Keyword: non-u.s. gov't
2009 (3)
Hum Brain Mapp. Fox, P. T, Bullmore, E., Bandettini, P. A, & Lancaster, J. L Protecting peer review: correspondence chronology and ethical analysis regarding Logothetis vs. Shmuel and Leopold., 30(2):347–354, 2009. Place: United States ISBN: 1097-0193
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Editors of scientific journals are ethically bound to provide a fair and impartial peer-review process and to protect the rights of contributing authors to publish research results. If, however, a dispute arises among investigators regarding data ownership and the right to publish, the ethical responsibilities of journal editors become more complex. The editors of Human Brain Mapping recently had the unusual experience of learning of an ongoing dispute regarding data-access rights pertaining to a manuscript already accepted for publication. Herein the editors describe the nature of the dispute, the steps taken to explore and resolve the conflict, and discuss the ethical principles that govern such circumstances. Drawing on this experience and with the goal of avoiding future controversies, the editors have formulated a Data Rights Policy and a Data Rights Procedure for Human Brain Mapping. Human Brain Mapping adopts this policy effective immediately and respectfully suggests that other journals consider adopting this or similar policies
@article{fox_hum_2009,
title = {Hum {Brain} {Mapp}},
volume = {30},
doi = {10.1002/hbm.20682},
abstract = {Editors of scientific journals are ethically bound to provide a fair and impartial peer-review process and to protect the rights of contributing authors to publish research results. If, however, a dispute arises among investigators regarding data ownership and the right to publish, the ethical responsibilities of journal editors become more complex. The editors of Human Brain Mapping recently had the unusual experience of learning of an ongoing dispute regarding data-access rights pertaining to a manuscript already accepted for publication. Herein the editors describe the nature of the dispute, the steps taken to explore and resolve the conflict, and discuss the ethical principles that govern such circumstances. Drawing on this experience and with the goal of avoiding future controversies, the editors have formulated a Data Rights Policy and a Data Rights Procedure for Human Brain Mapping. Human Brain Mapping adopts this policy effective immediately and respectfully suggests that other journals consider adopting this or similar policies},
language = {eng},
number = {2},
journal = {Protecting peer review: correspondence chronology and ethical analysis regarding Logothetis vs. Shmuel and Leopold.},
author = {Fox, Peter T and Bullmore, Ed and Bandettini, Peter A and Lancaster, Jack L},
year = {2009},
pmid = {19067328},
note = {Place: United States
ISBN: 1097-0193},
keywords = {Duplicate Publication as Topic, Editorial Policies, Humans, Neurosciences, Peer Review, Research, Periodicals as Topic, Scientific Misconduct, editorial, research support, non-u.s. gov't},
pages = {347--354},
}A face feature space in the macaque temporal lobe. Freiwald, W. A, Tsao, D. Y, & Livingstone, M. S Nat Neurosci, 12(9):1187–1196, 2009. Place: United States ISBN: 1546-1726
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
The ability of primates to effortlessly recognize faces has been attributed to the existence of specialized face areas. One such area, the macaque middle face patch, consists almost entirely of cells that are selective for faces, but the principles by which these cells analyze faces are unknown. We found that middle face patch neurons detect and differentiate faces using a strategy that is both part based and holistic. Cells detected distinct constellations of face parts. Furthermore, cells were tuned to the geometry of facial features. Tuning was most often ramp-shaped, with a one-to-one mapping of feature magnitude to firing rate. Tuning amplitude depended on the presence of a whole, upright face and features were interpreted according to their position in a whole, upright face. Thus, cells in the middle face patch encode axes of a face space specialized for whole, upright faces
@article{freiwald_face_2009,
title = {A face feature space in the macaque temporal lobe.},
volume = {12},
doi = {10.1038/nn.2363},
abstract = {The ability of primates to effortlessly recognize faces has been attributed to the existence of specialized face areas. One such area, the macaque middle face patch, consists almost entirely of cells that are selective for faces, but the principles by which these cells analyze faces are unknown. We found that middle face patch neurons detect and differentiate faces using a strategy that is both part based and holistic. Cells detected distinct constellations of face parts. Furthermore, cells were tuned to the geometry of facial features. Tuning was most often ramp-shaped, with a one-to-one mapping of feature magnitude to firing rate. Tuning amplitude depended on the presence of a whole, upright face and features were interpreted according to their position in a whole, upright face. Thus, cells in the middle face patch encode axes of a face space specialized for whole, upright faces},
language = {eng},
number = {9},
journal = {Nat Neurosci},
author = {Freiwald, Winrich A and Tsao, Doris Y and Livingstone, Margaret S},
year = {2009},
pmid = {19668199},
note = {Place: United States
ISBN: 1546-1726},
keywords = {Action Potentials, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Face, Macaca mulatta, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Microelectrodes, Neurons, Photic Stimulation, Temporal Lobe, Time Factors, Visual Perception, research support, n.i.h., extramural, research support, non-u.s. gov't},
pages = {1187--1196},
}Effect of various parameters on viability and growth of bacteria immobilized in sol-gel-derived silica matrices. Alvarez, G. S, Foglia, M. L, Copello, G. J, Desimone, M. F, & Diaz, L. E Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 82(4):639–646, 2009. Place: Germany ISBN: 1432-0614
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Immobilized bacteria are being extensively used for metabolite production, biocatalysts, and biosensor construction. However, long-term viability and metabolic activity of entrapped bacteria is affected by several conditions such as their physiological state, the presence of high-osmolarity environments, porous structure and shrinkage of the matrix. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of various parameters on bacteria immobilized in sol-gel-derived silica matrices. With this purpose, we evaluated the stress of immobilization over bacteria cultures obtained from different growing states, the effect of cell density and bacteria capability to proliferate inside matrices. Best results to attain longer preservation times were obtained when we immobilized suspensions with an optimized bacterial number of 1 x 10(7) cfu/gel in the presence of LB medium using aqueous silica precursors. Furthermore, the impact of osmotic stress with the subsequent intracellular trehalose accumulation and the addition of osmolites were investigated. Shorter preservation times were found for bacteria immobilized in the presence of osmolites while trehalose accumulation in stressed cells did not produce changes on entrapped bacteria viability. Finally, nutrient addition in silica matrices was studied indicating that the presence of a carbon source without the simultaneous addition of nitrogen was detrimental for immobilized E. coli. However, when both carbon and nitrogen sources were present, bacteria were able to survive longer periods of time.
@article{alvarez_effect_2009,
title = {Effect of various parameters on viability and growth of bacteria immobilized in sol-gel-derived silica matrices.},
volume = {82},
doi = {10.1007/s00253-008-1783-9},
abstract = {Immobilized bacteria are being extensively used for metabolite production, biocatalysts, and biosensor construction. However, long-term viability and metabolic activity of entrapped bacteria is affected by several conditions such as their physiological state, the presence of high-osmolarity environments, porous structure and shrinkage of the matrix. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of various parameters on bacteria immobilized in sol-gel-derived silica matrices. With this purpose, we evaluated the stress of immobilization over bacteria cultures obtained from different growing states, the effect of cell density and bacteria capability to proliferate inside matrices. Best results to attain longer preservation times were obtained when we immobilized suspensions with an optimized bacterial number of 1 x 10(7) cfu/gel in the presence of LB medium using aqueous silica precursors. Furthermore, the impact of osmotic stress with the subsequent intracellular trehalose accumulation and the addition of osmolites were investigated. Shorter preservation times were found for bacteria immobilized in the presence of osmolites while trehalose accumulation in stressed cells did not produce changes on entrapped bacteria viability. Finally, nutrient addition in silica matrices was studied indicating that the presence of a carbon source without the simultaneous addition of nitrogen was detrimental for immobilized E. coli. However, when both carbon and nitrogen sources were present, bacteria were able to survive longer periods of time.},
language = {eng},
number = {4},
journal = {Appl Microbiol Biotechnol},
author = {Alvarez, Gisela S and Foglia, María L and Copello, Guillermo J and Desimone, Martín F and Diaz, Luis E},
year = {2009},
pmid = {19034444},
note = {Place: Germany
ISBN: 1432-0614},
keywords = {Acids, Cells, Immobilized, Culture Media, Culture Techniques, Escherichia coli, Glycerol, Microbial Viability, Osmotic Pressure, Silicon Dioxide, Trehalose, research support, non-u.s. gov't},
pages = {639--646},
}2008 (3)
Multisensory interplay reveals crossmodal influences on 'sensory-specific' brain regions, neural responses, and judgments. Driver, J. & Noesselt, T. Neuron, 57(1):11–23, 2008. Place: United States ISBN: 0896-6273
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Although much traditional sensory research has studied each sensory modality in isolation, there has been a recent explosion of interest in causal interplay between different senses. Various techniques have now identified numerous multisensory convergence zones in the brain. Some convergence may arise surprisingly close to low-level sensory-specific cortex, and some direct connections may exist even between primary sensory cortices. A variety of multisensory phenomena have now been reported in which sensory-specific brain responses and perceptual judgments concerning one sense can be affected by relations with other senses. We survey recent progress in this multisensory field, foregrounding human studies against the background of invasive animal work and highlighting possible underlying mechanisms. These include rapid feedforward integration, possible thalamic influences, and/or feedback from multisensory regions to sensory-specific brain areas. Multisensory interplay is more prevalent than classic modular approaches assumed, and new methods are now available to determine the underlying circuits
@article{driver_multisensory_2008,
title = {Multisensory interplay reveals crossmodal influences on 'sensory-specific' brain regions, neural responses, and judgments.},
volume = {57},
doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2007.12.013},
abstract = {Although much traditional sensory research has studied each sensory modality in isolation, there has been a recent explosion of interest in causal interplay between different senses. Various techniques have now identified numerous multisensory convergence zones in the brain. Some convergence may arise surprisingly close to low-level sensory-specific cortex, and some direct connections may exist even between primary sensory cortices. A variety of multisensory phenomena have now been reported in which sensory-specific brain responses and perceptual judgments concerning one sense can be affected by relations with other senses. We survey recent progress in this multisensory field, foregrounding human studies against the background of invasive animal work and highlighting possible underlying mechanisms. These include rapid feedforward integration, possible thalamic influences, and/or feedback from multisensory regions to sensory-specific brain areas. Multisensory interplay is more prevalent than classic modular approaches assumed, and new methods are now available to determine the underlying circuits},
language = {eng},
number = {1},
journal = {Neuron},
author = {Driver, Jon and Noesselt, Toemme},
year = {2008},
pmid = {18184561},
note = {Place: United States
ISBN: 0896-6273},
keywords = {Brain, Brain Mapping, Humans, Judgment, Models, Neurological, Neural Pathways, Perception, research support, non-u.s. gov't, review},
pages = {11--23},
}Advances in autism genetics: on the threshold of a new neurobiology. Abrahams, B. S & Geschwind, D. H Nat Rev Genet, 9(5):341–355, 2008. Place: England ISBN: 1471-0064
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Autism is a heterogeneous syndrome defined by impairments in three core domains: social interaction, language and range of interests. Recent work has led to the identification of several autism susceptibility genes and an increased appreciation of the contribution of de novo and inherited copy number variation. Promising strategies are also being applied to identify common genetic risk variants. Systems biology approaches, including array-based expression profiling, are poised to provide additional insights into this group of disorders, in which heterogeneity, both genetic and phenotypic, is emerging as a dominant theme.
@article{abrahams_advances_2008,
title = {Advances in autism genetics: on the threshold of a new neurobiology.},
volume = {9},
doi = {10.1038/nrg2346},
abstract = {Autism is a heterogeneous syndrome defined by impairments in three core domains: social interaction, language and range of interests. Recent work has led to the identification of several autism susceptibility genes and an increased appreciation of the contribution of de novo and inherited copy number variation. Promising strategies are also being applied to identify common genetic risk variants. Systems biology approaches, including array-based expression profiling, are poised to provide additional insights into this group of disorders, in which heterogeneity, both genetic and phenotypic, is emerging as a dominant theme.},
language = {eng},
number = {5},
journal = {Nat Rev Genet},
author = {Abrahams, Brett S and Geschwind, Daniel H},
year = {2008},
pmid = {18414403},
note = {Place: England
ISBN: 1471-0064},
keywords = {Animals, Autism, Autistic Disorder, Gene Dosage, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Regulation, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Humans, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Phenotype, Systems Biology, research support, n.i.h., extramural, research support, non-u.s. gov't, review},
pages = {341--355},
}Not yet human: implicit knowledge, historical dehumanization, and contemporary consequences. Goff, P. A., Eberhardt, J. L, Williams, M. J, & Jackson, M. C. J Pers Soc Psychol, 94(2):292–306, 2008. Place: United States ISBN: 0022-3514
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Historical representations explicitly depicting Blacks as apelike have largely disappeared in the United States, yet a mental association between Blacks and apes remains. Here, the authors demonstrate that U.S. citizens implicitly associate Blacks and apes. In a series of laboratory studies, the authors reveal how this association influences study participants' basic cognitive processes and significantly alters their judgments in criminal justice contexts. Specifically, this Black-ape association alters visual perception and attention, and it increases endorsement of violence against Black suspects. In an archival study of actual criminal cases, the authors show that news articles written about Blacks who are convicted of capital crimes are more likely to contain ape-relevant language than news articles written about White convicts. Moreover, those who are implicitly portrayed as more apelike in these articles are more likely to be executed by the state than those who are not. The authors argue that examining the subtle persistence of specific historical representations such as these may not only enhance contemporary research on dehumanization, stereotyping, and implicit processes but also highlight common forms of discrimination that previously have gone unrecognized.
@article{goff_not_2008,
title = {Not yet human: implicit knowledge, historical dehumanization, and contemporary consequences.},
volume = {94},
doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.94.2.292},
abstract = {Historical representations explicitly depicting Blacks as apelike have largely disappeared in the United States, yet a mental association between Blacks and apes remains. Here, the authors demonstrate that U.S. citizens implicitly associate Blacks and apes. In a series of laboratory studies, the authors reveal how this association influences study participants' basic cognitive processes and significantly alters their judgments in criminal justice contexts. Specifically, this Black-ape association alters visual perception and attention, and it increases endorsement of violence against Black suspects. In an archival study of actual criminal cases, the authors show that news articles written about Blacks who are convicted of capital crimes are more likely to contain ape-relevant language than news articles written about White convicts. Moreover, those who are implicitly portrayed as more apelike in these articles are more likely to be executed by the state than those who are not. The authors argue that examining the subtle persistence of specific historical representations such as these may not only enhance contemporary research on dehumanization, stereotyping, and implicit processes but also highlight common forms of discrimination that previously have gone unrecognized.},
language = {eng},
number = {2},
journal = {J Pers Soc Psychol},
author = {Goff, Phillip Atiba and Eberhardt, Jennifer L and Williams, Melissa J and Jackson, Matthew Christian},
year = {2008},
pmid = {18211178},
note = {Place: United States
ISBN: 0022-3514},
keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, African Continental Ancestry Group, Civil Rights, Dehumanization, European Continental Ancestry Group, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, Humans, Male, Obama Effect, Prejudice, Questionnaires, Stereotyping, United States, historical article, research support, non-u.s. gov't},
pages = {292--306},
}2007 (2)
Object category structure in response patterns of neuronal population in monkey inferior temporal cortex. Kiani, R., Esteky, H., Mirpour, K., & Tanaka, K. J Neurophysiol, 97(6):4296–4309, 2007. Place: United States ISBN: 0022-3077
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Our mental representation of object categories is hierarchically organized, and our rapid and seemingly effortless categorization ability is crucial for our daily behavior. Here, we examine responses of a large number (\textgreater600) of neurons in monkey inferior temporal (IT) cortex with a large number (\textgreater1,000) of natural and artificial object images. During the recordings, the monkeys performed a passive fixation task. We found that the categorical structure of objects is represented by the pattern of activity distributed over the cell population. Animate and inanimate objects created distinguishable clusters in the population code. The global category of animate objects was divided into bodies, hands, and faces. Faces were divided into primate and nonprimate faces, and the primate-face group was divided into human and monkey faces. Bodies of human, birds, and four-limb animals clustered together, whereas lower animals such as fish, reptile, and insects made another cluster. Thus the cluster analysis showed that IT population responses reconstruct a large part of our intuitive category structure, including the global division into animate and inanimate objects, and further hierarchical subdivisions of animate objects. The representation of categories was distributed in several respects, e.g., the similarity of response patterns to stimuli within a category was maintained by both the cells that maximally responded to the category and the cells that responded weakly to the category. These results advance our understanding of the nature of the IT neural code, suggesting an inherently categorical representation that comprises a range of categories including the amply investigated face category.
@article{kiani_object_2007,
title = {Object category structure in response patterns of neuronal population in monkey inferior temporal cortex.},
volume = {97},
doi = {10.1152/jn.00024.2007},
abstract = {Our mental representation of object categories is hierarchically organized, and our rapid and seemingly effortless categorization ability is crucial for our daily behavior. Here, we examine responses of a large number ({\textgreater}600) of neurons in monkey inferior temporal (IT) cortex with a large number ({\textgreater}1,000) of natural and artificial object images. During the recordings, the monkeys performed a passive fixation task. We found that the categorical structure of objects is represented by the pattern of activity distributed over the cell population. Animate and inanimate objects created distinguishable clusters in the population code. The global category of animate objects was divided into bodies, hands, and faces. Faces were divided into primate and nonprimate faces, and the primate-face group was divided into human and monkey faces. Bodies of human, birds, and four-limb animals clustered together, whereas lower animals such as fish, reptile, and insects made another cluster. Thus the cluster analysis showed that IT population responses reconstruct a large part of our intuitive category structure, including the global division into animate and inanimate objects, and further hierarchical subdivisions of animate objects. The representation of categories was distributed in several respects, e.g., the similarity of response patterns to stimuli within a category was maintained by both the cells that maximally responded to the category and the cells that responded weakly to the category. These results advance our understanding of the nature of the IT neural code, suggesting an inherently categorical representation that comprises a range of categories including the amply investigated face category.},
language = {eng},
number = {6},
journal = {J Neurophysiol},
author = {Kiani, Roozbeh and Esteky, Hossein and Mirpour, Koorosh and Tanaka, Keiji},
year = {2007},
pmid = {17428910},
note = {Place: United States
ISBN: 0022-3077},
keywords = {Action Potentials, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Brain Mapping, Cluster Analysis, Humans, Macaca mulatta, Neurons, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Probability, Reaction Time, Temporal Lobe, Visual Pathways, research support, non-u.s. gov't},
pages = {4296--4309},
}Neural representations of visual words and objects: a functional MRI study on the modularity of reading and object processing. Borowsky, R., Esopenko, C., Cummine, J., & Sarty, G. E Brain Topogr, 20(2):89–96, 2007. Place: United States ISBN: 0896-0267
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
There have been several studies supporting the notion of a ventral-dorsal distinction in the primate cortex for visual object processing, whereby the ventral stream specializes in object identification, and the dorsal stream is engaged during object localization and interaction. There is also a growing body of evidence supporting a ventral stream that specializes in lexical (i.e., whole-word) reading, and a dorsal stream that is engaged during sub-lexical reading (i.e., phonetic decoding). Here, we consider the extent to which word-reading processes are located in regions either intersecting with, or unique from, regions that sub-serve object processing along these streams. Object identification was contrasted with lexical-based reading, and object interaction processing (i.e., deciding how to interact with an object) was contrasted with sub-lexical reading. Our results suggest that object identification and lexical-based reading are largely ventral and modular, showing mainly unique regions of activation (parahippocampal and occipital-temporal gyri function associated with object identification, and lingual, lateral occipital, and posterior inferior temporal gyri function associated with lexical-based reading) and very little shared activation (posterior inferior frontal gyrus). Object interaction processing and phonetic decoding are largely dorsal, and show both modular regions of activation (more lateralized to the dorsal-frontal right hemisphere for pseudohomophone naming, and more to the dorsal-frontal left hemisphere for the object interaction task) as well as significant shared regions of processing (precentral gyri, left inferior frontal cortex, left postcentral gyrus, left lateral occipital cortex, and superior posterior temporal gyri). Given that the perceptual experimental conditions show primarily modular and very little shared processing, whereas the analytical conditions show both substantial modular and shared processing, we discuss a reconsideration of "modularity of mind" which involves a continuum between strictly modular processing and varying degrees of shared processing, and which also depends on the nature of the tasks compared (i.e., perceptual versus analytical).
@article{borowsky_neural_2007,
title = {Neural representations of visual words and objects: a functional {MRI} study on the modularity of reading and object processing.},
volume = {20},
doi = {10.1007/s10548-007-0034-1},
abstract = {There have been several studies supporting the notion of a ventral-dorsal distinction in the primate cortex for visual object processing, whereby the ventral stream specializes in object identification, and the dorsal stream is engaged during object localization and interaction. There is also a growing body of evidence supporting a ventral stream that specializes in lexical (i.e., whole-word) reading, and a dorsal stream that is engaged during sub-lexical reading (i.e., phonetic decoding). Here, we consider the extent to which word-reading processes are located in regions either intersecting with, or unique from, regions that sub-serve object processing along these streams. Object identification was contrasted with lexical-based reading, and object interaction processing (i.e., deciding how to interact with an object) was contrasted with sub-lexical reading. Our results suggest that object identification and lexical-based reading are largely ventral and modular, showing mainly unique regions of activation (parahippocampal and occipital-temporal gyri function associated with object identification, and lingual, lateral occipital, and posterior inferior temporal gyri function associated with lexical-based reading) and very little shared activation (posterior inferior frontal gyrus). Object interaction processing and phonetic decoding are largely dorsal, and show both modular regions of activation (more lateralized to the dorsal-frontal right hemisphere for pseudohomophone naming, and more to the dorsal-frontal left hemisphere for the object interaction task) as well as significant shared regions of processing (precentral gyri, left inferior frontal cortex, left postcentral gyrus, left lateral occipital cortex, and superior posterior temporal gyri). Given that the perceptual experimental conditions show primarily modular and very little shared processing, whereas the analytical conditions show both substantial modular and shared processing, we discuss a reconsideration of "modularity of mind" which involves a continuum between strictly modular processing and varying degrees of shared processing, and which also depends on the nature of the tasks compared (i.e., perceptual versus analytical).},
language = {eng},
number = {2},
journal = {Brain Topogr},
author = {Borowsky, Ron and Esopenko, Carrie and Cummine, Jacqueline and Sarty, Gordon E},
year = {2007},
pmid = {17929158},
note = {Place: United States
ISBN: 0896-0267},
keywords = {Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Cognition, Functional Laterality, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Language, Language Tests, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Reading, Temporal Lobe, Verbal Behavior, Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, research support, non-u.s. gov't},
pages = {89--96},
}2006 (8)
Practice makes perfect: the neural substrates of tactile discrimination by Mah-Jong experts include the primary visual cortex. Saito, D. N, Okada, T., Honda, M., Yonekura, Y., & Sadato, N. BMC Neurosci, 7:79, 2006. Place: England ISBN: 1471-2202
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
BACKGROUND: It has yet to be determined whether visual-tactile cross-modal plasticity due to visual deprivation, particularly in the primary visual cortex (V1), is solely due to visual deprivation or if it is a result of long-term tactile training. Here we conducted an fMRI study with normally-sighted participants who had undergone long-term training on the tactile shape discrimination of the two dimensional (2D) shapes on Mah-Jong tiles (Mah-Jong experts). Eight Mah-Jong experts and twelve healthy volunteers who were naïve to Mah-Jong performed a tactile shape matching task using Mah-Jong tiles with no visual input. Furthermore, seven out of eight experts performed a tactile shape matching task with unfamiliar 2D Braille characters. RESULTS: When participants performed tactile discrimination of Mah-Jong tiles, the left lateral occipital cortex (LO) and V1 were activated in the well-trained subjects. In the naïve subjects, the LO was activated but V1 was not activated. Both the LO and V1 of the well-trained subjects were activated during Braille tactile discrimination tasks. CONCLUSION: The activation of V1 in subjects trained in tactile discrimination may represent altered cross-modal responses as a result of long-term training.
@article{saito_practice_2006,
title = {Practice makes perfect: the neural substrates of tactile discrimination by {Mah}-{Jong} experts include the primary visual cortex.},
volume = {7},
doi = {10.1186/1471-2202-7-79},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: It has yet to be determined whether visual-tactile cross-modal plasticity due to visual deprivation, particularly in the primary visual cortex (V1), is solely due to visual deprivation or if it is a result of long-term tactile training. Here we conducted an fMRI study with normally-sighted participants who had undergone long-term training on the tactile shape discrimination of the two dimensional (2D) shapes on Mah-Jong tiles (Mah-Jong experts). Eight Mah-Jong experts and twelve healthy volunteers who were naïve to Mah-Jong performed a tactile shape matching task using Mah-Jong tiles with no visual input. Furthermore, seven out of eight experts performed a tactile shape matching task with unfamiliar 2D Braille characters. RESULTS: When participants performed tactile discrimination of Mah-Jong tiles, the left lateral occipital cortex (LO) and V1 were activated in the well-trained subjects. In the naïve subjects, the LO was activated but V1 was not activated. Both the LO and V1 of the well-trained subjects were activated during Braille tactile discrimination tasks. CONCLUSION: The activation of V1 in subjects trained in tactile discrimination may represent altered cross-modal responses as a result of long-term training.},
language = {eng},
journal = {BMC Neurosci},
author = {Saito, Daisuke N and Okada, Tomohisa and Honda, Manabu and Yonekura, Yoshiharu and Sadato, Norihiro},
year = {2006},
pmid = {17144928},
note = {Place: England
ISBN: 1471-2202},
keywords = {Adult, Discrimination Learning, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory, Evoked Potentials, Visual, Humans, Male, Neuronal Plasticity, Photic Stimulation, Physical Stimulation, Play and Playthings, Task Performance and Analysis, Touch, Visual Cortex, comparative study, research support, non-u.s. gov't},
pages = {79},
}Extracting 3D structure from disparity. Orban, G. A, Janssen, P., & Vogels, R. Trends Neurosci, 29(8):466–473, 2006. Place: England ISBN: 0166-2236
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
The neural mechanisms of stereoscopic 3D shape perception have only recently been investigated. Here we review the two cortical regions in which these mechanisms have been studied so far in macaques: a small subpart of inferotemporal cortex called TEs, and the caudal intraparietal (CIP) region. Neurons in TEs respond selectively to the orientation and curvature in depth of stereoscopic surfaces and this region provides a detailed 3D shape description of surface boundaries and surface content. This description is evoked only by binocular stimuli in which subjects see depth and it does not vary if depth is specified by different cues. Neurons in CIP are a selective for orientation in depth of surfaces and elongated objects, and their responses are also unaffected by changes in depth cues. Thus, stereoscopic 3D shape is processed in both the dorsal, occipito-parietal and the ventral, occipito-temporal streams.
@article{orban_extracting_2006,
title = {Extracting {3D} structure from disparity.},
volume = {29},
doi = {10.1016/j.tins.2006.06.012},
abstract = {The neural mechanisms of stereoscopic 3D shape perception have only recently been investigated. Here we review the two cortical regions in which these mechanisms have been studied so far in macaques: a small subpart of inferotemporal cortex called TEs, and the caudal intraparietal (CIP) region. Neurons in TEs respond selectively to the orientation and curvature in depth of stereoscopic surfaces and this region provides a detailed 3D shape description of surface boundaries and surface content. This description is evoked only by binocular stimuli in which subjects see depth and it does not vary if depth is specified by different cues. Neurons in CIP are a selective for orientation in depth of surfaces and elongated objects, and their responses are also unaffected by changes in depth cues. Thus, stereoscopic 3D shape is processed in both the dorsal, occipito-parietal and the ventral, occipito-temporal streams.},
language = {eng},
number = {8},
journal = {Trends Neurosci},
author = {Orban, Guy A and Janssen, Peter and Vogels, Rufin},
year = {2006},
pmid = {16842865},
note = {Place: England
ISBN: 0166-2236},
keywords = {Animals, Functional Laterality, Humans, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Parietal Lobe, Temporal Lobe, Vision Disparity, Visual Pathways, research support, non-u.s. gov't, review},
pages = {466--473},
}The relationship between fMRI adaptation and repetition priming. Ganel, T., Gonzalez, C. L R, Valyear, K. F, Culham, J. C, Goodale, M. A, & Köhler, S. Neuroimage, 32(3):1432–1440, 2006. Place: United States ISBN: 1053-8119
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Neuroimaging investigations of the cortically defined fMRI adaptation effect and of the behaviorally defined repetition priming effect have provided useful insights into how visual information is perceived and stored in the brain. Yet, although both phenomena are typically associated with reduced activation in visually responsive brain regions as a result of stimulus repetition, it is presently unknown whether they rely on common or dissociable neural mechanisms. In an event-related fMRI experiment, we manipulated fMRI adaptation and repetition priming orthogonally. Subjects made comparative size judgments for pairs of stimuli that depicted either the same or different objects; some of the pairs presented during scanning had been shown previously and others were new. This design allowed us to examine whether object-selective regions in occipital and temporal cortex were sensitive to adaptation, priming, or both. Critically, it also allowed us to test whether any region showing sensitivity to both manipulations displayed interactive or additive effects. Only a partial overlap was found between areas that were sensitive to fMRI adaptation and those sensitive to repetition priming. Moreover, in most of the object-selective regions that showed both effects, the reduced activation associated with the two phenomena were additive rather than interactive. Together, these findings suggest that fMRI adaptation and repetition priming can be dissociated from one another in terms of their neural mechanisms
@article{ganel_relationship_2006,
title = {The relationship between {fMRI} adaptation and repetition priming.},
volume = {32},
doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.05.039},
abstract = {Neuroimaging investigations of the cortically defined fMRI adaptation effect and of the behaviorally defined repetition priming effect have provided useful insights into how visual information is perceived and stored in the brain. Yet, although both phenomena are typically associated with reduced activation in visually responsive brain regions as a result of stimulus repetition, it is presently unknown whether they rely on common or dissociable neural mechanisms. In an event-related fMRI experiment, we manipulated fMRI adaptation and repetition priming orthogonally. Subjects made comparative size judgments for pairs of stimuli that depicted either the same or different objects; some of the pairs presented during scanning had been shown previously and others were new. This design allowed us to examine whether object-selective regions in occipital and temporal cortex were sensitive to adaptation, priming, or both. Critically, it also allowed us to test whether any region showing sensitivity to both manipulations displayed interactive or additive effects. Only a partial overlap was found between areas that were sensitive to fMRI adaptation and those sensitive to repetition priming. Moreover, in most of the object-selective regions that showed both effects, the reduced activation associated with the two phenomena were additive rather than interactive. Together, these findings suggest that fMRI adaptation and repetition priming can be dissociated from one another in terms of their neural mechanisms},
language = {eng},
number = {3},
journal = {Neuroimage},
author = {Ganel, Tzvi and Gonzalez, Claudia L R and Valyear, Kenneth F and Culham, Jody C and Goodale, Melvyn A and Köhler, Stefan},
year = {2006},
pmid = {16854597},
note = {Place: United States
ISBN: 1053-8119},
keywords = {Adaptation, Physiological, Adult, Cerebral Cortex, Cues, Evoked Potentials, Female, Functional Laterality, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Occipital Lobe, Oxygen, Reaction Time, Temporal Lobe, Visual Pathways, Visual Perception, clinical trial, research support, non-u.s. gov't},
pages = {1432--1440},
}Progressive N170 habituation to unattended repeated faces. Heisz, J. J, Watter, S., & Shedden, J. M Vision Res, 46(1-2):47–56, 2006. Place: England ISBN: 0042-6989
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
This study utilized a location-matching task to investigate whether the face-sensitive N170 event-related potential component would habituate in its response to the repeated presentation of same face stimuli when face identity was irrelevant to the experimental task. N170 amplitude decreased progressively with repeated presentation of the same face vs. sequential presentation of novel faces. This N170 habituation to face identity repetition occurred only for faces at unattended spatial locations, likely representing a relatively pure observation of automatic early face processing.
@article{heisz_progressive_2006,
title = {Progressive {N170} habituation to unattended repeated faces.},
volume = {46},
doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2005.09.028},
abstract = {This study utilized a location-matching task to investigate whether the face-sensitive N170 event-related potential component would habituate in its response to the repeated presentation of same face stimuli when face identity was irrelevant to the experimental task. N170 amplitude decreased progressively with repeated presentation of the same face vs. sequential presentation of novel faces. This N170 habituation to face identity repetition occurred only for faces at unattended spatial locations, likely representing a relatively pure observation of automatic early face processing.},
language = {eng},
number = {1-2},
journal = {Vision Res},
author = {Heisz, Jennifer J and Watter, Scott and Shedden, Judith M},
year = {2006},
pmid = {16289274},
note = {Place: England
ISBN: 0042-6989},
keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Attention, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Visual, Face, Female, Habituation, Psychophysiologic, Humans, Male, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Reaction Time, Recognition (Psychology), research support, non-u.s. gov't},
pages = {47--56},
}Characterization of canine superficial tumors using gray-scale B mode, color flow mapping, and spectral doppler ultrasonography--a multivariate study. Nyman, H., T., Kristensen, A., T., Lee, M., H., Martinussen, T., & McEvoy, F., J. Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association, 47(2):192-198, 2006.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Superficial tumors are not routinely evaluated by two- or three-dimensional diagnostic imaging methods as part of the staging of canine cancer patients, although superficial tumors are readily imaged by ultrasound. The objectives of this study were to characterize the ultrasonographic patterns of superficial tumors and to evaluate whether ultrasound can help discriminate between benign and malignant tumors in dogs. Superficial tumors (n=132) in 86 dogs were evaluated by B mode, color flow mapping, and spectral Doppler ultrasonography. Size, echogenicity, tumor border definition, invasiveness, acoustic transmission, presence and distribution of vascular flow to and within the tumor, as well as perfusion indices were measured. The tumors were classified as lipomas, benign tumors, atypical mammary tumors, and malignant tumors. Multivariate statistics using discriminant analysis was used to determine which parameters may be used to predict the status of the tumor. Tumor echogenicity, border shape, acoustic shadowing, total number of vessels to the tumor and the total flow amount are the parameters that in combination resulted in the lowest classification error (24%), meaning that on average three out of four tumors were correctly classified using these parameters. All the lipomas and atypical mammary tumors were classified correctly by ultrasonography. The results of this study show that ultrasonography has an important role in the evaluation of canine superficial tumors, particularly in the evaluation of tissue homogeneity and tumor vascularity.
@article{
title = {Characterization of canine superficial tumors using gray-scale B mode, color flow mapping, and spectral doppler ultrasonography--a multivariate study},
type = {article},
year = {2006},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {Animals,Dog Diseases/pathology/physiopathology/ultrasonogr,Dogs,Female,Lipoma/blood supply/ultrasonography/veterinary,Male,Multivariate Analysis,Neoplasm Metastasis,Predictive Value of Tests,Pulsatile Flow,Regional Blood Flow,Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Soft Tissue Neoplasms/blood supply/ultrasonography,Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color/veterinary},
pages = {192-198},
volume = {47},
city = {Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 16, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. helena@dsr.kvl.dv},
id = {bf3d3202-f876-3f19-b88c-c47b56be7064},
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read = {false},
starred = {false},
authored = {true},
confirmed = {true},
hidden = {false},
source_type = {JOUR},
notes = {LR: 20061107; PUBM: Print; JID: 9209635; ppublish},
abstract = {Superficial tumors are not routinely evaluated by two- or three-dimensional diagnostic imaging methods as part of the staging of canine cancer patients, although superficial tumors are readily imaged by ultrasound. The objectives of this study were to characterize the ultrasonographic patterns of superficial tumors and to evaluate whether ultrasound can help discriminate between benign and malignant tumors in dogs. Superficial tumors (n=132) in 86 dogs were evaluated by B mode, color flow mapping, and spectral Doppler ultrasonography. Size, echogenicity, tumor border definition, invasiveness, acoustic transmission, presence and distribution of vascular flow to and within the tumor, as well as perfusion indices were measured. The tumors were classified as lipomas, benign tumors, atypical mammary tumors, and malignant tumors. Multivariate statistics using discriminant analysis was used to determine which parameters may be used to predict the status of the tumor. Tumor echogenicity, border shape, acoustic shadowing, total number of vessels to the tumor and the total flow amount are the parameters that in combination resulted in the lowest classification error (24%), meaning that on average three out of four tumors were correctly classified using these parameters. All the lipomas and atypical mammary tumors were classified correctly by ultrasonography. The results of this study show that ultrasonography has an important role in the evaluation of canine superficial tumors, particularly in the evaluation of tissue homogeneity and tumor vascularity.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Nyman, H T and Kristensen, A T and Lee, M H and Martinussen, T and McEvoy, F J},
journal = {Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association},
number = {2}
}High-resolution imaging reveals highly selective nonface clusters in the fusiform face area. Grill-Spector, K, Sayres, R, & Ress, D Nat Neurosci, 9(9):1177–1185, 2006.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
A region in ventral human cortex (fusiform face area, FFA) thought to be important for face perception responds strongly to faces and less strongly to nonface objects. This pattern of response may reflect a uniform face-selective neural population or activity averaged across populations with heterogeneous selectivity. Using high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we found that the FFA has a reliable heterogeneous structure: localized subregions within the FFA highly selective to faces are spatially interdigitated with localized subregions highly selective to different object categories. We found a preponderance of face-selective responses in the FFA, but no difference in selectivity to faces compared to nonfaces. Thus, standard fMRI of the FFA reflects averaging of heterogeneous highly selective neural populations of differing sizes, rather than higher selectivity to faces. These results suggest that visual processing in this region is not exclusive to faces. Overall, our approach provides a framework for understanding the fine-scale structure of neural representations in the human brain.
@article{grill-spector_high-resolution_2006,
title = {High-resolution imaging reveals highly selective nonface clusters in the fusiform face area},
volume = {9},
abstract = {A region in ventral human cortex (fusiform face area, FFA) thought to be important for face perception responds strongly to faces and less strongly to nonface objects. This pattern of response may reflect a uniform face-selective neural population or activity averaged across populations with heterogeneous selectivity. Using high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we found that the FFA has a reliable heterogeneous structure: localized subregions within the FFA highly selective to faces are spatially interdigitated with localized subregions highly selective to different object categories. We found a preponderance of face-selective responses in the FFA, but no difference in selectivity to faces compared to nonfaces. Thus, standard fMRI of the FFA reflects averaging of heterogeneous highly selective neural populations of differing sizes, rather than higher selectivity to faces. These results suggest that visual processing in this region is not exclusive to faces. Overall, our approach provides a framework for understanding the fine-scale structure of neural representations in the human brain.},
number = {9},
journal = {Nat Neurosci},
author = {Grill-Spector, K and Sayres, R and Ress, D},
year = {2006},
pmid = {16892057},
keywords = {*Face, Adult, Animals, Cerebral Cortex/*physiology, Cluster Analysis, Female, Form Perception/physiology, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging/*methods, Male, Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology, Photic Stimulation, Reproducibility of Results, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Visual Pathways/physiology, Visual Perception/*physiology},
pages = {1177--1185},
}Raeding wrods with jubmled lettres: there is a cost. Rayner, K., White, S. J, Johnson, R. L, & Liversedge, S. P Psychol Sci, 17(3):192-3, 2006.
doi bibtex
doi bibtex
@Article{Rayner2006,
author = {Keith Rayner and Sarah J White and Rebecca L Johnson and Simon P Liversedge},
journal = {Psychol Sci},
title = {Raeding wrods with jubmled lettres: there is a cost.},
year = {2006},
number = {3},
pages = {192-3},
volume = {17},
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01684.x},
keywords = {Comprehension, Extramural, Eye Movements, Humans, N.I.H., Non-U.S. Gov't, Pattern Recognition, Reading, Research Support, Space Perception, Students, Time Factors, Visual, Visual Perception, 16507057},
}Amorphous linear aliphatic polyesters for the facile preparation of tunable rapidly degrading elastomeric devices and delivery vectors. Olson, D. A, Gratton, S. E A, DeSimone, J. M, & Sheares, V. V J Am Chem Soc, 128(41):13625–13633, 2006. Place: United States ISBN: 0002-7863
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
A versatile method for preparing amorphous degradable elastomers with tunable properties that can be easily fabricated into a wide variety of shape-specific devices was investigated. Completely amorphous, liquid poly(ester ether) prepolymers with number-average molecular weights between 4 and 6 x 10(3) g/mol were prepared via condensation polymerization. These liquid prepolymers were then thermally cross-linked to form degradable elastomeric structures. The ability to vary the composition of these liquid prepolymers allows for easy control of the mechanical and degradation properties of the resulting elastomeric structures. Materials can be designed to completely degrade in vitro over a range of 30 days to 6 months, while the Young's modulus can be varied over 3 orders of magnitude (G = 0.02-20 MPa). Also, the liquid nature of these prepolymers makes them amenable to a wide variety of fabrication techniques. Using traditional and modified imprint lithography techniques, we have fabricated devices that demonstrate a wide variety of biologically applicable topologies, which could easily be extended to fabricate devices with more complex geometries. Until now, no method has combined this ease and speed of fabrication with the ability to control the mechanical and degradation properties of the resulting elastomers over such a broad range.
@article{olson_amorphous_2006,
title = {Amorphous linear aliphatic polyesters for the facile preparation of tunable rapidly degrading elastomeric devices and delivery vectors.},
volume = {128},
doi = {10.1021/ja063092m},
abstract = {A versatile method for preparing amorphous degradable elastomers with tunable properties that can be easily fabricated into a wide variety of shape-specific devices was investigated. Completely amorphous, liquid poly(ester ether) prepolymers with number-average molecular weights between 4 and 6 x 10(3) g/mol were prepared via condensation polymerization. These liquid prepolymers were then thermally cross-linked to form degradable elastomeric structures. The ability to vary the composition of these liquid prepolymers allows for easy control of the mechanical and degradation properties of the resulting elastomeric structures. Materials can be designed to completely degrade in vitro over a range of 30 days to 6 months, while the Young's modulus can be varied over 3 orders of magnitude (G = 0.02-20 MPa). Also, the liquid nature of these prepolymers makes them amenable to a wide variety of fabrication techniques. Using traditional and modified imprint lithography techniques, we have fabricated devices that demonstrate a wide variety of biologically applicable topologies, which could easily be extended to fabricate devices with more complex geometries. Until now, no method has combined this ease and speed of fabrication with the ability to control the mechanical and degradation properties of the resulting elastomers over such a broad range.},
language = {eng},
number = {41},
journal = {J Am Chem Soc},
author = {Olson, David A and Gratton, Stephanie E A and DeSimone, Joseph M and Sheares, Valerie V},
year = {2006},
pmid = {17031977},
note = {Place: United States
ISBN: 0002-7863},
keywords = {Biocompatible Materials, Cross-Linking Reagents, Elastomers, Materials Testing, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Models, Chemical, Molecular Weight, Polyesters, Temperature, Time Factors, research support, n.i.h., extramural, research support, non-u.s. gov't, research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.},
pages = {13625--13633},
}2005 (3)
Differential activation of object-selective visual areas by passive viewing of pictures and words. Reinholz, J. & Pollmann, S. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res, 24(3):702–714, 2005. Place: Netherlands ISBN: 0926-6410
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Functional imaging has shown that pictures of faces (N. Kanwisher, J. McDermott, M.M. Chun, The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception, J. Neurosci. 17 (1997) 4302-4311) and buildings (R. Epstein, N. Kanwisher, A cortical representation of the local visual environment, Nature 391 (1998) 598-601) activate different regions within the lateral occipital complex (LOC). To investigate effects of stimulus format on activation in these areas, we used event-related fMRI to measure brain activity during the passive viewing of pictures showing buildings and faces, and of words identifying these pictures. Consistent with earlier findings, pictures of faces activated bilateral regions in the lateral fusiform gyri, whereas pictures of buildings activated bilateral regions in the parahippocampal gyri. Analyzing the activation elicited by visually presenting the written names of the pictures, however, we did not find an effect of word meaning on the fMRI signal change in these areas: fMRI signal changes for the names of faces and the names of buildings did not differ in any of the areas selectively activated by the corresponding pictures. In general, both word conditions and non-preferred picture conditions elicited similar signal amplitudes. While presentation of words did not lead to strong activation in object-specific areas, activation for words of both categories was found in the left occipito-temporal cortex, close to the location which has tentatively been called 'visual word form area' (L. Cohen, S. Dehaene, L. Naccache, S. Lehéricy, G. Dehaene-Lambertz, et al., The visual word form are: spatial and temporal characterization of an initial stage of reading in normal subjects and posterior split-brain patients, Brain 123 (2000) 291-307), revealing that words were processed effectively during the experiment. Taken together, these results show that names of pictures do not automatically activate the corresponding object-selective areas.
@article{reinholz_differential_2005,
title = {Differential activation of object-selective visual areas by passive viewing of pictures and words.},
volume = {24},
doi = {10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.04.009},
abstract = {Functional imaging has shown that pictures of faces (N. Kanwisher, J. McDermott, M.M. Chun, The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception, J. Neurosci. 17 (1997) 4302-4311) and buildings (R. Epstein, N. Kanwisher, A cortical representation of the local visual environment, Nature 391 (1998) 598-601) activate different regions within the lateral occipital complex (LOC). To investigate effects of stimulus format on activation in these areas, we used event-related fMRI to measure brain activity during the passive viewing of pictures showing buildings and faces, and of words identifying these pictures. Consistent with earlier findings, pictures of faces activated bilateral regions in the lateral fusiform gyri, whereas pictures of buildings activated bilateral regions in the parahippocampal gyri. Analyzing the activation elicited by visually presenting the written names of the pictures, however, we did not find an effect of word meaning on the fMRI signal change in these areas: fMRI signal changes for the names of faces and the names of buildings did not differ in any of the areas selectively activated by the corresponding pictures. In general, both word conditions and non-preferred picture conditions elicited similar signal amplitudes. While presentation of words did not lead to strong activation in object-specific areas, activation for words of both categories was found in the left occipito-temporal cortex, close to the location which has tentatively been called 'visual word form area' (L. Cohen, S. Dehaene, L. Naccache, S. Lehéricy, G. Dehaene-Lambertz, et al., The visual word form are: spatial and temporal characterization of an initial stage of reading in normal subjects and posterior split-brain patients, Brain 123 (2000) 291-307), revealing that words were processed effectively during the experiment. Taken together, these results show that names of pictures do not automatically activate the corresponding object-selective areas.},
language = {eng},
number = {3},
journal = {Brain Res Cogn Brain Res},
author = {Reinholz, Julia and Pollmann, Stefan},
year = {2005},
pmid = {15921900},
note = {Place: Netherlands
ISBN: 0926-6410},
keywords = {Adult, Brain Mapping, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Face, Female, Form Perception, Functional Laterality, Hemodynamics, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Occipital Lobe, Oxygen, Photic Stimulation, Reading, Sex Characteristics, Temporal Lobe, Visual Perception, clinical trial, research support, non-u.s. gov't},
pages = {702--714},
}Experiments investigating cooperative types in humans: A complement to evolutionary theory and simulations. Kurzban, R. & Houser, D. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 102(5):1803-7, 2005.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Unlike other species, humans cooperate in large, distantly related groups, a fact that has long presented a puzzle to biologists. The pathway by which adaptations for large-scale cooperation among nonkin evolved in humans remains a subject of vigorous debate. Results from theoretical analyses and agent-based simulations suggest that evolutionary dynamics need not yield homogeneous populations, but can instead generate a polymorphic population that consists of individuals who vary in their degree of cooperativeness. These results resonate with the recent increasing emphasis on the importance of individual differences in understanding and modeling behavior and dynamics in experimental games and decision problems. Here, we report the results of laboratory experiments that complement both theory and simulation results. We find that our subjects fall into three types, an individual's type is stable, and a group's cooperative outcomes can be remarkably well predicted if one knows its type composition. Reciprocal types, who contribute to the public good as a positive function of their beliefs about others' contributions, constitute the majority (63%) of players; cooperators and free-riders are also present in our subject population. Despite substantial behavioral differences, earnings among types are statistically identical. Our results support the view that our human subject population is in a stable, polymorphic equilibrium of types.
@Article{Kurzban2005,
author = {Robert Kurzban and Daniel Houser},
journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
title = {Experiments investigating cooperative types in humans: {A} complement to evolutionary theory and simulations.},
year = {2005},
number = {5},
pages = {1803-7},
volume = {102},
abstract = {Unlike other species, humans cooperate in large, distantly related
groups, a fact that has long presented a puzzle to biologists. The
pathway by which adaptations for large-scale cooperation among nonkin
evolved in humans remains a subject of vigorous debate. Results from
theoretical analyses and agent-based simulations suggest that evolutionary
dynamics need not yield homogeneous populations, but can instead
generate a polymorphic population that consists of individuals who
vary in their degree of cooperativeness. These results resonate with
the recent increasing emphasis on the importance of individual differences
in understanding and modeling behavior and dynamics in experimental
games and decision problems. Here, we report the results of laboratory
experiments that complement both theory and simulation results. We
find that our subjects fall into three types, an individual's type
is stable, and a group's cooperative outcomes can be remarkably well
predicted if one knows its type composition. Reciprocal types, who
contribute to the public good as a positive function of their beliefs
about others' contributions, constitute the majority (63\%) of players;
cooperators and free-riders are also present in our subject population.
Despite substantial behavioral differences, earnings among types
are statistically identical. Our results support the view that our
human subject population is in a stable, polymorphic equilibrium
of types.},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.0408759102},
keywords = {Agonistic Behavior, Animals, Anura, Behavior, Animal, Cues, Male, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Vocalization, 15665099},
}Mapping genes of complex psychiatric diseases in Daghestan genetic isolates. Bulayeva, K., B., Leal, S., M., Pavlova, T., A., Kurbanov, R., M., Glatt, S., J., Bulayev, O., A., & Tsuang, M., T. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet, 132(1):76-84, 2005.
![Mapping genes of complex psychiatric diseases in Daghestan genetic isolates [pdf]](https://bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg "pdf")
Paper ![Mapping genes of complex psychiatric diseases in Daghestan genetic isolates [link]](https://bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg "link")
Website abstract bibtex
Paper Website abstract bibtex Genetic isolates, which provide outstanding opportunities for identification of susceptibility genes for complex diseases, can be classified as primary (having an ancient demographic history in a stable environment) or secondary (having a younger demographic history) Neel [1992: Minority populations: Genetics, demography, and health, pp. 1-13]. Daghestan contains 26 out of 50 indigenous Caucasus ethnicities that have been in existence for hundreds of generations in the same highland region. The ethnic groups are subdivided into numerous primary isolates. The founder effect and gene drift in these primary isolates may have caused aggregation of specific haplotypes with limited numbers of pathogenic alleles and loci in some isolates relative to others. These are expressed as inter-population differences in lifetime prevalence and features of certain complex clinical phenotypes and in patterns of genetic linkage and linkage disequilibrium (LD). Stable highland and ethnic-cultural environments have led to increased penetrance and a reduced number of phenocopies, which typically hamper the identification of any susceptibility genes for complex diseases. Owing to these characteristics of the primary isolates, a comparative linkage study in the primary isolates allows us to define the number of susceptibility genes for any complex disease and to identify the source of variability and non-replication of linkage analysis results. As part of an ongoing study, seven extended schizophrenia and one nonspecific mental retardation kindreds have been ascertained from Daghestan isolates. Lifetime morbid risk for schizophrenia in the isolates varied from 0 to 5%. A genome scan with markers spaced 10 cM apart was carried out on these pedigrees and linkage analysis was performed using descent graph methods, as implemented in Simwalk2. To identify regions containing susceptibility genes within these kindreds, we followed up those regions with non-parametric and parametric linkage analyses, with the choice of genetic model guided by the results obtained in the NPL. While the analyses are ongoing, the most positive findings were made in different isolated pedigrees on chromosomes 17p11, 3q24, and 22q for schizophrenia and on chromosome 12q for nonspecific mental retardation.
@article{
title = {Mapping genes of complex psychiatric diseases in Daghestan genetic isolates},
type = {article},
year = {2005},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {Chromosome Mapping,Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12/genetics,Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17/genetics,Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/genetics,Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3/genetics,Female,Founder Effect,Genetic Predisposition to Disease/*genetics,Humans,Linkage Disequilibrium,Male,Mental Disorders/ethnology/*genetics,Microsatellite Repeats,Multivariate Analysis,Pedigree,Phenotype,Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Russia,Schizophrenia/ethnology/genetics},
pages = {76-84},
volume = {132},
websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15389762},
id = {8f6c6132-b713-390e-b626-dfb026249513},
created = {2017-06-19T13:42:34.074Z},
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last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:42:34.225Z},
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hidden = {false},
source_type = {Journal Article},
notes = {<m:note>1552-4841 (Print)<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
abstract = {Genetic isolates, which provide outstanding opportunities for identification of susceptibility genes for complex diseases, can be classified as primary (having an ancient demographic history in a stable environment) or secondary (having a younger demographic history) Neel [1992: Minority populations: Genetics, demography, and health, pp. 1-13]. Daghestan contains 26 out of 50 indigenous Caucasus ethnicities that have been in existence for hundreds of generations in the same highland region. The ethnic groups are subdivided into numerous primary isolates. The founder effect and gene drift in these primary isolates may have caused aggregation of specific haplotypes with limited numbers of pathogenic alleles and loci in some isolates relative to others. These are expressed as inter-population differences in lifetime prevalence and features of certain complex clinical phenotypes and in patterns of genetic linkage and linkage disequilibrium (LD). Stable highland and ethnic-cultural environments have led to increased penetrance and a reduced number of phenocopies, which typically hamper the identification of any susceptibility genes for complex diseases. Owing to these characteristics of the primary isolates, a comparative linkage study in the primary isolates allows us to define the number of susceptibility genes for any complex disease and to identify the source of variability and non-replication of linkage analysis results. As part of an ongoing study, seven extended schizophrenia and one nonspecific mental retardation kindreds have been ascertained from Daghestan isolates. Lifetime morbid risk for schizophrenia in the isolates varied from 0 to 5%. A genome scan with markers spaced 10 cM apart was carried out on these pedigrees and linkage analysis was performed using descent graph methods, as implemented in Simwalk2. To identify regions containing susceptibility genes within these kindreds, we followed up those regions with non-parametric and parametric linkage analyses, with the choice of genetic model guided by the results obtained in the NPL. While the analyses are ongoing, the most positive findings were made in different isolated pedigrees on chromosomes 17p11, 3q24, and 22q for schizophrenia and on chromosome 12q for nonspecific mental retardation.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Bulayeva, K B and Leal, S M and Pavlova, T A and Kurbanov, R M and Glatt, S J and Bulayev, O A and Tsuang, M T},
journal = {Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet},
number = {1}
}2004 (10)
Visual object understanding. Palmeri, T J & Gauthier, I Nat Rev Neurosci, 5(4):291–303, 2004.
bibtex
bibtex
@article{palmeri_visual_2004,
title = {Visual object understanding},
volume = {5},
number = {4},
journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
author = {Palmeri, T J and Gauthier, I},
year = {2004},
pmid = {15034554},
keywords = {Animals, Comprehension/*physiology, Discrimination (Psychology)/physiology, Form Perception/*physiology, Humans, Learning/physiology, Models, Neurological, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Visual Perception/*physiology},
pages = {291--303},
}Can a nonspecific bias toward top-heavy patterns explain newborns' face preference?. Cassia, V. M., Turati, C., & Simion, F. Psychol Sci, 15(6):379–383, 2004. Place: United States ISBN: 0956-7976
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
This study examined newborns' face preference using images of natural and scrambled faces in which the location of the inner features was distorted. The results demonstrate that newborns' face preference is not confined to schematic configurations, but can be obtained also with veridical faces. Moreover, this phenomenon is not produced by a specific bias toward the face geometry, but derives from a domain-general bias toward configurations with more elements in the upper than in the lower half (i.e., top-heavy patterns). These results suggest that it may be unnecessary to assume the existence of a prewired tendency to orient toward the face geometry, and support the idea that faces do not possess a special status in newborns' visual world.
@article{cassia_can_2004,
title = {Can a nonspecific bias toward top-heavy patterns explain newborns' face preference?},
volume = {15},
doi = {10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00688.x},
abstract = {This study examined newborns' face preference using images of natural and scrambled faces in which the location of the inner features was distorted. The results demonstrate that newborns' face preference is not confined to schematic configurations, but can be obtained also with veridical faces. Moreover, this phenomenon is not produced by a specific bias toward the face geometry, but derives from a domain-general bias toward configurations with more elements in the upper than in the lower half (i.e., top-heavy patterns). These results suggest that it may be unnecessary to assume the existence of a prewired tendency to orient toward the face geometry, and support the idea that faces do not possess a special status in newborns' visual world.},
language = {eng},
number = {6},
journal = {Psychol Sci},
author = {Cassia, Viola Macchi and Turati, Chiara and Simion, Francesca},
year = {2004},
pmid = {15147490},
note = {Place: United States
ISBN: 0956-7976},
keywords = {Choice Behavior, Cognition, Face, Fixation, Ocular, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Visual Perception, research support, non-u.s. gov't},
pages = {379--383},
}Animal behaviour: Coalition among male fiddler crabs. Backwell, P. R Y & Jennions, M. D Nature, 430(6998):417, 2004.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Until now, no compelling evidence has emerged from studies of animal territoriality to indicate that a resident will strategically help a neighbour to defend its territory against an intruder. We show here that territory-owning Australian fiddler crabs will judiciously assist other crabs in defending their neighbouring territories. This cooperation supports the prediction that it is sometimes less costly to assist a familiar neighbour than to renegotiate boundaries with a new, and possibly stronger, neighbour.
@Article{Backwell2004,
author = {Patricia R Y Backwell and Michael D Jennions},
journal = {Nature},
title = {Animal behaviour: {C}oalition among male fiddler crabs.},
year = {2004},
number = {6998},
pages = {417},
volume = {430},
abstract = {Until now, no compelling evidence has emerged from studies of animal
territoriality to indicate that a resident will strategically help
a neighbour to defend its territory against an intruder. We show
here that territory-owning Australian fiddler crabs will judiciously
assist other crabs in defending their neighbouring territories. This
cooperation supports the prediction that it is sometimes less costly
to assist a familiar neighbour than to renegotiate boundaries with
a new, and possibly stronger, neighbour.},
doi = {10.1038/430417a},
keywords = {Animals, Attention, Brain, Decision Making, Face, Female, Haplorhini, Housing, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Models, Neurological, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Prefrontal Cortex, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Visual Perception, Choice Behavior, Cognition, Dopamine, Learning, Schizophrenia, Substance-Related Disorders, Generalization (Psychology), Motor Skills, Non-P.H.S., Nerve Net, Neuronal Plasticity, Perception, Cerebral Cortex, Memory, Neurons, Sound Localization, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Neural Pathways, Non-, Acoustic Stimulation, Adult, Age of Onset, Aging, Blindness, Child, Preschool, Infant, Newborn, Pitch Perception, Analysis of Variance, Animal Welfare, Laboratory, Behavior, Animal, Hybridization, Genetic, Maze Learning, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Inbred DBA, Phenotype, Reproducibility of Results, Darkness, Deafness, Finches, Sleep, Sound, Sunlight, Time Factors, Vocalization, Energy Metabolism, Evolution, Fossils, History, Ancient, Hominidae, Biological, Physical Endurance, Running, Skeleton, Walking, Acoustics, Auditory Perception, Cues, Discrimination Learning, Pair Bond, Social Behavior, Songbirds, Adolescent, England, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Korea, Language, Semantics, Vocabulary, Action Potentials, Hippocampus, Pyramidal Cells, Rats, Rotation, Australia, Brachyura, Cooperative Behavior, Logistic Models, Territoriality, 15269757},
}A paradox in the evolution of primate vocal learning. Egnor, S. E R. & Hauser, M. D Trends Neurosci, 27(11):649-54, 2004.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
The importance of auditory feedback in the development of spoken language in humans is striking. Paradoxically, although auditory-feedback-dependent vocal plasticity has been shown in a variety of taxonomic groups, there is little evidence that our nearest relatives–non-human primates–require auditory feedback for the development of species-typical vocal signals. Because of the apparent lack of developmental plasticity in the vocal production system, neuroscientists have largely ignored the neural mechanisms of non-human primate vocal production and perception. Recently, the absence of evidence for vocal plasticity from developmental studies has been contrasted with evidence for vocal plasticity in adults. We argue that this new evidence makes non-human primate vocal behavior an attractive model system for neurobiological analysis.
@Article{Egnor2004,
author = {S. E Roian Egnor and Marc D Hauser},
journal = {Trends Neurosci},
title = {A paradox in the evolution of primate vocal learning.},
year = {2004},
number = {11},
pages = {649-54},
volume = {27},
abstract = {The importance of auditory feedback in the development of spoken language
in humans is striking. Paradoxically, although auditory-feedback-dependent
vocal plasticity has been shown in a variety of taxonomic groups,
there is little evidence that our nearest relatives--non-human primates--require
auditory feedback for the development of species-typical vocal signals.
Because of the apparent lack of developmental plasticity in the vocal
production system, neuroscientists have largely ignored the neural
mechanisms of non-human primate vocal production and perception.
Recently, the absence of evidence for vocal plasticity from developmental
studies has been contrasted with evidence for vocal plasticity in
adults. We argue that this new evidence makes non-human primate vocal
behavior an attractive model system for neurobiological analysis.},
doi = {10.1016/j.tins.2004.08.009},
keywords = {Acoustic Stimulation, Animal, Animals, Evolution, Humans, Learning, Non-U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Vocalization, 15474164},
}Associative learning shapes the neural code for stimulus magnitude in primary auditory cortex. Polley, D. B, Heiser, M. A, Blake, D. T, Schreiner, C. E, & Merzenich, M. M Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 101(46):16351-6, 2004.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Since the dawn of experimental psychology, researchers have sought an understanding of the fundamental relationship between the amplitude of sensory stimuli and the magnitudes of their perceptual representations. Contemporary theories support the view that magnitude is encoded by a linear increase in firing rate established in the primary afferent pathways. In the present study, we have investigated sound intensity coding in the rat primary auditory cortex (AI) and describe its plasticity by following paired stimulus reinforcement and instrumental conditioning paradigms. In trained animals, population-response strengths in AI became more strongly nonlinear with increasing stimulus intensity. Individual AI responses became selective to more restricted ranges of sound intensities and, as a population, represented a broader range of preferred sound levels. These experiments demonstrate that the representation of stimulus magnitude can be powerfully reshaped by associative learning processes and suggest that the code for sound intensity within AI can be derived from intensity-tuned neurons that change, rather than simply increase, their firing rates in proportion to increases in sound intensity.
@Article{Polley2004,
author = {Daniel B Polley and Marc A Heiser and David T Blake and Christoph E Schreiner and Michael M Merzenich},
journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
title = {Associative learning shapes the neural code for stimulus magnitude in primary auditory cortex.},
year = {2004},
number = {46},
pages = {16351-6},
volume = {101},
abstract = {Since the dawn of experimental psychology, researchers have sought
an understanding of the fundamental relationship between the amplitude
of sensory stimuli and the magnitudes of their perceptual representations.
Contemporary theories support the view that magnitude is encoded
by a linear increase in firing rate established in the primary afferent
pathways. In the present study, we have investigated sound intensity
coding in the rat primary auditory cortex (AI) and describe its plasticity
by following paired stimulus reinforcement and instrumental conditioning
paradigms. In trained animals, population-response strengths in AI
became more strongly nonlinear with increasing stimulus intensity.
Individual AI responses became selective to more restricted ranges
of sound intensities and, as a population, represented a broader
range of preferred sound levels. These experiments demonstrate that
the representation of stimulus magnitude can be powerfully reshaped
by associative learning processes and suggest that the code for sound
intensity within AI can be derived from intensity-tuned neurons that
change, rather than simply increase, their firing rates in proportion
to increases in sound intensity.},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.0407586101},
keywords = {Acoustic Stimulation, Animals, Association Learning, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Threshold, Conditioning (Psychology), Electrophysiology, Loudness Perception, Neuronal Plasticity, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Reinforcement (Psychology), Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Reward, 15534214},
}Synaptic computation. Abbott, L. & Regehr, W. G Nature, 431(7010):796-803, 2004.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Neurons are often considered to be the computational engines of the brain, with synapses acting solely as conveyers of information. But the diverse types of synaptic plasticity and the range of timescales over which they operate suggest that synapses have a more active role in information processing. Long-term changes in the transmission properties of synapses provide a physiological substrate for learning and memory, whereas short-term changes support a variety of computations. By expressing several forms of synaptic plasticity, a single neuron can convey an array of different signals to the neural circuit in which it operates.
@Article{Abbott2004,
author = {LF Abbott and Wade G Regehr},
journal = {Nature},
title = {Synaptic computation.},
year = {2004},
number = {7010},
pages = {796-803},
volume = {431},
abstract = {Neurons are often considered to be the computational engines of the
brain, with synapses acting solely as conveyers of information. But
the diverse types of synaptic plasticity and the range of timescales
over which they operate suggest that synapses have a more active
role in information processing. Long-term changes in the transmission
properties of synapses provide a physiological substrate for learning
and memory, whereas short-term changes support a variety of computations.
By expressing several forms of synaptic plasticity, a single neuron
can convey an array of different signals to the neural circuit in
which it operates.},
doi = {10.1038/nature03010},
groups = {Gain control},
keywords = {Animals, Attention, Brain, Decision Making, Face, Female, Haplorhini, Housing, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Models, Neurological, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Prefrontal Cortex, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Visual Perception, Choice Behavior, Cognition, Dopamine, Learning, Schizophrenia, Substance-Related Disorders, Generalization (Psychology), Motor Skills, Non-P.H.S., Nerve Net, Neuronal Plasticity, Perception, Cerebral Cortex, Memory, Neurons, Sound Localization, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, 15483601},
}Parietal cortex and attention. Behrmann, M, Geng, J J, & Shomstein, S Curr Opin Neurobiol, 14(2):212–217, 2004.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
The parietal lobe forms about 20% of the human cerebral cortex and is divided into two major regions, the somatosensory cortex and the posterior parietal cortex. Posterior parietal cortex, located at the junction of multiple sensory regions, projects to several cortical and subcortical areas and is engaged in a host of cognitive operations. One such operation is selective attention, the process where by the input is filtered and a subset of the information is selected for preferential processing. Recent neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies have provided a more fine-grained understanding of the relationship between brain and behavior in the domain of selective attention.
@article{behrmann_parietal_2004,
title = {Parietal cortex and attention},
volume = {14},
abstract = {The parietal lobe forms about 20\% of the human cerebral cortex and is divided into two major regions, the somatosensory cortex and the posterior parietal cortex. Posterior parietal cortex, located at the junction of multiple sensory regions, projects to several cortical and subcortical areas and is engaged in a host of cognitive operations. One such operation is selective attention, the process where by the input is filtered and a subset of the information is selected for preferential processing. Recent neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies have provided a more fine-grained understanding of the relationship between brain and behavior in the domain of selective attention.},
number = {2},
journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
author = {Behrmann, M and Geng, J J and Shomstein, S},
year = {2004},
pmid = {15082327},
keywords = {Attention/*physiology, Cues, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Neural Pathways/anatomy \& histology/*physiology, Parietal Lobe/anatomy \& histology/*physiology, Perception/physiology, Perceptual Disorders/pathology/physiopathology, Psychomotor Performance/physiology, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Sensation/physiology},
pages = {212--217},
}Toward an evolutionary perspective on conceptual representation: Species-specific calls activate visual and affective processing systems in the macaque. Gil-da-Costa, R., Braun, A., Lopes, M., Hauser, M. D, Carson, R. E, Herscovitch, P., & Martin, A. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 101(50):17516-21, 2004.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Non-human primates produce a diverse repertoire of species-specific calls and have rich conceptual systems. Some of their calls are designed to convey information about concepts such as predators, food, and social relationships, as well as the affective state of the caller. Little is known about the neural architecture of these calls, and much of what we do know is based on single-cell physiology from anesthetized subjects. By using positron emission tomography in awake rhesus macaques, we found that conspecific vocalizations elicited activity in higher-order visual areas, including regions in the temporal lobe associated with the visual perception of object form (TE/TEO) and motion (superior temporal sulcus) and storing visual object information into long-term memory (TE), as well as in limbic (the amygdala and hippocampus) and paralimbic regions (ventromedial prefrontal cortex) associated with the interpretation and memory-encoding of highly salient and affective material. This neural circuitry strongly corresponds to the network shown to support representation of conspecifics and affective information in humans. These findings shed light on the evolutionary precursors of conceptual representation in humans, suggesting that monkeys and humans have a common neural substrate for representing object concepts.
@Article{Gil-da-Costa2004,
author = {Ricardo Gil-da-Costa and Allen Braun and Marco Lopes and Marc D Hauser and Richard E Carson and Peter Herscovitch and Alex Martin},
journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
title = {Toward an evolutionary perspective on conceptual representation: {S}pecies-specific calls activate visual and affective processing systems in the macaque.},
year = {2004},
number = {50},
pages = {17516-21},
volume = {101},
abstract = {Non-human primates produce a diverse repertoire of species-specific
calls and have rich conceptual systems. Some of their calls are designed
to convey information about concepts such as predators, food, and
social relationships, as well as the affective state of the caller.
Little is known about the neural architecture of these calls, and
much of what we do know is based on single-cell physiology from anesthetized
subjects. By using positron emission tomography in awake rhesus macaques,
we found that conspecific vocalizations elicited activity in higher-order
visual areas, including regions in the temporal lobe associated with
the visual perception of object form (TE/TEO) and motion (superior
temporal sulcus) and storing visual object information into long-term
memory (TE), as well as in limbic (the amygdala and hippocampus)
and paralimbic regions (ventromedial prefrontal cortex) associated
with the interpretation and memory-encoding of highly salient and
affective material. This neural circuitry strongly corresponds to
the network shown to support representation of conspecifics and affective
information in humans. These findings shed light on the evolutionary
precursors of conceptual representation in humans, suggesting that
monkeys and humans have a common neural substrate for representing
object concepts.},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.0408077101},
keywords = {Acoustic Stimulation, Animals, Brain, Concept Formation, Electrophysiology, Evolution, Female, Macaca mulatta, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Positron-Emission Tomography, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Species Specificity, Visual Perception, Vocalization, Animal, 15583132},
}Illusory causal crescents: Misperceived spatial relations due to perceived causality. Scholl, B. J & Nakayama, K. Perception, 33(4):455-69, 2004.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
When an object A moves toward an object B until they are adjacent, at which point A stops and B starts moving, we often see a collision–ie we see A as the cause of B's motion. The spatiotemporal parameters which mediate the perception of causality have been explored in many studies, but this work is seldom related to other aspects of perception. Here we report a novel illusion, wherein the perception of causality affects the perceived spatial relations among two objects involved in a collision event: observers systematically underestimate the amount of overlap between two items in an event which is seen as a causal collision. This occurs even when the causal nature of the event is induced by a surrounding context, such that estimates of the amount of overlap in the very same event are much improved when the event is displayed in isolation, without a 'causal' interpretation. This illusion implies that the perception of causality does not proceed completely independently of other visual processes, but can affect the perception of other spatial properties.
@Article{Scholl2004,
author = {Brian J Scholl and Ken Nakayama},
journal = {Perception},
title = {Illusory causal crescents: {M}isperceived spatial relations due to perceived causality.},
year = {2004},
number = {4},
pages = {455-69},
volume = {33},
abstract = {When an object A moves toward an object B until they are adjacent,
at which point A stops and B starts moving, we often see a collision--ie
we see A as the cause of B's motion. The spatiotemporal parameters
which mediate the perception of causality have been explored in many
studies, but this work is seldom related to other aspects of perception.
Here we report a novel illusion, wherein the perception of causality
affects the perceived spatial relations among two objects involved
in a collision event: observers systematically underestimate the
amount of overlap between two items in an event which is seen as
a causal collision. This occurs even when the causal nature of the
event is induced by a surrounding context, such that estimates of
the amount of overlap in the very same event are much improved when
the event is displayed in isolation, without a 'causal' interpretation.
This illusion implies that the perception of causality does not proceed
completely independently of other visual processes, but can affect
the perception of other spatial properties.},
keywords = {Abscess, Adult, Age Factors, Animal, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Antineoplastic Agents, Attention, Awareness, Axilla, Behavior, Biopsy, Breast Neoplasms, Carcinoma, Child Development, Combined Modality Therapy, Computer-Assisted, Concept Formation, Consciousness, Cues, Discrimination (Psychology), Discrimination Learning, Distance Perception, Drainage, Ductal, English Abstract, Extramural, Eye Movements, False Negative Reactions, Female, Field Dependence-Independence, Fine-Needle, Health Care, Humans, Infant, Infant Behavior, Intraductal, Judgment, Lymph Node Excision, Lymph Nodes, Lymphatic Metastasis, Macaca mulatta, Male, Mastitis, Memory, Motion Perception, N.I.H., Neoadjuvant Therapy, Neoplasm Staging, Non-P.H.S., Non-U.S. Gov't, Noninfiltrating, Object Attachment, Optical Illusions, Orientation, P.H.S., Pattern Recognition, Photic Stimulation, Practice (Psychology), Practice Guidelines, Predictive Value of Tests, Problem Solving, Prognosis, Psychological Theory, Psychophysics, Puerperal Disorders, Quality Assurance, Reading, Reproducibility of Results, Research Support, Rotation, Semantics, Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy, Set (Psychology), Short-Term, Space Perception, Surgery, Switzerland, Treatment Outcome, U.S. Gov't, Unconscious (Psychology), Visual, Visual Perception, 15222393},
}Clinical phenotype of families with longevity. Atzmon, G., Schechter, C., Greiner, W., Davidson, D., Rennert, G., & Barzilai, N. J Am Geriatr Soc, 52(2):274-277, 2004.
Paper Website abstract bibtex
Paper Website abstract bibtex OBJECTIVES: To determine whether offspring of centenarians acquired protection from age-related diseases. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: The study was part of the Longevity Genes Project at Albert Einstein College of Medicine. PARTICIPANTS: Centenarians (n=145), offspring of centenarians (n=180), and spouses of the offspring of centenarians (n=75) as a control group. Two additional groups served as controls: age-matched Ashkenazi Jews, and an age-matched control group from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. MEASUREMENTS: Self-reported family history of longevity; prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart attacks, and strokes; and objective measurements of body mass index and fat mass. RESULTS: Parents of centenarians (born in approximately 1870) had a markedly greater ( approximately sevenfold) "risk" for longevity (reaching ages 90-99), supporting the notion that genetics contributed to longevity in these families. The offspring of long-lived parents had significantly lower prevalence of hypertension (by 23%), diabetes mellitus (by 50%), heart attacks (by 60%), and strokes (no events reported) than several age-matched control groups. CONCLUSION: Offspring of centenarians may inherit significantly better health. The authors suggest that a cohort of these subjects and their spouses is ideal to study the phenotype and genotype of longevity and its interaction with the environment.
@article{
title = {Clinical phenotype of families with longevity},
type = {article},
year = {2004},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {*Family Health,Aged,Aged, 80 and over,Cardiovascular Diseases/*epidemiology/genetics,Case-Control Studies,Chronic Disease/*epidemiology,European Continental Ancestry Group/statistics & n,Female,Humans,Israel/epidemiology,Jews/statistics & numerical data,Longevity/*genetics,Male,Matched-Pair Analysis,Middle Aged,Prevalence,Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.,Risk,Sex Factors,Statistics, Nonparametric,United States/epidemiology},
pages = {274-277},
volume = {52},
websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14728640},
id = {269afc28-8f71-3cb1-91c4-4f7293ce8166},
created = {2017-06-19T13:45:32.818Z},
file_attached = {true},
profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:45:32.918Z},
read = {false},
starred = {false},
authored = {false},
confirmed = {true},
hidden = {false},
source_type = {Journal Article},
notes = {<m:note>0002-8614<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To determine whether offspring of centenarians acquired protection from age-related diseases. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: The study was part of the Longevity Genes Project at Albert Einstein College of Medicine. PARTICIPANTS: Centenarians (n=145), offspring of centenarians (n=180), and spouses of the offspring of centenarians (n=75) as a control group. Two additional groups served as controls: age-matched Ashkenazi Jews, and an age-matched control group from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. MEASUREMENTS: Self-reported family history of longevity; prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart attacks, and strokes; and objective measurements of body mass index and fat mass. RESULTS: Parents of centenarians (born in approximately 1870) had a markedly greater ( approximately sevenfold) "risk" for longevity (reaching ages 90-99), supporting the notion that genetics contributed to longevity in these families. The offspring of long-lived parents had significantly lower prevalence of hypertension (by 23%), diabetes mellitus (by 50%), heart attacks (by 60%), and strokes (no events reported) than several age-matched control groups. CONCLUSION: Offspring of centenarians may inherit significantly better health. The authors suggest that a cohort of these subjects and their spouses is ideal to study the phenotype and genotype of longevity and its interaction with the environment.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Atzmon, G and Schechter, C and Greiner, W and Davidson, D and Rennert, G and Barzilai, N},
journal = {J Am Geriatr Soc},
number = {2}
}2003 (7)
Selective gating of visual signals by microstimulation of frontal cortex. Moore, T. & Armstrong, K. M Nature, 421(6921):370–373, 2003. Place: England ISBN: 0028-0836
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Several decades of psychophysical and neurophysiological studies have established that visual signals are enhanced at the locus of attention. What remains a mystery is the mechanism that initiates biases in the strength of visual representations. Recent evidence argues that, during spatial attention, these biases reflect nascent saccadic eye movement commands. We examined the functional interaction of saccade preparation and visual coding by electrically stimulating sites within the frontal eye fields (FEF) and measuring its effect on the activity of neurons in extrastriate visual cortex. Here we show that visual responses in area V4 could be enhanced after brief stimulation of retinotopically corresponding sites within the FEF using currents below that needed to evoke saccades. The magnitude of the enhancement depended on the effectiveness of receptive field stimuli as well as on the presence of competing stimuli outside the receptive field. Stimulation of non-corresponding FEF representations could suppress V4 responses. The results suggest that the gain of visual signals is modified according to the strength of spatially corresponding eye movement commands.
@article{moore_selective_2003,
title = {Selective gating of visual signals by microstimulation of frontal cortex.},
volume = {421},
doi = {10.1038/nature01341},
abstract = {Several decades of psychophysical and neurophysiological studies have established that visual signals are enhanced at the locus of attention. What remains a mystery is the mechanism that initiates biases in the strength of visual representations. Recent evidence argues that, during spatial attention, these biases reflect nascent saccadic eye movement commands. We examined the functional interaction of saccade preparation and visual coding by electrically stimulating sites within the frontal eye fields (FEF) and measuring its effect on the activity of neurons in extrastriate visual cortex. Here we show that visual responses in area V4 could be enhanced after brief stimulation of retinotopically corresponding sites within the FEF using currents below that needed to evoke saccades. The magnitude of the enhancement depended on the effectiveness of receptive field stimuli as well as on the presence of competing stimuli outside the receptive field. Stimulation of non-corresponding FEF representations could suppress V4 responses. The results suggest that the gain of visual signals is modified according to the strength of spatially corresponding eye movement commands.},
language = {eng},
number = {6921},
journal = {Nature},
author = {Moore, Tirin and Armstrong, Katherine M},
year = {2003},
pmid = {12540901},
note = {Place: England
ISBN: 0028-0836},
keywords = {Analysis of Variance, Animals, Fixation, Ocular, Frontal Lobe, Haplorhini, MicroValence, Neurons, Photic Stimulation, Saccades, Visual Cortex, Visual Perception, research support, non-u.s. gov't, research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
pages = {370--373},
}Estimating the valence of single stimuli: a new variant of the Affective Simon Task. Voss, A., Rothermund, K., & Wentura, D. Exp Psychol, 50(2):86–96, 2003. Place: Germany ISBN: 1618-3169
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
In this article, a modified variant of the Affective Simon Task (AST; De Houwer & Eelen, 1998) is presented as a measure of implicit evaluations of single stimuli. In the AST, the words "good" or "bad" have to be given as responses depending on the color of the stimuli. The AST was combined with an evaluation task to increase the salience of the valence of the presented stimuli. Experiment 1 investigated evaluations of schematic faces showing emotional expressions. In Experiment 2 we measured the valence of artificial stimuli that acquired valence in a game context during the experiment. Both experiments confirm the validity of the modified AST. The results also revealed a dissociation between explicit and implicit evaluations.
@article{voss_estimating_2003,
title = {Estimating the valence of single stimuli: a new variant of the {Affective} {Simon} {Task}.},
volume = {50},
abstract = {In this article, a modified variant of the Affective Simon Task (AST; De Houwer \& Eelen, 1998) is presented as a measure of implicit evaluations of single stimuli. In the AST, the words "good" or "bad" have to be given as responses depending on the color of the stimuli. The AST was combined with an evaluation task to increase the salience of the valence of the presented stimuli. Experiment 1 investigated evaluations of schematic faces showing emotional expressions. In Experiment 2 we measured the valence of artificial stimuli that acquired valence in a game context during the experiment. Both experiments confirm the validity of the modified AST. The results also revealed a dissociation between explicit and implicit evaluations.},
language = {eng},
number = {2},
journal = {Exp Psychol},
author = {Voss, Andreas and Rothermund, Klaus and Wentura, Dirk},
year = {2003},
pmid = {12693193},
note = {Place: Germany
ISBN: 1618-3169},
keywords = {Adult, Affect, Attitude, Facial Expression, Female, Humans, Male, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Reference Values, Reproducibility of Results, Semantics, research support, non-u.s. gov't},
pages = {86--96},
}Activity-dependent presynaptic facilitation and hebbian LTP are both required and interact during classical conditioning in Aplysia. Antonov, I., Antonova, I., Kandel, E. R, & Hawkins, R. D Neuron, 37(1):135-47, 2003.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Using a simplified preparation of the Aplysia siphon-withdrawal reflex, we previously found that associative plasticity at synapses between sensory neurons and motor neurons contributes importantly to classical conditioning of the reflex. We have now tested the roles in that plasticity of two associative cellular mechanisms: activity-dependent enhancement of presynaptic facilitation and postsynaptically induced long-term potentiation. By perturbing molecular signaling pathways in individual neurons, we have provided the most direct evidence to date that each of these mechanisms contributes to behavioral learning. In addition, our results suggest that the two mechanisms are not independent but rather interact through retrograde signaling.
@Article{Antonov2003,
author = {Igor Antonov and Irina Antonova and Eric R Kandel and Robert D Hawkins},
journal = {Neuron},
title = {Activity-dependent presynaptic facilitation and hebbian {LTP} are both required and interact during classical conditioning in {A}plysia.},
year = {2003},
number = {1},
pages = {135-47},
volume = {37},
abstract = {Using a simplified preparation of the Aplysia siphon-withdrawal reflex,
we previously found that associative plasticity at synapses between
sensory neurons and motor neurons contributes importantly to classical
conditioning of the reflex. We have now tested the roles in that
plasticity of two associative cellular mechanisms: activity-dependent
enhancement of presynaptic facilitation and postsynaptically induced
long-term potentiation. By perturbing molecular signaling pathways
in individual neurons, we have provided the most direct evidence
to date that each of these mechanisms contributes to behavioral learning.
In addition, our results suggest that the two mechanisms are not
independent but rather interact through retrograde signaling.},
keywords = {Amygdala, Animals, Evaluation Studies, Hippocampus, Human, Learning, Long-Term Potentiation, Memory, Models, Neurological, Neural Pathways, Neuronal Plasticity, Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Synapses, 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate, Electric Stimulation, Isomerism, Rats, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Neurotransmitter, Valine, Visual Perception, Action Potentials, Calcium Signaling, Central Nervous System, Chelating Agents, Conditioning (Psychology), Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases, Enzyme Inhibitors, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, Motor Neurons, Neurons, Afferent, Reaction Time, Reflex, Signal Transduction, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Synaptic Transmission, 12526779},
}Form-from-motion: MEG evidence for time course and processing sequence. Schoenfeld, M A, Woldorff, M, Düzel, E, Scheich, H, Heinze, H., & Mangun, G R J Cogn Neurosci, 15(2):157–172, 2003. Place: United States ISBN: 0898-929X
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
The neural mechanisms and role of attention in the processing of visual form defined by luminance or motion cues were studied using magnetoencephalography. Subjects viewed bilateral stimuli composed of moving random dots and were instructed to covertly attend to either left or right hemifield stimuli in order to detect designated target stimuli that required a response. To generate form-from-motion (FFMo) stimuli, a subset of the dots could begin to move coherently to create the appearance of a simple form (e.g., square). In other blocks, to generate form-from-luminance (FFLu) stimuli that served as a control, a gray stimulus was presented superimposed on the randomly moving dots. Neuromagnetic responses were observed to both the FFLu and FFMo stimuli and localized to multiple visual cortical stages of analysis. Early activity in low-level visual cortical areas (striate/early extrastriate) did not differ for FFLu versus FFMo stimuli, nor as a function of spatial attention. Longer latency responses elicited by the FFLu stimuli were localized to the ventral-lateral occipital cortex (LO) and the inferior temporal cortex (IT). The FFMo stimuli also generated activity in the LO and IT, but only after first eliciting activity in the lateral occipital cortical region corresponding to MT/V5, resulting in a 50-60 msec delay in activity. All of these late responses (MT/V5, LO, and IT) were significantly modulated by spatial attention, being greatly attenuated for ignored FFLu and FFMo stimuli. These findings argue that processing of form in IT that is defined by motion requires a serial processing of information, first in the motion analysis pathway from V1 to MT/V5 and thereafter via the form analysis stream in the ventral visual pathway to IT.
@article{schoenfeld_form--motion:_2003,
title = {Form-from-motion: {MEG} evidence for time course and processing sequence.},
volume = {15},
doi = {10.1162/089892903321208105},
abstract = {The neural mechanisms and role of attention in the processing of visual form defined by luminance or motion cues were studied using magnetoencephalography. Subjects viewed bilateral stimuli composed of moving random dots and were instructed to covertly attend to either left or right hemifield stimuli in order to detect designated target stimuli that required a response. To generate form-from-motion (FFMo) stimuli, a subset of the dots could begin to move coherently to create the appearance of a simple form (e.g., square). In other blocks, to generate form-from-luminance (FFLu) stimuli that served as a control, a gray stimulus was presented superimposed on the randomly moving dots. Neuromagnetic responses were observed to both the FFLu and FFMo stimuli and localized to multiple visual cortical stages of analysis. Early activity in low-level visual cortical areas (striate/early extrastriate) did not differ for FFLu versus FFMo stimuli, nor as a function of spatial attention. Longer latency responses elicited by the FFLu stimuli were localized to the ventral-lateral occipital cortex (LO) and the inferior temporal cortex (IT). The FFMo stimuli also generated activity in the LO and IT, but only after first eliciting activity in the lateral occipital cortical region corresponding to MT/V5, resulting in a 50-60 msec delay in activity. All of these late responses (MT/V5, LO, and IT) were significantly modulated by spatial attention, being greatly attenuated for ignored FFLu and FFMo stimuli. These findings argue that processing of form in IT that is defined by motion requires a serial processing of information, first in the motion analysis pathway from V1 to MT/V5 and thereafter via the form analysis stream in the ventral visual pathway to IT.},
language = {eng},
number = {2},
journal = {J Cogn Neurosci},
author = {Schoenfeld, M A and Woldorff, M and Düzel, E and Scheich, H and Heinze, H-J and Mangun, G R},
year = {2003},
pmid = {12676054},
note = {Place: United States
ISBN: 0898-929X},
keywords = {Attention, Brain Mapping, Electrophysiology, Evoked Potentials, Visual, Humans, Light, Magnetoencephalography, Models, Neurological, Motion Perception, Occipital Lobe, Reaction Time, Signal Detection (Psychology), Space Perception, Temporal Lobe, Visual Pathways, Visual Perception, research support, non-u.s. gov't, research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
pages = {157--172},
}Signalers and receivers in animal communication. Seyfarth, R. M & Cheney, D. L Annu Rev Psychol, 54:145-73, 2003.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
In animal communication natural selection favors callers who vocalize to affect the behavior of listeners and listeners who acquire information from vocalizations, using this information to represent their environment. The acquisition of information in the wild is similar to the learning that occurs in laboratory conditioning experiments. It also has some parallels with language. The dichotomous view that animal signals must be either referential or emotional is false, because they can easily be both: The mechanisms that cause a signaler to vocalize do not limit a listener's ability to extract information from the call. The inability of most animals to recognize the mental states of others distinguishes animal communication most clearly from human language. Whereas signalers may vocalize to change a listener's behavior, they do not call to inform others. Listeners acquire information from signalers who do not, in the human sense, intend to provide it.
@Article{Seyfarth2003,
author = {Robert M Seyfarth and Dorothy L Cheney},
journal = {Annu Rev Psychol},
title = {Signalers and receivers in animal communication.},
year = {2003},
pages = {145-73},
volume = {54},
abstract = {In animal communication natural selection favors callers who vocalize
to affect the behavior of listeners and listeners who acquire information
from vocalizations, using this information to represent their environment.
The acquisition of information in the wild is similar to the learning
that occurs in laboratory conditioning experiments. It also has some
parallels with language. The dichotomous view that animal signals
must be either referential or emotional is false, because they can
easily be both: The mechanisms that cause a signaler to vocalize
do not limit a listener's ability to extract information from the
call. The inability of most animals to recognize the mental states
of others distinguishes animal communication most clearly from human
language. Whereas signalers may vocalize to change a listener's behavior,
they do not call to inform others. Listeners acquire information
from signalers who do not, in the human sense, intend to provide
it.},
doi = {10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145121},
keywords = {Animals, Wild, Botswana, Cognition, Family, Female, Hierarchy, Social, Language, Papio, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Social Dominance, Vocalization, Animal, Analysis of Variance, Appetitive Behavior, Attention, Birds, Discrimination (Psychology), Learning, Non-P.H.S., Social Behavior, Social Facilitation, Transfer (Psychology), Male, Pair Bond, Primates, Social Perception, Acoustic Stimulation, Acoustics, Auditory Perception, Brain, Cues, Discrimination Learning, Songbirds, Animal Migration, Biological Clocks, Calibration, Flight, Geography, Magnetics, Orientation, Solar System, Environment, Grooming, Kenya, Reproduction, Social Support, Survival Rate, Judgment, Macaca mulatta, Videotape Recording, Visual Perception, Comparative Study, Evolution, Fishes, Intelligence, Behavior, Feeding Behavior, Mathematics, Random Allocation, Spatial Behavior, Animal Communication, Cercopithecidae, Fear, Predatory Behavior, Altruism, Cercopithecus, Cercopithecus aethiops, Awareness, Concept Formation, Dominance-Subordination, Social Environment, Affect, Arousal, Motivation, Species Specificity, 12359915},
}Stereopsis activates V3A and caudal intraparietal areas in macaques and humans. Tsao, D. Y, Vanduffel, W., Sasaki, Y., Fize, D., Knutsen, T. A, Mandeville, J. B, Wald, L. L, Dale, A. M, Rosen, B. R, Van Essen, D. C, Livingstone, M. S, Orban, G. A, & Tootell, R. B H Neuron, 39(3):555–568, 2003. Place: United States ISBN: 0896-6273
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Stereopsis, the perception of depth from small differences between the images in the two eyes, provides a rich model for investigating the cortical construction of surfaces and space. Although disparity-tuned cells have been found in a large number of areas in macaque visual cortex, stereoscopic processing in these areas has never been systematically compared using the same stimuli and analysis methods. In order to examine the global architecture of stereoscopic processing in primate visual cortex, we studied fMRI activity in alert, fixating human and macaque subjects. In macaques, we found strongest activation to near/far compared to zero disparity in areas V3, V3A, and CIPS. In humans, we found strongest activation to the same stimuli in areas V3A, V7, the V4d topolog (V4d-topo), and a caudal parietal disparity region (CPDR). Thus, in both primate species a small cluster of areas at the parieto-occipital junction appears to be specialized for stereopsis.
@article{tsao_stereopsis_2003,
title = {Stereopsis activates {V3A} and caudal intraparietal areas in macaques and humans.},
volume = {39},
abstract = {Stereopsis, the perception of depth from small differences between the images in the two eyes, provides a rich model for investigating the cortical construction of surfaces and space. Although disparity-tuned cells have been found in a large number of areas in macaque visual cortex, stereoscopic processing in these areas has never been systematically compared using the same stimuli and analysis methods. In order to examine the global architecture of stereoscopic processing in primate visual cortex, we studied fMRI activity in alert, fixating human and macaque subjects. In macaques, we found strongest activation to near/far compared to zero disparity in areas V3, V3A, and CIPS. In humans, we found strongest activation to the same stimuli in areas V3A, V7, the V4d topolog (V4d-topo), and a caudal parietal disparity region (CPDR). Thus, in both primate species a small cluster of areas at the parieto-occipital junction appears to be specialized for stereopsis.},
language = {eng},
number = {3},
journal = {Neuron},
author = {Tsao, Doris Y and Vanduffel, Wim and Sasaki, Yuka and Fize, Denis and Knutsen, Tamara A and Mandeville, Joseph B and Wald, Lawrence L and Dale, Anders M and Rosen, Bruce R and Van Essen, David C and Livingstone, Margaret S and Orban, Guy A and Tootell, Roger B H},
year = {2003},
pmid = {12895427},
note = {Place: United States
ISBN: 0896-6273},
keywords = {Animals, Brain Mapping, Depth Perception, Humans, Macaca, Male, Parietal Lobe, Photic Stimulation, Visual Cortex, comparative study, research support, non-u.s. gov't, research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
pages = {555--568},
}Feelings of emotion and the self. Damasio, A Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1001:253–261, 2003.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
The self is a critical component of consciousness. The neural correlates of self have proven elusive, but it is reasonable to suggest that, in its simplest form, the self process requires a composite representation of the ongoing state of the organism as reflected in subcortical and cortical somatic maps within the central nervous system. The basis for these maps is a wealth of signals originating in different sectors of the body-proper. Some of these signals portray the actual state of the body as modified by emotions in response to interactions with the environment; but other signals are the result of internal simulations controlled from other regions of the central nervous system.
@article{damasio_feelings_2003,
title = {Feelings of emotion and the self},
volume = {1001},
abstract = {The self is a critical component of consciousness. The neural correlates of self have proven elusive, but it is reasonable to suggest that, in its simplest form, the self process requires a composite representation of the ongoing state of the organism as reflected in subcortical and cortical somatic maps within the central nervous system. The basis for these maps is a wealth of signals originating in different sectors of the body-proper. Some of these signals portray the actual state of the body as modified by emotions in response to interactions with the environment; but other signals are the result of internal simulations controlled from other regions of the central nervous system.},
journal = {Ann N Y Acad Sci},
author = {Damasio, A},
year = {2003},
pmid = {14625365},
keywords = {*Ego, Brain, Consciousness/physiology, Emotions/*physiology, Humans, Mental Processes, Psychophysiology, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
pages = {253--261},
}2002 (10)
Do great tits assess rivals by combining direct experience with information gathered by eavesdropping?. Peake, T., Terry, A M R, McGregor, P., & Dabelsteen, T Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 269(1503):1925-9, 2002.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Animals frequently use signals that travel further than the spacing between individuals. For every intended recipient of a given signal there are likely to be many other individuals that receive information. Eavesdropping on signalling interactions between other individuals provides a relatively cost-free method of assessing future opponents or mates. Male great tits (Parus major) extract relative information from such interactions between individuals unknown to them. Here, we show that male great tits can take information gathering a stage further and obtain more information about a previously unencountered intruder, by the hitherto unknown capability of combining information gathered by eavesdropping with that derived from their own direct interaction with an individual. Prior experience with an intruder (A) was achieved by subjecting a focal male to different levels of intrusion simulated using interactive playback. This intruder (A) then took part in a simulated interaction with an unknown male (B) outside the territorial boundary of the focal males. In response to subsequent intrusion by the second male (B), focal males showed low song output in response to males that had lost to a male that the subject was able to beat. Males of known high quality, or those about which information was ambiguous, elicited a high level of song output by focal males. We discuss the implications of this finding for the evolution of communication and social behaviour.
@Article{Peake2002,
author = {TM Peake and A M R Terry and PK McGregor and T Dabelsteen},
journal = {Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci},
title = {Do great tits assess rivals by combining direct experience with information gathered by eavesdropping?},
year = {2002},
number = {1503},
pages = {1925-9},
volume = {269},
abstract = {Animals frequently use signals that travel further than the spacing
between individuals. For every intended recipient of a given signal
there are likely to be many other individuals that receive information.
Eavesdropping on signalling interactions between other individuals
provides a relatively cost-free method of assessing future opponents
or mates. Male great tits (Parus major) extract relative information
from such interactions between individuals unknown to them. Here,
we show that male great tits can take information gathering a stage
further and obtain more information about a previously unencountered
intruder, by the hitherto unknown capability of combining information
gathered by eavesdropping with that derived from their own direct
interaction with an individual. Prior experience with an intruder
(A) was achieved by subjecting a focal male to different levels of
intrusion simulated using interactive playback. This intruder (A)
then took part in a simulated interaction with an unknown male (B)
outside the territorial boundary of the focal males. In response
to subsequent intrusion by the second male (B), focal males showed
low song output in response to males that had lost to a male that
the subject was able to beat. Males of known high quality, or those
about which information was ambiguous, elicited a high level of song
output by focal males. We discuss the implications of this finding
for the evolution of communication and social behaviour.},
doi = {10.1098/rspb.2002.2112},
keywords = {Aggression, Animal Communication, Animals, Male, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Songbirds, Territoriality, Vocalization, Animal, 12350255},
}Direct cortical control of 3D neuroprosthetic devices. Taylor, D. M, Tillery, S. I H., & Schwartz, A. B Science, 296(5574):1829-32, 2002.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Three-dimensional (3D) movement of neuroprosthetic devices can be controlled by the activity of cortical neurons when appropriate algorithms are used to decode intended movement in real time. Previous studies assumed that neurons maintain fixed tuning properties, and the studies used subjects who were unaware of the movements predicted by their recorded units. In this study, subjects had real-time visual feedback of their brain-controlled trajectories. Cell tuning properties changed when used for brain-controlled movements. By using control algorithms that track these changes, subjects made long sequences of 3D movements using far fewer cortical units than expected. Daily practice improved movement accuracy and the directional tuning of these units.
@Article{Taylor2002,
author = {Dawn M Taylor and Stephen I Helms Tillery and Andrew B Schwartz},
journal = {Science},
title = {Direct cortical control of 3{D} neuroprosthetic devices.},
year = {2002},
number = {5574},
pages = {1829-32},
volume = {296},
abstract = {Three-dimensional (3D) movement of neuroprosthetic devices can be
controlled by the activity of cortical neurons when appropriate algorithms
are used to decode intended movement in real time. Previous studies
assumed that neurons maintain fixed tuning properties, and the studies
used subjects who were unaware of the movements predicted by their
recorded units. In this study, subjects had real-time visual feedback
of their brain-controlled trajectories. Cell tuning properties changed
when used for brain-controlled movements. By using control algorithms
that track these changes, subjects made long sequences of 3D movements
using far fewer cortical units than expected. Daily practice improved
movement accuracy and the directional tuning of these units.},
doi = {10.1126/science.1070291},
keywords = {Algorithms, Animals, Arm, Computer Simulation, Hand, Humans, Learning, Macaca mulatta, Motor Cortex, Motor Neurons, Movement, Non-U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Prostheses and Implants, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, User-Computer Interface, Visual Perception, 12052943},
}Building an Asynchronous Web-Based Tool for Machine Learning Classification. Weber, G., Vinterbo, S., & Ohno-Machado, L. JAMIA, Suppl. S:869–73, 2002.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Various unsupervised and supervised learning methods including support vector machines, classification trees, linear discriminant analysis and nearest neighbor classifiers have been used to classify high-throughput gene expression data. Simpler and more widely accepted statistical tools have not yet been used for this purpose, hence proper comparisons between classification methods have not been conducted. We developed free software that implements logistic regression with stepwise variable selection as a quick and simple method for initial exploration of important genetic markers in disease classification. To implement the algorithm and allow our collaborators in remote locations to evaluate and compare its results against those of other methods, we developed a user-friendly asynchronous web-based application with a minimal amount of programming using free, downloadable software tools. With this program, we show that classification using logistic regression can perform as well as other more sophisticated algorithms, and it has the advantages of being easy to interpret and reproduce. By making the tool freely and easily available, we hope to promote the comparison of classification methods. In addition, we believe our web application can be used as a model for other bioinformatics laboratories that need to develop web-based analysis tools in a short amount of time and on a limited budget.
@article{Weber2002,
title = {Building an Asynchronous Web-Based Tool for Machine Learning Classification.},
author = {Weber, Griffin and Vinterbo, Staal and {Ohno-Machado}, Lucila},
year = {2002},
journal = {JAMIA},
volume = {Suppl. S},
pages = {869--73},
abstract = {Various unsupervised and supervised learning methods including support vector machines, classification trees, linear discriminant analysis and nearest neighbor classifiers have been used to classify high-throughput gene expression data. Simpler and more widely accepted statistical tools have not yet been used for this purpose, hence proper comparisons between classification methods have not been conducted. We developed free software that implements logistic regression with stepwise variable selection as a quick and simple method for initial exploration of important genetic markers in disease classification. To implement the algorithm and allow our collaborators in remote locations to evaluate and compare its results against those of other methods, we developed a user-friendly asynchronous web-based application with a minimal amount of programming using free, downloadable software tools. With this program, we show that classification using logistic regression can perform as well as other more sophisticated algorithms, and it has the advantages of being easy to interpret and reproduce. By making the tool freely and easily available, we hope to promote the comparison of classification methods. In addition, we believe our web application can be used as a model for other bioinformatics laboratories that need to develop web-based analysis tools in a short amount of time and on a limited budget.},
copyright = {All rights reserved},
pii = {D020001919},
pubmedid = {12463949},
keywords = {12463949,Algorithms,Anonymous Testing,Artificial Intelligence,Carcinoma,Child,Comparative Study,Computerized,Confidentiality,Databases,Diagnosis,Differential,Disclosure,DNA,Gene Expression,Gene Expression Profiling,Gene Expression Regulation,Genetic Markers,Humans,Internet,Logistic Models,Lung Neoplasms,Medical Records Systems,Multivariate Analysis,Neoplasm,Neoplasms,Neoplastic,Neural Networks (Computer),Non-U.S. Gov't,Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis,P.H.S.,Privacy,Research Support,Rhabdomyosarcoma,Sarcoma,Small Cell,Software,U.S. Gov't},
file = {/Users/staal/Documents/Zotero/storage/26TPF5RW/amia02-weber.pdf;/Users/staal/Documents/Zotero/storage/FRPABBPG/amia02-weber.pdf;/Users/staal/Documents/Zotero/storage/GME7HZA7/amia02-weber.pdf}
}German noun plurals: a challenge to the dual-mechanism model. Penke, M. & Krause, M. Brain Lang, 81(1-3):303–311, 2002. Place: United States ISBN: 0093-934X
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
In this article, the authors test one of the central claims of the Dual-Mechanism Model (Pinker and Prince, 1994), that is, that regular inflection equals default inflection. Based on results from an elicitation task with eight agrammatic Broca's aphasics and a lexical decision task with unimpaired subjects, the authors show that this assumption is not borne out. Their data on German plural inflection rather indicate that regular inflection is not necessarily identical to default inflection. To capture the German data, they have to assume regular but input-restricted inflection besides regular default inflection.
@article{penke_german_2002,
title = {German noun plurals: a challenge to the dual-mechanism model.},
volume = {81},
abstract = {In this article, the authors test one of the central claims of the Dual-Mechanism Model (Pinker and Prince, 1994), that is, that regular inflection equals default inflection. Based on results from an elicitation task with eight agrammatic Broca's aphasics and a lexical decision task with unimpaired subjects, the authors show that this assumption is not borne out. Their data on German plural inflection rather indicate that regular inflection is not necessarily identical to default inflection. To capture the German data, they have to assume regular but input-restricted inflection besides regular default inflection.},
language = {eng},
number = {1-3},
journal = {Brain Lang},
author = {Penke, Martina and Krause, Marion},
year = {2002},
pmid = {12081401},
note = {Place: United States
ISBN: 0093-934X},
keywords = {Adult, Aged, Aphasia, Broca, Decision Making, Female, Humans, Language, Linguistics, Male, Middle Aged, Reaction Time, Vocabulary, research support, non-u.s. gov't},
pages = {303--311},
}Comparing Imperfect Measurements with the Bland-Altman Technique: Application in Gene Expression Analysis. Ohno-Machado, L., Vinterbo, S., Dreiseitl, S., Jenssen, T., & Kuo, W. JAMIA, Suppl. S:572–6, 2002.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Several problems in medicine and biology involve the comparison of two measurements made on the same set of cases. The problem differs from a calibration problem because no gold standard can be identified. Testing the null hypothesis of no relationship using measures of association is not optimal since the measurements are made on the same cases, and therefore correlation coefficients will tend to be significant. The descriptive Bland-Altman method can be used in exploratory analysis of this problem, allowing the visualization of gross systematic differences between the two sets of measurements. We utilize the method on three sets of matched observations and demonstrate its usefulness in detecting systematic variations between two measurement technologies to assess gene expression.
@article{Ohno-Machado2002,
title = {Comparing Imperfect Measurements with the {{Bland-Altman}} Technique: Application in Gene Expression Analysis.},
author = {{Ohno-Machado}, Lucila and Vinterbo, Staal and Dreiseitl, Stephen and Jenssen, Tor-Kristian and Kuo, Winston},
year = {2002},
journal = {JAMIA},
volume = {Suppl. S},
pages = {572--6},
abstract = {Several problems in medicine and biology involve the comparison of two measurements made on the same set of cases. The problem differs from a calibration problem because no gold standard can be identified. Testing the null hypothesis of no relationship using measures of association is not optimal since the measurements are made on the same cases, and therefore correlation coefficients will tend to be significant. The descriptive Bland-Altman method can be used in exploratory analysis of this problem, allowing the visualization of gross systematic differences between the two sets of measurements. We utilize the method on three sets of matched observations and demonstrate its usefulness in detecting systematic variations between two measurement technologies to assess gene expression.},
copyright = {All rights reserved},
pii = {1833},
pubmedid = {12463888},
keywords = {12463888,Algorithms,Anonymous Testing,Artificial Intelligence,Bias (Epidemiology),Carcinoma,Child,Comparative Study,Computational Biology,Computerized,Confidentiality,Data Interpretation,Databases,Diagnosis,Differential,Disclosure,DNA,Gene Expression,Gene Expression Profiling,Gene Expression Regulation,Genetic Markers,Humans,Internet,Logistic Models,Lung Neoplasms,Medical Records Systems,Messenger,Multivariate Analysis,Neoplasm,Neoplasms,Neoplastic,Neural Networks (Computer),Non-U.S. Gov't,Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis,P.H.S.,Privacy,Research Support,Rhabdomyosarcoma,RNA,Sarcoma,Small Cell,Software,Statistical,U.S. Gov't}
}Mental rotation versus invariant features in object perception from different viewpoints: an fMRI study. Vanrie, J., Béatse, E., Wagemans, J., Sunaert, S., & Van Hecke, P. Neuropsychologia, 40(7):917–930, 2002. Place: England ISBN: 0028-3932
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
It has been proposed that object perception can proceed through different routes, which can be situated on a continuum ranging from complete viewpoint-dependency to complete viewpoint-independency, depending on the objects and the task at hand. Although these different routes have been extensively demonstrated on the behavioral level, the corresponding distinction in the underlying neural substrate has not received the same attention. Our goal was to disentangle, on the behavioral and the neurofunctional level, a process associated with extreme viewpoint-dependency, i.e. mental rotation, and a process associated with extreme viewpoint-independency, i.e. the use of viewpoint-invariant, diagnostic features. Two sets of 3-D block figures were created that either differed in handedness (original versus mirrored) or in the angles joining the block components (orthogonal versus skewed). Behavioral measures on a same-different judgment task were predicted to be dependent on viewpoint in the rotation condition (same versus mirrored), but not in the invariance condition (same angles versus different angles). Six subjects participated in an fMRI experiment while presented with both conditions in alternating blocks. Both reaction times and accuracy confirmed the predicted dissociation between the two conditions. Neurofunctional results indicate that all cortical areas activated in the invariance condition were also activated in the rotation condition. Parietal areas were more activated than occipito-temporal areas in the rotation condition, while this pattern was reversed in the invariance condition. Furthermore, some areas were activated uniquely by the rotation condition, probably reflecting the additional processes apparent in the behavioral response patterns.
@article{vanrie_mental_2002,
title = {Mental rotation versus invariant features in object perception from different viewpoints: an {fMRI} study.},
volume = {40},
abstract = {It has been proposed that object perception can proceed through different routes, which can be situated on a continuum ranging from complete viewpoint-dependency to complete viewpoint-independency, depending on the objects and the task at hand. Although these different routes have been extensively demonstrated on the behavioral level, the corresponding distinction in the underlying neural substrate has not received the same attention. Our goal was to disentangle, on the behavioral and the neurofunctional level, a process associated with extreme viewpoint-dependency, i.e. mental rotation, and a process associated with extreme viewpoint-independency, i.e. the use of viewpoint-invariant, diagnostic features. Two sets of 3-D block figures were created that either differed in handedness (original versus mirrored) or in the angles joining the block components (orthogonal versus skewed). Behavioral measures on a same-different judgment task were predicted to be dependent on viewpoint in the rotation condition (same versus mirrored), but not in the invariance condition (same angles versus different angles). Six subjects participated in an fMRI experiment while presented with both conditions in alternating blocks. Both reaction times and accuracy confirmed the predicted dissociation between the two conditions. Neurofunctional results indicate that all cortical areas activated in the invariance condition were also activated in the rotation condition. Parietal areas were more activated than occipito-temporal areas in the rotation condition, while this pattern was reversed in the invariance condition. Furthermore, some areas were activated uniquely by the rotation condition, probably reflecting the additional processes apparent in the behavioral response patterns.},
language = {eng},
number = {7},
journal = {Neuropsychologia},
author = {Vanrie, Jan and Béatse, Erik and Wagemans, Johan and Sunaert, Stefan and Van Hecke, Paul},
year = {2002},
pmid = {11900744},
note = {Place: England
ISBN: 0028-3932},
keywords = {Adult, Cerebral Cortex, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Reaction Time, Recognition (Psychology), Visual Perception, mental rotation, fMRI, research support, non-u.s. gov't},
pages = {917--930},
}Fine-scale mapping of disease loci via shattered coalescent modeling of genealogies. Morris, A., P., Whittaker, J., C., & Balding, D., J. Am J Hum Genet, 70(3):686-707., 2002.
Paper abstract bibtex
Paper abstract bibtex We present a Bayesian, Markov-chain Monte Carlo method for fine-scale linkage-disequilibrium gene mapping using high-density marker maps. The method explicitly models the genealogy underlying a sample of case chromosomes in the vicinity of a putative disease locus, in contrast with the assumption of a star-shaped tree made by many existing multipoint methods. Within this modeling framework, we can allow for missing marker information and for uncertainty about the true underlying genealogy and the makeup of ancestral marker haplotypes. A crucial advantage of our method is the incorporation of the shattered coalescent model for genealogies, allowing for multiple founding mutations at the disease locus and for sporadic cases of disease. Output from the method includes approximate posterior distributions of the location of the disease locus and population-marker haplotype proportions. In addition, output from the algorithm is used to construct a cladogram to represent genetic heterogeneity at the disease locus, highlighting clusters of case chromosomes sharing the same mutation. We present detailed simulations to provide evidence of improvements over existing methodology. Furthermore, inferences about the location of the disease locus are shown to remain robust to modeling assumptions.
@article{
title = {Fine-scale mapping of disease loci via shattered coalescent modeling of genealogies},
type = {article},
year = {2002},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {*Pedigree,Algorithms,Alleles,Bayes Theorem,Bias (Epidemiology),Case-Control Studies,Chromosome Mapping/*methods/statistics & numerical,Computer Simulation,Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulato,Cystic Fibrosis/*genetics,Female,Genetic Heterogeneity,Genetic Markers/genetics,Haplotypes/genetics,Human,Linkage Disequilibrium/genetics,Male,Markov Chains,Models, Genetic,Monte Carlo Method,Mutation/genetics,Phylogeny,Probability,Recombination, Genetic/genetics,Sequence Deletion,Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
pages = {686-707.},
volume = {70},
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notes = {<m:note>eng<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
abstract = {We present a Bayesian, Markov-chain Monte Carlo method for fine-scale linkage-disequilibrium gene mapping using high-density marker maps. The method explicitly models the genealogy underlying a sample of case chromosomes in the vicinity of a putative disease locus, in contrast with the assumption of a star-shaped tree made by many existing multipoint methods. Within this modeling framework, we can allow for missing marker information and for uncertainty about the true underlying genealogy and the makeup of ancestral marker haplotypes. A crucial advantage of our method is the incorporation of the shattered coalescent model for genealogies, allowing for multiple founding mutations at the disease locus and for sporadic cases of disease. Output from the method includes approximate posterior distributions of the location of the disease locus and population-marker haplotype proportions. In addition, output from the algorithm is used to construct a cladogram to represent genetic heterogeneity at the disease locus, highlighting clusters of case chromosomes sharing the same mutation. We present detailed simulations to provide evidence of improvements over existing methodology. Furthermore, inferences about the location of the disease locus are shown to remain robust to modeling assumptions.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Morris, A P and Whittaker, J C and Balding, D J},
journal = {Am J Hum Genet},
number = {3}
}Perceptual segregation of overlapping shapes activates posterior extrastriate visual cortex in man. Larsson, J., Amunts, K., Gulyás, B., Malikovic, A., Zilles, K., & Roland, P. E Exp Brain Res, 143(1):1–10, 2002. Place: Germany ISBN: 0014-4819
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Objects in natural scenes are rarely seen in isolation, but are usually overlapping or partially occluding other objects. To recognize individual objects, the visual system must be able to segregate overlapping objects from one another. Evidence from lesions in humans and monkeys suggest that perceptual segregation of occluded or overlapping objects involves extrastriate visual cortex. In monkeys, area V4 has been shown to play an important role in recognizing occluded or poorly salient shapes. In humans, a retinotopic homologue of ventral V4 (V4v) has been described, but it is not known whether this area is also functionally homologous to area V4 in monkeys. In this study, we tried to localize the visual cortical regions involved in perceptual segregation of overlapping shapes using positron emission tomography (PET). Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured in seven subjects while they discriminated the relative areas of simultaneously presented rectangular shapes. In the control condition, the shapes were displayed without overlaps; in a second condition, the shapes overlapped each other partially. In a third condition, the shapes did not overlap but had been reduced in salience by adding random noise to the stimuli. Contrasting the overlapping shape condition with the control condition identified a single region in the left posterior lateral occipital cortex. The rCBF in this region also increased, though more weakly, during discrimination of shapes embedded in noise, relative to the control condition. The region activated by segregation of overlapping shapes was located in the posterior occipital cortex close to the anterior border of area V2, near the average location of human V4v as determined by retinotopic mapping studies. The activation of this region of extrastriate visual cortex by a task that involved segregation of overlapping shapes is consistent with monkey V4 and human V4v being functionally homologous. We conclude that discrimination of overlapping shapes involves in particular a region of extrastriate visual cortex located in the left lateral occipital cortex and that this region may correspond to human V4v.
@article{larsson_perceptual_2002,
title = {Perceptual segregation of overlapping shapes activates posterior extrastriate visual cortex in man.},
volume = {143},
doi = {10.1007/s00221-001-0895-6},
abstract = {Objects in natural scenes are rarely seen in isolation, but are usually overlapping or partially occluding other objects. To recognize individual objects, the visual system must be able to segregate overlapping objects from one another. Evidence from lesions in humans and monkeys suggest that perceptual segregation of occluded or overlapping objects involves extrastriate visual cortex. In monkeys, area V4 has been shown to play an important role in recognizing occluded or poorly salient shapes. In humans, a retinotopic homologue of ventral V4 (V4v) has been described, but it is not known whether this area is also functionally homologous to area V4 in monkeys. In this study, we tried to localize the visual cortical regions involved in perceptual segregation of overlapping shapes using positron emission tomography (PET). Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured in seven subjects while they discriminated the relative areas of simultaneously presented rectangular shapes. In the control condition, the shapes were displayed without overlaps; in a second condition, the shapes overlapped each other partially. In a third condition, the shapes did not overlap but had been reduced in salience by adding random noise to the stimuli. Contrasting the overlapping shape condition with the control condition identified a single region in the left posterior lateral occipital cortex. The rCBF in this region also increased, though more weakly, during discrimination of shapes embedded in noise, relative to the control condition. The region activated by segregation of overlapping shapes was located in the posterior occipital cortex close to the anterior border of area V2, near the average location of human V4v as determined by retinotopic mapping studies. The activation of this region of extrastriate visual cortex by a task that involved segregation of overlapping shapes is consistent with monkey V4 and human V4v being functionally homologous. We conclude that discrimination of overlapping shapes involves in particular a region of extrastriate visual cortex located in the left lateral occipital cortex and that this region may correspond to human V4v.},
language = {eng},
number = {1},
journal = {Exp Brain Res},
author = {Larsson, Jonas and Amunts, Katrin and Gulyás, Balázs and Malikovic, Aleksandar and Zilles, Karl and Roland, Per E},
year = {2002},
pmid = {11907685},
note = {Place: Germany
ISBN: 0014-4819},
keywords = {Adult, Brain Mapping, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Functional Laterality, Humans, Male, Neurons, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, comparative study, research support, non-u.s. gov't},
pages = {1--10},
}Do children of long-lived parents age more successfully?. Frederiksen, H., McGue, M., Jeune, B., Gaist, D., Nybo, H., Skytthe, A., Vaupel, J., W., & Christensen, K. Epidemiology, 13(3):334-339, 2002.
Website abstract bibtex
Website abstract bibtex BACKGROUND: Long-lived individuals are rare and may be selected in part for the genetic factors that promote successful aging. The children of long-lived parents may therefore age more successfully than the children of short-lived parents. METHODS: We used three major cross-sectional population-based surveys to study the association of parental longevity with successful aging in offspring. The measures of aging were hand-grip strength, cognitive performance (Mini Mental State Examination and a cognitive composite score), self-reported diseases, and self-rated health. RESULTS: For every additional 10 years the parents lived, their children's grip strength increased by 0.32 kg (95% CI = 0.00-0.63), Mini Mental State Examination score by 0.20 points (95% CI = 0.03-0.37), and cognitive composite score by 0.24 points (95% CI = 0.07-0.40). A 10-year increment of parental life was associated with a reduction by approximately 0.20 in the adjusted odds ratio for their children having each of the following conditions: diabetes; hypertension; ischemic heart disease; heart failure; stroke; or fair, poor, or very poor self-rated health. Almost all the effects were seen solely in the cohort of 70+-year-olds, but not among middle-aged or nonagenarian subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Parental life span is positively associated with the children's physical and cognitive functioning and avoidance of some of the common chronic diseases. However, the effects are small and are seen among offspring who are elderly, but not among the middle-aged or the oldest old.
@article{
title = {Do children of long-lived parents age more successfully?},
type = {article},
year = {2002},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {Age Distribution,Aged,Aged, 80 and over,Aging/*genetics/*physiology,Cognition/physiology,Cross-Sectional Studies,Denmark/epidemiology,Female,Genetics, Population,Hand Strength/physiology,Health Status,Humans,Interviews,Male,Middle Aged,Nuclear Family,Odds Ratio,Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
pages = {334-339},
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abstract = {BACKGROUND: Long-lived individuals are rare and may be selected in part for the genetic factors that promote successful aging. The children of long-lived parents may therefore age more successfully than the children of short-lived parents. METHODS: We used three major cross-sectional population-based surveys to study the association of parental longevity with successful aging in offspring. The measures of aging were hand-grip strength, cognitive performance (Mini Mental State Examination and a cognitive composite score), self-reported diseases, and self-rated health. RESULTS: For every additional 10 years the parents lived, their children's grip strength increased by 0.32 kg (95% CI = 0.00-0.63), Mini Mental State Examination score by 0.20 points (95% CI = 0.03-0.37), and cognitive composite score by 0.24 points (95% CI = 0.07-0.40). A 10-year increment of parental life was associated with a reduction by approximately 0.20 in the adjusted odds ratio for their children having each of the following conditions: diabetes; hypertension; ischemic heart disease; heart failure; stroke; or fair, poor, or very poor self-rated health. Almost all the effects were seen solely in the cohort of 70+-year-olds, but not among middle-aged or nonagenarian subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Parental life span is positively associated with the children's physical and cognitive functioning and avoidance of some of the common chronic diseases. However, the effects are small and are seen among offspring who are elderly, but not among the middle-aged or the oldest old.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Frederiksen, H and McGue, M and Jeune, B and Gaist, D and Nybo, H and Skytthe, A and Vaupel, J W and Christensen, K},
journal = {Epidemiology},
number = {3}
}Responses of primate visual cortical V4 neurons to simultaneously presented stimuli. Gawne, T. J & Martin, J. M J Neurophysiol, 88(3):1128-35, 2002.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
We report here results from 45 primate V4 visual cortical neurons to the preattentive presentations of seven different patterns located in two separate areas of the same receptive field and to combinations of the patterns in the two locations. For many neurons, we could not determine any clear relationship for the responses to two simultaneous stimuli. However, for a substantial fraction of the neurons we found that the firing rate was well modeled as the maximum firing rate of each stimulus presented separately. It has previously been proposed that taking the maximum of the inputs ("MAX" operator) could be a useful operation for neurons in visual cortex, although there has until now been little direct physiological evidence for this hypothesis. Our results here provide direct support for the hypothesis that the MAX operator plays a significant (although certainly not exclusive) role in generating the receptive field properties of visual cortical neurons.
@Article{Gawne2002,
author = {Timothy J Gawne and Julie M Martin},
journal = {J Neurophysiol},
title = {Responses of primate visual cortical {V}4 neurons to simultaneously presented stimuli.},
year = {2002},
number = {3},
pages = {1128-35},
volume = {88},
abstract = {We report here results from 45 primate V4 visual cortical neurons
to the preattentive presentations of seven different patterns located
in two separate areas of the same receptive field and to combinations
of the patterns in the two locations. For many neurons, we could
not determine any clear relationship for the responses to two simultaneous
stimuli. However, for a substantial fraction of the neurons we found
that the firing rate was well modeled as the maximum firing rate
of each stimulus presented separately. It has previously been proposed
that taking the maximum of the inputs ("MAX" operator) could be a
useful operation for neurons in visual cortex, although there has
until now been little direct physiological evidence for this hypothesis.
Our results here provide direct support for the hypothesis that the
MAX operator plays a significant (although certainly not exclusive)
role in generating the receptive field properties of visual cortical
neurons.},
keywords = {Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, Concept Formation, Form Perception, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Shrews, P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Cochlea, Ear, Gerbillinae, Glycine, Hearing, Neurons, Space Perception, Strychnine, Adolescent, Decision Making, Reaction Time, Astrocytoma, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Evoked Potentials, Frontal Lobe, Noise, Parietal Lobe, Scalp, Child, Language Development, Psycholinguistics, Brain, Perception, Speech, Vocalization, Animal, Discrimination (Psychology), Hippocampus, Rats, Calcium, Chelating Agents, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Glutamic Acid, Guanosine Diphosphate, In Vitro, Neuronal Plasticity, Pyramidal Cells, Receptors, AMPA, Metabotropic Glutamate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Somatosensory Cortex, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Thionucleotides, Action Potentials, Calcium Channels, L-Type, Electric Conductivity, Entorhinal Cortex, Neurological, Long-Evans, Infant, Mathematics, Statistics, Probability Learning, Problem Solving, Psychophysics, Association Learning, Child Psychology, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Probability Theory, Analysis of Variance, Semantics, Symbolism, Behavior, Eye Movements, Macaca mulatta, Prefrontal Cortex, Cats, Dogs, Haplorhini, Photic Stimulation, Electroencephalography, Nervous System Physiology, Darkness, Grasshoppers, Light, Membrane Potentials, Neural Inhibition, Afferent, Picrotoxin, Vision, 12205134},
}2001 (8)
The eye movements of pure alexic patients during reading and nonreading tasks. Behrmann, M, Shomstein, S S, Black, S E, & Barton, J J Neuropsychologia, 39(9):983–1002, 2001.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
We compared the eye-movements of two patients who read letter-by-letter (LBL) following a left occipital lobe lesion with those of normal control subjects and of hemianopic patients in two tasks: a nonreading visual search task and a text reading task. Whereas the LBL readers exhibited similar eye-movement patterns to those of the other two groups on the nonreading task, their eye movements differed significantly during reading, as reflected in the disproportionate increase in the number and duration of fixations per word and in the regressive saccades per word. Importantly, relative to the two control groups, letter-by-letter readers also made more fixations per word as word length increased, especially as word frequency and word imageability decreased. Two critical results emerged from these experiments: First, the alteration in the oculomotor behavior of the LBL readers during reading is similar to that seen in normal readers under difficult reading conditions, as well as in beginning readers and in those with developmental dyslexia, and appears to reflect difficulties in processing the visual stimulus. Second, the interaction of length with frequency and with imageability in determining the eye movement pattern is consistent with an interactive activation model of normal word recognition in which weakened activation of orthographic input can nevertheless engage high-level lexical factors.
@article{behrmann_eye_2001,
title = {The eye movements of pure alexic patients during reading and nonreading tasks},
volume = {39},
abstract = {We compared the eye-movements of two patients who read letter-by-letter (LBL) following a left occipital lobe lesion with those of normal control subjects and of hemianopic patients in two tasks: a nonreading visual search task and a text reading task. Whereas the LBL readers exhibited similar eye-movement patterns to those of the other two groups on the nonreading task, their eye movements differed significantly during reading, as reflected in the disproportionate increase in the number and duration of fixations per word and in the regressive saccades per word. Importantly, relative to the two control groups, letter-by-letter readers also made more fixations per word as word length increased, especially as word frequency and word imageability decreased. Two critical results emerged from these experiments: First, the alteration in the oculomotor behavior of the LBL readers during reading is similar to that seen in normal readers under difficult reading conditions, as well as in beginning readers and in those with developmental dyslexia, and appears to reflect difficulties in processing the visual stimulus. Second, the interaction of length with frequency and with imageability in determining the eye movement pattern is consistent with an interactive activation model of normal word recognition in which weakened activation of orthographic input can nevertheless engage high-level lexical factors.},
number = {9},
journal = {Neuropsychologia},
author = {Behrmann, M and Shomstein, S S and Black, S E and Barton, J J},
year = {2001},
pmid = {11516450},
keywords = {*Eye Movements, *Reading, Adult, Comparative Study, Dyslexia/*physiopathology, Female, Hemianopsia/physiopathology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Occipital Lobe/*physiology, Recognition (Psychology), Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
pages = {983--1002},
}Inbreeding in Gredos mountain range (Spain): contribution of multiple consanguinity and intervalley variation. Fuster, V., Jimenez, A., M., & Colantonio, S., E. Hum Biol, 73(2):249-70., 2001.
Paper abstract bibtex
Paper abstract bibtex The present paper examines consanguineous marriages occurring between 1874 and 1975 in three valleys (Tormes, Alberche, and Tietar) in the Sierra de Gredos mountain range, Avila province, Spain. Information was obtained from parish registers of 42 localities, corresponding to a total of 41,696 weddings. Consanguineous marriages were defined as those up to the third degree of consanguinity (second cousins). From 1874 to 1975 the percentage of related mates was 4.45% and the inbreeding coefficient was 0.0011868 (for 1874 to 1917 corresponding figures up to the fourth degree were 16.44% and 0.00 19085, respectively). In order to ascertain the characteristics and evolution of mating patterns in Gredos, the contribution of each degree of kinship was analyzed as a whole and then for each valley separately. Regarding total consanguineous marriages in Gredos, there is a low frequency of uncle-niece matings (0.21%) and a first-second cousin mating ratio (C22/C33) of 0.23 (up to the third degree of consanguinity). Before 1918 multiple matings (i.e., those involving more than a single relationship) accounted for 19.16% of consanguineous marriages (up to the fourth degree). The observed frequencies of multiple consanguineous marriages was, on average, about twice that expected at random, and the proportion of such marriages to total inbreeding was 34.65%. The temporal change of the Gredos inbreeding pattern was characterized by a recent decrease; the highest inbreeding levels correspond to the period from 1915 to 1944. Finally, intervalley differences (maximum inbreeding coefficient in the Tormes, minimum in the Tietar) are interpreted considering the geography, population size, and population mobility for each valley
@article{
title = {Inbreeding in Gredos mountain range (Spain): contribution of multiple consanguinity and intervalley variation},
type = {article},
year = {2001},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {*Consanguinity,Ethnic Groups/*genetics,Geography,Human,Probability,Socioeconomic Factors,Spain,Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Time Factors},
pages = {249-70.},
volume = {73},
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source_type = {Journal Article},
notes = {<m:note>eng<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
abstract = {The present paper examines consanguineous marriages occurring between 1874 and 1975 in three valleys (Tormes, Alberche, and Tietar) in the Sierra de Gredos mountain range, Avila province, Spain. Information was obtained from parish registers of 42 localities, corresponding to a total of 41,696 weddings. Consanguineous marriages were defined as those up to the third degree of consanguinity (second cousins). From 1874 to 1975 the percentage of related mates was 4.45% and the inbreeding coefficient was 0.0011868 (for 1874 to 1917 corresponding figures up to the fourth degree were 16.44% and 0.00 19085, respectively). In order to ascertain the characteristics and evolution of mating patterns in Gredos, the contribution of each degree of kinship was analyzed as a whole and then for each valley separately. Regarding total consanguineous marriages in Gredos, there is a low frequency of uncle-niece matings (0.21%) and a first-second cousin mating ratio (C22/C33) of 0.23 (up to the third degree of consanguinity). Before 1918 multiple matings (i.e., those involving more than a single relationship) accounted for 19.16% of consanguineous marriages (up to the fourth degree). The observed frequencies of multiple consanguineous marriages was, on average, about twice that expected at random, and the proportion of such marriages to total inbreeding was 34.65%. The temporal change of the Gredos inbreeding pattern was characterized by a recent decrease; the highest inbreeding levels correspond to the period from 1915 to 1944. Finally, intervalley differences (maximum inbreeding coefficient in the Tormes, minimum in the Tietar) are interpreted considering the geography, population size, and population mobility for each valley},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Fuster, V and Jimenez, A M and Colantonio, S E},
journal = {Hum Biol},
number = {2}
}Differences in disease frequency between Europeans and Polynesians: directions for future research into genetic risk factors. Abbott, W., Scragg, R., & Marbrook, J. Pac Health Dialog, 8(1):129-56., 2001.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
The purpose of this review is to identify complex genetic diseases that might be common in Polynesian ethnic groups because of a high frequency of susceptibility genes. Since a number of Polynesian ethnic groups are descended from recent founder populations, they may be especially suitable for studies designed to identify these genes. We have reviewed the epidemiological literature looking for diseases that i) have a higher frequency in at least two Polynesian groups than in Europeans living in the same geographic areas, ii) are not at high frequency in Polynesia entirely because of high levels of known environmental risk factors, and iii) are known to be inherited in other ethnic groups. Twenty-one diseases fulfilling these three criteria were identified. It may be possible to design studies to identify the genes that cause these diseases in Polynesian ethnic groups.
@article{
title = {Differences in disease frequency between Europeans and Polynesians: directions for future research into genetic risk factors},
type = {article},
year = {2001},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology/ethnology/gen,Communicable Diseases/epidemiology/ethnology/genet,Comparative Study,Cross-Sectional Studies,Ethnic Groups/*genetics,Europe,Female,Genetic Predisposition to Disease/*ethnology,Human,Male,Mental Disorders/epidemiology/ethnology/genetics,Neoplasms/epidemiology/ethnology/genetics,Polynesia,Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology/ethnolog,Risk Factors,Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
pages = {129-56.},
volume = {8},
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source_type = {Journal Article},
notes = {<m:note>eng<m:linebreak/>Journal Article<m:linebreak/>Review<m:linebreak/>Review, Academic</m:note>},
abstract = {The purpose of this review is to identify complex genetic diseases that might be common in Polynesian ethnic groups because of a high frequency of susceptibility genes. Since a number of Polynesian ethnic groups are descended from recent founder populations, they may be especially suitable for studies designed to identify these genes. We have reviewed the epidemiological literature looking for diseases that i) have a higher frequency in at least two Polynesian groups than in Europeans living in the same geographic areas, ii) are not at high frequency in Polynesia entirely because of high levels of known environmental risk factors, and iii) are known to be inherited in other ethnic groups. Twenty-one diseases fulfilling these three criteria were identified. It may be possible to design studies to identify the genes that cause these diseases in Polynesian ethnic groups.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Abbott, W and Scragg, R and Marbrook, J},
journal = {Pac Health Dialog},
number = {1}
}Activation of the auditory pre-attentive change detection system by tone repetitions with fast stimulation rate. Wolff, C & Schröger, E Brain Res Cogn Brain Res, 10(3):323-7, 2001.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
The human automatic pre-attentive change detection system indexed by the mismatch negativity (MMN) component of the auditory event-related brain potential is known to be highly adaptive. The present study showed that even infrequent repetitions of tones can elicit MMN, independently of attention, when tones of varying frequency are rapidly presented in an isochronous rhythm. This demonstrates that frequency variation can be extracted as an invariant feature of the acoustic environment revealing the capacity for adaptation of the auditory pre-attentive change detection system. It is argued that this capacity is related to the temporal-window of integration.
@Article{Wolff2001,
author = {C Wolff and E Schr\"oger},
journal = {Brain Res Cogn Brain Res},
title = {Activation of the auditory pre-attentive change detection system by tone repetitions with fast stimulation rate.},
year = {2001},
number = {3},
pages = {323-7},
volume = {10},
abstract = {The human automatic pre-attentive change detection system indexed
by the mismatch negativity (MMN) component of the auditory event-related
brain potential is known to be highly adaptive. The present study
showed that even infrequent repetitions of tones can elicit MMN,
independently of attention, when tones of varying frequency are rapidly
presented in an isochronous rhythm. This demonstrates that frequency
variation can be extracted as an invariant feature of the acoustic
environment revealing the capacity for adaptation of the auditory
pre-attentive change detection system. It is argued that this capacity
is related to the temporal-window of integration.},
keywords = {Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, Concept Formation, Form Perception, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Shrews, P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Cochlea, Ear, Gerbillinae, Glycine, Hearing, Neurons, Space Perception, Strychnine, Adolescent, Decision Making, Reaction Time, Astrocytoma, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Evoked Potentials, Frontal Lobe, Noise, Parietal Lobe, Scalp, Child, Language Development, Psycholinguistics, Brain, Perception, Speech, Vocalization, Animal, Discrimination (Psychology), Hippocampus, Rats, Calcium, Chelating Agents, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Glutamic Acid, Guanosine Diphosphate, In Vitro, Neuronal Plasticity, Pyramidal Cells, Receptors, AMPA, Metabotropic Glutamate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Somatosensory Cortex, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Thionucleotides, Action Potentials, Calcium Channels, L-Type, Electric Conductivity, Entorhinal Cortex, Neurological, Long-Evans, Infant, Mathematics, Statistics, Probability Learning, Problem Solving, Psychophysics, Association Learning, Child Psychology, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Probability Theory, Analysis of Variance, Semantics, Symbolism, Behavior, Eye Movements, Macaca mulatta, Prefrontal Cortex, Cats, Dogs, Haplorhini, Photic Stimulation, Electroencephalography, Nervous System Physiology, Darkness, Grasshoppers, Light, Membrane Potentials, Neural Inhibition, Afferent, Picrotoxin, Vision, Deoxyglucose, Injections, Microspheres, Neural Pathways, Rhodamines, Choice Behavior, Speech Perception, Verbal Learning, Dominance, Cerebral, Fixation, Ocular, Language Tests, Random Allocation, Comparative Study, Saguinus, Sound Spectrography, Species Specificity, Audiometry, Auditory Threshold, Calibration, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Anesthesia, General, Electrodes, Implanted, Pitch Perception, Sound Localization, Paired-Associate Learning, Serial Learning, Auditory, Age Factors, Motion Perception, Brain Injuries, Computer Simulation, Blindness, Psychomotor Performance, Color Perception, Signal Detection (Psychology), Judgment, ROC Curve, Regression Analysis, Music, Probability, Arm, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Hemiplegia, Movement, Muscle, Skeletal, Myoclonus, Robotics, Magnetoencephalography, Phonetics, Software, Speech Production Measurement, Epilepsies, Partial, Laterality, Stereotaxic Techniques, Germany, Speech Acoustics, Verbal Behavior, Child Development, Instinct, Brain Stem, Coma, Diagnosis, Differential, Hearing Disorders, Hearing Loss, Central, Neuroma, Acoustic, Dendrites, Down-Regulation, Patch-Clamp Techniques, Wistar, Up-Regulation, Aged, Aphasia, Middle Aged, Cones (Retina), Primates, Retina, Retinal Ganglion Cells, Tympanic Membrane, Cell Communication, Extremities, Biological, Motor Activity, Rana catesbeiana, Spinal Cord, Central Nervous System, Motion, Motor Cortex, Intelligence, Macaca fascicularis, Adoption, Critical Period (Psychology), France, Korea, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Multilingualism, Auditory Pathways, Cochlear Nerve, Loudness Perception, Neural Conduction, Sensory Thresholds, Sound, Language Disorders, Preschool, Generalization (Psychology), Vocabulary, Biophysics, Nerve Net, Potassium Channels, Sodium Channels, Cues, Differential Threshold, Arousal, Newborn, Sucking Behavior, Ferrets, Microelectrodes, Gestalt Theory, Mathematical Computing, Perceptual Closure, Vestibulocochlear Nerve, Brain Damage, Chronic, Regional Blood Flow, Thinking, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Case-Control Studies, Multivariate Analysis, Artificial Intelligence, Depth Perception, Broca, Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex, Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery, X-Ray Computed, 11167055},
}After BRCA1 and BRCA2-what next? Multifactorial segregation analyses of three-generation, population-based Australian families affected by female breast cancer. Cui, J., Antoniou, A., C., Dite, G., S., Southey, M., C., Venter, D., J., Easton, D., F., Giles, G., G., McCredie, M., R., & Hopper, J., L. Am J Hum Genet, 68(2):420-31., 2001.
Paper abstract bibtex
Paper abstract bibtex Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 that cause a dominantly inherited high risk of female breast cancer seem to explain only a small proportion of the aggregation of the disease. To study the possible additional genetic components, we conducted single-locus and two-locus segregation analyses, with and without a polygenic background, using three-generation families ascertained through 858 women with breast cancer diagnosed at age <40 years, ascertained through population cancer registries in Melbourne and Sydney, Australia. Extensive testing for deleterious mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2, to date, has identified 34 carriers. Our analysis suggested that, after other possible unmeasured familial factors are adjusted for and the known BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers are excluded, there appears to be a residual dominantly inherited risk of female breast cancer in addition to that derived from mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. This study also suggests that there is a substantial recessively inherited risk of early-onset breast cancer. According to the best-fitting model, after excluding known carriers of mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2, about 1/250 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1/500 to 1/125) women have a recessive risk of 86% (95% CI 69%-100%) by age 50 years and of almost 100% by age 60 years. Possible reasons that our study has implicated a novel strong recessive effect include our inclusion of data on lineal aunts and grandmothers, study of families ascertained through women with early-onset breast cancer, allowance for multiple familial factors in the analysis, and removal of families for whom the cause (i.e., BRCA1 or BRCA2) is known. Our findings may have implications for attempts to identify new breast cancer-susceptibility genes.
@article{
title = {After BRCA1 and BRCA2-what next? Multifactorial segregation analyses of three-generation, population-based Australian families affected by female breast cancer},
type = {article},
year = {2001},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {Age Factors,Age of Onset,Australia,BRCA1 Protein/*genetics,BRCA2 Protein,Breast Neoplasms/*genetics,Cohort Studies,Family Health,Female,Heterozygote,Human,Male,Models, Genetic,Molecular Sequence Data,Mutation,Neoplasm Proteins/*genetics,Pedigree,Probability,Risk Factors,Statistics,Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.,Transcription Factors/*genetics},
pages = {420-31.},
volume = {68},
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notes = {<m:note>eng<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
abstract = {Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 that cause a dominantly inherited high risk of female breast cancer seem to explain only a small proportion of the aggregation of the disease. To study the possible additional genetic components, we conducted single-locus and two-locus segregation analyses, with and without a polygenic background, using three-generation families ascertained through 858 women with breast cancer diagnosed at age <40 years, ascertained through population cancer registries in Melbourne and Sydney, Australia. Extensive testing for deleterious mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2, to date, has identified 34 carriers. Our analysis suggested that, after other possible unmeasured familial factors are adjusted for and the known BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers are excluded, there appears to be a residual dominantly inherited risk of female breast cancer in addition to that derived from mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. This study also suggests that there is a substantial recessively inherited risk of early-onset breast cancer. According to the best-fitting model, after excluding known carriers of mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2, about 1/250 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1/500 to 1/125) women have a recessive risk of 86% (95% CI 69%-100%) by age 50 years and of almost 100% by age 60 years. Possible reasons that our study has implicated a novel strong recessive effect include our inclusion of data on lineal aunts and grandmothers, study of families ascertained through women with early-onset breast cancer, allowance for multiple familial factors in the analysis, and removal of families for whom the cause (i.e., BRCA1 or BRCA2) is known. Our findings may have implications for attempts to identify new breast cancer-susceptibility genes.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Cui, J and Antoniou, A C and Dite, G S and Southey, M C and Venter, D J and Easton, D F and Giles, G G and McCredie, M R and Hopper, J L},
journal = {Am J Hum Genet},
number = {2}
}Replication studies in longevity: puzzling findings in Danish centenarians at the 3'APOB-VNTR locus. Varcasia, O., Garasto, S., Rizza, T., Andersen-Ranberg, K., Jeune, B., Bathum, L., Andreev, K., Tan, Q., Yashin, A., I., Bonafe, M., Franceschi, C., & De Benedictis, G. Ann Hum Genet, 65(Pt 4):371-376, 2001.
Website abstract bibtex
Website abstract bibtex In Danes we replicated the 3'APOB-VNTR gene/longevity association study previously carried out in Italians, by which the Small alleles (less than 35 repeats) had been identified as frailty alleles for longevity. In Danes, neither genotype nor allele frequencies differed between centenarians and 20-64-year-old subjects. However, when Danish and Italian data were compared, a significant difference (p = 0.0004) was found between the frequencies of Small alleles in youths, which disappeared in centenarians (p = 0.290). Furthermore, the demographic-genetic approach revealed in Danes a significant gene-sex interaction relevant to Long alleles (more than 37 repeats). The different findings in Denmark and Italy suggest that gene/longevity associations are population-specific, and heavily affected by the population-specific genetic and environmental history.
@article{
title = {Replication studies in longevity: puzzling findings in Danish centenarians at the 3'APOB-VNTR locus},
type = {article},
year = {2001},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {Adult,Aged,Aged, 80 and over,Alleles,Apolipoproteins B/*genetics,Comparative Study,DNA/analysis/genetics,Demography,Denmark,Female,Gene Frequency/genetics,Genotype,Humans,Italy,Longevity/*genetics,Male,Middle Aged,Minisatellite Repeats/*genetics,Models, Genetic,Polymerase Chain Reaction,Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Risk,Sex Characteristics},
pages = {371-376},
volume = {65},
websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11592926},
id = {30365bd9-8031-3f7e-8ef2-9d02c1ab8dba},
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confirmed = {true},
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notes = {<m:note>0003-4800<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
abstract = {In Danes we replicated the 3'APOB-VNTR gene/longevity association study previously carried out in Italians, by which the Small alleles (less than 35 repeats) had been identified as frailty alleles for longevity. In Danes, neither genotype nor allele frequencies differed between centenarians and 20-64-year-old subjects. However, when Danish and Italian data were compared, a significant difference (p = 0.0004) was found between the frequencies of Small alleles in youths, which disappeared in centenarians (p = 0.290). Furthermore, the demographic-genetic approach revealed in Danes a significant gene-sex interaction relevant to Long alleles (more than 37 repeats). The different findings in Denmark and Italy suggest that gene/longevity associations are population-specific, and heavily affected by the population-specific genetic and environmental history.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Varcasia, O and Garasto, S and Rizza, T and Andersen-Ranberg, K and Jeune, B and Bathum, L and Andreev, K and Tan, Q and Yashin, A I and Bonafe, M and Franceschi, C and De Benedictis, G},
journal = {Ann Hum Genet},
number = {Pt 4}
}Emotion recognition from faces and prosody following temporal lobectomy. Adolphs, R, Tranel, D, & Damasio, H Neuropsychology, 15(3):396–404, 2001.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
The anteromedial temporal lobe has been found to participate in processing emotion, but there are unresolved discrepancies in the literature. To address this issue, the authors investigated recognition of emotion from faces and from prosody in 26 participants with unilateral temporal lobectomy (15 left, 11 right) and in 50 brain-damaged controls. Participants with right, but not left, temporal lobectomy did significantly worse in recognizing fear from facial expressions. There were no group differences in recognizing emotional prosody. Neither IQ nor basic perceptual function accounted for task performance; however, there was a moderate negative correlation between extent of amygdala damage and overall performance. Consistent with some prior studies, these findings support a role for the right anteromedial temporal lobe (including amygdala) in recognizing emotion from faces but caution in drawing conclusions from small group samples.
@article{adolphs_emotion_2001,
title = {Emotion recognition from faces and prosody following temporal lobectomy},
volume = {15},
abstract = {The anteromedial temporal lobe has been found to participate in processing emotion, but there are unresolved discrepancies in the literature. To address this issue, the authors investigated recognition of emotion from faces and from prosody in 26 participants with unilateral temporal lobectomy (15 left, 11 right) and in 50 brain-damaged controls. Participants with right, but not left, temporal lobectomy did significantly worse in recognizing fear from facial expressions. There were no group differences in recognizing emotional prosody. Neither IQ nor basic perceptual function accounted for task performance; however, there was a moderate negative correlation between extent of amygdala damage and overall performance. Consistent with some prior studies, these findings support a role for the right anteromedial temporal lobe (including amygdala) in recognizing emotion from faces but caution in drawing conclusions from small group samples.},
number = {3},
journal = {Neuropsychology},
author = {Adolphs, R and Tranel, D and Damasio, H},
year = {2001},
pmid = {11499994},
keywords = {*Affect, *Face, *Facial Expression, *Linguistics, *Recognition (Psychology), Adult, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/*surgery, Female, Humans, Laterality/physiology, Male, Middle Aged, Perceptual Disorders/*diagnosis/*physiopathology, Postoperative Period, Psychosurgery/*methods, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Temporal Lobe/physiopathology, Visual Perception/*physiology},
pages = {396--404},
}Genetic structures and linguistic boundaries in Italy: a microregional approach. Manni, F. & Barrai, I. Hum Biol, 73(3):335-347, 2001.
Paper abstract bibtex
Paper abstract bibtex The amount of genetic data (sequences, gene frequencies, and isonymy) available for the Province of Ferrara, Italy, makes this area one of the world's best known. In an effort to infer the underlying demographic processes, we studied the province's population structure by comparing geological, palaeoclimatic, archeological, historical, and linguistic data. This multilevel approach allowed us to date some characteristics of the population structure from prehistoric times to the Roman and Middle Ages, and to detect overlapping biological, cultural, and geographic boundaries. To detect linguistic boundaries within this area we turned pronunciation differences into phonetic notation. We then computed pairwise distances by using methods for multiple genetic sequence analysis, in order to obtain a distance matrix of the overall pronunciation variability. This approach enabled us to test the association among linguistic, geographical, and genetic distance matrices using the same statistical tests. Results indicate that demographic phenomena can be traced in an area as small as the Province of Ferrara and that, on a microregional scale, recent events may have influenced important aspects of the overall genetic variation.
@article{
title = {Genetic structures and linguistic boundaries in Italy: a microregional approach},
type = {article},
year = {2001},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {*Genetics, Population,*Linguistics,*Names,*Population Dynamics,Geography,Human,Italy,Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
pages = {335-347},
volume = {73},
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notes = {<m:note>Journal Article</m:note>},
abstract = {The amount of genetic data (sequences, gene frequencies, and isonymy) available for the Province of Ferrara, Italy, makes this area one of the world's best known. In an effort to infer the underlying demographic processes, we studied the province's population structure by comparing geological, palaeoclimatic, archeological, historical, and linguistic data. This multilevel approach allowed us to date some characteristics of the population structure from prehistoric times to the Roman and Middle Ages, and to detect overlapping biological, cultural, and geographic boundaries. To detect linguistic boundaries within this area we turned pronunciation differences into phonetic notation. We then computed pairwise distances by using methods for multiple genetic sequence analysis, in order to obtain a distance matrix of the overall pronunciation variability. This approach enabled us to test the association among linguistic, geographical, and genetic distance matrices using the same statistical tests. Results indicate that demographic phenomena can be traced in an area as small as the Province of Ferrara and that, on a microregional scale, recent events may have influenced important aspects of the overall genetic variation.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Manni, F and Barrai, I},
journal = {Hum Biol},
number = {3}
}2000 (7)
Learning of action through adaptive combination of motor primitives. Thoroughman, K. & Shadmehr, R Nature, 407(6805):742-7, 2000.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Understanding how the brain constructs movements remains a fundamental challenge in neuroscience. The brain may control complex movements through flexible combination of motor primitives, where each primitive is an element of computation in the sensorimotor map that transforms desired limb trajectories into motor commands. Theoretical studies have shown that a system's ability to learn action depends on the shape of its primitives. Using a time-series analysis of error patterns, here we show that humans learn the dynamics of reaching movements through a flexible combination of primitives that have gaussian-like tuning functions encoding hand velocity. The wide tuning of the inferred primitives predicts limitations on the brain's ability to represent viscous dynamics. We find close agreement between the predicted limitations and the subjects' adaptation to new force fields. The mathematical properties of the derived primitives resemble the tuning curves of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. The activity of these cells may encode primitives that underlie the learning of dynamics.
@Article{Thoroughman2000,
author = {KA Thoroughman and R Shadmehr},
journal = {Nature},
title = {Learning of action through adaptive combination of motor primitives.},
year = {2000},
number = {6805},
pages = {742-7},
volume = {407},
abstract = {Understanding how the brain constructs movements remains a fundamental
challenge in neuroscience. The brain may control complex movements
through flexible combination of motor primitives, where each primitive
is an element of computation in the sensorimotor map that transforms
desired limb trajectories into motor commands. Theoretical studies
have shown that a system's ability to learn action depends on the
shape of its primitives. Using a time-series analysis of error patterns,
here we show that humans learn the dynamics of reaching movements
through a flexible combination of primitives that have gaussian-like
tuning functions encoding hand velocity. The wide tuning of the inferred
primitives predicts limitations on the brain's ability to represent
viscous dynamics. We find close agreement between the predicted limitations
and the subjects' adaptation to new force fields. The mathematical
properties of the derived primitives resemble the tuning curves of
Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. The activity of these cells may
encode primitives that underlie the learning of dynamics.},
doi = {10.1038/35037588},
keywords = {Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, Concept Formation, Form Perception, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Shrews, P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Cochlea, Ear, Gerbillinae, Glycine, Hearing, Neurons, Space Perception, Strychnine, Adolescent, Decision Making, Reaction Time, Astrocytoma, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Evoked Potentials, Frontal Lobe, Noise, Parietal Lobe, Scalp, Child, Language Development, Psycholinguistics, Brain, Perception, Speech, Vocalization, Animal, Discrimination (Psychology), Hippocampus, Rats, Calcium, Chelating Agents, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Glutamic Acid, Guanosine Diphosphate, In Vitro, Neuronal Plasticity, Pyramidal Cells, Receptors, AMPA, Metabotropic Glutamate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Somatosensory Cortex, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Thionucleotides, Action Potentials, Calcium Channels, L-Type, Electric Conductivity, Entorhinal Cortex, Neurological, Long-Evans, Infant, Mathematics, Statistics, Probability Learning, Problem Solving, Psychophysics, Association Learning, Child Psychology, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Probability Theory, Analysis of Variance, Semantics, Symbolism, Behavior, Eye Movements, Macaca mulatta, Prefrontal Cortex, Cats, Dogs, Haplorhini, Photic Stimulation, Electroencephalography, Nervous System Physiology, Darkness, Grasshoppers, Light, Membrane Potentials, Neural Inhibition, Afferent, Picrotoxin, Vision, Deoxyglucose, Injections, Microspheres, Neural Pathways, Rhodamines, Choice Behavior, Speech Perception, Verbal Learning, Dominance, Cerebral, Fixation, Ocular, Language Tests, Random Allocation, Comparative Study, Saguinus, Sound Spectrography, Species Specificity, Audiometry, Auditory Threshold, Calibration, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Anesthesia, General, Electrodes, Implanted, Pitch Perception, Sound Localization, Paired-Associate Learning, Serial Learning, Auditory, Age Factors, Motion Perception, Brain Injuries, Computer Simulation, Blindness, Psychomotor Performance, Color Perception, Signal Detection (Psychology), Judgment, ROC Curve, Regression Analysis, Music, Probability, Arm, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Hemiplegia, Movement, Muscle, Skeletal, Myoclonus, Robotics, Magnetoencephalography, Phonetics, Software, Speech Production Measurement, Epilepsies, Partial, Laterality, Stereotaxic Techniques, Germany, Speech Acoustics, Verbal Behavior, Child Development, Instinct, Brain Stem, Coma, Diagnosis, Differential, Hearing Disorders, Hearing Loss, Central, Neuroma, Acoustic, Dendrites, Down-Regulation, Patch-Clamp Techniques, Wistar, Up-Regulation, Aged, Aphasia, Middle Aged, Cones (Retina), Primates, Retina, Retinal Ganglion Cells, Tympanic Membrane, Cell Communication, Extremities, Biological, Motor Activity, Rana catesbeiana, Spinal Cord, Central Nervous System, Motion, Motor Cortex, Intelligence, Macaca fascicularis, Adoption, Critical Period (Psychology), France, Korea, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Multilingualism, Auditory Pathways, Cochlear Nerve, Loudness Perception, Neural Conduction, Sensory Thresholds, Sound, Language Disorders, Preschool, Generalization (Psychology), Vocabulary, Biophysics, Nerve Net, Potassium Channels, Sodium Channels, Cues, Differential Threshold, Arousal, Newborn, Sucking Behavior, Ferrets, Microelectrodes, Gestalt Theory, Mathematical Computing, Perceptual Closure, Vestibulocochlear Nerve, Brain Damage, Chronic, Regional Blood Flow, Thinking, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Case-Control Studies, Multivariate Analysis, Artificial Intelligence, Depth Perception, 11048700},
}Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers. Maguire, E A, Gadian, D G, Johnsrude, I S, Good, C D, Ashburner, J, Frackowiak, R S, & Frith, C D Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 97(8):4398–4403, 2000. Place: UNITED STATES ISBN: 0027-8424
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Structural MRIs of the brains of humans with extensive navigation experience, licensed London taxi drivers, were analyzed and compared with those of control subjects who did not drive taxis. The posterior hippocampi of taxi drivers were significantly larger relative to those of control subjects. A more anterior hippocampal region was larger in control subjects than in taxi drivers. Hippocampal volume correlated with the amount of time spent as a taxi driver (positively in the posterior and negatively in the anterior hippocampus). These data are in accordance with the idea that the posterior hippocampus stores a spatial representation of the environment and can expand regionally to accommodate elaboration of this representation in people with a high dependence on navigational skills. It seems that there is a capacity for local plastic change in the structure of the healthy adult human brain in response to environmental demands.
@article{maguire_navigation-related_2000,
title = {Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers.},
volume = {97},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.070039597},
abstract = {Structural MRIs of the brains of humans with extensive navigation experience, licensed London taxi drivers, were analyzed and compared with those of control subjects who did not drive taxis. The posterior hippocampi of taxi drivers were significantly larger relative to those of control subjects. A more anterior hippocampal region was larger in control subjects than in taxi drivers. Hippocampal volume correlated with the amount of time spent as a taxi driver (positively in the posterior and negatively in the anterior hippocampus). These data are in accordance with the idea that the posterior hippocampus stores a spatial representation of the environment and can expand regionally to accommodate elaboration of this representation in people with a high dependence on navigational skills. It seems that there is a capacity for local plastic change in the structure of the healthy adult human brain in response to environmental demands.},
language = {eng},
number = {8},
journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
author = {Maguire, E A and Gadian, D G and Johnsrude, I S and Good, C D and Ashburner, J and Frackowiak, R S and Frith, C D},
year = {2000},
pmid = {10716738},
note = {Place: UNITED STATES
ISBN: 0027-8424},
keywords = {Adult, Automobile Driving, Hippocampus, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Orientation, research support, non-u.s. gov't},
pages = {4398--4403},
}Mapping of functional organization in human visual cortex: electrical cortical stimulation. Lee, H., Hong, S., Seo, D., Tae, W., & Hong, S. Neurology, 54(4):849–54, 2000.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the pattern of functional organization in the human visual cortex through electrical cortical stimulation. METHODS: Electrical cortical stimulation was applied to the occipital cortex and adjacent cortices using subdural grid electrodes in 23 epilepsy patients. Diverse visual responses were recorded. These responses were divided into different categories according to the specific response modalities, such as form, color, and motion. Form visual responses were further subdivided into simple, intermediate, and complex responses. The cortical localization of subdural electrodes was identified using MRI-CT coregistration. The cortical distribution of different visual responses was projected into three-dimensional surface renderings of the brain. The distribution and frequency of subdural electrodes showing different visual responses were quantified by calculating the percentage of the number of electrodes showing one specific type of visual response at the corresponding anatomic region to the total number of electrodes in all brain regions that produced the same response. RESULTS: Simple form responses were obtained mostly at the occipital pole and the inferior occipital gyrus (47.4%) and the striate cortex (42.4%). Intermediate form responses occurred mainly on the peristriate cortex (52.5%) and the lateral occipital (28.0%) and fusiform gyri (19.5%). Complex forms were produced by stimulation of the basal temporo-occipital region (57.6%) and the lateral temporal or lateral temporo-occipital junctional region (42.4%). Color responses occurred on the basal occipital area, mostly at the fusiform (40.0%) and lingual gyri (36.0%). Moving sensations were evoked by stimulation of the basal temporo-occipital (28.4%) and the mesial parieto-occipital or temporo-parieto-occipital junctional regions (23.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Different modalities of vision, such as form, color, and moving sensation, appeared to be distributed and organized in different areas of the human visual cortex.
@article{lee_mapping_2000,
title = {Mapping of functional organization in human visual cortex: electrical cortical stimulation},
volume = {54},
doi = {10/gpckkm},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To investigate the pattern of functional organization in the human visual cortex through electrical cortical stimulation. METHODS: Electrical cortical stimulation was applied to the occipital cortex and adjacent cortices using subdural grid electrodes in 23 epilepsy patients. Diverse visual responses were recorded. These responses were divided into different categories according to the specific response modalities, such as form, color, and motion. Form visual responses were further subdivided into simple, intermediate, and complex responses. The cortical localization of subdural electrodes was identified using MRI-CT coregistration. The cortical distribution of different visual responses was projected into three-dimensional surface renderings of the brain. The distribution and frequency of subdural electrodes showing different visual responses were quantified by calculating the percentage of the number of electrodes showing one specific type of visual response at the corresponding anatomic region to the total number of electrodes in all brain regions that produced the same response. RESULTS: Simple form responses were obtained mostly at the occipital pole and the inferior occipital gyrus (47.4\%) and the striate cortex (42.4\%). Intermediate form responses occurred mainly on the peristriate cortex (52.5\%) and the lateral occipital (28.0\%) and fusiform gyri (19.5\%). Complex forms were produced by stimulation of the basal temporo-occipital region (57.6\%) and the lateral temporal or lateral temporo-occipital junctional region (42.4\%). Color responses occurred on the basal occipital area, mostly at the fusiform (40.0\%) and lingual gyri (36.0\%). Moving sensations were evoked by stimulation of the basal temporo-occipital (28.4\%) and the mesial parieto-occipital or temporo-parieto-occipital junctional regions (23.9\%). CONCLUSIONS: Different modalities of vision, such as form, color, and moving sensation, appeared to be distributed and organized in different areas of the human visual cortex.},
number = {4},
journal = {Neurology},
author = {Lee, H.W. and Hong, S.B. and Seo, D.W. and Tae, W.S. and Hong, S.C.},
year = {2000},
keywords = {\#nosource, Adolescence, Adult, Brain Mapping, Electric Stimulation, Epilepsy/*pathology/*physiopathology, Female, Human, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Visual Cortex/*pathology/*physiopathology},
pages = {849--54},
}An fMRI study of the selective activation of human extrastriate form vision areas by radial and concentric gratings. Wilkinson, F, James, T W, Wilson, H R, Gati, J S, Menon, R S, & Goodale, M A Curr Biol, 10(22):1455–1458, 2000.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
The ventral form vision pathway of the primate brain comprises a sequence of areas that include V1, V2, V4 and the inferior temporal cortex (IT) [1]. Although contour extraction in the V1 area and responses to complex images, such as faces, in the IT have been studied extensively, much less is known about shape extraction at intermediate cortical levels such as V4. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to demonstrate that the human V4 is more strongly activated by concentric and radial patterns than by conventional sinusoidal gratings. This is consistent with global pooling of local V1 orientations to extract concentric and radial shape information in V4. Furthermore, concentric patterns were found to be effective in activating the fusiform face area. These findings support recent psychophysical [2,3] and physiological [4,5] data indicating that analysis of concentric and radial structure represents an important aspect of processing at intermediate levels of form vision.
@article{wilkinson_fmri_2000,
title = {An {fMRI} study of the selective activation of human extrastriate form vision areas by radial and concentric gratings},
volume = {10},
abstract = {The ventral form vision pathway of the primate brain comprises a sequence of areas that include V1, V2, V4 and the inferior temporal cortex (IT) [1]. Although contour extraction in the V1 area and responses to complex images, such as faces, in the IT have been studied extensively, much less is known about shape extraction at intermediate cortical levels such as V4. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to demonstrate that the human V4 is more strongly activated by concentric and radial patterns than by conventional sinusoidal gratings. This is consistent with global pooling of local V1 orientations to extract concentric and radial shape information in V4. Furthermore, concentric patterns were found to be effective in activating the fusiform face area. These findings support recent psychophysical [2,3] and physiological [4,5] data indicating that analysis of concentric and radial structure represents an important aspect of processing at intermediate levels of form vision.},
number = {22},
journal = {Curr Biol},
author = {Wilkinson, F and James, T W and Wilson, H R and Gati, J S and Menon, R S and Goodale, M A},
year = {2000},
pmid = {11102809},
keywords = {Brain Mapping, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Vision/*physiology, Visual Cortex/*physiology, Visual Perception/*physiology},
pages = {1455--1458},
}Founder BRCA1 mutations and two novel germline BRCA2 mutations in breast and/or ovarian cancer families from North-Eastern Poland. van Der Looij, M., Wysocka, B., Brozek, I., Jassem, J., Limon, J., & Olah, E. Hum Mutat, 15(5):480-1., 2000.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Germline mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes account for the majority of high-risk breast/ovarian cancer families, depending on the population studied. Previously, BRCA1 mutations were described in women from Western Poland. To further characterize the spectrum of BRCA1 mutations and the impact of BRCA2 mutations in Poland, we have analyzed 25 high-risk breast and/or ovarian cancer families from North-Eastern Poland for mutations in all coding exons of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, using combined heteroduplex analysis/SSCP followed by direct DNA sequence analysis. Out of 25 probands a total of five (20%) carried three recurrent BRCA1 mutations (300T>G, 3819del5, 5382insC). The 300T>G mutation accounted for 60% (3/5) of BRCA1 mutations and allelotyping suggested a common founder of this mutation. No unique mutations were found. In addition, we identified three BRCA2 (12%) mutations, one recurrent 4075delGT, and two novel frameshift mutations, 7327ins/dupl19 and 9068delA. We conclude that 30% of high-risk families from North-Eastern Poland may be due to recurrent BRCA1 and unique BRCA2 mutations. Intriguingly, the BRCA1 mutation spectrum seems to be different within subregions of Poland.
@article{
title = {Founder BRCA1 mutations and two novel germline BRCA2 mutations in breast and/or ovarian cancer families from North-Eastern Poland},
type = {article},
year = {2000},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {*Founder Effect,Adult,Aged,Aged, 80 and over,BRCA1 Protein/*genetics,BRCA2 Protein,Breast Neoplasms/*genetics,Female,Genetic Markers/genetics,Germ-Line Mutation/*genetics,Human,Male,Middle Age,Neoplasm Proteins/*genetics,Ovarian Neoplasms/*genetics,Poland,Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.,Transcription Factors/*genetics},
pages = {480-1.},
volume = {15},
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read = {false},
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notes = {<m:note>eng<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
abstract = {Germline mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes account for the majority of high-risk breast/ovarian cancer families, depending on the population studied. Previously, BRCA1 mutations were described in women from Western Poland. To further characterize the spectrum of BRCA1 mutations and the impact of BRCA2 mutations in Poland, we have analyzed 25 high-risk breast and/or ovarian cancer families from North-Eastern Poland for mutations in all coding exons of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, using combined heteroduplex analysis/SSCP followed by direct DNA sequence analysis. Out of 25 probands a total of five (20%) carried three recurrent BRCA1 mutations (300T>G, 3819del5, 5382insC). The 300T>G mutation accounted for 60% (3/5) of BRCA1 mutations and allelotyping suggested a common founder of this mutation. No unique mutations were found. In addition, we identified three BRCA2 (12%) mutations, one recurrent 4075delGT, and two novel frameshift mutations, 7327ins/dupl19 and 9068delA. We conclude that 30% of high-risk families from North-Eastern Poland may be due to recurrent BRCA1 and unique BRCA2 mutations. Intriguingly, the BRCA1 mutation spectrum seems to be different within subregions of Poland.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {van Der Looij, M and Wysocka, B and Brozek, I and Jassem, J and Limon, J and Olah, E},
journal = {Hum Mutat},
number = {5}
}The functional neuroanatomy of social behaviour: changes in cerebral blood flow when people with autistic disorder process facial expressions. Critchley, H D, Daly, E M, Bullmore, E T, Williams, S C, Van Amelsvoort, T, Robertson, D M, Rowe, A, Phillips, M, McAlonan, G, Howlin, P, & Murphy, D G Brain, 123 ( Pt 1:2203–2212, 2000.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Although high-functioning individuals with autistic disorder (i.e. autism and Asperger syndrome) are of normal intelligence, they have life-long abnormalities in social communication and emotional behaviour. However, the biological basis of social difficulties in autism is poorly understood. Facial expressions help shape behaviour, and we investigated if high-functioning people with autistic disorder show neurobiological differences from controls when processing emotional facial expressions. We used functional MRI to investigate brain activity in nine adults with autistic disorder (mean age +/- standard deviation 37 +/- 7 years; IQ 102 +/- 15) and nine controls (27 +/- 7 years; IQ 116 +/- 10) when explicitly (consciously) and implicitly (unconsciously) processing emotional facial expressions. Subjects with autistic disorder differed significantly from controls in the activity of cerebellar, mesolimbic and temporal lobe cortical regions of the brain when processing facial expressions. Notably, they did not activate a cortical 'face area' when explicitly appraising expressions, or the left amygdala region and left cerebellum when implicitly processing emotional facial expressions. High-functioning people with autistic disorder have biological differences from controls when consciously and unconsciously processing facial emotions, and these differences are most likely to be neurodevelopmental in origin. This may account for some of the abnormalities in social behaviour associated with autism.
@article{critchley_functional_2000,
title = {The functional neuroanatomy of social behaviour: changes in cerebral blood flow when people with autistic disorder process facial expressions},
volume = {123 ( Pt 1},
abstract = {Although high-functioning individuals with autistic disorder (i.e. autism and Asperger syndrome) are of normal intelligence, they have life-long abnormalities in social communication and emotional behaviour. However, the biological basis of social difficulties in autism is poorly understood. Facial expressions help shape behaviour, and we investigated if high-functioning people with autistic disorder show neurobiological differences from controls when processing emotional facial expressions. We used functional MRI to investigate brain activity in nine adults with autistic disorder (mean age +/- standard deviation 37 +/- 7 years; IQ 102 +/- 15) and nine controls (27 +/- 7 years; IQ 116 +/- 10) when explicitly (consciously) and implicitly (unconsciously) processing emotional facial expressions. Subjects with autistic disorder differed significantly from controls in the activity of cerebellar, mesolimbic and temporal lobe cortical regions of the brain when processing facial expressions. Notably, they did not activate a cortical 'face area' when explicitly appraising expressions, or the left amygdala region and left cerebellum when implicitly processing emotional facial expressions. High-functioning people with autistic disorder have biological differences from controls when consciously and unconsciously processing facial emotions, and these differences are most likely to be neurodevelopmental in origin. This may account for some of the abnormalities in social behaviour associated with autism.},
journal = {Brain},
author = {Critchley, H D and Daly, E M and Bullmore, E T and Williams, S C and Van Amelsvoort, T and Robertson, D M and Rowe, A and Phillips, M and McAlonan, G and Howlin, P and Murphy, D G},
year = {2000},
pmid = {11050021},
keywords = {*Facial Expression, Adult, Asperger Syndrome/pathology/*physiopathology/psych, Autistic Disorder/pathology/*physiopathology/psych, Brain Mapping, Brain/pathology/*physiopathology, Cerebrovascular Circulation/physiology, Emotions/*physiology, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neural Pathways/pathology/physiopathology, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychomotor Performance/physiology, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Social Behavior Disorders/etiology/pathology/*phys, Visual Perception/*physiology},
pages = {2203--2212},
}Why are the majority of hereditary cases of early-onset breast cancer sporadic? A simulation study. Cui, J. & Hopper, J., L. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 9(8):805-12., 2000.
Paper abstract bibtex
Paper abstract bibtex Population-based studies, including those of Ashkenazi Jews, have observed that at least 50% of women with early-onset breast cancer who carry a germ line mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 do not report a family history of the disease. That is, the majority of "hereditary" cases are "sporadic." Furthermore, the great majority of "familial breast cancers" are not hereditary. We conducted a simulation study to evaluate the probability that a woman with early-onset breast cancer is a mutation carrier, given the number of affected relatives, for a range of plausible values of allele frequency (0.001-0.01), and increased risk in mutation carriers (5-20, equivalent to cumulative risks to age 70 of 25-70%, respectively, for Australian women). Families consisted of a case proband and her mother, sisters, and maternal and paternal grandmothers, and aunts. The numbers of sisters and aunts were generated according to Poisson distributions, and ages were assigned according to a Weibull distribution. The simulated distributions of family history and of the prevalence of mutation carriers among case probands were in general similar to those observed in population-based studies, although there was a suggestion of heterogeneity of breast cancer risk in mutation carriers. As is being observed empirically in population-based samples, a family history of breast cancer was not a strong predictor of mutation status; each affected female relative increased the risk of being a mutation carrier by only 2- to 3-fold. The probability of being a mutation carrier was generally low, except in families with extreme histories of breast cancer.
@article{
title = {Why are the majority of hereditary cases of early-onset breast cancer sporadic? A simulation study},
type = {article},
year = {2000},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {Adult,Age Distribution,Age of Onset,Aged,Australia/epidemiology,Breast Neoplasms/*epidemiology/ethnology/*genetics,Computer Simulation,Family Health,Female,Gene Frequency,Genes, BRCA1,Great Britain/epidemiology,Human,Jews/statistics & numerical data,Middle Age,Models, Genetic,Mutation,Pedigree,Prevalence,Singapore/epidemiology,Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.,Washington/epidemiology},
pages = {805-12.},
volume = {9},
id = {373ef46c-3714-3339-8c8d-5b9047cf28e7},
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notes = {<m:note>eng<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
abstract = {Population-based studies, including those of Ashkenazi Jews, have observed that at least 50% of women with early-onset breast cancer who carry a germ line mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 do not report a family history of the disease. That is, the majority of "hereditary" cases are "sporadic." Furthermore, the great majority of "familial breast cancers" are not hereditary. We conducted a simulation study to evaluate the probability that a woman with early-onset breast cancer is a mutation carrier, given the number of affected relatives, for a range of plausible values of allele frequency (0.001-0.01), and increased risk in mutation carriers (5-20, equivalent to cumulative risks to age 70 of 25-70%, respectively, for Australian women). Families consisted of a case proband and her mother, sisters, and maternal and paternal grandmothers, and aunts. The numbers of sisters and aunts were generated according to Poisson distributions, and ages were assigned according to a Weibull distribution. The simulated distributions of family history and of the prevalence of mutation carriers among case probands were in general similar to those observed in population-based studies, although there was a suggestion of heterogeneity of breast cancer risk in mutation carriers. As is being observed empirically in population-based samples, a family history of breast cancer was not a strong predictor of mutation status; each affected female relative increased the risk of being a mutation carrier by only 2- to 3-fold. The probability of being a mutation carrier was generally low, except in families with extreme histories of breast cancer.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Cui, J and Hopper, J L},
journal = {Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev},
number = {8}
}1999 (9)
Velocity invariance of receptive field structure in somatosensory cortical area 3b of the alert monkey. DiCarlo, J J & Johnson, K O J Neurosci, 19(1):401–419, 1999. Place: UNITED STATES ISBN: 0270-6474
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
This is the second in a series of studies of the neural representation of tactile spatial form in cortical area 3b of the alert monkey. We previously studied the spatial structure of 330 area 3b neuronal receptive fields (RFs) on the fingerpad with random dot patterns scanned at one velocity (40 mm/sec; ). Here, we analyze the temporal structure of 84 neuronal RFs by studying their spatial structure at three scanning velocities (20, 40, and 80 mm/sec). As in the previous study, most RFs contained a single, central, excitatory region and one or more surrounding or flanking inhibitory regions. The mean time delay between skin stimulation and its excitatory effect was 15.5 msec. Except for differences in mean rate, each neuron's response and the spatial structure of its RF were essentially unaffected by scanning velocity. This is the expected outcome when excitatory and inhibitory effects are brief and synchronous. However, that interpretation is consistent neither with the reported timing of excitation and inhibition in somatosensory cortex nor with the third study in this series, which investigates the effect of scanning direction and shows that one component of inhibition lags behind excitation. We reconcile these observations by showing that overlapping (in-field) inhibition delayed relative to excitation can produce RF spatial structure that is unaffected by changes in scanning velocity. Regardless of the mechanisms, the velocity invariance of area 3b RF structure is consistent with the velocity invariance of tactile spatial perception (e.g., roughness estimation and form recognition).
@article{dicarlo_velocity_1999,
title = {Velocity invariance of receptive field structure in somatosensory cortical area 3b of the alert monkey.},
volume = {19},
abstract = {This is the second in a series of studies of the neural representation of tactile spatial form in cortical area 3b of the alert monkey. We previously studied the spatial structure of 330 area 3b neuronal receptive fields (RFs) on the fingerpad with random dot patterns scanned at one velocity (40 mm/sec; ). Here, we analyze the temporal structure of 84 neuronal RFs by studying their spatial structure at three scanning velocities (20, 40, and 80 mm/sec). As in the previous study, most RFs contained a single, central, excitatory region and one or more surrounding or flanking inhibitory regions. The mean time delay between skin stimulation and its excitatory effect was 15.5 msec. Except for differences in mean rate, each neuron's response and the spatial structure of its RF were essentially unaffected by scanning velocity. This is the expected outcome when excitatory and inhibitory effects are brief and synchronous. However, that interpretation is consistent neither with the reported timing of excitation and inhibition in somatosensory cortex nor with the third study in this series, which investigates the effect of scanning direction and shows that one component of inhibition lags behind excitation. We reconcile these observations by showing that overlapping (in-field) inhibition delayed relative to excitation can produce RF spatial structure that is unaffected by changes in scanning velocity. Regardless of the mechanisms, the velocity invariance of area 3b RF structure is consistent with the velocity invariance of tactile spatial perception (e.g., roughness estimation and form recognition).},
language = {eng},
number = {1},
journal = {J Neurosci},
author = {DiCarlo, J J and Johnson, K O},
year = {1999},
pmid = {9870969},
note = {Place: UNITED STATES
ISBN: 0270-6474},
keywords = {Adaptation, Physiological, Animals, Brain Mapping, Cortical Synchronization, Evoked Potentials, Female, Macaca mulatta, Male, Neural Inhibition, Somatosensory Cortex, Visual Fields, comparative study, research support, non-u.s. gov't, research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
pages = {401--419},
}Unique PABP2 mutations in "Cajuns" suggest multiple founders of oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy in populations with French ancestry. Scacheri, P., C., Garcia, C., Hébert, R., Hoffman, E., P., & Hebert, R. Am J Med Genet, 86(5):477-481, 10, 1999.
Paper Website abstract bibtex
Paper Website abstract bibtex Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) is an adult-onset autosomal dominant myopathy found world-wide, but with the highest incidence in French-Canadians. Short GCG expansions in the poly(A) binding protein 2 (PABP2) gene were identified recently as the molecular basis for OPMD in French-Canadians. All French-Canadian cases of OPMD have been traced to a single founder couple [Bouchard, 1997: Neuromuscul Disord 7(Suppl):S5-S11]. Cultural links between French-Canadians and Cajuns suggest that this same founder couple may have transmitted the OPMD mutation to Cajuns as well. To determine if OPMD patients from Louisiana share a founder effect with French-Canadian families, we collected blood samples and muscle biopsies from several Cajuns with OPMD for mutation and linkage studies. We found a unique 'GCA GCG GCG' insertion mutation in Cajuns. Consistent with these sequence data, we identified a disease haplotype in our Cajun families that is different from the ancestral haplotype defined in French-Canadians. These data prove that different founders introduced the PABP2 mutation to Cajuns and French-Canadians and lend support to emerging genealogical data suggesting that French-Canadians and Cajuns represent distinct immigrant groups from France.
@article{
title = {Unique PABP2 mutations in "Cajuns" suggest multiple founders of oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy in populations with French ancestry},
type = {article},
year = {1999},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {Base Sequence,Canada,Canada/ethnology,Canada: ethnology,DNA-Binding Proteins,DNA-Binding Proteins/*genetics,DNA-Binding Proteins: genetics,Ethnic Groups,Ethnic Groups/*genetics,Ethnic Groups: genetics,Female,France,France/ethnology,France: ethnology,Human,Humans,Louisiana,Male,Microsatellite Repeats,Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics,Microsatellite Repeats: genetics,Muscular Dystrophies,Muscular Dystrophies/*genetics,Muscular Dystrophies: genetics,Non-U.S. Gov't,Pedigree,Poly(A)-Binding Protein II,Support},
pages = {477-481},
volume = {86},
websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10508991},
month = {10},
day = {29},
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notes = {<m:note> <m:bold>From Duplicate 1 ( </m:bold> <m:bold> </m:bold><m:bold><m:italic>Unique PABP2 mutations in "Cajuns" suggest multiple founders of oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy in populations with French ancestry</m:italic></m:bold><m:bold> </m:bold> <m:bold> - Scacheri, P C; Garcia, C; Hebert, R; Hoffman, E P )<m:linebreak/> </m:bold> <m:linebreak/>Journal Article<m:linebreak/> <m:linebreak/> </m:note>},
abstract = {Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) is an adult-onset autosomal dominant myopathy found world-wide, but with the highest incidence in French-Canadians. Short GCG expansions in the poly(A) binding protein 2 (PABP2) gene were identified recently as the molecular basis for OPMD in French-Canadians. All French-Canadian cases of OPMD have been traced to a single founder couple [Bouchard, 1997: Neuromuscul Disord 7(Suppl):S5-S11]. Cultural links between French-Canadians and Cajuns suggest that this same founder couple may have transmitted the OPMD mutation to Cajuns as well. To determine if OPMD patients from Louisiana share a founder effect with French-Canadian families, we collected blood samples and muscle biopsies from several Cajuns with OPMD for mutation and linkage studies. We found a unique 'GCA GCG GCG' insertion mutation in Cajuns. Consistent with these sequence data, we identified a disease haplotype in our Cajun families that is different from the ancestral haplotype defined in French-Canadians. These data prove that different founders introduced the PABP2 mutation to Cajuns and French-Canadians and lend support to emerging genealogical data suggesting that French-Canadians and Cajuns represent distinct immigrant groups from France.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Scacheri, P C and Garcia, C and Hébert, R and Hoffman, E P and Hebert, R},
journal = {Am J Med Genet},
number = {5}
}Do infants learn grammar with algebra or statistics?. Eimas, P. Science, 284(5413):435-6; author reply 436-7, 1999.
bibtex
bibtex
@Article{Eimas1999,
author = {PD Eimas},
journal = {Science},
title = {Do infants learn grammar with algebra or statistics?},
year = {1999},
number = {5413},
pages = {435-6; author reply 436-7},
volume = {284},
keywords = {Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, Concept Formation, Form Perception, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Shrews, P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Cochlea, Ear, Gerbillinae, Glycine, Hearing, Neurons, Space Perception, Strychnine, Adolescent, Decision Making, Reaction Time, Astrocytoma, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Evoked Potentials, Frontal Lobe, Noise, Parietal Lobe, Scalp, Child, Language Development, Psycholinguistics, Brain, Perception, Speech, Vocalization, Animal, Discrimination (Psychology), Hippocampus, Rats, Calcium, Chelating Agents, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Glutamic Acid, Guanosine Diphosphate, In Vitro, Neuronal Plasticity, Pyramidal Cells, Receptors, AMPA, Metabotropic Glutamate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Somatosensory Cortex, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Thionucleotides, Action Potentials, Calcium Channels, L-Type, Electric Conductivity, Entorhinal Cortex, Neurological, Long-Evans, Infant, Mathematics, Statistics, 9872745},
}A distortion of perceived space in patients with right-hemisphere lesions and visual hemineglect. Irving-Bell, L., Small, M., & Cowey, A. Neuropsychologia, 37(8):919–25, 1999.
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex In twelve patients with left visuospatial hemineglect following acute right hemisphere cerebrovascular accident (CVA), and in twelve normal controls, we used a matching task to investigate judgement of the length of lines. Their task was to choose which of three lines of different length matched a separate single line. On each trial, the lines were all vertical or all horizontal. The set of three lines was presented either to the left or the right of the single line. When the lines were vertical, the choices made both by normal subjects and patients were nearly always correct. However, when the lines were horizontal and the set of comparison lines was on the left, patients mostly selected a line that was longer than the sample on the right, and never chose shorter lines, suggesting that the length of horizontal lines on the left was underestimated. When the set of three lines was on the right, patients chose the correct line more often, but made errors in both directions, i.e. longer or shorter, although shorter lines were chosen more often than longer lines. The rare errors made by normal subjects were in the same directions as those observed in the patients. The results provide further evidence for a non-Euclidean distortion of perceptual space in patients with left sided visuospatial neglect, and suggest that this distortion could be a gross exaggeration of normal performance or a product of diminished spatial attention, or both.
@article{irving-bell_distortion_1999,
title = {A distortion of perceived space in patients with right-hemisphere lesions and visual hemineglect},
volume = {37},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10426517},
doi = {10/drssvr},
abstract = {In twelve patients with left visuospatial hemineglect following acute right hemisphere cerebrovascular accident (CVA), and in twelve normal controls, we used a matching task to investigate judgement of the length of lines. Their task was to choose which of three lines of different length matched a separate single line. On each trial, the lines were all vertical or all horizontal. The set of three lines was presented either to the left or the right of the single line. When the lines were vertical, the choices made both by normal subjects and patients were nearly always correct. However, when the lines were horizontal and the set of comparison lines was on the left, patients mostly selected a line that was longer than the sample on the right, and never chose shorter lines, suggesting that the length of horizontal lines on the left was underestimated. When the set of three lines was on the right, patients chose the correct line more often, but made errors in both directions, i.e. longer or shorter, although shorter lines were chosen more often than longer lines. The rare errors made by normal subjects were in the same directions as those observed in the patients. The results provide further evidence for a non-Euclidean distortion of perceptual space in patients with left sided visuospatial neglect, and suggest that this distortion could be a gross exaggeration of normal performance or a product of diminished spatial attention, or both.},
number = {8},
journal = {Neuropsychologia},
author = {Irving-Bell, L. and Small, M. and Cowey, A.},
year = {1999},
keywords = {\#nosource, *Laterality, *Visual Perception, Aged, Attention, Brain/*pathology/physiopathology, Case-Control Studies, Cerebrovascular Disorders/*complications/pathology/physiopathology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Perceptual Disorders/*etiology/physiopathology, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Size Perception, Space Perception},
pages = {919--25},
}Perception's shadow: long-distance synchronization of human brain activity. Rodriguez, E., George, N., Lachaux, J., Martinerie, J., Renault, B., & Varela, F. Nature, 397(6718):430–433, 1999.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Transient periods of synchronization of oscillating neuronal discharges in the frequency range 30-80 Hz (gamma oscillations) have been proposed to act as an integrative mechanism that may bring a widely distributed set of neurons together into a coherent ensemble that underlies a cognitive act. Results of several experiments in animals provide support for this idea. In humans, gamma oscillations have been described both on the scalp (measured by electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography) and in intracortical recordings, but no direct participation of synchrony in a cognitive task has been demonstrated so far. Here we record electrical brain activity from subjects who are viewing ambiguous visual stimuli (perceived either as faces or as meaningless shapes). We show for the first time, to our knowledge, that only face perception induces a long-distance pattern of synchronization, corresponding to the moment of perception itself and to the ensuing motor response. A period of strong desynchronization marks the transition between the moment of perception and the motor response. We suggest that this desynchronization reflects a process of active uncoupling of the underlying neural ensembles that is necessary to proceed from one cognitive state to another.
@article{rodriguez_perceptions_1999,
title = {Perception's shadow: long-distance synchronization of human brain activity},
volume = {397},
doi = {10/fw7v3w},
abstract = {Transient periods of synchronization of oscillating neuronal discharges in the frequency range 30-80 Hz (gamma oscillations) have been proposed to act as an integrative mechanism that may bring a widely distributed set of neurons together into a coherent ensemble that underlies a cognitive act. Results of several experiments in animals provide support for this idea. In humans, gamma oscillations have been described both on the scalp (measured by electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography) and in intracortical recordings, but no direct participation of synchrony in a cognitive task has been demonstrated so far. Here we record electrical brain activity from subjects who are viewing ambiguous visual stimuli (perceived either as faces or as meaningless shapes). We show for the first time, to our knowledge, that only face perception induces a long-distance pattern of synchronization, corresponding to the moment of perception itself and to the ensuing motor response. A period of strong desynchronization marks the transition between the moment of perception and the motor response. We suggest that this desynchronization reflects a process of active uncoupling of the underlying neural ensembles that is necessary to proceed from one cognitive state to another.},
number = {6718},
journal = {Nature},
author = {Rodriguez, E. and George, N. and Lachaux, J.P. and Martinerie, J. and Renault, B. and Varela, F.J.},
year = {1999},
keywords = {\#nosource, *Cortical Synchronization, Adult, Cognition/*physiology, Electroencephalography, Face, Female, Human, Male, Reaction Time, Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Visual Perception/*physiology},
pages = {430--433},
}Individual differences in prefrontal activation asymmetry predict natural killer cell activity at rest and in response to challenge. Davidson, R J, Coe, C C, Dolski, I, & Donzella, B Brain Behav Immun, 13(2):93–108, 1999.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Reliable individual differences in electrophysiological measures of prefrontal activation asymmetry exist and predict dispositional mood and other psychological and biological indices of affective style. Subjects with greater relative right-sided activation report more dispositional negative affect and react with greater intensity to negative emotional challenges than their left-activated counterparts. We previously established that such individual differences in measures of prefrontal activation asymmetry were related to basal NK function, with left-activated subjects exhibiting higher levels of NK function than right-activated subjects. The present study was designed to replicate and extend these earlier findings. Subjects were tested in five experimental sessions over the course of 1 year. During the first two sessions, baseline measures of brain electrical activity were obtained to derive indices of asymmetric activation. During sessions 3 and 4, blood samples were taken during a nonstressful period in the semester and then 24 h prior to the subjects' most important final examination. During session 5, subjects were presented with positive and negative film clips 30 min in duration. Blood samples were obtained before and after the film clips. Subjects with greater relative right-sided activation at baseline showed lower levels of basal NK function. They also showed a greater decrease in NK function during the final exam period compared to the baseline period. Subjects with greater relative left-sided activation showed a larger increase in NK function from before to after the positive film clip. These findings indicate that individual differences in electrophysiological measures of asymmetric prefrontal activation account for a significant portion of variance in both basal levels of, and change in NK function.
@article{davidson_individual_1999,
title = {Individual differences in prefrontal activation asymmetry predict natural killer cell activity at rest and in response to challenge},
volume = {13},
abstract = {Reliable individual differences in electrophysiological measures of prefrontal activation asymmetry exist and predict dispositional mood and other psychological and biological indices of affective style. Subjects with greater relative right-sided activation report more dispositional negative affect and react with greater intensity to negative emotional challenges than their left-activated counterparts. We previously established that such individual differences in measures of prefrontal activation asymmetry were related to basal NK function, with left-activated subjects exhibiting higher levels of NK function than right-activated subjects. The present study was designed to replicate and extend these earlier findings. Subjects were tested in five experimental sessions over the course of 1 year. During the first two sessions, baseline measures of brain electrical activity were obtained to derive indices of asymmetric activation. During sessions 3 and 4, blood samples were taken during a nonstressful period in the semester and then 24 h prior to the subjects' most important final examination. During session 5, subjects were presented with positive and negative film clips 30 min in duration. Blood samples were obtained before and after the film clips. Subjects with greater relative right-sided activation at baseline showed lower levels of basal NK function. They also showed a greater decrease in NK function during the final exam period compared to the baseline period. Subjects with greater relative left-sided activation showed a larger increase in NK function from before to after the positive film clip. These findings indicate that individual differences in electrophysiological measures of asymmetric prefrontal activation account for a significant portion of variance in both basal levels of, and change in NK function.},
number = {2},
journal = {Brain Behav Immun},
author = {Davidson, R J and Coe, C C and Dolski, I and Donzella, B},
year = {1999},
pmid = {10373275},
keywords = {*Individuality, Adolescent, Adult, Electroencephalography, Emotions/physiology, Female, Humans, Killer Cells, Natural/*immunology, Laterality/*physiology, Male, Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
pages = {93--108},
}Attention accesses multiple reference frames: evidence from visual neglect. Behrmann, M & Tipper, S P J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 25(1):83–101, 1999.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Research with normal participants has demonstrated that mechanisms of selective attention can simultaneously gain access to internal representations of spatial information defined with respect to both location- and object-based frames of reference. The present study demonstrates that patients with unilateral spatial neglect following a right-hemisphere lesion are poorer at detecting information on the contralateral left side in both location- and object-based spatial coordinates simultaneously. Moreover, the extent of the neglect is modulated by the probability of a target's appearing in either reference frame; as the probability of sampling a target in a particular frame of reference increases, so does the severity of neglect in the frame. These findings suggest that attention can be flexibly and strategically assigned to a reference frame depending on the contingencies of the task.
@article{behrmann_attention_1999,
title = {Attention accesses multiple reference frames: evidence from visual neglect},
volume = {25},
abstract = {Research with normal participants has demonstrated that mechanisms of selective attention can simultaneously gain access to internal representations of spatial information defined with respect to both location- and object-based frames of reference. The present study demonstrates that patients with unilateral spatial neglect following a right-hemisphere lesion are poorer at detecting information on the contralateral left side in both location- and object-based spatial coordinates simultaneously. Moreover, the extent of the neglect is modulated by the probability of a target's appearing in either reference frame; as the probability of sampling a target in a particular frame of reference increases, so does the severity of neglect in the frame. These findings suggest that attention can be flexibly and strategically assigned to a reference frame depending on the contingencies of the task.},
number = {1},
journal = {J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform},
author = {Behrmann, M and Tipper, S P},
year = {1999},
pmid = {10069027},
keywords = {*Attention, *Field Dependence-Independence, *Orientation, *Pattern Recognition, Visual, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Brain Damage, Chronic/diagnosis, Dominance, Cerebral, Female, Hemianopsia/diagnosis, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
pages = {83--101},
}Identification of band-pass filtered letters and faces by human and ideal observers. Gold, J, Bennett, P J, & Sekuler, A B Vision Res, 39(21):3537–3560, 1999. Place: ENGLAND ISBN: 0042-6989
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
To better understand how the visual system makes use of information across spatial scales when identifying different kinds of complex patterns, we measured human and ideal contrast identification thresholds to estimate identification efficiency for 1- and 2-octave wide band-pass filtered letters and faces embedded in 2-D dynamic Gaussian noise. Varying stimulus center frequency from 1 to 70 c/object had different effects on letter and face identification efficiency. In the 2-octave conditions, identification efficiencies decreased by 0.25-0.5 log units for letters and 0.5-1.2 log units for faces as center frequency increased from 6.2 to 49.5 c/object, but only letters were identifiable at center frequencies below 6.2 c/object. In the 1-octave conditions, letter identification efficiencies increased by about 0.5 log units as center frequency increased from 1.1 to 2.2 c/object, and were nearly constant from 2.2 to 35 c/object. Letters were unidentifiable by human observers at 70 c/object. Surprisingly, face identification was impossible for human observers at all center frequencies except 8.8 c/object for one observer, and 8.8 and 17.5 c/object for a second observer. Ideal observer thresholds were obtained for both letters and faces in all conditions, so information was always available to perform the task. Thus, the failure to identify faces reflects constraints on visual processing rather than a lack of stimulus information. Selective spatial sampling may account for some of the differences between letter and face identification efficiencies.
@article{gold_identification_1999,
title = {Identification of band-pass filtered letters and faces by human and ideal observers.},
volume = {39},
abstract = {To better understand how the visual system makes use of information across spatial scales when identifying different kinds of complex patterns, we measured human and ideal contrast identification thresholds to estimate identification efficiency for 1- and 2-octave wide band-pass filtered letters and faces embedded in 2-D dynamic Gaussian noise. Varying stimulus center frequency from 1 to 70 c/object had different effects on letter and face identification efficiency. In the 2-octave conditions, identification efficiencies decreased by 0.25-0.5 log units for letters and 0.5-1.2 log units for faces as center frequency increased from 6.2 to 49.5 c/object, but only letters were identifiable at center frequencies below 6.2 c/object. In the 1-octave conditions, letter identification efficiencies increased by about 0.5 log units as center frequency increased from 1.1 to 2.2 c/object, and were nearly constant from 2.2 to 35 c/object. Letters were unidentifiable by human observers at 70 c/object. Surprisingly, face identification was impossible for human observers at all center frequencies except 8.8 c/object for one observer, and 8.8 and 17.5 c/object for a second observer. Ideal observer thresholds were obtained for both letters and faces in all conditions, so information was always available to perform the task. Thus, the failure to identify faces reflects constraints on visual processing rather than a lack of stimulus information. Selective spatial sampling may account for some of the differences between letter and face identification efficiencies.},
language = {eng},
number = {21},
journal = {Vision Res},
author = {Gold, J and Bennett, P J and Sekuler, A B},
year = {1999},
pmid = {10746125},
note = {Place: ENGLAND
ISBN: 0042-6989},
keywords = {*Face Perception, *Letters Alphabet, *Spatial Frequency, *Stimulus Parameters, *Visual Thresholds, Contrast Sensitivity, Face, Female, Form Perception, Human, Humans, Male, Pattern Discrimination, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Sensory Thresholds, Space Perception, Visual Contrast, Visual Perception, WEBLH: SFX http://sfx.brown.edu:8888/sfx\_local?PY\&, research support, non-u.s. gov't},
pages = {3537--3560},
}Contextual influences in V1 as a basis for pop out and asymmetry in visual search. Li, Z Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 96(18):10530-5, 1999.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
I use a model to show how simple, bottom-up, neural mechanisms in primary visual cortex can qualitatively explain the preattentive component of complex psychophysical phenomena of visual search for a target among distracters. Depending on the image features, the speed of search ranges from fast, when a target pops-out or is instantaneously detectable, to very slow, and it can be asymmetric with respect to switches between the target and distracter objects. It has been unclear which neural mechanisms or even cortical areas control the ease of search, and no physiological correlate has been found for search asymmetry. My model suggests that contextual influences in V1 play a significant role.
@Article{Li1999,
author = {Z Li},
journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
title = {Contextual influences in {V}1 as a basis for pop out and asymmetry in visual search.},
year = {1999},
number = {18},
pages = {10530-5},
volume = {96},
abstract = {I use a model to show how simple, bottom-up, neural mechanisms in
primary visual cortex can qualitatively explain the preattentive
component of complex psychophysical phenomena of visual search for
a target among distracters. Depending on the image features, the
speed of search ranges from fast, when a target pops-out or is instantaneously
detectable, to very slow, and it can be asymmetric with respect to
switches between the target and distracter objects. It has been unclear
which neural mechanisms or even cortical areas control the ease of
search, and no physiological correlate has been found for search
asymmetry. My model suggests that contextual influences in V1 play
a significant role.},
keywords = {Animals, Attention, Computer Simulation, Human, Models, Neurological, Neurons, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Perception, Adolescent, Adult, Color Perception, Female, Male, Middle Aged, Psychological, Psychophysics, Non-U.S. Gov't, Interneurons, Pyramidal Cells, Reaction Time, Synapses, 10468643},
}1998 (9)
Differential activation of right superior parietal cortex and intraparietal sulcus by spatial and nonspatial attention. Coull, J. & Frith, C. Neuroimage, 8(2):176–87, 1998.
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex Neuropsychological and functional neuroimaging studies have implicated the right posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in human spatial attention. We tested the hypothesis that this area is also involved in nonspatial aspects of attention and working memory using positron emission tomography in healthy volunteers. In an initial experiment, digits were presented in pseudo-random spatial locations, and subjects attended either to locations or digits in order to detect single targets (attention condition) or to sequences of stimuli (working memory (WM) condition). Right superior parietal cortex (BA7) and intraparietal sulcus (IPS) were active during both spatial (locations) and nonspatial (digits) tasks compared to rest, although more so for the former. Additionally, right PPC was activated to an even greater extent during tests of WM than of attention, especially for tests of spatial WM. There were no differences in activation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the spatial versus nonspatial versions of the task, contrary to many previous studies. A follow-up experiment which presented abstract objects in a fixed, central location confirmed that right IPS was active during tests of nonspatial attention and also that this activation is not due to incidental spatial representation of digit stimuli. However, BA7 was not activated by this nonspatial, nondigit attentional task. Overall, these data suggest first that right IPS is recruited for both nonspatial and spatial attention and WM. Second, right BA7 is recruited specifically for spatial (both direct and indirect) forms of attentional processing. Finally, PPC activations in spatial WM tasks are likely to be due to a combination of spatial perception, attention, and WM, rather than to any of these individually.
@article{coull_differential_1998,
title = {Differential activation of right superior parietal cortex and intraparietal sulcus by spatial and nonspatial attention},
volume = {8},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9740760},
doi = {10.1006/nimg.1998.0354},
abstract = {Neuropsychological and functional neuroimaging studies have implicated the right posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in human spatial attention. We tested the hypothesis that this area is also involved in nonspatial aspects of attention and working memory using positron emission tomography in healthy volunteers. In an initial experiment, digits were presented in pseudo-random spatial locations, and subjects attended either to locations or digits in order to detect single targets (attention condition) or to sequences of stimuli (working memory (WM) condition). Right superior parietal cortex (BA7) and intraparietal sulcus (IPS) were active during both spatial (locations) and nonspatial (digits) tasks compared to rest, although more so for the former. Additionally, right PPC was activated to an even greater extent during tests of WM than of attention, especially for tests of spatial WM. There were no differences in activation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the spatial versus nonspatial versions of the task, contrary to many previous studies. A follow-up experiment which presented abstract objects in a fixed, central location confirmed that right IPS was active during tests of nonspatial attention and also that this activation is not due to incidental spatial representation of digit stimuli. However, BA7 was not activated by this nonspatial, nondigit attentional task. Overall, these data suggest first that right IPS is recruited for both nonspatial and spatial attention and WM. Second, right BA7 is recruited specifically for spatial (both direct and indirect) forms of attentional processing. Finally, PPC activations in spatial WM tasks are likely to be due to a combination of spatial perception, attention, and WM, rather than to any of these individually.},
number = {2},
journal = {Neuroimage},
author = {Coull, J.T. and Frith, C.D.},
year = {1998},
keywords = {\#nosource, *Brain Mapping, Adult, Arousal/physiology, Attention/*physiology, Frontal Lobe/physiology, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Male, Mental Recall/physiology, Orientation/*physiology, Parietal Lobe/*physiology, Pattern Recognition, Visual/*physiology, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Tomography, Emission-Computed},
pages = {176--87},
}The effect of face inversion on the human fusiform face area. Kanwisher, N, Tong, F, & Nakayama, K Cognition, 68(1):B1–11, 1998. ISBN: 0010-0277
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Inversion severely impairs the recognition of greyscale faces and the ability to see the stimulus as a face in two-tone Mooney images. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to study the effect of face inversion on the human fusiform face area (FFA). MR signal intensity from the FFA was reduced when greyscale faces were presented upside-down, but this effect was small and inconsistent across subjects when subjects were required to attend to both upright and inverted faces. However when two-tone faces were inverted, the MR signal from the FFA was substantially reduced for all subjects. We conclude that (i) the FFA responds to faces per se, rather than to the low-level visual features present in faces, and (ii) inverted greyscale faces can strongly activate this face-specific mechanism.
@article{kanwisher_effect_1998,
title = {The effect of face inversion on the human fusiform face area},
volume = {68},
abstract = {Inversion severely impairs the recognition of greyscale faces and the ability to see the stimulus as a face in two-tone Mooney images. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to study the effect of face inversion on the human fusiform face area (FFA). MR signal intensity from the FFA was reduced when greyscale faces were presented upside-down, but this effect was small and inconsistent across subjects when subjects were required to attend to both upright and inverted faces. However when two-tone faces were inverted, the MR signal from the FFA was substantially reduced for all subjects. We conclude that (i) the FFA responds to faces per se, rather than to the low-level visual features present in faces, and (ii) inverted greyscale faces can strongly activate this face-specific mechanism.},
language = {eng},
number = {1},
journal = {Cognition},
author = {Kanwisher, N and Tong, F and Nakayama, K},
year = {1998},
pmid = {9775518},
note = {ISBN: 0010-0277},
keywords = {Adult, Analysis of Variance, Face, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Memory, Short-Term, Mental Processes, Models, Neurological, Neuropsychological Tests, Occipital Lobe, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Reference Values, Statistics as Topic, Temporal Lobe, clinical trial, research support, non-u.s. gov't, research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s., research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
pages = {B1--11},
}Isonymy and the genetic structure of Switzerland. II. Isolation by distance. Rodriguez-Larralde, A., Scapoli, C., Beretta, M., Nesti, C., Mamolini, E., & Barrai, I. Ann Hum Biol, 25(6):533-40., 1998.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Isolation by distance in Switzerland was detected comparing the surname distributions between Cantons. The decay of isonymy with geographic distance between Cantons was consistent with Malecot's exponential decay of kinship. Lasker's distance was defined as the negative value of the logarithm of isonymy between localities, and it was found that it is linearly and significantly correlated with the log of geographic distance, both within and between languages. The peculiar geographic and linguistic structure of the Confederation, where mountain barriers exist at short distances separating different languages, might explain the rapid changes in surname similarity. It was predicted that the frequency of markers linked to the Y chromosome would show a similar association with distance in Switzerland.
@article{
title = {Isonymy and the genetic structure of Switzerland. II. Isolation by distance},
type = {article},
year = {1998},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {*Genetics, Population,*Names,Human,Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Switzerland},
pages = {533-40.},
volume = {25},
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notes = {<m:note>eng<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
abstract = {Isolation by distance in Switzerland was detected comparing the surname distributions between Cantons. The decay of isonymy with geographic distance between Cantons was consistent with Malecot's exponential decay of kinship. Lasker's distance was defined as the negative value of the logarithm of isonymy between localities, and it was found that it is linearly and significantly correlated with the log of geographic distance, both within and between languages. The peculiar geographic and linguistic structure of the Confederation, where mountain barriers exist at short distances separating different languages, might explain the rapid changes in surname similarity. It was predicted that the frequency of markers linked to the Y chromosome would show a similar association with distance in Switzerland.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Rodriguez-Larralde, A and Scapoli, C and Beretta, M and Nesti, C and Mamolini, E and Barrai, I},
journal = {Ann Hum Biol},
number = {6}
}A key function for alphav containing integrins in mesodermal cell migration during Pleurodeles waltl gastrulation. Skalski, M, Alfandari, D, & Darribère, T Dev Biol, 195(2):158–173, 1998. Place: UNITED STATES ISBN: 0012-1606
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
During cleavage of Pleurodeles waltl amphibian embryos, inner cells of the blastocoel roof (presumptive ectodermal and mesodermal cells) organize a fibrillar extracellular matrix (ECM) containing fibronectin on their basal surface by a beta1-integrin-dependent process. This matrix is used as a migratory substrate by mesodermal cells during gastrulation. While alpha5beta1 integrin is expressed on both ectodermal and mesodermal cell surface, we have shown previously that alphav containing integrins are essentially restricted to the surface of mesodermal cells (Alfandari, D., Whittaker, C. A., DeSimone, D. W., and Darribère, T., Dev. Biol. 170, 249-261, 1995). To investigate the function of alphav integrins during gastrulation, we have generated a function blocking antibody directed against the extracellular domain of the Pleurodeles integrin alphav subunit. The antibody did not prevent fibronectin fibril formation, whereas an antibody against the alpha5beta1 integrin did. When injected into the blastocoel, the antibody against integrin alphav subunit perturbed gastrulation and further development in a stage-dependent manner. Developmental defects were correlated to an abnormal positioning of the mesoderm layer. In vitro, the antibody blocked spreading of mesodermal cell to fibronectin or blastocoel roof ECM but not their attachment. In contrast, the antibody directed against the alpha5beta1 integrin inhibited both cell attachment and spreading to the same substrates. We propose that the alpha5beta1 integrin is required for fibronectin assembly into fibrils and mesodermal cell attachment to the blastocoel roof ECM, while the alphav containing integrins are necessary for cell spreading, and possibly migration, on this complex network.
@article{skalski_key_1998,
title = {A key function for alphav containing integrins in mesodermal cell migration during {Pleurodeles} waltl gastrulation.},
volume = {195},
doi = {10.1006/dbio.1997.8838},
abstract = {During cleavage of Pleurodeles waltl amphibian embryos, inner cells of the blastocoel roof (presumptive ectodermal and mesodermal cells) organize a fibrillar extracellular matrix (ECM) containing fibronectin on their basal surface by a beta1-integrin-dependent process. This matrix is used as a migratory substrate by mesodermal cells during gastrulation. While alpha5beta1 integrin is expressed on both ectodermal and mesodermal cell surface, we have shown previously that alphav containing integrins are essentially restricted to the surface of mesodermal cells (Alfandari, D., Whittaker, C. A., DeSimone, D. W., and Darribère, T., Dev. Biol. 170, 249-261, 1995). To investigate the function of alphav integrins during gastrulation, we have generated a function blocking antibody directed against the extracellular domain of the Pleurodeles integrin alphav subunit. The antibody did not prevent fibronectin fibril formation, whereas an antibody against the alpha5beta1 integrin did. When injected into the blastocoel, the antibody against integrin alphav subunit perturbed gastrulation and further development in a stage-dependent manner. Developmental defects were correlated to an abnormal positioning of the mesoderm layer. In vitro, the antibody blocked spreading of mesodermal cell to fibronectin or blastocoel roof ECM but not their attachment. In contrast, the antibody directed against the alpha5beta1 integrin inhibited both cell attachment and spreading to the same substrates. We propose that the alpha5beta1 integrin is required for fibronectin assembly into fibrils and mesodermal cell attachment to the blastocoel roof ECM, while the alphav containing integrins are necessary for cell spreading, and possibly migration, on this complex network.},
language = {eng},
number = {2},
journal = {Dev Biol},
author = {Skalski, M and Alfandari, D and Darribère, T},
year = {1998},
pmid = {9520332},
note = {Place: UNITED STATES
ISBN: 0012-1606},
keywords = {Animals, Antibody Specificity, Antigens, CD, Cell Adhesion, Cell Movement, Cells, Cultured, Culture Techniques, Extracellular Matrix, Fibronectins, Gastrula, Integrin alphaV, Mesoderm, Pleurodeles, Receptors, Fibronectin, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Vitronectin, research support, non-u.s. gov't},
pages = {158--173},
}How heritable is individual susceptibility to death? The results of an analysis of survival data on Danish, Swedish and Finnish twins. Iachine, I., A., Holm, N., V., Harris, J., R., Begun, A., Z., Iachina, M., K., Laitinen, M., Kaprio, J., & Yashin, A., I. Twin Res, 1(4):196-205, 1998.
Website abstract bibtex
Website abstract bibtex Molecular epidemiological studies confirm a substantial contribution of individual genes to variability in susceptibility to disease and death for humans. To evaluate the contribution of all genes to susceptibility and to estimate individual survival characteristics, survival data on related individuals (eg twins or other relatives) are needed. Correlated gamma-frailty models of bivariate survival are used in a joint analysis of survival data on more than 31,000 pairs of Danish, Swedish and Finnish male and female twins using the maximum likelihood method. Additive decomposition of frailty into genetic and environmental components is used to estimate heritability in frailty. The estimate of the standard deviation of frailty from the pooled data is about 1.5. The hypothesis that variance in frailty and correlations of frailty for twins are similar in the data from all three countries is accepted. The estimate of narrow-sense heritability in frailty is about 0.5. The age trajectories of individual hazards are evaluated for all three populations of twins and both sexes. The results of our analysis confirm the presence of genetic influences on individual frailty and longevity. They also suggest that the mechanism of these genetic influences may be similar for the three Scandinavian countries. Furthermore, results indicate that the increase in individual hazard with age is more rapid than predicted by traditional demographic life tables.
@article{
title = {How heritable is individual susceptibility to death? The results of an analysis of survival data on Danish, Swedish and Finnish twins},
type = {article},
year = {1998},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {*Death,*Genetic Predisposition to Disease,Adult,Age Factors,Aged,Aged, 80 and over,Denmark,Disease Susceptibility,Environment,Epidemiology, Molecular,Female,Finland,Forecasting,Health,Humans,Life Tables,Likelihood Functions,Longevity/genetics,Male,Middle Aged,Models, Genetic,Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.,Sex Factors,Survival Analysis,Sweden,Twins/*genetics},
pages = {196-205},
volume = {1},
websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10100811},
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confirmed = {true},
hidden = {false},
source_type = {Journal Article},
notes = {<m:note>1369-0523<m:linebreak/>Journal Article<m:linebreak/>Twin Study</m:note>},
abstract = {Molecular epidemiological studies confirm a substantial contribution of individual genes to variability in susceptibility to disease and death for humans. To evaluate the contribution of all genes to susceptibility and to estimate individual survival characteristics, survival data on related individuals (eg twins or other relatives) are needed. Correlated gamma-frailty models of bivariate survival are used in a joint analysis of survival data on more than 31,000 pairs of Danish, Swedish and Finnish male and female twins using the maximum likelihood method. Additive decomposition of frailty into genetic and environmental components is used to estimate heritability in frailty. The estimate of the standard deviation of frailty from the pooled data is about 1.5. The hypothesis that variance in frailty and correlations of frailty for twins are similar in the data from all three countries is accepted. The estimate of narrow-sense heritability in frailty is about 0.5. The age trajectories of individual hazards are evaluated for all three populations of twins and both sexes. The results of our analysis confirm the presence of genetic influences on individual frailty and longevity. They also suggest that the mechanism of these genetic influences may be similar for the three Scandinavian countries. Furthermore, results indicate that the increase in individual hazard with age is more rapid than predicted by traditional demographic life tables.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Iachine, I A and Holm, N V and Harris, J R and Begun, A Z and Iachina, M K and Laitinen, M and Kaprio, J and Yashin, A I},
journal = {Twin Res},
number = {4}
}Similarity and rules: Distinct? Exhaustive? Empirically distinguishable?. Hahn, U & Chater, N Cognition, 65(2-3):197-230, 1998.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
The distinction between rule-based and similarity-based processes in cognition is of fundamental importance for cognitive science, and has been the focus of a large body of empirical research. However, intuitive uses of the distinction are subject to theoretical difficulties and their relation to empirical evidence is not clear. We propose a 'core' distinction between rule- and similarity-based processes, in terms of the way representations of stored information are 'matched' with the representation of a novel item. This explication captures the intuitively clear-cut cases of processes of each type, and resolves apparent problems with the rule/similarity distinction. Moreover, it provides a clear target for assessing the psychological and AI literatures. We show that many lines of psychological evidence are less conclusive than sometimes assumed, but suggest that converging lines of evidence may be persuasive. We then argue that the AI literature suggests that approaches which combine rules and similarity are an important new focus for empirical work.
@Article{Hahn1998,
author = {U Hahn and N Chater},
journal = {Cognition},
title = {Similarity and rules: {D}istinct? {E}xhaustive? {E}mpirically distinguishable?},
year = {1998},
number = {2-3},
pages = {197-230},
volume = {65},
abstract = {The distinction between rule-based and similarity-based processes
in cognition is of fundamental importance for cognitive science,
and has been the focus of a large body of empirical research. However,
intuitive uses of the distinction are subject to theoretical difficulties
and their relation to empirical evidence is not clear. We propose
a 'core' distinction between rule- and similarity-based processes,
in terms of the way representations of stored information are 'matched'
with the representation of a novel item. This explication captures
the intuitively clear-cut cases of processes of each type, and resolves
apparent problems with the rule/similarity distinction. Moreover,
it provides a clear target for assessing the psychological and AI
literatures. We show that many lines of psychological evidence are
less conclusive than sometimes assumed, but suggest that converging
lines of evidence may be persuasive. We then argue that the AI literature
suggests that approaches which combine rules and similarity are an
important new focus for empirical work.},
keywords = {Cognition, Concept Formation, Discrimination Learning, Human, Mental Recall, Problem Solving, Problem-Based Learning, Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Thinking, 9557383},
}Building memories: remembering and forgetting of verbal experiences as predicted by brain activity. Wagner, A D, Schacter, D L, Rotte, M, Koutstaal, W, Maril, A, Dale, A M, Rosen, B R, & Buckner, R L Science, 281(5380):1188–1191, 1998. Place: UNITED STATES ISBN: 0036-8075
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
A fundamental question about human memory is why some experiences are remembered whereas others are forgotten. Brain activation during word encoding was measured using blocked and event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine how neural activation differs for subsequently remembered and subsequently forgotten experiences. Results revealed that the ability to later remember a verbal experience is predicted by the magnitude of activation in left prefrontal and temporal cortices during that experience. These findings provide direct evidence that left prefrontal and temporal regions jointly promote memory formation for verbalizable events.
@article{wagner_building_1998,
title = {Building memories: remembering and forgetting of verbal experiences as predicted by brain activity.},
volume = {281},
abstract = {A fundamental question about human memory is why some experiences are remembered whereas others are forgotten. Brain activation during word encoding was measured using blocked and event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine how neural activation differs for subsequently remembered and subsequently forgotten experiences. Results revealed that the ability to later remember a verbal experience is predicted by the magnitude of activation in left prefrontal and temporal cortices during that experience. These findings provide direct evidence that left prefrontal and temporal regions jointly promote memory formation for verbalizable events.},
language = {eng},
number = {5380},
journal = {Science},
author = {Wagner, A D and Schacter, D L and Rotte, M and Koutstaal, W and Maril, A and Dale, A M and Rosen, B R and Buckner, R L},
year = {1998},
pmid = {9712582},
note = {Place: UNITED STATES
ISBN: 0036-8075},
keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory, Perception, Prefrontal Cortex, Temporal Lobe, comment, research support, non-u.s. gov't, research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
pages = {1188--1191},
}A cortical representation of the local visual environment. Epstein, R & Kanwisher, N Nature, 392(6676):598–601, 1998. ISBN: 0028-0836
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Medial temporal brain regions such as the hippocampal formation and parahippocampal cortex have been generally implicated in navigation and visual memory. However, the specific function of each of these regions is not yet clear. Here we present evidence that a particular area within human parahippocampal cortex is involved in a critical component of navigation: perceiving the local visual environment. This region, which we name the 'parahippocampal place area' (PPA), responds selectively and automatically in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to passively viewed scenes, but only weakly to single objects and not at all to faces. The critical factor for this activation appears to be the presence in the stimulus of information about the layout of local space. The response in the PPA to scenes with spatial layout but no discrete objects (empty rooms) is as strong as the response to complex meaningful scenes containing multiple objects (the same rooms furnished) and over twice as strong as the response to arrays of multiple objects without three-dimensional spatial context (the furniture from these rooms on a blank background). This response is reduced if the surfaces in the scene are rearranged so that they no longer define a coherent space. We propose that the PPA represents places by encoding the geometry of the local environment.
@article{Epstein1998,
title = {A cortical representation of the local visual environment},
volume = {392},
doi = {10.1038/33402},
abstract = {Medial temporal brain regions such as the hippocampal formation and parahippocampal cortex have been generally implicated in navigation and visual memory. However, the specific function of each of these regions is not yet clear. Here we present evidence that a particular area within human parahippocampal cortex is involved in a critical component of navigation: perceiving the local visual environment. This region, which we name the 'parahippocampal place area' (PPA), responds selectively and automatically in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to passively viewed scenes, but only weakly to single objects and not at all to faces. The critical factor for this activation appears to be the presence in the stimulus of information about the layout of local space. The response in the PPA to scenes with spatial layout but no discrete objects (empty rooms) is as strong as the response to complex meaningful scenes containing multiple objects (the same rooms furnished) and over twice as strong as the response to arrays of multiple objects without three-dimensional spatial context (the furniture from these rooms on a blank background). This response is reduced if the surfaces in the scene are rearranged so that they no longer define a coherent space. We propose that the PPA represents places by encoding the geometry of the local environment.},
language = {eng},
number = {6676},
journal = {Nature},
author = {Epstein, R and Kanwisher, N},
year = {1998},
pmid = {9560155},
note = {ISBN: 0028-0836},
keywords = {Brain Mapping, Face, Female, Hippocampus, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, PPA, Photic Stimulation, Space Perception, Visual Perception, research support, non-u.s. gov't, research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
pages = {598--601},
}Mental chronometry using latency-resolved functional MRI. Menon, R S, Luknowsky, D C, & Gati, J S Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 95(18):10902–10907, 1998. Place: UNITED STATES ISBN: 0027-8424
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Vascular responses to neural activity are exploited as the basis of a number of brain imaging techniques. The vascular response is thought to be too slow to resolve the temporal sequence of events involved in cognitive tasks, and hence, imaging studies of mental chronometry have relied on techniques such as the evoked potential. Using rapid functional MRI (fMRI) of single trials of two simple behavioral tasks, we demonstrate that while the microvascular response to the onset of neural activity is delayed consistently by several seconds, the relative timing between the onset of the fMRI responses in different brain areas appears preserved. We examined a number of parameters that characterize the fMRI response and determined that its onset time is best defined by the inflection point from the resting baseline. We have found that fMRI onset latencies determined in this manner correlate well with independently measurable parameters of the tasks such as reaction time or stimulus presentation time and can be used to determine the origin of processing delays during cognitive or perceptual tasks with a temporal accuracy of tens of milliseconds and spatial resolution of millimeters.
@article{menon_mental_1998,
title = {Mental chronometry using latency-resolved functional {MRI}.},
volume = {95},
abstract = {Vascular responses to neural activity are exploited as the basis of a number of brain imaging techniques. The vascular response is thought to be too slow to resolve the temporal sequence of events involved in cognitive tasks, and hence, imaging studies of mental chronometry have relied on techniques such as the evoked potential. Using rapid functional MRI (fMRI) of single trials of two simple behavioral tasks, we demonstrate that while the microvascular response to the onset of neural activity is delayed consistently by several seconds, the relative timing between the onset of the fMRI responses in different brain areas appears preserved. We examined a number of parameters that characterize the fMRI response and determined that its onset time is best defined by the inflection point from the resting baseline. We have found that fMRI onset latencies determined in this manner correlate well with independently measurable parameters of the tasks such as reaction time or stimulus presentation time and can be used to determine the origin of processing delays during cognitive or perceptual tasks with a temporal accuracy of tens of milliseconds and spatial resolution of millimeters.},
language = {eng},
number = {18},
journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
author = {Menon, R S and Luknowsky, D C and Gati, J S},
year = {1998},
pmid = {9724802},
note = {Place: UNITED STATES
ISBN: 0027-8424},
keywords = {Brain, Cognition, Evoked Potentials, Humans, MR Methods, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Reaction Time, research support, non-u.s. gov't},
pages = {10902--10907},
}1997 (5)
Surface dyslexia in nonfluent progressive aphasia. Watt, S, Jokel, R, & Behrmann, M Brain Lang, 56(2):211–233, 1997.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
This article presents the case of a 59-year-old male, JH, with a 6-year history of primary progressive aphasia (PPA), a disorder characterized by isolated language deterioration with relative preservation of other cognitive abilities. JH also shows typical features of surface dyslexia, a reading disorder exemplified by the selective preservation of phonological reading. One recent theory is that surface dyslexia in individuals with PPA results from a loss of semantic knowledge. In this paper we consider an additional possibility and present data supporting the notion that surface dyslexia may also arise from the malfunction in the links between semantic representations and phonology. JH has remarkably preserved lexical semantic knowledge when assessed on tasks that do not require verbal output. Further, item-by-item comparisons of his oral reading and comprehension ability show no significant correspondence between his reading and semantic knowledge. These findings lead us to conclude that, in JH's case, the surface dyslexia is attributable not to a semantic deficit per se but rather to the inability to access phonological information from semantics. JH's language profile is considered in relation to potential sources of surface dyslexia and other cases of progressive aphasia.
@article{watt_surface_1997,
title = {Surface dyslexia in nonfluent progressive aphasia},
volume = {56},
abstract = {This article presents the case of a 59-year-old male, JH, with a 6-year history of primary progressive aphasia (PPA), a disorder characterized by isolated language deterioration with relative preservation of other cognitive abilities. JH also shows typical features of surface dyslexia, a reading disorder exemplified by the selective preservation of phonological reading. One recent theory is that surface dyslexia in individuals with PPA results from a loss of semantic knowledge. In this paper we consider an additional possibility and present data supporting the notion that surface dyslexia may also arise from the malfunction in the links between semantic representations and phonology. JH has remarkably preserved lexical semantic knowledge when assessed on tasks that do not require verbal output. Further, item-by-item comparisons of his oral reading and comprehension ability show no significant correspondence between his reading and semantic knowledge. These findings lead us to conclude that, in JH's case, the surface dyslexia is attributable not to a semantic deficit per se but rather to the inability to access phonological information from semantics. JH's language profile is considered in relation to potential sources of surface dyslexia and other cases of progressive aphasia.},
number = {2},
journal = {Brain Lang},
author = {Watt, S and Jokel, R and Behrmann, M},
year = {1997},
pmid = {9027371},
keywords = {Aphasia, Broca/*complications/physiopathology, Brain/physiopathology/radionuclide imaging, Dyslexia/*complications, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neurologic Examination, Projective Techniques, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon},
pages = {211--233},
}The removal of binocular cues disrupts the calibration of grasping in patients with visual form agnosia. Marotta, J J, Behrmann, M, & Goodale, M A Exp Brain Res, 116(1):113–121, 1997.
Paper abstract bibtex
Paper abstract bibtex The present study tested the idea that the visuomotor systems mediating prehension do not have independent access to pictorial cues processed by perceptual mechanisms. Individuals with visual form agnosia, whose perceptual systems are compromised but who have intact visuomotor control, were examined to determine whether they could use pictorial scene cues to calibrate manual prehension when binocular information was removed. The removal of binocular cues produced considerable disruptions in size-constancy of grip aperture, which, combined with earlier observations in normal subjects, suggests that binocular cues are of primary importance in calibration of grasping. In the absence of binocular vision, normal subjects can use pictorial information, information that is severely compromised in individuals with visual form agnosia, to compute the distance (and thus the size) of the goal object. Thus, individuals with visual form agnosia must rely on a retinal image that remains uncalibrated, leading to inaccurate calibrations of grip aperture. The fact that these individuals scaled their grasp much less accurately under the monocular viewing condition, despite showing normal binocular grasping, suggests that pictorial cues to depth, which are presumably processed by mechanisms mediating our perception of objects and events in the world, can be accessed by visuomotor mechanisms only indirectly. These results, together with others, suggest that the visuomotor system 'prefers' to use binocular information and uses pictorial cues only as a last resort.
@article{marotta_removal_1997,
title = {The removal of binocular cues disrupts the calibration of grasping in patients with visual form agnosia},
volume = {116},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9305820},
abstract = {The present study tested the idea that the visuomotor systems mediating prehension do not have independent access to pictorial cues processed by perceptual mechanisms. Individuals with visual form agnosia, whose perceptual systems are compromised but who have intact visuomotor control, were examined to determine whether they could use pictorial scene cues to calibrate manual prehension when binocular information was removed. The removal of binocular cues produced considerable disruptions in size-constancy of grip aperture, which, combined with earlier observations in normal subjects, suggests that binocular cues are of primary importance in calibration of grasping. In the absence of binocular vision, normal subjects can use pictorial information, information that is severely compromised in individuals with visual form agnosia, to compute the distance (and thus the size) of the goal object. Thus, individuals with visual form agnosia must rely on a retinal image that remains uncalibrated, leading to inaccurate calibrations of grip aperture. The fact that these individuals scaled their grasp much less accurately under the monocular viewing condition, despite showing normal binocular grasping, suggests that pictorial cues to depth, which are presumably processed by mechanisms mediating our perception of objects and events in the world, can be accessed by visuomotor mechanisms only indirectly. These results, together with others, suggest that the visuomotor system 'prefers' to use binocular information and uses pictorial cues only as a last resort.},
number = {1},
journal = {Exp Brain Res},
author = {Marotta, J J and Behrmann, M and Goodale, M A},
year = {1997},
pmid = {9305820},
keywords = {*Cues, Adult, Agnosia/*physiopathology, Depth Perception/physiology, Female, Hand Strength/*physiology, Humans, Male, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Vision, Binocular/*physiology, Vision, Monocular/physiology, Visual Perception/*physiology},
pages = {113--121},
}Influence of stimulus salience and attentional demands on visual search patterns in hemispatial neglect. Aglioti, S., Smania, N., Barbieri, C., & Corbetta, M. Brain Cogn, 34(3):388–403, 1997.
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex Seventy-five left and right brain-damaged patients, with or without hemispatial neglect, and 40 age-matched control subjects were tested on cancellation tasks with two different visual textures modeled after Julesz (1981). In one condition ("preattentive"), target elements segregated easily from background elements and were perceived effortlessly. In the other ("attentive"), target elements did not segregate easily and could be detected only after prolonged focal scrutiny. Both controls and patients were more accurate and faster on the preattentive than attentive texture. However, only neglect patients were disproportionately impaired on the attentive texture, thus suggesting that unilateral neglect is exacerbated by the low visual salience of the stimuli and a higher engagement of focal attention. Thus, a simple bedside test may help to tell apart the level of visual information processing maximally impaired in neglect patients.
@article{aglioti_influence_1997,
title = {Influence of stimulus salience and attentional demands on visual search patterns in hemispatial neglect},
volume = {34},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9292188},
doi = {10.1006/brcg.1997.0915},
abstract = {Seventy-five left and right brain-damaged patients, with or without hemispatial neglect, and 40 age-matched control subjects were tested on cancellation tasks with two different visual textures modeled after Julesz (1981). In one condition ("preattentive"), target elements segregated easily from background elements and were perceived effortlessly. In the other ("attentive"), target elements did not segregate easily and could be detected only after prolonged focal scrutiny. Both controls and patients were more accurate and faster on the preattentive than attentive texture. However, only neglect patients were disproportionately impaired on the attentive texture, thus suggesting that unilateral neglect is exacerbated by the low visual salience of the stimuli and a higher engagement of focal attention. Thus, a simple bedside test may help to tell apart the level of visual information processing maximally impaired in neglect patients.},
number = {3},
journal = {Brain Cogn},
author = {Aglioti, S. and Smania, N. and Barbieri, C. and Corbetta, M.},
year = {1997},
keywords = {\#nosource, *Attention, *Visual Fields, Analysis of Variance, Cerebrovascular Disorders/complications/physiopathology, Comparative Study, Humans, Laterality, Parietal Lobe/*physiopathology, Perceptual Disorders/etiology/*physiopathology, Reaction Time, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Temporal Lobe/*physiopathology, Thalamus/*physiopathology},
pages = {388--403},
}Cloning and characterization of cDNAs encoding the integrin alpha2 and alpha3 subunits from Xenopus laevis. Meng, F, Whittaker, C A, Ransom, D G, & DeSimone, D W Mech Dev, 67(2):141–155, 1997. Place: IRELAND ISBN: 0925-4773
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Integrins containing the alpha2 and alpha3 subunits associate with the beta1 subunit to form distinct receptors with partially overlapping adhesive specificities. We report the cloning and sequence of cDNAs that encode the Xenopus orthologues of integrins alpha2 and alpha3 and the expression of these subunits during embryogenesis. Integrin alpha2 and alpha3 mRNAs are first expressed in the dorsal mesoderm and developing notochord at gastrulation. We also show that alpha3 mRNAs are expressed in the entire marginal zone of gastrulae dorsalized with LiCl but that this localization is lost in embryos ventralized by ultraviolet light. Immunoblots reveal that the alpha3 protein is expressed throughout early development, however, the alpha2 protein is not detected until late tailbud stages. Injection of full-length alpha3 transcripts into the animal poles of fertilized eggs results in embryonic defects in paraxial mesoderm attributed to the failure of somites to form segments. Injection of the alpha3 transcripts into the vegetal pole and overexpression of a 5'-truncated alpha3 control construct have no apparent affect on development or somite formation. These data suggest that normal position-specific expression of integrins is important in maintaining the proper organization of tissues during early amphibian morphogenesis.
@article{meng_cloning_1997,
title = {Cloning and characterization of {cDNAs} encoding the integrin alpha2 and alpha3 subunits from {Xenopus} laevis.},
volume = {67},
abstract = {Integrins containing the alpha2 and alpha3 subunits associate with the beta1 subunit to form distinct receptors with partially overlapping adhesive specificities. We report the cloning and sequence of cDNAs that encode the Xenopus orthologues of integrins alpha2 and alpha3 and the expression of these subunits during embryogenesis. Integrin alpha2 and alpha3 mRNAs are first expressed in the dorsal mesoderm and developing notochord at gastrulation. We also show that alpha3 mRNAs are expressed in the entire marginal zone of gastrulae dorsalized with LiCl but that this localization is lost in embryos ventralized by ultraviolet light. Immunoblots reveal that the alpha3 protein is expressed throughout early development, however, the alpha2 protein is not detected until late tailbud stages. Injection of full-length alpha3 transcripts into the animal poles of fertilized eggs results in embryonic defects in paraxial mesoderm attributed to the failure of somites to form segments. Injection of the alpha3 transcripts into the vegetal pole and overexpression of a 5'-truncated alpha3 control construct have no apparent affect on development or somite formation. These data suggest that normal position-specific expression of integrins is important in maintaining the proper organization of tissues during early amphibian morphogenesis.},
language = {eng},
number = {2},
journal = {Mech Dev},
author = {Meng, F and Whittaker, C A and Ransom, D G and DeSimone, D W},
year = {1997},
pmid = {9392512},
note = {Place: IRELAND
ISBN: 0925-4773},
keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Antibodies, Antigens, CD, Blotting, Northern, Body Patterning, Cloning, Molecular, DNA, Complementary, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Humans, Integrin alpha2, Integrin alpha3, Integrins, Molecular Sequence Data, Notochord, RNA, Messenger, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Xenopus laevis, research support, non-u.s. gov't, research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
pages = {141--155},
}The hemodynamic manifestation of normal myocardial relaxation. A framework for experimental and clinical evaluation. Gillebert, T C, Leite-Moreira, A F, & De Hert, S G Acta Cardiol, 52(3):223–246, 1997. Place: BELGIUM ISBN: 0001-5385
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Myocardial relaxation clinically manifests itself as left ventricular pressure (LVP) fall. The transition from contraction to relaxation is the precise moment at which 81-84% of peak isometric force has developed or the equivalent timing early during ejection. Defining the completion of relaxation and distinguishing relaxation from diastole appears merely semantic. Diastole is not a passive phase of the cardiac cycle. During diastole mechanical left ventricular properties still change due to incomplete relaxation, due to creep and stress relaxation, and due to autoregulation by preload and by nitric oxide. Description of timing and rate of LVP fall may provide useful information on underlying cardiac diseases such as ischaemia and hypertrophy. This information will however only be reliable if systolic cardiac function and systolic load are normal, and in the absence of a significant degree of nonuniformity, such as induced by conduction disturbances or by regional myocardial ischemia. The various effects of load and of nonuniformity on myocardial relaxation in the normal heart are reviewed. Coupling of timing and rate of LVP fall are explained in terms of cross-bridge mechanics. Specific effects of systolic pressure on LVP fall and their relation to systolic cardiac function are emphasized. These data constitute a conceptual framework for the analysis of myocardial relaxation in cardiovascular research and in the cardiac patient. Comparison of clinical and experimental data during manipulation of afterload should lead to an improved understanding of clinical relaxation disturbances and to a therapeutic approach, which is relevant from the physiopathological point of view. LVP fall may provide useful and quantitative information on systolic LV function if measurements are performed under different conditions of systolic load. This information is similar to systolic pressure-volume relations, but can be performed with the sole use of a micromanometer in the LV cavity.
@article{gillebert_hemodynamic_1997,
title = {The hemodynamic manifestation of normal myocardial relaxation. {A} framework for experimental and clinical evaluation.},
volume = {52},
abstract = {Myocardial relaxation clinically manifests itself as left ventricular pressure (LVP) fall. The transition from contraction to relaxation is the precise moment at which 81-84\% of peak isometric force has developed or the equivalent timing early during ejection. Defining the completion of relaxation and distinguishing relaxation from diastole appears merely semantic. Diastole is not a passive phase of the cardiac cycle. During diastole mechanical left ventricular properties still change due to incomplete relaxation, due to creep and stress relaxation, and due to autoregulation by preload and by nitric oxide. Description of timing and rate of LVP fall may provide useful information on underlying cardiac diseases such as ischaemia and hypertrophy. This information will however only be reliable if systolic cardiac function and systolic load are normal, and in the absence of a significant degree of nonuniformity, such as induced by conduction disturbances or by regional myocardial ischemia. The various effects of load and of nonuniformity on myocardial relaxation in the normal heart are reviewed. Coupling of timing and rate of LVP fall are explained in terms of cross-bridge mechanics. Specific effects of systolic pressure on LVP fall and their relation to systolic cardiac function are emphasized. These data constitute a conceptual framework for the analysis of myocardial relaxation in cardiovascular research and in the cardiac patient. Comparison of clinical and experimental data during manipulation of afterload should lead to an improved understanding of clinical relaxation disturbances and to a therapeutic approach, which is relevant from the physiopathological point of view. LVP fall may provide useful and quantitative information on systolic LV function if measurements are performed under different conditions of systolic load. This information is similar to systolic pressure-volume relations, but can be performed with the sole use of a micromanometer in the LV cavity.},
language = {eng},
number = {3},
journal = {Acta Cardiol},
author = {Gillebert, T C and Leite-Moreira, A F and De Hert, S G},
year = {1997},
pmid = {9217915},
note = {Place: BELGIUM
ISBN: 0001-5385},
keywords = {Animals, Dogs, Hemodynamics, Humans, Myocardial Contraction, Ventricular Function, Left, Ventricular Pressure, research support, non-u.s. gov't, review},
pages = {223--246},
}1996 (5)
Asthma on Tristan da Cunha: looking for the genetic link. The University of Toronto Genetics of Asthma Research Group. Zamel, N., McClean, P., A., Sandell, P., R., Siminovitch, K., A., & Slutsky, A., S. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 153(6 Pt 1):1902-1906, 1996.
Website abstract bibtex
Website abstract bibtex Although asthma has a significant heritable component, the mode of inheritance remains controversial because of the complexity of the disease and the influence of environmental factors. Isolated, inbred populations serve to reduce variability, thus increasing the probability of gene localization. We studied the inbred population of the remote island of Tristan da Cunha to document asthma prevalence for the purpose of genetic linkage analysis. Medical histories and skin atopy were determined on 282 islanders, representing 97% of the population, and airway responsiveness was measured in 254; 226 by methacholine challenge (tidal breathing method) and 28 by bronchodilator response (400 micrograms salbutamol aerosol). Blood samples were collected from 275 islanders. Participants ranged in age from 3 to 94 yr. Asthma was defined as increased airway responsiveness (AR+: PC20 < 4 mg/ml or > or = 15% increase in FEV1 postbronchodilator) combined with a positive history (Hx+). Fifty-seven percent of the islanders had at least partial evidence of asthma (Hx+ and/or AR+) and 23% had a definitive diagnosis of asthma (AR+ with Hx+). Overall 47% of the population were atopic, atopy was proportionally higher in asthmatics (74%) than nonasthmatics (32%; p < 0.01). Analysis of the methacholine dose-response curves demonstrated that asthmatics were significantly (p < 0.01) more responsive than those with AR+ only, and nonasthmatics (AR-, Hx-) were more responsive than laboratory control subjects (p < 0.05), suggesting that these islanders may also carry an airway hyperresponsiveness gene. A frequency plot of the percent fall in FEV1 for all Hx- subjects compared with control data suggests a bimodal distribution consistent with a major gene mechanism for airway responsiveness. Genealogy mapping revealed that the islanders are direct descendants of the 15 original settlers, and historical records suggest at least two founders may have been asthmatic. The data confirm previous reports of a high asthma prevalence on Tristan and support the postulate that this prevalence is a result of gene enrichment occurring in isolated populations by virtue of extensive inbreeding and a probable founder effect.
@article{
title = {Asthma on Tristan da Cunha: looking for the genetic link. The University of Toronto Genetics of Asthma Research Group},
type = {article},
year = {1996},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {Adolescent,Adult,Age Distribution,Aged,Aged, 80 and over,Allergens/diagnostic use,Asthma/epidemiology/*genetics,Atlantic Ocean,Bronchoconstrictor Agents/diagnostic use,Child,Child, Preschool,Consanguinity,Female,Forced Expiratory Volume,Founder Effect,Humans,Linkage (Genetics),Male,Methacholine Chloride/diagnostic use,Middle Aged,Prevalence,Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Sex Distribution,Skin Tests},
pages = {1902-1906},
volume = {153},
websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8665053},
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notes = {<m:note>1073-449x<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
abstract = {Although asthma has a significant heritable component, the mode of inheritance remains controversial because of the complexity of the disease and the influence of environmental factors. Isolated, inbred populations serve to reduce variability, thus increasing the probability of gene localization. We studied the inbred population of the remote island of Tristan da Cunha to document asthma prevalence for the purpose of genetic linkage analysis. Medical histories and skin atopy were determined on 282 islanders, representing 97% of the population, and airway responsiveness was measured in 254; 226 by methacholine challenge (tidal breathing method) and 28 by bronchodilator response (400 micrograms salbutamol aerosol). Blood samples were collected from 275 islanders. Participants ranged in age from 3 to 94 yr. Asthma was defined as increased airway responsiveness (AR+: PC20 < 4 mg/ml or > or = 15% increase in FEV1 postbronchodilator) combined with a positive history (Hx+). Fifty-seven percent of the islanders had at least partial evidence of asthma (Hx+ and/or AR+) and 23% had a definitive diagnosis of asthma (AR+ with Hx+). Overall 47% of the population were atopic, atopy was proportionally higher in asthmatics (74%) than nonasthmatics (32%; p < 0.01). Analysis of the methacholine dose-response curves demonstrated that asthmatics were significantly (p < 0.01) more responsive than those with AR+ only, and nonasthmatics (AR-, Hx-) were more responsive than laboratory control subjects (p < 0.05), suggesting that these islanders may also carry an airway hyperresponsiveness gene. A frequency plot of the percent fall in FEV1 for all Hx- subjects compared with control data suggests a bimodal distribution consistent with a major gene mechanism for airway responsiveness. Genealogy mapping revealed that the islanders are direct descendants of the 15 original settlers, and historical records suggest at least two founders may have been asthmatic. The data confirm previous reports of a high asthma prevalence on Tristan and support the postulate that this prevalence is a result of gene enrichment occurring in isolated populations by virtue of extensive inbreeding and a probable founder effect.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Zamel, N and McClean, P A and Sandell, P R and Siminovitch, K A and Slutsky, A S},
journal = {Am J Respir Crit Care Med},
number = {6 Pt 1}
}The interaction of binocular disparity and motion parallax in the computation of depth. Bradshaw, M F & Rogers, B J Vision Research, 36(21):3457–3468, 1996. ISBN: 0042-6989
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Depth from binocular disparity and motion parallax has traditionally been assumed to be the product of separate and independent processes. We report two experiments which used classical psychophysical paradigms to test this assumption. The first tested whether there was an elevation in the thresholds for detecting the 3D structure of corrugated surfaces defined by either binocular disparity or motion parallax following prolonged viewing (adaptation) of supra-threshold surfaces defined by either the same or different cue (threshold elevation). The second experiment tested whether the depth detection thresholds for a compound stimulus, containing both binocular disparity and motion parallax, were lower than the thresholds determined for each of the components separately (sub-threshold summation). Experiment 1 showed a substantial amount of within- and between-cue threshold elevation and experiment 2 revealed the presence of sub-threshold summation. Together, these results support the view that the combination of binocular disparity and motion parallax information is not limited to a linear, weighted addition of their individual depth estimates but that the cues can interact non-linearly in the computation of depth.
@article{bradshaw_interaction_1996,
title = {The interaction of binocular disparity and motion parallax in the computation of depth},
volume = {36},
abstract = {Depth from binocular disparity and motion parallax has traditionally been assumed to be the product of separate and independent processes. We report two experiments which used classical psychophysical paradigms to test this assumption. The first tested whether there was an elevation in the thresholds for detecting the 3D structure of corrugated surfaces defined by either binocular disparity or motion parallax following prolonged viewing (adaptation) of supra-threshold surfaces defined by either the same or different cue (threshold elevation). The second experiment tested whether the depth detection thresholds for a compound stimulus, containing both binocular disparity and motion parallax, were lower than the thresholds determined for each of the components separately (sub-threshold summation). Experiment 1 showed a substantial amount of within- and between-cue threshold elevation and experiment 2 revealed the presence of sub-threshold summation. Together, these results support the view that the combination of binocular disparity and motion parallax information is not limited to a linear, weighted addition of their individual depth estimates but that the cues can interact non-linearly in the computation of depth.},
number = {21},
journal = {Vision Research},
author = {Bradshaw, M F and Rogers, B J},
year = {1996},
pmid = {8977012},
note = {ISBN: 0042-6989},
keywords = {*Vision Disparity, Adaptation, Ocular, Cues, Depth Perception/*physiology, Humans, Male, Mathematics, Models, Biological, Motion Perception/*physiology, Psychophysics, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Sensory Thresholds/physiology, Vision, Binocular},
pages = {3457--3468},
}Response properties of units in the posterior auditory field deprived of input from the ipsilateral primary auditory cortex. Kitzes, L. & Hollrigel, G. Hear Res, 100(1-2):120-30, 1996. as cited in i̧teNPHeil1998
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
The influence of the ipsilateral primary auditory field (AI) on the response properties of neurons in the posterior auditory field (Field P) was examined in three cats anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. Rate/level functions were obtained, by extracellular recording, from single units in Field P before (n = 38) and after (n = 50) subpial aspiration of AI. The ablations were primarily confined to the medial ectosylvian gyrus, although in one case extended into the high-frequency portion of the anterior auditory field. Comparisons between the behavior of units isolated before and after AI ablation failed to demonstrate any changes in the response properties of neurons in Field P attributable to the ablation. Nonmonotonic response profiles, first spike latency, variability in latency, threshold and maximal discharge rates of the units to acoustic stimuli were not significantly altered by the AI ablation. These results indicate that the basic response properties of neurons in Field P do not depend on input from the ipsilateral AI. This suggests that these properties are most likely determined by thalamic input or by circuitry within Field P.
@Article{Kitzes1996,
author = {LM Kitzes and GS Hollrigel},
journal = {Hear Res},
title = {Response properties of units in the posterior auditory field deprived of input from the ipsilateral primary auditory cortex.},
year = {1996},
note = {as cited in \citeNP{Heil1998}},
number = {1-2},
pages = {120-30},
volume = {100},
abstract = {The influence of the ipsilateral primary auditory field (AI) on the
response properties of neurons in the posterior auditory field (Field
P) was examined in three cats anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital.
Rate/level functions were obtained, by extracellular recording, from
single units in Field P before (n = 38) and after (n = 50) subpial
aspiration of AI. The ablations were primarily confined to the medial
ectosylvian gyrus, although in one case extended into the high-frequency
portion of the anterior auditory field. Comparisons between the behavior
of units isolated before and after AI ablation failed to demonstrate
any changes in the response properties of neurons in Field P attributable
to the ablation. Nonmonotonic response profiles, first spike latency,
variability in latency, threshold and maximal discharge rates of
the units to acoustic stimuli were not significantly altered by the
AI ablation. These results indicate that the basic response properties
of neurons in Field P do not depend on input from the ipsilateral
AI. This suggests that these properties are most likely determined
by thalamic input or by circuitry within Field P.},
keywords = {Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, Concept Formation, Form Perception, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Shrews, P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Cochlea, Ear, Gerbillinae, Glycine, Hearing, Neurons, Space Perception, Strychnine, Adolescent, Decision Making, Reaction Time, Astrocytoma, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Evoked Potentials, Frontal Lobe, Noise, Parietal Lobe, Scalp, Child, Language Development, Psycholinguistics, Brain, Perception, Speech, Vocalization, Animal, Discrimination (Psychology), Hippocampus, Rats, Calcium, Chelating Agents, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Glutamic Acid, Guanosine Diphosphate, In Vitro, Neuronal Plasticity, Pyramidal Cells, Receptors, AMPA, Metabotropic Glutamate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Somatosensory Cortex, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Thionucleotides, Action Potentials, Calcium Channels, L-Type, Electric Conductivity, Entorhinal Cortex, Neurological, Long-Evans, Infant, Mathematics, Statistics, Probability Learning, Problem Solving, Psychophysics, Association Learning, Child Psychology, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Probability Theory, Analysis of Variance, Semantics, Symbolism, Behavior, Eye Movements, Macaca mulatta, Prefrontal Cortex, Cats, Dogs, Haplorhini, Photic Stimulation, Electroencephalography, Nervous System Physiology, Darkness, Grasshoppers, Light, Membrane Potentials, Neural Inhibition, Afferent, Picrotoxin, Vision, Deoxyglucose, Injections, Microspheres, Neural Pathways, Rhodamines, Choice Behavior, Speech Perception, Verbal Learning, Dominance, Cerebral, Fixation, Ocular, Language Tests, Random Allocation, Comparative Study, Saguinus, Sound Spectrography, Species Specificity, Audiometry, Auditory Threshold, Calibration, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Anesthesia, General, Electrodes, Implanted, Pitch Perception, Sound Localization, Paired-Associate Learning, Serial Learning, Auditory, Age Factors, Motion Perception, Brain Injuries, Computer Simulation, Blindness, Psychomotor Performance, Color Perception, Signal Detection (Psychology), Judgment, ROC Curve, Regression Analysis, 8922986},
}The genetical archaeology of the human genome. von Haeseler, A., Sajantila, A., & Paabo, S. Nat Genet, 14(2):135-140, 1996.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Palaentology and archaeology are disciplines that traditionally deal with the reconstruction of human origins and history. Recently, however, molecular genetics has come to make increasing contributions to this area. In particular, several data sets indicate that variation of the human gene pool originated in Africa within the last 200,000 years. Furthermore, the study of DNA sequences allows the detection of expansions in population size. Here we briefly summarize and exemplify how DNA sequences can be used to reconstruct the history of populations.
@article{
title = {The genetical archaeology of the human genome},
type = {article},
year = {1996},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {*Gene Pool,*Genome, Human,DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics,Evolution, Molecular,Female,Human,Male,Models, Genetic,Phylogeny,Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Variation (Genetics)/*genetics},
pages = {135-140},
volume = {14},
id = {da42c725-f648-32fa-a720-c48d07c5c47c},
created = {2017-06-19T13:46:05.495Z},
file_attached = {false},
profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:46:05.676Z},
tags = {03/09/17},
read = {false},
starred = {false},
authored = {false},
confirmed = {true},
hidden = {false},
source_type = {Journal Article},
notes = {<m:note>Journal Article<m:linebreak/>Review<m:linebreak/>Review, Tutorial</m:note>},
abstract = {Palaentology and archaeology are disciplines that traditionally deal with the reconstruction of human origins and history. Recently, however, molecular genetics has come to make increasing contributions to this area. In particular, several data sets indicate that variation of the human gene pool originated in Africa within the last 200,000 years. Furthermore, the study of DNA sequences allows the detection of expansions in population size. Here we briefly summarize and exemplify how DNA sequences can be used to reconstruct the history of populations.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {von Haeseler, A and Sajantila, A and Paabo, S},
journal = {Nat Genet},
number = {2}
}Responses of cells in the superior colliculus during performance of a spatial attention task in the macaque. Gattass, R & Desimone, R Rev Bras Biol, 56 Su 1 Pt:257–279, 1996. Place: BRAZIL ISBN: 0034-7108
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Previous studies have reported that superficial layer cells in the superior colliculus (SC) give an enhanced response to a stimulus when it is the target for an eye movement. However, in a peripheral detection paradigm, no such enhancement was found when a stimulus was attended, in the absence of an eye movement. Inasmuch as behavioral studies have found attention deficits in the absence of eye movements following SC lesions or deactivation, we investigated this issue in a paradigm that is very sensitive to effects of attention. In a matching-to-sample paradigm, a sample stimulus was presented at one location followed by a brief test stimulus at that (relevant) location and a distracter at another (irrelevant) location. While maintaining fixation, the monkey indicated whether the sample and the test stimulus matched, ignoring the distracter. The relevant and irrelevant locations were switched from trial to trial. SC cells in the superficial layers tended to give enhanced responses when the attended test stimulus was inside the receptive field compared to when the (physically identical) distracter was inside the field. We found that responses to attended targets in the receptive field were larger than to physically identical, but ignored, distracter stimuli. These effects were found only in an "automatic" attentional cueing paradigm, in which a peripheral stimulus explicitly cued the animal as to the relevant location in the receptive field. No attentional effects were found in a "central" or "cognitive" cueing paradigm, in which the monkey had to learn the relevant location in a given block of trials. The larger responses to attended targets in the automatic cueing paradigm appeared to be due to a sustained elevation of cells' baseline activity when attention was directed to the receptive field, as well as a transient enhancement of the target response. Thus, responses of SC cells appear to be modulated by directed attention, even in absence of eye movements, probably reflecting the properties of cortical cells projecting to the SC.
@article{gattass_responses_1996,
title = {Responses of cells in the superior colliculus during performance of a spatial attention task in the macaque.},
volume = {56 Su 1 Pt},
abstract = {Previous studies have reported that superficial layer cells in the superior colliculus (SC) give an enhanced response to a stimulus when it is the target for an eye movement. However, in a peripheral detection paradigm, no such enhancement was found when a stimulus was attended, in the absence of an eye movement. Inasmuch as behavioral studies have found attention deficits in the absence of eye movements following SC lesions or deactivation, we investigated this issue in a paradigm that is very sensitive to effects of attention. In a matching-to-sample paradigm, a sample stimulus was presented at one location followed by a brief test stimulus at that (relevant) location and a distracter at another (irrelevant) location. While maintaining fixation, the monkey indicated whether the sample and the test stimulus matched, ignoring the distracter. The relevant and irrelevant locations were switched from trial to trial. SC cells in the superficial layers tended to give enhanced responses when the attended test stimulus was inside the receptive field compared to when the (physically identical) distracter was inside the field. We found that responses to attended targets in the receptive field were larger than to physically identical, but ignored, distracter stimuli. These effects were found only in an "automatic" attentional cueing paradigm, in which a peripheral stimulus explicitly cued the animal as to the relevant location in the receptive field. No attentional effects were found in a "central" or "cognitive" cueing paradigm, in which the monkey had to learn the relevant location in a given block of trials. The larger responses to attended targets in the automatic cueing paradigm appeared to be due to a sustained elevation of cells' baseline activity when attention was directed to the receptive field, as well as a transient enhancement of the target response. Thus, responses of SC cells appear to be modulated by directed attention, even in absence of eye movements, probably reflecting the properties of cortical cells projecting to the SC.},
language = {eng},
journal = {Rev Bras Biol},
author = {Gattass, R and Desimone, R},
year = {1996},
pmid = {9394506},
note = {Place: BRAZIL
ISBN: 0034-7108},
keywords = {Animals, Attention, Discrimination (Psychology), Macaca mulatta, Spatial Behavior, Superior Colliculi, research support, non-u.s. gov't},
pages = {257--279},
}1995 (3)
Variability of the genetic contribution of Quebec population founders associated to some deleterious genes. Heyer, E. & Tremblay, M. Am J Hum Genet, 56(4):970-8., 1995.
Paper abstract bibtex
Paper abstract bibtex Relatively high frequencies of some rare inherited disorders can be found in the Saguenay Region (Quebec). To understand this phenomenon, a research project on the 17th-century founder effect that led to the formation of French Canadians' gene pool is being carried out. The focus of this study is on founders who contributed to the Saguenay gene pool and who are related to contemporary probands suffering from any one of five hereditary diseases: cystic fibrosis, tyrosinemia, hemochromatosis, Charlevoix-Saguenay spastic ataxia, and sensorimotor polyneuropathia with or without agenesis of the corpus callosum. A control group has been added for comparison purposes. Altogether, 545 ascending genealogies have been reconstructed, using the Interuniversity Institute for Population Research's RETRO database, leading to > 2,500 founders. The genetic contribution of each founder to each group has been measured. Results show that (1) nearly 80% of the individuals' gene pool come from founders who settled in Nouvelle-France in the 17th century, whatever the group; (2) 15% of the founders explain 90% of the total genetic contribution of the founders, but this pattern varies from one group to another; (3) there is no subgroup of founders more related to any given group of individuals.
@article{
title = {Variability of the genetic contribution of Quebec population founders associated to some deleterious genes},
type = {article},
year = {1995},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {*Variation (Genetics),Genes/*genetics,Genetic Diseases,Human,Inborn/*genetics,Non-U.S. Gov't,Quebec,Support},
pages = {970-8.},
volume = {56},
id = {aca70703-612e-37dc-ad8a-67357d5d675c},
created = {2017-06-19T13:45:32.514Z},
file_attached = {true},
profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:45:32.692Z},
tags = {03/06/15},
read = {false},
starred = {false},
authored = {false},
confirmed = {true},
hidden = {false},
source_type = {Journal Article},
notes = {<m:note>eng<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
abstract = {Relatively high frequencies of some rare inherited disorders can be found in the Saguenay Region (Quebec). To understand this phenomenon, a research project on the 17th-century founder effect that led to the formation of French Canadians' gene pool is being carried out. The focus of this study is on founders who contributed to the Saguenay gene pool and who are related to contemporary probands suffering from any one of five hereditary diseases: cystic fibrosis, tyrosinemia, hemochromatosis, Charlevoix-Saguenay spastic ataxia, and sensorimotor polyneuropathia with or without agenesis of the corpus callosum. A control group has been added for comparison purposes. Altogether, 545 ascending genealogies have been reconstructed, using the Interuniversity Institute for Population Research's RETRO database, leading to > 2,500 founders. The genetic contribution of each founder to each group has been measured. Results show that (1) nearly 80% of the individuals' gene pool come from founders who settled in Nouvelle-France in the 17th century, whatever the group; (2) 15% of the founders explain 90% of the total genetic contribution of the founders, but this pattern varies from one group to another; (3) there is no subgroup of founders more related to any given group of individuals.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Heyer, E and Tremblay, M},
journal = {Am J Hum Genet},
number = {4}
}The efficacy of kinesthetic reading treatment for pure alexia. Seki, K., Yajima, M., & Sugishita, M. Neuropsychologia, 33(5):595–609, 1995.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
This paper presents an effective treatment for pure alexia by a type of single-case design, which we termed a "material-control single-case design" [Sugishita et al., Neuropsychologia, Vol. 31, 559-569, 1993]. Two patients with pure alexia were treated using kinesthetic reading (reading by tracing or copying the outline of each letter with the patient's finger). The results clearly demonstrated that both patients significantly improved their reading and copying performances. Their recovery of reading performance arose from improvement in copying. The results of tachistoscopic reading tests suggested that the patient obtained the ability to read without kinesthetic movements.
@article{seki_efficacy_1995,
title = {The efficacy of kinesthetic reading treatment for pure alexia},
volume = {33},
doi = {10/bd5t4s},
abstract = {This paper presents an effective treatment for pure alexia by a type of single-case design, which we termed a "material-control single-case design" [Sugishita et al., Neuropsychologia, Vol. 31, 559-569, 1993]. Two patients with pure alexia were treated using kinesthetic reading (reading by tracing or copying the outline of each letter with the patient's finger). The results clearly demonstrated that both patients significantly improved their reading and copying performances. Their recovery of reading performance arose from improvement in copying. The results of tachistoscopic reading tests suggested that the patient obtained the ability to read without kinesthetic movements.},
number = {5},
journal = {Neuropsychologia},
author = {Seki, K. and Yajima, M. and Sugishita, M.},
year = {1995},
keywords = {\#nosource, *Kinesthesis, Adult, Brain/*physiopathology, Case Report, Dyslexia, Acquired/diagnosis/physiopathology/*therapy, Human, Language Disorders/etiology/therapy, Language Therapy, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Thrombosis/complications/diagnosis/*physiopathology},
pages = {595--609},
}Amygdala role in conditioned associative learning. Ono, T, Nishijo, H, & Uwano, T Prog Neurobiol, 46(4):401-22, 1995.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Amygdala role in emotion was reviewed in reference to recent amygdala lesion studies and neuronal responses in the rat amygdala to conditioned stimuli. Extensive lesion studies suggest that the amygdala is crucial in various kinds of motivated and emotional behavior, and related autonomic responses. These amygdala functions critically depend on learning and memory. Amygdala lesions, both before and after training of conditioned associative learning, impaired emotional expression without simple sensory-motor deficits. Pharmacological experiments indicated neurotransmission in the amygdala is mediated through NMDA and AMPA receptors. These results strongly suggest the amygdala involvement in acquiring and storing associative memory (i.e. stimulus-affect association), by which animals recognize and evaluate the biological significance of a stimulus. This information is then transferred to the brainstem executing system. In the neurophysiological experiments, there were topographic distributions of sensory-responsive neurons within the amygdala, which were well correlated to anatomical data. The responses of rat amygdala neurons changed plastically during learning. Furthermore, more sensory-responsive neurons were encountered in the amygdala of rats trained to associate the sensory stimuli with a reinforcement than in the amygdala of rats that were not trained. In trained rats, multimodal neurons that responded to conditioned and unconditioned stimuli were frequently found in the basolateral and central nuclei of the amygdala. The results suggest that basolateral and central nuclei are foci where various sensory modalities converge, and which might perform critical functions in acquiring and storing long-term associative memory to link between sensory information and affective significance.
@Article{Ono1995,
author = {T Ono and H Nishijo and T Uwano},
journal = {Prog Neurobiol},
title = {Amygdala role in conditioned associative learning.},
year = {1995},
number = {4},
pages = {401-22},
volume = {46},
abstract = {Amygdala role in emotion was reviewed in reference to recent amygdala
lesion studies and neuronal responses in the rat amygdala to conditioned
stimuli. Extensive lesion studies suggest that the amygdala is crucial
in various kinds of motivated and emotional behavior, and related
autonomic responses. These amygdala functions critically depend on
learning and memory. Amygdala lesions, both before and after training
of conditioned associative learning, impaired emotional expression
without simple sensory-motor deficits. Pharmacological experiments
indicated neurotransmission in the amygdala is mediated through NMDA
and AMPA receptors. These results strongly suggest the amygdala involvement
in acquiring and storing associative memory (i.e. stimulus-affect
association), by which animals recognize and evaluate the biological
significance of a stimulus. This information is then transferred
to the brainstem executing system. In the neurophysiological experiments,
there were topographic distributions of sensory-responsive neurons
within the amygdala, which were well correlated to anatomical data.
The responses of rat amygdala neurons changed plastically during
learning. Furthermore, more sensory-responsive neurons were encountered
in the amygdala of rats trained to associate the sensory stimuli
with a reinforcement than in the amygdala of rats that were not trained.
In trained rats, multimodal neurons that responded to conditioned
and unconditioned stimuli were frequently found in the basolateral
and central nuclei of the amygdala. The results suggest that basolateral
and central nuclei are foci where various sensory modalities converge,
and which might perform critical functions in acquiring and storing
long-term associative memory to link between sensory information
and affective significance.},
keywords = {Amygdala, Animals, Conditioning, Operant, Emotions, Hypothalamus, Learning, Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, 8532847},
}1994 (2)
Repetition blindness between visually different items: The case of pictures and words. Bavelier, D Cognition, 51(3):199-236, 1994.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Repetition blindness (RB) is the failure to see or recall the second of two visually similar or identical items in rapid serial visual presentation. It was initially demonstrated by Kanwisher (1987), who proposed that a second token of a given word or object type cannot be established when the two items occur close in time. Bavelier and Potter (1992) showed that RB also occurs between visually different items that are phonologically similar. They proposed that RB may occur not only when the targets are physically similar, but also when they have to be registered or encoded in short-term memory (STM) along dimensions on which they are similar. This hypothesis predicts that RB between visually different items should not be restricted to words, but should occur with any stimuli, as long as the task requires these stimuli to be encoded along dimensions on which they are similar. Moreover, it also implies that a task that changes the preferred code of targets will affect the size of RB. The first prediction was confirmed by establishing RB between phonologically similar pictures and words, whether semantically related (the picture of a cat and the word "cat") or not (the picture of a sun and the word "son"), when using a task that requires phonological encoding (Experiments 1 and 2). The second prediction was also supported: the magnitude of RB depended on whether the task required similar or different codes for pictures and words (Experiments 3 and 4). These experiments confirm that RB between visually different items is due to the similarity of the codes initially used in STM. The results suggest that RB can occur at any step during the instantiation of a token, arising not only from a failure to create a new token, but also from a failure to stabilize an opened token. In this view, tokens are to be seen as dynamical entities, built over time as a function of type activation and task requirements, and varying in stability as a function of the information that is entered into them.
@Article{Bavelier1994,
author = {D Bavelier},
journal = {Cognition},
title = {Repetition blindness between visually different items: {T}he case of pictures and words.},
year = {1994},
number = {3},
pages = {199-236},
volume = {51},
abstract = {Repetition blindness (RB) is the failure to see or recall the second
of two visually similar or identical items in rapid serial visual
presentation. It was initially demonstrated by Kanwisher (1987),
who proposed that a second token of a given word or object type cannot
be established when the two items occur close in time. Bavelier and
Potter (1992) showed that RB also occurs between visually different
items that are phonologically similar. They proposed that RB may
occur not only when the targets are physically similar, but also
when they have to be registered or encoded in short-term memory (STM)
along dimensions on which they are similar. This hypothesis predicts
that RB between visually different items should not be restricted
to words, but should occur with any stimuli, as long as the task
requires these stimuli to be encoded along dimensions on which they
are similar. Moreover, it also implies that a task that changes the
preferred code of targets will affect the size of RB. The first prediction
was confirmed by establishing RB between phonologically similar pictures
and words, whether semantically related (the picture of a cat and
the word "cat") or not (the picture of a sun and the word "son"),
when using a task that requires phonological encoding (Experiments
1 and 2). The second prediction was also supported: the magnitude
of RB depended on whether the task required similar or different
codes for pictures and words (Experiments 3 and 4). These experiments
confirm that RB between visually different items is due to the similarity
of the codes initially used in STM. The results suggest that RB can
occur at any step during the instantiation of a token, arising not
only from a failure to create a new token, but also from a failure
to stabilize an opened token. In this view, tokens are to be seen
as dynamical entities, built over time as a function of type activation
and task requirements, and varying in stability as a function of
the information that is entered into them.},
keywords = {Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, 8194301},
}Mental imagery and aging. Dror, I. & Kosslyn, S. Psychol Aging, 9(1):90–102, 1994.
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex Young adult and elderly Ss performed 4 visual mental imagery tasks, each of which tapped different processes. The elderly had relatively impaired image rotation and image activation (the process of accessing and activating stored visual memories), and there was a hint that aging may impair the ability to maintain images. In contrast, the elderly were able to compose (the process of generating the segments of the shape, 1 by 1) and scan visual mental images as well as young adults. However, when the authors correlated the mean performance of each age group across all the tasks, they found that the response times of the elderly were almost perfectly predicted by the performance of the young Ss but that the error rates were not correlated. These findings suggest that although there is slowing with age, individual imaging processes are affected selectively by aging.
@article{dror_mental_1994,
title = {Mental imagery and aging},
volume = {9},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8185873},
doi = {10/d6nhx3},
abstract = {Young adult and elderly Ss performed 4 visual mental imagery tasks, each of which tapped different processes. The elderly had relatively impaired image rotation and image activation (the process of accessing and activating stored visual memories), and there was a hint that aging may impair the ability to maintain images. In contrast, the elderly were able to compose (the process of generating the segments of the shape, 1 by 1) and scan visual mental images as well as young adults. However, when the authors correlated the mean performance of each age group across all the tasks, they found that the response times of the elderly were almost perfectly predicted by the performance of the young Ss but that the error rates were not correlated. These findings suggest that although there is slowing with age, individual imaging processes are affected selectively by aging.},
number = {1},
journal = {Psychol Aging},
author = {Dror, I.E. and Kosslyn, S.M.},
year = {1994},
keywords = {\#nosource, *Imagination, *Orientation, *Pattern Recognition, Visual, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aging/*psychology, Attention, Concept Formation, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.},
pages = {90--102},
}1991 (1)
Influence of systolic pressure profile on rate of left ventricular pressure fall. Gillebert, T C & Lew, W Y Am J Physiol, 261(3 Pt 2):H805–13, 1991. Place: UNITED STATES ISBN: 0002-9513
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
We examined the influence of the systolic left ventricular pressure (LVP) waveform on the rate of isovolumetric LVP fall, as assessed by the time constant tau. Seven open-chest dogs were instrumented with a micromanometer in the left ventricle, with segment length gauges in the anterior and posterior midwall of the left ventricle, and with a balloon-tipped catheter in the proximal aorta. The intra-aortic balloon was inflated before the onset of ejection (early) or during midejection (late) to produce timed and graded increases in peak LVP of 2-20 mmHg. The rate of LVP fall slowed significantly more with late than with early increases in LVP (tau increased 1.5 +/- 0.5 vs. 0.5 +/- 0.3%/mmHg increase in peak LVP, respectively, P less than 0.001). For a similar increase in peak LVP, there was a progressively greater increase in tau when the timing of balloon inflation was progressively delayed from early to late ejection (in 10-ms increments). The differential effect of early vs. late pressure increases on tau was not related to regional differences in segment length behavior nor to an increase in regional nonuniformity between anterior and posterior sites. We conclude that under the experimental conditions of an intact, ejecting left ventricle, the systolic pressure profile is an important determinant of the rate of pressure fall. The rate of LVP fall slows in direct proportion to the magnitude of increase in systolic pressure. The sensitivity to systolic load increases progressively throughout the ejection period, so that the rate of LVP fall slows significantly more with late than with early pressure increases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
@article{gillebert_influence_1991,
title = {Influence of systolic pressure profile on rate of left ventricular pressure fall.},
volume = {261},
abstract = {We examined the influence of the systolic left ventricular pressure (LVP) waveform on the rate of isovolumetric LVP fall, as assessed by the time constant tau. Seven open-chest dogs were instrumented with a micromanometer in the left ventricle, with segment length gauges in the anterior and posterior midwall of the left ventricle, and with a balloon-tipped catheter in the proximal aorta. The intra-aortic balloon was inflated before the onset of ejection (early) or during midejection (late) to produce timed and graded increases in peak LVP of 2-20 mmHg. The rate of LVP fall slowed significantly more with late than with early increases in LVP (tau increased 1.5 +/- 0.5 vs. 0.5 +/- 0.3\%/mmHg increase in peak LVP, respectively, P less than 0.001). For a similar increase in peak LVP, there was a progressively greater increase in tau when the timing of balloon inflation was progressively delayed from early to late ejection (in 10-ms increments). The differential effect of early vs. late pressure increases on tau was not related to regional differences in segment length behavior nor to an increase in regional nonuniformity between anterior and posterior sites. We conclude that under the experimental conditions of an intact, ejecting left ventricle, the systolic pressure profile is an important determinant of the rate of pressure fall. The rate of LVP fall slows in direct proportion to the magnitude of increase in systolic pressure. The sensitivity to systolic load increases progressively throughout the ejection period, so that the rate of LVP fall slows significantly more with late than with early pressure increases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
language = {eng},
number = {3 Pt 2},
journal = {Am J Physiol},
author = {Gillebert, T C and Lew, W Y},
year = {1991},
pmid = {1887926},
note = {Place: UNITED STATES
ISBN: 0002-9513},
keywords = {Analysis of Variance, Animals, Diastole, Dogs, Electrocardiography, Heart, Heart Ventricles, Systole, Time Factors, research support, non-u.s. gov't, research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s., research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
pages = {H805--13},
}1990 (2)
Large-scale neurocognitive networks and distributed processing for attention, language, and memory. Mesulam, M. Annals of Neurology, 28(5):597–613, 1990.
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex Cognition and comportment are subserved by interconnected neural networks that allow high-level computational architectures including parallel distributed processing. Cognitive problems are not resolved by a sequential and hierarchical progression toward predetermined goals but instead by a simultaneous and interactive consideration of multiple possibilities and constraints until a satisfactory fit is achieved. The resultant texture of mental activity is characterized by almost infinite richness and flexibility. According to this model, complex behavior is mapped at the level of multifocal neural systems rather than specific anatomical sites, giving rise to brain-behavior relationships that are both localized and distributed. Each network contains anatomically addressed channels for transferring information content and chemically addressed pathways for modulating behavioral tone. This approach provides a blueprint for reexploring the neurological foundations of attention, language, memory, and frontal lobe function.
@article{mesulam_large-scale_1990,
title = {Large-scale neurocognitive networks and distributed processing for attention, language, and memory},
volume = {28},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2260847},
doi = {10/fnq75m},
abstract = {Cognition and comportment are subserved by interconnected neural networks that allow high-level computational architectures including parallel distributed processing. Cognitive problems are not resolved by a sequential and hierarchical progression toward predetermined goals but instead by a simultaneous and interactive consideration of multiple possibilities and constraints until a satisfactory fit is achieved. The resultant texture of mental activity is characterized by almost infinite richness and flexibility. According to this model, complex behavior is mapped at the level of multifocal neural systems rather than specific anatomical sites, giving rise to brain-behavior relationships that are both localized and distributed. Each network contains anatomically addressed channels for transferring information content and chemically addressed pathways for modulating behavioral tone. This approach provides a blueprint for reexploring the neurological foundations of attention, language, memory, and frontal lobe function.},
number = {5},
journal = {Annals of Neurology},
author = {Mesulam, M.M.},
year = {1990},
keywords = {\#nosource, Animals, Aphasia/physiopathology, Attention/physiology, Cognition/physiology, Frontal Lobe/physiology, Humans, Learning/physiology, Memory/physiology, Mental Processes/*physiology, Nerve Net/*physiology, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
pages = {597--613},
}Neural responses to auditory temporal patterns. Robin, D., Abbas, P., & Hug, L. J Acoust Soc Am, 87(4):1673-82, 1990.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Sets of regularly repeating auditory stimuli elicit unique perceptions; listeners are able to identify specific temporal patterns. Some temporal patterns are unambiguous (only one pattern can be perceived), while others are ambiguous (numerous patterns can be detected). While the psychophysical properties of such percepts have been well studied, little is known about the underlying neurological bases of temporal pattern perception. In this experiment, the role of adaptation in temporal pattern perception is examined by studying neural responses in four cats to a temporal pattern that is perceptually unambiguous and one that is perceptually ambiguous. Measurements were made of the whole-nerve action potential, the auditory brainstem response, and potentials from the surface of the primary auditory cortex. The adaptation patterns corresponded with the perceptual organization of temporal patterns in humans at all levels of the nervous system studied.
@Article{Robin1990,
author = {DA Robin and PJ Abbas and LN Hug},
journal = {J Acoust Soc Am},
title = {Neural responses to auditory temporal patterns.},
year = {1990},
number = {4},
pages = {1673-82},
volume = {87},
abstract = {Sets of regularly repeating auditory stimuli elicit unique perceptions;
listeners are able to identify specific temporal patterns. Some temporal
patterns are unambiguous (only one pattern can be perceived), while
others are ambiguous (numerous patterns can be detected). While the
psychophysical properties of such percepts have been well studied,
little is known about the underlying neurological bases of temporal
pattern perception. In this experiment, the role of adaptation in
temporal pattern perception is examined by studying neural responses
in four cats to a temporal pattern that is perceptually unambiguous
and one that is perceptually ambiguous. Measurements were made of
the whole-nerve action potential, the auditory brainstem response,
and potentials from the surface of the primary auditory cortex. The
adaptation patterns corresponded with the perceptual organization
of temporal patterns in humans at all levels of the nervous system
studied.},
keywords = {Animals, Attention, Computer Simulation, Human, Models, Neurological, Neurons, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Perception, Adolescent, Adult, Color Perception, Female, Male, Middle Aged, Psychological, Psychophysics, Non-U.S. Gov't, Interneurons, Pyramidal Cells, Reaction Time, Synapses, Action Potentials, Adaptation, Physiological, Contrast Sensitivity, Eye Movements, Macaca, Nerve Net, Neural Pathways, Nonlinear Dynamics, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Psychomotor Performance, Algorithms, Fixation, Ocular, Learning, Logistic Models, Cats, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Brain Stem, Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Loudness Perception, Pitch Discrimination, Time Perception, Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 2341671},
}1988 (1)
Sugar-activated ion transport in canine lingual epithelium. Implications for sugar taste transduction. Mierson, S, DeSimone, S K, Heck, G L, & DeSimone, J A J Gen Physiol, 92(1):87–111, 1988. Place: UNITED STATES ISBN: 0022-1295
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
There is good evidence indicating that ion-transport pathways in the apical regions of lingual epithelial cells, including taste bud cells, may play a role in salt taste reception. In this article, we present evidence that, in the case of the dog, there also exists a sugar-activated ion-transport pathway that is linked to sugar taste transduction. Evidence was drawn from two parallel lines of experiments: (a) ion-transport studies on the isolated canine lingual epithelium, and (b) recordings from the canine chorda tympani. The results in vitro showed that both mono- and disaccharides in the mucosal bath stimulate a dose-dependent increase in the short-circuit current over the concentration range coincident with mammalian sugar taste responses. Transepithelial current evoked by glucose, fructose, or sucrose in either 30 mM NaCl or in Krebs-Henseleit buffer (K-H) was partially blocked by amiloride. Among current carriers activated by saccharides, the current response was greater with Na than with K. Ion flux measurements in K-H during stimulation with 3-O-methylglucose showed that the sugar-evoked current was due to an increase in the Na influx. Ouabain or amiloride reduced the sugar-evoked Na influx without effect on sugar transport as measured with tritiated 3-O-methylglucose. Amiloride inhibited the canine chorda tympani response to 0.5 M NaCl by 70-80% and the response to 0.5 M KCl by approximately 40%. This agreed with the percent inhibition by amiloride of the short-circuit current supported in vitro by NaCl and KCl. Amiloride also partially inhibited the chorda tympani responses to sucrose and to fructose. The results indicate that in the dog: (a) the ion transporter subserving Na taste also subserves part of the response to K, and (b) a sugar-activated, Na-preferring ion-transport system is one mechanism mediating sugar taste transduction. Results in the literature indicate a similar sweet taste mechanism for humans.
@article{mierson_sugar-activated_1988,
title = {Sugar-activated ion transport in canine lingual epithelium. {Implications} for sugar taste transduction.},
volume = {92},
abstract = {There is good evidence indicating that ion-transport pathways in the apical regions of lingual epithelial cells, including taste bud cells, may play a role in salt taste reception. In this article, we present evidence that, in the case of the dog, there also exists a sugar-activated ion-transport pathway that is linked to sugar taste transduction. Evidence was drawn from two parallel lines of experiments: (a) ion-transport studies on the isolated canine lingual epithelium, and (b) recordings from the canine chorda tympani. The results in vitro showed that both mono- and disaccharides in the mucosal bath stimulate a dose-dependent increase in the short-circuit current over the concentration range coincident with mammalian sugar taste responses. Transepithelial current evoked by glucose, fructose, or sucrose in either 30 mM NaCl or in Krebs-Henseleit buffer (K-H) was partially blocked by amiloride. Among current carriers activated by saccharides, the current response was greater with Na than with K. Ion flux measurements in K-H during stimulation with 3-O-methylglucose showed that the sugar-evoked current was due to an increase in the Na influx. Ouabain or amiloride reduced the sugar-evoked Na influx without effect on sugar transport as measured with tritiated 3-O-methylglucose. Amiloride inhibited the canine chorda tympani response to 0.5 M NaCl by 70-80\% and the response to 0.5 M KCl by approximately 40\%. This agreed with the percent inhibition by amiloride of the short-circuit current supported in vitro by NaCl and KCl. Amiloride also partially inhibited the chorda tympani responses to sucrose and to fructose. The results indicate that in the dog: (a) the ion transporter subserving Na taste also subserves part of the response to K, and (b) a sugar-activated, Na-preferring ion-transport system is one mechanism mediating sugar taste transduction. Results in the literature indicate a similar sweet taste mechanism for humans.},
language = {eng},
number = {1},
journal = {J Gen Physiol},
author = {Mierson, S and DeSimone, S K and Heck, G L and DeSimone, J A},
year = {1988},
pmid = {3171536},
note = {Place: UNITED STATES
ISBN: 0022-1295},
keywords = {Amiloride, Animals, Biological Transport, Carbohydrates, Chorda Tympani Nerve, Dogs, Electric Conductivity, Epithelium, Ions, Phlorhizin, Potassium Chloride, Sodium Chloride, Taste, Tongue, comparative study, research support, non-u.s. gov't, research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.},
pages = {87--111},
}1986 (1)
Selective impairment of learning and blockade of long-term potentiation by an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, AP5. Morris, R., Anderson, E, Lynch, G., & Baudry, M Nature, 319(6056):774-6, 1986.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Recent work has shown that the hippocampus contains a class of receptors for the excitatory amino acid glutamate that are activated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and that exhibit a peculiar dependency on membrane voltage in becoming active only on depolarization. Blockade of these sites with the drug aminophosphonovaleric acid (AP5) does not detectably affect synaptic transmission in the hippocampus, but prevents the induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) following brief high-frequency stimulation. We now report that chronic intraventricular infusion of D,L-AP5 causes a selective impairment of place learning, which is highly sensitive to hippocampal damage, without affecting visual discrimination learning, which is not. The L-isomer of AP5 did not produce behavioural effects. AP5 treatment also suppressed LTP in vivo. These results suggest that NMDA receptors are involved in spatial learning, and add support to the hypothesis that LTP is involved in some, but not all, forms of learning.
@Article{Morris1986,
author = {RG Morris and E Anderson and GS Lynch and M Baudry},
journal = {Nature},
title = {Selective impairment of learning and blockade of long-term potentiation by an {N}-methyl-{D}-aspartate receptor antagonist, {AP}5.},
year = {1986},
number = {6056},
pages = {774-6},
volume = {319},
abstract = {Recent work has shown that the hippocampus contains a class of receptors
for the excitatory amino acid glutamate that are activated by N-methyl-D-aspartate
(NMDA) and that exhibit a peculiar dependency on membrane voltage
in becoming active only on depolarization. Blockade of these sites
with the drug aminophosphonovaleric acid (AP5) does not detectably
affect synaptic transmission in the hippocampus, but prevents the
induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) following brief
high-frequency stimulation. We now report that chronic intraventricular
infusion of D,L-AP5 causes a selective impairment of place learning,
which is highly sensitive to hippocampal damage, without affecting
visual discrimination learning, which is not. The L-isomer of AP5
did not produce behavioural effects. AP5 treatment also suppressed
LTP in vivo. These results suggest that NMDA receptors are involved
in spatial learning, and add support to the hypothesis that LTP is
involved in some, but not all, forms of learning.},
keywords = {Amygdala, Animals, Evaluation Studies, Hippocampus, Human, Learning, Long-Term Potentiation, Memory, Models, Neurological, Neural Pathways, Neuronal Plasticity, Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Synapses, 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate, Electric Stimulation, Isomerism, Rats, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Neurotransmitter, Valine, Visual Perception, 2869411},
}1985 (1)
Responses of single neurones in cat auditory cortex to time-varying stimuli: Frequency-modulated tones of narrow excursion. Phillips, D., Mendelson, J., Cynader, M., & Douglas, R. Exp Brain Res, 58(3):443-54, 1985.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
In the primary auditory cortex of cats anaesthetized with nitrous oxide, single neurones were examined with respect to their responses to tone bursts and linear modulations of the frequency of an on-going continuous tone. Using FM ramps of 2.0 kHz excursion and varying centre frequency, each of 39 neurones was examined for its preference for the direction of frequency change of a ramp whose centre frequency was varied in and around the neurone's response area. Direction preference was strictly associated with the slopes of the cell's spike count-versus-frequency function over the frequency range covered by the ramp. Preferences for upward- and downward-directed ramps were associated with the low- and high-frequency slopes of the spike count function, respectively. The strength of the cell's direction preference was associated with the relative steepness of the spike count function over the frequency range covered by the ramp. The timing of discharges elicited by the frequency modulations was found to be the sum of the cell's latent period for tone bursts plus the time after ramp onset that the stimulus frequency fell within the neurone's response area. The implications of these data for the processing of narrow and broad frequency-modulated ramps are discussed.
@Article{Phillips1985,
author = {DP Phillips and JR Mendelson and MS Cynader and RM Douglas},
journal = {Exp Brain Res},
title = {Responses of single neurones in cat auditory cortex to time-varying stimuli: {F}requency-modulated tones of narrow excursion.},
year = {1985},
number = {3},
pages = {443-54},
volume = {58},
abstract = {In the primary auditory cortex of cats anaesthetized with nitrous
oxide, single neurones were examined with respect to their responses
to tone bursts and linear modulations of the frequency of an on-going
continuous tone. Using FM ramps of 2.0 kHz excursion and varying
centre frequency, each of 39 neurones was examined for its preference
for the direction of frequency change of a ramp whose centre frequency
was varied in and around the neurone's response area. Direction preference
was strictly associated with the slopes of the cell's spike count-versus-frequency
function over the frequency range covered by the ramp. Preferences
for upward- and downward-directed ramps were associated with the
low- and high-frequency slopes of the spike count function, respectively.
The strength of the cell's direction preference was associated with
the relative steepness of the spike count function over the frequency
range covered by the ramp. The timing of discharges elicited by the
frequency modulations was found to be the sum of the cell's latent
period for tone bursts plus the time after ramp onset that the stimulus
frequency fell within the neurone's response area. The implications
of these data for the processing of narrow and broad frequency-modulated
ramps are discussed.},
keywords = {Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, Concept Formation, Form Perception, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Shrews, P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Cochlea, Ear, Gerbillinae, Glycine, Hearing, Neurons, Space Perception, Strychnine, Adolescent, Decision Making, Reaction Time, Astrocytoma, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Evoked Potentials, Frontal Lobe, Noise, Parietal Lobe, Scalp, Child, Language Development, Psycholinguistics, Brain, Perception, Speech, Vocalization, Animal, Discrimination (Psychology), Hippocampus, Rats, Calcium, Chelating Agents, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Glutamic Acid, Guanosine Diphosphate, In Vitro, Neuronal Plasticity, Pyramidal Cells, Receptors, AMPA, Metabotropic Glutamate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Somatosensory Cortex, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Thionucleotides, Action Potentials, Calcium Channels, L-Type, Electric Conductivity, Entorhinal Cortex, Neurological, Long-Evans, Infant, Mathematics, Statistics, Probability Learning, Problem Solving, Psychophysics, Association Learning, Child Psychology, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Probability Theory, Analysis of Variance, Semantics, Symbolism, Behavior, Eye Movements, Macaca mulatta, Prefrontal Cortex, Cats, Dogs, Haplorhini, Photic Stimulation, Electroencephalography, Nervous System Physiology, Darkness, Grasshoppers, Light, Membrane Potentials, Neural Inhibition, Afferent, Picrotoxin, Vision, Deoxyglucose, Injections, Microspheres, Neural Pathways, Rhodamines, Choice Behavior, Speech Perception, Verbal Learning, Dominance, Cerebral, Fixation, Ocular, Language Tests, Random Allocation, Comparative Study, Saguinus, Sound Spectrography, Species Specificity, Audiometry, Auditory Threshold, Calibration, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Anesthesia, General, Electrodes, Implanted, Pitch Perception, Sound Localization, Paired-Associate Learning, Serial Learning, Auditory, Age Factors, Motion Perception, Brain Injuries, Computer Simulation, Blindness, Psychomotor Performance, Color Perception, Signal Detection (Psychology), Judgment, ROC Curve, Regression Analysis, Music, Probability, Arm, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Hemiplegia, Movement, Muscle, Skeletal, Myoclonus, Robotics, Magnetoencephalography, Phonetics, Software, Speech Production Measurement, Epilepsies, Partial, Laterality, Stereotaxic Techniques, Germany, Speech Acoustics, Verbal Behavior, Child Development, Instinct, Brain Stem, Coma, Diagnosis, Differential, Hearing Disorders, Hearing Loss, Central, Neuroma, Acoustic, Dendrites, Down-Regulation, Patch-Clamp Techniques, Wistar, Up-Regulation, Aged, Aphasia, Middle Aged, Cones (Retina), Primates, Retina, Retinal Ganglion Cells, Tympanic Membrane, Cell Communication, Extremities, Biological, Motor Activity, Rana catesbeiana, Spinal Cord, Central Nervous System, Motion, Motor Cortex, Intelligence, Macaca fascicularis, Adoption, Critical Period (Psychology), France, Korea, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Multilingualism, Auditory Pathways, Cochlear Nerve, Loudness Perception, Neural Conduction, 4007088},
}