure and evaluated its validity and reliability using a sample of 703 Polish adults. In Study 5, we calculated the suggested cut-off score for the screen using a sample of 105 male patients seeking treatment for compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD).$<$/p$><$/div$><$div id="" class="section"$><$h3 class="abstractTitle text-title my-1" id="d44e35"$>$Results$<$/h3$><$p$>$Findings from a principal components analysis and confirmatory factor analysis supported a one-factor solution which yielded high internal consistency ($<$em$>$α$<$/em$>$ = 0.89–0.90), and analyses further supported elements of construct, convergent, criterion, and discriminant validity of the newly developed screen. Results from a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve suggested a cut-off score of four or higher for detecting possible PPU.$<$/p$><$/div$><$div id="" class="section"$><$h3 class="abstractTitle text-title my-1" id="d44e45"$>$Conclusions$<$/h3$><$p$>$The BPS appears to be psychometrically sound, short, and easy to use in various settings with high potential for use in populations across international jurisdictions.$<$/p$><$/div$><$/section$>$

@article{lewczukEvaluatingPornographyProblems2020,
  title = {Evaluating {{Pornography Problems Due}} to {{Moral Incongruence}} Model},
  author = {Lewczuk, Karol and Glica, Agnieszka and Nowakowska, Iwona and Gola, Mateusz and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {The Journal of Sexual Medicine},
  volume = {17},
  number = {2},
  pages = {300--311},
  issn = {1743-6095},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.11.259},
  abstract = {Introduction To date, multiple models of problematic pornography use have been proposed, but attempts to validate them have been scarce. Aim In our study, we aimed to evaluate the Pornography Problems due to Moral Incongruence model proposing that self-appraisals of pornography addiction stem from (i) general dysregulation, (ii) habits of use, and (iii) moral incongruence between internalized norms and behavior. We investigated whether the model can be used to adequately explain the self-perceptions of addiction to pornography (model 1) and a broader phenomenon of problematic pornography use (model 2). Methods An online, nationally representative study was conducted on a sample of 1036 Polish adult participants, of whom, 880 declared a lifetime history of viewing pornography. Main Outcome Measure The outcomes were self-perceived pornography addiction, problematic pornography use, avoidant coping, frequency of pornography use, religiosity, moral disapproval of pornography, and related variables. Results Our results indicated that avoidant coping (an indicator of general dysregulation), frequency of pornography use (indicator of habits of use), and the distress connected with incongruence between own sexual behavior and internalized norms, attitudes and beliefs positively contributed to self-perceived addiction (model 1) as well as problematic pornography use (model 2). This broadly confirms the basic shape of the PPMI model. There were, however, notable differences between the models. Moral incongruence related distress was only weakly related to self-perceived addiction (β~= 0.15, P {$<$} .001), with a stronger relation for problematic pornography use (β~= 0.31, P {$<$} .001). When controlling for other factors, religiosity weakly predicted problematic pornography use (β~= 0.13, P {$<$} .001), but not self-perceived addiction to pornography (β~= 0.03, P~= .368). Frequency of pornography use was the strongest predictor of both self-perceived addiction (β~= 0.52, P {$<$} .001) and problematic pornography use (β~= 0.43, P {$<$} .001). Clinical Implications Factors proposed within the PPMI model are distinctly relevant intervention targets, and they should be considered in the process of diagnosis and treatment. Strengths \& Limitations The presented study is the first to evaluate PPMI model. Its main limitation is that it has a cross-sectional design. Conclusion The PPMI model is a promising framework for investigating the factors related to self-perceived addiction and problematic pornography use. Despite the differences between the models and in the strength of specific predictors, (i) dysregulation, (ii) habits of use, and (iii) moral incongruence all uniquely contribute to self-perceived addiction and problematic pornography use. Lewczuk, K., Glica, A., Nowakowska, I., et~al. Evaluating Pornography Problems Due to Moral Incongruence Model. J Sex Med 2020;17:300–311.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {*Behavior; Addictive,*Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder,*Coping,*Erotica,*Moral Disapproval,*Moral Incongruence,*Morals,*Pornography Addiction,*Problematic Pornography Use,*Religiosity,Adolescent,Adult,Aged,COMPULSIVE behavior,Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder,Coping,Cross-Sectional Studies,Diagnostic Self Evaluation,Female,HUMAN sexuality,Humans,INCONGRUITY,Male,Middle Aged,Moral Disapproval,Moral Incongruence,PORNOGRAPHY,Pornography Addiction,PORNOGRAPHY addiction,Problematic Pornography Use,Religion,Religiosity,Self Concept,SEX addiction,Sexual Behavior/psychology,Young Adult},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/AZGL5GKR/Lewczuk et al. - 2019 - Evaluating Pornography Problems Due to Moral Incon.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/YQD8RT9Z/Lewczuk et al. - 2020 - Evaluating Pornography Problems Due to Moral Incon.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/S7AQ47C7/S1743609519317837.html}
}

Introduction To date, multiple models of problematic pornography use have been proposed, but attempts to validate them have been scarce. Aim In our study, we aimed to evaluate the Pornography Problems due to Moral Incongruence model proposing that self-appraisals of pornography addiction stem from (i) general dysregulation, (ii) habits of use, and (iii) moral incongruence between internalized norms and behavior. We investigated whether the model can be used to adequately explain the self-perceptions of addiction to pornography (model 1) and a broader phenomenon of problematic pornography use (model 2). Methods An online, nationally representative study was conducted on a sample of 1036 Polish adult participants, of whom, 880 declared a lifetime history of viewing pornography. Main Outcome Measure The outcomes were self-perceived pornography addiction, problematic pornography use, avoidant coping, frequency of pornography use, religiosity, moral disapproval of pornography, and related variables. Results Our results indicated that avoidant coping (an indicator of general dysregulation), frequency of pornography use (indicator of habits of use), and the distress connected with incongruence between own sexual behavior and internalized norms, attitudes and beliefs positively contributed to self-perceived addiction (model 1) as well as problematic pornography use (model 2). This broadly confirms the basic shape of the PPMI model. There were, however, notable differences between the models. Moral incongruence related distress was only weakly related to self-perceived addiction (β = 0.15, P $<$ .001), with a stronger relation for problematic pornography use (β = 0.31, P $<$ .001). When controlling for other factors, religiosity weakly predicted problematic pornography use (β = 0.13, P $<$ .001), but not self-perceived addiction to pornography (β = 0.03, P = .368). Frequency of pornography use was the strongest predictor of both self-perceived addiction (β = 0.52, P $<$ .001) and problematic pornography use (β = 0.43, P $<$ .001). Clinical Implications Factors proposed within the PPMI model are distinctly relevant intervention targets, and they should be considered in the process of diagnosis and treatment. Strengths & Limitations The presented study is the first to evaluate PPMI model. Its main limitation is that it has a cross-sectional design. Conclusion The PPMI model is a promising framework for investigating the factors related to self-perceived addiction and problematic pornography use. Despite the differences between the models and in the strength of specific predictors, (i) dysregulation, (ii) habits of use, and (iii) moral incongruence all uniquely contribute to self-perceived addiction and problematic pornography use. Lewczuk, K., Glica, A., Nowakowska, I., et al. Evaluating Pornography Problems Due to Moral Incongruence Model. J Sex Med 2020;17:300–311.

@article{mooreGamblingDisorderComorbid2020,
  title = {Gambling {{Disorder}} and Comorbid {{PTSD}}: {{A}} Systematic Review of Empirical Research},
  shorttitle = {Gambling {{Disorder}} and Comorbid {{PTSD}}},
  author = {Moore, Louis H. and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Addictive Behaviors},
  pages = {106713},
  issn = {03064603},
  doi = {10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106713},
  abstract = {Background and aims: Gambling Disorder (GD) and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) are frequently comorbid and often associated with a more severe clinical profile compared to those with either diagnosis alone. Despite recent growing interest in this comorbidity, there has been little effort to synthesize this domain of research and define areas of need for future research.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/E7G28776/Moore and Grubbs - 2020 - Gambling Disorder and comorbid PTSD A systematic .pdf}
}

Background and aims: Gambling Disorder (GD) and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) are frequently comorbid and often associated with a more severe clinical profile compared to those with either diagnosis alone. Despite recent growing interest in this comorbidity, there has been little effort to synthesize this domain of research and define areas of need for future research.

@article{perryCultureWarsCOVID2020,
  title = {Culture {{Wars}} and {{COVID}}‐19 {{Conduct}}: {{Christian Nationalism}}, {{Religiosity}}, and {{Americans}}' {{Behavior During}} the {{Coronavirus Pandemic}}.},
  author = {Perry, Samuel L. and Whitehead, Andrew L. and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion},
  volume = {59},
  number = {3},
  pages = {405--416},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Blackwell}},
  issn = {00218294},
  abstract = {During the COVID‐19 pandemic, Americans' behavioral responses were quickly politicized. Those on the left stressed precautionary behaviors, while those on the (religious) right were more likely to disregard recommended precautions. We propose the far right response was driven less by partisanship or religiosity per se, but rather by an ideology that connects disregard for scientific expertise; a conception of Americans as God's chosen and protected people; distrust for news media; and allegiance to Trump―Christian nationalism. Analyzing panel data collected in the thick of the COVID‐19 crisis, we find Christian nationalism was the leading predictor that Americans engaged in incautious behavior like eating in restaurants, visiting family/friends, or gathering with 10+ persons (though not attending church), and was the second strongest predictor that Americans took fewer precautions like wearing a mask or sanitizing/washing one's hands. Religiosity, in contrast, was the leading predictor that Americans engaged in more frequent precautionary behaviors. Findings document that Christian nationalism, not religious commitment per se, undergirded the far‐right response to COVID‐19 that disregarded precautionary recommendations, thus potentially worsening the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  keywords = {Christian nationalism,coronavirus,COVID-19 pandemic,COVID‐19,NATIONALISM,religion,religiosity,RELIGIOUS thought,RELIGIOUSNESS,science,SOCIAL support},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/AEAZ6X9D/Perry et al. - 2020 - Culture Wars and COVID‐19 Conduct Christian Natio.pdf}
}

During the COVID‐19 pandemic, Americans' behavioral responses were quickly politicized. Those on the left stressed precautionary behaviors, while those on the (religious) right were more likely to disregard recommended precautions. We propose the far right response was driven less by partisanship or religiosity per se, but rather by an ideology that connects disregard for scientific expertise; a conception of Americans as God's chosen and protected people; distrust for news media; and allegiance to Trump―Christian nationalism. Analyzing panel data collected in the thick of the COVID‐19 crisis, we find Christian nationalism was the leading predictor that Americans engaged in incautious behavior like eating in restaurants, visiting family/friends, or gathering with 10+ persons (though not attending church), and was the second strongest predictor that Americans took fewer precautions like wearing a mask or sanitizing/washing one's hands. Religiosity, in contrast, was the leading predictor that Americans engaged in more frequent precautionary behaviors. Findings document that Christian nationalism, not religious commitment per se, undergirded the far‐right response to COVID‐19 that disregarded precautionary recommendations, thus potentially worsening the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

@article{perryEconomyLibertyYourself2020,
  title = {Save the {{Economy}}, {{Liberty}}, and {{Yourself}}: {{Christian Nationalism}} and {{Americans}}’ {{Views}} on {{Government COVID-19 Restrictions}}},
  shorttitle = {Save the {{Economy}}, {{Liberty}}, and {{Yourself}}},
  author = {Perry, Samuel L and Whitehead, Andrew L and Grubbs, Joshua B},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Sociology of Religion},
  number = {sraa047},
  issn = {1069-4404},
  doi = {10.1093/socrel/sraa047},
  abstract = {During the COVID-19 pandemic, state and local governments implemented lockdown restrictions that were tremendously polarizing. Those on the cultural and political left supported restrictions hoping to protect the vulnerable, while those on the cultural and political right challenged restrictions citing threats to the economy and liberty. We theorize that libertarian and authoritarian impulses within Christian nationalism undergirded much of the resistance to government restrictions. Analyzing national panel data collected before and during the pandemic, we find Christian nationalism is either the first or second strongest predictor that Americans prioritize the economy and liberty and deprioritize the vulnerable when asked about government restrictions. Religiosity works in the opposite direction, however. Findings underscore the centrality of Christian nationalism as an ideological driver of far-right discourse shaping COVID-19 responses.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/CX7Z2CTL/Perry et al. - 2020 - Save the Economy, Liberty, and Yourself Christian.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/9VEL2FBG/6054784.html}
}

During the COVID-19 pandemic, state and local governments implemented lockdown restrictions that were tremendously polarizing. Those on the cultural and political left supported restrictions hoping to protect the vulnerable, while those on the cultural and political right challenged restrictions citing threats to the economy and liberty. We theorize that libertarian and authoritarian impulses within Christian nationalism undergirded much of the resistance to government restrictions. Analyzing national panel data collected before and during the pandemic, we find Christian nationalism is either the first or second strongest predictor that Americans prioritize the economy and liberty and deprioritize the vulnerable when asked about government restrictions. Religiosity works in the opposite direction, however. Findings underscore the centrality of Christian nationalism as an ideological driver of far-right discourse shaping COVID-19 responses.

@article{perryFormalFunctionalTraditional2020,
  title = {Formal or {{Functional}}? {{Traditional}} or {{Inclusive}}? {{Bible Translations}} as {{Markers}} of {{Religious Subcultures}}},
  shorttitle = {Formal or {{Functional}}?},
  author = {Perry, Samuel L. and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Sociology of Religion},
  doi = {10.1093/socrel/sraa003},
  abstract = {Abstract.  English Bible translations are often classified along two axes: (1) whether their translation approach pursues “formal correspondence” (prioritizing},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/NPVC5HVC/Perry and Grubbs - Formal or Functional Traditional or Inclusive Bi.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/L56WMNJ2/Formal_or_Functional_Traditional_or_Inclusive_Bible_Translations_as_Markers_of_Religious_Subcul.html;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/TABMLLLM/5741798.html}
}

Abstract. English Bible translations are often classified along two axes: (1) whether their translation approach pursues “formal correspondence” (prioritizing

@article{grubbsEmergingAdultReactions2019,
  title = {Emerging Adult Reactions to Labeling Regarding Age-Group Differences in Narcissism and Entitlement},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B and Exline, Julie J. and McCain, Jessica and Campbell, W. Keith and Twenge, Jean M.},
  editor = {Yechiam, Eldad},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {14},
  number = {5},
  pages = {e0215637},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0215637},
  abstract = {Both academic and popular literatures have repeatedly contended that emerging adults are the most narcissistic and entitled age-group in modern times. Although this contention is fiercely debated, the message that emerging adults are narcissistic and entitled has saturated popular culture. Despite this saturation, relatively little empirical work has examined how emerging adults might react to such labels. Across three studies in five samples in the U.S., the present work sought to address this deficit in research. Results from cross-sectional samples of university students at two universities, as well as an online convenience sample of web-using adults (Study 1), indicated that emerging adults believe their agegroup and the one following them (e.g., adolescents) to be the most narcissistic and entitled age-groups, that they have generally negative opinions of narcissism and entitlement, and that they respond negatively to being labeled as narcissistic and entitled. Additionally, results from adult web-users revealed that, while all age groups tend to view adolescents and emerging adults as more narcissistic and entitled than older age-groups, these opinions are more exaggerated among members of older age-groups. Finally, across two experimental studies (Studies 2 \& 3), results indicated that emerging adults react negatively to labeling of their age-group as narcissistic and entitled, but no more negatively than they do to potentially related undesirable labels (e.g., oversensitive). Collectively, these results indicate that emerging adults are aware of and somewhat distressed by messaging that casts their agegroup as the most narcissistic and entitled age-group ever.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/ENZNKHK7/Grubbs et al. - Emerging adult reactions to labeling regarding age.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/PFSHYS2A/Grubbs et al. - 2019 - Emerging adult reactions to labeling regarding age.pdf}
}

Both academic and popular literatures have repeatedly contended that emerging adults are the most narcissistic and entitled age-group in modern times. Although this contention is fiercely debated, the message that emerging adults are narcissistic and entitled has saturated popular culture. Despite this saturation, relatively little empirical work has examined how emerging adults might react to such labels. Across three studies in five samples in the U.S., the present work sought to address this deficit in research. Results from cross-sectional samples of university students at two universities, as well as an online convenience sample of web-using adults (Study 1), indicated that emerging adults believe their agegroup and the one following them (e.g., adolescents) to be the most narcissistic and entitled age-groups, that they have generally negative opinions of narcissism and entitlement, and that they respond negatively to being labeled as narcissistic and entitled. Additionally, results from adult web-users revealed that, while all age groups tend to view adolescents and emerging adults as more narcissistic and entitled than older age-groups, these opinions are more exaggerated among members of older age-groups. Finally, across two experimental studies (Studies 2 & 3), results indicated that emerging adults react negatively to labeling of their age-group as narcissistic and entitled, but no more negatively than they do to potentially related undesirable labels (e.g., oversensitive). Collectively, these results indicate that emerging adults are aware of and somewhat distressed by messaging that casts their agegroup as the most narcissistic and entitled age-group ever.

@article{grubbsInternetPornographyUse2019,
  title = {Internet Pornography Use and Sexual Motivation: {{A}} Systematic Review and Integration},
  shorttitle = {Internet Pornography Use and Sexual Motivation},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Wright, Paul J. and Braden, Abby L. and Wilt, Joshua A. and Kraus, Shane W.},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Annals of the International Communication Association},
  volume = {43},
  number = {2},
  pages = {117--155},
  publisher = {{Routledge}},
  issn = {2380-8985},
  doi = {10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045},
  abstract = {Pornography use is a common activity in the developed world. This work consolidates research about pornography use into an organizational structure that is relevant to sexual motivation more broadly. To accomplish this, a comprehensive review of research is conducted, examining personality, emotional, and attitudinal associates and predictors of pornography use, as well as behaviours, attitudes, and motivations that are associated with or predicted by pornography use. Reviewing over 130 studies, the present work demonstrates that pornography is most often consumed for pleasure-seeking purposes, that it associated with increases in casual or impersonal approaches to sexuality, and that it predicts more pleasure-oriented approaches to sexual behaviour. The implications of these findings are discussed.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  keywords = {media effects,motivation,pleasure seeking,pornography use,sexual drive,Sexual motivation},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/WK4AU9L4/Grubbs et al. - 2019 - Internet pornography use and sexual motivation a .pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/GW28MM5Q/23808985.2019.html}
}

Pornography use is a common activity in the developed world. This work consolidates research about pornography use into an organizational structure that is relevant to sexual motivation more broadly. To accomplish this, a comprehensive review of research is conducted, examining personality, emotional, and attitudinal associates and predictors of pornography use, as well as behaviours, attitudes, and motivations that are associated with or predicted by pornography use. Reviewing over 130 studies, the present work demonstrates that pornography is most often consumed for pleasure-seeking purposes, that it associated with increases in casual or impersonal approaches to sexuality, and that it predicts more pleasure-oriented approaches to sexual behaviour. The implications of these findings are discussed.

@article{grubbsMoralGrandstandingPublic2019,
  title = {Moral Grandstanding in Public Discourse: {{Status-seeking}} Motives as a Potential Explanatory Mechanism in Predicting Conflict},
  shorttitle = {Moral Grandstanding in Public Discourse},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Warmke, Brandon and Tosi, Justin and James, A. Shanti and Campbell, W. Keith},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {14},
  number = {10},
  pages = {e0223749},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0223749},
  abstract = {Public discourse is often caustic and conflict-filled. This trend seems to be particularly evident when the content of such discourse is around moral issues (broadly defined) and when the discourse occurs on social media. Several explanatory mechanisms for such conflict have been explored in recent psychological and social-science literatures. The present work sought to examine a potentially novel explanatory mechanism defined in philosophical literature: Moral Grandstanding. According to philosophical accounts, Moral Grandstanding is the use of moral talk to seek social status. For the present work, we conducted six studies, using two undergraduate samples (Study 1, N = 361; Study 2, N = 356); a sample matched to U.S. norms for age, gender, race, income, Census region (Study 3, N = 1,063); a YouGov sample matched to U.S. demographic norms (Study 4, N = 2,000); and a brief, one-month longitudinal study of Mechanical Turk workers in the U.S. (Study 5, Baseline N = 499, follow-up n = 296), and a large, one-week YouGov sample matched to U.S. demographic norms (Baseline N = 2,519, follow-up n = 1,776). Across studies, we found initial support for the validity of Moral Grandstanding as a construct. Specifically, moral grandstanding motivation was associated with status-seeking personality traits, as well as greater political and moral conflict in daily life.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Behavior,Moral philosophy,Motivation,Personality,Personality disorders,Personality traits,Social media,Vigilance},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/224SCEJD/Grubbs et al. - 2019 - Moral grandstanding in public discourse Status-se.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/M7BLTVYI/article.html}
}

Public discourse is often caustic and conflict-filled. This trend seems to be particularly evident when the content of such discourse is around moral issues (broadly defined) and when the discourse occurs on social media. Several explanatory mechanisms for such conflict have been explored in recent psychological and social-science literatures. The present work sought to examine a potentially novel explanatory mechanism defined in philosophical literature: Moral Grandstanding. According to philosophical accounts, Moral Grandstanding is the use of moral talk to seek social status. For the present work, we conducted six studies, using two undergraduate samples (Study 1, N = 361; Study 2, N = 356); a sample matched to U.S. norms for age, gender, race, income, Census region (Study 3, N = 1,063); a YouGov sample matched to U.S. demographic norms (Study 4, N = 2,000); and a brief, one-month longitudinal study of Mechanical Turk workers in the U.S. (Study 5, Baseline N = 499, follow-up n = 296), and a large, one-week YouGov sample matched to U.S. demographic norms (Baseline N = 2,519, follow-up n = 1,776). Across studies, we found initial support for the validity of Moral Grandstanding as a construct. Specifically, moral grandstanding motivation was associated with status-seeking personality traits, as well as greater political and moral conflict in daily life.

@article{grubbsMoralIncongruencePornography2019,
  title = {Moral Incongruence and Pornography Use: {{A}} Critical Review and Integration.},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Perry, Samuel L.},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal of sex research},
  volume = {56},
  number = {1},
  pages = {29--37},
  issn = {1559-8519 0022-4499},
  doi = {10.1080/00224499.2018.1427204},
  abstract = {Internet pornography use (IPU) remains a controversial topic within sexual behavior research fields. Whereas some people report feeling dysregulated in their use of pornography, mental health and medical communities are divided as to whether IPU can be addictive. The present review sought to examine this issue more closely, with a focus on how variables other than pornography use, such as moral disapproval and moral incongruence (i.e., feeling as if one's behaviors and one's values about those behaviors are misaligned), might specifically contribute to self-perceived problems around pornography use. Through an examination of recent literature, the present work reviews evidence that moral incongruence about IPU is a common phenomenon and that it is associated with outcomes relevant to current debates about pornography addiction. Specifically, moral incongruence  regarding IPU appears to be associated with greater distress about IPU, greater psychological distress in general, greater reports of problems related to IPU, and greater reports of perceived addiction to IPU. The implications of this body  of evidence for both clinical and research communities are discussed, and future  directions for research are considered.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {29412013},
  keywords = {*Morals,*Self Concept,Behavior; Addictive/*psychology,Emotions,Erotica/*psychology,feelings,Female,Heterosexuality/*psychology,Humans,Internet,Male,moral incongruence,Morality,pornography,Pornography,Psychosexual Behavior,sexual behavior,Social Norms},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/5ACXKYGN/Grubbs and Perry - 2019 - Moral incongruence and pornography use A critical.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/GGMDQLTR/Grubbs and Perry - 2017 - Moral Incongruence, Pornography Use, and Perceived.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/Y9V75JX6/Grubbs and Perry - 2018 - Moral Incongruence and Pornography Use A Critical.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/MW2A2RJI/6p5k9.html}
}

Internet pornography use (IPU) remains a controversial topic within sexual behavior research fields. Whereas some people report feeling dysregulated in their use of pornography, mental health and medical communities are divided as to whether IPU can be addictive. The present review sought to examine this issue more closely, with a focus on how variables other than pornography use, such as moral disapproval and moral incongruence (i.e., feeling as if one's behaviors and one's values about those behaviors are misaligned), might specifically contribute to self-perceived problems around pornography use. Through an examination of recent literature, the present work reviews evidence that moral incongruence about IPU is a common phenomenon and that it is associated with outcomes relevant to current debates about pornography addiction. Specifically, moral incongruence regarding IPU appears to be associated with greater distress about IPU, greater psychological distress in general, greater reports of problems related to IPU, and greater reports of perceived addiction to IPU. The implications of this body of evidence for both clinical and research communities are discussed, and future directions for research are considered.

@techreport{grubbsPerceivedEffectsMoral2019,
  title = {Perceived {{Effects}} of {{Moral Grandstanding}} on {{Public Discourse}}},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and James, Alicia Shanti and Honeycutt, Nathan and Stevens, Sean T. and Jussim, Lee},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  institution = {{Bowling Green State University}},
  abstract = {The purpose of the present work is to conduct a large, multi-sample study that specifically examines the manner in which personal levels of reported grandstanding and personal perceptions of grandstanding by others affect individuals’ engagement in public discourse activities.      Hosted on the Open Science Framework},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/CV6HLQVB/6wkxu.html}
}

The purpose of the present work is to conduct a large, multi-sample study that specifically examines the manner in which personal levels of reported grandstanding and personal perceptions of grandstanding by others affect individuals’ engagement in public discourse activities. Hosted on the Open Science Framework

@article{grubbsPornographyProblemsDue2019,
  title = {Pornography Problems Due to Moral Incongruence: {{An}} Integrative Model with a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Perry, Samuel L. and Wilt, Joshua A. and Reid, Rory C.},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Archives of sexual behavior},
  volume = {48},
  number = {2},
  pages = {397--415},
  issn = {1573-2800 0004-0002},
  doi = {10.1007/s10508-018-1248-x},
  abstract = {The notion of problematic pornography use remains contentious in both academic and popular literature. Although the mental health community at large is divided  as to the addictive versus non-addictive nature of Internet pornography, substantial numbers of individuals report "feeling" as if their use of Internet pornography is problematic. The present work seeks to construct a model related to problematic pornography use that is clearly derived from empirical literature  and that provides directions to be tested in future research. The focus of the present work is on those perceptions as they relate to the overarching experience of moral incongruence in pornography use, which is generally thought of as the experience of having one's behaviors be inconsistent with one's beliefs. To this  end, we put forth a model of pornography problems due to moral incongruence. Within this model, we describe how pornography-related problems-particularly feelings of addiction to pornography-may be, in many cases, better construed as functions of discrepancies-moral incongruence-between pornography-related beliefs and pornography-related behaviors. A systematic review of literature and meta-analysis is conducted in order to evaluate support for this model, and the implications of this model for research and clinical practice are discussed.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {30076491},
  keywords = {*Addiction,*Compulsive sexual behavior,*DSM-5,*ICD-11,*Models; Psychological,*Morality,*Morals,*Pornography,*Religion,Addiction,Behavior; Addictive,Clinical Practice,Compulsive sexual behavior,DSM-5,Erotica/*psychology,Humans,ICD-11,INTERNET pornography,LITERATURE reviews,META-analysis,Morality,Pornography,PORNOGRAPHY addiction,Psychosexual Behavior,Religion,RELIGION,SEX addiction,Sexual Addiction,SEXUAL ethics},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/UJ85YUZ7/Grubbs et al. - 2019 - Pornography Problems Due to Moral Incongruence An.pdf}
}

The notion of problematic pornography use remains contentious in both academic and popular literature. Although the mental health community at large is divided as to the addictive versus non-addictive nature of Internet pornography, substantial numbers of individuals report "feeling" as if their use of Internet pornography is problematic. The present work seeks to construct a model related to problematic pornography use that is clearly derived from empirical literature and that provides directions to be tested in future research. The focus of the present work is on those perceptions as they relate to the overarching experience of moral incongruence in pornography use, which is generally thought of as the experience of having one's behaviors be inconsistent with one's beliefs. To this end, we put forth a model of pornography problems due to moral incongruence. Within this model, we describe how pornography-related problems-particularly feelings of addiction to pornography-may be, in many cases, better construed as functions of discrepancies-moral incongruence-between pornography-related beliefs and pornography-related behaviors. A systematic review of literature and meta-analysis is conducted in order to evaluate support for this model, and the implications of this model for research and clinical practice are discussed.

@article{grubbsPornographyUseRelated2019,
  title = {Is Pornography Use Related to Erectile Functioning? {{Results}} from Cross-Sectional  and Latent Growth Curve Analyses.},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Gola, Mateusz},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  journal = {The journal of sexual medicine},
  volume = {16},
  number = {1},
  pages = {111--125},
  issn = {1743-6109 1743-6095},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.11.004},
  abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Despite evidence to the contrary, a number of advocacy and self-help groups persist in claiming that internet pornography use is driving an  epidemic of erectile dysfunction (ED). AIM: The present work sought to explore whether mere pornography use itself and self-reported problematic use of pornography are related to ED, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. METHODS: A series of 3 samples of sexually active men who also used pornography were collected: a cross-sectional sample of undergraduate men in the United States (n = 147), an online sample of men derived from a larger sample that was matched to U.S. nationally representative norms (n = 297), and a 1-year, 4-wave longitudinal sample of adult men derived from an online convenience sample (Mechanical Turk: time 1, n = 433; time 2, n = 223; time 3, n = 202; time 4, n =  196). Pearson correlations and cross-sectional structural equation models were conducted in each sample. Latent growth curve analyses were conducted in the longitudinal sample. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The primary outcomes of interest were  cross-sectional and longitudinal reports of erectile functioning as measured by the International Index of Erectile Functioning 5. RESULTS: Across all 3 samples, there was evidence of a positive, cross-sectional association between self-reported problematic use and ED, but no consistent association between mere  use itself and ED. In our longitudinal sample, there were correlations among baseline pornography use, baseline self-reported problematic use, and prospective ED at times 2-4; however, latent growth curve analyses demonstrated no significant relationships between any pornography-related variables and trajectories of ED. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: These results suggest that among non-treatment-seeking pornography users, self-reported problematic use likely is  associated with concurrent reports of ED, but that the links between these variables are not directional or causal in nature. STRENGTH \& LIMITATIONS: This work is the first work to systematically examine the links between self-reported  problematic use of pornography and ED, and it did so in a variety of samples, using both cross-sectional and longitudinal methods. Even so, the work relied exclusively on self-report methods, and did not control for medical covariates that may be related to the experience of ED. CONCLUSION: In conjunction with prior literature, we conclude that there is little or no evidence of an association between mere pornography use and ED, consistent evidence of an association between self-reported problematic use and ED cross-sectionally, and no evidence of causal links between any pornography variables and ED. Grubbs JB,  Gola M. Is Pornography Use Related to Erectile Functioning? Results From Cross-Sectional and Latent Growth Curve Analyses. J Sex Med 2019;16:111-125.},
  copyright = {Copyright (c) 2018 International Society for Sexual Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {30621919},
  keywords = {*Addiction,*Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder,*Erectile Dysfunction,*Hypersexual Behavior,*Moral Incongruence,*Pornography,Addiction,Adolescent,Adult,Compulsions,Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder,Cross-Sectional Studies,Erectile Dysfunction,Erectile Dysfunction/*epidemiology,Erotica/*psychology,Humans,Hypersexual Behavior,Male,Middle Aged,Moral Incongruence,Penile Erection/*physiology,Pornography,Prospective Studies,Self Report,Sexual Addiction,Students/statistics \& numerical data,Young Adult},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/L543PFPB/Grubbs and Gola - 2019 - Is Pornography Use Related to Erectile Functioning.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/6TI3WUFK/S1743609518312852.html}
}

INTRODUCTION: Despite evidence to the contrary, a number of advocacy and self-help groups persist in claiming that internet pornography use is driving an epidemic of erectile dysfunction (ED). AIM: The present work sought to explore whether mere pornography use itself and self-reported problematic use of pornography are related to ED, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. METHODS: A series of 3 samples of sexually active men who also used pornography were collected: a cross-sectional sample of undergraduate men in the United States (n = 147), an online sample of men derived from a larger sample that was matched to U.S. nationally representative norms (n = 297), and a 1-year, 4-wave longitudinal sample of adult men derived from an online convenience sample (Mechanical Turk: time 1, n = 433; time 2, n = 223; time 3, n = 202; time 4, n = 196). Pearson correlations and cross-sectional structural equation models were conducted in each sample. Latent growth curve analyses were conducted in the longitudinal sample. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The primary outcomes of interest were cross-sectional and longitudinal reports of erectile functioning as measured by the International Index of Erectile Functioning 5. RESULTS: Across all 3 samples, there was evidence of a positive, cross-sectional association between self-reported problematic use and ED, but no consistent association between mere use itself and ED. In our longitudinal sample, there were correlations among baseline pornography use, baseline self-reported problematic use, and prospective ED at times 2-4; however, latent growth curve analyses demonstrated no significant relationships between any pornography-related variables and trajectories of ED. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: These results suggest that among non-treatment-seeking pornography users, self-reported problematic use likely is associated with concurrent reports of ED, but that the links between these variables are not directional or causal in nature. STRENGTH & LIMITATIONS: This work is the first work to systematically examine the links between self-reported problematic use of pornography and ED, and it did so in a variety of samples, using both cross-sectional and longitudinal methods. Even so, the work relied exclusively on self-report methods, and did not control for medical covariates that may be related to the experience of ED. CONCLUSION: In conjunction with prior literature, we conclude that there is little or no evidence of an association between mere pornography use and ED, consistent evidence of an association between self-reported problematic use and ED cross-sectionally, and no evidence of causal links between any pornography variables and ED. Grubbs JB, Gola M. Is Pornography Use Related to Erectile Functioning? Results From Cross-Sectional and Latent Growth Curve Analyses. J Sex Med 2019;16:111-125.

@article{grubbsPosttraumaticStressGambling2019,
  title = {Post-Traumatic Stress and Gambling Related Cognitions: {{Analyses}} in Inpatient and Online Samples},
  shorttitle = {Post-Traumatic Stress and Gambling Related Cognitions},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Chapman, Heather and Shepherd, Kathrine A.},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Addictive Behaviors},
  volume = {89},
  pages = {128--135},
  issn = {0306-4603},
  doi = {10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.09.035},
  abstract = {Individuals with gambling disorder (GD) report much higher rates of post-traumatic stress symptoms and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSS/D) than the general population, and individuals with both PTSS/D and GD often report much greater distress and impairment in daily life in comparison to individuals with GD alone (Grubbs, Chapman, Milner, Gutierrez, \& Bradley, 2018). Despite these associations, little is known about the specific ways in which PTSS/D and GD might influence each other. To address this gap in research, the present work sought to examine how PTSD might be related to the expression and experience of gambling related cognitions. Specifically, it was hypothesized that individuals with PTSD or symptoms of PTSD (i.e., subclinical levels of post-traumatic stress) would demonstrate greater cognitive distortions and erroneous beliefs about gambling. To test these hypotheses, we analyzed data from two samples, an inpatient sample of U.S. Armed Forces veterans seeking treatment for gambling disorder (n\,=\,332) and an online sample of largely recreational gambling U.S. adults (n\,=\,589). Results consistently revealed that, in both samples, individuals with PTSD or symptoms of PTSD were likely to report greater gambling related cognitions. These findings persisted, even when gambling symptom severity and trait neuroticism were held constant. Collectively, these results suggest that PTSD is uniquely associated with greater cognitive distortions and erroneous beliefs about gambling behaviors. These findings bear distinct implications for current understandings of how PTSS/D and GD are related, as well as for treatment of individuals with dealing with this comorbidity.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/2RUKYFC8/Grubbs et al. - 2018 - Examining Links between Post-Traumatic Stress and .pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/G8FI8SZE/Grubbs et al. - 2019 - Post-traumatic stress and gambling related cogniti.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/2SJGUUQ9/login.html;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/5MA9834S/S030646031830755X.html;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/E2GKDAP6/S030646031830755X.html;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/F95S4WEV/4yrvc.html}
}

Individuals with gambling disorder (GD) report much higher rates of post-traumatic stress symptoms and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSS/D) than the general population, and individuals with both PTSS/D and GD often report much greater distress and impairment in daily life in comparison to individuals with GD alone (Grubbs, Chapman, Milner, Gutierrez, & Bradley, 2018). Despite these associations, little is known about the specific ways in which PTSS/D and GD might influence each other. To address this gap in research, the present work sought to examine how PTSD might be related to the expression and experience of gambling related cognitions. Specifically, it was hypothesized that individuals with PTSD or symptoms of PTSD (i.e., subclinical levels of post-traumatic stress) would demonstrate greater cognitive distortions and erroneous beliefs about gambling. To test these hypotheses, we analyzed data from two samples, an inpatient sample of U.S. Armed Forces veterans seeking treatment for gambling disorder (n\,=\,332) and an online sample of largely recreational gambling U.S. adults (n\,=\,589). Results consistently revealed that, in both samples, individuals with PTSD or symptoms of PTSD were likely to report greater gambling related cognitions. These findings persisted, even when gambling symptom severity and trait neuroticism were held constant. Collectively, these results suggest that PTSD is uniquely associated with greater cognitive distortions and erroneous beliefs about gambling behaviors. These findings bear distinct implications for current understandings of how PTSS/D and GD are related, as well as for treatment of individuals with dealing with this comorbidity.

@article{grubbsPredictingGamblingSituations2019,
  title = {Predicting Gambling Situations: {{The}} Roles of Impulsivity, Substance Use, and Post Traumatic Stress},
  shorttitle = {Predicting Gambling Situations},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B and Chapman, Heather},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment},
  volume = {13},
  pages = {1--13},
  doi = {10.31234/osf.io/n7scv},
  abstract = {Gambling disorder and symptoms of post-traumatic stress are highly comorbid. Numerous studies suggest that the presence of one (either disordered gambling or post-traumatic stress) substantially increases the odds of later developing the other. However, little is known about the etiological links between these two domains or the nuances of the comorbidity. Past research has suggested that symptoms of post-traumatic stress might be related to unique motivations for and beliefs about gambling. The present work sought to examine whether or not symptoms of post-traumatic stress might also be related to specific situational vulnerabilities to gambling behaviors. Using a large cross-sectional sample of Internet-using adults in the United States who were primarily recreational gamblers (N\,=\,743; 46\% men, Mage\,=\,36.0, SD\,=\,11.1), as well as an inpatient sample of US Armed Forces veterans seeking treatment for gambling disorder (N\,=\,332, 80\% men, Mage\,=\,53.5, SD\,=\,11.5), the present work tested whether or not symptoms of post-traumatic stress were uniquely related to a variety of gambling situations. Results in both samples revealed that even when controlling for potentially confounding variables (eg, substance use and trait impulsivity), symptoms of post-traumatic stress were uniquely related to gambling in response to negative affect, gambling in response to social pressure, and gambling due to a need for excitement. These findings are consistent with recent work suggesting that individuals with post-traumatic stress symptoms are more likely to engage in gambling behaviors for unique reasons that differ from gamblers without such symptoms.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/BUCGH7SX/Grubbs and Chapman - 2019 - Predicting Gambling Situations The Roles of Impul.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/PG9QGV3L/Grubbs and Chapman - 2019 - Predicting Gambling Situations The Roles of Impul.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/PZGGHXD4/Grubbs and Chapman - 2019 - Predicting Gambling Situations The Roles of Impul.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/PYUGG3Q7/n7scv.html}
}

Gambling disorder and symptoms of post-traumatic stress are highly comorbid. Numerous studies suggest that the presence of one (either disordered gambling or post-traumatic stress) substantially increases the odds of later developing the other. However, little is known about the etiological links between these two domains or the nuances of the comorbidity. Past research has suggested that symptoms of post-traumatic stress might be related to unique motivations for and beliefs about gambling. The present work sought to examine whether or not symptoms of post-traumatic stress might also be related to specific situational vulnerabilities to gambling behaviors. Using a large cross-sectional sample of Internet-using adults in the United States who were primarily recreational gamblers (N\,=\,743; 46% men, Mage\,=\,36.0, SD\,=\,11.1), as well as an inpatient sample of US Armed Forces veterans seeking treatment for gambling disorder (N\,=\,332, 80% men, Mage\,=\,53.5, SD\,=\,11.5), the present work tested whether or not symptoms of post-traumatic stress were uniquely related to a variety of gambling situations. Results in both samples revealed that even when controlling for potentially confounding variables (eg, substance use and trait impulsivity), symptoms of post-traumatic stress were uniquely related to gambling in response to negative affect, gambling in response to social pressure, and gambling due to a need for excitement. These findings are consistent with recent work suggesting that individuals with post-traumatic stress symptoms are more likely to engage in gambling behaviors for unique reasons that differ from gamblers without such symptoms.

@article{grubbsResponseCommentaries2019,
  title = {Response to Commentaries},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Perry, Samuel and Wilt, Joshua A. and Reid, Rory C.},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Archives of Sexual Behavior},
  volume = {48},
  number = {2},
  pages = {461--468},
  issn = {0004-0002, 1573-2800},
  doi = {10.1007/s10508-019-1406-9},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Addiction,Clinical Practice,Compulsive sexual behavior,DSM-5,HUMAN sexuality,ICD-11,Morality,Pornography,PORNOGRAPHY,PSYCHOLOGICAL distress,Psychosexual Behavior,Religion,RELIGIOUSNESS,SEXUAL ethics},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/MGXY4BF3/Grubbs et al. - 2019 - Response to Commentaries.pdf}
}

@article{grubbsSelfidentificationPornographyAddict2019,
  title = {Self-Identification as a Pornography Addict: Examining the Roles of Pornography Use, Religiousness, and Moral Incongruence},
  shorttitle = {Self-Identification as a Pornography Addict},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Grant, Jennifer T. and Engelman, Joel},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Sexual Addiction \& Compulsivity},
  volume = {25},
  number = {4},
  pages = {269--292},
  issn = {1072-0162},
  doi = {10.1080/10720162.2019.1565848},
  abstract = {At present, the scientific community has not reached a consensus regarding whether or not people may be become addicted to or compulsive in use of pornography. Even so, a substantial number of people report feeling that their use of pornography is dysregulated or out of control. Whereas prior works considered self-reported feelings of addiction via indirect scales or dimensional measures, the present work examined what might lead someone to specifically identify as a pornography addict. Consistent with prior research, pre-registered hypotheses predicted that religiousness, moral disapproval, and average daily pornography use would emerge as consistent predictors of self-identification as a pornography addict. Four samples, involving adult pornography users (Sample 1, N = 829, Mage = 33.3; SD = 9.4; Sample 2, N = 424, Mage = 33.6; SD = 9.1; Sample 4, N = 736, Mage = 48.0; SD = 15.8) and undergraduates (Sample 3, N = 231, Mage = 19.3; SD = 1.8), were collected. Across all three samples, male gender, moral incongruence, and average daily pornography use consistently emerged as predictors of self-identification as a pornography addict. In contrast to prior literature indicating that moral incongruence and religiousness are the best predictors of self-reported feelings of addiction (measured dimensionally), results from all four samples indicated that male gender and average daily pornography use were the most strongly associated with self-identification as a pornography addict, although moral incongruence consistently emerged as a robust and unique predictors of such self-identification.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  keywords = {addiction,Addiction,DESCRIPTIVE statistics,ETHICS,HUMAN sexuality,INTERNET pornography addiction,morality,Morality,Pornography,PORNOGRAPHY,PSYCHOLOGICAL factors,religion,RELIGION,Religiosity,SELF-perception,Self-Report,SEX distribution,shame,Shame,SHAME,UNDERGRADUATES},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/G7HLN7RQ/Grubbs et al. - Self-Identification as a Pornography Addict Exami.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/PKEXVNM3/Grubbs et al. - 2018 - Self-identification as a pornography addict exami.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/VGXW2WBJ/10720162.2019.html;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/Z5SLCRZR/jf59m.html}
}

At present, the scientific community has not reached a consensus regarding whether or not people may be become addicted to or compulsive in use of pornography. Even so, a substantial number of people report feeling that their use of pornography is dysregulated or out of control. Whereas prior works considered self-reported feelings of addiction via indirect scales or dimensional measures, the present work examined what might lead someone to specifically identify as a pornography addict. Consistent with prior research, pre-registered hypotheses predicted that religiousness, moral disapproval, and average daily pornography use would emerge as consistent predictors of self-identification as a pornography addict. Four samples, involving adult pornography users (Sample 1, N = 829, Mage = 33.3; SD = 9.4; Sample 2, N = 424, Mage = 33.6; SD = 9.1; Sample 4, N = 736, Mage = 48.0; SD = 15.8) and undergraduates (Sample 3, N = 231, Mage = 19.3; SD = 1.8), were collected. Across all three samples, male gender, moral incongruence, and average daily pornography use consistently emerged as predictors of self-identification as a pornography addict. In contrast to prior literature indicating that moral incongruence and religiousness are the best predictors of self-reported feelings of addiction (measured dimensionally), results from all four samples indicated that male gender and average daily pornography use were the most strongly associated with self-identification as a pornography addict, although moral incongruence consistently emerged as a robust and unique predictors of such self-identification.

@article{grubbsSelfreportedAddictionPornography2019,
  title = {Self-Reported Addiction to Pornography in a Nationally Representative Sample: {{The}} Roles of Use Habits, Religiousness, and Moral Incongruence.},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Kraus, Shane W. and Perry, Samuel L.},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal of behavioral addictions},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  pages = {88--93},
  issn = {2063-5303 2062-5871},
  doi = {10.1556/2006.7.2018.134},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Despite controversies regarding its existence as a legitimate mental health condition, self-reports of pornography addiction seem to occur regularly. In the United States, prior works using various sampling techniques, such as undergraduate samples and online convenience samples, have consistently demonstrated that some pornography users report feeling dysregulated or out of control in their use. Even so, there has been very little work in US nationally representative samples to examine self-reported pornography addiction. METHODS: This study sought to examine self-reported pornography addiction in a US nationally representative sample of adult Internet users (N = 2,075). RESULTS: The results indicated that most participants had viewed pornography within their  lifetimes (n = 1,461), with just over half reporting some use in the past year (n = 1,056). Moreover, roughly 11\% of men and 3\% of women reported some agreement with the statement "I am addicted to pornography." Across all participants, such  feelings were most strongly associated with male gender, younger age, greater religiousness, greater moral incongruence regarding pornography use, and greater  use of pornography. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Collectively, these findings are consistent with prior works that have noted that self-reported pornography addiction is a complex phenomenon that is predicted by both objective behavior and subjective moral evaluations of that behavior.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {30632378},
  keywords = {*Erotica,*Habits,*Morals,*Religion and Psychology,*Self Concept,Addiction,Addictive,Adult,Behavior,Behavior; Addictive,Behavior; Addictive/*epidemiology,compulsive sexual behavior disorder,Emotions,Erotica,Female,Habits,Humans,hypersexual disorder,Male,Mental Health,Middle Aged,moral incongruence,Morality,Morals,Paraphilic Disorders,Paraphilic Disorders/*epidemiology,perceived addiction,pornography,Pornography,pornography addiction,Religion and Psychology,Religiosity,religiousness,Self Concept,Self Report,self-perception,Self-Report,self-reported addiction,Sexual Behavior,Sexual Behavior/*statistics \& numerical data,United States,United States/epidemiology},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/6RMAVLYK/Grubbs et al. - 2018 - Self-Reported Addiction to Pornography in a Nation.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/DMP47WCW/Grubbs et al. - 2019 - Self-reported addiction to pornography in a nation.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/DDNDLU67/m94nk.html}
}

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Despite controversies regarding its existence as a legitimate mental health condition, self-reports of pornography addiction seem to occur regularly. In the United States, prior works using various sampling techniques, such as undergraduate samples and online convenience samples, have consistently demonstrated that some pornography users report feeling dysregulated or out of control in their use. Even so, there has been very little work in US nationally representative samples to examine self-reported pornography addiction. METHODS: This study sought to examine self-reported pornography addiction in a US nationally representative sample of adult Internet users (N = 2,075). RESULTS: The results indicated that most participants had viewed pornography within their lifetimes (n = 1,461), with just over half reporting some use in the past year (n = 1,056). Moreover, roughly 11% of men and 3% of women reported some agreement with the statement "I am addicted to pornography." Across all participants, such feelings were most strongly associated with male gender, younger age, greater religiousness, greater moral incongruence regarding pornography use, and greater use of pornography. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Collectively, these findings are consistent with prior works that have noted that self-reported pornography addiction is a complex phenomenon that is predicted by both objective behavior and subjective moral evaluations of that behavior.

@techreport{grubbsStatusSeekingPublic2019,
  title = {Status Seeking and Public Discourse Ethics: {{A}} Nationally Representative Sample with Longitudinal Follow-Up},
  shorttitle = {Status Seeking and Public Discourse Ethics},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B and Tosi, Justin and Warmke, Brandon},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  institution = {{Bowling Green State University}},
  abstract = {This project (sponsored by the Charles Koch Foundation) is an examination of the role of status-seeking motives and drives in influencing political polarization and public discourse. The first wave of this work (N = 2,519) was collected via YouGov in August of 2019. Follow-up waves are scheduled every six months until August 2021.      Hosted on the Open Science Framework},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/YNG5CYMF/zbg3d.html}
}

This project (sponsored by the Charles Koch Foundation) is an examination of the role of status-seeking motives and drives in influencing political polarization and public discourse. The first wave of this work (N = 2,519) was collected via YouGov in August of 2019. Follow-up waves are scheduled every six months until August 2021. Hosted on the Open Science Framework

@article{kohutSurveyingPornographyUse2019,
  title = {Surveying Pornography Use: {{A}} Shaky Science Resting on Poor Measurement Foundations},
  shorttitle = {Surveying Pornography Use},
  author = {Kohut, Taylor and Balzarini, Rhonda N. and Fisher, William A. and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Campbell, Lorne and Prause, Nicole},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  journal = {The Journal of Sex Research},
  pages = {1--21},
  issn = {0022-4499, 1559-8519},
  doi = {10.1080/00224499.2019.1695244},
  abstract = {A great deal of pornography research relies on dubious measurements. Measurement of pornography use has been highly variable across studies and existing measurement approaches have not been developed using standard psychometric practices nor have they addressed construct validation or reliability. This state of affairs is problematic for the accumulation of knowledge about the nature of pornography use, its antecedents, correlates, and consequences, as it can contribute to inconsistent results across studies and undermine the generalizability of research findings. This article provides a summary of contemporary measurement practices in pornography research accompanied by an explication of the problems therein. It also offers suggestions on how best to move forward by adopting a more limited set of standardized and validated instruments. We recommend that the creation of such instruments be guided by the careful and thorough conceptualization of pornography use and systematic adherence to measurement development principles.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/A5ZIJG99/Kohut et al. - 2019 - Surveying Pornography Use A Shaky Science Resting.pdf}
}

A great deal of pornography research relies on dubious measurements. Measurement of pornography use has been highly variable across studies and existing measurement approaches have not been developed using standard psychometric practices nor have they addressed construct validation or reliability. This state of affairs is problematic for the accumulation of knowledge about the nature of pornography use, its antecedents, correlates, and consequences, as it can contribute to inconsistent results across studies and undermine the generalizability of research findings. This article provides a summary of contemporary measurement practices in pornography research accompanied by an explication of the problems therein. It also offers suggestions on how best to move forward by adopting a more limited set of standardized and validated instruments. We recommend that the creation of such instruments be guided by the careful and thorough conceptualization of pornography use and systematic adherence to measurement development principles.

@article{staunerStressfulLifeEvents2019,
  title = {Stressful Life Events and Religiousness Predict Struggles about Religion and Spirituality.},
  author = {Stauner, Nick and Exline, Julie J. and Pargament, Kenneth I. and Wilt, Joshua A. and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Psychology of Religion and Spirituality},
  volume = {11},
  number = {3},
  pages = {291--296},
  issn = {1943-1562, 1941-1022},
  doi = {10.1037/rel0000189},
  abstract = {Many people experience religious/spiritual (R/S) struggles following specific stressful life events (SLE). However, SLE may aggregate, gradually undermining individuals’ orienting systems. Does SLE accumulation predict greater R/S struggles? Might general religiousness buffer cumulative effects of SLE on R/S struggles? We tested these hypotheses using religiousness and 19 kinds of SLE as predictors of the 6-factor Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale. Using measurement invariance constraints on four samples from 3 universities and the Internet (total N ϭ 4,675), cumulative SLE independently predicted greater R/S struggles of all kinds in all samples equally. Thus, heightened R/S struggles tend to accompany accumulated SLE. However, the interaction of religiousness and SLE failed to predict R/S struggles, yielding no support for the buffering hypothesis. Stress-exposed populations face R/S struggles of many kinds, regardless of religiousness. We recommend tests of the buffering hypothesis targeting aspects of religious orienting systems that connect more directly to R/S struggles.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/7RTZFXXW/Stauner et al. - 2019 - Stressful life events and religiousness predict st.pdf}
}

Many people experience religious/spiritual (R/S) struggles following specific stressful life events (SLE). However, SLE may aggregate, gradually undermining individuals’ orienting systems. Does SLE accumulation predict greater R/S struggles? Might general religiousness buffer cumulative effects of SLE on R/S struggles? We tested these hypotheses using religiousness and 19 kinds of SLE as predictors of the 6-factor Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale. Using measurement invariance constraints on four samples from 3 universities and the Internet (total N ϭ 4,675), cumulative SLE independently predicted greater R/S struggles of all kinds in all samples equally. Thus, heightened R/S struggles tend to accompany accumulated SLE. However, the interaction of religiousness and SLE failed to predict R/S struggles, yielding no support for the buffering hypothesis. Stress-exposed populations face R/S struggles of many kinds, regardless of religiousness. We recommend tests of the buffering hypothesis targeting aspects of religious orienting systems that connect more directly to R/S struggles.

@article{bradleyReasonsAtheistsAgnostics2018,
  title = {The {{Reasons}} of {{Atheists}} and {{Agnostics}} for {{Nonbelief}} in {{God}}’s {{Existence Scale}}: {{Development}} and Initial Validation},
  shorttitle = {The {{Reasons}} of {{Atheists}} and {{Agnostics}} for {{Nonbelief}} in {{God}}’s {{Existence Scale}}},
  author = {Bradley, David F. and Exline, Julie J. and Uzdavines, Alex and Stauner, Nick and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2018},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Psychology of Religion and Spirituality},
  volume = {10},
  number = {3},
  pages = {263--275},
  issn = {1943-1562(Electronic),1941-1022(Print)},
  doi = {10.1037/rel0000199},
  abstract = {Research exploring nonbelievers’ reasons for not believing in the existence of god(s) has focused on theory development. Such efforts are valuable, but may not capture the lived experiences of nonbelievers. The current two studies quantitatively examined nonbelievers’ self-reported reasons for nonbelief through developing the Reasons of Atheists and Agnostics for Nonbelief in God’s Existence Scale (RANGES). We developed an initial pool of 64 items using prior published research, revised by a panel of experts including researchers and thought leaders in nonbelief communities. Both studies included participants from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (Study 1 \& 2 Ns = 520 \& 369), all of whom reported not believing in god(s). In Study 1, our exploratory factor analysis suggested nine factors across 35 items. In Study 2, we confirmed the nine-factor structure using 38 items (35 from Study 1 plus three new items for better coverage of factors with few items) with adequate fit. Across both studies, the RANGES subscales showed good reliability, convergent validity (e.g., positive correlations with previous lists of reasons for religious doubt), predictive validity (e.g., positive and negative feelings toward God and religion), and discriminant validity (e.g., subscales were not unexpectedly associated with other measures). Our 1-year follow-up with a subset of Study 2 participants (N = 132) found different levels of stability among the RANGES subscales. This measure can promote further understanding the motivations, identities, and experiences of nonbelievers across cultures. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  keywords = {Agnosticism,Atheism,Factor Structure,God Concepts,Personality,Religion,Religious Beliefs,Statistical Validity,Test Construction,Test Validity},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/PNM4U6PP/Bradley et al. - 2018 - The Reasons of Atheists and Agnostics for Nonbelie.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/LT5FN7ZB/2018-36594-007.html}
}

Research exploring nonbelievers’ reasons for not believing in the existence of god(s) has focused on theory development. Such efforts are valuable, but may not capture the lived experiences of nonbelievers. The current two studies quantitatively examined nonbelievers’ self-reported reasons for nonbelief through developing the Reasons of Atheists and Agnostics for Nonbelief in God’s Existence Scale (RANGES). We developed an initial pool of 64 items using prior published research, revised by a panel of experts including researchers and thought leaders in nonbelief communities. Both studies included participants from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (Study 1 & 2 Ns = 520 & 369), all of whom reported not believing in god(s). In Study 1, our exploratory factor analysis suggested nine factors across 35 items. In Study 2, we confirmed the nine-factor structure using 38 items (35 from Study 1 plus three new items for better coverage of factors with few items) with adequate fit. Across both studies, the RANGES subscales showed good reliability, convergent validity (e.g., positive correlations with previous lists of reasons for religious doubt), predictive validity (e.g., positive and negative feelings toward God and religion), and discriminant validity (e.g., subscales were not unexpectedly associated with other measures). Our 1-year follow-up with a subset of Study 2 participants (N = 132) found different levels of stability among the RANGES subscales. This measure can promote further understanding the motivations, identities, and experiences of nonbelievers across cultures. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)

@article{grubbsExaminingLinksPosttraumatic2018,
  title = {Examining Links between Posttraumatic Stress and Gambling Motives: {{The}} Role of Positive Gambling Expectancies},
  shorttitle = {Examining Links between Posttraumatic Stress and Gambling Motives},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Chapman, Heather and Milner, Lauren and Gutierrez, Ian A. and Bradley, David F.},
  year = {2018},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Psychology of Addictive Behaviors},
  volume = {32},
  number = {7},
  pages = {821--831},
  issn = {1939-1501(Electronic),0893-164X(Print)},
  doi = {10.1037/adb0000399},
  abstract = {Problem gambling and gambling disorder (GD) are associated with a range of mental health concerns that extend beyond gambling behaviors alone. Prior works have consistently linked gambling disorder with symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), both cross-sectionally and over time. However, very little work has examined the specific relationships between these 2 disorders. The present work postulated that symptoms of PTSD are likely associated with unique beliefs about gambling behaviors and unique motivations to gamble. Using 2 samples—an inpatient sample of U.S. Armed Forces veterans (N = 332) seeking treatment for GD and a Web-sample of gambling adults (N = 589)—we examined these ideas. Results from both samples indicated that symptoms of PTSD were related to positive gambling expectancies and coping motivations for gambling. Additionally, in both samples, positive gambling expectancies were associated with greater coping motivations for gambling. Structural equation models revealed that positive gambling expectancies were consistently associated with coping motivations for gambling. The findings indicate that symptoms of PTSD are likely associated with unique beliefs about and motivations for gambling behaviors. Given the high comorbidity between symptoms of PTSD and GD, these specific relationships are likely of clinical interest in populations seeking treatment for either PTSD or for problems with gambling behaviors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  keywords = {Adaptation; Psychological/*physiology,Adult,Aged,Coping Behavior,Expectations,Female,Gambling,Gambling/*psychology,Humans,Male,Mental Health,Middle Aged,Motivation,Motivation/*physiology,Pathological Gambling,Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,Stress Disorders; Post-Traumatic/*psychology,Symptoms,Veterans/psychology},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/NLB7SBHE/Grubbs et al. - Examining Links between Post-Traumatic Stress and .pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/PRBSMU2R/Grubbs et al. - 2018 - Examining Links between Post-Traumatic Stress and .pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/V27BDDY2/2018-47313-001.html;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/WW66A5UT/zxw6d.html}
}

Problem gambling and gambling disorder (GD) are associated with a range of mental health concerns that extend beyond gambling behaviors alone. Prior works have consistently linked gambling disorder with symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), both cross-sectionally and over time. However, very little work has examined the specific relationships between these 2 disorders. The present work postulated that symptoms of PTSD are likely associated with unique beliefs about gambling behaviors and unique motivations to gamble. Using 2 samples—an inpatient sample of U.S. Armed Forces veterans (N = 332) seeking treatment for GD and a Web-sample of gambling adults (N = 589)—we examined these ideas. Results from both samples indicated that symptoms of PTSD were related to positive gambling expectancies and coping motivations for gambling. Additionally, in both samples, positive gambling expectancies were associated with greater coping motivations for gambling. Structural equation models revealed that positive gambling expectancies were consistently associated with coping motivations for gambling. The findings indicate that symptoms of PTSD are likely associated with unique beliefs about and motivations for gambling behaviors. Given the high comorbidity between symptoms of PTSD and GD, these specific relationships are likely of clinical interest in populations seeking treatment for either PTSD or for problems with gambling behaviors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)

@misc{grubbsGamblingPostTraumaticStress2018,
  type = {An Invited {{Problem Gambling Educational Talk}}},
  title = {Gambling and {{Post-Traumatic Stress}}: {{Insights}} and {{Recommendations}}.},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B},
  year = {2018},
  month = jul,
  address = {{Cleveland, OH}},
  copyright = {All rights reserved}
}

@incollection{grubbsGenerationalDifferencesNarcissism2018,
  title = {Generational {{Differences}} in {{Narcissism}} and {{Narcissistic Traits}}},
  booktitle = {Handbook of {{Trait Narcissism}}},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Riley, Allison C.},
  editor = {Hermann, Anthony D. and Brunell, Amy B. and Foster, Joshua D.},
  year = {2018},
  month = apr,
  pages = {183--191},
  publisher = {{Springer International Publishing}},
  address = {{Cham}},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_20},
  abstract = {Research related to narcissism is controversial in many regards. Debates about classification, conceptualization, and categorization of narcissism and narcissistic traits continue to rage into the present. However, of all the current debates related to narcissism, perhaps the most intense and contentious are those related to generational differences in narcissism. Beginning in mid-2000s, research emerged suggesting that younger generations were more narcissistic than older generations, both cross-sectionally and cross-temporally. In response to these claims, numerous rebuttals and counterarguments emerged. These debates have continued into the present, with each side of this debate presenting new evidence or rebuttals within the past 2 years. The present chapter seeks to review and synthesize this disparate and contentious literature into a cohesive whole, highlighting clearly established findings, areas of contention, and areas of ongoing debate. Future directions for research are also proposed.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  isbn = {978-3-319-92170-9 978-3-319-92171-6},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/TZLDR58M/Grubbs and Riley - 2018 - Generational Differences in Narcissism and Narciss.pdf}
}

Research related to narcissism is controversial in many regards. Debates about classification, conceptualization, and categorization of narcissism and narcissistic traits continue to rage into the present. However, of all the current debates related to narcissism, perhaps the most intense and contentious are those related to generational differences in narcissism. Beginning in mid-2000s, research emerged suggesting that younger generations were more narcissistic than older generations, both cross-sectionally and cross-temporally. In response to these claims, numerous rebuttals and counterarguments emerged. These debates have continued into the present, with each side of this debate presenting new evidence or rebuttals within the past 2 years. The present chapter seeks to review and synthesize this disparate and contentious literature into a cohesive whole, highlighting clearly established findings, areas of contention, and areas of ongoing debate. Future directions for research are also proposed.

@article{grubbsGodOwesMe2018,
  title = {God Owes Me: {{The}} Role of Divine Entitlement in Predicting Struggles with a Deity.},
  shorttitle = {God Owes Me},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Exline, Julie J. and Campbell, W. Keith and Twenge, Jean M. and Pargament, Kenneth I.},
  year = {2018},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Psychology of Religion and Spirituality},
  volume = {10},
  number = {4},
  pages = {356--367},
  issn = {1943-1562, 1941-1022},
  doi = {10.1037/rel0000147},
  abstract = {Psychological entitlement is a stable personality trait known to predict a range of concerning outcomes in people’s lives. Recent research has suggested that entitlement might have domain-specific manifestations such as romantic entitlement, academic entitlement, and sexual entitlement. The present work sought to examine such a domain specific manifestation in the religious and spiritual realm. This new manifestation was called divine entitlement. The present studies sought to validate this construct and demonstrate its associations with concerning, domain-relevant outcomes. In 2 studies using 6 samples (Study 1, total N ϭ 556; Study 2, Total N ϭ 2,113) divine entitlement was validated as a construct and the Divine Entitlement Scale was developed and validated as a brief measure of this construct. Subsequent structural equation models found that divine entitlement also has a positive, predictive relationship with spiritual struggles with the divine. Through this association (divine entitlement with divine struggle), there was also an indirect association of divine entitlement with psychological distress more broadly. Collectively, these findings illustrate that entitlement may also be exhibited in a domainspecific manner in one’s religious and spiritual life and that this domain-specific manifestation may also have concerning outcomes in both religious and spiritual life and mental health more generally.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/9T5HHGGW/Grubbs et al., 2017 FINAL.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/IKTEY7GM/Grubbs et al. - 2018 - God owes me The role of divine entitlement in pre.pdf}
}

Psychological entitlement is a stable personality trait known to predict a range of concerning outcomes in people’s lives. Recent research has suggested that entitlement might have domain-specific manifestations such as romantic entitlement, academic entitlement, and sexual entitlement. The present work sought to examine such a domain specific manifestation in the religious and spiritual realm. This new manifestation was called divine entitlement. The present studies sought to validate this construct and demonstrate its associations with concerning, domain-relevant outcomes. In 2 studies using 6 samples (Study 1, total N ϭ 556; Study 2, Total N ϭ 2,113) divine entitlement was validated as a construct and the Divine Entitlement Scale was developed and validated as a brief measure of this construct. Subsequent structural equation models found that divine entitlement also has a positive, predictive relationship with spiritual struggles with the divine. Through this association (divine entitlement with divine struggle), there was also an indirect association of divine entitlement with psychological distress more broadly. Collectively, these findings illustrate that entitlement may also be exhibited in a domainspecific manner in one’s religious and spiritual life and that this domain-specific manifestation may also have concerning outcomes in both religious and spiritual life and mental health more generally.

@article{grubbsMoralDisapprovalPerceived2018,
  title = {Moral Disapproval and Perceived Addiction to Internet Pornography: A Longitudinal Examination.},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Wilt, Joshua A. and Exline, Julie J. and Pargament, Kenneth I. and Kraus, Shane W.},
  year = {2018},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Addiction},
  volume = {113},
  number = {3},
  pages = {496--506},
  issn = {1360-0443 0965-2140},
  doi = {10.1111/add.14007},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Internet pornography use is an increasingly common, yet controversial, behavior. Whereas mental health communities are divided about potentially problematic use patterns, many lay people identify as feeling dysregulated or compulsive in their use. Prior work has labeled this tendency perceived addiction to internet pornography (PA). This study's aims were to (1) assess the association between PA at baseline and other factors, including actual levels of average daily pornography use and personality factors and (2) assess the associations between baseline variables and PA 1 year later. DESIGN: Two large-scale community samples were assessed using online survey methods, with subsets of each sample being recruited for follow-up surveys 1 year later. SETTING: United States. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were adults who had used pornography within the past 6 months recruited in two samples. Sample 1 (n = 1507) involved undergraduate students from three US universities and sample 2 (n  = 782) involved web-using adults. Subsets of each sample (sample 1, n = 146; sample 2, n = 211) were surveyed again 1 year later. MEASUREMENTS: At baseline, we assessed average daily pornography use, PA and relevant predictors (e.g. trait neuroticism, trait self-control, trait entitlement, religiousness, moral disapproval of pornography use). One year later, we assessed PA. FINDINGS: Cross-sectionally, PA was correlated strongly with moral disapproval of pornography use [sample 1, Pearson's correlation: r = 0.68 (0.65, 0.70); sample 2, r = 0.58 (0.53, 0.63)]. Baseline moral disapproval [sample 1, r = 0.46 (0.33,  0.56); sample 2, r = 0.61 (0.51, 0.69)] and perceived addiction demonstrated relationships with perceived addiction 1 year later. We found inconclusive evidence of a substantial or significant association between pornography use and  perceived addiction over time [sample 1, r = 0.13 (-0.02, 0.28); sample 2, r = 0.11 (-0.04, 0.25)]. CONCLUSIONS: Perceived addiction to internet pornography appears to be related strongly to moral scruples around pornography use, both concurrently and over time, rather than with the amount of daily pornography use  itself.},
  copyright = {(c) 2017 Society for the Study of Addiction.},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {28833800},
  keywords = {*Attitude to Health,*Compulsive sexual behavior,*Morals,*personality,*pornography,*religion,*self-perception,*sexuality,*Social Norms,Adult,Attitude to Health,Behavior; Addictive,Behavior; Addictive/*psychology,Compulsive sexual behavior,Control (Psychology),CONTROL (Psychology),Cross Sectional Studies,Cross-Sectional Studies,Descriptive Statistics,Erotica,Erotica/*psychology,ETHICS,Female,Follow-Up Studies,Human,Humans,Internet,INTERNET pornography addiction,Internet Pornography Addiction -- Classification,Longitudinal Studies,Male,Morality,Morals,Multicenter Studies,No terms assigned,Pearson's Correlation Coefficient,personality,Personality,PERSONALITY,pornography,Pornography,PORNOGRAPHY,PORNOGRAPHY -- Moral \& ethical aspects,Pornography -- Utilization,Prospective Studies,religion,Religion,self-perception,Self-Perception,self‐perception,Sexual Addiction,sexuality,Sexuality,Social Norms,Students,Students; Undergraduate,Students/psychology/statistics \& numerical data,Surveys and Questionnaires,United States,UNITED States,Universities,Young Adult},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/EIR8JK5B/Grubbs et al. - Moral disapproval and perceived addiction to inter.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/MCJ7KH6W/Grubbs et al. - 2018 - Moral disapproval and perceived addiction to inter.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/6SFFEZ33/abstract.html;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/B2BPPKVL/abstract.html}
}

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Internet pornography use is an increasingly common, yet controversial, behavior. Whereas mental health communities are divided about potentially problematic use patterns, many lay people identify as feeling dysregulated or compulsive in their use. Prior work has labeled this tendency perceived addiction to internet pornography (PA). This study's aims were to (1) assess the association between PA at baseline and other factors, including actual levels of average daily pornography use and personality factors and (2) assess the associations between baseline variables and PA 1 year later. DESIGN: Two large-scale community samples were assessed using online survey methods, with subsets of each sample being recruited for follow-up surveys 1 year later. SETTING: United States. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were adults who had used pornography within the past 6 months recruited in two samples. Sample 1 (n = 1507) involved undergraduate students from three US universities and sample 2 (n = 782) involved web-using adults. Subsets of each sample (sample 1, n = 146; sample 2, n = 211) were surveyed again 1 year later. MEASUREMENTS: At baseline, we assessed average daily pornography use, PA and relevant predictors (e.g. trait neuroticism, trait self-control, trait entitlement, religiousness, moral disapproval of pornography use). One year later, we assessed PA. FINDINGS: Cross-sectionally, PA was correlated strongly with moral disapproval of pornography use [sample 1, Pearson's correlation: r = 0.68 (0.65, 0.70); sample 2, r = 0.58 (0.53, 0.63)]. Baseline moral disapproval [sample 1, r = 0.46 (0.33, 0.56); sample 2, r = 0.61 (0.51, 0.69)] and perceived addiction demonstrated relationships with perceived addiction 1 year later. We found inconclusive evidence of a substantial or significant association between pornography use and perceived addiction over time [sample 1, r = 0.13 (-0.02, 0.28); sample 2, r = 0.11 (-0.04, 0.25)]. CONCLUSIONS: Perceived addiction to internet pornography appears to be related strongly to moral scruples around pornography use, both concurrently and over time, rather than with the amount of daily pornography use itself.

@incollection{grubbsNarcissismSpiritualityIntersections2018,
  title = {Narcissism and {{Spirituality}}: {{Intersections}} of {{Self}}, {{Superiority}}, and the {{Search}} for the {{Sacred}}},
  shorttitle = {Narcissism and {{Spirituality}}},
  booktitle = {Handbook of {{Trait Narcissism}}},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Stauner, Nicholas and Wilt, Joshua A and Exline, Julie J.},
  editor = {Hermann, Anthony D. and Brunell, Amy B. and Foster, Joshua D.},
  year = {2018},
  month = apr,
  pages = {389--397},
  publisher = {{Springer International Publishing}},
  address = {{Cham}},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_42},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  isbn = {978-3-319-92170-9 978-3-319-92171-6},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/N2PTF7QD/Grubbs et al. - 2018 - Narcissism and Spirituality Intersections of Self.pdf}
}

@article{grubbsPredictingPornographyUse2018,
  title = {Predicting Pornography Use over Time: {{Does}} Self-Reported "Addiction" Matter?},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Wilt, Joshua A. and Exline, Julie J. and Pargament, Kenneth I.},
  year = {2018},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Addictive behaviors},
  volume = {82},
  pages = {57--64},
  issn = {1873-6327 0306-4603},
  doi = {10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.02.028},
  abstract = {In recent years, several works have reported on perceived addiction to internet pornography, or the potential for some individuals to label their own use of pornography as compulsive or out of control. Such works have consistently found that perceived addiction is related to concerning outcomes such as psychological  distress, relational distress, and other addictive behaviors. However, very little work has specifically examined whether or not perceived addiction is actually related to increased use of pornography, cross-sectionally or over time. The present work sought to address this deficit in the literature. Using two longitudinal samples (Sample 1, Baseline N=3988; Sample 2, Baseline N=1047), a variety of factors (e.g., male gender, lower religiousness, and lower self-control) were found to predict any use of pornography. Among those that acknowledged use (Sample 1, Baseline N=1352; Sample 2, Baseline N=793), perceived addiction to pornography consistently predicted greater average daily use of pornography. At subsequent longitudinal follow-ups (Sample 1, Baseline N=265; Sample 2, One Month Later, N=410, One Year Later, N=360), only male gender and baseline average pornography use consistently predicted future use. These findings suggest that perceived addiction to pornography is associated with concurrent use of pornography, but does not appear to predict use over time, suggesting that perceived addiction may not always be an accurate indicator of behavior or addiction.},
  copyright = {Copyright (c) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {29494859},
  keywords = {*Addiction,*Longitudinal,*Perception,*Pornography,*Religion,*Self Report,*Technology,Addiction,Addictive,Adult,Behavior,Behavior; Addictive,Behavior; Addictive/*psychology,Distress,Erotica,Erotica/*psychology,Female,Hospital,Humans,Loneliness,Loneliness/psychology,Longitudinal,Longitudinal Studies,Male,Moral Status,Motivation,Patient Admission,Perception,Pornography,Prognosis,Psychiatric Department,Psychiatric Department; Hospital,Religion,Religion and Psychology,Self Report,Self-Control,Self-Report,Social Desirability,Students,Students/psychology,Technology,Test Construction,United States,Young Adult},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/TI56TEIE/Grubbs et al. - 2018 - Predicting pornography use over time Does self-re.pdf}
}

In recent years, several works have reported on perceived addiction to internet pornography, or the potential for some individuals to label their own use of pornography as compulsive or out of control. Such works have consistently found that perceived addiction is related to concerning outcomes such as psychological distress, relational distress, and other addictive behaviors. However, very little work has specifically examined whether or not perceived addiction is actually related to increased use of pornography, cross-sectionally or over time. The present work sought to address this deficit in the literature. Using two longitudinal samples (Sample 1, Baseline N=3988; Sample 2, Baseline N=1047), a variety of factors (e.g., male gender, lower religiousness, and lower self-control) were found to predict any use of pornography. Among those that acknowledged use (Sample 1, Baseline N=1352; Sample 2, Baseline N=793), perceived addiction to pornography consistently predicted greater average daily use of pornography. At subsequent longitudinal follow-ups (Sample 1, Baseline N=265; Sample 2, One Month Later, N=410, One Year Later, N=360), only male gender and baseline average pornography use consistently predicted future use. These findings suggest that perceived addiction to pornography is associated with concurrent use of pornography, but does not appear to predict use over time, suggesting that perceived addiction may not always be an accurate indicator of behavior or addiction.

@article{kowalewskaNeurocognitiveMechanismsCompulsive2018,
  title = {Neurocognitive Mechanisms in {{Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder}}},
  author = {Kowalewska, Ewelina and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Potenza, Marc N. and Gola, Mateusz and Draps, Małgorzata and Kraus, Shane W.},
  year = {2018},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Current Sexual Health Reports},
  volume = {10},
  number = {4},
  pages = {255--264},
  issn = {1548-3592},
  doi = {10.1007/s11930-018-0176-z},
  abstract = {Purpose of ReviewThe current review summarizes the latest findings concerning neurobiological mechanisms of compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD) and provides recommendations for future research specific to the diagnostic classification of the condition.Recent FindingsTo date, most neuroimaging research on compulsive sexual behavior has provided evidence of overlapping mechanisms underlying compulsive sexual behavior and non-sexual addictions. Compulsive sexual behavior is associated with altered functioning in brain regions and networks implicated in sensitization, habituation, impulse dyscontrol, and reward processing in patterns like substance, gambling, and gaming addictions. Key brain regions linked to compulsive sexual behavior features include the frontal and temporal cortices, amygdala, and striatum, including the nucleus accumbens.SummaryDespite much neuroscience research finding many similarities between CSBD and substance and behavioral addictions, the World Health Organization included CSBD in the ICD-11 as an impulse-control disorder. Although previous research has helped to highlight some underlying mechanisms of the condition, additional investigations are needed to fully understand this phenomenon and resolve classification issues surrounding CSBD.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Compulsive sexual behavior,Gender,Neuroscience},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/65RLTGQU/Kowalewska et al. - 2018 - Neurocognitive Mechanisms in Compulsive Sexual Beh.pdf}
}

Purpose of ReviewThe current review summarizes the latest findings concerning neurobiological mechanisms of compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD) and provides recommendations for future research specific to the diagnostic classification of the condition.Recent FindingsTo date, most neuroimaging research on compulsive sexual behavior has provided evidence of overlapping mechanisms underlying compulsive sexual behavior and non-sexual addictions. Compulsive sexual behavior is associated with altered functioning in brain regions and networks implicated in sensitization, habituation, impulse dyscontrol, and reward processing in patterns like substance, gambling, and gaming addictions. Key brain regions linked to compulsive sexual behavior features include the frontal and temporal cortices, amygdala, and striatum, including the nucleus accumbens.SummaryDespite much neuroscience research finding many similarities between CSBD and substance and behavioral addictions, the World Health Organization included CSBD in the ICD-11 as an impulse-control disorder. Although previous research has helped to highlight some underlying mechanisms of the condition, additional investigations are needed to fully understand this phenomenon and resolve classification issues surrounding CSBD.

@article{mcabeeOpenScienceRobust2018,
  title = {Open {{Science Is Robust Science}}},
  author = {McAbee, Samuel T. and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Zickar, Michael J.},
  year = {2018},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Industrial and Organizational Psychology},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {54--61},
  issn = {1754-9426, 1754-9434},
  doi = {10.1017/iop.2017.85},
  abstract = {Grand et al. (2018) provide a critical treatment of the need for industrial and organizational (I-O) psychologists to take active steps to ensure that ours is a robust and reliable science of organizations, the spirit of which the present authors wholeheartedly agree. One path toward ensuring that I-O psychology is rightly recognized as a robust science is by embracing the principles of Open Science. We argue that the move toward Open Science is beneficial for all six of the defining principles outlined by Grand et al. Open Science increases transparency, facilitates replication, and contributes to the accumulation and integration of research by increasing accessibility. Each of these factors helps to foster systematic, rigorous scientific practices, which, in turn, can lead to greater insights and understanding of organizational phenomenon through deductive, inductive, and abductive approaches to theory generation and refinement, ensuring that our field remains relevant for the foreseeable future. In this commentary, we highlight several initiatives that already exist to promote Open Science and explore others only alluded to by Grand et al.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/QJSXZKNR/McAbee et al. - 2018 - Open Science Is Robust Science.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/U6EE8LFY/EE1AA08059145362E95400292EB470A7.html}
}

Grand et al. (2018) provide a critical treatment of the need for industrial and organizational (I-O) psychologists to take active steps to ensure that ours is a robust and reliable science of organizations, the spirit of which the present authors wholeheartedly agree. One path toward ensuring that I-O psychology is rightly recognized as a robust science is by embracing the principles of Open Science. We argue that the move toward Open Science is beneficial for all six of the defining principles outlined by Grand et al. Open Science increases transparency, facilitates replication, and contributes to the accumulation and integration of research by increasing accessibility. Each of these factors helps to foster systematic, rigorous scientific practices, which, in turn, can lead to greater insights and understanding of organizational phenomenon through deductive, inductive, and abductive approaches to theory generation and refinement, ensuring that our field remains relevant for the foreseeable future. In this commentary, we highlight several initiatives that already exist to promote Open Science and explore others only alluded to by Grand et al.

@article{rasmussenSocialDesirabilityBias2018,
  title = {Social {{Desirability Bias}} in {{Pornography-Related Self-Reports}}: {{The Role}} of {{Religion}}.},
  author = {Rasmussen, Kyler R. and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Pargament, Kenneth I. and Exline, Julie J.},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Journal of sex research},
  volume = {55},
  number = {3},
  pages = {381--394},
  address = {{United States}},
  issn = {1559-8519 0022-4499},
  doi = {10.1080/00224499.2017.1399196},
  abstract = {In a large online survey of undergraduates, we examined the degree to which social desirability concerns might bias pornography-related self-reports and whether these  biases are stronger among highly religious participants than among less-religious  ones. Recent state-level analyses have put forward a controversial suggestion that  religious individuals tend to search for pornography more than their less-religious  peers, despite self-reports to the contrary. Such results could be explained by a  social-desirability bias against reporting the consumption of pornography, one that  applies specifically to religious individuals. Though our findings are limited to  undergraduates in the U.S. Midwest, we found some evidence that the desire to  positively self-present (as measured by the Marlowe-Crowne social desirability  scale) may bias reports of pornography consumption and perceptions of pornography's  effects (e.g., perceptions of addictiveness). However, contrary to popular  sentiment-and our own hypotheses-we found no evidence for and much evidence against  the suggestion that religious individuals have a more pronounced social desirability  bias against the reporting of pornography consumption than the irreligious.  Interaction terms assessing that possibility were either nonsignificant or  significant in the reverse direction.},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {29220590},
  keywords = {*Bias,*Erotica,*Religion,*Social Desirability,Behavior; Addictive,Female,Humans,Internet pornography,Internet surveys,Male,Midwestern United States,pornography,Pornography,Pornography -- Social aspects,Pornography addiction,religion,Religion,Self Report,self-reports,social desirability,Social Desirability,Social desirability in adolescence},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/8XRB2T44/00224499.2017.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/KIMF78L9/00224499.2017.html}
}

In a large online survey of undergraduates, we examined the degree to which social desirability concerns might bias pornography-related self-reports and whether these biases are stronger among highly religious participants than among less-religious ones. Recent state-level analyses have put forward a controversial suggestion that religious individuals tend to search for pornography more than their less-religious peers, despite self-reports to the contrary. Such results could be explained by a social-desirability bias against reporting the consumption of pornography, one that applies specifically to religious individuals. Though our findings are limited to undergraduates in the U.S. Midwest, we found some evidence that the desire to positively self-present (as measured by the Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scale) may bias reports of pornography consumption and perceptions of pornography's effects (e.g., perceptions of addictiveness). However, contrary to popular sentiment-and our own hypotheses-we found no evidence for and much evidence against the suggestion that religious individuals have a more pronounced social desirability bias against the reporting of pornography consumption than the irreligious. Interaction terms assessing that possibility were either nonsignificant or significant in the reverse direction.

@article{sedlarSpiritualStrugglesAtheists2018,
  title = {Spiritual {{Struggles}} among {{Atheists}}: {{Links}} to {{Psychological Distress}} and {{Well-Being}}},
  shorttitle = {Spiritual {{Struggles}} among {{Atheists}}},
  author = {Sedlar, Aaron E. and Stauner, Nick and Pargament, Kenneth I. and Exline, Julie J. and Grubbs, Joshua B and Bradley, David F.},
  year = {2018},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Religions},
  volume = {9},
  number = {8},
  pages = {242},
  issn = {2077-1444},
  doi = {10.3390/rel9080242},
  abstract = {Religious and spiritual struggles (R/S struggles)—tension or conflicts regarding religious or spiritual matters—have been robustly linked to greater psychological distress and lower well-being. Most research in this area has relied on samples consisting predominantly of participants who believe in god(s). Limited research has examined R/S struggles among atheists, generally conflating them with agnostics and other nontheists. This study investigated the prevalence of R/S struggles among atheists and compared atheists to theists in two samples (3978 undergraduates, 1048 Internet workers). Results of a multilevel model showed that atheists experience less demonic, doubt, divine, moral, and overall R/S struggles than theists, but similar levels of interpersonal and ultimate meaning struggles. Correlation and regression analyses among atheists demonstrated links between moral, ultimate meaning, and overall R/S struggles and greater distress (depression and anxiety symptoms) as well as lower well-being (life satisfaction and meaning in life). Even after controlling neuroticism, ultimate meaning struggles continued to predict lower well-being and higher distress across samples; moral struggles also predicted distress independently. This study demonstrates the relevance of R/S struggles to atheists and reinforces the applicability of previous results to atheist samples, but also highlights substantial differences between atheists and theists in certain R/S struggles.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/AQ2V7QR8/Sedlar et al. - 2018 - Spiritual Struggles among Atheists Links to Psych.pdf}
}

Religious and spiritual struggles (R/S struggles)—tension or conflicts regarding religious or spiritual matters—have been robustly linked to greater psychological distress and lower well-being. Most research in this area has relied on samples consisting predominantly of participants who believe in god(s). Limited research has examined R/S struggles among atheists, generally conflating them with agnostics and other nontheists. This study investigated the prevalence of R/S struggles among atheists and compared atheists to theists in two samples (3978 undergraduates, 1048 Internet workers). Results of a multilevel model showed that atheists experience less demonic, doubt, divine, moral, and overall R/S struggles than theists, but similar levels of interpersonal and ultimate meaning struggles. Correlation and regression analyses among atheists demonstrated links between moral, ultimate meaning, and overall R/S struggles and greater distress (depression and anxiety symptoms) as well as lower well-being (life satisfaction and meaning in life). Even after controlling neuroticism, ultimate meaning struggles continued to predict lower well-being and higher distress across samples; moral struggles also predicted distress independently. This study demonstrates the relevance of R/S struggles to atheists and reinforces the applicability of previous results to atheist samples, but also highlights substantial differences between atheists and theists in certain R/S struggles.

@article{wiltStruggleUltimateMeaning2018,
  title = {Struggle with Ultimate Meaning: {{Nuanced}} Associations with Search for Meaning, Presence of Meaning, and Mental Health},
  shorttitle = {Struggle with Ultimate Meaning},
  author = {Wilt, Joshua A. and Stauner, Nick and Lindberg, Matthew J. and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Exline, Julie J. and Pargament, Kenneth I.},
  year = {2018},
  month = apr,
  journal = {The Journal of Positive Psychology},
  volume = {13},
  number = {3},
  pages = {240--251},
  issn = {1743-9760},
  doi = {10.1080/17439760.2017.1279208},
  abstract = {Struggle with ultimate meaning reflects concerns about whether one’s life has a deeper meaning or purpose. We examined whether this construct could be distinguished from presence of meaning in life and search for meaning. In two US samples – a web-based sample (N = 1047) and an undergraduate sample (N = 3978) – confirmatory factor analyses showed that struggle with ultimate meaning loaded on a factor that was distinct from but related to presence (negatively) and search (positively). Moderated regression analyses showed that people with low levels of presence combined with high levels of search for meaning were particularly likely to struggle with ultimate meaning. Additionally, when compared to presence and search, struggle with ultimate meaning related more strongly to depressive symptoms than presence or search. These results suggest that struggle with ultimate meaning represents a distinct component of how people grapple with meaning that has implications for mental health.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  keywords = {depression,Meaning in life,mental health,search for meaning,ultimate meaning struggle},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/WZ3SZQSY/17439760.2017.html}
}

Struggle with ultimate meaning reflects concerns about whether one’s life has a deeper meaning or purpose. We examined whether this construct could be distinguished from presence of meaning in life and search for meaning. In two US samples – a web-based sample (N = 1047) and an undergraduate sample (N = 3978) – confirmatory factor analyses showed that struggle with ultimate meaning loaded on a factor that was distinct from but related to presence (negatively) and search (positively). Moderated regression analyses showed that people with low levels of presence combined with high levels of search for meaning were particularly likely to struggle with ultimate meaning. Additionally, when compared to presence and search, struggle with ultimate meaning related more strongly to depressive symptoms than presence or search. These results suggest that struggle with ultimate meaning represents a distinct component of how people grapple with meaning that has implications for mental health.

@incollection{grubbsAmbivalentSexism2017,
  title = {Ambivalent {{Sexism}}},
  booktitle = {The {{SAGE Encyclopedia}} of {{Psychology}} and {{Gender}}},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  editor = {Nadal, Kevin},
  year = {2017},
  month = sep,
  pages = {62--63},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications, Inc.}},
  address = {{Thousand Oaks,}},
  doi = {10.4135/9781483384269},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/N9RGTDFB/i2001.html}
}

@incollection{grubbsClinicalAssessmentDiagnosis2017,
  title = {Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis of Sexual Addiction},
  booktitle = {Routledge {{International Handbook}} of {{Sexual Addiction}}},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Hook, Joshua N. and Griffin, Brandon J. and Penberthy, J. Kim and Kraus, Shane W.},
  editor = {Birchard, Thaddeus and Benfield, Joanna},
  year = {2017},
  month = sep,
  edition = {1 edition},
  publisher = {{Routledge}},
  address = {{Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY}},
  abstract = {The concept of sexual addiction has gained increasing recognition in the academic and healthcare communities since the 1990s. It has also captured the attention of the media, where there has been much debate over whether it can truly be described as an addiction. What is certain is that many people struggle with out of control sexual behaviour, which takes over their lives and has harmful consequences for their relationships, careers and finances. The Routledge International Handbook of Sexual Addiction brings together a comprehensive range of perspectives on sexual addiction from a worldwide selection of scholars and therapists. It sets out to define sexual addiction and to study its causes from a range of different psychological perspectives. A series of presentations of sexual addiction are outlined, including internet sexual addiction and the relationship between paraphilias and sex addiction. The handbook considers both individual and group treatment strategies, drawing on a wide range of approaches, including cognitive behavioural therapy, mindfulness and~12-step programmes. The book studies sex addiction in specific populations including women, adolescents and men who have sex with men. Finally, it considers some of the alternative discourses surrounding the concept of sexual addiction.  This is the first comprehensive reference book to bring together global viewpoints on advances in research, theory and practice in one volume. This handbook provides an essential guide for academics and students of psychotherapy, counselling, nursing, addiction, sexualities, social work and health and social care, as well as professionals in practice and in training working with sexual addiction and related issues.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  isbn = {978-1-138-19320-8},
  langid = {english}
}

The concept of sexual addiction has gained increasing recognition in the academic and healthcare communities since the 1990s. It has also captured the attention of the media, where there has been much debate over whether it can truly be described as an addiction. What is certain is that many people struggle with out of control sexual behaviour, which takes over their lives and has harmful consequences for their relationships, careers and finances. The Routledge International Handbook of Sexual Addiction brings together a comprehensive range of perspectives on sexual addiction from a worldwide selection of scholars and therapists. It sets out to define sexual addiction and to study its causes from a range of different psychological perspectives. A series of presentations of sexual addiction are outlined, including internet sexual addiction and the relationship between paraphilias and sex addiction. The handbook considers both individual and group treatment strategies, drawing on a wide range of approaches, including cognitive behavioural therapy, mindfulness and 12-step programmes. The book studies sex addiction in specific populations including women, adolescents and men who have sex with men. Finally, it considers some of the alternative discourses surrounding the concept of sexual addiction. This is the first comprehensive reference book to bring together global viewpoints on advances in research, theory and practice in one volume. This handbook provides an essential guide for academics and students of psychotherapy, counselling, nursing, addiction, sexualities, social work and health and social care, as well as professionals in practice and in training working with sexual addiction and related issues.

@article{grubbsInternetPornographyUse2017,
  title = {Internet {{Pornography Use}}, {{Perceived Addiction}}, and {{Religious}}/{{Spiritual Struggles}}.},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Exline, Julie J. and Pargament, Kenneth I. and Volk, Fred and Lindberg, Matthew J.},
  year = {2017},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Archives of sexual behavior},
  volume = {46},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1733--1745},
  issn = {1573-2800 0004-0002},
  doi = {10.1007/s10508-016-0772-9},
  abstract = {Prior work has demonstrated that religious beliefs and moral attitudes are often  related to sexual functioning. The present work sought to examine another possibility: Do sexual attitudes and behaviors have a relationship with religious and spiritual functioning? More specifically, do pornography use and perceived addiction to Internet pornography predict the experience of religious and spiritual struggle? It was expected that feelings of perceived addiction to Internet pornography would indeed predict such struggles, both cross-sectionally  and over time, but that actual pornography use would not. To test these ideas, two studies were conducted using a sample of undergraduate students (N = 1519) and a sample of adult Internet users in the U.S. (N = 713). Cross-sectional analyses in both samples found that elements of perceived addiction were related  to the experience of religious and spiritual struggle. Additionally, longitudinal analyses over a 1-year time span with a subset of undergraduates (N = 156) and a  subset of adult web users (N = 366) revealed that perceived addiction to Internet pornography predicted unique variance in struggle over time, even when baseline levels of struggle and other related variables were held constant. Collectively,  these findings identify perceived addiction to Internet pornography as a reliable predictor of religious and spiritual struggle.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {27351579},
  keywords = {*Internet,*Religion and Psychology,Addiction,Addictive,Adult,Behavior,Behavior; Addictive,Behavior; Addictive/*psychology,COMPULSIVE behavior,CROSS-sectional method,Cross-Sectional Studies,Erotica,Erotica/*psychology,ETHICS,Female,HUMAN sexuality,HUMAN sexuality in religion,Humans,Hypersexual behavior,HYPERSEXUALITY,Internet,INTERNET,Internet Addiction,INTERNET pornography,INTERNET pornography addiction,Internet*,Male,Morals,Perception,PERCEPTION,Pornography,PORNOGRAPHY,PRAYER,PSYCHOLOGY \& religion,Psychosexual Behavior,Religion,RELIGION,Religion and Psychology,Religion and Psychology*,Religiosity,RELIGIOUS ethics,RELIGIOUS psychology,Sexual Behavior,Sexual Behavior/*psychology,Spirituality,SPIRITUALITY},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/4TT7HJBB/Grubbs et al. - 2017 - Internet Pornography Use, Perceived Addiction, and.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/EFSIN3QN/s10508-016-0772-9.html}
}

Prior work has demonstrated that religious beliefs and moral attitudes are often related to sexual functioning. The present work sought to examine another possibility: Do sexual attitudes and behaviors have a relationship with religious and spiritual functioning? More specifically, do pornography use and perceived addiction to Internet pornography predict the experience of religious and spiritual struggle? It was expected that feelings of perceived addiction to Internet pornography would indeed predict such struggles, both cross-sectionally and over time, but that actual pornography use would not. To test these ideas, two studies were conducted using a sample of undergraduate students (N = 1519) and a sample of adult Internet users in the U.S. (N = 713). Cross-sectional analyses in both samples found that elements of perceived addiction were related to the experience of religious and spiritual struggle. Additionally, longitudinal analyses over a 1-year time span with a subset of undergraduates (N = 156) and a subset of adult web users (N = 366) revealed that perceived addiction to Internet pornography predicted unique variance in struggle over time, even when baseline levels of struggle and other related variables were held constant. Collectively, these findings identify perceived addiction to Internet pornography as a reliable predictor of religious and spiritual struggle.

@incollection{grubbsNarcissisticPersonalityDisorder2017,
  title = {Narcissistic {{Personality Disorder}} and {{Gender}}},
  booktitle = {The {{SAGE Encyclopedia}} of {{Psychology}} and {{Gender}}},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  editor = {Nadal, Kevin},
  year = {2017},
  month = sep,
  pages = {1221--1224},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications, Inc.}},
  address = {{Thousand Oaks,}},
  doi = {10.4135/9781483384269},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/KF8ERW8S/i12688.html}
}

@incollection{grubbsTreatingHypersexuality2017,
  title = {Treating Hypersexuality},
  booktitle = {The {{Wiley Handbook}} of {{Sex Therapy}}},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Hook, Jan Paul and Griffin, Brandon J and Cushman, M Scott and Hook, Joshua N and Penberthy, J Kim},
  editor = {Peterson, Zoe},
  year = {2017},
  month = sep,
  pages = {115--128},
  publisher = {{Wiley}},
  address = {{New York, NY}},
  copyright = {All rights reserved}
}

@article{leySexhaviorCycleGood2017,
  title = {The {{Sexhavior Cycle}}: {{Good}} Review, but Still Not Enough Data to Support a New Theory},
  shorttitle = {The {{Sexhavior Cycle}}},
  author = {Ley, David J and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2017},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Archives of Sexual Behavior},
  issn = {0004-0002, 1573-2800},
  doi = {10.1007/s10508-017-1067-5},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/JE7WH2P7/s10508-017-1067-5.pdf}
}

@incollection{mosherSelfForgivenessHypersexualBehavior2017,
  title = {Self-{{Forgiveness}} and {{Hypersexual Behavior}}},
  booktitle = {Handbook of the {{Psychology}} of {{Self-Forgiveness}}},
  author = {Mosher, David K and Hook, Joshua N and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2017},
  month = sep,
  pages = {279--291},
  publisher = {{Springer, Cham}},
  copyright = {All rights reserved}
}

@article{wiltAnxietyPredictsIncreases2017,
  title = {Anxiety Predicts Increases in Struggles with Religious/Spiritual Doubt over Two Weeks, One Month, and One Year},
  author = {Wilt, Joshua A and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Lindberg, Matthew J and Exline, Julie J and Pargament, Kenneth I},
  year = {2017},
  month = sep,
  journal = {The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion},
  volume = {27},
  number = {1},
  pages = {26--34},
  issn = {1050-8619},
  copyright = {All rights reserved}
}

@article{wiltReligiousSpiritualStruggles2017,
  title = {Religious and Spiritual Struggles, Past and Present: {{Relations}} to the Big Five and Well-Being},
  author = {Wilt, Joshua A and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Pargament, Kenneth I and Exline, Julie J},
  year = {2017},
  month = sep,
  journal = {The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion},
  volume = {27},
  number = {1},
  pages = {51--64},
  issn = {1050-8619},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/F8RHGCL7/Wilt et al. - 2017 - Religious and spiritual struggles, past and presen.pdf}
}

@article{bradleyPerceivedAddictionInternet2016,
  title = {Perceived Addiction to Internet Pornography among Religious Believers and Nonbelievers.},
  author = {Bradley, David F. and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Uzdavines, Alex and Exline, Julie J. and Pargament, Kenneth I.},
  year = {2016},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Sexual Addiction \& Compulsivity},
  volume = {23},
  number = {2/3},
  pages = {225--243},
  issn = {1072-0162},
  doi = {10.1080/10720162.2016.1162237},
  abstract = {The article presents an study on the relationship between religiousness and perceived addiction to Internet pornography among religious believers and nonbelievers. It discusses the definition of nonbelief, the connection of perceived addiction to various distress indicators and findings indicating increased perceived addiction among religious believers, self-indication as a predictor of perceived addiction and the relation of perceived addiction to psychological distress in both study groups.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  keywords = {Addiction,Human,Internet,internet pornography,Internet Pornography Addiction,INTERNET pornography addiction,Perceived addiction,Pornography,psychological distress,PSYCHOLOGICAL stress,RELIGION,Religion and Religions -- United States,Religious Beliefs,religious believers,Self Assessment,SELF-evaluation,Spirituality,SPIRITUALITY,Stress; Psychological,United States,UNITED States},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/CPK6FF34/bradley2016.pdf}
}

The article presents an study on the relationship between religiousness and perceived addiction to Internet pornography among religious believers and nonbelievers. It discusses the definition of nonbelief, the connection of perceived addiction to various distress indicators and findings indicating increased perceived addiction among religious believers, self-indication as a predictor of perceived addiction and the relation of perceived addiction to psychological distress in both study groups.

@article{griffinSexualCongruenceModerates2016,
  title = {Sexual Congruence Moderates the Associations of Hypersexual Behavior with Spiritual Struggle and Sexual Self-Concept},
  author = {Griffin, Brandon J. and Worthington, Everett L. and Leach, Joshua D. and Hook, Joshua N. and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Exline, Julie J. and Davis, Don E.},
  year = {2016},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Sexual Addiction \& Compulsivity},
  volume = {23},
  number = {2-3},
  pages = {279--295},
  issn = {1072-0162, 1532-5318},
  doi = {10.1080/10720162.2016.1150924},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/ZZ7XXVFE/griffin2016.pdf}
}

@article{grubbsReligionSpiritualitySexual2016,
  title = {Religion, Spirituality, and Sexual Addiction: {{A}} Critical Evaluation of Converging Fields},
  shorttitle = {Religion, {{Spirituality}}, and {{Sexual Addiction}}},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Hook, Joshua N.},
  year = {2016},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Sexual Addiction \& Compulsivity},
  volume = {23},
  number = {2-3},
  pages = {155--166},
  issn = {1072-0162, 1532-5318},
  doi = {10.1080/10720162.2016.1150925},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Human,Religion and Religions,Sexual Addiction,Spirituality},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/FNVQ5C5P/grubbs2016.pdf}
}

@article{grubbsSelfStruggleSoul2016,
  title = {Self, Struggle, and Soul: {{Linking}} Personality, Self-Concept, and Religious/Spiritual Struggle},
  shorttitle = {Self, Struggle, and Soul},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Wilt, Joshua and Stauner, Nicholas and Exline, Julie J. and Pargament, Kenneth I.},
  year = {2016},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Personality and Individual Differences},
  volume = {101},
  pages = {144--152},
  issn = {0191-8869},
  doi = {10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.365},
  abstract = {Religious and spiritual (r/s) struggles are common experiences and robust predictors of poor mental and physical health outcomes. The present study sought to examine the role of personality and self-concept in predicting r/s struggles both concurrently and longitudinally. Four samples were collected (total N=5015), involving three cross-sectional samples of undergraduates and a cross-sectional and 1-month longitudinal sample of adult web-users. Across samples, aspects of personality (e.g., low self-esteem, high entitlement, high neuroticism) consistently predicted the concurrent experience of r/s struggles. Longitudinally, facets of self-concept (e.g., low self-esteem, low agreeableness) also predicted r/s struggle, even when baseline levels of r/s struggle were controlled, further demonstrating that personality and self-concept likely play a role in the experience of r/s struggles.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Big five,Entitlement,Religion,Self compassion,Self concept,Self esteem,Spirituality},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/LKTTZQTZ/Grubbs et al. - 2016 - Self, struggle, and soul Linking personality, sel.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/VP7CIHVZ/S0191886916307267.html}
}

Religious and spiritual (r/s) struggles are common experiences and robust predictors of poor mental and physical health outcomes. The present study sought to examine the role of personality and self-concept in predicting r/s struggles both concurrently and longitudinally. Four samples were collected (total N=5015), involving three cross-sectional samples of undergraduates and a cross-sectional and 1-month longitudinal sample of adult web-users. Across samples, aspects of personality (e.g., low self-esteem, high entitlement, high neuroticism) consistently predicted the concurrent experience of r/s struggles. Longitudinally, facets of self-concept (e.g., low self-esteem, low agreeableness) also predicted r/s struggle, even when baseline levels of r/s struggle were controlled, further demonstrating that personality and self-concept likely play a role in the experience of r/s struggles.

@article{grubbsTraitEntitlementCognitivepersonality2016,
  title = {Trait Entitlement: {{A}} Cognitive-Personality Source of Vulnerability to Psychological Distress.},
  shorttitle = {Trait Entitlement},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Exline, Julie J.},
  year = {2016},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
  volume = {142},
  number = {11},
  pages = {1204--1226},
  issn = {1939-1455, 0033-2909},
  doi = {10.1037/bul0000063},
  abstract = {Psychological entitlement is a personality trait characterized by pervasive feelings of deservingness, specialness, and exaggerated expectations. The present review expands upon this understanding by conceptualizing entitlement as a cognitive-personality vulnerability to psychological distress. A review of research is conducted, and a novel, multipart model is described by which entitlement may be seen as such a vulnerability. First, exaggerated expectations, notions of the self as special, and inflated deservingness associated with trait entitlement present the individual with a continual vulnerability to unmet expectations. Second, entitled individuals are likely to interpret these unmet expectations in ways that foster disappointment, ego threat, and a sense of perceived injustice, all of which may lead to psychological distress indicators such as dissatisfaction across multiple life domains, anger, and generally volatile emotional responses. Furthermore, in the wake of disappointment, ego threat, or perceived injustice, entitled individuals are likely to attempt to bolster their entitled self-concept, leading to a reinforcement of entitled beliefs, thereby initiating the cycle again. At each stage of this process, entitlement presents the individual with the possibility of experiencing distress, predisposes further risk factors for distress (e.g., the subsequent steps in the model), and increases the risk of interpersonal conflict, again leading to distress. A review of relevant empirical data suggests preliminary support for this conceptual model of entitlement.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Humans,Interpersonal Relations,Personality,Self Concept,Stress; Psychological},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/YAWKXN3U/Grubbs and Exline - 2016 - Trait entitlement A cognitive-personality source .pdf}
}

Psychological entitlement is a personality trait characterized by pervasive feelings of deservingness, specialness, and exaggerated expectations. The present review expands upon this understanding by conceptualizing entitlement as a cognitive-personality vulnerability to psychological distress. A review of research is conducted, and a novel, multipart model is described by which entitlement may be seen as such a vulnerability. First, exaggerated expectations, notions of the self as special, and inflated deservingness associated with trait entitlement present the individual with a continual vulnerability to unmet expectations. Second, entitled individuals are likely to interpret these unmet expectations in ways that foster disappointment, ego threat, and a sense of perceived injustice, all of which may lead to psychological distress indicators such as dissatisfaction across multiple life domains, anger, and generally volatile emotional responses. Furthermore, in the wake of disappointment, ego threat, or perceived injustice, entitled individuals are likely to attempt to bolster their entitled self-concept, leading to a reinforcement of entitled beliefs, thereby initiating the cycle again. At each stage of this process, entitlement presents the individual with the possibility of experiencing distress, predisposes further risk factors for distress (e.g., the subsequent steps in the model), and increases the risk of interpersonal conflict, again leading to distress. A review of relevant empirical data suggests preliminary support for this conceptual model of entitlement.

@article{staunerBifactorModelsReligious2016,
  title = {Bifactor Models of Religious and Spiritual Struggles: {{Distinct}} from Religiousness and Distress},
  author = {Stauner, Nick and Exline, Julie J and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Pargament, Kenneth I and Bradley, David F and Uzdavines, Alex},
  year = {2016},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Religions},
  volume = {7},
  number = {6},
  pages = {68},
  copyright = {All rights reserved}
}

@article{staunerNeuroticismStressfulLife2016,
  title = {Neuroticism and Stressful Life Events Predict Religious and Spiritual Struggles},
  author = {Stauner, N and Wilt, Joshua A and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Pargament, KI and Exline, JJ},
  year = {2016},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Personality and Individual Differences},
  number = {101},
  pages = {517},
  issn = {0191-8869},
  copyright = {All rights reserved}
}

@article{twengeDeclinesAmericanAdults2016,
  title = {Declines in {{American}} Adults’ Religious Participation and Beliefs, 1972-2014},
  author = {Twenge, Jean M and Sherman, Ryne A and Exline, Julie J and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2016},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Sage Open},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {2158244016638133},
  issn = {2158-2440},
  copyright = {All rights reserved}
}

@article{wiltAssociationsPerceivedAddiction2016,
  title = {Associations of Perceived Addiction to Internet Pornography with Religious/Spiritual and Psychological Functioning},
  author = {Wilt, Joshua A and Cooper, Erin B. and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Exline, Julie J. and Pargament, Kenneth I.},
  year = {2016},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Sexual Addiction \& Compulsivity},
  volume = {23},
  number = {2-3},
  pages = {260--278},
  issn = {1072-0162, 1532-5318},
  doi = {10.1080/10720162.2016.1140604},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Addiction,Human,Internet,Internet pornography,Internet Pornography Addiction,INTERNET pornography addiction,Pornography,Psychological Development,psychological functioning,religion,Religion,RELIGION,Religion and Religions -- United States,Self Concept,Self-Esteem,SELF-perception,spiritual functioning,Spirituality,United States,UNITED States},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/Q4IUNFHG/wilt2016.pdf}
}

@article{wiltBigFiveReligious2016,
  title = {The {{Big Five}}, {{Religious}} and {{Spiritual Struggles}}, and {{Well-Being}}},
  author = {Wilt, Joshua A and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Exline, JJ and Pargament, KI},
  year = {2016},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Personality and Individual Differences},
  number = {101},
  pages = {527},
  issn = {0191-8869},
  copyright = {All rights reserved}
}

@article{wiltGodRoleSuffering2016,
  title = {God’s Role in Suffering: {{Theodicies}}, Divine Struggle, and Mental Health.},
  author = {Wilt, Joshua A and Exline, Julie J and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Park, Crystal L and Pargament, Kenneth I},
  year = {2016},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Psychology of Religion and Spirituality},
  volume = {8},
  number = {4},
  pages = {352},
  issn = {1943-1562},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/LPGUCI95/Wilt et al. - 2016 - God’s role in suffering Theodicies, divine strugg.pdf}
}

@article{wiltPersonalityReligiousSpiritual2016,
  title = {Personality, Religious and Spiritual Struggles, and Well-Being.},
  author = {Wilt, Joshua A and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Exline, Julie J and Pargament, Kenneth I},
  year = {2016},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Psychology of Religion and Spirituality},
  volume = {8},
  number = {4},
  pages = {341},
  issn = {1943-1562},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/ZJ5BDKRJ/Wilt et al. - 2016 - Personality, religious and spiritual struggles, an.pdf}
}

@article{exlineSeeingGodCruel2015,
  title = {Seeing {{God}} as Cruel or Distant: {{Links}} with Divine Struggles Involving Anger, Doubt, and Fear of {{God}}'s Disapproval},
  author = {Exline, Julie J and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Homolka, Steffany J},
  year = {2015},
  month = jan,
  journal = {The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion},
  volume = {25},
  number = {1},
  pages = {29--41},
  issn = {1050-8619},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/Y725JABW/Exline et al. - 2015 - Seeing God as cruel or distant Links with divine .pdf}
}

@article{grubbsEvaluatingOutcomeResearch2015,
  title = {Evaluating Outcome Research for Hypersexual Behavior},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Hook, Joshua N and Griffin, Brandon J and Davis, Don E},
  year = {2015},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Current Addiction Reports},
  volume = {2},
  number = {3},
  pages = {207--213},
  issn = {2196-2952},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/J7WRC7JV/Grubbs et al. - 2015 - Evaluating outcome research for hypersexual behavi.pdf}
}

@article{grubbsInternetPornographyUse2015,
  title = {Internet Pornography Use: Perceived Addiction, Psychological Distress, and the Validation of a Brief Measure.},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Volk, Fred and Exline, Julie J. and Pargament, Kenneth I.},
  year = {2015},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Journal of sex \& marital therapy},
  volume = {41},
  number = {1},
  pages = {83--106},
  issn = {1521-0715 0092-623X},
  doi = {10.1080/0092623X.2013.842192},
  abstract = {The authors aimed to validate a brief measure of perceived addiction to Internet  pornography refined from the 32-item Cyber Pornography Use Inventory, report its  psychometric properties, and examine how the notion of perceived addiction to Internet pornography might be related to other domains of psychological functioning. To accomplish this, 3 studies were conducted using a sample of undergraduate psychology students, a web-based adult sample, and a sample of college students seeking counseling at a university's counseling center. The authors developed and refined a short 9-item measure of perceived addiction to Internet pornography, confirmed its structure in multiple samples, examined its relatedness to hypersexuality more broadly, and demonstrated that the notion of perceived addiction to Internet pornography is very robustly related to various measures of psychological distress. Furthermore, the relation between psychological distress and the new measure persisted, even when other potential contributors (e.g., neuroticism, self-control, amount of time spent viewing pornography) were controlled for statistically, indicating the clinical relevance of assessing perceived addiction to Internet pornography.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {24341869},
  keywords = {*Behavior; Addictive,*Internet,*Surveys and Questionnaires,Adolescent,Erotica/*psychology,Female,Humans,Individuality,Male,Psychometrics/statistics \& numerical data,Reference Values,Reproducibility of Results,Sexual Dysfunctions; Psychological/diagnosis/*psychology,Students/psychology,Young Adult},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/H8ZZNGKG/Grubbs et al. - 2015 - Internet Pornography Use Perceived Addiction, Psy.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/HKXVVRM9/0092623X.2013.html}
}

The authors aimed to validate a brief measure of perceived addiction to Internet pornography refined from the 32-item Cyber Pornography Use Inventory, report its psychometric properties, and examine how the notion of perceived addiction to Internet pornography might be related to other domains of psychological functioning. To accomplish this, 3 studies were conducted using a sample of undergraduate psychology students, a web-based adult sample, and a sample of college students seeking counseling at a university's counseling center. The authors developed and refined a short 9-item measure of perceived addiction to Internet pornography, confirmed its structure in multiple samples, examined its relatedness to hypersexuality more broadly, and demonstrated that the notion of perceived addiction to Internet pornography is very robustly related to various measures of psychological distress. Furthermore, the relation between psychological distress and the new measure persisted, even when other potential contributors (e.g., neuroticism, self-control, amount of time spent viewing pornography) were controlled for statistically, indicating the clinical relevance of assessing perceived addiction to Internet pornography.

@article{grubbsPerceivedAddictionInternet2015,
  title = {Perceived Addiction to {{Internet}} Pornography and Psychological Distress: {{Examining}} Relationships Concurrently and over Time.},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Stauner, Nicholas and Exline, Julie J. and Pargament, Kenneth I. and Lindberg, Matthew J.},
  year = {2015},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors},
  volume = {29},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1056--1067},
  issn = {1939-1501 0893-164X},
  doi = {10.1037/adb0000114},
  abstract = {In the United States, Internet pornography use is a common behavior that has risen in popularity in recent years. The present study sought to examine potential relationships between pornography use and well-being, with a particular focus on individual perceptions of pornography use and feelings of addiction. Using a large cross-sectional sample of adults (N = 713), perceived addiction to  Internet pornography predicted psychological distress above and beyond pornography use itself and other relevant variables (e.g., socially desirable responding, neuroticism). This model was replicated using a large cross-sectional sample of undergraduates (N = 1,215). Furthermore, a 1-year, longitudinal follow-up with a subset of this sample (N = 106) revealed a relationship between  perceived addiction to Internet pornography and psychological distress over time, even when controlling for baseline psychological distress and pornography use. Collectively, these findings suggest that perceived addiction to Internet pornography, but not pornography use itself, is uniquely related to the experience of psychological distress.},
  copyright = {(c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved).},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {26372200},
  keywords = {*Internet,Adult,Behavior; Addictive/*psychology,Cross-Sectional Studies,Erotica/*psychology,Female,Follow-Up Studies,Humans,Male,Stress; Psychological/*psychology,Students/psychology,United States,Young Adult},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/2898RGVI/grubbs2015.pdf}
}

In the United States, Internet pornography use is a common behavior that has risen in popularity in recent years. The present study sought to examine potential relationships between pornography use and well-being, with a particular focus on individual perceptions of pornography use and feelings of addiction. Using a large cross-sectional sample of adults (N = 713), perceived addiction to Internet pornography predicted psychological distress above and beyond pornography use itself and other relevant variables (e.g., socially desirable responding, neuroticism). This model was replicated using a large cross-sectional sample of undergraduates (N = 1,215). Furthermore, a 1-year, longitudinal follow-up with a subset of this sample (N = 106) revealed a relationship between perceived addiction to Internet pornography and psychological distress over time, even when controlling for baseline psychological distress and pornography use. Collectively, these findings suggest that perceived addiction to Internet pornography, but not pornography use itself, is uniquely related to the experience of psychological distress.

@article{grubbsTransgressionAddictionReligiosity2015,
  title = {Transgression as Addiction: {{Religiosity}} and Moral Disapproval as Predictors of Perceived Addiction to Pornography},
  shorttitle = {Transgression as {{Addiction}}},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Exline, Julie J. and Pargament, Kenneth I. and Hook, Joshua N. and Carlisle, Robert D.},
  year = {2015},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Archives of Sexual Behavior},
  volume = {44},
  number = {1},
  pages = {125--136},
  issn = {0004-0002, 1573-2800},
  doi = {10.1007/s10508-013-0257-z},
  abstract = {Perceived addiction to Internet pornography is increasingly a focus of empirical attention. The present study examined the role that religious belief and moral disapproval of pornography use play in the experience of perceived addiction to Internet pornography. Results from two studies in undergraduate samples (Study 1, N = 331; Study 2, N = 97) indicated that there was a robust positive relationship between religiosity and perceived addiction to pornography and that this relationship was mediated by moral disapproval of pornography use. These results persisted even when actual use of pornography was controlled. Furthermore, although religiosity was negatively predictive of acknowledging any pornography use, among pornography users, religiosity was unrelated to actual levels of use. A structural equation model from a web-based sample of adults (Study 3, N = 208) revealed similar results. Specifically, religiosity was robustly predictive of perceived addiction, even when relevant covariates (e.g., trait self-control, socially desirable responding, neuroticism, use of pornography) were held constant. In sum, the present study indicated that religiosity and moral disapproval of pornography use were robust predictors of perceived addiction to Internet pornography while being unrelated to actual levels of use among pornography consumers.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {*Morals,*Religion,Addiction,Adolescent,Adult,Behavior; Addictive,Behavior; Addictive/*psychology,Behavior; Addictive/ethnology,Behavior; Addictive/ethnology/*psychology,BELIEF \& doubt,CONDUCT of life,Cross-Sectional Studies,Data Collection,Erotica,Erotica/*psychology,ETHICS research,Female,Humans,Internet,Internet pornography,INTERNET pornography addiction,Male,Morality,Morals,Morals*,Pornography,PORNOGRAPHY addiction,Religion,Religion*,Religiosity,Sexuality,Students,Students/*psychology,United States,Universities,Young Adult},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/4WYM9676/Grubbs et al. - 2015 - Transgression as Addiction Religiosity and Moral .pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/BAR5QD6J/s10508-013-0257-z.html}
}

Perceived addiction to Internet pornography is increasingly a focus of empirical attention. The present study examined the role that religious belief and moral disapproval of pornography use play in the experience of perceived addiction to Internet pornography. Results from two studies in undergraduate samples (Study 1, N = 331; Study 2, N = 97) indicated that there was a robust positive relationship between religiosity and perceived addiction to pornography and that this relationship was mediated by moral disapproval of pornography use. These results persisted even when actual use of pornography was controlled. Furthermore, although religiosity was negatively predictive of acknowledging any pornography use, among pornography users, religiosity was unrelated to actual levels of use. A structural equation model from a web-based sample of adults (Study 3, N = 208) revealed similar results. Specifically, religiosity was robustly predictive of perceived addiction, even when relevant covariates (e.g., trait self-control, socially desirable responding, neuroticism, use of pornography) were held constant. In sum, the present study indicated that religiosity and moral disapproval of pornography use were robust predictors of perceived addiction to Internet pornography while being unrelated to actual levels of use among pornography consumers.

@article{hookReligiousnessCongruenceSexual2015,
  title = {Religiousness and Congruence between Sexual Values and Behavior},
  author = {Hook, Joshua N. and Farrell, Jennifer E. and Ramos, Marciana J. and Davis, Don E. and Karaga, Sara and Tongeren, Daryl R. Van and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2015},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Journal of Psychology and Christianity},
  volume = {34},
  number = {2},
  pages = {179--189},
  issn = {07334273},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/W3IEF2ZS/Hook et al. - Religiousness and Congruence Between Sexual Values.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/93T3PD52/anonymous.html}
}

@article{hookSelfforgivenessHypersexualBehavior2015,
  title = {Self-Forgiveness and Hypersexual Behavior},
  author = {Hook, Joshua N. and Farrell, Jennifer E. and Davis, Don E. and Tongeren, Daryl R. Van and Griffin, Brandon J. and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Penberthy, J. Kim and Bedics, Jamie D.},
  year = {2015},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Sexual Addiction \& Compulsivity},
  volume = {22},
  number = {1},
  pages = {59--70},
  issn = {1072-0162},
  doi = {10.1080/10720162.2014.1001542},
  abstract = {Although initial research on treatment for hypersexual behavior has had promising results, there has been little work that explicates the theoretical rationale for various treatment strategies. Self-forgiveness may be one strategy to help individuals with hypersexual behavior work through maladaptive shame and guilt. The present study explored the role of self-forgiveness in hypersexual behavior. Participants (N = 187) reported a time in which they had violated their sexual values and completed measures of self-forgiveness, shame/guilt, and hypersexual behavior. Self-forgiveness was negatively related to hypersexual behavior. Self-forgiveness was also negatively related to shame/guilt. The association between self-forgiveness and hypersexual behavior was mediated by shame/guilt.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/2SEKRJZZ/Hook et al. - 2015 - Self-Forgiveness and Hypersexual Behavior.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/CH6A7H7Z/10720162.2014.html}
}

Although initial research on treatment for hypersexual behavior has had promising results, there has been little work that explicates the theoretical rationale for various treatment strategies. Self-forgiveness may be one strategy to help individuals with hypersexual behavior work through maladaptive shame and guilt. The present study explored the role of self-forgiveness in hypersexual behavior. Participants (N = 187) reported a time in which they had violated their sexual values and completed measures of self-forgiveness, shame/guilt, and hypersexual behavior. Self-forgiveness was negatively related to hypersexual behavior. Self-forgiveness was also negatively related to shame/guilt. The association between self-forgiveness and hypersexual behavior was mediated by shame/guilt.

@article{twengeGenerationalTimePeriod2015,
  title = {Generational and Time Period Differences in American Adolescents’ Religious Orientation, 1966–2014},
  author = {Twenge, Jean M and Exline, Julie J and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Sastry, Ramya and Campbell, W Keith},
  year = {2015},
  month = jan,
  journal = {PloS one},
  volume = {10},
  number = {5},
  pages = {e0121454},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/8FERWQWA/Twenge et al. - 2015 - Generational and time period differences in americ.PDF}
}

@article{exlineReligiousSpiritualStruggles2014,
  title = {The {{Religious}} and {{Spiritual Struggles Scale}}: {{Development}} and Initial Validation.},
  shorttitle = {The {{Religious}} and {{Spiritual Struggles Scale}}},
  author = {Exline, Julie J. and Pargament, Kenneth I. and Grubbs, Joshua B. and Yali, Ann Marie},
  year = {2014},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Psychology of Religion and Spirituality},
  volume = {6},
  number = {3},
  pages = {208--222},
  issn = {1943-1562, 1941-1022},
  doi = {10.1037/a0036465},
  abstract = {Many people experience struggle around religious and spiritual aspects of life, as shown in a steadily growing body of research. A need now exists for more comprehensive, reliable, concise measurement of religious and spiritual (r/s) struggles through a scale that covers multiple domains. This article describes the development and initial validation of a 26-item measure, the Religious and Spiritual Struggles (RSS) Scale. The measure assesses six domains of r/s struggle: divine (negative emotion centered on beliefs about God or a perceived relationship with God), demonic (concern that the devil or evil spirits are attacking an individual or causing negative events), interpersonal (concern about negative experiences with religious people or institutions; interpersonal conflict around religious issues), moral (wrestling with attempts to follow moral principles; worry or guilt about perceived offenses by the self), doubt (feeling troubled by doubts or questions about one’s r/s beliefs), and ultimate meaning (concern about not perceiving deep meaning in one’s life). Study 1 used factor analytic techniques in two adult samples (Ns ϭ 400 and 483) to refine the item pool for the RSS. Study 2, which sampled 1141 undergraduates, showed very good fit for a six-factor model using confirmatory factor analysis. Study 2 also provided evidence of convergent, discriminant and predictive validity by relating RSS scores to measures of religiousness, r/s struggle and mental health. Several potentially important demographic differences emerged on the RSS. For example, undergraduates without committed romantic relationships and those who self-identified as homosexual reported greater r/s struggles across multiple domains.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/6SKPUUC3/2014-30104-002.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/CH6U3UUT/Exline et al. - The Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale Devel.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/EBY7VZKD/Exline et al. - 2014 - The Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale Devel.pdf}
}

Many people experience struggle around religious and spiritual aspects of life, as shown in a steadily growing body of research. A need now exists for more comprehensive, reliable, concise measurement of religious and spiritual (r/s) struggles through a scale that covers multiple domains. This article describes the development and initial validation of a 26-item measure, the Religious and Spiritual Struggles (RSS) Scale. The measure assesses six domains of r/s struggle: divine (negative emotion centered on beliefs about God or a perceived relationship with God), demonic (concern that the devil or evil spirits are attacking an individual or causing negative events), interpersonal (concern about negative experiences with religious people or institutions; interpersonal conflict around religious issues), moral (wrestling with attempts to follow moral principles; worry or guilt about perceived offenses by the self), doubt (feeling troubled by doubts or questions about one’s r/s beliefs), and ultimate meaning (concern about not perceiving deep meaning in one’s life). Study 1 used factor analytic techniques in two adult samples (Ns ϭ 400 and 483) to refine the item pool for the RSS. Study 2, which sampled 1141 undergraduates, showed very good fit for a six-factor model using confirmatory factor analysis. Study 2 also provided evidence of convergent, discriminant and predictive validity by relating RSS scores to measures of religiousness, r/s struggle and mental health. Several potentially important demographic differences emerged on the RSS. For example, undergraduates without committed romantic relationships and those who self-identified as homosexual reported greater r/s struggles across multiple domains.

@article{grubbsHumblingYourselfGod2014,
  title = {Humbling Yourself before God: {{Humility}} as a Reliable Predictor of Lower Divine Struggle.},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Exline, Julie J},
  year = {2014},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Journal of Psychology \& Theology},
  volume = {42},
  number = {1},
  issn = {0091-6471},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/34PGUDP3/Grubbs and Exline - 2014 - Humbling yourself before god Humility as a reliab.pdf}
}

@article{grubbsPsychologicalEntitlementAmbivalent2014,
  title = {Psychological Entitlement and Ambivalent Sexism: {{Understanding}} the Role of Entitlement in Predicting Two Forms of Sexism},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Exline, Julie J and Twenge, Jean M},
  year = {2014},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Sex roles},
  volume = {70},
  number = {5-6},
  pages = {209--220},
  issn = {0360-0025},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/EF576PHT/Grubbs et al. - 2014 - Psychological entitlement and ambivalent sexism U.pdf}
}

@article{grubbsWhyDidGod2014,
  title = {Why Did God Make Me This Way? {{Anger}} at God in the Context of Personal Transgressions.},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Exline, Julie J},
  year = {2014},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Journal of Psychology \& Theology},
  volume = {42},
  number = {4},
  issn = {0091-6471},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/86ARTXMX/Grubbs and Exline - 2014 - Why did god make me this way Anger at god in the .pdf}
}

@article{exlineNegativeViewsParents2013,
  title = {Negative Views of Parents and Struggles with God: An Exploration of Two Mediators.},
  author = {Exline, Julie J and Homolka, Steffany J and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2013},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Journal of Psychology \& Theology},
  volume = {41},
  number = {3},
  issn = {0091-6471},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/4FPDSZ6V/Exline et al. - 2013 - Negative views of parents and struggles with god .pdf}
}

@article{grubbsDeserveBetterGod2013,
  title = {I Deserve Better and God Knows It! {{Psychological}} Entitlement as a Robust Predictor of Anger at {{God}}.},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Exline, Julie J and Campbell, W Keith},
  year = {2013},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Psychology of Religion and Spirituality},
  volume = {5},
  number = {3},
  pages = {192},
  issn = {1943-1562},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/87GBHASW/Grubbs et al. - 2013 - I deserve better and god knows it! Psychological e.pdf}
}

@article{exlineAngerExitAssertion2012,
  title = {Anger, Exit, and Assertion: {{Do}} People See Protest toward {{God}} as Morally Acceptable?},
  author = {Exline, Julie J and Kaplan, Kalman J and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2012},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Psychology of Religion and Spirituality},
  volume = {4},
  number = {4},
  pages = {264},
  issn = {1943-1562},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/KBA68XSV/Exline et al. - 2012 - Anger, exit, and assertion Do people see protest .pdf}
}

@article{exlineIfTellOthers2011,
  title = {“{{If I Tell}} Others about My {{Anger}} toward {{God}}, {{How}} Will {{They Respond}}?” {{Predictors}}, {{Associated Behaviors}}, and {{Outcomes}} in an {{Adult Sample}}},
  shorttitle = {“{{If I Tell}} Others about My {{Anger}} toward {{God}}, {{How}} Will {{They Respond}}?},
  author = {Exline, Julie J. and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2011},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Journal of Psychology and Theology},
  volume = {39},
  number = {4},
  pages = {304--315},
  issn = {0091-6471, 2328-1162},
  doi = {10.1177/009164711103900402},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/KNCL3FQ4/Exline and Grubbs - 2011 - “If I Tell others about my Anger toward God, How w.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/LH3BNMS2/Exline and Grubbs - 2011 -  If I tell others about my anger toward God, how .pdf}
}

@article{grubbsCyberPornographyUseInventory2010,
  title = {The {{Cyber-Pornography Use Inventory}}: {{The}} Development of a New Assessment Instrument},
  shorttitle = {The {{Cyber-Pornography Use Inventory}}},
  author = {Grubbs, Joshua B. and Sessoms, John and Wheeler, Dana M. and Volk, Fred},
  year = {2010},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Sexual Addiction \& Compulsivity},
  volume = {17},
  number = {2},
  pages = {106--126},
  issn = {1072-0162},
  doi = {10.1080/10720161003776166},
  abstract = {Internet pornography usage has become widespread in recent years, and the task of assessing this usage has proven difficult. Furthermore, assessing this usage in religious populations has proven nearly impossible due to the morally charged nature of the subject. As such, this study recounts the development of a new instrument for assessing Internet pornography usage that could be effectively used in religious populations. Factor analyses of the instrument revealed a three-factor structure that demonstrated acceptable reliability (α {$>$}.80) for each factor, as well as some measure of construct validity. The instrument also offered initial analyses of the feelings of guilt and distress experienced by religious populations as a result of their Internet pornography consumption. These results demonstrate great potential for future clinical application as well as research, particularly in populations that are prone to experience more guilt as a result of their usage.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  keywords = {DISTRESS (Psychology),FACTOR analysis,GUILT (Psychology),INTERNET pornography,PORNOGRAPHY -- Religious aspects,RELIABILITY (Personality trait),RESEARCH,SEX addiction,SEX customs},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/HHW4VGYK/Grubbs et al. - 2010 - The Cyber-Pornography Use Inventory The developme.pdf;/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/AYQE5QYJ/10720161003776166.html}
}

Internet pornography usage has become widespread in recent years, and the task of assessing this usage has proven difficult. Furthermore, assessing this usage in religious populations has proven nearly impossible due to the morally charged nature of the subject. As such, this study recounts the development of a new instrument for assessing Internet pornography usage that could be effectively used in religious populations. Factor analyses of the instrument revealed a three-factor structure that demonstrated acceptable reliability (α $>$.80) for each factor, as well as some measure of construct validity. The instrument also offered initial analyses of the feelings of guilt and distress experienced by religious populations as a result of their Internet pornography consumption. These results demonstrate great potential for future clinical application as well as research, particularly in populations that are prone to experience more guilt as a result of their usage.