Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{cipriani_comparative_2011,
	title = {Comparative efficacy and acceptability of antimanic drugs in acute mania: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis},
	volume = {378},
	issn = {1474-547X},
	url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21851976/},
	doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60873-8},
	abstract = {Conventional meta-analyses have shown inconsistent results for efficacy of pharmacological treatments for acute mania. We did a multiple-treatments meta-analysis, which accounted for both direct and indirect comparisons, to assess the effects of all antimanic drugs. We systematically reviewed 68 randomised controlled trials (16 073 participants) from Jan 1, 1980, to Nov 25, 2010, which compared any of the following pharmacological drugs at therapeutic dose range for the treatment of acute mania in adults: aripiprazole, asenapine, carbamazepine, valproate, gabapentin, haloperidol, lamotrigine, lithium, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, topiramate, and ziprasidone. The main outcomes were the mean change on mania rating scales and the number of patients who dropped out of the allocated treatment at 3 weeks. Analysis was done by intention to treat. Haloperidol (standardised mean difference [SMD] -0·56 [95 CI -0·69 to -0·43]), risperidone (-0·50 [-0·63 to -0·38), olanzapine (-0·43 [-0·54 to -0·32], lithium (-0·37 [-0·63 to -0·11]), quetiapine (-0·37 [-0·51 to -0·23]), aripiprazole (-0·37 [-0·51 to -0·23]), carbamazepine (-0·36 [-0·60 to -0·11], asenapine (-0·30 [-0·53 to -0·07]), valproate (-0·20 [-0·37 to -0·04]), and ziprasidone (-0·20 [-0·37 to -0·03]) were significantly more effective than placebo, whereas gabapentin, lamotrigine, and topiramate were not. Haloperidol had the highest number of significant differences and was significantly more effective than lithium (SMD -0·19 [95 CI -0·36 to -0·01]), quetiapine (-0·19 [-0·37 to 0·01]), aripiprazole (-0·19 [-0·36 to -0·02]), carbamazepine (-0·20 [-0·36 to -0·01]), asenapine (-0·26 [-0·52 to 0·01]), valproate (-0·36 [-0·56 to -0·15]), ziprasidone -0·36 [-0·56 to -0·15]), lamotrigine (-0·48 [-0·77 to -0·19]), topiramate (-0·63 [-0·84 to -0·43]), and gabapentin (-0·88 [-1·40 to -0·36]). Risperidone and olanzapine had a very similar profile of comparative efficacy, being more effective than valproate, ziprasidone, lamotrigine, topiramate, and gabapentin. Olanzapine, risperidone, and quetiapine led to significantly fewer discontinuations than did lithium, lamotrigine, placebo, topiramate, and gabapentin. Overall, antipsychotic drugs were significantly more effective than mood stabilisers. Risperidone, olanzapine, and haloperidol should be considered as among the best of the available options for the treatment of manic episodes. These results should be considered in the development of clinical practice guidelines. None. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.},
	number = {9799},
	urldate = {2021-09-07},
	journal = {Lancet (London, England)},
	author = {Cipriani, A and Barbui, C and Salanti, G and Rendell, J and Brown, R and Stockton, S and Purgato, M and Spineli, LM and Goodwin, GM and Geddes, JR},
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21851976},
	note = {Publisher: Lancet},
	keywords = {Andrea Cipriani, Antimanic Agents / therapeutic use*, Antipsychotic Agents / therapeutic use*, Bipolar Disorder / drug therapy*, Corrado Barbui, Humans, John R Geddes, MEDLINE, Meta-Analysis, NCBI, NIH, NLM, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, Non-U.S. Gov't, Patient Dropouts, PubMed Abstract, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Research Design, Research Support, Review, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60873-8, pmid:21851976},
	pages = {1306--1315},
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{dean_full_2010,
	title = {Full spectrum of psychiatric outcomes among offspring with parental history of mental disorder},
	volume = {67},
	issn = {0003990X},
	url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20679590/},
	doi = {10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.86},
	abstract = {Context: While concordant parent/offspring risks for specific mental disorders are well established, knowledge of the broader range of psychiatric outcomes among offspring with parental history of mental disorder is lacking. Objective: To examine the full range of mental health outcomes among offspring of parents with serious and other mental disorders compared with those whose parents had no such history. Design: Population-based cohort study. Offspring were followed up from their 14th birthday for the development of mental disorders based on both outpatient and inpatient hospital data. Setting: Danish population. Participants: All offspring born in Denmark between 1980 and 1994 (N=865 078) with follow-up to December 2008. Main Outcome Measures: Incidence rates, incidence rate ratios, and cumulative incidences for offspring psychiatric outcomes. Results: Parental serious mental disorder (SMD) (nonaffective or affective psychosis) was found to be positively associated with virtually all offspring psychiatric outcomes, including those not hitherto regarded as clinically related. Offspring of parents without SMD but with a history of "other mental disorder" were also found to be at increased risk of developing a range of mental disorders. The strongest associations were found where both parents had a history of mental disorder (eg, offspring of 2 parents with SMD were 13 times more likely to develop schizophrenia). Elevated risks were not confined to concordant parent/offspring disorders (eg, offspring of 2 parents with SMD were 8 times more likely to develop substance misuse disorders). Conclusions: The impact of parental history of mental disorder was not confined to elevated offspring risk of concordant disorders but rather offspring are at increased risk of a wide range of mental disorders, particularly those with 2 affected parents. Our results imply an important role for etiological factors giving rise to broad, as well as specific, familial vulnerabilities. These findings also have potential implications for diagnostic classification. ©2010 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2020-10-08},
	journal = {Archives of General Psychiatry},
	author = {Dean, Kimberlie and Stevens, Hanne and Mortensen, Preben B. and Murray, Robin M. and Walsh, Elizabeth and Pedersen, Carsten B.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20679590},
	note = {Publisher: Arch Gen Psychiatry},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Carsten B Pedersen, Child of Impaired Parents / psychology, Child of Impaired Parents / statistics \& numerical data*, Cohort Studies, Comparative Study, Denmark / epidemiology, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Hanne Stevens, Health Care, Humans, Incidence, International Classification of Diseases / statistics \& numerical data, Kimberlie Dean, Longitudinal Studies, MEDLINE, Male, Mental Disorders / diagnosis, Mental Disorders / epidemiology*, NCBI, NIH, NLM, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, Non-U.S. Gov't, Outcome Assessment, Parents / psychology, PubMed Abstract, Research Support, Risk Factors, Schizophrenia / diagnosis*, Schizophrenia / epidemiology, Substance-Related Disorders / diagnosis, Substance-Related Disorders / epidemiology, Treatment Outcome, doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.86, pmid:20679590},
	pages = {822--829},
}

@article{freiwald_face_2009,
	title = {A face feature space in the macaque temporal lobe.},
	volume = {12},
	doi = {10.1038/nn.2363},
	abstract = {The ability of primates to effortlessly recognize faces has been attributed to the existence of specialized face areas. One such area, the macaque middle face patch, consists almost entirely of cells that are selective for faces, but the principles by which these cells analyze faces are unknown. We found that middle face patch neurons detect and differentiate faces using a strategy that is both part based and holistic. Cells detected distinct constellations of face parts. Furthermore, cells were tuned to the geometry of facial features. Tuning was most often ramp-shaped, with a one-to-one mapping of feature magnitude to firing rate. Tuning amplitude depended on the presence of a whole, upright face and features were interpreted according to their position in a whole, upright face. Thus, cells in the middle face patch encode axes of a face space specialized for whole, upright faces},
	language = {eng},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	author = {Freiwald, Winrich A and Tsao, Doris Y and Livingstone, Margaret S},
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19668199},
	note = {Place: United States
ISBN: 1546-1726},
	keywords = {Action Potentials, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Face, Macaca mulatta, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Microelectrodes, Neurons, Photic Stimulation, Temporal Lobe, Time Factors, Visual Perception, research support, n.i.h., extramural, research support, non-u.s. gov't},
	pages = {1187--1196},
}

@article{brouwer_decoding_2009,
	title = {Decoding and reconstructing color from responses in human visual cortex.},
	volume = {29},
	doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3577-09.2009},
	abstract = {How is color represented by spatially distributed patterns of activity in visual cortex? Functional magnetic resonance imaging responses to several stimulus colors were analyzed with multivariate techniques: conventional pattern classification, a forward model of idealized color tuning, and principal component analysis (PCA). Stimulus color was accurately decoded from activity in V1, V2, V3, V4, and VO1 but not LO1, LO2, V3A/B, or MT+. The conventional classifier and forward model yielded similar accuracies, but the forward model (unlike the classifier) also reliably reconstructed novel stimulus colors not used to train (specify parameters of) the model. The mean responses, averaged across voxels in each visual area, were not reliably distinguishable for the different stimulus colors. Hence, each stimulus color was associated with a unique spatially distributed pattern of activity, presumably reflecting the color selectivity of cortical neurons. Using PCA, a color space was derived from the covariation, across voxels, in the responses to different colors. In V4 and VO1, the first two principal component scores (main source of variation) of the responses revealed a progression through perceptual color space, with perceptually similar colors evoking the most similar responses. This was not the case for any of the other visual cortical areas, including V1, although decoding was most accurate in V1. This dissociation implies a transformation from the color representation in V1 to reflect perceptual color space in V4 and VO1.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {44},
	journal = {J Neurosci},
	author = {Brouwer, Gijs Joost and Heeger, David J},
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19890009},
	note = {Place: United States
ISBN: 1529-2401},
	keywords = {Adult, Brain Mapping, Color, Color Perception, Humans, Photic Stimulation, Reaction Time, Visual Cortex, Young Adult, comparative study, research support, n.i.h., extramural, research support, non-u.s. gov't},
	pages = {13992--14003},
}

@article{abrahams_advances_2008,
	title = {Advances in autism genetics: on the threshold of a new neurobiology.},
	volume = {9},
	doi = {10.1038/nrg2346},
	abstract = {Autism is a heterogeneous syndrome defined by impairments in three core domains: social interaction, language and range of interests. Recent work has led to the identification of several autism susceptibility genes and an increased appreciation of the contribution of de novo and inherited copy number variation. Promising strategies are also being applied to identify common genetic risk variants. Systems biology approaches, including array-based expression profiling, are poised to provide additional insights into this group of disorders, in which heterogeneity, both genetic and phenotypic, is emerging as a dominant theme.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Nat Rev Genet},
	author = {Abrahams, Brett S and Geschwind, Daniel H},
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18414403},
	note = {Place: England
ISBN: 1471-0064},
	keywords = {Animals, Autism, Autistic Disorder, Gene Dosage, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Regulation, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Humans, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Phenotype, Systems Biology, research support, n.i.h., extramural, research support, non-u.s. gov't, review},
	pages = {341--355},
}

@article{kiani_object_2007,
	title = {Object category structure in response patterns of neuronal population in monkey inferior temporal cortex.},
	volume = {97},
	doi = {10.1152/jn.00024.2007},
	abstract = {Our mental representation of object categories is hierarchically organized, and our rapid and seemingly effortless categorization ability is crucial for our daily behavior. Here, we examine responses of a large number ({\textgreater}600) of neurons in monkey inferior temporal (IT) cortex with a large number ({\textgreater}1,000) of natural and artificial object images. During the recordings, the monkeys performed a passive fixation task. We found that the categorical structure of objects is represented by the pattern of activity distributed over the cell population. Animate and inanimate objects created distinguishable clusters in the population code. The global category of animate objects was divided into bodies, hands, and faces. Faces were divided into primate and nonprimate faces, and the primate-face group was divided into human and monkey faces. Bodies of human, birds, and four-limb animals clustered together, whereas lower animals such as fish, reptile, and insects made another cluster. Thus the cluster analysis showed that IT population responses reconstruct a large part of our intuitive category structure, including the global division into animate and inanimate objects, and further hierarchical subdivisions of animate objects. The representation of categories was distributed in several respects, e.g., the similarity of response patterns to stimuli within a category was maintained by both the cells that maximally responded to the category and the cells that responded weakly to the category. These results advance our understanding of the nature of the IT neural code, suggesting an inherently categorical representation that comprises a range of categories including the amply investigated face category.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {6},
	journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	author = {Kiani, Roozbeh and Esteky, Hossein and Mirpour, Koorosh and Tanaka, Keiji},
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17428910},
	note = {Place: United States
ISBN: 0022-3077},
	keywords = {Action Potentials, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Brain Mapping, Cluster Analysis, Humans, Macaca mulatta, Neurons, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Probability, Reaction Time, Temporal Lobe, Visual Pathways, research support, non-u.s. gov't},
	pages = {4296--4309},
}

@article{stringer_invariant_2007,
	title = {Invariant object recognition with trace learning and multiple stimuli present during training.},
	volume = {18},
	doi = {10.1080/09548980701556055},
	abstract = {Over successive stages, the ventral visual system develops neurons that respond with view, size and position invariance to objects including faces. A major challenge is to explain how invariant representations of individual objects could develop given visual input from environments containing multiple objects. Here we show that the neurons in a 1-layer competitive network learn to represent combinations of three objects simultaneously present during training if the number of objects in the training set is low (e.g. 4), to represent combinations of two objects as the number of objects is increased to for e.g. 10, and to represent individual objects as the number of objects in the training set is increased further to for e.g. 20. We next show that translation invariant representations can be formed even when multiple stimuli are always present during training, by including a temporal trace in the learning rule. Finally, we show that these concepts can be extended to a multi-layer hierarchical network model (VisNet) of the ventral visual system. This approach provides a way to understand how a visual system can, by self-organizing competitive learning, form separate invariant representations of each object even when each object is presented in a scene with multiple other objects present, as in natural visual scenes.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Network},
	author = {Stringer, S M and Rolls, E T and Tromans, J M},
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17966074},
	note = {Place: England
ISBN: 0954-898X},
	keywords = {Animals, Computer Simulation, Generalization (Psychology), Humans, Learning, Models, Neurological, Neural Networks (Computer), Neurons, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, research support, non-u.s. gov't},
	pages = {161--187},
}

@article{
 title = {Characterization of canine superficial tumors using gray-scale B mode, color flow mapping, and spectral doppler ultrasonography--a multivariate study},
 type = {article},
 year = {2006},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Animals,Dog Diseases/pathology/physiopathology/ultrasonogr,Dogs,Female,Lipoma/blood supply/ultrasonography/veterinary,Male,Multivariate Analysis,Neoplasm Metastasis,Predictive Value of Tests,Pulsatile Flow,Regional Blood Flow,Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Soft Tissue Neoplasms/blood supply/ultrasonography,Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color/veterinary},
 pages = {192-198},
 volume = {47},
 city = {Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 16, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. helena@dsr.kvl.dv},
 id = {bf3d3202-f876-3f19-b88c-c47b56be7064},
 created = {2016-09-06T13:34:42.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {cacab941-be62-3845-982b-a7700857a11d},
 last_modified = {2016-09-07T14:54:39.000Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {JOUR},
 notes = {LR: 20061107; PUBM: Print; JID: 9209635; ppublish},
 abstract = {Superficial tumors are not routinely evaluated by two- or three-dimensional diagnostic imaging methods as part of the staging of canine cancer patients, although superficial tumors are readily imaged by ultrasound. The objectives of this study were to characterize the ultrasonographic patterns of superficial tumors and to evaluate whether ultrasound can help discriminate between benign and malignant tumors in dogs. Superficial tumors (n=132) in 86 dogs were evaluated by B mode, color flow mapping, and spectral Doppler ultrasonography. Size, echogenicity, tumor border definition, invasiveness, acoustic transmission, presence and distribution of vascular flow to and within the tumor, as well as perfusion indices were measured. The tumors were classified as lipomas, benign tumors, atypical mammary tumors, and malignant tumors. Multivariate statistics using discriminant analysis was used to determine which parameters may be used to predict the status of the tumor. Tumor echogenicity, border shape, acoustic shadowing, total number of vessels to the tumor and the total flow amount are the parameters that in combination resulted in the lowest classification error (24%), meaning that on average three out of four tumors were correctly classified using these parameters. All the lipomas and atypical mammary tumors were classified correctly by ultrasonography. The results of this study show that ultrasonography has an important role in the evaluation of canine superficial tumors, particularly in the evaluation of tissue homogeneity and tumor vascularity.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Nyman, H T and Kristensen, A T and Lee, M H and Martinussen, T and McEvoy, F J},
 journal = {Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association},
 number = {2}
}

@Article{Rayner2006,
  author   = {Keith Rayner and Sarah J White and Rebecca L Johnson and Simon P Liversedge},
  journal  = {Psychol Sci},
  title    = {Raeding wrods with jubmled lettres: there is a cost.},
  year     = {2006},
  number   = {3},
  pages    = {192-3},
  volume   = {17},
  doi      = {10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01684.x},
  keywords = {Comprehension, Extramural, Eye Movements, Humans, N.I.H., Non-U.S. Gov't, Pattern Recognition, Reading, Research Support, Space Perception, Students, Time Factors, Visual, Visual Perception, 16507057},
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{gharabaghi_role_2006,
	title = {The role of the right superior temporal gyrus in visual search-insights from intraoperative electrical stimulation},
	volume = {44},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16750545},
	doi = {10/cghfr4},
	abstract = {Intraoperative electrical stimulation in awake patients is a seminal technique during brain surgery allowing one to infer the function of brain areas by temporary inactivation. Using this technique, we found that inactivation of the middle portion of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) leads to disturbed serial exploratory visual search. The data supplement recent findings by Ellison et al. [Ellison, A., Schindler, I., Pattison, L. L., \& Milner, A. D. (2004). An exploration of the role of the superior temporal gyrus in visual search and spatial perception using TMS. Brain, 127, 2307-2315] using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the STG in healthy subjects. Our data demonstrate that the STG is integral to human exploration behaviour and challenge the traditional view that only the right posterior parietal cortex is involved in the mediation of visual search processes.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Neuropsychologia},
	author = {Gharabaghi, A. and Fruhmann Berger, M. and Tatagiba, M. and Karnath, H.-O.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {\#nosource, *Intraoperative Period, Aged, Brain Mapping, Electric Stimulation/*methods, Humans, Language Disorders/pathology/surgery, Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods, Male, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Temporal Lobe/*physiopathology/radiation effects, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Visual Perception/*physiology},
	pages = {2578--2581},
}

@Article{Kurzban2005,
  author   = {Robert Kurzban and Daniel Houser},
  journal  = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
  title    = {Experiments investigating cooperative types in humans: {A} complement to evolutionary theory and simulations.},
  year     = {2005},
  number   = {5},
  pages    = {1803-7},
  volume   = {102},
  abstract = {Unlike other species, humans cooperate in large, distantly related
	groups, a fact that has long presented a puzzle to biologists. The
	pathway by which adaptations for large-scale cooperation among nonkin
	evolved in humans remains a subject of vigorous debate. Results from
	theoretical analyses and agent-based simulations suggest that evolutionary
	dynamics need not yield homogeneous populations, but can instead
	generate a polymorphic population that consists of individuals who
	vary in their degree of cooperativeness. These results resonate with
	the recent increasing emphasis on the importance of individual differences
	in understanding and modeling behavior and dynamics in experimental
	games and decision problems. Here, we report the results of laboratory
	experiments that complement both theory and simulation results. We
	find that our subjects fall into three types, an individual's type
	is stable, and a group's cooperative outcomes can be remarkably well
	predicted if one knows its type composition. Reciprocal types, who
	contribute to the public good as a positive function of their beliefs
	about others' contributions, constitute the majority (63\%) of players;
	cooperators and free-riders are also present in our subject population.
	Despite substantial behavioral differences, earnings among types
	are statistically identical. Our results support the view that our
	human subject population is in a stable, polymorphic equilibrium
	of types.},
  doi      = {10.1073/pnas.0408759102},
  keywords = {Agonistic Behavior, Animals, Anura, Behavior, Animal, Cues, Male, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Vocalization, 15665099},
}

Paper  Website  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Mapping genes of complex psychiatric diseases in Daghestan genetic isolates},
 type = {article},
 year = {2005},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Chromosome Mapping,Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12/genetics,Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17/genetics,Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/genetics,Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3/genetics,Female,Founder Effect,Genetic Predisposition to Disease/*genetics,Humans,Linkage Disequilibrium,Male,Mental Disorders/ethnology/*genetics,Microsatellite Repeats,Multivariate Analysis,Pedigree,Phenotype,Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Russia,Schizophrenia/ethnology/genetics},
 pages = {76-84},
 volume = {132},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15389762},
 id = {8f6c6132-b713-390e-b626-dfb026249513},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:42:34.074Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:42:34.225Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>1552-4841 (Print)<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
 abstract = {Genetic isolates, which provide outstanding opportunities for identification of susceptibility genes for complex diseases, can be classified as primary (having an ancient demographic history in a stable environment) or secondary (having a younger demographic history) Neel [1992: Minority populations: Genetics, demography, and health, pp. 1-13]. Daghestan contains 26 out of 50 indigenous Caucasus ethnicities that have been in existence for hundreds of generations in the same highland region. The ethnic groups are subdivided into numerous primary isolates. The founder effect and gene drift in these primary isolates may have caused aggregation of specific haplotypes with limited numbers of pathogenic alleles and loci in some isolates relative to others. These are expressed as inter-population differences in lifetime prevalence and features of certain complex clinical phenotypes and in patterns of genetic linkage and linkage disequilibrium (LD). Stable highland and ethnic-cultural environments have led to increased penetrance and a reduced number of phenocopies, which typically hamper the identification of any susceptibility genes for complex diseases. Owing to these characteristics of the primary isolates, a comparative linkage study in the primary isolates allows us to define the number of susceptibility genes for any complex disease and to identify the source of variability and non-replication of linkage analysis results. As part of an ongoing study, seven extended schizophrenia and one nonspecific mental retardation kindreds have been ascertained from Daghestan isolates. Lifetime morbid risk for schizophrenia in the isolates varied from 0 to 5%. A genome scan with markers spaced 10 cM apart was carried out on these pedigrees and linkage analysis was performed using descent graph methods, as implemented in Simwalk2. To identify regions containing susceptibility genes within these kindreds, we followed up those regions with non-parametric and parametric linkage analyses, with the choice of genetic model guided by the results obtained in the NPL. While the analyses are ongoing, the most positive findings were made in different isolated pedigrees on chromosomes 17p11, 3q24, and 22q for schizophrenia and on chromosome 12q for nonspecific mental retardation.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Bulayeva, K B and Leal, S M and Pavlova, T A and Kurbanov, R M and Glatt, S J and Bulayev, O A and Tsuang, M T},
 journal = {Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet},
 number = {1}
}

Paper  Website  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {A comparison of linkage disequilibrium patterns and estimated population recombination rates across multiple populations},
 type = {article},
 year = {2005},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {*Genetics, Population,*Linkage Disequilibrium,African Americans/genetics,African Continental Ancestry Group/genetics,Asian Continental Ancestry Group/genetics,Chromosome Mapping,Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20,Comparative Study,European Continental Ancestry Group/genetics,Great Britain,Haplotypes,Humans,Recombination, Genetic,Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.,United States},
 pages = {681-687},
 volume = {76},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15719321},
 id = {df641bec-fc57-358d-9cb4-13c6665f5e26},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:42:11.904Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:42:12.017Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>0002-9297 (Print)<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
 abstract = {Large-scale studies of linkage disequilibrium (LD) have shown considerable variation in the extent and distribution of pairwise LD within and between populations. Taken at face value, these results suggest that genomewide LD maps for one population may not be generalizable to other populations. However, at least part of this diversity is due to some undesirable features of pairwise LD measures, which are well documented for the D' and r2 measures. In this report, we compare patterns of LD derived from pairwise measures with statistical estimates of population recombination rates ( rho ) along a 10-Mb stretch of chromosome 20 in four population samples, comprising East Asians, African Americans, and U.K. and U.S. individuals of western European descent. The results reveal the expected variability of D' within and between populations but show better concordance in estimates of r2 for the same markers across the population samples. Estimates of rho correlate well across populations, but there is still evidence of population-specific spikes and troughs in rho values. We conclude that it is unlikely that a single haplotype map will provide a definitive guide for association studies of many populations; rather, multiple maps will need to be constructed to provide the best-possible guides for gene mapping.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Evans, D M and Cardon, L R},
 journal = {Am J Hum Genet},
 number = {4}
}

@Article{Backwell2004,
  author   = {Patricia R Y Backwell and Michael D Jennions},
  journal  = {Nature},
  title    = {Animal behaviour: {C}oalition among male fiddler crabs.},
  year     = {2004},
  number   = {6998},
  pages    = {417},
  volume   = {430},
  abstract = {Until now, no compelling evidence has emerged from studies of animal
	territoriality to indicate that a resident will strategically help
	a neighbour to defend its territory against an intruder. We show
	here that territory-owning Australian fiddler crabs will judiciously
	assist other crabs in defending their neighbouring territories. This
	cooperation supports the prediction that it is sometimes less costly
	to assist a familiar neighbour than to renegotiate boundaries with
	a new, and possibly stronger, neighbour.},
  doi      = {10.1038/430417a},
  keywords = {Animals, Attention, Brain, Decision Making, Face, Female, Haplorhini, Housing, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Models, Neurological, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Prefrontal Cortex, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Visual Perception, Choice Behavior, Cognition, Dopamine, Learning, Schizophrenia, Substance-Related Disorders, Generalization (Psychology), Motor Skills, Non-P.H.S., Nerve Net, Neuronal Plasticity, Perception, Cerebral Cortex, Memory, Neurons, Sound Localization, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Neural Pathways, Non-, Acoustic Stimulation, Adult, Age of Onset, Aging, Blindness, Child, Preschool, Infant, Newborn, Pitch Perception, Analysis of Variance, Animal Welfare, Laboratory, Behavior, Animal, Hybridization, Genetic, Maze Learning, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Inbred DBA, Phenotype, Reproducibility of Results, Darkness, Deafness, Finches, Sleep, Sound, Sunlight, Time Factors, Vocalization, Energy Metabolism, Evolution, Fossils, History, Ancient, Hominidae, Biological, Physical Endurance, Running, Skeleton, Walking, Acoustics, Auditory Perception, Cues, Discrimination Learning, Pair Bond, Social Behavior, Songbirds, Adolescent, England, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Korea, Language, Semantics, Vocabulary, Action Potentials, Hippocampus, Pyramidal Cells, Rats, Rotation, Australia, Brachyura, Cooperative Behavior, Logistic Models, Territoriality, 15269757},
}

@Article{Egnor2004,
  author   = {S. E Roian Egnor and Marc D Hauser},
  journal  = {Trends Neurosci},
  title    = {A paradox in the evolution of primate vocal learning.},
  year     = {2004},
  number   = {11},
  pages    = {649-54},
  volume   = {27},
  abstract = {The importance of auditory feedback in the development of spoken language
	in humans is striking. Paradoxically, although auditory-feedback-dependent
	vocal plasticity has been shown in a variety of taxonomic groups,
	there is little evidence that our nearest relatives--non-human primates--require
	auditory feedback for the development of species-typical vocal signals.
	Because of the apparent lack of developmental plasticity in the vocal
	production system, neuroscientists have largely ignored the neural
	mechanisms of non-human primate vocal production and perception.
	Recently, the absence of evidence for vocal plasticity from developmental
	studies has been contrasted with evidence for vocal plasticity in
	adults. We argue that this new evidence makes non-human primate vocal
	behavior an attractive model system for neurobiological analysis.},
  doi      = {10.1016/j.tins.2004.08.009},
  keywords = {Acoustic Stimulation, Animal, Animals, Evolution, Humans, Learning, Non-U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Vocalization, 15474164},
}

@Article{Polley2004,
  author   = {Daniel B Polley and Marc A Heiser and David T Blake and Christoph E Schreiner and Michael M Merzenich},
  journal  = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
  title    = {Associative learning shapes the neural code for stimulus magnitude in primary auditory cortex.},
  year     = {2004},
  number   = {46},
  pages    = {16351-6},
  volume   = {101},
  abstract = {Since the dawn of experimental psychology, researchers have sought
	an understanding of the fundamental relationship between the amplitude
	of sensory stimuli and the magnitudes of their perceptual representations.
	Contemporary theories support the view that magnitude is encoded
	by a linear increase in firing rate established in the primary afferent
	pathways. In the present study, we have investigated sound intensity
	coding in the rat primary auditory cortex (AI) and describe its plasticity
	by following paired stimulus reinforcement and instrumental conditioning
	paradigms. In trained animals, population-response strengths in AI
	became more strongly nonlinear with increasing stimulus intensity.
	Individual AI responses became selective to more restricted ranges
	of sound intensities and, as a population, represented a broader
	range of preferred sound levels. These experiments demonstrate that
	the representation of stimulus magnitude can be powerfully reshaped
	by associative learning processes and suggest that the code for sound
	intensity within AI can be derived from intensity-tuned neurons that
	change, rather than simply increase, their firing rates in proportion
	to increases in sound intensity.},
  doi      = {10.1073/pnas.0407586101},
  keywords = {Acoustic Stimulation, Animals, Association Learning, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Threshold, Conditioning (Psychology), Electrophysiology, Loudness Perception, Neuronal Plasticity, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Reinforcement (Psychology), Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Reward, 15534214},
}

@Article{Abbott2004,
  author   = {LF Abbott and Wade G Regehr},
  journal  = {Nature},
  title    = {Synaptic computation.},
  year     = {2004},
  number   = {7010},
  pages    = {796-803},
  volume   = {431},
  abstract = {Neurons are often considered to be the computational engines of the
	brain, with synapses acting solely as conveyers of information. But
	the diverse types of synaptic plasticity and the range of timescales
	over which they operate suggest that synapses have a more active
	role in information processing. Long-term changes in the transmission
	properties of synapses provide a physiological substrate for learning
	and memory, whereas short-term changes support a variety of computations.
	By expressing several forms of synaptic plasticity, a single neuron
	can convey an array of different signals to the neural circuit in
	which it operates.},
  doi      = {10.1038/nature03010},
  groups   = {Gain control},
  keywords = {Animals, Attention, Brain, Decision Making, Face, Female, Haplorhini, Housing, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Models, Neurological, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Prefrontal Cortex, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Visual Perception, Choice Behavior, Cognition, Dopamine, Learning, Schizophrenia, Substance-Related Disorders, Generalization (Psychology), Motor Skills, Non-P.H.S., Nerve Net, Neuronal Plasticity, Perception, Cerebral Cortex, Memory, Neurons, Sound Localization, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, 15483601},
}

@article{behrmann_parietal_2004,
	title = {Parietal cortex and attention},
	volume = {14},
	abstract = {The parietal lobe forms about 20\% of the human cerebral cortex and is divided into two major regions, the somatosensory cortex and the posterior parietal cortex. Posterior parietal cortex, located at the junction of multiple sensory regions, projects to several cortical and subcortical areas and is engaged in a host of cognitive operations. One such operation is selective attention, the process where by the input is filtered and a subset of the information is selected for preferential processing. Recent neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies have provided a more fine-grained understanding of the relationship between brain and behavior in the domain of selective attention.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
	author = {Behrmann, M and Geng, J J and Shomstein, S},
	year = {2004},
	pmid = {15082327},
	keywords = {Attention/*physiology, Cues, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Neural Pathways/anatomy \& histology/*physiology, Parietal Lobe/anatomy \& histology/*physiology, Perception/physiology, Perceptual Disorders/pathology/physiopathology, Psychomotor Performance/physiology, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Sensation/physiology},
	pages = {212--217},
}

@Article{Gil-da-Costa2004,
  author   = {Ricardo Gil-da-Costa and Allen Braun and Marco Lopes and Marc D Hauser and Richard E Carson and Peter Herscovitch and Alex Martin},
  journal  = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
  title    = {Toward an evolutionary perspective on conceptual representation: {S}pecies-specific calls activate visual and affective processing systems in the macaque.},
  year     = {2004},
  number   = {50},
  pages    = {17516-21},
  volume   = {101},
  abstract = {Non-human primates produce a diverse repertoire of species-specific
	calls and have rich conceptual systems. Some of their calls are designed
	to convey information about concepts such as predators, food, and
	social relationships, as well as the affective state of the caller.
	Little is known about the neural architecture of these calls, and
	much of what we do know is based on single-cell physiology from anesthetized
	subjects. By using positron emission tomography in awake rhesus macaques,
	we found that conspecific vocalizations elicited activity in higher-order
	visual areas, including regions in the temporal lobe associated with
	the visual perception of object form (TE/TEO) and motion (superior
	temporal sulcus) and storing visual object information into long-term
	memory (TE), as well as in limbic (the amygdala and hippocampus)
	and paralimbic regions (ventromedial prefrontal cortex) associated
	with the interpretation and memory-encoding of highly salient and
	affective material. This neural circuitry strongly corresponds to
	the network shown to support representation of conspecifics and affective
	information in humans. These findings shed light on the evolutionary
	precursors of conceptual representation in humans, suggesting that
	monkeys and humans have a common neural substrate for representing
	object concepts.},
  doi      = {10.1073/pnas.0408077101},
  keywords = {Acoustic Stimulation, Animals, Brain, Concept Formation, Electrophysiology, Evolution, Female, Macaca mulatta, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Positron-Emission Tomography, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Species Specificity, Visual Perception, Vocalization, Animal, 15583132},
}

@Article{Scholl2004,
  author   = {Brian J Scholl and Ken Nakayama},
  journal  = {Perception},
  title    = {Illusory causal crescents: {M}isperceived spatial relations due to perceived causality.},
  year     = {2004},
  number   = {4},
  pages    = {455-69},
  volume   = {33},
  abstract = {When an object A moves toward an object B until they are adjacent,
	at which point A stops and B starts moving, we often see a collision--ie
	we see A as the cause of B's motion. The spatiotemporal parameters
	which mediate the perception of causality have been explored in many
	studies, but this work is seldom related to other aspects of perception.
	Here we report a novel illusion, wherein the perception of causality
	affects the perceived spatial relations among two objects involved
	in a collision event: observers systematically underestimate the
	amount of overlap between two items in an event which is seen as
	a causal collision. This occurs even when the causal nature of the
	event is induced by a surrounding context, such that estimates of
	the amount of overlap in the very same event are much improved when
	the event is displayed in isolation, without a 'causal' interpretation.
	This illusion implies that the perception of causality does not proceed
	completely independently of other visual processes, but can affect
	the perception of other spatial properties.},
  keywords = {Abscess, Adult, Age Factors, Animal, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Antineoplastic Agents, Attention, Awareness, Axilla, Behavior, Biopsy, Breast Neoplasms, Carcinoma, Child Development, Combined Modality Therapy, Computer-Assisted, Concept Formation, Consciousness, Cues, Discrimination (Psychology), Discrimination Learning, Distance Perception, Drainage, Ductal, English Abstract, Extramural, Eye Movements, False Negative Reactions, Female, Field Dependence-Independence, Fine-Needle, Health Care, Humans, Infant, Infant Behavior, Intraductal, Judgment, Lymph Node Excision, Lymph Nodes, Lymphatic Metastasis, Macaca mulatta, Male, Mastitis, Memory, Motion Perception, N.I.H., Neoadjuvant Therapy, Neoplasm Staging, Non-P.H.S., Non-U.S. Gov't, Noninfiltrating, Object Attachment, Optical Illusions, Orientation, P.H.S., Pattern Recognition, Photic Stimulation, Practice (Psychology), Practice Guidelines, Predictive Value of Tests, Problem Solving, Prognosis, Psychological Theory, Psychophysics, Puerperal Disorders, Quality Assurance, Reading, Reproducibility of Results, Research Support, Rotation, Semantics, Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy, Set (Psychology), Short-Term, Space Perception, Surgery, Switzerland, Treatment Outcome, U.S. Gov't, Unconscious (Psychology), Visual, Visual Perception, 15222393},
}

Paper  Website  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Clinical phenotype of families with longevity},
 type = {article},
 year = {2004},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {*Family Health,Aged,Aged, 80 and over,Cardiovascular Diseases/*epidemiology/genetics,Case-Control Studies,Chronic Disease/*epidemiology,European Continental Ancestry Group/statistics & n,Female,Humans,Israel/epidemiology,Jews/statistics & numerical data,Longevity/*genetics,Male,Matched-Pair Analysis,Middle Aged,Prevalence,Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.,Risk,Sex Factors,Statistics, Nonparametric,United States/epidemiology},
 pages = {274-277},
 volume = {52},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14728640},
 id = {269afc28-8f71-3cb1-91c4-4f7293ce8166},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:45:32.818Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:45:32.918Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>0002-8614<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
 abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To determine whether offspring of centenarians acquired protection from age-related diseases. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: The study was part of the Longevity Genes Project at Albert Einstein College of Medicine. PARTICIPANTS: Centenarians (n=145), offspring of centenarians (n=180), and spouses of the offspring of centenarians (n=75) as a control group. Two additional groups served as controls: age-matched Ashkenazi Jews, and an age-matched control group from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. MEASUREMENTS: Self-reported family history of longevity; prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart attacks, and strokes; and objective measurements of body mass index and fat mass. RESULTS: Parents of centenarians (born in approximately 1870) had a markedly greater ( approximately sevenfold) "risk" for longevity (reaching ages 90-99), supporting the notion that genetics contributed to longevity in these families. The offspring of long-lived parents had significantly lower prevalence of hypertension (by 23%), diabetes mellitus (by 50%), heart attacks (by 60%), and strokes (no events reported) than several age-matched control groups. CONCLUSION: Offspring of centenarians may inherit significantly better health. The authors suggest that a cohort of these subjects and their spouses is ideal to study the phenotype and genotype of longevity and its interaction with the environment.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Atzmon, G and Schechter, C and Greiner, W and Davidson, D and Rennert, G and Barzilai, N},
 journal = {J Am Geriatr Soc},
 number = {2}
}

@Article{Filik2004,
  author   = {Ruth Filik and Kevin B Paterson and Simon P Liversedge},
  journal  = {Psychon Bull Rev},
  title    = {Processing doubly quantified sentences: {E}vidence from eye movements.},
  year     = {2004},
  number   = {5},
  pages    = {953-9},
  volume   = {11},
  abstract = {We investigated the processing of doubly quantified sentences, such
	as KeUy showed a photo to every critic, that are ambiguous as to
	whether the indefinite (a photo) specifies single or multiple referents.
	Ambiguity resolution requires the computation of relative quantifier
	scope: Whether a or every takes wide scope, thereby determining how
	many entities or events are to be represented. In an eye-tracking
	experiment, we manipulated quantifier order and whether continuations
	were singular or plural, for constructions with the direct or the
	indirect object occurring first. We obtained effects consistent with
	the on-line processing of relative scope at the doubly quantified
	phrase and considered two possible explanations for a preference
	for singular continuations to the quantified sentence. We conclude
	that relative quantifier scope is computed on line during reading
	but may not be a prerequisite for the resolution of definite anaphors,
	unless required by secondary tasks.},
  keywords = {Eye Movements, Head, Humans, Linguistics, Mental Processes, Movement, Non-U.S. Gov't, Reading, Research Support, 15732709},
}

@Article{Mellars2004,
  author   = {Paul Mellars},
  journal  = {Nature},
  title    = {Neanderthals and the modern human colonization of {E}urope.},
  year     = {2004},
  number   = {7016},
  pages    = {461-5},
  volume   = {432},
  abstract = {The fate of the Neanderthal populations of Europe and western Asia
	has gripped the popular and scientific imaginations for the past
	century. Following at least 200,000 years of successful adaptation
	to the glacial climates of northwestern Eurasia, they disappeared
	abruptly between 30,000 and 40,000 years ago, to be replaced by populations
	all but identical to modern humans. Recent research suggests that
	the roots of this dramatic population replacement can be traced far
	back to events on another continent, with the appearance of distinctively
	modern human remains and artefacts in eastern and southern Africa.},
  doi      = {10.1038/nature03103},
  keywords = {Animals, Attention, Brain, Decision Making, Face, Female, Haplorhini, Housing, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Models, Neurological, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Prefrontal Cortex, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Visual Perception, Choice Behavior, Cognition, Dopamine, Learning, Schizophrenia, Substance-Related Disorders, Generalization (Psychology), Motor Skills, Non-P.H.S., Nerve Net, Neuronal Plasticity, Perception, Cerebral Cortex, Memory, Neurons, Sound Localization, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Neural Pathways, Non-, Acoustic Stimulation, Adult, Age of Onset, Aging, Blindness, Child, Preschool, Infant, Newborn, Pitch Perception, Analysis of Variance, Animal Welfare, Laboratory, Behavior, Animal, Hybridization, Genetic, Maze Learning, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Inbred DBA, Phenotype, Reproducibility of Results, Darkness, Deafness, Finches, Sleep, Sound, Sunlight, Time Factors, Vocalization, Energy Metabolism, Evolution, Fossils, History, Ancient, Hominidae, Biological, Physical Endurance, Running, Skeleton, Walking, Acoustics, Auditory Perception, Cues, Discrimination Learning, Pair Bond, Social Behavior, Songbirds, Adolescent, England, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Korea, Language, Semantics, Vocabulary, Action Potentials, Hippocampus, Pyramidal Cells, Rats, Rotation, Australia, Brachyura, Cooperative Behavior, Logistic Models, Territoriality, Africa, Archaeology, Emigration and Immigration, Europe, Geography, Phylogeny, Population Dynamics, 15565144},
}

@Article{Senghas2004,
  author   = {Ann Senghas and Sotaro Kita and Asli Ozy\"urek},
  journal  = {Science},
  title    = {Children creating core properties of language: {E}vidence from an emerging sign language in {N}icaragua.},
  year     = {2004},
  number   = {5691},
  pages    = {1779-82},
  volume   = {305},
  abstract = {A new sign language has been created by deaf Nicaraguans over the
	past 25 years, providing an opportunity to observe the inception
	of universal hallmarks of language. We found that in their initial
	creation of the language, children analyzed complex events into basic
	elements and sequenced these elements into hierarchically structured
	expressions according to principles not observed in gestures accompanying
	speech in the surrounding language. Successive cohorts of learners
	extended this procedure, transforming Nicaraguan signing from its
	early gestural form into a linguistic system. We propose that this
	early segmentation and recombination reflect mechanisms with which
	children learn, and thereby perpetuate, language. Thus, children
	naturally possess learning abilities capable of giving language its
	fundamental structure.},
  doi      = {10.1126/science.1100199},
  keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Child, Cohort Studies, Deafness, Gestures, Humans, Learning, Linguistics, Movement, Nicaragua, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Sign Language, 15375252},
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{mccloskey_spatial_2004,
	title = {Spatial representations and multiple-visual-systems hypotheses: evidence from a developmental deficit in visual location and orientation processing},
	volume = {40},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15505978},
	doi = {10/crrwq8},
	abstract = {AH, a young, well-educated woman, has a developmental deficit in processing visual location and orientation information. Her deficit manifests itself in a wide range of visual tasks, including visually-guided reaching, copying pictures and words, and responding verbally to the location or orientation of visual stimuli; however, her performance in non-visual localization tasks is intact. AH's visual location and orientation errors are systematic left-right or up-down reflections (e.g., reaching to the far right for an object on the far left). More specifically, the errors involve reflection across the point where AH's attention is focused, regardless of where her eyes are fixated. These results imply that at some level(s) of the visual system, locations and orientations of visual stimuli are represented in a spatial coordinate system with an origin defined by the focus of attention. In these attention-centered representations location is specified in terms of distance and direction of displacement from the attentional focus along horizontal and vertical reference axes. AH's errors, I argue, result from misrepresentation of displacement direction (e.g., left rather than right, down rather than up) along a reference axis. Several visual variables dramatically affected AH's performance in visual location and orientation tasks: She was much more accurate for stimuli that were brief, moving, flickering, low in contrast, or high in eccentricity, than for those that were long in duration, stationary, continuous, high in contrast, and low in eccentricity. These results suggest that location and orientation are computed in each of two visual subsystems, which I call transient and sustained, and that AH's deficit affects only the sustained subsystem. I argue that AH's performance poses challenges to multiple-visual-subsystems hypotheses proposed by Ungerleider and Mishkin (1982) and by Milner and Goodale (1995).},
	number = {4-5},
	journal = {Cortex},
	author = {McCloskey, M.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {\#nosource, *Orientation, *Pattern Recognition, Visual, *Psychomotor Performance, *Space Perception, Adult, Attention, Female, Humans, Learning Disorders/*diagnosis, Motion Perception, Neuropsychological Tests, Perceptual Disorders/diagnosis, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	pages = {677--94},
}

@Article{Tillmann2004,
  author   = {Barbara Tillmann and Stephen McAdams},
  journal  = {J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn},
  title    = {Implicit learning of musical timbre sequences: {S}tatistical regularities confronted with acoustical (dis)similarities.},
  year     = {2004},
  number   = {5},
  pages    = {1131-42},
  volume   = {30},
  abstract = {The present study investigated the influence of acoustical characteristics
	on the implicit learning of statistical regularities (transition
	probabilities) in sequences of musical timbres. The sequences were
	constructed in such a way that the acoustical dissimilarities between
	timbres potentially created segmentations that either supported (S1)
	or contradicted (S2) the statistical regularities or were neutral
	(S3). In the learning group, participants first listened to the continuous
	timbre sequence and then had to distinguish statistical units from
	new units. In comparison to a control group without the exposition
	phase, no interaction between sequence type and amount of learning
	was observed: Performance increased by the same amount for the three
	sequences. In addition, performance reflected an overall preference
	for acoustically similar timbre units. The present outcome extends
	previous data from the domain of implicit learning to complex nonverbal
	auditory material. It further suggests that listeners become sensitive
	to statistical regularities despite acoustical characteristics in
	the material that potentially affect grouping.},
  doi      = {10.1037/0278-7393.30.5.1131},
  keywords = {Acoustics, Humans, Learning, Music, Non-U.S. Gov't, Pitch Perception, Research Support, 15355141},
}

@article{moore_selective_2003,
	title = {Selective gating of visual signals by microstimulation of frontal cortex.},
	volume = {421},
	doi = {10.1038/nature01341},
	abstract = {Several decades of psychophysical and neurophysiological studies have established that visual signals are enhanced at the locus of attention. What remains a mystery is the mechanism that initiates biases in the strength of visual representations. Recent evidence argues that, during spatial attention, these biases reflect nascent saccadic eye movement commands. We examined the functional interaction of saccade preparation and visual coding by electrically stimulating sites within the frontal eye fields (FEF) and measuring its effect on the activity of neurons in extrastriate visual cortex. Here we show that visual responses in area V4 could be enhanced after brief stimulation of retinotopically corresponding sites within the FEF using currents below that needed to evoke saccades. The magnitude of the enhancement depended on the effectiveness of receptive field stimuli as well as on the presence of competing stimuli outside the receptive field. Stimulation of non-corresponding FEF representations could suppress V4 responses. The results suggest that the gain of visual signals is modified according to the strength of spatially corresponding eye movement commands.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {6921},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Moore, Tirin and Armstrong, Katherine M},
	year = {2003},
	pmid = {12540901},
	note = {Place: England
ISBN: 0028-0836},
	keywords = {Analysis of Variance, Animals, Fixation, Ocular, Frontal Lobe, Haplorhini, MicroValence, Neurons, Photic Stimulation, Saccades, Visual Cortex, Visual Perception, research support, non-u.s. gov't, research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
	pages = {370--373},
}

@Article{Antonov2003,
  author   = {Igor Antonov and Irina Antonova and Eric R Kandel and Robert D Hawkins},
  journal  = {Neuron},
  title    = {Activity-dependent presynaptic facilitation and hebbian {LTP} are both required and interact during classical conditioning in {A}plysia.},
  year     = {2003},
  number   = {1},
  pages    = {135-47},
  volume   = {37},
  abstract = {Using a simplified preparation of the Aplysia siphon-withdrawal reflex,
	we previously found that associative plasticity at synapses between
	sensory neurons and motor neurons contributes importantly to classical
	conditioning of the reflex. We have now tested the roles in that
	plasticity of two associative cellular mechanisms: activity-dependent
	enhancement of presynaptic facilitation and postsynaptically induced
	long-term potentiation. By perturbing molecular signaling pathways
	in individual neurons, we have provided the most direct evidence
	to date that each of these mechanisms contributes to behavioral learning.
	In addition, our results suggest that the two mechanisms are not
	independent but rather interact through retrograde signaling.},
  keywords = {Amygdala, Animals, Evaluation Studies, Hippocampus, Human, Learning, Long-Term Potentiation, Memory, Models, Neurological, Neural Pathways, Neuronal Plasticity, Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Synapses, 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate, Electric Stimulation, Isomerism, Rats, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Neurotransmitter, Valine, Visual Perception, Action Potentials, Calcium Signaling, Central Nervous System, Chelating Agents, Conditioning (Psychology), Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases, Enzyme Inhibitors, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, Motor Neurons, Neurons, Afferent, Reaction Time, Reflex, Signal Transduction, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Synaptic Transmission, 12526779},
}

@Article{Seyfarth2003,
  author   = {Robert M Seyfarth and Dorothy L Cheney},
  journal  = {Annu Rev Psychol},
  title    = {Signalers and receivers in animal communication.},
  year     = {2003},
  pages    = {145-73},
  volume   = {54},
  abstract = {In animal communication natural selection favors callers who vocalize
	to affect the behavior of listeners and listeners who acquire information
	from vocalizations, using this information to represent their environment.
	The acquisition of information in the wild is similar to the learning
	that occurs in laboratory conditioning experiments. It also has some
	parallels with language. The dichotomous view that animal signals
	must be either referential or emotional is false, because they can
	easily be both: The mechanisms that cause a signaler to vocalize
	do not limit a listener's ability to extract information from the
	call. The inability of most animals to recognize the mental states
	of others distinguishes animal communication most clearly from human
	language. Whereas signalers may vocalize to change a listener's behavior,
	they do not call to inform others. Listeners acquire information
	from signalers who do not, in the human sense, intend to provide
	it.},
  doi      = {10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145121},
  keywords = {Animals, Wild, Botswana, Cognition, Family, Female, Hierarchy, Social, Language, Papio, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Social Dominance, Vocalization, Animal, Analysis of Variance, Appetitive Behavior, Attention, Birds, Discrimination (Psychology), Learning, Non-P.H.S., Social Behavior, Social Facilitation, Transfer (Psychology), Male, Pair Bond, Primates, Social Perception, Acoustic Stimulation, Acoustics, Auditory Perception, Brain, Cues, Discrimination Learning, Songbirds, Animal Migration, Biological Clocks, Calibration, Flight, Geography, Magnetics, Orientation, Solar System, Environment, Grooming, Kenya, Reproduction, Social Support, Survival Rate, Judgment, Macaca mulatta, Videotape Recording, Visual Perception, Comparative Study, Evolution, Fishes, Intelligence, Behavior, Feeding Behavior, Mathematics, Random Allocation, Spatial Behavior, Animal Communication, Cercopithecidae, Fear, Predatory Behavior, Altruism, Cercopithecus, Cercopithecus aethiops, Awareness, Concept Formation, Dominance-Subordination, Social Environment, Affect, Arousal, Motivation, Species Specificity, 12359915},
}

@Article{VanMarle2003,
  author   = {Kristy VanMarle and Brian J Scholl},
  journal  = {Psychol Sci},
  title    = {Attentive tracking of objects versus substances.},
  year     = {2003},
  number   = {5},
  pages    = {498-504},
  volume   = {14},
  abstract = {Recent research in vision science, infant cognition, and word learning
	suggests a special role for the processing of discrete objects. But
	what counts as an object? Answers to this question often depend on
	contrasting object-based processing with the processing of spatial
	areas or unbound visual features. In infant cognition and word learning,
	though, another salient contrast has been between rigid cohesive
	objects and nonsolid substances. Whereas objects may move from one
	location to another, a nonsolid substance must pour from one location
	to another. In the study reported here, we explored whether attentive
	tracking processes are sensitive to dynamic information of this type.
	Using a multiple-object tracking task, we found that subjects could
	easily track four items in a display of eight identical unpredictably
	moving entities that moved as discrete objects from one location
	to another, but could not track similar entities that noncohesively
	"poured" from one location to another-even when the items in both
	conditions followed the same trajectories at the same speeds. Other
	conditions revealed that this inability to track multiple "substances"
	stemmed not from violations of rigidity or cohesiveness per se, because
	subjects were able to track multiple noncohesive collections and
	multiple nonrigid deforming objects. Rather, the impairment was due
	to the dynamic extension and contraction during the substancelike
	motion, which rendered the location of the entity ambiguous. These
	results demonstrate a convergence between processes of midlevel adult
	vision and infant cognition, and in general help to clarify what
	can count as a persisting dynamic object of attention.},
  keywords = {Abscess, Adult, Age Factors, Animal, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Antimony Sodium Gluconate, Antineoplastic Agents, Antiviral Agents, Attention, Awareness, Axilla, Behavior, Biopsy, Bone and Bones, Breast Neoplasms, Carcinoma, Child Development, Chronic Disease, Clarithromycin, Cognition, Combined Modality Therapy, Computer-Assisted, Concept Formation, Consciousness, Cross Infection, Cues, Cytomegalovirus Infections, Discrimination (Psychology), Discrimination Learning, Distance Perception, Drainage, Ductal, Electrocoagulation, English Abstract, Extramural, Eye Movements, False Negative Reactions, Female, Field Dependence-Independence, Fine-Needle, Foscarnet, Ganciclovir, Health Care, Humans, Infant, Infant Behavior, Intervertebral Disk, Intraductal, Judgment, Legionnaires' Disease, Leishmaniasis, Liver Transplantation, Low Back Pain, Lumbar Vertebrae, Lymph Node Excision, Lymph Nodes, Lymphatic Metastasis, Macaca mulatta, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Mastitis, Memory, Middle Aged, Motion Perception, N.I.H., Neoadjuvant Therapy, Neoplasm Staging, Non-P.H.S., Non-U.S. Gov't, Noninfiltrating, Object Attachment, Optical Illusions, Orientation, Osteonecrosis, P.H.S., Pattern Recognition, Photic Stimulation, Postoperative Complications, Practice (Psychology), Practice Guidelines, Predictive Value of Tests, Problem Solving, Prognosis, Psychological Theory, Psychophysics, Puerperal Disorders, Quality Assurance, Reading, Reproducibility of Results, Research Support, Rotation, Schistosomicides, Semantics, Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy, Set (Psychology), Short-Term, Space Perception, Surgery, Switzerland, Treatment Outcome, U.S. Gov't, Unconscious (Psychology), Viral Load, Visceral, Visual, Visual Perception, 12930483},
}

@article{castel_adult_2003,
	title = {Adult age differences in the time course of inhibition of return},
	volume = {58},
	doi = {10.1093/geronb/58.5.P256},
	abstract = {Inhibition of return (IOR) occurs when people are slower to detect a target that appeared at a previously cued location. Prior research has shown that younger and older adults display similar amounts of IOR, but this research has not examined the time course of the process. Because elderly people may be slower to engage or disengage spatially based attention, the present experiment examined age differences in IOR at stimulus-onset asynchronies ranging from 50 ms to 3,000 ms. The results show that the peak magnitude of IOR was similar for younger and older adults, but the onset of IOR occurred approximately 300 ms later in elderly persons. Older adults also showed a greater degree of facilitation at shorter stimulus-onset asynchronies. The results suggest that there is a change in the temporal dynamics of inhibition that occurs with age.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci},
	author = {Castel, A.D. and Chasteen, A.L. and Scialfa, C.T. and Pratt, J.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {\#nosource, *Inhibition (Psychology), Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Attention/*physiology, Cues, Female, Human, Male, Middle Aged, Reaction Time, Signal Detection (Psychology), Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Visual Perception/*physiology},
	pages = {256--259},
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{fan_cognitive_2003,
	title = {Cognitive and brain consequences of conflict},
	volume = {18},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12507442},
	doi = {10/bzckrx},
	abstract = {Tasks involving conflict between stimulus dimensions have been shown to activate dorsal anterior cingulate and prefrontal areas. It has been proposed that the dorsal anterior cingulate is involved a domain general process of monitoring conflict, while prefrontal areas are involved in resolving conflict. We examine three tasks that all require people to respond based on one stimulus dimension while ignoring another conflicting dimension, but which vary in the source of conflict. One of the tasks uses language stimuli (Stroop effect) and two use nonlanguage spatial conflicts appropriate for children and nonhuman animals. In Experiment 1, 12 participants were studied with event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing each of the three tasks. Reaction times for each of the three tasks were significantly longer in the incongruent condition compared with the congruent condition, demonstrating that each task elicits a conflict. By studying the same people in the same session, we test the hypothesis that conflict activates a similar brain network in the three tasks. Significant activations were found in the anterior cingulate and left prefrontal cortex for all three conflict tasks. Within these regions, the conflict component demonstrated evidence for significant common activation across the three tasks, although the peak activation point and spatial extent were not identical. Other areas demonstrated activation unique to each task. Experiments 2-4 provide behavioral evidence indicating considerable independence between conflict operations involved in the tasks. The behavioral and fMRI results taken together seem to argue against a single unified network for processing conflict, but instead support either distinct networks for each conflict task or a single network that monitors conflict with different sites used to resolve the conflict.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Neuroimage},
	author = {Fan, J. and Flombaum, J.I. and McCandliss, B.D. and Thomas, K.M. and Posner, M.I.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {\#nosource, *Conflict (Psychology), *Magnetic Resonance Imaging, *Reading, Adolescent, Adult, Attention/physiology, Brain Mapping, Color Perception/*physiology, Female, Gyrus Cinguli/*physiology, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Laterality/physiology, Male, Nerve Net/*physiology, Orientation/*physiology, Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology, Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology, Problem Solving/*physiology, Psychomotor Performance/physiology, Reaction Time/physiology, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.},
	pages = {42--57},
}

@Article{Peake2002,
  author   = {TM Peake and A M R Terry and PK McGregor and T Dabelsteen},
  journal  = {Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci},
  title    = {Do great tits assess rivals by combining direct experience with information gathered by eavesdropping?},
  year     = {2002},
  number   = {1503},
  pages    = {1925-9},
  volume   = {269},
  abstract = {Animals frequently use signals that travel further than the spacing
	between individuals. For every intended recipient of a given signal
	there are likely to be many other individuals that receive information.
	Eavesdropping on signalling interactions between other individuals
	provides a relatively cost-free method of assessing future opponents
	or mates. Male great tits (Parus major) extract relative information
	from such interactions between individuals unknown to them. Here,
	we show that male great tits can take information gathering a stage
	further and obtain more information about a previously unencountered
	intruder, by the hitherto unknown capability of combining information
	gathered by eavesdropping with that derived from their own direct
	interaction with an individual. Prior experience with an intruder
	(A) was achieved by subjecting a focal male to different levels of
	intrusion simulated using interactive playback. This intruder (A)
	then took part in a simulated interaction with an unknown male (B)
	outside the territorial boundary of the focal males. In response
	to subsequent intrusion by the second male (B), focal males showed
	low song output in response to males that had lost to a male that
	the subject was able to beat. Males of known high quality, or those
	about which information was ambiguous, elicited a high level of song
	output by focal males. We discuss the implications of this finding
	for the evolution of communication and social behaviour.},
  doi      = {10.1098/rspb.2002.2112},
  keywords = {Aggression, Animal Communication, Animals, Male, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Songbirds, Territoriality, Vocalization, Animal, 12350255},
}

@Article{Taylor2002,
  author   = {Dawn M Taylor and Stephen I Helms Tillery and Andrew B Schwartz},
  journal  = {Science},
  title    = {Direct cortical control of 3{D} neuroprosthetic devices.},
  year     = {2002},
  number   = {5574},
  pages    = {1829-32},
  volume   = {296},
  abstract = {Three-dimensional (3D) movement of neuroprosthetic devices can be
	controlled by the activity of cortical neurons when appropriate algorithms
	are used to decode intended movement in real time. Previous studies
	assumed that neurons maintain fixed tuning properties, and the studies
	used subjects who were unaware of the movements predicted by their
	recorded units. In this study, subjects had real-time visual feedback
	of their brain-controlled trajectories. Cell tuning properties changed
	when used for brain-controlled movements. By using control algorithms
	that track these changes, subjects made long sequences of 3D movements
	using far fewer cortical units than expected. Daily practice improved
	movement accuracy and the directional tuning of these units.},
  doi      = {10.1126/science.1070291},
  keywords = {Algorithms, Animals, Arm, Computer Simulation, Hand, Humans, Learning, Macaca mulatta, Motor Cortex, Motor Neurons, Movement, Non-U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Prostheses and Implants, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, User-Computer Interface, Visual Perception, 12052943},
}

@article{Weber2002,
  title = {Building an Asynchronous Web-Based Tool for Machine Learning Classification.},
  author = {Weber, Griffin and Vinterbo, Staal and {Ohno-Machado}, Lucila},
  year = {2002},
  journal = {JAMIA},
  volume = {Suppl. S},
  pages = {869--73},
  abstract = {Various unsupervised and supervised learning methods including support vector machines, classification trees, linear discriminant analysis and nearest neighbor classifiers have been used to classify high-throughput gene expression data. Simpler and more widely accepted statistical tools have not yet been used for this purpose, hence proper comparisons between classification methods have not been conducted. We developed free software that implements logistic regression with stepwise variable selection as a quick and simple method for initial exploration of important genetic markers in disease classification. To implement the algorithm and allow our collaborators in remote locations to evaluate and compare its results against those of other methods, we developed a user-friendly asynchronous web-based application with a minimal amount of programming using free, downloadable software tools. With this program, we show that classification using logistic regression can perform as well as other more sophisticated algorithms, and it has the advantages of being easy to interpret and reproduce. By making the tool freely and easily available, we hope to promote the comparison of classification methods. In addition, we believe our web application can be used as a model for other bioinformatics laboratories that need to develop web-based analysis tools in a short amount of time and on a limited budget.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  pii = {D020001919},
  pubmedid = {12463949},
  keywords = {12463949,Algorithms,Anonymous Testing,Artificial Intelligence,Carcinoma,Child,Comparative Study,Computerized,Confidentiality,Databases,Diagnosis,Differential,Disclosure,DNA,Gene Expression,Gene Expression Profiling,Gene Expression Regulation,Genetic Markers,Humans,Internet,Logistic Models,Lung Neoplasms,Medical Records Systems,Multivariate Analysis,Neoplasm,Neoplasms,Neoplastic,Neural Networks (Computer),Non-U.S. Gov't,Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis,P.H.S.,Privacy,Research Support,Rhabdomyosarcoma,Sarcoma,Small Cell,Software,U.S. Gov't},
  file = {/Users/staal/Documents/Zotero/storage/26TPF5RW/amia02-weber.pdf;/Users/staal/Documents/Zotero/storage/FRPABBPG/amia02-weber.pdf;/Users/staal/Documents/Zotero/storage/GME7HZA7/amia02-weber.pdf}
}

@article{Ohno-Machado2002,
  title = {Comparing Imperfect Measurements with the {{Bland-Altman}} Technique: Application in Gene Expression Analysis.},
  author = {{Ohno-Machado}, Lucila and Vinterbo, Staal and Dreiseitl, Stephen and Jenssen, Tor-Kristian and Kuo, Winston},
  year = {2002},
  journal = {JAMIA},
  volume = {Suppl. S},
  pages = {572--6},
  abstract = {Several problems in medicine and biology involve the comparison of two measurements made on the same set of cases. The problem differs from a calibration problem because no gold standard can be identified. Testing the null hypothesis of no relationship using measures of association is not optimal since the measurements are made on the same cases, and therefore correlation coefficients will tend to be significant. The descriptive Bland-Altman method can be used in exploratory analysis of this problem, allowing the visualization of gross systematic differences between the two sets of measurements. We utilize the method on three sets of matched observations and demonstrate its usefulness in detecting systematic variations between two measurement technologies to assess gene expression.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  pii = {1833},
  pubmedid = {12463888},
  keywords = {12463888,Algorithms,Anonymous Testing,Artificial Intelligence,Bias (Epidemiology),Carcinoma,Child,Comparative Study,Computational Biology,Computerized,Confidentiality,Data Interpretation,Databases,Diagnosis,Differential,Disclosure,DNA,Gene Expression,Gene Expression Profiling,Gene Expression Regulation,Genetic Markers,Humans,Internet,Logistic Models,Lung Neoplasms,Medical Records Systems,Messenger,Multivariate Analysis,Neoplasm,Neoplasms,Neoplastic,Neural Networks (Computer),Non-U.S. Gov't,Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis,P.H.S.,Privacy,Research Support,Rhabdomyosarcoma,RNA,Sarcoma,Small Cell,Software,Statistical,U.S. Gov't}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Fine-scale mapping of disease loci via shattered coalescent modeling of genealogies},
 type = {article},
 year = {2002},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {*Pedigree,Algorithms,Alleles,Bayes Theorem,Bias (Epidemiology),Case-Control Studies,Chromosome Mapping/*methods/statistics & numerical,Computer Simulation,Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulato,Cystic Fibrosis/*genetics,Female,Genetic Heterogeneity,Genetic Markers/genetics,Haplotypes/genetics,Human,Linkage Disequilibrium/genetics,Male,Markov Chains,Models, Genetic,Monte Carlo Method,Mutation/genetics,Phylogeny,Probability,Recombination, Genetic/genetics,Sequence Deletion,Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
 pages = {686-707.},
 volume = {70},
 id = {b7168238-9085-3a82-81a6-a75268e0c428},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:42:46.478Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:42:46.621Z},
 tags = {02/04/26},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>eng<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
 abstract = {We present a Bayesian, Markov-chain Monte Carlo method for fine-scale linkage-disequilibrium gene mapping using high-density marker maps. The method explicitly models the genealogy underlying a sample of case chromosomes in the vicinity of a putative disease locus, in contrast with the assumption of a star-shaped tree made by many existing multipoint methods. Within this modeling framework, we can allow for missing marker information and for uncertainty about the true underlying genealogy and the makeup of ancestral marker haplotypes. A crucial advantage of our method is the incorporation of the shattered coalescent model for genealogies, allowing for multiple founding mutations at the disease locus and for sporadic cases of disease. Output from the method includes approximate posterior distributions of the location of the disease locus and population-marker haplotype proportions. In addition, output from the algorithm is used to construct a cladogram to represent genetic heterogeneity at the disease locus, highlighting clusters of case chromosomes sharing the same mutation. We present detailed simulations to provide evidence of improvements over existing methodology. Furthermore, inferences about the location of the disease locus are shown to remain robust to modeling assumptions.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Morris, A P and Whittaker, J C and Balding, D J},
 journal = {Am J Hum Genet},
 number = {3}
}

Website  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Do children of long-lived parents age more successfully?},
 type = {article},
 year = {2002},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Age Distribution,Aged,Aged, 80 and over,Aging/*genetics/*physiology,Cognition/physiology,Cross-Sectional Studies,Denmark/epidemiology,Female,Genetics, Population,Hand Strength/physiology,Health Status,Humans,Interviews,Male,Middle Aged,Nuclear Family,Odds Ratio,Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
 pages = {334-339},
 volume = {13},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11964936},
 id = {d2c3d7a4-58f6-3e99-95c4-c6ccb4863013},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:42:11.345Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:42:11.443Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>1044-3983<m:linebreak/>Journal Article<m:linebreak/>Meta-Analysis</m:note>},
 abstract = {BACKGROUND: Long-lived individuals are rare and may be selected in part for the genetic factors that promote successful aging. The children of long-lived parents may therefore age more successfully than the children of short-lived parents. METHODS: We used three major cross-sectional population-based surveys to study the association of parental longevity with successful aging in offspring. The measures of aging were hand-grip strength, cognitive performance (Mini Mental State Examination and a cognitive composite score), self-reported diseases, and self-rated health. RESULTS: For every additional 10 years the parents lived, their children's grip strength increased by 0.32 kg (95% CI = 0.00-0.63), Mini Mental State Examination score by 0.20 points (95% CI = 0.03-0.37), and cognitive composite score by 0.24 points (95% CI = 0.07-0.40). A 10-year increment of parental life was associated with a reduction by approximately 0.20 in the adjusted odds ratio for their children having each of the following conditions: diabetes; hypertension; ischemic heart disease; heart failure; stroke; or fair, poor, or very poor self-rated health. Almost all the effects were seen solely in the cohort of 70+-year-olds, but not among middle-aged or nonagenarian subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Parental life span is positively associated with the children's physical and cognitive functioning and avoidance of some of the common chronic diseases. However, the effects are small and are seen among offspring who are elderly, but not among the middle-aged or the oldest old.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Frederiksen, H and McGue, M and Jeune, B and Gaist, D and Nybo, H and Skytthe, A and Vaupel, J W and Christensen, K},
 journal = {Epidemiology},
 number = {3}
}

@Article{Gawne2002,
  author   = {Timothy J Gawne and Julie M Martin},
  journal  = {J Neurophysiol},
  title    = {Responses of primate visual cortical {V}4 neurons to simultaneously presented stimuli.},
  year     = {2002},
  number   = {3},
  pages    = {1128-35},
  volume   = {88},
  abstract = {We report here results from 45 primate V4 visual cortical neurons
	to the preattentive presentations of seven different patterns located
	in two separate areas of the same receptive field and to combinations
	of the patterns in the two locations. For many neurons, we could
	not determine any clear relationship for the responses to two simultaneous
	stimuli. However, for a substantial fraction of the neurons we found
	that the firing rate was well modeled as the maximum firing rate
	of each stimulus presented separately. It has previously been proposed
	that taking the maximum of the inputs ("MAX" operator) could be a
	useful operation for neurons in visual cortex, although there has
	until now been little direct physiological evidence for this hypothesis.
	Our results here provide direct support for the hypothesis that the
	MAX operator plays a significant (although certainly not exclusive)
	role in generating the receptive field properties of visual cortical
	neurons.},
  keywords = {Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, Concept Formation, Form Perception, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Shrews, P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Cochlea, Ear, Gerbillinae, Glycine, Hearing, Neurons, Space Perception, Strychnine, Adolescent, Decision Making, Reaction Time, Astrocytoma, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Evoked Potentials, Frontal Lobe, Noise, Parietal Lobe, Scalp, Child, Language Development, Psycholinguistics, Brain, Perception, Speech, Vocalization, Animal, Discrimination (Psychology), Hippocampus, Rats, Calcium, Chelating Agents, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Glutamic Acid, Guanosine Diphosphate, In Vitro, Neuronal Plasticity, Pyramidal Cells, Receptors, AMPA, Metabotropic Glutamate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Somatosensory Cortex, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Thionucleotides, Action Potentials, Calcium Channels, L-Type, Electric Conductivity, Entorhinal Cortex, Neurological, Long-Evans, Infant, Mathematics, Statistics, Probability Learning, Problem Solving, Psychophysics, Association Learning, Child Psychology, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Probability Theory, Analysis of Variance, Semantics, Symbolism, Behavior, Eye Movements, Macaca mulatta, Prefrontal Cortex, Cats, Dogs, Haplorhini, Photic Stimulation, Electroencephalography, Nervous System Physiology, Darkness, Grasshoppers, Light, Membrane Potentials, Neural Inhibition, Afferent, Picrotoxin, Vision, 12205134},
}

@Article{Pinker2002a,
  author   = {Steven Pinker and Michael T Ullman},
  journal  = {Trends Cogn Sci},
  title    = {The past and future of the past tense.},
  year     = {2002},
  number   = {11},
  pages    = {456-463},
  volume   = {6},
  abstract = {What is the interaction between storage and computation in language
	processing? What is the psychological status of grammatical rules?
	What are the relative strengths of connectionist and symbolic models
	of cognition? How are the components of language implemented in the
	brain? The English past tense has served as an arena for debates
	on these issues. We defend the theory that irregular past-tense forms
	are stored in the lexicon, a division of declarative memory, whereas
	regular forms can be computed by a concatenation rule, which requires
	the procedural system. Irregulars have the psychological, linguistic
	and neuropsychological signatures of lexical memory, whereas regulars
	often have the signatures of grammatical processing. Furthermore,
	because regular inflection is rule-driven, speakers can apply it
	whenever memory fails.},
  keywords = {Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, Concept Formation, Form Perception, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Shrews, P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Cochlea, Ear, Gerbillinae, Glycine, Hearing, Neurons, Space Perception, Strychnine, Adolescent, Decision Making, Reaction Time, Astrocytoma, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Evoked Potentials, Frontal Lobe, Noise, Parietal Lobe, Scalp, Child, Language Development, Psycholinguistics, Brain, Perception, Speech, Vocalization, Animal, Discrimination (Psychology), Hippocampus, Rats, Calcium, Chelating Agents, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Glutamic Acid, Guanosine Diphosphate, In Vitro, Neuronal Plasticity, Pyramidal Cells, Receptors, AMPA, Metabotropic Glutamate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Somatosensory Cortex, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Thionucleotides, Action Potentials, Calcium Channels, L-Type, Electric Conductivity, Entorhinal Cortex, Neurological, Long-Evans, Infant, Mathematics, Statistics, Probability Learning, Problem Solving, Psychophysics, Association Learning, Child Psychology, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Probability Theory, Analysis of Variance, Semantics, Symbolism, Behavior, Eye Movements, Macaca mulatta, Prefrontal Cortex, Cats, Dogs, Haplorhini, Photic Stimulation, Electroencephalography, Nervous System Physiology, Darkness, Grasshoppers, Light, Membrane Potentials, Neural Inhibition, Afferent, Picrotoxin, Vision, Deoxyglucose, Injections, Microspheres, Neural Pathways, Rhodamines, Choice Behavior, Speech Perception, Verbal Learning, Dominance, Cerebral, Fixation, Ocular, Language Tests, Random Allocation, Comparative Study, Saguinus, Sound Spectrography, Species Specificity, Audiometry, Auditory Threshold, Calibration, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Anesthesia, General, Electrodes, Implanted, Pitch Perception, Sound Localization, Paired-Associate Learning, Serial Learning, Auditory, Age Factors, Motion Perception, Brain Injuries, Computer Simulation, Blindness, Psychomotor Performance, Color Perception, Signal Detection (Psychology), Judgment, ROC Curve, Regression Analysis, Music, Probability, Arm, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Hemiplegia, Movement, Muscle, Skeletal, Myoclonus, Robotics, Magnetoencephalography, Phonetics, Software, Speech Production Measurement, Epilepsies, Partial, Laterality, Stereotaxic Techniques, Germany, Speech Acoustics, Verbal Behavior, Child Development, Instinct, Brain Stem, Coma, Diagnosis, Differential, Hearing Disorders, Hearing Loss, Central, Neuroma, Acoustic, Dendrites, Down-Regulation, Patch-Clamp Techniques, Wistar, Up-Regulation, Aged, Aphasia, Middle Aged, Cones (Retina), Primates, Retina, Retinal Ganglion Cells, Tympanic Membrane, Cell Communication, Extremities, Biological, Motor Activity, Rana catesbeiana, Spinal Cord, Central Nervous System, Motion, Motor Cortex, Intelligence, Macaca fascicularis, Adoption, Critical Period (Psychology), France, Korea, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Multilingualism, Auditory Pathways, Cochlear Nerve, Loudness Perception, Neural Conduction, Sensory Thresholds, Sound, Language Disorders, 12457895},
}

@Article{Freedman2002,
  author   = {David J Freedman and Maximilian Riesenhuber and Tomaso Poggio and Earl K Miller},
  journal  = {J Neurophysiol},
  title    = {Visual categorization and the primate prefrontal cortex: {N}europhysiology and behavior.},
  year     = {2002},
  number   = {2},
  pages    = {929-41},
  volume   = {88},
  abstract = {The ability to group stimuli into meaningful categories is a fundamental
	cognitive process. To explore its neuronal basis, we trained monkeys
	to categorize computer-generated stimuli as "cats" and "dogs." A
	morphing system was used to systematically vary stimulus shape and
	precisely define a category boundary. Psychophysical testing and
	analysis of eye movements suggest that the monkeys categorized the
	stimuli by attending to multiple stimulus features. Neuronal activity
	in the lateral prefrontal cortex reflected the category of visual
	stimuli and changed with learning when a monkey was retrained with
	the same stimuli assigned to new categories. Further, many neurons
	showed activity that appeared to reflect the monkey's decision about
	whether two stimuli were from the same category or not. These results
	suggest that the lateral prefrontal cortex is an important part of
	the neuronal circuitry underlying category learning and category-based
	behaviors.},
  keywords = {Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, Concept Formation, Form Perception, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Shrews, P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Cochlea, Ear, Gerbillinae, Glycine, Hearing, Neurons, Space Perception, Strychnine, Adolescent, Decision Making, Reaction Time, Astrocytoma, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Evoked Potentials, Frontal Lobe, Noise, Parietal Lobe, Scalp, Child, Language Development, Psycholinguistics, Brain, Perception, Speech, Vocalization, Animal, Discrimination (Psychology), Hippocampus, Rats, Calcium, Chelating Agents, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Glutamic Acid, Guanosine Diphosphate, In Vitro, Neuronal Plasticity, Pyramidal Cells, Receptors, AMPA, Metabotropic Glutamate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Somatosensory Cortex, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Thionucleotides, Action Potentials, Calcium Channels, L-Type, Electric Conductivity, Entorhinal Cortex, Neurological, Long-Evans, Infant, Mathematics, Statistics, Probability Learning, Problem Solving, Psychophysics, Association Learning, Child Psychology, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Probability Theory, Analysis of Variance, Semantics, Symbolism, Behavior, Eye Movements, Macaca mulatta, Prefrontal Cortex, 12163542},
}

@Article{Kohler2002,
  author   = {Evelyne Kohler and Christian Keysers and M Alessandra Umilt\`a and Leonardo Fogassi and Vittorio Gallese and Giacomo Rizzolatti},
  journal  = {Science},
  title    = {Hearing sounds, understanding actions: {A}ction representation in mirror neurons.},
  year     = {2002},
  number   = {5582},
  pages    = {846-8},
  volume   = {297},
  abstract = {Many object-related actions can be recognized by their sound. We found
	neurons in monkey premotor cortex that discharge when the animal
	performs a specific action and when it hears the related sound. Most
	of the neurons also discharge when the monkey observes the same action.
	These audiovisual mirror neurons code actions independently of whether
	these actions are performed, heard, or seen. This discovery in the
	monkey homolog of Broca's area might shed light on the origin of
	language: audiovisual mirror neurons code abstract contents-the meaning
	of actions-and have the auditory access typical of human language
	to these contents.},
  doi      = {10.1126/science.1070311},
  keywords = {Acoustic Stimulation, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Auditory Perception, Electrophysiology, Evolution, Hearing, Human, Language, Macaca, Motor Cortex, Neurons, Nuts, Photic Stimulation, Sound, Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Visual Perception, 12161656},
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Inbreeding in Gredos mountain range (Spain): contribution of multiple consanguinity and intervalley variation},
 type = {article},
 year = {2001},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {*Consanguinity,Ethnic Groups/*genetics,Geography,Human,Probability,Socioeconomic Factors,Spain,Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Time Factors},
 pages = {249-70.},
 volume = {73},
 id = {cbd6acf1-d154-3cbf-8680-aafc30f04c2c},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:42:23.243Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:42:23.412Z},
 tags = {02/02/13},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>eng<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
 abstract = {The present paper examines consanguineous marriages occurring between 1874 and 1975 in three valleys (Tormes, Alberche, and Tietar) in the Sierra de Gredos mountain range, Avila province, Spain. Information was obtained from parish registers of 42 localities, corresponding to a total of 41,696 weddings. Consanguineous marriages were defined as those up to the third degree of consanguinity (second cousins). From 1874 to 1975 the percentage of related mates was 4.45% and the inbreeding coefficient was 0.0011868 (for 1874 to 1917 corresponding figures up to the fourth degree were 16.44% and 0.00 19085, respectively). In order to ascertain the characteristics and evolution of mating patterns in Gredos, the contribution of each degree of kinship was analyzed as a whole and then for each valley separately. Regarding total consanguineous marriages in Gredos, there is a low frequency of uncle-niece matings (0.21%) and a first-second cousin mating ratio (C22/C33) of 0.23 (up to the third degree of consanguinity). Before 1918 multiple matings (i.e., those involving more than a single relationship) accounted for 19.16% of consanguineous marriages (up to the fourth degree). The observed frequencies of multiple consanguineous marriages was, on average, about twice that expected at random, and the proportion of such marriages to total inbreeding was 34.65%. The temporal change of the Gredos inbreeding pattern was characterized by a recent decrease; the highest inbreeding levels correspond to the period from 1915 to 1944. Finally, intervalley differences (maximum inbreeding coefficient in the Tormes, minimum in the Tietar) are interpreted considering the geography, population size, and population mobility for each valley},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Fuster, V and Jimenez, A M and Colantonio, S E},
 journal = {Hum Biol},
 number = {2}
}

@article{
 title = {Differences in disease frequency between Europeans and Polynesians: directions for future research into genetic risk factors},
 type = {article},
 year = {2001},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology/ethnology/gen,Communicable Diseases/epidemiology/ethnology/genet,Comparative Study,Cross-Sectional Studies,Ethnic Groups/*genetics,Europe,Female,Genetic Predisposition to Disease/*ethnology,Human,Male,Mental Disorders/epidemiology/ethnology/genetics,Neoplasms/epidemiology/ethnology/genetics,Polynesia,Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology/ethnolog,Risk Factors,Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
 pages = {129-56.},
 volume = {8},
 id = {d2b1e45e-388c-3f80-aade-5bb60895ae60},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:43:59.928Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:44:00.074Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>eng<m:linebreak/>Journal Article<m:linebreak/>Review<m:linebreak/>Review, Academic</m:note>},
 abstract = {The purpose of this review is to identify complex genetic diseases that might be common in Polynesian ethnic groups because of a high frequency of susceptibility genes. Since a number of Polynesian ethnic groups are descended from recent founder populations, they may be especially suitable for studies designed to identify these genes. We have reviewed the epidemiological literature looking for diseases that i) have a higher frequency in at least two Polynesian groups than in Europeans living in the same geographic areas, ii) are not at high frequency in Polynesia entirely because of high levels of known environmental risk factors, and iii) are known to be inherited in other ethnic groups. Twenty-one diseases fulfilling these three criteria were identified. It may be possible to design studies to identify the genes that cause these diseases in Polynesian ethnic groups.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Abbott, W and Scragg, R and Marbrook, J},
 journal = {Pac Health Dialog},
 number = {1}
}

@Article{Wolff2001,
  author   = {C Wolff and E Schr\"oger},
  journal  = {Brain Res Cogn Brain Res},
  title    = {Activation of the auditory pre-attentive change detection system by tone repetitions with fast stimulation rate.},
  year     = {2001},
  number   = {3},
  pages    = {323-7},
  volume   = {10},
  abstract = {The human automatic pre-attentive change detection system indexed
	by the mismatch negativity (MMN) component of the auditory event-related
	brain potential is known to be highly adaptive. The present study
	showed that even infrequent repetitions of tones can elicit MMN,
	independently of attention, when tones of varying frequency are rapidly
	presented in an isochronous rhythm. This demonstrates that frequency
	variation can be extracted as an invariant feature of the acoustic
	environment revealing the capacity for adaptation of the auditory
	pre-attentive change detection system. It is argued that this capacity
	is related to the temporal-window of integration.},
  keywords = {Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, Concept Formation, Form Perception, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Shrews, P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Cochlea, Ear, Gerbillinae, Glycine, Hearing, Neurons, Space Perception, Strychnine, Adolescent, Decision Making, Reaction Time, Astrocytoma, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Evoked Potentials, Frontal Lobe, Noise, Parietal Lobe, Scalp, Child, Language Development, Psycholinguistics, Brain, Perception, Speech, Vocalization, Animal, Discrimination (Psychology), Hippocampus, Rats, Calcium, Chelating Agents, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Glutamic Acid, Guanosine Diphosphate, In Vitro, Neuronal Plasticity, Pyramidal Cells, Receptors, AMPA, Metabotropic Glutamate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Somatosensory Cortex, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Thionucleotides, Action Potentials, Calcium Channels, L-Type, Electric Conductivity, Entorhinal Cortex, Neurological, Long-Evans, Infant, Mathematics, Statistics, Probability Learning, Problem Solving, Psychophysics, Association Learning, Child Psychology, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Probability Theory, Analysis of Variance, Semantics, Symbolism, Behavior, Eye Movements, Macaca mulatta, Prefrontal Cortex, Cats, Dogs, Haplorhini, Photic Stimulation, Electroencephalography, Nervous System Physiology, Darkness, Grasshoppers, Light, Membrane Potentials, Neural Inhibition, Afferent, Picrotoxin, Vision, Deoxyglucose, Injections, Microspheres, Neural Pathways, Rhodamines, Choice Behavior, Speech Perception, Verbal Learning, Dominance, Cerebral, Fixation, Ocular, Language Tests, Random Allocation, Comparative Study, Saguinus, Sound Spectrography, Species Specificity, Audiometry, Auditory Threshold, Calibration, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Anesthesia, General, Electrodes, Implanted, Pitch Perception, Sound Localization, Paired-Associate Learning, Serial Learning, Auditory, Age Factors, Motion Perception, Brain Injuries, Computer Simulation, Blindness, Psychomotor Performance, Color Perception, Signal Detection (Psychology), Judgment, ROC Curve, Regression Analysis, Music, Probability, Arm, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Hemiplegia, Movement, Muscle, Skeletal, Myoclonus, Robotics, Magnetoencephalography, Phonetics, Software, Speech Production Measurement, Epilepsies, Partial, Laterality, Stereotaxic Techniques, Germany, Speech Acoustics, Verbal Behavior, Child Development, Instinct, Brain Stem, Coma, Diagnosis, Differential, Hearing Disorders, Hearing Loss, Central, Neuroma, Acoustic, Dendrites, Down-Regulation, Patch-Clamp Techniques, Wistar, Up-Regulation, Aged, Aphasia, Middle Aged, Cones (Retina), Primates, Retina, Retinal Ganglion Cells, Tympanic Membrane, Cell Communication, Extremities, Biological, Motor Activity, Rana catesbeiana, Spinal Cord, Central Nervous System, Motion, Motor Cortex, Intelligence, Macaca fascicularis, Adoption, Critical Period (Psychology), France, Korea, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Multilingualism, Auditory Pathways, Cochlear Nerve, Loudness Perception, Neural Conduction, Sensory Thresholds, Sound, Language Disorders, Preschool, Generalization (Psychology), Vocabulary, Biophysics, Nerve Net, Potassium Channels, Sodium Channels, Cues, Differential Threshold, Arousal, Newborn, Sucking Behavior, Ferrets, Microelectrodes, Gestalt Theory, Mathematical Computing, Perceptual Closure, Vestibulocochlear Nerve, Brain Damage, Chronic, Regional Blood Flow, Thinking, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Case-Control Studies, Multivariate Analysis, Artificial Intelligence, Depth Perception, Broca, Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex, Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery, X-Ray Computed, 11167055},
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {After BRCA1 and BRCA2-what next? Multifactorial segregation analyses of three-generation, population-based Australian families affected by female breast cancer},
 type = {article},
 year = {2001},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Age Factors,Age of Onset,Australia,BRCA1 Protein/*genetics,BRCA2 Protein,Breast Neoplasms/*genetics,Cohort Studies,Family Health,Female,Heterozygote,Human,Male,Models, Genetic,Molecular Sequence Data,Mutation,Neoplasm Proteins/*genetics,Pedigree,Probability,Risk Factors,Statistics,Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.,Transcription Factors/*genetics},
 pages = {420-31.},
 volume = {68},
 id = {23f12ce0-3889-312a-be6e-926c320ad4f9},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:45:18.919Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:45:19.048Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>eng<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
 abstract = {Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 that cause a dominantly inherited high risk of female breast cancer seem to explain only a small proportion of the aggregation of the disease. To study the possible additional genetic components, we conducted single-locus and two-locus segregation analyses, with and without a polygenic background, using three-generation families ascertained through 858 women with breast cancer diagnosed at age <40 years, ascertained through population cancer registries in Melbourne and Sydney, Australia. Extensive testing for deleterious mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2, to date, has identified 34 carriers. Our analysis suggested that, after other possible unmeasured familial factors are adjusted for and the known BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers are excluded, there appears to be a residual dominantly inherited risk of female breast cancer in addition to that derived from mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. This study also suggests that there is a substantial recessively inherited risk of early-onset breast cancer. According to the best-fitting model, after excluding known carriers of mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2, about 1/250 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1/500 to 1/125) women have a recessive risk of 86% (95% CI 69%-100%) by age 50 years and of almost 100% by age 60 years. Possible reasons that our study has implicated a novel strong recessive effect include our inclusion of data on lineal aunts and grandmothers, study of families ascertained through women with early-onset breast cancer, allowance for multiple familial factors in the analysis, and removal of families for whom the cause (i.e., BRCA1 or BRCA2) is known. Our findings may have implications for attempts to identify new breast cancer-susceptibility genes.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Cui, J and Antoniou, A C and Dite, G S and Southey, M C and Venter, D J and Easton, D F and Giles, G G and McCredie, M R and Hopper, J L},
 journal = {Am J Hum Genet},
 number = {2}
}

Website  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Replication studies in longevity: puzzling findings in Danish centenarians at the 3'APOB-VNTR locus},
 type = {article},
 year = {2001},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Adult,Aged,Aged, 80 and over,Alleles,Apolipoproteins B/*genetics,Comparative Study,DNA/analysis/genetics,Demography,Denmark,Female,Gene Frequency/genetics,Genotype,Humans,Italy,Longevity/*genetics,Male,Middle Aged,Minisatellite Repeats/*genetics,Models, Genetic,Polymerase Chain Reaction,Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Risk,Sex Characteristics},
 pages = {371-376},
 volume = {65},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11592926},
 id = {30365bd9-8031-3f7e-8ef2-9d02c1ab8dba},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:45:42.031Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:45:42.142Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>0003-4800<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
 abstract = {In Danes we replicated the 3'APOB-VNTR gene/longevity association study previously carried out in Italians, by which the Small alleles (less than 35 repeats) had been identified as frailty alleles for longevity. In Danes, neither genotype nor allele frequencies differed between centenarians and 20-64-year-old subjects. However, when Danish and Italian data were compared, a significant difference (p = 0.0004) was found between the frequencies of Small alleles in youths, which disappeared in centenarians (p = 0.290). Furthermore, the demographic-genetic approach revealed in Danes a significant gene-sex interaction relevant to Long alleles (more than 37 repeats). The different findings in Denmark and Italy suggest that gene/longevity associations are population-specific, and heavily affected by the population-specific genetic and environmental history.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Varcasia, O and Garasto, S and Rizza, T and Andersen-Ranberg, K and Jeune, B and Bathum, L and Andreev, K and Tan, Q and Yashin, A I and Bonafe, M and Franceschi, C and De Benedictis, G},
 journal = {Ann Hum Genet},
 number = {Pt 4}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Genetic structures and linguistic boundaries in Italy: a microregional approach},
 type = {article},
 year = {2001},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {*Genetics, Population,*Linguistics,*Names,*Population Dynamics,Geography,Human,Italy,Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
 pages = {335-347},
 volume = {73},
 id = {abb39776-f87a-32fd-831f-e740fb33df35},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:45:53.644Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:45:53.790Z},
 tags = {03/05/15},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>Journal Article</m:note>},
 abstract = {The amount of genetic data (sequences, gene frequencies, and isonymy) available for the Province of Ferrara, Italy, makes this area one of the world's best known. In an effort to infer the underlying demographic processes, we studied the province's population structure by comparing geological, palaeoclimatic, archeological, historical, and linguistic data. This multilevel approach allowed us to date some characteristics of the population structure from prehistoric times to the Roman and Middle Ages, and to detect overlapping biological, cultural, and geographic boundaries. To detect linguistic boundaries within this area we turned pronunciation differences into phonetic notation. We then computed pairwise distances by using methods for multiple genetic sequence analysis, in order to obtain a distance matrix of the overall pronunciation variability. This approach enabled us to test the association among linguistic, geographical, and genetic distance matrices using the same statistical tests. Results indicate that demographic phenomena can be traced in an area as small as the Province of Ferrara and that, on a microregional scale, recent events may have influenced important aspects of the overall genetic variation.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Manni, F and Barrai, I},
 journal = {Hum Biol},
 number = {3}
}

@Article{Fiser2001,
  author   = {J Fiser and Richard N Aslin},
  journal  = {Psychol Sci},
  title    = {Unsupervised statistical learning of higher-order spatial structures from visual scenes.},
  year     = {2001},
  number   = {6},
  pages    = {499-504},
  volume   = {12},
  abstract = {Three experiments investigated the ability of human observers to extract
	the joint and conditional probabilities of shape co-occurrences during
	passive viewing of complex visual scenes. Results indicated that
	statistical learning of shape conjunctions was both rapid and automatic,
	as subjects were not instructed to attend to any particularfeatures
	of the displays. Moreover, in addition to single-shape frequency,
	subjects acquired in parallel several different higher-order aspects
	of the statistical structure of the displays, including absolute
	shape-position relations in an array, shape-pair arrangements independent
	of position, and conditional probabilities of shape co-occurrences.
	Unsupervised learning of these higher-order statistics provides support
	for Barlow's theory of visual recognition, which posits that detecting
	"suspicious coincidences" of elements during recognition is a necessary
	prerequisite for efficient learning of new visual features.},
  keywords = {Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, Concept Formation, Form Perception, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Shrews, P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Cochlea, Ear, Gerbillinae, Glycine, Hearing, Neurons, Space Perception, Strychnine, Adolescent, Decision Making, Reaction Time, Astrocytoma, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Evoked Potentials, Frontal Lobe, Noise, Parietal Lobe, Scalp, Child, Language Development, Psycholinguistics, Brain, Perception, Speech, Vocalization, Animal, Discrimination (Psychology), Hippocampus, Rats, Calcium, Chelating Agents, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Glutamic Acid, Guanosine Diphosphate, In Vitro, Neuronal Plasticity, Pyramidal Cells, Receptors, AMPA, Metabotropic Glutamate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Somatosensory Cortex, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Thionucleotides, Action Potentials, Calcium Channels, L-Type, Electric Conductivity, Entorhinal Cortex, Neurological, Long-Evans, Infant, Mathematics, Statistics, Probability Learning, Problem Solving, Psychophysics, 11760138},
}

@Article{Scholl2001b,
  author   = {B. J. Scholl},
  journal  = {Cognition},
  title    = {Objects and attention: {T}he state of the art.},
  year     = {2001},
  number   = {1-2},
  pages    = {1-46},
  volume   = {80},
  abstract = {What are the units of attention? In addition to standard models holding
	that attention can select spatial regions and visual features, recent
	work suggests that in some cases attention can directly select discrete
	objects. This paper reviews the state of the art with regard to such
	'object-based' attention, and explores how objects of attention relate
	to locations, reference frames, perceptual groups, surfaces, parts,
	and features. Also discussed are the dynamic aspects of objecthood,
	including the question of how attended objects are individuated in
	time, and the possibility of attending to simple dynamic motions
	and events. The final sections of this review generalize these issues
	beyond vision science, to other modalities and fields such as auditory
	objects of attention and the infant's 'object concept'.},
  keywords = {80 and over, Adenoviridae, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Attention, Auditory Perception, Biopsy, Bone Nails, Bone Neoplasms, Bone Screws, Bone Transplantation, Breast Neoplasms, Carcinoma, Child, Child Development, Cognition, Cohort Studies, Comparative Study, Concept Formation, Constriction, Esophageal Neoplasms, Female, Femoral Neck Fractures, Femoral Neoplasms, Femur Head, Femur Neck, Fibula, Follow-Up Studies, Fracture Fixation, Fractures, Gene Expression, Gene Transfer Techniques, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Hepatitis, Homologous, Humans, Inbred Strains, Infant, Injections, Internal, Intramedullary, Intravenous, Judgment, Knee Joint, Liver, Luminescent Proteins, Male, Meta-Analysis, Middle Aged, Models, Motion, Motion Perception, Needle, Neoplasms, Non-P.H.S., Non-U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Perceptual Distortion, Portal Vein, Preschool, Problem Solving, Psychological, Radiation-Induced, Rats, Research Support, Retrospective Studies, Second Primary, Self Concept, Sensitivity and Specificity, Social Perception, Space Perception, Spontaneous, Squamous Cell, Students, Time Factors, Tomography, Transplantation, Treatment Outcome, U.S. Gov't, Visual Perception, X-Ray Computed, 11245838},
}

Paper  Website  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Understanding human disease mutations through the use of interspecific genetic variation},
 type = {article},
 year = {2001},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {*Evolution, Molecular,Amino Acids/genetics,Animals,Cattle,Cricetinae,Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulato,Databases, Nucleic Acid,Eye Proteins/genetics,Gene Frequency,Genetic Predisposition to Disease/*genetics,Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase/genetics,Homeodomain Proteins/genetics,Humans,Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex,Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics,Mice,Mutation,Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics,Paired Box Transcription Factors,Phenylalanine Hydroxylase/genetics,Phylogeny,Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide,Rats,Repressor Proteins/genetics,Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.,Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.,Species Specificity,Tumor Suppressor Proteins,Variation (Genetics)},
 pages = {2319-2328},
 volume = {10},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11689479},
 id = {615db8bf-ae06-347d-a726-890771c0ab9a},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:46:04.109Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:46:04.233Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>0964-6906 (Print)<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
 abstract = {Data on replacement mutations in genes of disease patients exist in a variety of online resources. In addition, genome sequencing projects and individual gene sequencing efforts have led to the identification of disease gene homologs in diverse metazoan species. The availability of these two types of information provides unique opportunities to investigate factors that are important in the development of genetically based disease by contrasting long and short-term molecular evolutionary patterns. Therefore, we conducted an analysis of disease-associated human genetic variation for seven disease genes: the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the neural cell adhesion molecule L1, phenylalanine hydroxylase, paired box 6, the X-linked retinoschisis gene and TSC2/tuberin. Our analyses indicate that disease mutations show definite patterns when examined from an evolutionary perspective. Human replacement mutations resulting in disease are overabundant at amino acid positions most conserved throughout the long-term history of metazoans. In contrast, human polymorphic replacement mutations and silent mutations are randomly distributed across sites with respect to the level of conservation of amino acid sites within genes. Furthermore, disease-causing amino acid changes are of types usually not observed among species. Using Grantham's chemical difference matrix, we find that amino acid changes observed in disease patients are far more radical than the variation found among species and in non-diseased humans. Overall, our results demonstrate the usefulness of evolutionary analyses for understanding patterns of human disease mutations and underscore the biomedical significance of sequence data currently being generated from various model organism genome sequencing projects.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Miller, M P and Kumar, S},
 journal = {Hum Mol Genet},
 number = {21}
}

Paper  Website  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Increase of homozygosity in centenarians revealed by a new inter-Alu PCR technique},
 type = {article},
 year = {2001},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {*Alu Elements,*Polymorphism, Genetic,Aged,Aged, 80 and over,Aging/*genetics,Heterozygote,Humans,Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods,Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
 pages = {1063-1073},
 volume = {36},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11404051},
 id = {3addbdbb-c5bc-347b-a722-ebeb1352f751},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:44:33.100Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:44:33.285Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>0531-5565<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
 abstract = {In the present study a novel inter-Alu PCR technique that allows one to detect inter-individual differences in the genomic regions flanked by Alu repetitive sequences was developed. Two primers complementary to sequences present in different Alu repeats and marked with two different fluorochromes were used in the same PCR reaction, and the PCR products were separated and analyzed by capillary electrophoresis using an automatic sequencer. The method is highly reliable, and three patterns of peaks (QM376-400, QM780-790 and QM480) appeared to be representative for germ-line polymorphisms, as suggested by the results obtained in nine couples of monozygotic twins and four three-generation families. The frequency of these polymorphic peaks was studied in two different age groups (100 young subjects and 69 centenarians). In two out of the three regions (QM376-400 and QM480) a significant increase in homozygote genotypes frequency was observed in centenarians. These counterintuitive results suggest that increased homozygosity contributes to human longevity. This novel inter-Alu PCR approach could represent a valuable tool to identify longevity-associated DNA sequences interspersed throughout human genome, without making any a priori assumption about their nature and function.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Bonafe, M and Cardelli, M and Marchegiani, F and Cavallone, L and Giovagnetti, S and Olivieri, F and Lisa, R and Pieri, C and Franceschi, C},
 journal = {Exp Gerontol},
 number = {7}
}

@article{spence_reflexive_2001,
	title = {Reflexive spatial orienting of tactile attention},
	volume = {141},
	doi = {10/dtxwbw},
	abstract = {We investigated the covert reflexive (exogenous) orienting of tactile spatial attention. Participants made speeded discrimination responses (up vs down) to a series of tactile targets presented randomly to the index finger or thumb of either hand. These targets were preceded at a variable stimulus onset asynchrony (200, 300, or 400 ms) by a spatially nonpredictive tactile cue (presented to both finger and thumb of one or other hand) on either the same or opposite side as the target. Tactile elevation discrimination responses were more rapid and accurate when the cue and target appeared on the same side than when they appeared on opposite sides. Our results provide the first direct empirical evidence that tactile spatial attention can be reflexively directed toward peripheral tactile cues leading to the facilitation of subsequent responses to stimuli presented at that body site.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Experimental Brain Research},
	author = {Spence, C. and McGlone, F.P.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {\#nosource, *Attention, *Signal Detection (Psychology), *Space Perception, *Touch, *Vision, Adult, Cues, Discrimination (Psychology), Extinction (Psychology), Female, Human, Male, Models, Psychological, Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	pages = {324--330},
}

@article{
 title = {Prevalence of BRCA1 founder mutations in western Poland},
 type = {article},
 year = {2001},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {*Founder Effect,Adult,Aged,Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology/genetics,Female,Genes, BRCA1/*genetics,Human,Middle Age,Mutation/*genetics,Ovarian Neoplasms/epidemiology/genetics,Poland/epidemiology,Prevalence,Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
 pages = {75.},
 volume = {17},
 id = {00061d34-58f5-3920-aeb8-424248e2c96f},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:42:59.775Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:43:00.082Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>eng<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
 abstract = {The frequency of three BRCA1 founder mutations was examined in a group of Polish breast/ovarian cancer patients and women at increased risk of these cancers based on family history. Among the 15 mutations found (5385-5386insC, 187-188delAG, and 4154delA), eight were detected in women with a low or moderate family history. The frequency of the IVS20+48ins12 variant was also analyzed and its distribution within risk groups argues against its involvement in cancer predisposition.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Jasinska, A and Krzyzosiak, W J},
 journal = {Hum Mutat},
 number = {1}
}

@article{
 title = {BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations among 233 unselected Finnish ovarian carcinoma patients},
 type = {article},
 year = {2001},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {*Mutation,BRCA1 Protein/*genetics,Carcinoma/*genetics,Cohort Studies,Family Health,Female,Finland,Founder Effect,Human,Logistic Models,Neoplasm Proteins/*genetics,Ovarian Neoplasms/epidemiology/*genetics,Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Transcription Factors/*genetics},
 pages = {424-30.},
 volume = {9},
 id = {91ee729d-ffc1-3b7b-bf6d-c403f36a37f2},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:45:31.031Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:45:31.161Z},
 tags = {01/11/30},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>eng<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
 abstract = {Germline mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2 predispose to hereditary breast-ovarian cancer syndrome. In Finland, 20 different BRCA1/2 mutations have been identified, and 13 of them are founder mutations that account for the vast majority of Finnish BRCA1/2 families. The purpose of our study was to determine the prevalence of BRCA1/2 mutations in unselected Finnish ovarian carcinoma patients and to evaluate the relationship between mutation carrier status and personal/family history of cancer. Two hundred and thirty-three patients were screened for all the 20 BRCA1/2 mutations known in the Finnish population. Additionally, a subgroup of patients with personal history of breast cancer and/or family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer was screened for novel BRCA1/2 mutations. Thirteen patients (5.6%) had mutations: eleven in BRCA1 and two in BRCA2. All the mutation-positive patients were carriers of the previously known Finnish BRCA1/2 mutations, and seven recurrent founder mutations accounted for 12 of the 13 mutations detected. A logistic regression analysis was used to determine the odds of mutation for ovarian carcinoma patients. The most significant predictor of a mutation was the presence of both breast and ovarian cancer in the same woman, but family history of breast cancer was also strongly related to mutation carrier status. Although BRCA1/2 mutation testing is not warranted in the general Finnish ovarian cancer patient population, patients who have also been diagnosed with breast cancer or have family history of breast or breast and ovarian cancer could benefit from referral to genetic counselling and mutation testing.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Sarantaus, L and Vahteristo, P and Bloom, E and Tamminen, A and Unkila-Kallio, L and Butzow, R and Nevanlinna, H},
 journal = {Eur J Hum Genet},
 number = {6}
}

@Article{Thoroughman2000,
  author   = {KA Thoroughman and R Shadmehr},
  journal  = {Nature},
  title    = {Learning of action through adaptive combination of motor primitives.},
  year     = {2000},
  number   = {6805},
  pages    = {742-7},
  volume   = {407},
  abstract = {Understanding how the brain constructs movements remains a fundamental
	challenge in neuroscience. The brain may control complex movements
	through flexible combination of motor primitives, where each primitive
	is an element of computation in the sensorimotor map that transforms
	desired limb trajectories into motor commands. Theoretical studies
	have shown that a system's ability to learn action depends on the
	shape of its primitives. Using a time-series analysis of error patterns,
	here we show that humans learn the dynamics of reaching movements
	through a flexible combination of primitives that have gaussian-like
	tuning functions encoding hand velocity. The wide tuning of the inferred
	primitives predicts limitations on the brain's ability to represent
	viscous dynamics. We find close agreement between the predicted limitations
	and the subjects' adaptation to new force fields. The mathematical
	properties of the derived primitives resemble the tuning curves of
	Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. The activity of these cells may
	encode primitives that underlie the learning of dynamics.},
  doi      = {10.1038/35037588},
  keywords = {Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, Concept Formation, Form Perception, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Shrews, P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Cochlea, Ear, Gerbillinae, Glycine, Hearing, Neurons, Space Perception, Strychnine, Adolescent, Decision Making, Reaction Time, Astrocytoma, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Evoked Potentials, Frontal Lobe, Noise, Parietal Lobe, Scalp, Child, Language Development, Psycholinguistics, Brain, Perception, Speech, Vocalization, Animal, Discrimination (Psychology), Hippocampus, Rats, Calcium, Chelating Agents, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Glutamic Acid, Guanosine Diphosphate, In Vitro, Neuronal Plasticity, Pyramidal Cells, Receptors, AMPA, Metabotropic Glutamate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Somatosensory Cortex, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Thionucleotides, Action Potentials, Calcium Channels, L-Type, Electric Conductivity, Entorhinal Cortex, Neurological, Long-Evans, Infant, Mathematics, Statistics, Probability Learning, Problem Solving, Psychophysics, Association Learning, Child Psychology, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Probability Theory, Analysis of Variance, Semantics, Symbolism, Behavior, Eye Movements, Macaca mulatta, Prefrontal Cortex, Cats, Dogs, Haplorhini, Photic Stimulation, Electroencephalography, Nervous System Physiology, Darkness, Grasshoppers, Light, Membrane Potentials, Neural Inhibition, Afferent, Picrotoxin, Vision, Deoxyglucose, Injections, Microspheres, Neural Pathways, Rhodamines, Choice Behavior, Speech Perception, Verbal Learning, Dominance, Cerebral, Fixation, Ocular, Language Tests, Random Allocation, Comparative Study, Saguinus, Sound Spectrography, Species Specificity, Audiometry, Auditory Threshold, Calibration, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Anesthesia, General, Electrodes, Implanted, Pitch Perception, Sound Localization, Paired-Associate Learning, Serial Learning, Auditory, Age Factors, Motion Perception, Brain Injuries, Computer Simulation, Blindness, Psychomotor Performance, Color Perception, Signal Detection (Psychology), Judgment, ROC Curve, Regression Analysis, Music, Probability, Arm, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Hemiplegia, Movement, Muscle, Skeletal, Myoclonus, Robotics, Magnetoencephalography, Phonetics, Software, Speech Production Measurement, Epilepsies, Partial, Laterality, Stereotaxic Techniques, Germany, Speech Acoustics, Verbal Behavior, Child Development, Instinct, Brain Stem, Coma, Diagnosis, Differential, Hearing Disorders, Hearing Loss, Central, Neuroma, Acoustic, Dendrites, Down-Regulation, Patch-Clamp Techniques, Wistar, Up-Regulation, Aged, Aphasia, Middle Aged, Cones (Retina), Primates, Retina, Retinal Ganglion Cells, Tympanic Membrane, Cell Communication, Extremities, Biological, Motor Activity, Rana catesbeiana, Spinal Cord, Central Nervous System, Motion, Motor Cortex, Intelligence, Macaca fascicularis, Adoption, Critical Period (Psychology), France, Korea, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Multilingualism, Auditory Pathways, Cochlear Nerve, Loudness Perception, Neural Conduction, Sensory Thresholds, Sound, Language Disorders, Preschool, Generalization (Psychology), Vocabulary, Biophysics, Nerve Net, Potassium Channels, Sodium Channels, Cues, Differential Threshold, Arousal, Newborn, Sucking Behavior, Ferrets, Microelectrodes, Gestalt Theory, Mathematical Computing, Perceptual Closure, Vestibulocochlear Nerve, Brain Damage, Chronic, Regional Blood Flow, Thinking, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Case-Control Studies, Multivariate Analysis, Artificial Intelligence, Depth Perception, 11048700},
}

@article{lee_mapping_2000,
	title = {Mapping of functional organization in human visual cortex: electrical cortical stimulation},
	volume = {54},
	doi = {10/gpckkm},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To investigate the pattern of functional organization in the human visual cortex through electrical cortical stimulation. METHODS: Electrical cortical stimulation was applied to the occipital cortex and adjacent cortices using subdural grid electrodes in 23 epilepsy patients. Diverse visual responses were recorded. These responses were divided into different categories according to the specific response modalities, such as form, color, and motion. Form visual responses were further subdivided into simple, intermediate, and complex responses. The cortical localization of subdural electrodes was identified using MRI-CT coregistration. The cortical distribution of different visual responses was projected into three-dimensional surface renderings of the brain. The distribution and frequency of subdural electrodes showing different visual responses were quantified by calculating the percentage of the number of electrodes showing one specific type of visual response at the corresponding anatomic region to the total number of electrodes in all brain regions that produced the same response. RESULTS: Simple form responses were obtained mostly at the occipital pole and the inferior occipital gyrus (47.4\%) and the striate cortex (42.4\%). Intermediate form responses occurred mainly on the peristriate cortex (52.5\%) and the lateral occipital (28.0\%) and fusiform gyri (19.5\%). Complex forms were produced by stimulation of the basal temporo-occipital region (57.6\%) and the lateral temporal or lateral temporo-occipital junctional region (42.4\%). Color responses occurred on the basal occipital area, mostly at the fusiform (40.0\%) and lingual gyri (36.0\%). Moving sensations were evoked by stimulation of the basal temporo-occipital (28.4\%) and the mesial parieto-occipital or temporo-parieto-occipital junctional regions (23.9\%). CONCLUSIONS: Different modalities of vision, such as form, color, and moving sensation, appeared to be distributed and organized in different areas of the human visual cortex.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Neurology},
	author = {Lee, H.W. and Hong, S.B. and Seo, D.W. and Tae, W.S. and Hong, S.C.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Adolescence, Adult, Brain Mapping, Electric Stimulation, Epilepsy/*pathology/*physiopathology, Female, Human, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Visual Cortex/*pathology/*physiopathology},
	pages = {849--54},
}

@article{
 title = {Founder BRCA1 mutations and two novel germline BRCA2 mutations in breast and/or ovarian cancer families from North-Eastern Poland},
 type = {article},
 year = {2000},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {*Founder Effect,Adult,Aged,Aged, 80 and over,BRCA1 Protein/*genetics,BRCA2 Protein,Breast Neoplasms/*genetics,Female,Genetic Markers/genetics,Germ-Line Mutation/*genetics,Human,Male,Middle Age,Neoplasm Proteins/*genetics,Ovarian Neoplasms/*genetics,Poland,Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.,Transcription Factors/*genetics},
 pages = {480-1.},
 volume = {15},
 id = {fffeb98c-4cdd-3ed3-a41a-4a351d41efdd},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:44:22.272Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:44:22.379Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>eng<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
 abstract = {Germline mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes account for the majority of high-risk breast/ovarian cancer families, depending on the population studied. Previously, BRCA1 mutations were described in women from Western Poland. To further characterize the spectrum of BRCA1 mutations and the impact of BRCA2 mutations in Poland, we have analyzed 25 high-risk breast and/or ovarian cancer families from North-Eastern Poland for mutations in all coding exons of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, using combined heteroduplex analysis/SSCP followed by direct DNA sequence analysis. Out of 25 probands a total of five (20%) carried three recurrent BRCA1 mutations (300T>G, 3819del5, 5382insC). The 300T>G mutation accounted for 60% (3/5) of BRCA1 mutations and allelotyping suggested a common founder of this mutation. No unique mutations were found. In addition, we identified three BRCA2 (12%) mutations, one recurrent 4075delGT, and two novel frameshift mutations, 7327ins/dupl19 and 9068delA. We conclude that 30% of high-risk families from North-Eastern Poland may be due to recurrent BRCA1 and unique BRCA2 mutations. Intriguingly, the BRCA1 mutation spectrum seems to be different within subregions of Poland.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {van Der Looij, M and Wysocka, B and Brozek, I and Jassem, J and Limon, J and Olah, E},
 journal = {Hum Mutat},
 number = {5}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Why are the majority of hereditary cases of early-onset breast cancer sporadic? A simulation study},
 type = {article},
 year = {2000},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Adult,Age Distribution,Age of Onset,Aged,Australia/epidemiology,Breast Neoplasms/*epidemiology/ethnology/*genetics,Computer Simulation,Family Health,Female,Gene Frequency,Genes, BRCA1,Great Britain/epidemiology,Human,Jews/statistics & numerical data,Middle Age,Models, Genetic,Mutation,Pedigree,Prevalence,Singapore/epidemiology,Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.,Washington/epidemiology},
 pages = {805-12.},
 volume = {9},
 id = {373ef46c-3714-3339-8c8d-5b9047cf28e7},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:44:21.419Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:44:21.571Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>eng<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
 abstract = {Population-based studies, including those of Ashkenazi Jews, have observed that at least 50% of women with early-onset breast cancer who carry a germ line mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 do not report a family history of the disease. That is, the majority of "hereditary" cases are "sporadic." Furthermore, the great majority of "familial breast cancers" are not hereditary. We conducted a simulation study to evaluate the probability that a woman with early-onset breast cancer is a mutation carrier, given the number of affected relatives, for a range of plausible values of allele frequency (0.001-0.01), and increased risk in mutation carriers (5-20, equivalent to cumulative risks to age 70 of 25-70%, respectively, for Australian women). Families consisted of a case proband and her mother, sisters, and maternal and paternal grandmothers, and aunts. The numbers of sisters and aunts were generated according to Poisson distributions, and ages were assigned according to a Weibull distribution. The simulated distributions of family history and of the prevalence of mutation carriers among case probands were in general similar to those observed in population-based studies, although there was a suggestion of heterogeneity of breast cancer risk in mutation carriers. As is being observed empirically in population-based samples, a family history of breast cancer was not a strong predictor of mutation status; each affected female relative increased the risk of being a mutation carrier by only 2- to 3-fold. The probability of being a mutation carrier was generally low, except in families with extreme histories of breast cancer.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Cui, J and Hopper, J L},
 journal = {Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev},
 number = {8}
}

Paper  Website  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {The genetically isolated populations of Finland and sardinia may not be a panacea for linkage disequilibrium mapping of common disease genes},
 type = {article},
 year = {2000},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {*Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18,*Linkage Disequilibrium,Chromosome Mapping,Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent/*genetics,Finland,Genotype,Human,Italy,Microsatellite Repeats,Polymorphism (Genetics),Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
 pages = {320-3.},
 volume = {25},
 websites = {http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/ng/journal/v25/n3/full/ng0700_320.html,http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/ng/journal/v25/n3/abs/ng0700_320.html},
 id = {9844ac6c-5555-3386-a968-ad5f8216a4bf},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:44:56.225Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:44:56.367Z},
 tags = {01/11/30},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>eng<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
 abstract = {The choice of which population to study in the mapping of common disease genes may be critical. Isolated founder populations, such as that found in Finland, have already proved extremely useful for mapping the genes for specific rare monogenic disorders and are being used in attempts to map the genes underlying common, complex diseases. But simulation results suggest that, under the common disease-common variant hypothesis, most isolated populations will prove no more useful for linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping of common disease genes than large outbred populations. There is very little empirical data to either support or refute this conclusion at present. Therefore, we evaluated LD between 21 common microsatellite polymorphisms on chromosome 18q21 in 2 genetic isolates (Finland and Sardinia) and compared the results with those observed in two mixed populations (United Kingdom and United States of America). Mean levels of LD were similar across all four populations. Our results provide empirical support for the expectation that genetic isolates like Finland and Sardinia will not prove significantly more valuable than general populations for LD mapping of common variants underlying complex disease.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Eaves, I A and Merriman, T R and Barber, R A and Nutland, S and Tuomilehto-Wolf, E and Tuomilehto, J and Cucca, F and Todd, J A},
 journal = {Nat Genet},
 number = {3}
}

@article{
 title = {Familial cancer risks to offspring from mothers with 2 primary breast cancers: leads to cancer syndromes},
 type = {article},
 year = {2000},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Adolescence,Adult,Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology/*genetics,Child,Child, Preschool,Databases, Factual,Family Health,Female,Human,Incidence,Infant,Infant, Newborn,Male,Middle Age,Mothers,Neoplasms, Second Primary/epidemiology/*genetics,Neoplasms/epidemiology/*genetics,Risk Factors,Socioeconomic Factors,Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Sweden/epidemiology},
 pages = {87-91.},
 volume = {88},
 id = {588e6ac8-7072-3509-b985-6895b25455d2},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:44:44.036Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:44:44.218Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>eng<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
 abstract = {The nationwide Swedish Family-Cancer Database was used to analyse the risk of cancer among the offspring of bilateral breast cancer patients. We studied 4,734 such mothers who had 9,391 offspring, of whom 328 presented with a primary cancer in the years 1958-1996. Standardised incidence ratios (SIRs) were increased for breast [SIR 3.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.57-3.59], ovarian (SIR 1.84, 95% CI 1.03-3.05) and anogenital (SIR 1.75, 95% CI 1.11-2.63) cancers and childhood sarcomas (SIR 9.39, 95% CI 1.93-29.13). Additionally, squamous-cell skin cancer was increased among sons and all childhood cancers among daughters. When analysed by histological type, adenocarcinomas of the breast and ovary, all squamous-cell carcinomas and tumours at glandular epithelium (seminomas and intestinal carcinoids) were increased. Mothers with bilateral breast cancer had an excess of 2 or more children with cancer. The increased risk of ovarian cancer is consistent with germline mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, while the risk of soft tissue and bone sarcomas may reflect the association of these tumours with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. The increases in squamous-cell carcinomas at many sites may reflect a new susceptibility syndrome.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Hemminki, K and Vaittinen, P and Easton, D},
 journal = {Int J Cancer},
 number = {1}
}

@article{
 title = {Germ line BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations in Turkish breast cancer patients},
 type = {article},
 year = {2000},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Adult,Age of Onset,BRCA2 Protein,Breast Neoplasms, Male/genetics,Breast Neoplasms/*genetics,Female,Genes, BRCA1/*genetics,Germ-Line Mutation/*genetics,Heteroduplex Analysis/methods,Human,Male,Middle Age,Neoplasm Proteins/*genetics,Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics,Pedigree,Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods,Polymorphism (Genetics),Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Transcription Factors/*genetics,Turkey},
 pages = {2076-82.},
 volume = {36},
 id = {d4ea5d9f-5376-3da0-81a0-c4024c79a28d},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:44:00.694Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:44:00.812Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>eng<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
 abstract = {Germ line BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 mutations were screened in 50 Turkish breast and/or ovarian cancer patients composed of hereditary, familial, early onset and male cancer groups. Genomic DNA samples were tested by heteroduplex analysis and DNA sequencing. Two truncating BRCA2 mutations, one novel (6880 insG) and one previously reported (3034 delAAAC), were found in two out of six (33%) hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer patients. A novel truncating (1200 insA) and a missense (2080A-->G) BRCA1 mutation was found in two of 27 (7%) individuals in the early onset group. A total of four (8%) disease-causing mutations in 50 breast cancer patients were identified in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. In addition, five BRCA1 sequence variants have been identified in 23 patients. These results indicate that BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are involved in some, but not all, forms of hereditary predisposition to breast cancer in the Turkish population.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Ozdag, H and Tez, M and Sayek, I and Muslumanoglu, M and Tarcan, O and Icli, F and Ozturk, M and Ozcelik, T},
 journal = {Eur J Cancer},
 number = {16}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Unique origin and specific ethnic distribution of the Friedreich ataxia GAA expansion},
 type = {article},
 year = {2000},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Africa, Northern,Alleles,Asia,Caucasoid Race/genetics,Europe,Founder Effect,Friedreich Ataxia/*ethnology/*genetics,Genetic Markers,Haplotypes,Linkage (Genetics),Middle East,Mongoloid Race/genetics,Negroid Race/genetics,Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/genet,Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.,Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion/*genetics},
 pages = {2322-4.},
 volume = {54},
 id = {5299f87a-7768-396d-8ed8-bb9f69d6cfb1},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:42:59.384Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:42:59.530Z},
 tags = {02/02/06},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>eng<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
 abstract = {The GAA triplet repeat expansion that causes Friedreich ataxia is found only in individuals of European, North African, Middle Eastern, or Indian origin (Indo-European and Afro-Asiatic speakers). Analysis of normal alleles of the GAA repeat and of closely linked markers suggests that expansions arose through a unique two-step process. A major implication of these findings is that Friedreich ataxia may not exist among sub-Saharan Africans, Amerindians, and people from China, Japan, and Southeast Asia.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Labuda, M and Labuda, D and Miranda, C and Poirier, J and Soong, B W and Barucha, N E and Pandolfo, M},
 journal = {Neurology},
 number = {12}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Consistent long-range linkage disequilibrium generated by admixture in a Bantu-Semitic hybrid population},
 type = {article},
 year = {2000},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Demography,Gene Frequency/genetics,Genotype,Human,Hybridization, Genetic/*genetics,Israel,Jews/*genetics,Linkage Disequilibrium/*genetics,Microsatellite Repeats/genetics,Negroid Race/*genetics,South Africa,Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,X Chromosome/genetics},
 pages = {926-35.},
 volume = {67},
 id = {bb213651-3d05-39a7-8e62-b401b6f7a4af},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:44:44.599Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:44:44.719Z},
 tags = {02/12/04},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>eng<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
 abstract = {Both the optimal marker density for genome scans in case-control association studies and the appropriate study design for the testing of candidate genes depend on the genomic pattern of linkage disequilibrium (LD). In this study, we provide the first conclusive demonstration that the diverse demographic histories of human populations have produced dramatic differences in genomewide patterns of LD. Using a panel of 66 markers spanning the X chromosome, we show that, in the Lemba, a Bantu-Semitic hybrid population, markers </= approximately 21 cM apart have a significantly greater tendency to show LD than do unlinked markers. In three populations with less evidence of admixture, however, excess LD disappears >2 cM. Moreover, analysis of Bantu and Ashkenazi populations as putative parental populations of the Lemba shows a significant relationship between allele-frequency differentials and the LD observed in the Lemba, which demonstrates that much of the excess LD is due to admixture. Our results suggest that demographic history has such a profound effect on LD that it will not be possible to predict patterns a priori but that it will be necessary to empirically evaluate the patterns in all populations of interest.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Wilson, J F and Goldstein, D B},
 journal = {Am J Hum Genet},
 number = {4}
}

@Article{Hahn2000,
  author   = {U Hahn and RC Nakisa},
  journal  = {Cognit Psychol},
  title    = {German inflection: {S}ingle route or dual route?},
  year     = {2000},
  number   = {4},
  pages    = {313-60},
  volume   = {41},
  abstract = {The German plural system has recently become a focal point for conflicting
	theories of language, both linguistic and cognitive. Marcus et al.
	(1995) highlight the German plural as support for the dual-route
	account of inflectional morphology first proposed by Pinker and colleagues
	(Pinker & Prince, 1988). On the dual-route account, inflectional
	morphology is universally subserved by a symbolic rule route which
	deals with regular inflection and an associative memory component
	which deals with irregular inflection. This contrasts with single-route
	connectionist systems. We seek to counter supposed evidence for the
	dual-route account through large-scale simulations as well as through
	experimental data. We argue that, in its current form, the dual-route
	account is incapable of generating experimental data provided by
	Marcus et al. (1995) as support. Finally, we provide direct quantitative
	comparisons between single-route and dual-route models of German
	plural inflection and find single-route performance superior on these
	tests.},
  doi      = {10.1006/cogp.2000.0737},
  keywords = {Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, Concept Formation, Form Perception, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Shrews, P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Cochlea, Ear, Gerbillinae, Glycine, Hearing, Neurons, Space Perception, Strychnine, Adolescent, Decision Making, Reaction Time, Astrocytoma, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Evoked Potentials, Frontal Lobe, Noise, Parietal Lobe, Scalp, Child, Language Development, Psycholinguistics, Brain, Perception, Speech, Vocalization, Animal, Discrimination (Psychology), Hippocampus, Rats, Calcium, Chelating Agents, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Glutamic Acid, Guanosine Diphosphate, In Vitro, Neuronal Plasticity, Pyramidal Cells, Receptors, AMPA, Metabotropic Glutamate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Somatosensory Cortex, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Thionucleotides, Action Potentials, Calcium Channels, L-Type, Electric Conductivity, Entorhinal Cortex, Neurological, Long-Evans, Infant, Mathematics, Statistics, Probability Learning, Problem Solving, Psychophysics, Association Learning, Child Psychology, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Probability Theory, Analysis of Variance, Semantics, Symbolism, Behavior, Eye Movements, Macaca mulatta, Prefrontal Cortex, Cats, Dogs, Haplorhini, Photic Stimulation, Electroencephalography, Nervous System Physiology, Darkness, Grasshoppers, Light, Membrane Potentials, Neural Inhibition, Afferent, Picrotoxin, Vision, Deoxyglucose, Injections, Microspheres, Neural Pathways, Rhodamines, Choice Behavior, Speech Perception, Verbal Learning, 11121259},
}

@article{
 title = {BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation analysis of 208 Ashkenazi Jewish women with ovarian cancer},
 type = {article},
 year = {2000},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {*Founder Effect,Adult,Aged,Aged, 80 and over,Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology/genetics,DNA Mutational Analysis,Female,Gene Frequency/genetics,Genes, BRCA1/*genetics,Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics,Human,Incidence,Israel/epidemiology,Jews/*genetics,Male,Middle Age,Mutation/*genetics,Neoplasm Proteins/*genetics,Neoplasm Staging,North America/epidemiology,Ovarian Neoplasms/epidemiology/*genetics/mortality,Pedigree,Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.,Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.,Transcription Factors/*genetics},
 pages = {1259-72.},
 volume = {66},
 id = {0003dfc0-1df4-3102-829c-0f2e888b6744},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:45:32.120Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:45:32.249Z},
 tags = {01/11/30},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>eng<m:linebreak/>Journal Article<m:linebreak/>Multicenter Study</m:note>},
 abstract = {Ovarian cancer is a component of the autosomal-dominant hereditary breast-ovarian cancer syndrome and may be due to a mutation in either the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. Two mutations in BRCA1 (185delAG and 5382insC) and one mutation in BRCA2 (6174delT) are common in the Ashkenazi Jewish population. One of these three mutations is present in approximately 2% of the Jewish population. Each mutation is associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer, and it is expected that a significant proportion of Jewish women with ovarian cancer will carry one of these mutations. To estimate the proportion of ovarian cancers attributable to founding mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 in the Jewish population and the familial cancer risks associated with each, we interviewed 213 Jewish women with ovarian cancer at 11 medical centers in North America and Israel and offered these women genetic testing for the three founder mutations. To establish the presence of nonfounder mutations in this population, we also completed the protein-truncation test on exon 11 of BRCA1 and exons 10 and 11 of BRCA2. We obtained a detailed family history on all women we studied who had cancer and on a control population of 386 Ashkenazi Jewish women without ovarian or breast cancer. A founder mutation was present in 41.3% of the women we studied. The cumulative incidence of ovarian cancer to age 75 years was found to be 6.3% for female first-degree relatives of the patients with ovarian cancer, compared with 2.0% for the female relatives of healthy controls (relative risk 3.2; 95% CI 1.5-6.8; P=.002). The relative risk to age 75 years for breast cancer among the female first-degree relatives was 2.0 (95% CI 1.4-3.0; P=.0001). Only one nonfounder mutation was identified (in this instance, in a woman of mixed ancestry), and the three founding mutations accounted for most of the observed excess risk of ovarian and breast cancer in relatives.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Moslehi, R and Chu, W and Karlan, B and Fishman, D and Risch, H and Fields, A and Smotkin, D and Ben-David, Y and Rosenblatt, J and Russo, D and Schwartz, P and Tung, N and Warner, E and Rosen, B and Friedman, J and Brunet, J S and Narod, S A},
 journal = {Am J Hum Genet},
 number = {4}
}

Paper  Website  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Unique PABP2 mutations in "Cajuns" suggest multiple founders of oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy in populations with French ancestry},
 type = {article},
 year = {1999},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Base Sequence,Canada,Canada/ethnology,Canada: ethnology,DNA-Binding Proteins,DNA-Binding Proteins/*genetics,DNA-Binding Proteins: genetics,Ethnic Groups,Ethnic Groups/*genetics,Ethnic Groups: genetics,Female,France,France/ethnology,France: ethnology,Human,Humans,Louisiana,Male,Microsatellite Repeats,Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics,Microsatellite Repeats: genetics,Muscular Dystrophies,Muscular Dystrophies/*genetics,Muscular Dystrophies: genetics,Non-U.S. Gov't,Pedigree,Poly(A)-Binding Protein II,Support},
 pages = {477-481},
 volume = {86},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10508991},
 month = {10},
 day = {29},
 id = {45d065a8-6799-3e6b-880b-3fa24b3356fa},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:42:02.365Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:42:02.505Z},
 tags = {04/09/07},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>        <m:bold>From Duplicate 1 ( </m:bold>                <m:bold>          </m:bold><m:bold><m:italic>Unique PABP2 mutations in &quot;Cajuns&quot; suggest multiple founders of oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy in populations with French ancestry</m:italic></m:bold><m:bold>        </m:bold>                <m:bold> - Scacheri, P C; Garcia, C; Hebert, R; Hoffman, E P )<m:linebreak/>        </m:bold>        <m:linebreak/>Journal Article<m:linebreak/>        <m:linebreak/>      </m:note>},
 abstract = {Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) is an adult-onset autosomal dominant myopathy found world-wide, but with the highest incidence in French-Canadians. Short GCG expansions in the poly(A) binding protein 2 (PABP2) gene were identified recently as the molecular basis for OPMD in French-Canadians. All French-Canadian cases of OPMD have been traced to a single founder couple [Bouchard, 1997: Neuromuscul Disord 7(Suppl):S5-S11]. Cultural links between French-Canadians and Cajuns suggest that this same founder couple may have transmitted the OPMD mutation to Cajuns as well. To determine if OPMD patients from Louisiana share a founder effect with French-Canadian families, we collected blood samples and muscle biopsies from several Cajuns with OPMD for mutation and linkage studies. We found a unique 'GCA GCG GCG' insertion mutation in Cajuns. Consistent with these sequence data, we identified a disease haplotype in our Cajun families that is different from the ancestral haplotype defined in French-Canadians. These data prove that different founders introduced the PABP2 mutation to Cajuns and French-Canadians and lend support to emerging genealogical data suggesting that French-Canadians and Cajuns represent distinct immigrant groups from France.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Scacheri, P C and Garcia, C and Hébert, R and Hoffman, E P and Hebert, R},
 journal = {Am J Med Genet},
 number = {5}
}

@Article{Eimas1999,
  author   = {PD Eimas},
  journal  = {Science},
  title    = {Do infants learn grammar with algebra or statistics?},
  year     = {1999},
  number   = {5413},
  pages    = {435-6; author reply 436-7},
  volume   = {284},
  keywords = {Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, Concept Formation, Form Perception, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Shrews, P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Cochlea, Ear, Gerbillinae, Glycine, Hearing, Neurons, Space Perception, Strychnine, Adolescent, Decision Making, Reaction Time, Astrocytoma, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Evoked Potentials, Frontal Lobe, Noise, Parietal Lobe, Scalp, Child, Language Development, Psycholinguistics, Brain, Perception, Speech, Vocalization, Animal, Discrimination (Psychology), Hippocampus, Rats, Calcium, Chelating Agents, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Glutamic Acid, Guanosine Diphosphate, In Vitro, Neuronal Plasticity, Pyramidal Cells, Receptors, AMPA, Metabotropic Glutamate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Somatosensory Cortex, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Thionucleotides, Action Potentials, Calcium Channels, L-Type, Electric Conductivity, Entorhinal Cortex, Neurological, Long-Evans, Infant, Mathematics, Statistics, 9872745},
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{irving-bell_distortion_1999,
	title = {A distortion of perceived space in patients with right-hemisphere lesions and visual hemineglect},
	volume = {37},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10426517},
	doi = {10/drssvr},
	abstract = {In twelve patients with left visuospatial hemineglect following acute right hemisphere cerebrovascular accident (CVA), and in twelve normal controls, we used a matching task to investigate judgement of the length of lines. Their task was to choose which of three lines of different length matched a separate single line. On each trial, the lines were all vertical or all horizontal. The set of three lines was presented either to the left or the right of the single line. When the lines were vertical, the choices made both by normal subjects and patients were nearly always correct. However, when the lines were horizontal and the set of comparison lines was on the left, patients mostly selected a line that was longer than the sample on the right, and never chose shorter lines, suggesting that the length of horizontal lines on the left was underestimated. When the set of three lines was on the right, patients chose the correct line more often, but made errors in both directions, i.e. longer or shorter, although shorter lines were chosen more often than longer lines. The rare errors made by normal subjects were in the same directions as those observed in the patients. The results provide further evidence for a non-Euclidean distortion of perceptual space in patients with left sided visuospatial neglect, and suggest that this distortion could be a gross exaggeration of normal performance or a product of diminished spatial attention, or both.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Neuropsychologia},
	author = {Irving-Bell, L. and Small, M. and Cowey, A.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {\#nosource, *Laterality, *Visual Perception, Aged, Attention, Brain/*pathology/physiopathology, Case-Control Studies, Cerebrovascular Disorders/*complications/pathology/physiopathology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Perceptual Disorders/*etiology/physiopathology, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Size Perception, Space Perception},
	pages = {919--25},
}

@article{rodriguez_perceptions_1999,
	title = {Perception's shadow: long-distance synchronization of human brain activity},
	volume = {397},
	doi = {10/fw7v3w},
	abstract = {Transient periods of synchronization of oscillating neuronal discharges in the frequency range 30-80 Hz (gamma oscillations) have been proposed to act as an integrative mechanism that may bring a widely distributed set of neurons together into a coherent ensemble that underlies a cognitive act. Results of several experiments in animals provide support for this idea. In humans, gamma oscillations have been described both on the scalp (measured by electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography) and in intracortical recordings, but no direct participation of synchrony in a cognitive task has been demonstrated so far. Here we record electrical brain activity from subjects who are viewing ambiguous visual stimuli (perceived either as faces or as meaningless shapes). We show for the first time, to our knowledge, that only face perception induces a long-distance pattern of synchronization, corresponding to the moment of perception itself and to the ensuing motor response. A period of strong desynchronization marks the transition between the moment of perception and the motor response. We suggest that this desynchronization reflects a process of active uncoupling of the underlying neural ensembles that is necessary to proceed from one cognitive state to another.},
	number = {6718},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Rodriguez, E. and George, N. and Lachaux, J.P. and Martinerie, J. and Renault, B. and Varela, F.J.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {\#nosource, *Cortical Synchronization, Adult, Cognition/*physiology, Electroencephalography, Face, Female, Human, Male, Reaction Time, Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Visual Perception/*physiology},
	pages = {430--433},
}

@article{behrmann_attention_1999,
	title = {Attention accesses multiple reference frames: evidence from visual neglect},
	volume = {25},
	abstract = {Research with normal participants has demonstrated that mechanisms of selective attention can simultaneously gain access to internal representations of spatial information defined with respect to both location- and object-based frames of reference. The present study demonstrates that patients with unilateral spatial neglect following a right-hemisphere lesion are poorer at detecting information on the contralateral left side in both location- and object-based spatial coordinates simultaneously. Moreover, the extent of the neglect is modulated by the probability of a target's appearing in either reference frame; as the probability of sampling a target in a particular frame of reference increases, so does the severity of neglect in the frame. These findings suggest that attention can be flexibly and strategically assigned to a reference frame depending on the contingencies of the task.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform},
	author = {Behrmann, M and Tipper, S P},
	year = {1999},
	pmid = {10069027},
	keywords = {*Attention, *Field Dependence-Independence, *Orientation, *Pattern Recognition, Visual, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Brain Damage, Chronic/diagnosis, Dominance, Cerebral, Female, Hemianopsia/diagnosis, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
	pages = {83--101},
}

@Article{Li1999,
  author   = {Z Li},
  journal  = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
  title    = {Contextual influences in {V}1 as a basis for pop out and asymmetry in visual search.},
  year     = {1999},
  number   = {18},
  pages    = {10530-5},
  volume   = {96},
  abstract = {I use a model to show how simple, bottom-up, neural mechanisms in
	primary visual cortex can qualitatively explain the preattentive
	component of complex psychophysical phenomena of visual search for
	a target among distracters. Depending on the image features, the
	speed of search ranges from fast, when a target pops-out or is instantaneously
	detectable, to very slow, and it can be asymmetric with respect to
	switches between the target and distracter objects. It has been unclear
	which neural mechanisms or even cortical areas control the ease of
	search, and no physiological correlate has been found for search
	asymmetry. My model suggests that contextual influences in V1 play
	a significant role.},
  keywords = {Animals, Attention, Computer Simulation, Human, Models, Neurological, Neurons, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Perception, Adolescent, Adult, Color Perception, Female, Male, Middle Aged, Psychological, Psychophysics, Non-U.S. Gov't, Interneurons, Pyramidal Cells, Reaction Time, Synapses, 10468643},
}

@Article{Platt1999,
  author   = {M. L. Platt and P. W. Glimcher},
  journal  = {Nature},
  title    = {Neural correlates of decision variables in parietal cortex.},
  year     = {1999},
  number   = {6741},
  pages    = {233-8},
  volume   = {400},
  abstract = {Decision theory proposes that humans and animals decide what to do
	in a given situation by assessing the relative value of each possible
	response. This assessment can be computed, in part, from the probability
	that each action will result in a gain and the magnitude of the gain
	expected. Here we show that the gain (or reward) a monkey can expect
	to realize from an eye-movement response modulates the activity of
	neurons in the lateral intraparietal area, an area of primate cortex
	that is thought to transform visual signals into eye-movement commands.
	We also show that the activity of these neurons is sensitive to the
	probability that a particular response will result in a gain. When
	animals can choose freely between two alternative responses, the
	choices subjects make and neuronal activation in this area are both
	correlated with the relative amount of gain that the animal can expect
	from each response. Our data indicate that a decision-theoretic model
	may provide a powerful new framework for studying the neural processes
	that intervene between sensation and action.},
  doi      = {10.1038/22268},
  keywords = {Afferent, Animals, Color Perception, Decision Making, Eye Movements, Fixation, Macaca, Models, Motor Neurons, Neurological, Neurons, Non-U.S. Gov't, Ocular, P.H.S., Parietal Lobe, Probability, Research Support, Reward, U.S. Gov't, 10421355},
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{bisiach_two-dimensional_1999,
	title = {Two-dimensional distortion of space representation in unilateral neglect: perceptual and response-related factors},
	volume = {37},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10617269},
	doi = {10.1016/S0028-3932(99)00046-9},
	abstract = {The paper reports the results of an experiment in which left-neglect patients were required to point at the location they judged vertically to correspond (within the frame of the visual stimulus display they were given) with a cue that was variably located along a left-right axis lying proximally or distally with respect to the left-right axis over which they had to give their response. Patients were found to make rightward errors as in a similar, single-case study. The significant positive correlation between those errors and the degree of response bias on a manual-response version of the Milner Landmark Task suggests that rightward pointing errors made by left-neglect patients in conditions such as those set in the present experiment are due to a dysfunction selectively affecting an output-related component of space representation.},
	number = {13},
	journal = {Neuropsychologia},
	author = {Bisiach, E. and Ricci, R. and Berruti, G. and Genero, R. and Pepi, R. and Fumelli, T.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cerebral Cortex/physiopathology, Cerebrovascular Accident/diagnosis/physiopathology, Dominance, Cerebral/*physiology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Orientation/*physiology, Perceptual Disorders/diagnosis/*physiopathology, Perceptual Distortion/*physiology, Psychomotor Performance/*physiology, Reference Values, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	pages = {1491--8},
}

@article{launer_rates_1999,
	title = {Rates and risk factors for dementia and {Alzheimer}'s disease: results from {EURODEM} pooled analyses},
	volume = {52},
	doi = {10/b263},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risk of AD associated with a family history of dementia, female gender, low levels of education, smoking, and head trauma. BACKGROUND: These putative factors have been identified in cross-sectional studies. However, those studies are prone to bias due to systematic differences between patients and control subjects regarding survival and how risk factors are recalled. METHODS: The authors performed a pooled analysis of four European population- based prospective studies of individuals 65 years and older, with 528 incident dementia patients and 28,768 person-years of follow-up. Patients were detected by screening the total cohort with brief cognitive tests, followed by a diagnostic assessment of those who failed the screening tests. Dementia was diagnosed with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed. (revised), and AD was diagnosed according to National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria. Incident rates and relative risk (95\% CI) express the association of a risk factor for dementia. RESULTS: Incident rates for dementia and AD were similar across studies. The incidence of AD increased with age. At 90 years of age and older the incidence was 63.5 (95\% CI, 49.7 to 81.0) per 1,000 person-years. Female gender, current smoking (more strongly in men), and low levels of education (more strongly in women) increased the risk of AD significantly. A history of head trauma with unconsciousness and family history of dementia did not increase risk significantly. CONCLUSION: Contrary to previous reports, head trauma was not a risk factor for AD, and smoking did not protect against AD. The association of family history with the risk of AD is weaker than previously estimated on the basis of cross-sectional studies. Female gender may modify the risk of AD, whether it be via biological or behavioral factors.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Neurology},
	author = {Launer, L.J. and Andersen, K. and Dewey, M.E. and Letenneur, L. and Ott, A. and Amaducci, L.A. and Brayne, C. and Copeland, J.R. and Dartigues, J.F. and Kragh-Sorensen, P. and Lobo, A. and Martinez-Lage, J.M. and Stijnen, T. and Hofman, A.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease/*epidemiology, Europe/epidemiology, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Human, Incidence, Male, Risk Factors, Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	pages = {78--84},
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{coull_differential_1998,
	title = {Differential activation of right superior parietal cortex and intraparietal sulcus by spatial and nonspatial attention},
	volume = {8},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9740760},
	doi = {10.1006/nimg.1998.0354},
	abstract = {Neuropsychological and functional neuroimaging studies have implicated the right posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in human spatial attention. We tested the hypothesis that this area is also involved in nonspatial aspects of attention and working memory using positron emission tomography in healthy volunteers. In an initial experiment, digits were presented in pseudo-random spatial locations, and subjects attended either to locations or digits in order to detect single targets (attention condition) or to sequences of stimuli (working memory (WM) condition). Right superior parietal cortex (BA7) and intraparietal sulcus (IPS) were active during both spatial (locations) and nonspatial (digits) tasks compared to rest, although more so for the former. Additionally, right PPC was activated to an even greater extent during tests of WM than of attention, especially for tests of spatial WM. There were no differences in activation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the spatial versus nonspatial versions of the task, contrary to many previous studies. A follow-up experiment which presented abstract objects in a fixed, central location confirmed that right IPS was active during tests of nonspatial attention and also that this activation is not due to incidental spatial representation of digit stimuli. However, BA7 was not activated by this nonspatial, nondigit attentional task. Overall, these data suggest first that right IPS is recruited for both nonspatial and spatial attention and WM. Second, right BA7 is recruited specifically for spatial (both direct and indirect) forms of attentional processing. Finally, PPC activations in spatial WM tasks are likely to be due to a combination of spatial perception, attention, and WM, rather than to any of these individually.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Neuroimage},
	author = {Coull, J.T. and Frith, C.D.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {\#nosource, *Brain Mapping, Adult, Arousal/physiology, Attention/*physiology, Frontal Lobe/physiology, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Male, Mental Recall/physiology, Orientation/*physiology, Parietal Lobe/*physiology, Pattern Recognition, Visual/*physiology, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Tomography, Emission-Computed},
	pages = {176--87},
}

@article{
 title = {Isonymy and the genetic structure of Switzerland. II. Isolation by distance},
 type = {article},
 year = {1998},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {*Genetics, Population,*Names,Human,Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Switzerland},
 pages = {533-40.},
 volume = {25},
 id = {72003c35-a39f-3f4f-9304-3b9ab1179b6e},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:45:55.271Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:45:55.408Z},
 tags = {02/02/13},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>eng<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
 abstract = {Isolation by distance in Switzerland was detected comparing the surname distributions between Cantons. The decay of isonymy with geographic distance between Cantons was consistent with Malecot's exponential decay of kinship. Lasker's distance was defined as the negative value of the logarithm of isonymy between localities, and it was found that it is linearly and significantly correlated with the log of geographic distance, both within and between languages. The peculiar geographic and linguistic structure of the Confederation, where mountain barriers exist at short distances separating different languages, might explain the rapid changes in surname similarity. It was predicted that the frequency of markers linked to the Y chromosome would show a similar association with distance in Switzerland.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Rodriguez-Larralde, A and Scapoli, C and Beretta, M and Nesti, C and Mamolini, E and Barrai, I},
 journal = {Ann Hum Biol},
 number = {6}
}

Website  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {How heritable is individual susceptibility to death? The results of an analysis of survival data on Danish, Swedish and Finnish twins},
 type = {article},
 year = {1998},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {*Death,*Genetic Predisposition to Disease,Adult,Age Factors,Aged,Aged, 80 and over,Denmark,Disease Susceptibility,Environment,Epidemiology, Molecular,Female,Finland,Forecasting,Health,Humans,Life Tables,Likelihood Functions,Longevity/genetics,Male,Middle Aged,Models, Genetic,Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.,Sex Factors,Survival Analysis,Sweden,Twins/*genetics},
 pages = {196-205},
 volume = {1},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10100811},
 id = {161c25f0-f407-3983-ac34-656acbfb7169},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:42:57.913Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:42:58.237Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>1369-0523<m:linebreak/>Journal Article<m:linebreak/>Twin Study</m:note>},
 abstract = {Molecular epidemiological studies confirm a substantial contribution of individual genes to variability in susceptibility to disease and death for humans. To evaluate the contribution of all genes to susceptibility and to estimate individual survival characteristics, survival data on related individuals (eg twins or other relatives) are needed. Correlated gamma-frailty models of bivariate survival are used in a joint analysis of survival data on more than 31,000 pairs of Danish, Swedish and Finnish male and female twins using the maximum likelihood method. Additive decomposition of frailty into genetic and environmental components is used to estimate heritability in frailty. The estimate of the standard deviation of frailty from the pooled data is about 1.5. The hypothesis that variance in frailty and correlations of frailty for twins are similar in the data from all three countries is accepted. The estimate of narrow-sense heritability in frailty is about 0.5. The age trajectories of individual hazards are evaluated for all three populations of twins and both sexes. The results of our analysis confirm the presence of genetic influences on individual frailty and longevity. They also suggest that the mechanism of these genetic influences may be similar for the three Scandinavian countries. Furthermore, results indicate that the increase in individual hazard with age is more rapid than predicted by traditional demographic life tables.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Iachine, I A and Holm, N V and Harris, J R and Begun, A Z and Iachina, M K and Laitinen, M and Kaprio, J and Yashin, A I},
 journal = {Twin Res},
 number = {4}
}

@Article{Hahn1998,
  author   = {U Hahn and N Chater},
  journal  = {Cognition},
  title    = {Similarity and rules: {D}istinct? {E}xhaustive? {E}mpirically distinguishable?},
  year     = {1998},
  number   = {2-3},
  pages    = {197-230},
  volume   = {65},
  abstract = {The distinction between rule-based and similarity-based processes
	in cognition is of fundamental importance for cognitive science,
	and has been the focus of a large body of empirical research. However,
	intuitive uses of the distinction are subject to theoretical difficulties
	and their relation to empirical evidence is not clear. We propose
	a 'core' distinction between rule- and similarity-based processes,
	in terms of the way representations of stored information are 'matched'
	with the representation of a novel item. This explication captures
	the intuitively clear-cut cases of processes of each type, and resolves
	apparent problems with the rule/similarity distinction. Moreover,
	it provides a clear target for assessing the psychological and AI
	literatures. We show that many lines of psychological evidence are
	less conclusive than sometimes assumed, but suggest that converging
	lines of evidence may be persuasive. We then argue that the AI literature
	suggests that approaches which combine rules and similarity are an
	important new focus for empirical work.},
  keywords = {Cognition, Concept Formation, Discrimination Learning, Human, Mental Recall, Problem Solving, Problem-Based Learning, Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Thinking, 9557383},
}

@article{Epstein1998,
	title = {A cortical representation of the local visual environment},
	volume = {392},
	doi = {10.1038/33402},
	abstract = {Medial temporal brain regions such as the hippocampal formation and parahippocampal cortex have been generally implicated in navigation and visual memory. However, the specific function of each of these regions is not yet clear. Here we present evidence that a particular area within human parahippocampal cortex is involved in a critical component of navigation: perceiving the local visual environment. This region, which we name the 'parahippocampal place area' (PPA), responds selectively and automatically in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to passively viewed scenes, but only weakly to single objects and not at all to faces. The critical factor for this activation appears to be the presence in the stimulus of information about the layout of local space. The response in the PPA to scenes with spatial layout but no discrete objects (empty rooms) is as strong as the response to complex meaningful scenes containing multiple objects (the same rooms furnished) and over twice as strong as the response to arrays of multiple objects without three-dimensional spatial context (the furniture from these rooms on a blank background). This response is reduced if the surfaces in the scene are rearranged so that they no longer define a coherent space. We propose that the PPA represents places by encoding the geometry of the local environment.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {6676},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Epstein, R and Kanwisher, N},
	year = {1998},
	pmid = {9560155},
	note = {ISBN: 0028-0836},
	keywords = {Brain Mapping, Face, Female, Hippocampus, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, PPA, Photic Stimulation, Space Perception, Visual Perception, research support, non-u.s. gov't, research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
	pages = {598--601},
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{corbetta_common_1998,
	title = {A common network of functional areas for attention and eye movements},
	volume = {21},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9808463},
	doi = {10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80593-0},
	abstract = {Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and surface-based representations of brain activity were used to compare the functional anatomy of two tasks, one involving covert shifts of attention to peripheral visual stimuli, the other involving both attentional and saccadic shifts to the same stimuli. Overlapping regional networks in parietal, frontal, and temporal lobes were active in both tasks. This anatomical overlap is consistent with the hypothesis that attentional and oculomotor processes are tightly integrated at the neural level.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Neuron},
	author = {Corbetta, M. and Akbudak, E. and Conturo, T.E. and Snyder, A.Z. and Ollinger, J.M. and Drury, H.A. and Linenweber, M.R. and Petersen, S.E. and Raichle, M.E. and Van Essen, D.C. and Shulman, G.L.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Adolescent, Adult, Attention/*physiology, Behavior/physiology, Brain Mapping, Brain/*physiology, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neural Pathways/physiology, Photic Stimulation, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Saccades/*physiology},
	pages = {761--73},
}

@article{
 title = {Factors affecting population variation in eastern Adriatic isolates (Croatia)},
 type = {article},
 year = {1998},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {*Genetics, Population,*Population Dynamics,Anthropometry,Croatia,Family Characteristics,Female,Human,Linguistics,Male,Phenotype,Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.},
 pages = {845-64.},
 volume = {70},
 id = {cdbc4ebb-df76-32b2-a776-cb79c25f47cc},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:45:43.938Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:45:44.064Z},
 tags = {02/02/13},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>eng<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
 abstract = {Inhabitants of the Croatian islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and the Peljesac Peninsula have been the subject of extensive previous studies of local population differentiation. Most of these studies used biological and ecological variables, but some also considered historical and sociological factors. In this study we use genetic, morphological, kinship, and language distance data, collected for individuals from 26 rural communities on the islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and the Peljesac Peninsula in the Adriatic, to further explore the interaction of historical, sociological, and biological factors in small populations and to test the significance of some of these proposed causes. First, we use matrix correlation methods to evaluate the relationships among different types of distance measures. The specific measures of genetic distance used here do not correlate well with other measures of population distance, and it appears that for the studied genetic systems the populations are not strongly differentiated. As expected, kinship and language distances have a high degree of association. Morphological differences among populations seem to be more closely tied to kinship distances than to genetic distances. This may result from modification of some morphological features by environmental rather than genetic factors, or it may be attributed to extensive, selective, nonrandom emigration of the population during the first decade of the twentieth century. In the second part of our analysis we use matrix correlation methods to evaluate and possibly identify the external factors that have contributed to the population differences. Specifically, we use design matrices to test hypotheses that population differences can be explained by one of the following factors: geographic isolation on the islands and peninsula, distance from the mainland, geographic barriers within the islands and peninsula, and the historical factors that differentially affected the three islands and the peninsula. Most of these design matrices reflect geographic distances; although correlations between morphological variables and simple geographic distance between localities were not significant, correlations between these localities and a design matrix incorporating geographic distance along with geographic barriers, such as bodies of water and mountain ranges, are particularly important for explaining distances among kin. Design matrices provide an important tool for quantifying the relationship between historical and geographic factors, and measures of population distance.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Waddle, D M and Sokal, R R and Rudan, P},
 journal = {Hum Biol},
 number = {5}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{aglioti_influence_1997,
	title = {Influence of stimulus salience and attentional demands on visual search patterns in hemispatial neglect},
	volume = {34},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9292188},
	doi = {10.1006/brcg.1997.0915},
	abstract = {Seventy-five left and right brain-damaged patients, with or without hemispatial neglect, and 40 age-matched control subjects were tested on cancellation tasks with two different visual textures modeled after Julesz (1981). In one condition ("preattentive"), target elements segregated easily from background elements and were perceived effortlessly. In the other ("attentive"), target elements did not segregate easily and could be detected only after prolonged focal scrutiny. Both controls and patients were more accurate and faster on the preattentive than attentive texture. However, only neglect patients were disproportionately impaired on the attentive texture, thus suggesting that unilateral neglect is exacerbated by the low visual salience of the stimuli and a higher engagement of focal attention. Thus, a simple bedside test may help to tell apart the level of visual information processing maximally impaired in neglect patients.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Brain Cogn},
	author = {Aglioti, S. and Smania, N. and Barbieri, C. and Corbetta, M.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {\#nosource, *Attention, *Visual Fields, Analysis of Variance, Cerebrovascular Disorders/complications/physiopathology, Comparative Study, Humans, Laterality, Parietal Lobe/*physiopathology, Perceptual Disorders/etiology/*physiopathology, Reaction Time, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Temporal Lobe/*physiopathology, Thalamus/*physiopathology},
	pages = {388--403},
}

@article{luck_neural_1997,
	title = {Neural mechanisms of spatial selective attention in areas {V1}, {V2}, and {V4} of macaque visual cortex.},
	volume = {77},
	abstract = {Many neurons in extrastriate visual cortex have large receptive fields, and this may lead to significant computational problems whenever multiple stimuli fall within a single field. Previous studies have suggested that when multiple stimuli fall within a cell's receptive field, they compete for the cell's response in a manner that can be biased in favor of attended stimuli. In the present study we examined this role of attention in areas V1, V2, and V4 of macaque monkeys with the use of a behavioral paradigm in which attention was directed to one of two stimulus locations. When two stimuli were presented simultaneously inside the cell's receptive field (which could be accomplished only in areas V2 and V4), we found that the cell's response was strongly influenced by which of the two stimuli was attended. The size of this attention effect was reduced when the attended and ignored stimuli were presented sequentially rather than simultaneously. In addition, the effects became very weak and inconsistent in these areas when only one of the two stimuli was located inside the receptive field. Attention thus modulated sensory responses primarily when two or more simultaneous stimuli competed for access to a neuron's receptive field. As in areas V2 and V4, attention did not modulate sensory responses in area V1 when only a single stimulus was inside the receptive field. In addition, the small receptive fields in this area precluded the simultaneous presentation of attended and ignored stimuli inside the receptive field, making it impossible to determine whether attention effects would be observed under the conditions that led to consistent attention effects in areas V2 and V4. Spontaneous firing rates in areas V2 and V4 were found to be 30-40\% higher when attention was directed inside rather than outside the receptive field, even when no stimulus was present in the receptive field. Spontaneous firing rates also varied according to the particular location within the receptive field that was attended. These shifts in spontaneous activity may reflect a top-down signal that biases responses in favor of stimuli at the attended location.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {1},
	journal = {J Neurophysiol},
	author = {Luck, S J and Chelazzi, L and Hillyard, S A and Desimone, R},
	year = {1997},
	pmid = {9120566},
	note = {Place: UNITED STATES
ISBN: 0022-3077},
	keywords = {Animals, Attention, Cues, Electrodes, Implanted, Evoked Potentials, Visual, Eye Movements, Macaca mulatta, Male, Neurons, Photic Stimulation, Psychomotor Performance, Space Perception, Visual Cortex, research support, non-u.s. gov't, research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s., research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
	pages = {24--42},
}

Website  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Asthma on Tristan da Cunha: looking for the genetic link. The University of Toronto Genetics of Asthma Research Group},
 type = {article},
 year = {1996},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Adolescent,Adult,Age Distribution,Aged,Aged, 80 and over,Allergens/diagnostic use,Asthma/epidemiology/*genetics,Atlantic Ocean,Bronchoconstrictor Agents/diagnostic use,Child,Child, Preschool,Consanguinity,Female,Forced Expiratory Volume,Founder Effect,Humans,Linkage (Genetics),Male,Methacholine Chloride/diagnostic use,Middle Aged,Prevalence,Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Sex Distribution,Skin Tests},
 pages = {1902-1906},
 volume = {153},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8665053},
 id = {ba377ad3-36ac-3937-b8d3-44f6b08c99e3},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:44:45.103Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:44:45.287Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>1073-449x<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
 abstract = {Although asthma has a significant heritable component, the mode of inheritance remains controversial because of the complexity of the disease and the influence of environmental factors. Isolated, inbred populations serve to reduce variability, thus increasing the probability of gene localization. We studied the inbred population of the remote island of Tristan da Cunha to document asthma prevalence for the purpose of genetic linkage analysis. Medical histories and skin atopy were determined on 282 islanders, representing 97% of the population, and airway responsiveness was measured in 254; 226 by methacholine challenge (tidal breathing method) and 28 by bronchodilator response (400 micrograms salbutamol aerosol). Blood samples were collected from 275 islanders. Participants ranged in age from 3 to 94 yr. Asthma was defined as increased airway responsiveness (AR+: PC20 < 4 mg/ml or > or = 15% increase in FEV1 postbronchodilator) combined with a positive history (Hx+). Fifty-seven percent of the islanders had at least partial evidence of asthma (Hx+ and/or AR+) and 23% had a definitive diagnosis of asthma (AR+ with Hx+). Overall 47% of the population were atopic, atopy was proportionally higher in asthmatics (74%) than nonasthmatics (32%; p < 0.01). Analysis of the methacholine dose-response curves demonstrated that asthmatics were significantly (p < 0.01) more responsive than those with AR+ only, and nonasthmatics (AR-, Hx-) were more responsive than laboratory control subjects (p < 0.05), suggesting that these islanders may also carry an airway hyperresponsiveness gene. A frequency plot of the percent fall in FEV1 for all Hx- subjects compared with control data suggests a bimodal distribution consistent with a major gene mechanism for airway responsiveness. Genealogy mapping revealed that the islanders are direct descendants of the 15 original settlers, and historical records suggest at least two founders may have been asthmatic. The data confirm previous reports of a high asthma prevalence on Tristan and support the postulate that this prevalence is a result of gene enrichment occurring in isolated populations by virtue of extensive inbreeding and a probable founder effect.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Zamel, N and McClean, P A and Sandell, P R and Siminovitch, K A and Slutsky, A S},
 journal = {Am J Respir Crit Care Med},
 number = {6 Pt 1}
}

@Article{Kitzes1996,
  author   = {LM Kitzes and GS Hollrigel},
  journal  = {Hear Res},
  title    = {Response properties of units in the posterior auditory field deprived of input from the ipsilateral primary auditory cortex.},
  year     = {1996},
  note     = {as cited in \citeNP{Heil1998}},
  number   = {1-2},
  pages    = {120-30},
  volume   = {100},
  abstract = {The influence of the ipsilateral primary auditory field (AI) on the
	response properties of neurons in the posterior auditory field (Field
	P) was examined in three cats anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital.
	Rate/level functions were obtained, by extracellular recording, from
	single units in Field P before (n = 38) and after (n = 50) subpial
	aspiration of AI. The ablations were primarily confined to the medial
	ectosylvian gyrus, although in one case extended into the high-frequency
	portion of the anterior auditory field. Comparisons between the behavior
	of units isolated before and after AI ablation failed to demonstrate
	any changes in the response properties of neurons in Field P attributable
	to the ablation. Nonmonotonic response profiles, first spike latency,
	variability in latency, threshold and maximal discharge rates of
	the units to acoustic stimuli were not significantly altered by the
	AI ablation. These results indicate that the basic response properties
	of neurons in Field P do not depend on input from the ipsilateral
	AI. This suggests that these properties are most likely determined
	by thalamic input or by circuitry within Field P.},
  keywords = {Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, Concept Formation, Form Perception, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Shrews, P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Cochlea, Ear, Gerbillinae, Glycine, Hearing, Neurons, Space Perception, Strychnine, Adolescent, Decision Making, Reaction Time, Astrocytoma, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Evoked Potentials, Frontal Lobe, Noise, Parietal Lobe, Scalp, Child, Language Development, Psycholinguistics, Brain, Perception, Speech, Vocalization, Animal, Discrimination (Psychology), Hippocampus, Rats, Calcium, Chelating Agents, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Glutamic Acid, Guanosine Diphosphate, In Vitro, Neuronal Plasticity, Pyramidal Cells, Receptors, AMPA, Metabotropic Glutamate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Somatosensory Cortex, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Thionucleotides, Action Potentials, Calcium Channels, L-Type, Electric Conductivity, Entorhinal Cortex, Neurological, Long-Evans, Infant, Mathematics, Statistics, Probability Learning, Problem Solving, Psychophysics, Association Learning, Child Psychology, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Probability Theory, Analysis of Variance, Semantics, Symbolism, Behavior, Eye Movements, Macaca mulatta, Prefrontal Cortex, Cats, Dogs, Haplorhini, Photic Stimulation, Electroencephalography, Nervous System Physiology, Darkness, Grasshoppers, Light, Membrane Potentials, Neural Inhibition, Afferent, Picrotoxin, Vision, Deoxyglucose, Injections, Microspheres, Neural Pathways, Rhodamines, Choice Behavior, Speech Perception, Verbal Learning, Dominance, Cerebral, Fixation, Ocular, Language Tests, Random Allocation, Comparative Study, Saguinus, Sound Spectrography, Species Specificity, Audiometry, Auditory Threshold, Calibration, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Anesthesia, General, Electrodes, Implanted, Pitch Perception, Sound Localization, Paired-Associate Learning, Serial Learning, Auditory, Age Factors, Motion Perception, Brain Injuries, Computer Simulation, Blindness, Psychomotor Performance, Color Perception, Signal Detection (Psychology), Judgment, ROC Curve, Regression Analysis, 8922986},
}

@article{
 title = {The genetical archaeology of the human genome},
 type = {article},
 year = {1996},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {*Gene Pool,*Genome, Human,DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics,Evolution, Molecular,Female,Human,Male,Models, Genetic,Phylogeny,Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Variation (Genetics)/*genetics},
 pages = {135-140},
 volume = {14},
 id = {da42c725-f648-32fa-a720-c48d07c5c47c},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:46:05.495Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:46:05.676Z},
 tags = {03/09/17},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>Journal Article<m:linebreak/>Review<m:linebreak/>Review, Tutorial</m:note>},
 abstract = {Palaentology and archaeology are disciplines that traditionally deal with the reconstruction of human origins and history. Recently, however, molecular genetics has come to make increasing contributions to this area. In particular, several data sets indicate that variation of the human gene pool originated in Africa within the last 200,000 years. Furthermore, the study of DNA sequences allows the detection of expansions in population size. Here we briefly summarize and exemplify how DNA sequences can be used to reconstruct the history of populations.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {von Haeseler, A and Sajantila, A and Paabo, S},
 journal = {Nat Genet},
 number = {2}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Variability of the genetic contribution of Quebec population founders associated to some deleterious genes},
 type = {article},
 year = {1995},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {*Variation (Genetics),Genes/*genetics,Genetic Diseases,Human,Inborn/*genetics,Non-U.S. Gov't,Quebec,Support},
 pages = {970-8.},
 volume = {56},
 id = {aca70703-612e-37dc-ad8a-67357d5d675c},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:45:32.514Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:45:32.692Z},
 tags = {03/06/15},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>eng<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
 abstract = {Relatively high frequencies of some rare inherited disorders can be found in the Saguenay Region (Quebec). To understand this phenomenon, a research project on the 17th-century founder effect that led to the formation of French Canadians' gene pool is being carried out. The focus of this study is on founders who contributed to the Saguenay gene pool and who are related to contemporary probands suffering from any one of five hereditary diseases: cystic fibrosis, tyrosinemia, hemochromatosis, Charlevoix-Saguenay spastic ataxia, and sensorimotor polyneuropathia with or without agenesis of the corpus callosum. A control group has been added for comparison purposes. Altogether, 545 ascending genealogies have been reconstructed, using the Interuniversity Institute for Population Research's RETRO database, leading to > 2,500 founders. The genetic contribution of each founder to each group has been measured. Results show that (1) nearly 80% of the individuals' gene pool come from founders who settled in Nouvelle-France in the 17th century, whatever the group; (2) 15% of the founders explain 90% of the total genetic contribution of the founders, but this pattern varies from one group to another; (3) there is no subgroup of founders more related to any given group of individuals.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Heyer, E and Tremblay, M},
 journal = {Am J Hum Genet},
 number = {4}
}

@article{seki_efficacy_1995,
	title = {The efficacy of kinesthetic reading treatment for pure alexia},
	volume = {33},
	doi = {10/bd5t4s},
	abstract = {This paper presents an effective treatment for pure alexia by a type of single-case design, which we termed a "material-control single-case design" [Sugishita et al., Neuropsychologia, Vol. 31, 559-569, 1993]. Two patients with pure alexia were treated using kinesthetic reading (reading by tracing or copying the outline of each letter with the patient's finger). The results clearly demonstrated that both patients significantly improved their reading and copying performances. Their recovery of reading performance arose from improvement in copying. The results of tachistoscopic reading tests suggested that the patient obtained the ability to read without kinesthetic movements.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Neuropsychologia},
	author = {Seki, K. and Yajima, M. and Sugishita, M.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {\#nosource, *Kinesthesis, Adult, Brain/*physiopathology, Case Report, Dyslexia, Acquired/diagnosis/physiopathology/*therapy, Human, Language Disorders/etiology/therapy, Language Therapy, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Thrombosis/complications/diagnosis/*physiopathology},
	pages = {595--609},
}

@Article{Ono1995,
  author   = {T Ono and H Nishijo and T Uwano},
  journal  = {Prog Neurobiol},
  title    = {Amygdala role in conditioned associative learning.},
  year     = {1995},
  number   = {4},
  pages    = {401-22},
  volume   = {46},
  abstract = {Amygdala role in emotion was reviewed in reference to recent amygdala
	lesion studies and neuronal responses in the rat amygdala to conditioned
	stimuli. Extensive lesion studies suggest that the amygdala is crucial
	in various kinds of motivated and emotional behavior, and related
	autonomic responses. These amygdala functions critically depend on
	learning and memory. Amygdala lesions, both before and after training
	of conditioned associative learning, impaired emotional expression
	without simple sensory-motor deficits. Pharmacological experiments
	indicated neurotransmission in the amygdala is mediated through NMDA
	and AMPA receptors. These results strongly suggest the amygdala involvement
	in acquiring and storing associative memory (i.e. stimulus-affect
	association), by which animals recognize and evaluate the biological
	significance of a stimulus. This information is then transferred
	to the brainstem executing system. In the neurophysiological experiments,
	there were topographic distributions of sensory-responsive neurons
	within the amygdala, which were well correlated to anatomical data.
	The responses of rat amygdala neurons changed plastically during
	learning. Furthermore, more sensory-responsive neurons were encountered
	in the amygdala of rats trained to associate the sensory stimuli
	with a reinforcement than in the amygdala of rats that were not trained.
	In trained rats, multimodal neurons that responded to conditioned
	and unconditioned stimuli were frequently found in the basolateral
	and central nuclei of the amygdala. The results suggest that basolateral
	and central nuclei are foci where various sensory modalities converge,
	and which might perform critical functions in acquiring and storing
	long-term associative memory to link between sensory information
	and affective significance.},
  keywords = {Amygdala, Animals, Conditioning, Operant, Emotions, Hypothalamus, Learning, Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, 8532847},
}

@Article{Kanwisher1995,
  author   = {N Kanwisher and J Driver and L Machado},
  journal  = {Cognit Psychol},
  title    = {Spatial repetition blindness is modulated by selective attention to color or shape.},
  year     = {1995},
  number   = {3},
  pages    = {303-37},
  volume   = {29},
  abstract = {Subjects reported either the colors or shapes of two simultaneous
	masked letters. Our first study found that they were less accurate
	when the reported features were identical ("repetition blindness,"
	or RB), while repetition along the unreported dimension had no effect.
	Three follow-up studies confirmed that when the same dimension was
	judged (overtly or covertly) for both stimuli, performance was only
	affected by repetition along that dimension. However, when different
	dimensions were judged for the two stimuli, performance was affected
	by repetition on both dimensions. These findings support new conclusions
	about both RB and visual attention. First, RB depends critically
	on visual attention, rather than simply on the stimulus presented
	or the overt response required. Second, while attention can be restricted
	to a single visual dimension, this is efficient only when the same
	dimension is selected for both objects. Selecting the color of one
	object and the shape of another simultaneous object results in both
	dimensions being accessed for both objects.},
  keywords = {Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, Concept Formation, Form Perception, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Shrews, P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Cochlea, Ear, Gerbillinae, Glycine, Hearing, Neurons, Space Perception, Strychnine, Adolescent, Decision Making, Reaction Time, Astrocytoma, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Evoked Potentials, Frontal Lobe, Noise, Parietal Lobe, Scalp, Child, Language Development, Psycholinguistics, Brain, Perception, Speech, Vocalization, Animal, Discrimination (Psychology), Hippocampus, Rats, Calcium, Chelating Agents, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Glutamic Acid, Guanosine Diphosphate, In Vitro, Neuronal Plasticity, Pyramidal Cells, Receptors, AMPA, Metabotropic Glutamate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Somatosensory Cortex, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Thionucleotides, Action Potentials, Calcium Channels, L-Type, Electric Conductivity, Entorhinal Cortex, Neurological, Long-Evans, Infant, Mathematics, Statistics, Probability Learning, Problem Solving, Psychophysics, Association Learning, Child Psychology, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Probability Theory, Analysis of Variance, Semantics, Symbolism, Behavior, Eye Movements, Macaca mulatta, Prefrontal Cortex, Cats, Dogs, Haplorhini, Photic Stimulation, Electroencephalography, Nervous System Physiology, Darkness, Grasshoppers, Light, Membrane Potentials, Neural Inhibition, Afferent, Picrotoxin, Vision, Deoxyglucose, Injections, Microspheres, Neural Pathways, Rhodamines, Choice Behavior, Speech Perception, Verbal Learning, Dominance, Cerebral, Fixation, Ocular, Language Tests, Random Allocation, Comparative Study, Saguinus, Sound Spectrography, Species Specificity, Audiometry, Auditory Threshold, Calibration, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Anesthesia, General, Electrodes, Implanted, Pitch Perception, Sound Localization, Paired-Associate Learning, Serial Learning, Auditory, Age Factors, Motion Perception, Brain Injuries, Computer Simulation, Blindness, Psychomotor Performance, Color Perception, 8556848},
}

@Article{Bavelier1994,
  author   = {D Bavelier},
  journal  = {Cognition},
  title    = {Repetition blindness between visually different items: {T}he case of pictures and words.},
  year     = {1994},
  number   = {3},
  pages    = {199-236},
  volume   = {51},
  abstract = {Repetition blindness (RB) is the failure to see or recall the second
	of two visually similar or identical items in rapid serial visual
	presentation. It was initially demonstrated by Kanwisher (1987),
	who proposed that a second token of a given word or object type cannot
	be established when the two items occur close in time. Bavelier and
	Potter (1992) showed that RB also occurs between visually different
	items that are phonologically similar. They proposed that RB may
	occur not only when the targets are physically similar, but also
	when they have to be registered or encoded in short-term memory (STM)
	along dimensions on which they are similar. This hypothesis predicts
	that RB between visually different items should not be restricted
	to words, but should occur with any stimuli, as long as the task
	requires these stimuli to be encoded along dimensions on which they
	are similar. Moreover, it also implies that a task that changes the
	preferred code of targets will affect the size of RB. The first prediction
	was confirmed by establishing RB between phonologically similar pictures
	and words, whether semantically related (the picture of a cat and
	the word "cat") or not (the picture of a sun and the word "son"),
	when using a task that requires phonological encoding (Experiments
	1 and 2). The second prediction was also supported: the magnitude
	of RB depended on whether the task required similar or different
	codes for pictures and words (Experiments 3 and 4). These experiments
	confirm that RB between visually different items is due to the similarity
	of the codes initially used in STM. The results suggest that RB can
	occur at any step during the instantiation of a token, arising not
	only from a failure to create a new token, but also from a failure
	to stabilize an opened token. In this view, tokens are to be seen
	as dynamical entities, built over time as a function of type activation
	and task requirements, and varying in stability as a function of
	the information that is entered into them.},
  keywords = {Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, 8194301},
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{dror_mental_1994,
	title = {Mental imagery and aging},
	volume = {9},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8185873},
	doi = {10/d6nhx3},
	abstract = {Young adult and elderly Ss performed 4 visual mental imagery tasks, each of which tapped different processes. The elderly had relatively impaired image rotation and image activation (the process of accessing and activating stored visual memories), and there was a hint that aging may impair the ability to maintain images. In contrast, the elderly were able to compose (the process of generating the segments of the shape, 1 by 1) and scan visual mental images as well as young adults. However, when the authors correlated the mean performance of each age group across all the tasks, they found that the response times of the elderly were almost perfectly predicted by the performance of the young Ss but that the error rates were not correlated. These findings suggest that although there is slowing with age, individual imaging processes are affected selectively by aging.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Psychol Aging},
	author = {Dror, I.E. and Kosslyn, S.M.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {\#nosource, *Imagination, *Orientation, *Pattern Recognition, Visual, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aging/*psychology, Attention, Concept Formation, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.},
	pages = {90--102},
}

@article{behrmann_intact_1994,
	title = {Intact visual imagery and impaired visual perception in a patient with visual agnosia},
	volume = {20},
	abstract = {Although it is now well accepted that visual mental imagery and visual perception share common underlying mechanisms, there are several reports in which they are dissociated. Evidence for the separability of these processes is provided by a patient, C.K., who has a profound visual object recognition deficit attributable to an impairment in grouping or segmenting visual images. Despite this perceptual deficit, C.K. was able to draw objects in considerable detail from memory, and his knowledge of the visual appearance of objects was preserved on a variety of mental imagery tasks. Together with previous cases, these findings confirm the double dissociation between object recognition and perception. Interestingly, C.K. could also recognize newly constructed objects in his internal imagery. To accommodate these results, we propose a model in which imagery and perception are strongly associated but are also functionally specialized.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform},
	author = {Behrmann, M and Moscovitch, M and Winocur, G},
	year = {1994},
	pmid = {7964528},
	keywords = {Adult, Agnosia/*physiopathology, Color Perception, Face, Form Perception, Humans, Imagination/*physiology, Male, Memory, Models, Neurological, Orientation, Perceptual Masking, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Semantics, Size Perception, Touch, Visual Perception/*physiology},
	pages = {1068--1087},
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{mesulam_large-scale_1990,
	title = {Large-scale neurocognitive networks and distributed processing for attention, language, and memory},
	volume = {28},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2260847},
	doi = {10/fnq75m},
	abstract = {Cognition and comportment are subserved by interconnected neural networks that allow high-level computational architectures including parallel distributed processing. Cognitive problems are not resolved by a sequential and hierarchical progression toward predetermined goals but instead by a simultaneous and interactive consideration of multiple possibilities and constraints until a satisfactory fit is achieved. The resultant texture of mental activity is characterized by almost infinite richness and flexibility. According to this model, complex behavior is mapped at the level of multifocal neural systems rather than specific anatomical sites, giving rise to brain-behavior relationships that are both localized and distributed. Each network contains anatomically addressed channels for transferring information content and chemically addressed pathways for modulating behavioral tone. This approach provides a blueprint for reexploring the neurological foundations of attention, language, memory, and frontal lobe function.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Annals of Neurology},
	author = {Mesulam, M.M.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {\#nosource, Animals, Aphasia/physiopathology, Attention/physiology, Cognition/physiology, Frontal Lobe/physiology, Humans, Learning/physiology, Memory/physiology, Mental Processes/*physiology, Nerve Net/*physiology, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
	pages = {597--613},
}

@Article{Robin1990,
  author   = {DA Robin and PJ Abbas and LN Hug},
  journal  = {J Acoust Soc Am},
  title    = {Neural responses to auditory temporal patterns.},
  year     = {1990},
  number   = {4},
  pages    = {1673-82},
  volume   = {87},
  abstract = {Sets of regularly repeating auditory stimuli elicit unique perceptions;
	listeners are able to identify specific temporal patterns. Some temporal
	patterns are unambiguous (only one pattern can be perceived), while
	others are ambiguous (numerous patterns can be detected). While the
	psychophysical properties of such percepts have been well studied,
	little is known about the underlying neurological bases of temporal
	pattern perception. In this experiment, the role of adaptation in
	temporal pattern perception is examined by studying neural responses
	in four cats to a temporal pattern that is perceptually unambiguous
	and one that is perceptually ambiguous. Measurements were made of
	the whole-nerve action potential, the auditory brainstem response,
	and potentials from the surface of the primary auditory cortex. The
	adaptation patterns corresponded with the perceptual organization
	of temporal patterns in humans at all levels of the nervous system
	studied.},
  keywords = {Animals, Attention, Computer Simulation, Human, Models, Neurological, Neurons, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Perception, Adolescent, Adult, Color Perception, Female, Male, Middle Aged, Psychological, Psychophysics, Non-U.S. Gov't, Interneurons, Pyramidal Cells, Reaction Time, Synapses, Action Potentials, Adaptation, Physiological, Contrast Sensitivity, Eye Movements, Macaca, Nerve Net, Neural Pathways, Nonlinear Dynamics, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Psychomotor Performance, Algorithms, Fixation, Ocular, Learning, Logistic Models, Cats, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Brain Stem, Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Loudness Perception, Pitch Discrimination, Time Perception, Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 2341671},
}

Website  abstract   bibtex   

@article{
 title = {Origin and diffusion of the myotonic dystrophy gene in the Saguenay region (Quebec)},
 type = {article},
 year = {1989},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Female,Humans,Male,Myotonic Dystrophy/epidemiology/*genetics,Non-U.S. Gov't,Quebec,Research Support},
 pages = {119-122},
 volume = {16},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2924205},
 id = {e09e9b8b-cecd-3bd3-8d03-44ef0e80b5cd},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:42:21.901Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:42:22.006Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {<m:note>0317-1671<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
 abstract = {A very high prevalence (approximately 1/475 in 1985) of myotonic dystrophy (Steinert disease) is observed in the Saguenay region, which is located in the north-east part of the Province of Quebec. For various reasons, however, the literature on the subject generally associates a high degree of selective disadvantage with this gene, which seems to contradict the Saguenay data. Using a computerized regional population register, we have reconstituted patients' genealogies and family biographies. We have thus been able to study the origin of the gene and to compare the demographic behavior of patients and controls. On the whole, patients seem to be very little disadvantaged compared to controls, in terms of reproduction as well as of geographical and occupational mobility.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Bouchard, Gérard and Roy, R and Declos, M and Mathieu, J and Kouladjian, K},
 journal = {Can J Neurol Sci},
 number = {1}
}

@Article{Morris1986,
  author   = {RG Morris and E Anderson and GS Lynch and M Baudry},
  journal  = {Nature},
  title    = {Selective impairment of learning and blockade of long-term potentiation by an {N}-methyl-{D}-aspartate receptor antagonist, {AP}5.},
  year     = {1986},
  number   = {6056},
  pages    = {774-6},
  volume   = {319},
  abstract = {Recent work has shown that the hippocampus contains a class of receptors
	for the excitatory amino acid glutamate that are activated by N-methyl-D-aspartate
	(NMDA) and that exhibit a peculiar dependency on membrane voltage
	in becoming active only on depolarization. Blockade of these sites
	with the drug aminophosphonovaleric acid (AP5) does not detectably
	affect synaptic transmission in the hippocampus, but prevents the
	induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) following brief
	high-frequency stimulation. We now report that chronic intraventricular
	infusion of D,L-AP5 causes a selective impairment of place learning,
	which is highly sensitive to hippocampal damage, without affecting
	visual discrimination learning, which is not. The L-isomer of AP5
	did not produce behavioural effects. AP5 treatment also suppressed
	LTP in vivo. These results suggest that NMDA receptors are involved
	in spatial learning, and add support to the hypothesis that LTP is
	involved in some, but not all, forms of learning.},
  keywords = {Amygdala, Animals, Evaluation Studies, Hippocampus, Human, Learning, Long-Term Potentiation, Memory, Models, Neurological, Neural Pathways, Neuronal Plasticity, Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Synapses, 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate, Electric Stimulation, Isomerism, Rats, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Neurotransmitter, Valine, Visual Perception, 2869411},
}

@Article{Phillips1985,
  author   = {DP Phillips and JR Mendelson and MS Cynader and RM Douglas},
  journal  = {Exp Brain Res},
  title    = {Responses of single neurones in cat auditory cortex to time-varying stimuli: {F}requency-modulated tones of narrow excursion.},
  year     = {1985},
  number   = {3},
  pages    = {443-54},
  volume   = {58},
  abstract = {In the primary auditory cortex of cats anaesthetized with nitrous
	oxide, single neurones were examined with respect to their responses
	to tone bursts and linear modulations of the frequency of an on-going
	continuous tone. Using FM ramps of 2.0 kHz excursion and varying
	centre frequency, each of 39 neurones was examined for its preference
	for the direction of frequency change of a ramp whose centre frequency
	was varied in and around the neurone's response area. Direction preference
	was strictly associated with the slopes of the cell's spike count-versus-frequency
	function over the frequency range covered by the ramp. Preferences
	for upward- and downward-directed ramps were associated with the
	low- and high-frequency slopes of the spike count function, respectively.
	The strength of the cell's direction preference was associated with
	the relative steepness of the spike count function over the frequency
	range covered by the ramp. The timing of discharges elicited by the
	frequency modulations was found to be the sum of the cell's latent
	period for tone bursts plus the time after ramp onset that the stimulus
	frequency fell within the neurone's response area. The implications
	of these data for the processing of narrow and broad frequency-modulated
	ramps are discussed.},
  keywords = {Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, Concept Formation, Form Perception, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Shrews, P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Cochlea, Ear, Gerbillinae, Glycine, Hearing, Neurons, Space Perception, Strychnine, Adolescent, Decision Making, Reaction Time, Astrocytoma, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Evoked Potentials, Frontal Lobe, Noise, Parietal Lobe, Scalp, Child, Language Development, Psycholinguistics, Brain, Perception, Speech, Vocalization, Animal, Discrimination (Psychology), Hippocampus, Rats, Calcium, Chelating Agents, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Glutamic Acid, Guanosine Diphosphate, In Vitro, Neuronal Plasticity, Pyramidal Cells, Receptors, AMPA, Metabotropic Glutamate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Somatosensory Cortex, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Thionucleotides, Action Potentials, Calcium Channels, L-Type, Electric Conductivity, Entorhinal Cortex, Neurological, Long-Evans, Infant, Mathematics, Statistics, Probability Learning, Problem Solving, Psychophysics, Association Learning, Child Psychology, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Probability Theory, Analysis of Variance, Semantics, Symbolism, Behavior, Eye Movements, Macaca mulatta, Prefrontal Cortex, Cats, Dogs, Haplorhini, Photic Stimulation, Electroencephalography, Nervous System Physiology, Darkness, Grasshoppers, Light, Membrane Potentials, Neural Inhibition, Afferent, Picrotoxin, Vision, Deoxyglucose, Injections, Microspheres, Neural Pathways, Rhodamines, Choice Behavior, Speech Perception, Verbal Learning, Dominance, Cerebral, Fixation, Ocular, Language Tests, Random Allocation, Comparative Study, Saguinus, Sound Spectrography, Species Specificity, Audiometry, Auditory Threshold, Calibration, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Anesthesia, General, Electrodes, Implanted, Pitch Perception, Sound Localization, Paired-Associate Learning, Serial Learning, Auditory, Age Factors, Motion Perception, Brain Injuries, Computer Simulation, Blindness, Psychomotor Performance, Color Perception, Signal Detection (Psychology), Judgment, ROC Curve, Regression Analysis, Music, Probability, Arm, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Hemiplegia, Movement, Muscle, Skeletal, Myoclonus, Robotics, Magnetoencephalography, Phonetics, Software, Speech Production Measurement, Epilepsies, Partial, Laterality, Stereotaxic Techniques, Germany, Speech Acoustics, Verbal Behavior, Child Development, Instinct, Brain Stem, Coma, Diagnosis, Differential, Hearing Disorders, Hearing Loss, Central, Neuroma, Acoustic, Dendrites, Down-Regulation, Patch-Clamp Techniques, Wistar, Up-Regulation, Aged, Aphasia, Middle Aged, Cones (Retina), Primates, Retina, Retinal Ganglion Cells, Tympanic Membrane, Cell Communication, Extremities, Biological, Motor Activity, Rana catesbeiana, Spinal Cord, Central Nervous System, Motion, Motor Cortex, Intelligence, Macaca fascicularis, Adoption, Critical Period (Psychology), France, Korea, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Multilingualism, Auditory Pathways, Cochlear Nerve, Loudness Perception, Neural Conduction, 4007088},
}

@Article{Phillips1984,
  author   = {DP Phillips and SS Orman},
  journal  = {J Neurophysiol},
  title    = {Responses of single neurons in posterior field of cat auditory cortex to tonal stimulation.},
  year     = {1984},
  note     = {as cited by \citeNP{Heil1998}},
  number   = {1},
  pages    = {147-63},
  volume   = {51},
  abstract = {In the auditory cortex of barbiturate-anesthetized cats, the posterior
	auditory field (field P) was identified by its tonotopic organization,
	and single neurons in that field were studied quantitatively for
	their sensitivity to the frequency and intensity of tonal stimuli
	presented via calibrated, sealed stimulating systems. Field P neurons
	had narrow, V-shaped, threshold frequency tuning curves. At suprathreshold
	levels, spike counts were generally greatest at frequencies at or
	close to the neuron's threshold best frequency (BF). Eighty-six percent
	of posterior-field neurons displayed spike counts that were a nonmonotonic
	function of the intensity of a BF tone. Of these, over 90\% showed
	at least a 50\% reduction in spike count at high stimulus levels,
	and almost 20\% of nonmonotonic cells ceased responding entirely
	at high stimulus intensities. The nonmonotonic shape of spike count-versus-intensity
	profiles was typically preserved across the range of frequencies
	to which any given neuron was responsive. For some neurons, this
	had the consequence of generating a completely circumscribed frequency-intensity
	response area. That is, these neurons responded to a tonal stimulus
	only if the stimulus was within a restricted range of both frequency
	and intensity. These response areas showed internal organizations
	that appeared to reflect one or both of two processes. For some neurons,
	the optimal sound pressure level for spike counts varied with tone
	frequency, roughly paralleling the threshold tuning curve. For other
	neurons, the optimal sound pressure level tended to be constant across
	frequency despite threshold variations of up to 20 dB. The minimum
	response latencies of posterior-field neurons were generally in the
	range of 20-50 ms, while cells in the primary auditory cortex (AI)
	in the same animals generally had minimum latent periods of less
	than 20 ms. Comparison of these data with those previously presented
	for neurons in two other cortical auditory fields suggests that the
	cat's auditory cortex might show an interfield segregation of neurons
	according to their coding properties.},
  keywords = {Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, Concept Formation, Form Perception, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Shrews, P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Cochlea, Ear, Gerbillinae, Glycine, Hearing, Neurons, Space Perception, Strychnine, Adolescent, Decision Making, Reaction Time, Astrocytoma, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Evoked Potentials, Frontal Lobe, Noise, Parietal Lobe, Scalp, Child, Language Development, Psycholinguistics, Brain, Perception, Speech, Vocalization, Animal, Discrimination (Psychology), Hippocampus, Rats, Calcium, Chelating Agents, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Glutamic Acid, Guanosine Diphosphate, In Vitro, Neuronal Plasticity, Pyramidal Cells, Receptors, AMPA, Metabotropic Glutamate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Somatosensory Cortex, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Thionucleotides, Action Potentials, Calcium Channels, L-Type, Electric Conductivity, Entorhinal Cortex, Neurological, Long-Evans, Infant, Mathematics, Statistics, Probability Learning, Problem Solving, Psychophysics, Association Learning, Child Psychology, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Probability Theory, Analysis of Variance, Semantics, Symbolism, Behavior, Eye Movements, Macaca mulatta, Prefrontal Cortex, Cats, Dogs, Haplorhini, Photic Stimulation, Electroencephalography, Nervous System Physiology, Darkness, Grasshoppers, Light, Membrane Potentials, Neural Inhibition, Afferent, Picrotoxin, Vision, Deoxyglucose, Injections, Microspheres, Neural Pathways, Rhodamines, Choice Behavior, Speech Perception, Verbal Learning, Dominance, Cerebral, Fixation, Ocular, Language Tests, Random Allocation, Comparative Study, Saguinus, Sound Spectrography, Species Specificity, Audiometry, Auditory Threshold, Calibration, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Anesthesia, General, Electrodes, Implanted, Pitch Perception, Sound Localization, Paired-Associate Learning, Serial Learning, Auditory, Age Factors, Motion Perception, Brain Injuries, Computer Simulation, Blindness, Psychomotor Performance, Color Perception, Signal Detection (Psychology), Judgment, ROC Curve, Regression Analysis, Music, Probability, Arm, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Hemiplegia, Movement, Muscle, Skeletal, Myoclonus, Robotics, Magnetoencephalography, Phonetics, Software, Speech Production Measurement, Epilepsies, Partial, Laterality, Stereotaxic Techniques, Germany, Speech Acoustics, Verbal Behavior, Child Development, Instinct, Brain Stem, Coma, Diagnosis, Differential, Hearing Disorders, Hearing Loss, Central, Neuroma, Acoustic, Dendrites, Down-Regulation, Patch-Clamp Techniques, Wistar, Up-Regulation, Aged, Aphasia, Middle Aged, Cones (Retina), Primates, Retina, Retinal Ganglion Cells, Tympanic Membrane, Cell Communication, Extremities, Biological, Motor Activity, Rana catesbeiana, Spinal Cord, Central Nervous System, Motion, Motor Cortex, Intelligence, Macaca fascicularis, Adoption, Critical Period (Psychology), France, Korea, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Multilingualism, Auditory Pathways, Cochlear Nerve, Loudness Perception, 6693932},
}