Keyword: research support
2019 (1)
On the Heuristics of JSM Research (Additions to Articles). Finn, V., K. Automatic Documentation and Mathematical Linguistics, 53(5):250-282, 2019.
![On the Heuristics of JSM Research (Additions to Articles) [pdf]](https://bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg "pdf")
Paper bibtex
Paper bibtex @article{
title = {On the Heuristics of JSM Research (Additions to Articles)},
type = {article},
year = {2019},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {abduction,analogy,empirical regularity,induction,jsm method of automated,jsm reasoning,jsm research,modalities of necessity,nomological state-,possibility and weak possibility,research support},
pages = {250-282},
volume = {53},
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created = {2020-11-24T21:00:16.688Z},
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last_modified = {2020-11-24T21:02:44.746Z},
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hidden = {false},
citation_key = {Finn2019},
folder_uuids = {cb689628-8825-4be3-9526-cd1da4d0adff},
private_publication = {false},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Finn, V. K.},
journal = {Automatic Documentation and Mathematical Linguistics},
number = {5}
}2015 (1)
Bayesian kernel machine regression for estimating the health effects of multi-pollutant mixtures. Bobb, J. F., Valeri, L., Claus Henn, B., Christiani, D. C., Wright, R. O., Mazumdar, M., Godleski, J. J., & Coull, B. A. Biostatistics (Oxford, England), 16(3):493–508, September, 2015. Publisher: Biostatistics
![Bayesian kernel machine regression for estimating the health effects of multi-pollutant mixtures [link]](https://bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg "link")
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex Because humans are invariably exposed to complex chemical mixtures, estimating the health effects of multi-pollutant exposures is of critical concern in environmental epidemiology, and to regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. However, most health effects studies focus on single agents or consider simple two-way interaction models, in part because we lack the statistical methodology to more realistically capture the complexity of mixed exposures. We introduce Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) as a new approach to study mixtures, in which the health outcome is regressed on a flexible function of the mixture (e.g. air pollution or toxic waste) components that is specified using a kernel function. In high-dimensional settings, a novel hierarchical variable selection approach is incorporated to identify important mixture components and account for the correlated structure of the mixture. Simulation studies demonstrate the success of BKMR in estimating the exposure-response function and in identifying the individual components of the mixture responsible for health effects. We demonstrate the features of the method through epidemiology and toxicology applications.
@article{bobb_bayesian_2015,
title = {Bayesian kernel machine regression for estimating the health effects of multi-pollutant mixtures},
volume = {16},
issn = {1468-4357},
url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25532525/},
doi = {10.1093/BIOSTATISTICS/KXU058},
abstract = {Because humans are invariably exposed to complex chemical mixtures, estimating the health effects of multi-pollutant exposures is of critical concern in environmental epidemiology, and to regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. However, most health effects studies focus on single agents or consider simple two-way interaction models, in part because we lack the statistical methodology to more realistically capture the complexity of mixed exposures. We introduce Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) as a new approach to study mixtures, in which the health outcome is regressed on a flexible function of the mixture (e.g. air pollution or toxic waste) components that is specified using a kernel function. In high-dimensional settings, a novel hierarchical variable selection approach is incorporated to identify important mixture components and account for the correlated structure of the mixture. Simulation studies demonstrate the success of BKMR in estimating the exposure-response function and in identifying the individual components of the mixture responsible for health effects. We demonstrate the features of the method through epidemiology and toxicology applications.},
number = {3},
urldate = {2021-12-16},
journal = {Biostatistics (Oxford, England)},
author = {Bobb, Jennifer F. and Valeri, Linda and Claus Henn, Birgit and Christiani, David C. and Wright, Robert O. and Mazumdar, Maitreyi and Godleski, John J. and Coull, Brent A.},
month = sep,
year = {2015},
pmid = {25532525},
note = {Publisher: Biostatistics},
keywords = {Animals, Bangladesh, Bayes Theorem*, Biostatistics, Brent A Coull, Child, Developmental Disabilities / etiology, Dogs, Environmental Health / statistics \& numerical data, Environmental Pollutants / adverse effects*, Extramural, Female, Hemodynamics / drug effects, Humans, Infant, Jennifer F Bobb, Linda Valeri, MEDLINE, Machine Learning, Metals / adverse effects, Models, N.I.H., NCBI, NIH, NLM, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, Neurodevelopmental Disorders / etiology, Non-P.H.S., Normal Distribution, PMC5963470, Pregnancy, Preschool, PubMed Abstract, Regression Analysis, Research Support, Statistical, U.S. Gov't, doi:10.1093/biostatistics/kxu058, pmid:25532525},
pages = {493--508},
}2014 (1)
Chronic hypertension and pregnancy outcomes: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Bramham, K., Parnell, B., Nelson-Piercy, C., Seed, P. T., Poston, L., & Chappell, L. C. BMJ (Online), April, 2014. Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex Objective: To provide an accurate assessment of complications of pregnancy in women with chronic hypertension, including comparison with population pregnancy data (US) to inform pre-pregnancy and antenatal management strategies. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources: Embase, Medline, and Web of Science were searched without language restrictions, from first publication until June 2013; the bibliographies of relevant articles and reviews were hand searched for additional reports. Study selection: Studies involving pregnant women with chronic hypertension, including retrospective and prospective cohorts, population studies, and appropriate arms of randomised controlled trials, were included. Data extraction: Pooled incidence for each pregnancy outcome was reported and, for US studies, compared with US general population incidence from the National Vital Statistics Report (2006). Results: 55 eligible studies were identified, encompassing 795 221 pregnancies. Women with chronic hypertension had high pooled incidences of superimposed pre-eclampsia (25.9%, 95% confidence interval 21.0% to 31.5 %), caesarean section (41.4%, 35.5% to 47.7%), preterm delivery \textless37 weeks' gestation (28.1% (22.6 to 34.4%), birth weight \textless2500 g (16.9%, 13.1% to 21.5%), neonatal unit admission (20.5%, 15.7% to 26.4%), and perinatal death (4.0%, 2.9% to 5.4%). However, considerable heterogeneity existed in the reported incidence of all outcomes (τ2=0.286-0.766), with a substantial range of incidences in individual studies around these averages; additional meta-regression did not identify any influential demographic factors. The incidences (the meta-analysis average from US studies) of adverse outcomes in women with chronic hypertension were compared with women from the US national population dataset and showed higher risks in those with chronic hypertension: relative risks were 7.7 (95% confidence interval 5.7 to 10.1) for superimposed pre-eclampsia compared with pre-eclampsia, 1.3 (1.1 to 1.5) for caesarean section, 2.7 (1.9 to 3.6) for preterm delivery \textless37 weeks' gestation, 2.7 (1.9 to 3.8) for birth weight \textless2500 g, 3.2 (2.2 to 4.4) for neonatal unit admission, and 4.2 (2.7 to 6.5) for perinatal death. Conclusions: This systematic review, reporting meta-analysed data from studies of pregnant women with chronic hypertension, shows that adverse outcomes of pregnancy are common and emphasises a need for heightened antenatal surveillance. A consistent strategy to study women with chronic hypertension is needed, as previous study designs have been diverse. These findings should inform counselling and contribute to optimisation of maternal health, drug treatment, and pre-pregnancy management in women affected by chronic hypertension.
@article{bramham_chronic_2014,
title = {Chronic hypertension and pregnancy outcomes: {Systematic} review and meta-analysis},
volume = {348},
issn = {17561833},
url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24735917/},
doi = {10.1136/bmj.g2301},
abstract = {Objective: To provide an accurate assessment of complications of pregnancy in women with chronic hypertension, including comparison with population pregnancy data (US) to inform pre-pregnancy and antenatal management strategies. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources: Embase, Medline, and Web of Science were searched without language restrictions, from first publication until June 2013; the bibliographies of relevant articles and reviews were hand searched for additional reports. Study selection: Studies involving pregnant women with chronic hypertension, including retrospective and prospective cohorts, population studies, and appropriate arms of randomised controlled trials, were included. Data extraction: Pooled incidence for each pregnancy outcome was reported and, for US studies, compared with US general population incidence from the National Vital Statistics Report (2006). Results: 55 eligible studies were identified, encompassing 795 221 pregnancies. Women with chronic hypertension had high pooled incidences of superimposed pre-eclampsia (25.9\%, 95\% confidence interval 21.0\% to 31.5 \%), caesarean section (41.4\%, 35.5\% to 47.7\%), preterm delivery {\textless}37 weeks' gestation (28.1\% (22.6 to 34.4\%), birth weight {\textless}2500 g (16.9\%, 13.1\% to 21.5\%), neonatal unit admission (20.5\%, 15.7\% to 26.4\%), and perinatal death (4.0\%, 2.9\% to 5.4\%). However, considerable heterogeneity existed in the reported incidence of all outcomes (τ2=0.286-0.766), with a substantial range of incidences in individual studies around these averages; additional meta-regression did not identify any influential demographic factors. The incidences (the meta-analysis average from US studies) of adverse outcomes in women with chronic hypertension were compared with women from the US national population dataset and showed higher risks in those with chronic hypertension: relative risks were 7.7 (95\% confidence interval 5.7 to 10.1) for superimposed pre-eclampsia compared with pre-eclampsia, 1.3 (1.1 to 1.5) for caesarean section, 2.7 (1.9 to 3.6) for preterm delivery {\textless}37 weeks' gestation, 2.7 (1.9 to 3.8) for birth weight {\textless}2500 g, 3.2 (2.2 to 4.4) for neonatal unit admission, and 4.2 (2.7 to 6.5) for perinatal death. Conclusions: This systematic review, reporting meta-analysed data from studies of pregnant women with chronic hypertension, shows that adverse outcomes of pregnancy are common and emphasises a need for heightened antenatal surveillance. A consistent strategy to study women with chronic hypertension is needed, as previous study designs have been diverse. These findings should inform counselling and contribute to optimisation of maternal health, drug treatment, and pre-pregnancy management in women affected by chronic hypertension.},
urldate = {2020-08-31},
journal = {BMJ (Online)},
author = {Bramham, Kate and Parnell, Bethany and Nelson-Piercy, Catherine and Seed, Paul T. and Poston, Lucilla and Chappell, Lucy C.},
month = apr,
year = {2014},
pmid = {24735917},
note = {Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group},
keywords = {Bethany Parnell, Cardiovascular / therapy*, Cesarean Section / statistics \& numerical data, Chronic Disease, Female, Humans, Hypertension / complications*, Hypertension / therapy*, Incidence, Kate Bramham, Lucy C Chappell, MEDLINE, Meta-Analysis, NCBI, NIH, NLM, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, Non-U.S. Gov't, PMC3988319, Pre-Eclampsia / etiology, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Pregnancy Outcome / epidemiology, PubMed Abstract, Research Support, Review, Systematic Review, doi:10.1136/bmj.g2301, pmid:24735917},
}2013 (1)
Power failure: why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience. Button, K. S, Ioannidis, J. P A, Mokrysz, C., Nosek, B. A, Flint, J., Robinson, E. S J, & Munafò, M. R Nat Rev Neurosci, 14(5):365–376, 2013. Place: England ISBN: 1471-0048
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
A study with low statistical power has a reduced chance of detecting a true effect, but it is less well appreciated that low power also reduces the likelihood that a statistically significant result reflects a true effect. Here, we show that the average statistical power of studies in the neurosciences is very low. The consequences of this include overestimates of effect size and low reproducibility of results. There are also ethical dimensions to this problem, as unreliable research is inefficient and wasteful. Improving reproducibility in neuroscience is a key priority and requires attention to well-established but often ignored methodological principles
@article{button_power_2013,
title = {Power failure: why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience.},
volume = {14},
doi = {10.1038/nrn3475},
abstract = {A study with low statistical power has a reduced chance of detecting a true effect, but it is less well appreciated that low power also reduces the likelihood that a statistically significant result reflects a true effect. Here, we show that the average statistical power of studies in the neurosciences is very low. The consequences of this include overestimates of effect size and low reproducibility of results. There are also ethical dimensions to this problem, as unreliable research is inefficient and wasteful. Improving reproducibility in neuroscience is a key priority and requires attention to well-established but often ignored methodological principles},
language = {eng},
number = {5},
journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
author = {Button, Katherine S and Ioannidis, John P A and Mokrysz, Claire and Nosek, Brian A and Flint, Jonathan and Robinson, Emma S J and Munafò, Marcus R},
year = {2013},
pmid = {23571845},
note = {Place: England
ISBN: 1471-0048},
keywords = {research support, non-u.s. gov't},
pages = {365--376},
}2011 (1)
Comparative efficacy and acceptability of antimanic drugs in acute mania: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Cipriani, A, Barbui, C, Salanti, G, Rendell, J, Brown, R, Stockton, S, Purgato, M, Spineli, L., Goodwin, G., & Geddes, J. Lancet (London, England), 378(9799):1306–1315, 2011. Publisher: Lancet
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex Conventional meta-analyses have shown inconsistent results for efficacy of pharmacological treatments for acute mania. We did a multiple-treatments meta-analysis, which accounted for both direct and indirect comparisons, to assess the effects of all antimanic drugs. We systematically reviewed 68 randomised controlled trials (16 073 participants) from Jan 1, 1980, to Nov 25, 2010, which compared any of the following pharmacological drugs at therapeutic dose range for the treatment of acute mania in adults: aripiprazole, asenapine, carbamazepine, valproate, gabapentin, haloperidol, lamotrigine, lithium, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, topiramate, and ziprasidone. The main outcomes were the mean change on mania rating scales and the number of patients who dropped out of the allocated treatment at 3 weeks. Analysis was done by intention to treat. Haloperidol (standardised mean difference [SMD] -0·56 [95 CI -0·69 to -0·43]), risperidone (-0·50 [-0·63 to -0·38), olanzapine (-0·43 [-0·54 to -0·32], lithium (-0·37 [-0·63 to -0·11]), quetiapine (-0·37 [-0·51 to -0·23]), aripiprazole (-0·37 [-0·51 to -0·23]), carbamazepine (-0·36 [-0·60 to -0·11], asenapine (-0·30 [-0·53 to -0·07]), valproate (-0·20 [-0·37 to -0·04]), and ziprasidone (-0·20 [-0·37 to -0·03]) were significantly more effective than placebo, whereas gabapentin, lamotrigine, and topiramate were not. Haloperidol had the highest number of significant differences and was significantly more effective than lithium (SMD -0·19 [95 CI -0·36 to -0·01]), quetiapine (-0·19 [-0·37 to 0·01]), aripiprazole (-0·19 [-0·36 to -0·02]), carbamazepine (-0·20 [-0·36 to -0·01]), asenapine (-0·26 [-0·52 to 0·01]), valproate (-0·36 [-0·56 to -0·15]), ziprasidone -0·36 [-0·56 to -0·15]), lamotrigine (-0·48 [-0·77 to -0·19]), topiramate (-0·63 [-0·84 to -0·43]), and gabapentin (-0·88 [-1·40 to -0·36]). Risperidone and olanzapine had a very similar profile of comparative efficacy, being more effective than valproate, ziprasidone, lamotrigine, topiramate, and gabapentin. Olanzapine, risperidone, and quetiapine led to significantly fewer discontinuations than did lithium, lamotrigine, placebo, topiramate, and gabapentin. Overall, antipsychotic drugs were significantly more effective than mood stabilisers. Risperidone, olanzapine, and haloperidol should be considered as among the best of the available options for the treatment of manic episodes. These results should be considered in the development of clinical practice guidelines. None. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
@article{cipriani_comparative_2011,
title = {Comparative efficacy and acceptability of antimanic drugs in acute mania: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis},
volume = {378},
issn = {1474-547X},
url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21851976/},
doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60873-8},
abstract = {Conventional meta-analyses have shown inconsistent results for efficacy of pharmacological treatments for acute mania. We did a multiple-treatments meta-analysis, which accounted for both direct and indirect comparisons, to assess the effects of all antimanic drugs. We systematically reviewed 68 randomised controlled trials (16 073 participants) from Jan 1, 1980, to Nov 25, 2010, which compared any of the following pharmacological drugs at therapeutic dose range for the treatment of acute mania in adults: aripiprazole, asenapine, carbamazepine, valproate, gabapentin, haloperidol, lamotrigine, lithium, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, topiramate, and ziprasidone. The main outcomes were the mean change on mania rating scales and the number of patients who dropped out of the allocated treatment at 3 weeks. Analysis was done by intention to treat. Haloperidol (standardised mean difference [SMD] -0·56 [95 CI -0·69 to -0·43]), risperidone (-0·50 [-0·63 to -0·38), olanzapine (-0·43 [-0·54 to -0·32], lithium (-0·37 [-0·63 to -0·11]), quetiapine (-0·37 [-0·51 to -0·23]), aripiprazole (-0·37 [-0·51 to -0·23]), carbamazepine (-0·36 [-0·60 to -0·11], asenapine (-0·30 [-0·53 to -0·07]), valproate (-0·20 [-0·37 to -0·04]), and ziprasidone (-0·20 [-0·37 to -0·03]) were significantly more effective than placebo, whereas gabapentin, lamotrigine, and topiramate were not. Haloperidol had the highest number of significant differences and was significantly more effective than lithium (SMD -0·19 [95 CI -0·36 to -0·01]), quetiapine (-0·19 [-0·37 to 0·01]), aripiprazole (-0·19 [-0·36 to -0·02]), carbamazepine (-0·20 [-0·36 to -0·01]), asenapine (-0·26 [-0·52 to 0·01]), valproate (-0·36 [-0·56 to -0·15]), ziprasidone -0·36 [-0·56 to -0·15]), lamotrigine (-0·48 [-0·77 to -0·19]), topiramate (-0·63 [-0·84 to -0·43]), and gabapentin (-0·88 [-1·40 to -0·36]). Risperidone and olanzapine had a very similar profile of comparative efficacy, being more effective than valproate, ziprasidone, lamotrigine, topiramate, and gabapentin. Olanzapine, risperidone, and quetiapine led to significantly fewer discontinuations than did lithium, lamotrigine, placebo, topiramate, and gabapentin. Overall, antipsychotic drugs were significantly more effective than mood stabilisers. Risperidone, olanzapine, and haloperidol should be considered as among the best of the available options for the treatment of manic episodes. These results should be considered in the development of clinical practice guidelines. None. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.},
number = {9799},
urldate = {2021-09-07},
journal = {Lancet (London, England)},
author = {Cipriani, A and Barbui, C and Salanti, G and Rendell, J and Brown, R and Stockton, S and Purgato, M and Spineli, LM and Goodwin, GM and Geddes, JR},
year = {2011},
pmid = {21851976},
note = {Publisher: Lancet},
keywords = {Andrea Cipriani, Antimanic Agents / therapeutic use*, Antipsychotic Agents / therapeutic use*, Bipolar Disorder / drug therapy*, Corrado Barbui, Humans, John R Geddes, MEDLINE, Meta-Analysis, NCBI, NIH, NLM, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, Non-U.S. Gov't, Patient Dropouts, PubMed Abstract, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Research Design, Research Support, Review, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60873-8, pmid:21851976},
pages = {1306--1315},
}2010 (1)
Full spectrum of psychiatric outcomes among offspring with parental history of mental disorder. Dean, K., Stevens, H., Mortensen, P. B., Murray, R. M., Walsh, E., & Pedersen, C. B. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(8):822–829, August, 2010. Publisher: Arch Gen Psychiatry
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex Context: While concordant parent/offspring risks for specific mental disorders are well established, knowledge of the broader range of psychiatric outcomes among offspring with parental history of mental disorder is lacking. Objective: To examine the full range of mental health outcomes among offspring of parents with serious and other mental disorders compared with those whose parents had no such history. Design: Population-based cohort study. Offspring were followed up from their 14th birthday for the development of mental disorders based on both outpatient and inpatient hospital data. Setting: Danish population. Participants: All offspring born in Denmark between 1980 and 1994 (N=865 078) with follow-up to December 2008. Main Outcome Measures: Incidence rates, incidence rate ratios, and cumulative incidences for offspring psychiatric outcomes. Results: Parental serious mental disorder (SMD) (nonaffective or affective psychosis) was found to be positively associated with virtually all offspring psychiatric outcomes, including those not hitherto regarded as clinically related. Offspring of parents without SMD but with a history of "other mental disorder" were also found to be at increased risk of developing a range of mental disorders. The strongest associations were found where both parents had a history of mental disorder (eg, offspring of 2 parents with SMD were 13 times more likely to develop schizophrenia). Elevated risks were not confined to concordant parent/offspring disorders (eg, offspring of 2 parents with SMD were 8 times more likely to develop substance misuse disorders). Conclusions: The impact of parental history of mental disorder was not confined to elevated offspring risk of concordant disorders but rather offspring are at increased risk of a wide range of mental disorders, particularly those with 2 affected parents. Our results imply an important role for etiological factors giving rise to broad, as well as specific, familial vulnerabilities. These findings also have potential implications for diagnostic classification. ©2010 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
@article{dean_full_2010,
title = {Full spectrum of psychiatric outcomes among offspring with parental history of mental disorder},
volume = {67},
issn = {0003990X},
url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20679590/},
doi = {10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.86},
abstract = {Context: While concordant parent/offspring risks for specific mental disorders are well established, knowledge of the broader range of psychiatric outcomes among offspring with parental history of mental disorder is lacking. Objective: To examine the full range of mental health outcomes among offspring of parents with serious and other mental disorders compared with those whose parents had no such history. Design: Population-based cohort study. Offspring were followed up from their 14th birthday for the development of mental disorders based on both outpatient and inpatient hospital data. Setting: Danish population. Participants: All offspring born in Denmark between 1980 and 1994 (N=865 078) with follow-up to December 2008. Main Outcome Measures: Incidence rates, incidence rate ratios, and cumulative incidences for offspring psychiatric outcomes. Results: Parental serious mental disorder (SMD) (nonaffective or affective psychosis) was found to be positively associated with virtually all offspring psychiatric outcomes, including those not hitherto regarded as clinically related. Offspring of parents without SMD but with a history of "other mental disorder" were also found to be at increased risk of developing a range of mental disorders. The strongest associations were found where both parents had a history of mental disorder (eg, offspring of 2 parents with SMD were 13 times more likely to develop schizophrenia). Elevated risks were not confined to concordant parent/offspring disorders (eg, offspring of 2 parents with SMD were 8 times more likely to develop substance misuse disorders). Conclusions: The impact of parental history of mental disorder was not confined to elevated offspring risk of concordant disorders but rather offspring are at increased risk of a wide range of mental disorders, particularly those with 2 affected parents. Our results imply an important role for etiological factors giving rise to broad, as well as specific, familial vulnerabilities. These findings also have potential implications for diagnostic classification. ©2010 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.},
number = {8},
urldate = {2020-10-08},
journal = {Archives of General Psychiatry},
author = {Dean, Kimberlie and Stevens, Hanne and Mortensen, Preben B. and Murray, Robin M. and Walsh, Elizabeth and Pedersen, Carsten B.},
month = aug,
year = {2010},
pmid = {20679590},
note = {Publisher: Arch Gen Psychiatry},
keywords = {Adolescent, Carsten B Pedersen, Child of Impaired Parents / psychology, Child of Impaired Parents / statistics \& numerical data*, Cohort Studies, Comparative Study, Denmark / epidemiology, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Hanne Stevens, Health Care, Humans, Incidence, International Classification of Diseases / statistics \& numerical data, Kimberlie Dean, Longitudinal Studies, MEDLINE, Male, Mental Disorders / diagnosis, Mental Disorders / epidemiology*, NCBI, NIH, NLM, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, Non-U.S. Gov't, Outcome Assessment, Parents / psychology, PubMed Abstract, Research Support, Risk Factors, Schizophrenia / diagnosis*, Schizophrenia / epidemiology, Substance-Related Disorders / diagnosis, Substance-Related Disorders / epidemiology, Treatment Outcome, doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.86, pmid:20679590},
pages = {822--829},
}2009 (2)
A face feature space in the macaque temporal lobe. Freiwald, W. A, Tsao, D. Y, & Livingstone, M. S Nat Neurosci, 12(9):1187–1196, 2009. Place: United States ISBN: 1546-1726
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
The ability of primates to effortlessly recognize faces has been attributed to the existence of specialized face areas. One such area, the macaque middle face patch, consists almost entirely of cells that are selective for faces, but the principles by which these cells analyze faces are unknown. We found that middle face patch neurons detect and differentiate faces using a strategy that is both part based and holistic. Cells detected distinct constellations of face parts. Furthermore, cells were tuned to the geometry of facial features. Tuning was most often ramp-shaped, with a one-to-one mapping of feature magnitude to firing rate. Tuning amplitude depended on the presence of a whole, upright face and features were interpreted according to their position in a whole, upright face. Thus, cells in the middle face patch encode axes of a face space specialized for whole, upright faces
@article{freiwald_face_2009,
title = {A face feature space in the macaque temporal lobe.},
volume = {12},
doi = {10.1038/nn.2363},
abstract = {The ability of primates to effortlessly recognize faces has been attributed to the existence of specialized face areas. One such area, the macaque middle face patch, consists almost entirely of cells that are selective for faces, but the principles by which these cells analyze faces are unknown. We found that middle face patch neurons detect and differentiate faces using a strategy that is both part based and holistic. Cells detected distinct constellations of face parts. Furthermore, cells were tuned to the geometry of facial features. Tuning was most often ramp-shaped, with a one-to-one mapping of feature magnitude to firing rate. Tuning amplitude depended on the presence of a whole, upright face and features were interpreted according to their position in a whole, upright face. Thus, cells in the middle face patch encode axes of a face space specialized for whole, upright faces},
language = {eng},
number = {9},
journal = {Nat Neurosci},
author = {Freiwald, Winrich A and Tsao, Doris Y and Livingstone, Margaret S},
year = {2009},
pmid = {19668199},
note = {Place: United States
ISBN: 1546-1726},
keywords = {Action Potentials, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Face, Macaca mulatta, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Microelectrodes, Neurons, Photic Stimulation, Temporal Lobe, Time Factors, Visual Perception, research support, n.i.h., extramural, research support, non-u.s. gov't},
pages = {1187--1196},
}Decoding and reconstructing color from responses in human visual cortex. Brouwer, G. J. & Heeger, D. J J Neurosci, 29(44):13992–14003, 2009. Place: United States ISBN: 1529-2401
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
How is color represented by spatially distributed patterns of activity in visual cortex? Functional magnetic resonance imaging responses to several stimulus colors were analyzed with multivariate techniques: conventional pattern classification, a forward model of idealized color tuning, and principal component analysis (PCA). Stimulus color was accurately decoded from activity in V1, V2, V3, V4, and VO1 but not LO1, LO2, V3A/B, or MT+. The conventional classifier and forward model yielded similar accuracies, but the forward model (unlike the classifier) also reliably reconstructed novel stimulus colors not used to train (specify parameters of) the model. The mean responses, averaged across voxels in each visual area, were not reliably distinguishable for the different stimulus colors. Hence, each stimulus color was associated with a unique spatially distributed pattern of activity, presumably reflecting the color selectivity of cortical neurons. Using PCA, a color space was derived from the covariation, across voxels, in the responses to different colors. In V4 and VO1, the first two principal component scores (main source of variation) of the responses revealed a progression through perceptual color space, with perceptually similar colors evoking the most similar responses. This was not the case for any of the other visual cortical areas, including V1, although decoding was most accurate in V1. This dissociation implies a transformation from the color representation in V1 to reflect perceptual color space in V4 and VO1.
@article{brouwer_decoding_2009,
title = {Decoding and reconstructing color from responses in human visual cortex.},
volume = {29},
doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3577-09.2009},
abstract = {How is color represented by spatially distributed patterns of activity in visual cortex? Functional magnetic resonance imaging responses to several stimulus colors were analyzed with multivariate techniques: conventional pattern classification, a forward model of idealized color tuning, and principal component analysis (PCA). Stimulus color was accurately decoded from activity in V1, V2, V3, V4, and VO1 but not LO1, LO2, V3A/B, or MT+. The conventional classifier and forward model yielded similar accuracies, but the forward model (unlike the classifier) also reliably reconstructed novel stimulus colors not used to train (specify parameters of) the model. The mean responses, averaged across voxels in each visual area, were not reliably distinguishable for the different stimulus colors. Hence, each stimulus color was associated with a unique spatially distributed pattern of activity, presumably reflecting the color selectivity of cortical neurons. Using PCA, a color space was derived from the covariation, across voxels, in the responses to different colors. In V4 and VO1, the first two principal component scores (main source of variation) of the responses revealed a progression through perceptual color space, with perceptually similar colors evoking the most similar responses. This was not the case for any of the other visual cortical areas, including V1, although decoding was most accurate in V1. This dissociation implies a transformation from the color representation in V1 to reflect perceptual color space in V4 and VO1.},
language = {eng},
number = {44},
journal = {J Neurosci},
author = {Brouwer, Gijs Joost and Heeger, David J},
year = {2009},
pmid = {19890009},
note = {Place: United States
ISBN: 1529-2401},
keywords = {Adult, Brain Mapping, Color, Color Perception, Humans, Photic Stimulation, Reaction Time, Visual Cortex, Young Adult, comparative study, research support, n.i.h., extramural, research support, non-u.s. gov't},
pages = {13992--14003},
}2008 (1)
Advances in autism genetics: on the threshold of a new neurobiology. Abrahams, B. S & Geschwind, D. H Nat Rev Genet, 9(5):341–355, 2008. Place: England ISBN: 1471-0064
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Autism is a heterogeneous syndrome defined by impairments in three core domains: social interaction, language and range of interests. Recent work has led to the identification of several autism susceptibility genes and an increased appreciation of the contribution of de novo and inherited copy number variation. Promising strategies are also being applied to identify common genetic risk variants. Systems biology approaches, including array-based expression profiling, are poised to provide additional insights into this group of disorders, in which heterogeneity, both genetic and phenotypic, is emerging as a dominant theme.
@article{abrahams_advances_2008,
title = {Advances in autism genetics: on the threshold of a new neurobiology.},
volume = {9},
doi = {10.1038/nrg2346},
abstract = {Autism is a heterogeneous syndrome defined by impairments in three core domains: social interaction, language and range of interests. Recent work has led to the identification of several autism susceptibility genes and an increased appreciation of the contribution of de novo and inherited copy number variation. Promising strategies are also being applied to identify common genetic risk variants. Systems biology approaches, including array-based expression profiling, are poised to provide additional insights into this group of disorders, in which heterogeneity, both genetic and phenotypic, is emerging as a dominant theme.},
language = {eng},
number = {5},
journal = {Nat Rev Genet},
author = {Abrahams, Brett S and Geschwind, Daniel H},
year = {2008},
pmid = {18414403},
note = {Place: England
ISBN: 1471-0064},
keywords = {Animals, Autism, Autistic Disorder, Gene Dosage, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Regulation, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Humans, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Phenotype, Systems Biology, research support, n.i.h., extramural, research support, non-u.s. gov't, review},
pages = {341--355},
}2007 (3)
Object category structure in response patterns of neuronal population in monkey inferior temporal cortex. Kiani, R., Esteky, H., Mirpour, K., & Tanaka, K. J Neurophysiol, 97(6):4296–4309, 2007. Place: United States ISBN: 0022-3077
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Our mental representation of object categories is hierarchically organized, and our rapid and seemingly effortless categorization ability is crucial for our daily behavior. Here, we examine responses of a large number (\textgreater600) of neurons in monkey inferior temporal (IT) cortex with a large number (\textgreater1,000) of natural and artificial object images. During the recordings, the monkeys performed a passive fixation task. We found that the categorical structure of objects is represented by the pattern of activity distributed over the cell population. Animate and inanimate objects created distinguishable clusters in the population code. The global category of animate objects was divided into bodies, hands, and faces. Faces were divided into primate and nonprimate faces, and the primate-face group was divided into human and monkey faces. Bodies of human, birds, and four-limb animals clustered together, whereas lower animals such as fish, reptile, and insects made another cluster. Thus the cluster analysis showed that IT population responses reconstruct a large part of our intuitive category structure, including the global division into animate and inanimate objects, and further hierarchical subdivisions of animate objects. The representation of categories was distributed in several respects, e.g., the similarity of response patterns to stimuli within a category was maintained by both the cells that maximally responded to the category and the cells that responded weakly to the category. These results advance our understanding of the nature of the IT neural code, suggesting an inherently categorical representation that comprises a range of categories including the amply investigated face category.
@article{kiani_object_2007,
title = {Object category structure in response patterns of neuronal population in monkey inferior temporal cortex.},
volume = {97},
doi = {10.1152/jn.00024.2007},
abstract = {Our mental representation of object categories is hierarchically organized, and our rapid and seemingly effortless categorization ability is crucial for our daily behavior. Here, we examine responses of a large number ({\textgreater}600) of neurons in monkey inferior temporal (IT) cortex with a large number ({\textgreater}1,000) of natural and artificial object images. During the recordings, the monkeys performed a passive fixation task. We found that the categorical structure of objects is represented by the pattern of activity distributed over the cell population. Animate and inanimate objects created distinguishable clusters in the population code. The global category of animate objects was divided into bodies, hands, and faces. Faces were divided into primate and nonprimate faces, and the primate-face group was divided into human and monkey faces. Bodies of human, birds, and four-limb animals clustered together, whereas lower animals such as fish, reptile, and insects made another cluster. Thus the cluster analysis showed that IT population responses reconstruct a large part of our intuitive category structure, including the global division into animate and inanimate objects, and further hierarchical subdivisions of animate objects. The representation of categories was distributed in several respects, e.g., the similarity of response patterns to stimuli within a category was maintained by both the cells that maximally responded to the category and the cells that responded weakly to the category. These results advance our understanding of the nature of the IT neural code, suggesting an inherently categorical representation that comprises a range of categories including the amply investigated face category.},
language = {eng},
number = {6},
journal = {J Neurophysiol},
author = {Kiani, Roozbeh and Esteky, Hossein and Mirpour, Koorosh and Tanaka, Keiji},
year = {2007},
pmid = {17428910},
note = {Place: United States
ISBN: 0022-3077},
keywords = {Action Potentials, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Brain Mapping, Cluster Analysis, Humans, Macaca mulatta, Neurons, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Probability, Reaction Time, Temporal Lobe, Visual Pathways, research support, non-u.s. gov't},
pages = {4296--4309},
}Invariant object recognition with trace learning and multiple stimuli present during training. Stringer, S M, Rolls, E T, & Tromans, J M Network, 18(2):161–187, 2007. Place: England ISBN: 0954-898X
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Over successive stages, the ventral visual system develops neurons that respond with view, size and position invariance to objects including faces. A major challenge is to explain how invariant representations of individual objects could develop given visual input from environments containing multiple objects. Here we show that the neurons in a 1-layer competitive network learn to represent combinations of three objects simultaneously present during training if the number of objects in the training set is low (e.g. 4), to represent combinations of two objects as the number of objects is increased to for e.g. 10, and to represent individual objects as the number of objects in the training set is increased further to for e.g. 20. We next show that translation invariant representations can be formed even when multiple stimuli are always present during training, by including a temporal trace in the learning rule. Finally, we show that these concepts can be extended to a multi-layer hierarchical network model (VisNet) of the ventral visual system. This approach provides a way to understand how a visual system can, by self-organizing competitive learning, form separate invariant representations of each object even when each object is presented in a scene with multiple other objects present, as in natural visual scenes.
@article{stringer_invariant_2007,
title = {Invariant object recognition with trace learning and multiple stimuli present during training.},
volume = {18},
doi = {10.1080/09548980701556055},
abstract = {Over successive stages, the ventral visual system develops neurons that respond with view, size and position invariance to objects including faces. A major challenge is to explain how invariant representations of individual objects could develop given visual input from environments containing multiple objects. Here we show that the neurons in a 1-layer competitive network learn to represent combinations of three objects simultaneously present during training if the number of objects in the training set is low (e.g. 4), to represent combinations of two objects as the number of objects is increased to for e.g. 10, and to represent individual objects as the number of objects in the training set is increased further to for e.g. 20. We next show that translation invariant representations can be formed even when multiple stimuli are always present during training, by including a temporal trace in the learning rule. Finally, we show that these concepts can be extended to a multi-layer hierarchical network model (VisNet) of the ventral visual system. This approach provides a way to understand how a visual system can, by self-organizing competitive learning, form separate invariant representations of each object even when each object is presented in a scene with multiple other objects present, as in natural visual scenes.},
language = {eng},
number = {2},
journal = {Network},
author = {Stringer, S M and Rolls, E T and Tromans, J M},
year = {2007},
pmid = {17966074},
note = {Place: England
ISBN: 0954-898X},
keywords = {Animals, Computer Simulation, Generalization (Psychology), Humans, Learning, Models, Neurological, Neural Networks (Computer), Neurons, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, research support, non-u.s. gov't},
pages = {161--187},
}Unsupervised learning of visual features through spike timing dependent plasticity. Masquelier, T. & Thorpe, S. J PLoS Comput Biol, 3(2):e31, 2007. Place: United States ISBN: 1553-7358
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Spike timing dependent plasticity (STDP) is a learning rule that modifies synaptic strength as a function of the relative timing of pre- and postsynaptic spikes. When a neuron is repeatedly presented with similar inputs, STDP is known to have the effect of concentrating high synaptic weights on afferents that systematically fire early, while postsynaptic spike latencies decrease. Here we use this learning rule in an asynchronous feedforward spiking neural network that mimics the ventral visual pathway and shows that when the network is presented with natural images, selectivity to intermediate-complexity visual features emerges. Those features, which correspond to prototypical patterns that are both salient and consistently present in the images, are highly informative and enable robust object recognition, as demonstrated on various classification tasks. Taken together, these results show that temporal codes may be a key to understanding the phenomenal processing speed achieved by the visual system and that STDP can lead to fast and selective responses.
@article{masquelier_unsupervised_2007,
title = {Unsupervised learning of visual features through spike timing dependent plasticity.},
volume = {3},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030031},
abstract = {Spike timing dependent plasticity (STDP) is a learning rule that modifies synaptic strength as a function of the relative timing of pre- and postsynaptic spikes. When a neuron is repeatedly presented with similar inputs, STDP is known to have the effect of concentrating high synaptic weights on afferents that systematically fire early, while postsynaptic spike latencies decrease. Here we use this learning rule in an asynchronous feedforward spiking neural network that mimics the ventral visual pathway and shows that when the network is presented with natural images, selectivity to intermediate-complexity visual features emerges. Those features, which correspond to prototypical patterns that are both salient and consistently present in the images, are highly informative and enable robust object recognition, as demonstrated on various classification tasks. Taken together, these results show that temporal codes may be a key to understanding the phenomenal processing speed achieved by the visual system and that STDP can lead to fast and selective responses.},
language = {eng},
number = {2},
journal = {PLoS Comput Biol},
author = {Masquelier, Timothée and Thorpe, Simon J},
year = {2007},
pmid = {17305422},
note = {Place: United States
ISBN: 1553-7358},
keywords = {Action Potentials, Artificial Intelligence, Computer Simulation, Feedback, Models, Neurological, Nerve Net, Neuronal Plasticity, Neurons, Afferent, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Synaptic Transmission, Visual Cortex, research support, non-u.s. gov't},
pages = {e31},
}2006 (4)
Characterization of canine superficial tumors using gray-scale B mode, color flow mapping, and spectral doppler ultrasonography--a multivariate study. Nyman, H., T., Kristensen, A., T., Lee, M., H., Martinussen, T., & McEvoy, F., J. Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association, 47(2):192-198, 2006.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Superficial tumors are not routinely evaluated by two- or three-dimensional diagnostic imaging methods as part of the staging of canine cancer patients, although superficial tumors are readily imaged by ultrasound. The objectives of this study were to characterize the ultrasonographic patterns of superficial tumors and to evaluate whether ultrasound can help discriminate between benign and malignant tumors in dogs. Superficial tumors (n=132) in 86 dogs were evaluated by B mode, color flow mapping, and spectral Doppler ultrasonography. Size, echogenicity, tumor border definition, invasiveness, acoustic transmission, presence and distribution of vascular flow to and within the tumor, as well as perfusion indices were measured. The tumors were classified as lipomas, benign tumors, atypical mammary tumors, and malignant tumors. Multivariate statistics using discriminant analysis was used to determine which parameters may be used to predict the status of the tumor. Tumor echogenicity, border shape, acoustic shadowing, total number of vessels to the tumor and the total flow amount are the parameters that in combination resulted in the lowest classification error (24%), meaning that on average three out of four tumors were correctly classified using these parameters. All the lipomas and atypical mammary tumors were classified correctly by ultrasonography. The results of this study show that ultrasonography has an important role in the evaluation of canine superficial tumors, particularly in the evaluation of tissue homogeneity and tumor vascularity.
@article{
title = {Characterization of canine superficial tumors using gray-scale B mode, color flow mapping, and spectral doppler ultrasonography--a multivariate study},
type = {article},
year = {2006},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {Animals,Dog Diseases/pathology/physiopathology/ultrasonogr,Dogs,Female,Lipoma/blood supply/ultrasonography/veterinary,Male,Multivariate Analysis,Neoplasm Metastasis,Predictive Value of Tests,Pulsatile Flow,Regional Blood Flow,Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Soft Tissue Neoplasms/blood supply/ultrasonography,Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color/veterinary},
pages = {192-198},
volume = {47},
city = {Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 16, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. helena@dsr.kvl.dv},
id = {bf3d3202-f876-3f19-b88c-c47b56be7064},
created = {2016-09-06T13:34:42.000Z},
file_attached = {false},
profile_id = {cacab941-be62-3845-982b-a7700857a11d},
last_modified = {2016-09-07T14:54:39.000Z},
read = {false},
starred = {false},
authored = {true},
confirmed = {true},
hidden = {false},
source_type = {JOUR},
notes = {LR: 20061107; PUBM: Print; JID: 9209635; ppublish},
abstract = {Superficial tumors are not routinely evaluated by two- or three-dimensional diagnostic imaging methods as part of the staging of canine cancer patients, although superficial tumors are readily imaged by ultrasound. The objectives of this study were to characterize the ultrasonographic patterns of superficial tumors and to evaluate whether ultrasound can help discriminate between benign and malignant tumors in dogs. Superficial tumors (n=132) in 86 dogs were evaluated by B mode, color flow mapping, and spectral Doppler ultrasonography. Size, echogenicity, tumor border definition, invasiveness, acoustic transmission, presence and distribution of vascular flow to and within the tumor, as well as perfusion indices were measured. The tumors were classified as lipomas, benign tumors, atypical mammary tumors, and malignant tumors. Multivariate statistics using discriminant analysis was used to determine which parameters may be used to predict the status of the tumor. Tumor echogenicity, border shape, acoustic shadowing, total number of vessels to the tumor and the total flow amount are the parameters that in combination resulted in the lowest classification error (24%), meaning that on average three out of four tumors were correctly classified using these parameters. All the lipomas and atypical mammary tumors were classified correctly by ultrasonography. The results of this study show that ultrasonography has an important role in the evaluation of canine superficial tumors, particularly in the evaluation of tissue homogeneity and tumor vascularity.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Nyman, H T and Kristensen, A T and Lee, M H and Martinussen, T and McEvoy, F J},
journal = {Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association},
number = {2}
}Raeding wrods with jubmled lettres: there is a cost. Rayner, K., White, S. J, Johnson, R. L, & Liversedge, S. P Psychol Sci, 17(3):192-3, 2006.
doi bibtex
doi bibtex
@Article{Rayner2006,
author = {Keith Rayner and Sarah J White and Rebecca L Johnson and Simon P Liversedge},
journal = {Psychol Sci},
title = {Raeding wrods with jubmled lettres: there is a cost.},
year = {2006},
number = {3},
pages = {192-3},
volume = {17},
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01684.x},
keywords = {Comprehension, Extramural, Eye Movements, Humans, N.I.H., Non-U.S. Gov't, Pattern Recognition, Reading, Research Support, Space Perception, Students, Time Factors, Visual, Visual Perception, 16507057},
}The role of the right superior temporal gyrus in visual search-insights from intraoperative electrical stimulation. Gharabaghi, A., Fruhmann Berger, M., Tatagiba, M., & Karnath, H. Neuropsychologia, 44(12):2578–2581, 2006.
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex Intraoperative electrical stimulation in awake patients is a seminal technique during brain surgery allowing one to infer the function of brain areas by temporary inactivation. Using this technique, we found that inactivation of the middle portion of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) leads to disturbed serial exploratory visual search. The data supplement recent findings by Ellison et al. [Ellison, A., Schindler, I., Pattison, L. L., & Milner, A. D. (2004). An exploration of the role of the superior temporal gyrus in visual search and spatial perception using TMS. Brain, 127, 2307-2315] using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the STG in healthy subjects. Our data demonstrate that the STG is integral to human exploration behaviour and challenge the traditional view that only the right posterior parietal cortex is involved in the mediation of visual search processes.
@article{gharabaghi_role_2006,
title = {The role of the right superior temporal gyrus in visual search-insights from intraoperative electrical stimulation},
volume = {44},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16750545},
doi = {10/cghfr4},
abstract = {Intraoperative electrical stimulation in awake patients is a seminal technique during brain surgery allowing one to infer the function of brain areas by temporary inactivation. Using this technique, we found that inactivation of the middle portion of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) leads to disturbed serial exploratory visual search. The data supplement recent findings by Ellison et al. [Ellison, A., Schindler, I., Pattison, L. L., \& Milner, A. D. (2004). An exploration of the role of the superior temporal gyrus in visual search and spatial perception using TMS. Brain, 127, 2307-2315] using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the STG in healthy subjects. Our data demonstrate that the STG is integral to human exploration behaviour and challenge the traditional view that only the right posterior parietal cortex is involved in the mediation of visual search processes.},
number = {12},
journal = {Neuropsychologia},
author = {Gharabaghi, A. and Fruhmann Berger, M. and Tatagiba, M. and Karnath, H.-O.},
year = {2006},
keywords = {\#nosource, *Intraoperative Period, Aged, Brain Mapping, Electric Stimulation/*methods, Humans, Language Disorders/pathology/surgery, Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods, Male, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Temporal Lobe/*physiopathology/radiation effects, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Visual Perception/*physiology},
pages = {2578--2581},
}Prior experience enhances plasticity in adult visual cortex. Hofer, S. B, Mrsic-Flogel, T. D, Bonhoeffer, T., & Hübener, M. Nat Neurosci, 9(1):127-32, 2006.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
The brain has a remarkable capacity to adapt to alterations in its sensory environment, which is normally much more pronounced in juvenile animals. Here we show that in adult mice, the ability to adapt to changes can be improved profoundly if the mouse has already experienced a similar change in its sensory environment earlier in life. Using the standard model for sensory plasticity in mouse visual cortex-ocular dominance (OD) plasticity-we found that a transient shift in OD, induced by monocular deprivation (MD) earlier in life, renders the adult visual cortex highly susceptible to subsequent MD many weeks later. Irrespective of whether the first MD was experienced during the critical period (around postnatal day 28) or in adulthood, OD shifts induced by a second MD were faster, more persistent and specific to repeated deprivation of the same eye. The capacity for plasticity in the mammalian cortex can therefore be conditioned by past experience.
@Article{Hofer2006,
author = {Sonja B Hofer and Thomas D Mrsic-Flogel and Tobias Bonhoeffer and Mark H\"ubener},
journal = {Nat Neurosci},
title = {Prior experience enhances plasticity in adult visual cortex.},
year = {2006},
number = {1},
pages = {127-32},
volume = {9},
abstract = {The brain has a remarkable capacity to adapt to alterations in its
sensory environment, which is normally much more pronounced in juvenile
animals. Here we show that in adult mice, the ability to adapt to
changes can be improved profoundly if the mouse has already experienced
a similar change in its sensory environment earlier in life. Using
the standard model for sensory plasticity in mouse visual cortex-ocular
dominance (OD) plasticity-we found that a transient shift in OD,
induced by monocular deprivation (MD) earlier in life, renders the
adult visual cortex highly susceptible to subsequent MD many weeks
later. Irrespective of whether the first MD was experienced during
the critical period (around postnatal day 28) or in adulthood, OD
shifts induced by a second MD were faster, more persistent and specific
to repeated deprivation of the same eye. The capacity for plasticity
in the mammalian cortex can therefore be conditioned by past experience.},
doi = {10.1038/nn1610},
keywords = {Aging, Animals, Binocular, Brain Mapping, Data Interpretation, Dominance, Electrophysiology, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Monocular, Neuronal Plasticity, Non-U.S. Gov't, Ocular, Photic Stimulation, Research Support, Retina, Statistical, Vision, Visual Cortex, 16327785},
}2005 (5)
Experiments investigating cooperative types in humans: A complement to evolutionary theory and simulations. Kurzban, R. & Houser, D. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 102(5):1803-7, 2005.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Unlike other species, humans cooperate in large, distantly related groups, a fact that has long presented a puzzle to biologists. The pathway by which adaptations for large-scale cooperation among nonkin evolved in humans remains a subject of vigorous debate. Results from theoretical analyses and agent-based simulations suggest that evolutionary dynamics need not yield homogeneous populations, but can instead generate a polymorphic population that consists of individuals who vary in their degree of cooperativeness. These results resonate with the recent increasing emphasis on the importance of individual differences in understanding and modeling behavior and dynamics in experimental games and decision problems. Here, we report the results of laboratory experiments that complement both theory and simulation results. We find that our subjects fall into three types, an individual's type is stable, and a group's cooperative outcomes can be remarkably well predicted if one knows its type composition. Reciprocal types, who contribute to the public good as a positive function of their beliefs about others' contributions, constitute the majority (63%) of players; cooperators and free-riders are also present in our subject population. Despite substantial behavioral differences, earnings among types are statistically identical. Our results support the view that our human subject population is in a stable, polymorphic equilibrium of types.
@Article{Kurzban2005,
author = {Robert Kurzban and Daniel Houser},
journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
title = {Experiments investigating cooperative types in humans: {A} complement to evolutionary theory and simulations.},
year = {2005},
number = {5},
pages = {1803-7},
volume = {102},
abstract = {Unlike other species, humans cooperate in large, distantly related
groups, a fact that has long presented a puzzle to biologists. The
pathway by which adaptations for large-scale cooperation among nonkin
evolved in humans remains a subject of vigorous debate. Results from
theoretical analyses and agent-based simulations suggest that evolutionary
dynamics need not yield homogeneous populations, but can instead
generate a polymorphic population that consists of individuals who
vary in their degree of cooperativeness. These results resonate with
the recent increasing emphasis on the importance of individual differences
in understanding and modeling behavior and dynamics in experimental
games and decision problems. Here, we report the results of laboratory
experiments that complement both theory and simulation results. We
find that our subjects fall into three types, an individual's type
is stable, and a group's cooperative outcomes can be remarkably well
predicted if one knows its type composition. Reciprocal types, who
contribute to the public good as a positive function of their beliefs
about others' contributions, constitute the majority (63\%) of players;
cooperators and free-riders are also present in our subject population.
Despite substantial behavioral differences, earnings among types
are statistically identical. Our results support the view that our
human subject population is in a stable, polymorphic equilibrium
of types.},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.0408759102},
keywords = {Agonistic Behavior, Animals, Anura, Behavior, Animal, Cues, Male, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Vocalization, 15665099},
}The persistence of object file representations. Noles, N. S, Scholl, B. J, & Mitroff, S. R Percept Psychophys, 67(2):324-34, 2005.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Coherent visual experience of dynamic scenes requires not only that the visual system segment scenes into component objects but that these object representations persist, so that an object can be identified as the same object from an earlier time. Object files (OFs) are visual representations thought to mediate such abilities: OFs lie between lower level sensory processing and higher level recognition, and they track salient objects over time and motion. OFs have traditionally been studied via object-specific preview benefits (OSPBs), in which discriminations of an object's features are speeded when an earlier preview of those features occurred on the same object, as opposed to on a different object, beyond general displaywide priming. Despite its popularity, many fundamental aspects of the OF framework remain unexplored. For example, although OFs are thought to be involved primarily in online visual processing, we do not know how long such representations persist; previous studies found OSPBs for up to 1500 msec but did not test for longer durations. We explored this issue using a modified object reviewing paradigm and found that robust OSPBs persist for more than five times longer than has previously been tested-for at least 8 sec, and possibly for much longer. Object files may be the "glue" that makes visual experience coherent not just in online moment-by-moment processing, but on the scale of seconds that characterizes our everyday perceptual experiences. These findings also bear on research in infant cognition, where OFs are thought to explain infants' abilities to track and enumerate small sets of objects over longer durations.
@Article{Noles2005,
author = {Nicholaus S Noles and Brian J Scholl and Stephen R Mitroff},
journal = {Percept Psychophys},
title = {The persistence of object file representations.},
year = {2005},
number = {2},
pages = {324-34},
volume = {67},
abstract = {Coherent visual experience of dynamic scenes requires not only that
the visual system segment scenes into component objects but that
these object representations persist, so that an object can be identified
as the same object from an earlier time. Object files (OFs) are visual
representations thought to mediate such abilities: OFs lie between
lower level sensory processing and higher level recognition, and
they track salient objects over time and motion. OFs have traditionally
been studied via object-specific preview benefits (OSPBs), in which
discriminations of an object's features are speeded when an earlier
preview of those features occurred on the same object, as opposed
to on a different object, beyond general displaywide priming. Despite
its popularity, many fundamental aspects of the OF framework remain
unexplored. For example, although OFs are thought to be involved
primarily in online visual processing, we do not know how long such
representations persist; previous studies found OSPBs for up to 1500
msec but did not test for longer durations. We explored this issue
using a modified object reviewing paradigm and found that robust
OSPBs persist for more than five times longer than has previously
been tested-for at least 8 sec, and possibly for much longer. Object
files may be the "glue" that makes visual experience coherent not
just in online moment-by-moment processing, but on the scale of seconds
that characterizes our everyday perceptual experiences. These findings
also bear on research in infant cognition, where OFs are thought
to explain infants' abilities to track and enumerate small sets of
objects over longer durations.},
keywords = {Extramural, Humans, Motion Perception, N.I.H., Non-P.H.S., P.H.S., Research Support, Rotation, U.S. Gov't, Visual Perception, 15973783},
}Mapping genes of complex psychiatric diseases in Daghestan genetic isolates. Bulayeva, K., B., Leal, S., M., Pavlova, T., A., Kurbanov, R., M., Glatt, S., J., Bulayev, O., A., & Tsuang, M., T. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet, 132(1):76-84, 2005.
Paper Website abstract bibtex
Paper Website abstract bibtex Genetic isolates, which provide outstanding opportunities for identification of susceptibility genes for complex diseases, can be classified as primary (having an ancient demographic history in a stable environment) or secondary (having a younger demographic history) Neel [1992: Minority populations: Genetics, demography, and health, pp. 1-13]. Daghestan contains 26 out of 50 indigenous Caucasus ethnicities that have been in existence for hundreds of generations in the same highland region. The ethnic groups are subdivided into numerous primary isolates. The founder effect and gene drift in these primary isolates may have caused aggregation of specific haplotypes with limited numbers of pathogenic alleles and loci in some isolates relative to others. These are expressed as inter-population differences in lifetime prevalence and features of certain complex clinical phenotypes and in patterns of genetic linkage and linkage disequilibrium (LD). Stable highland and ethnic-cultural environments have led to increased penetrance and a reduced number of phenocopies, which typically hamper the identification of any susceptibility genes for complex diseases. Owing to these characteristics of the primary isolates, a comparative linkage study in the primary isolates allows us to define the number of susceptibility genes for any complex disease and to identify the source of variability and non-replication of linkage analysis results. As part of an ongoing study, seven extended schizophrenia and one nonspecific mental retardation kindreds have been ascertained from Daghestan isolates. Lifetime morbid risk for schizophrenia in the isolates varied from 0 to 5%. A genome scan with markers spaced 10 cM apart was carried out on these pedigrees and linkage analysis was performed using descent graph methods, as implemented in Simwalk2. To identify regions containing susceptibility genes within these kindreds, we followed up those regions with non-parametric and parametric linkage analyses, with the choice of genetic model guided by the results obtained in the NPL. While the analyses are ongoing, the most positive findings were made in different isolated pedigrees on chromosomes 17p11, 3q24, and 22q for schizophrenia and on chromosome 12q for nonspecific mental retardation.
@article{
title = {Mapping genes of complex psychiatric diseases in Daghestan genetic isolates},
type = {article},
year = {2005},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {Chromosome Mapping,Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12/genetics,Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17/genetics,Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/genetics,Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3/genetics,Female,Founder Effect,Genetic Predisposition to Disease/*genetics,Humans,Linkage Disequilibrium,Male,Mental Disorders/ethnology/*genetics,Microsatellite Repeats,Multivariate Analysis,Pedigree,Phenotype,Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Russia,Schizophrenia/ethnology/genetics},
pages = {76-84},
volume = {132},
websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15389762},
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notes = {<m:note>1552-4841 (Print)<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
abstract = {Genetic isolates, which provide outstanding opportunities for identification of susceptibility genes for complex diseases, can be classified as primary (having an ancient demographic history in a stable environment) or secondary (having a younger demographic history) Neel [1992: Minority populations: Genetics, demography, and health, pp. 1-13]. Daghestan contains 26 out of 50 indigenous Caucasus ethnicities that have been in existence for hundreds of generations in the same highland region. The ethnic groups are subdivided into numerous primary isolates. The founder effect and gene drift in these primary isolates may have caused aggregation of specific haplotypes with limited numbers of pathogenic alleles and loci in some isolates relative to others. These are expressed as inter-population differences in lifetime prevalence and features of certain complex clinical phenotypes and in patterns of genetic linkage and linkage disequilibrium (LD). Stable highland and ethnic-cultural environments have led to increased penetrance and a reduced number of phenocopies, which typically hamper the identification of any susceptibility genes for complex diseases. Owing to these characteristics of the primary isolates, a comparative linkage study in the primary isolates allows us to define the number of susceptibility genes for any complex disease and to identify the source of variability and non-replication of linkage analysis results. As part of an ongoing study, seven extended schizophrenia and one nonspecific mental retardation kindreds have been ascertained from Daghestan isolates. Lifetime morbid risk for schizophrenia in the isolates varied from 0 to 5%. A genome scan with markers spaced 10 cM apart was carried out on these pedigrees and linkage analysis was performed using descent graph methods, as implemented in Simwalk2. To identify regions containing susceptibility genes within these kindreds, we followed up those regions with non-parametric and parametric linkage analyses, with the choice of genetic model guided by the results obtained in the NPL. While the analyses are ongoing, the most positive findings were made in different isolated pedigrees on chromosomes 17p11, 3q24, and 22q for schizophrenia and on chromosome 12q for nonspecific mental retardation.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Bulayeva, K B and Leal, S M and Pavlova, T A and Kurbanov, R M and Glatt, S J and Bulayev, O A and Tsuang, M T},
journal = {Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet},
number = {1}
}A comparison of linkage disequilibrium patterns and estimated population recombination rates across multiple populations. Evans, D., M. & Cardon, L., R. Am J Hum Genet, 76(4):681-687, 2005.
Paper Website abstract bibtex
Paper Website abstract bibtex Large-scale studies of linkage disequilibrium (LD) have shown considerable variation in the extent and distribution of pairwise LD within and between populations. Taken at face value, these results suggest that genomewide LD maps for one population may not be generalizable to other populations. However, at least part of this diversity is due to some undesirable features of pairwise LD measures, which are well documented for the D' and r2 measures. In this report, we compare patterns of LD derived from pairwise measures with statistical estimates of population recombination rates ( rho ) along a 10-Mb stretch of chromosome 20 in four population samples, comprising East Asians, African Americans, and U.K. and U.S. individuals of western European descent. The results reveal the expected variability of D' within and between populations but show better concordance in estimates of r2 for the same markers across the population samples. Estimates of rho correlate well across populations, but there is still evidence of population-specific spikes and troughs in rho values. We conclude that it is unlikely that a single haplotype map will provide a definitive guide for association studies of many populations; rather, multiple maps will need to be constructed to provide the best-possible guides for gene mapping.
@article{
title = {A comparison of linkage disequilibrium patterns and estimated population recombination rates across multiple populations},
type = {article},
year = {2005},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {*Genetics, Population,*Linkage Disequilibrium,African Americans/genetics,African Continental Ancestry Group/genetics,Asian Continental Ancestry Group/genetics,Chromosome Mapping,Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20,Comparative Study,European Continental Ancestry Group/genetics,Great Britain,Haplotypes,Humans,Recombination, Genetic,Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.,United States},
pages = {681-687},
volume = {76},
websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15719321},
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abstract = {Large-scale studies of linkage disequilibrium (LD) have shown considerable variation in the extent and distribution of pairwise LD within and between populations. Taken at face value, these results suggest that genomewide LD maps for one population may not be generalizable to other populations. However, at least part of this diversity is due to some undesirable features of pairwise LD measures, which are well documented for the D' and r2 measures. In this report, we compare patterns of LD derived from pairwise measures with statistical estimates of population recombination rates ( rho ) along a 10-Mb stretch of chromosome 20 in four population samples, comprising East Asians, African Americans, and U.K. and U.S. individuals of western European descent. The results reveal the expected variability of D' within and between populations but show better concordance in estimates of r2 for the same markers across the population samples. Estimates of rho correlate well across populations, but there is still evidence of population-specific spikes and troughs in rho values. We conclude that it is unlikely that a single haplotype map will provide a definitive guide for association studies of many populations; rather, multiple maps will need to be constructed to provide the best-possible guides for gene mapping.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Evans, D M and Cardon, L R},
journal = {Am J Hum Genet},
number = {4}
}The Poggendorff illusion explained by natural scene geometry. Howe, C. Q, Yang, Z., & Purves, D. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 102(21):7707-12, 2005.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
One of the most intriguing of the many discrepancies between perceived spatial relationships and the physical structure of visual stimuli is the Poggendorff illusion, when an obliquely oriented line that is interrupted no longer appears collinear. Although many different theories have been proposed to explain this effect, there has been no consensus about its cause. Here, we use a database of range images (i.e., images that include the distance from the image plane of every pixel in the scene) to show that the probability distribution of the possible locations of line segments across an interval in natural environments can fully account for all of the behavior of this otherwise puzzling phenomenon.
@Article{Howe2005,
author = {Catherine Q Howe and Zhiyong Yang and Dale Purves},
journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
title = {The {P}oggendorff illusion explained by natural scene geometry.},
year = {2005},
number = {21},
pages = {7707-12},
volume = {102},
abstract = {One of the most intriguing of the many discrepancies between perceived
spatial relationships and the physical structure of visual stimuli
is the Poggendorff illusion, when an obliquely oriented line that
is interrupted no longer appears collinear. Although many different
theories have been proposed to explain this effect, there has been
no consensus about its cause. Here, we use a database of range images
(i.e., images that include the distance from the image plane of every
pixel in the scene) to show that the probability distribution of
the possible locations of line segments across an interval in natural
environments can fully account for all of the behavior of this otherwise
puzzling phenomenon.},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.0502893102},
keywords = {Comparative Study, Databases, Extramural, Factual, Humans, Models, N.I.H., Non-P.H.S., Non-U.S. Gov't, Optical Illusions, P.H.S., Psychological, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Visual Perception, 15888555},
}2004 (25)
Modelling the recent common ancestry of all living humans. Rohde, D., L., Olson, S., & Chang, J., T. Nature, 431(7008):562-566, 2004.
Paper abstract bibtex
Paper abstract bibtex If a common ancestor of all living humans is defined as an individual who is a genealogical ancestor of all present-day people, the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) for a randomly mating population would have lived in the very recent past. However, the random mating model ignores essential aspects of population substructure, such as the tendency of individuals to choose mates from the same social group, and the relative isolation of geographically separated groups. Here we show that recent common ancestors also emerge from two models incorporating substantial population substructure. One model, designed for simplicity and theoretical insight, yields explicit mathematical results through a probabilistic analysis. A more elaborate second model, designed to capture historical population dynamics in a more realistic way, is analysed computationally through Monte Carlo simulations. These analyses suggest that the genealogies of all living humans overlap in remarkable ways in the recent past. In particular, the MRCA of all present-day humans lived just a few thousand years ago in these models. Moreover, among all individuals living more than just a few thousand years earlier than the MRCA, each present-day human has exactly the same set of genealogical ancestors.
@article{
title = {Modelling the recent common ancestry of all living humans},
type = {article},
year = {2004},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {*Computer Simulation,*Pedigree,*Phylogeny,Emigration and Immigration,Female,Geography,Humans,Male,Monte Carlo Method,Population Density,Population Dynamics,Reproduction,Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.,Time Factors},
pages = {562-566},
volume = {431},
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abstract = {If a common ancestor of all living humans is defined as an individual who is a genealogical ancestor of all present-day people, the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) for a randomly mating population would have lived in the very recent past. However, the random mating model ignores essential aspects of population substructure, such as the tendency of individuals to choose mates from the same social group, and the relative isolation of geographically separated groups. Here we show that recent common ancestors also emerge from two models incorporating substantial population substructure. One model, designed for simplicity and theoretical insight, yields explicit mathematical results through a probabilistic analysis. A more elaborate second model, designed to capture historical population dynamics in a more realistic way, is analysed computationally through Monte Carlo simulations. These analyses suggest that the genealogies of all living humans overlap in remarkable ways in the recent past. In particular, the MRCA of all present-day humans lived just a few thousand years ago in these models. Moreover, among all individuals living more than just a few thousand years earlier than the MRCA, each present-day human has exactly the same set of genealogical ancestors.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Rohde, D L and Olson, S and Chang, J T},
journal = {Nature},
number = {7008}
}Animal behaviour: Coalition among male fiddler crabs. Backwell, P. R Y & Jennions, M. D Nature, 430(6998):417, 2004.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Until now, no compelling evidence has emerged from studies of animal territoriality to indicate that a resident will strategically help a neighbour to defend its territory against an intruder. We show here that territory-owning Australian fiddler crabs will judiciously assist other crabs in defending their neighbouring territories. This cooperation supports the prediction that it is sometimes less costly to assist a familiar neighbour than to renegotiate boundaries with a new, and possibly stronger, neighbour.
@Article{Backwell2004,
author = {Patricia R Y Backwell and Michael D Jennions},
journal = {Nature},
title = {Animal behaviour: {C}oalition among male fiddler crabs.},
year = {2004},
number = {6998},
pages = {417},
volume = {430},
abstract = {Until now, no compelling evidence has emerged from studies of animal
territoriality to indicate that a resident will strategically help
a neighbour to defend its territory against an intruder. We show
here that territory-owning Australian fiddler crabs will judiciously
assist other crabs in defending their neighbouring territories. This
cooperation supports the prediction that it is sometimes less costly
to assist a familiar neighbour than to renegotiate boundaries with
a new, and possibly stronger, neighbour.},
doi = {10.1038/430417a},
keywords = {Animals, Attention, Brain, Decision Making, Face, Female, Haplorhini, Housing, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Models, Neurological, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Prefrontal Cortex, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Visual Perception, Choice Behavior, Cognition, Dopamine, Learning, Schizophrenia, Substance-Related Disorders, Generalization (Psychology), Motor Skills, Non-P.H.S., Nerve Net, Neuronal Plasticity, Perception, Cerebral Cortex, Memory, Neurons, Sound Localization, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Neural Pathways, Non-, Acoustic Stimulation, Adult, Age of Onset, Aging, Blindness, Child, Preschool, Infant, Newborn, Pitch Perception, Analysis of Variance, Animal Welfare, Laboratory, Behavior, Animal, Hybridization, Genetic, Maze Learning, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Inbred DBA, Phenotype, Reproducibility of Results, Darkness, Deafness, Finches, Sleep, Sound, Sunlight, Time Factors, Vocalization, Energy Metabolism, Evolution, Fossils, History, Ancient, Hominidae, Biological, Physical Endurance, Running, Skeleton, Walking, Acoustics, Auditory Perception, Cues, Discrimination Learning, Pair Bond, Social Behavior, Songbirds, Adolescent, England, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Korea, Language, Semantics, Vocabulary, Action Potentials, Hippocampus, Pyramidal Cells, Rats, Rotation, Australia, Brachyura, Cooperative Behavior, Logistic Models, Territoriality, 15269757},
}A paradox in the evolution of primate vocal learning. Egnor, S. E R. & Hauser, M. D Trends Neurosci, 27(11):649-54, 2004.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
The importance of auditory feedback in the development of spoken language in humans is striking. Paradoxically, although auditory-feedback-dependent vocal plasticity has been shown in a variety of taxonomic groups, there is little evidence that our nearest relatives–non-human primates–require auditory feedback for the development of species-typical vocal signals. Because of the apparent lack of developmental plasticity in the vocal production system, neuroscientists have largely ignored the neural mechanisms of non-human primate vocal production and perception. Recently, the absence of evidence for vocal plasticity from developmental studies has been contrasted with evidence for vocal plasticity in adults. We argue that this new evidence makes non-human primate vocal behavior an attractive model system for neurobiological analysis.
@Article{Egnor2004,
author = {S. E Roian Egnor and Marc D Hauser},
journal = {Trends Neurosci},
title = {A paradox in the evolution of primate vocal learning.},
year = {2004},
number = {11},
pages = {649-54},
volume = {27},
abstract = {The importance of auditory feedback in the development of spoken language
in humans is striking. Paradoxically, although auditory-feedback-dependent
vocal plasticity has been shown in a variety of taxonomic groups,
there is little evidence that our nearest relatives--non-human primates--require
auditory feedback for the development of species-typical vocal signals.
Because of the apparent lack of developmental plasticity in the vocal
production system, neuroscientists have largely ignored the neural
mechanisms of non-human primate vocal production and perception.
Recently, the absence of evidence for vocal plasticity from developmental
studies has been contrasted with evidence for vocal plasticity in
adults. We argue that this new evidence makes non-human primate vocal
behavior an attractive model system for neurobiological analysis.},
doi = {10.1016/j.tins.2004.08.009},
keywords = {Acoustic Stimulation, Animal, Animals, Evolution, Humans, Learning, Non-U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Vocalization, 15474164},
}Associative learning shapes the neural code for stimulus magnitude in primary auditory cortex. Polley, D. B, Heiser, M. A, Blake, D. T, Schreiner, C. E, & Merzenich, M. M Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 101(46):16351-6, 2004.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Since the dawn of experimental psychology, researchers have sought an understanding of the fundamental relationship between the amplitude of sensory stimuli and the magnitudes of their perceptual representations. Contemporary theories support the view that magnitude is encoded by a linear increase in firing rate established in the primary afferent pathways. In the present study, we have investigated sound intensity coding in the rat primary auditory cortex (AI) and describe its plasticity by following paired stimulus reinforcement and instrumental conditioning paradigms. In trained animals, population-response strengths in AI became more strongly nonlinear with increasing stimulus intensity. Individual AI responses became selective to more restricted ranges of sound intensities and, as a population, represented a broader range of preferred sound levels. These experiments demonstrate that the representation of stimulus magnitude can be powerfully reshaped by associative learning processes and suggest that the code for sound intensity within AI can be derived from intensity-tuned neurons that change, rather than simply increase, their firing rates in proportion to increases in sound intensity.
@Article{Polley2004,
author = {Daniel B Polley and Marc A Heiser and David T Blake and Christoph E Schreiner and Michael M Merzenich},
journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
title = {Associative learning shapes the neural code for stimulus magnitude in primary auditory cortex.},
year = {2004},
number = {46},
pages = {16351-6},
volume = {101},
abstract = {Since the dawn of experimental psychology, researchers have sought
an understanding of the fundamental relationship between the amplitude
of sensory stimuli and the magnitudes of their perceptual representations.
Contemporary theories support the view that magnitude is encoded
by a linear increase in firing rate established in the primary afferent
pathways. In the present study, we have investigated sound intensity
coding in the rat primary auditory cortex (AI) and describe its plasticity
by following paired stimulus reinforcement and instrumental conditioning
paradigms. In trained animals, population-response strengths in AI
became more strongly nonlinear with increasing stimulus intensity.
Individual AI responses became selective to more restricted ranges
of sound intensities and, as a population, represented a broader
range of preferred sound levels. These experiments demonstrate that
the representation of stimulus magnitude can be powerfully reshaped
by associative learning processes and suggest that the code for sound
intensity within AI can be derived from intensity-tuned neurons that
change, rather than simply increase, their firing rates in proportion
to increases in sound intensity.},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.0407586101},
keywords = {Acoustic Stimulation, Animals, Association Learning, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Threshold, Conditioning (Psychology), Electrophysiology, Loudness Perception, Neuronal Plasticity, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Reinforcement (Psychology), Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Reward, 15534214},
}Psychological essentialism in children. Gelman, S. A Trends Cogn Sci, 8(9):404-9, 2004.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Psychological essentialism is the idea that certain categories, such as "lion" or "female", have an underlying reality that cannot be observed directly. Where does this idea come from? This article reviews recent evidence suggesting that psychological essentialism is an early cognitive bias. Young children look beyond the obvious in many converging ways: when learning words, generalizing knowledge to new category members, reasoning about the insides of things, contemplating the role of nature versus nurture, and constructing causal explanations. These findings argue against the standard view of children as concrete thinkers, instead claiming that children have an early tendency to search for hidden, non-obvious features.
@Article{Gelman2004,
author = {Susan A Gelman},
journal = {Trends Cogn Sci},
title = {Psychological essentialism in children.},
year = {2004},
number = {9},
pages = {404-9},
volume = {8},
abstract = {Psychological essentialism is the idea that certain categories, such
as "lion" or "female", have an underlying reality that cannot be
observed directly. Where does this idea come from? This article reviews
recent evidence suggesting that psychological essentialism is an
early cognitive bias. Young children look beyond the obvious in many
converging ways: when learning words, generalizing knowledge to new
category members, reasoning about the insides of things, contemplating
the role of nature versus nurture, and constructing causal explanations.
These findings argue against the standard view of children as concrete
thinkers, instead claiming that children have an early tendency to
search for hidden, non-obvious features.},
doi = {10.1016/j.tics.2004.07.001},
keywords = {Animals, Child, Child Development, Cognition, Female, Humans, Language, P.H.S., Research Support, U.S. Gov't, 15350241},
}Synaptic computation. Abbott, L. & Regehr, W. G Nature, 431(7010):796-803, 2004.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Neurons are often considered to be the computational engines of the brain, with synapses acting solely as conveyers of information. But the diverse types of synaptic plasticity and the range of timescales over which they operate suggest that synapses have a more active role in information processing. Long-term changes in the transmission properties of synapses provide a physiological substrate for learning and memory, whereas short-term changes support a variety of computations. By expressing several forms of synaptic plasticity, a single neuron can convey an array of different signals to the neural circuit in which it operates.
@Article{Abbott2004,
author = {LF Abbott and Wade G Regehr},
journal = {Nature},
title = {Synaptic computation.},
year = {2004},
number = {7010},
pages = {796-803},
volume = {431},
abstract = {Neurons are often considered to be the computational engines of the
brain, with synapses acting solely as conveyers of information. But
the diverse types of synaptic plasticity and the range of timescales
over which they operate suggest that synapses have a more active
role in information processing. Long-term changes in the transmission
properties of synapses provide a physiological substrate for learning
and memory, whereas short-term changes support a variety of computations.
By expressing several forms of synaptic plasticity, a single neuron
can convey an array of different signals to the neural circuit in
which it operates.},
doi = {10.1038/nature03010},
groups = {Gain control},
keywords = {Animals, Attention, Brain, Decision Making, Face, Female, Haplorhini, Housing, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Models, Neurological, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Prefrontal Cortex, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Visual Perception, Choice Behavior, Cognition, Dopamine, Learning, Schizophrenia, Substance-Related Disorders, Generalization (Psychology), Motor Skills, Non-P.H.S., Nerve Net, Neuronal Plasticity, Perception, Cerebral Cortex, Memory, Neurons, Sound Localization, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, 15483601},
}Seeing the disappearance of unseen objects. Mitroff, S. R & Scholl, B. J Perception, 33(10):1267-73, 2004.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Because of the massive amount of incoming visual information, perception is fundamentally selective. We are aware of only a small subset of our visual input at any given moment, and a great deal of activity can occur right in front of our eyes without reaching awareness. While previous work has shown that even salient visual objects can go unseen, here we demonstrate the opposite pattern, wherein observers perceive stimuli which are not physically present. In particular, we show in two motion-induced blindness experiments that unseen objects can momentarily reenter awareness when they physically disappear: in some situations, you can see the disappearance of something you can't see. Moreover, when a stimulus changes outside of awareness in this situation and then physically disappears, observers momentarily see the altered version–thus perceiving properties of an object that they had never seen before, after that object is already gone. This phenomenon of 'perceptual reentry' yields new insights into the relationship between visual memory and conscious awareness.
@Article{Mitroff2004a,
author = {Stephen R Mitroff and Brian J Scholl},
journal = {Perception},
title = {Seeing the disappearance of unseen objects.},
year = {2004},
number = {10},
pages = {1267-73},
volume = {33},
abstract = {Because of the massive amount of incoming visual information, perception
is fundamentally selective. We are aware of only a small subset of
our visual input at any given moment, and a great deal of activity
can occur right in front of our eyes without reaching awareness.
While previous work has shown that even salient visual objects can
go unseen, here we demonstrate the opposite pattern, wherein observers
perceive stimuli which are not physically present. In particular,
we show in two motion-induced blindness experiments that unseen objects
can momentarily reenter awareness when they physically disappear:
in some situations, you can see the disappearance of something you
can't see. Moreover, when a stimulus changes outside of awareness
in this situation and then physically disappears, observers momentarily
see the altered version--thus perceiving properties of an object
that they had never seen before, after that object is already gone.
This phenomenon of 'perceptual reentry' yields new insights into
the relationship between visual memory and conscious awareness.},
keywords = {Attention, Awareness, Axilla, Biopsy, Breast Neoplasms, Carcinoma, Concept Formation, Consciousness, Cues, Discrimination (Psychology), Discrimination Learning, Distance Perception, Ductal, English Abstract, Extramural, False Negative Reactions, Female, Field Dependence-Independence, Fine-Needle, Humans, Intraductal, Lymph Node Excision, Lymph Nodes, Lymphatic Metastasis, Memory, Motion Perception, N.I.H., Non-P.H.S., Noninfiltrating, Object Attachment, Optical Illusions, Orientation, P.H.S., Pattern Recognition, Photic Stimulation, Problem Solving, Prognosis, Psychophysics, Reading, Reproducibility of Results, Research Support, Rotation, Semantics, Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy, Set (Psychology), Short-Term, Switzerland, U.S. Gov't, Unconscious (Psychology), Visual, Visual Perception, 15693670},
}Parietal cortex and attention. Behrmann, M, Geng, J J, & Shomstein, S Curr Opin Neurobiol, 14(2):212–217, 2004.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
The parietal lobe forms about 20% of the human cerebral cortex and is divided into two major regions, the somatosensory cortex and the posterior parietal cortex. Posterior parietal cortex, located at the junction of multiple sensory regions, projects to several cortical and subcortical areas and is engaged in a host of cognitive operations. One such operation is selective attention, the process where by the input is filtered and a subset of the information is selected for preferential processing. Recent neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies have provided a more fine-grained understanding of the relationship between brain and behavior in the domain of selective attention.
@article{behrmann_parietal_2004,
title = {Parietal cortex and attention},
volume = {14},
abstract = {The parietal lobe forms about 20\% of the human cerebral cortex and is divided into two major regions, the somatosensory cortex and the posterior parietal cortex. Posterior parietal cortex, located at the junction of multiple sensory regions, projects to several cortical and subcortical areas and is engaged in a host of cognitive operations. One such operation is selective attention, the process where by the input is filtered and a subset of the information is selected for preferential processing. Recent neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies have provided a more fine-grained understanding of the relationship between brain and behavior in the domain of selective attention.},
number = {2},
journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
author = {Behrmann, M and Geng, J J and Shomstein, S},
year = {2004},
pmid = {15082327},
keywords = {Attention/*physiology, Cues, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Neural Pathways/anatomy \& histology/*physiology, Parietal Lobe/anatomy \& histology/*physiology, Perception/physiology, Perceptual Disorders/pathology/physiopathology, Psychomotor Performance/physiology, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Sensation/physiology},
pages = {212--217},
}Toward an evolutionary perspective on conceptual representation: Species-specific calls activate visual and affective processing systems in the macaque. Gil-da-Costa, R., Braun, A., Lopes, M., Hauser, M. D, Carson, R. E, Herscovitch, P., & Martin, A. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 101(50):17516-21, 2004.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Non-human primates produce a diverse repertoire of species-specific calls and have rich conceptual systems. Some of their calls are designed to convey information about concepts such as predators, food, and social relationships, as well as the affective state of the caller. Little is known about the neural architecture of these calls, and much of what we do know is based on single-cell physiology from anesthetized subjects. By using positron emission tomography in awake rhesus macaques, we found that conspecific vocalizations elicited activity in higher-order visual areas, including regions in the temporal lobe associated with the visual perception of object form (TE/TEO) and motion (superior temporal sulcus) and storing visual object information into long-term memory (TE), as well as in limbic (the amygdala and hippocampus) and paralimbic regions (ventromedial prefrontal cortex) associated with the interpretation and memory-encoding of highly salient and affective material. This neural circuitry strongly corresponds to the network shown to support representation of conspecifics and affective information in humans. These findings shed light on the evolutionary precursors of conceptual representation in humans, suggesting that monkeys and humans have a common neural substrate for representing object concepts.
@Article{Gil-da-Costa2004,
author = {Ricardo Gil-da-Costa and Allen Braun and Marco Lopes and Marc D Hauser and Richard E Carson and Peter Herscovitch and Alex Martin},
journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
title = {Toward an evolutionary perspective on conceptual representation: {S}pecies-specific calls activate visual and affective processing systems in the macaque.},
year = {2004},
number = {50},
pages = {17516-21},
volume = {101},
abstract = {Non-human primates produce a diverse repertoire of species-specific
calls and have rich conceptual systems. Some of their calls are designed
to convey information about concepts such as predators, food, and
social relationships, as well as the affective state of the caller.
Little is known about the neural architecture of these calls, and
much of what we do know is based on single-cell physiology from anesthetized
subjects. By using positron emission tomography in awake rhesus macaques,
we found that conspecific vocalizations elicited activity in higher-order
visual areas, including regions in the temporal lobe associated with
the visual perception of object form (TE/TEO) and motion (superior
temporal sulcus) and storing visual object information into long-term
memory (TE), as well as in limbic (the amygdala and hippocampus)
and paralimbic regions (ventromedial prefrontal cortex) associated
with the interpretation and memory-encoding of highly salient and
affective material. This neural circuitry strongly corresponds to
the network shown to support representation of conspecifics and affective
information in humans. These findings shed light on the evolutionary
precursors of conceptual representation in humans, suggesting that
monkeys and humans have a common neural substrate for representing
object concepts.},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.0408077101},
keywords = {Acoustic Stimulation, Animals, Brain, Concept Formation, Electrophysiology, Evolution, Female, Macaca mulatta, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Positron-Emission Tomography, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Species Specificity, Visual Perception, Vocalization, Animal, 15583132},
}A rodent model for investigating the neurobiology of contralateral neglect. Reep, R., Corwin, J., Cheatwood, J., Van Vleet, T., Heilman, K., & Watson, R. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 17(4):191–194, 2004.
Paper abstract bibtex
Paper abstract bibtex BACKGROUND: Contralateral neglect is a common and disabling sequela of right hemisphere strokes. Neglect involves attentional and cognitive deficits, including distortions of contralateral spatial and personal awareness. There are no established successful therapies for neglect, and treatment is often complicated by anosognosia. The disturbances associated with neglect are debilitating to patients and their families, and presence of neglect is a strong predictor of poor prognosis for recovery. OBJECTIVE: The present report reviews findings from 20 years of research using a rat model of neglect. In the rat, 2 cortical areas that are linked by corticocortical connections have been identified as having a major role in neglect, and these correspond to frontal and parietal fields in primates. These 2 cortical areas also have convergent projections to the dorsocentral striatum, which has been implicated as a crucial subcortical component of the cortical-striatal-thalamic circuitry involved in directed attention and neglect. We discuss the role of the dorsocentral striatum in neglect and recovery and present evidence that induced axonal sprouting may promote functional recovery following cortical lesions that produce neglect. CONCLUSIONS: The rodent model of neglect captures some of the essential behavioral and anatomic features of neglect in humans. This model has helped reveal the pathophysiology of neglect, has suggested a crucial role of the striatum in recovery from neglect, and is being used to investigate potential therapeutic approaches.
@article{reep_rodent_2004,
title = {A rodent model for investigating the neurobiology of contralateral neglect},
volume = {17},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15622013},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Contralateral neglect is a common and disabling sequela of right hemisphere strokes. Neglect involves attentional and cognitive deficits, including distortions of contralateral spatial and personal awareness. There are no established successful therapies for neglect, and treatment is often complicated by anosognosia. The disturbances associated with neglect are debilitating to patients and their families, and presence of neglect is a strong predictor of poor prognosis for recovery. OBJECTIVE: The present report reviews findings from 20 years of research using a rat model of neglect. In the rat, 2 cortical areas that are linked by corticocortical connections have been identified as having a major role in neglect, and these correspond to frontal and parietal fields in primates. These 2 cortical areas also have convergent projections to the dorsocentral striatum, which has been implicated as a crucial subcortical component of the cortical-striatal-thalamic circuitry involved in directed attention and neglect. We discuss the role of the dorsocentral striatum in neglect and recovery and present evidence that induced axonal sprouting may promote functional recovery following cortical lesions that produce neglect. CONCLUSIONS: The rodent model of neglect captures some of the essential behavioral and anatomic features of neglect in humans. This model has helped reveal the pathophysiology of neglect, has suggested a crucial role of the striatum in recovery from neglect, and is being used to investigate potential therapeutic approaches.},
number = {4},
journal = {Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology},
author = {Reep, R.L. and Corwin, J.V. and Cheatwood, J.L. and Van Vleet, T.M. and Heilman, K.M. and Watson, R.T.},
year = {2004},
keywords = {\#nosource, *Disease Models, Animal, *Laterality, Agnosia/physiopathology, Animals, Brain Damage, Chronic/physiopathology, Frontal Lobe/*physiopathology, Neostriatum/physiopathology, Parietal Lobe/*physiopathology, Perceptual Disorders/*physiopathology, Rats, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., ⛔ No DOI found},
pages = {191--194},
}Illusory causal crescents: Misperceived spatial relations due to perceived causality. Scholl, B. J & Nakayama, K. Perception, 33(4):455-69, 2004.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
When an object A moves toward an object B until they are adjacent, at which point A stops and B starts moving, we often see a collision–ie we see A as the cause of B's motion. The spatiotemporal parameters which mediate the perception of causality have been explored in many studies, but this work is seldom related to other aspects of perception. Here we report a novel illusion, wherein the perception of causality affects the perceived spatial relations among two objects involved in a collision event: observers systematically underestimate the amount of overlap between two items in an event which is seen as a causal collision. This occurs even when the causal nature of the event is induced by a surrounding context, such that estimates of the amount of overlap in the very same event are much improved when the event is displayed in isolation, without a 'causal' interpretation. This illusion implies that the perception of causality does not proceed completely independently of other visual processes, but can affect the perception of other spatial properties.
@Article{Scholl2004,
author = {Brian J Scholl and Ken Nakayama},
journal = {Perception},
title = {Illusory causal crescents: {M}isperceived spatial relations due to perceived causality.},
year = {2004},
number = {4},
pages = {455-69},
volume = {33},
abstract = {When an object A moves toward an object B until they are adjacent,
at which point A stops and B starts moving, we often see a collision--ie
we see A as the cause of B's motion. The spatiotemporal parameters
which mediate the perception of causality have been explored in many
studies, but this work is seldom related to other aspects of perception.
Here we report a novel illusion, wherein the perception of causality
affects the perceived spatial relations among two objects involved
in a collision event: observers systematically underestimate the
amount of overlap between two items in an event which is seen as
a causal collision. This occurs even when the causal nature of the
event is induced by a surrounding context, such that estimates of
the amount of overlap in the very same event are much improved when
the event is displayed in isolation, without a 'causal' interpretation.
This illusion implies that the perception of causality does not proceed
completely independently of other visual processes, but can affect
the perception of other spatial properties.},
keywords = {Abscess, Adult, Age Factors, Animal, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Antineoplastic Agents, Attention, Awareness, Axilla, Behavior, Biopsy, Breast Neoplasms, Carcinoma, Child Development, Combined Modality Therapy, Computer-Assisted, Concept Formation, Consciousness, Cues, Discrimination (Psychology), Discrimination Learning, Distance Perception, Drainage, Ductal, English Abstract, Extramural, Eye Movements, False Negative Reactions, Female, Field Dependence-Independence, Fine-Needle, Health Care, Humans, Infant, Infant Behavior, Intraductal, Judgment, Lymph Node Excision, Lymph Nodes, Lymphatic Metastasis, Macaca mulatta, Male, Mastitis, Memory, Motion Perception, N.I.H., Neoadjuvant Therapy, Neoplasm Staging, Non-P.H.S., Non-U.S. Gov't, Noninfiltrating, Object Attachment, Optical Illusions, Orientation, P.H.S., Pattern Recognition, Photic Stimulation, Practice (Psychology), Practice Guidelines, Predictive Value of Tests, Problem Solving, Prognosis, Psychological Theory, Psychophysics, Puerperal Disorders, Quality Assurance, Reading, Reproducibility of Results, Research Support, Rotation, Semantics, Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy, Set (Psychology), Short-Term, Space Perception, Surgery, Switzerland, Treatment Outcome, U.S. Gov't, Unconscious (Psychology), Visual, Visual Perception, 15222393},
}Clinical phenotype of families with longevity. Atzmon, G., Schechter, C., Greiner, W., Davidson, D., Rennert, G., & Barzilai, N. J Am Geriatr Soc, 52(2):274-277, 2004.
Paper Website abstract bibtex
Paper Website abstract bibtex OBJECTIVES: To determine whether offspring of centenarians acquired protection from age-related diseases. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: The study was part of the Longevity Genes Project at Albert Einstein College of Medicine. PARTICIPANTS: Centenarians (n=145), offspring of centenarians (n=180), and spouses of the offspring of centenarians (n=75) as a control group. Two additional groups served as controls: age-matched Ashkenazi Jews, and an age-matched control group from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. MEASUREMENTS: Self-reported family history of longevity; prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart attacks, and strokes; and objective measurements of body mass index and fat mass. RESULTS: Parents of centenarians (born in approximately 1870) had a markedly greater ( approximately sevenfold) "risk" for longevity (reaching ages 90-99), supporting the notion that genetics contributed to longevity in these families. The offspring of long-lived parents had significantly lower prevalence of hypertension (by 23%), diabetes mellitus (by 50%), heart attacks (by 60%), and strokes (no events reported) than several age-matched control groups. CONCLUSION: Offspring of centenarians may inherit significantly better health. The authors suggest that a cohort of these subjects and their spouses is ideal to study the phenotype and genotype of longevity and its interaction with the environment.
@article{
title = {Clinical phenotype of families with longevity},
type = {article},
year = {2004},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {*Family Health,Aged,Aged, 80 and over,Cardiovascular Diseases/*epidemiology/genetics,Case-Control Studies,Chronic Disease/*epidemiology,European Continental Ancestry Group/statistics & n,Female,Humans,Israel/epidemiology,Jews/statistics & numerical data,Longevity/*genetics,Male,Matched-Pair Analysis,Middle Aged,Prevalence,Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.,Risk,Sex Factors,Statistics, Nonparametric,United States/epidemiology},
pages = {274-277},
volume = {52},
websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14728640},
id = {269afc28-8f71-3cb1-91c4-4f7293ce8166},
created = {2017-06-19T13:45:32.818Z},
file_attached = {true},
profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:45:32.918Z},
read = {false},
starred = {false},
authored = {false},
confirmed = {true},
hidden = {false},
source_type = {Journal Article},
notes = {<m:note>0002-8614<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To determine whether offspring of centenarians acquired protection from age-related diseases. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: The study was part of the Longevity Genes Project at Albert Einstein College of Medicine. PARTICIPANTS: Centenarians (n=145), offspring of centenarians (n=180), and spouses of the offspring of centenarians (n=75) as a control group. Two additional groups served as controls: age-matched Ashkenazi Jews, and an age-matched control group from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. MEASUREMENTS: Self-reported family history of longevity; prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart attacks, and strokes; and objective measurements of body mass index and fat mass. RESULTS: Parents of centenarians (born in approximately 1870) had a markedly greater ( approximately sevenfold) "risk" for longevity (reaching ages 90-99), supporting the notion that genetics contributed to longevity in these families. The offspring of long-lived parents had significantly lower prevalence of hypertension (by 23%), diabetes mellitus (by 50%), heart attacks (by 60%), and strokes (no events reported) than several age-matched control groups. CONCLUSION: Offspring of centenarians may inherit significantly better health. The authors suggest that a cohort of these subjects and their spouses is ideal to study the phenotype and genotype of longevity and its interaction with the environment.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Atzmon, G and Schechter, C and Greiner, W and Davidson, D and Rennert, G and Barzilai, N},
journal = {J Am Geriatr Soc},
number = {2}
}Processing doubly quantified sentences: Evidence from eye movements. Filik, R., Paterson, K. B, & Liversedge, S. P Psychon Bull Rev, 11(5):953-9, 2004.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
We investigated the processing of doubly quantified sentences, such as KeUy showed a photo to every critic, that are ambiguous as to whether the indefinite (a photo) specifies single or multiple referents. Ambiguity resolution requires the computation of relative quantifier scope: Whether a or every takes wide scope, thereby determining how many entities or events are to be represented. In an eye-tracking experiment, we manipulated quantifier order and whether continuations were singular or plural, for constructions with the direct or the indirect object occurring first. We obtained effects consistent with the on-line processing of relative scope at the doubly quantified phrase and considered two possible explanations for a preference for singular continuations to the quantified sentence. We conclude that relative quantifier scope is computed on line during reading but may not be a prerequisite for the resolution of definite anaphors, unless required by secondary tasks.
@Article{Filik2004,
author = {Ruth Filik and Kevin B Paterson and Simon P Liversedge},
journal = {Psychon Bull Rev},
title = {Processing doubly quantified sentences: {E}vidence from eye movements.},
year = {2004},
number = {5},
pages = {953-9},
volume = {11},
abstract = {We investigated the processing of doubly quantified sentences, such
as KeUy showed a photo to every critic, that are ambiguous as to
whether the indefinite (a photo) specifies single or multiple referents.
Ambiguity resolution requires the computation of relative quantifier
scope: Whether a or every takes wide scope, thereby determining how
many entities or events are to be represented. In an eye-tracking
experiment, we manipulated quantifier order and whether continuations
were singular or plural, for constructions with the direct or the
indirect object occurring first. We obtained effects consistent with
the on-line processing of relative scope at the doubly quantified
phrase and considered two possible explanations for a preference
for singular continuations to the quantified sentence. We conclude
that relative quantifier scope is computed on line during reading
but may not be a prerequisite for the resolution of definite anaphors,
unless required by secondary tasks.},
keywords = {Eye Movements, Head, Humans, Linguistics, Mental Processes, Movement, Non-U.S. Gov't, Reading, Research Support, 15732709},
}Neanderthals and the modern human colonization of Europe. Mellars, P. Nature, 432(7016):461-5, 2004.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
The fate of the Neanderthal populations of Europe and western Asia has gripped the popular and scientific imaginations for the past century. Following at least 200,000 years of successful adaptation to the glacial climates of northwestern Eurasia, they disappeared abruptly between 30,000 and 40,000 years ago, to be replaced by populations all but identical to modern humans. Recent research suggests that the roots of this dramatic population replacement can be traced far back to events on another continent, with the appearance of distinctively modern human remains and artefacts in eastern and southern Africa.
@Article{Mellars2004,
author = {Paul Mellars},
journal = {Nature},
title = {Neanderthals and the modern human colonization of {E}urope.},
year = {2004},
number = {7016},
pages = {461-5},
volume = {432},
abstract = {The fate of the Neanderthal populations of Europe and western Asia
has gripped the popular and scientific imaginations for the past
century. Following at least 200,000 years of successful adaptation
to the glacial climates of northwestern Eurasia, they disappeared
abruptly between 30,000 and 40,000 years ago, to be replaced by populations
all but identical to modern humans. Recent research suggests that
the roots of this dramatic population replacement can be traced far
back to events on another continent, with the appearance of distinctively
modern human remains and artefacts in eastern and southern Africa.},
doi = {10.1038/nature03103},
keywords = {Animals, Attention, Brain, Decision Making, Face, Female, Haplorhini, Housing, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Models, Neurological, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Prefrontal Cortex, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Visual Perception, Choice Behavior, Cognition, Dopamine, Learning, Schizophrenia, Substance-Related Disorders, Generalization (Psychology), Motor Skills, Non-P.H.S., Nerve Net, Neuronal Plasticity, Perception, Cerebral Cortex, Memory, Neurons, Sound Localization, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Neural Pathways, Non-, Acoustic Stimulation, Adult, Age of Onset, Aging, Blindness, Child, Preschool, Infant, Newborn, Pitch Perception, Analysis of Variance, Animal Welfare, Laboratory, Behavior, Animal, Hybridization, Genetic, Maze Learning, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Inbred DBA, Phenotype, Reproducibility of Results, Darkness, Deafness, Finches, Sleep, Sound, Sunlight, Time Factors, Vocalization, Energy Metabolism, Evolution, Fossils, History, Ancient, Hominidae, Biological, Physical Endurance, Running, Skeleton, Walking, Acoustics, Auditory Perception, Cues, Discrimination Learning, Pair Bond, Social Behavior, Songbirds, Adolescent, England, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Korea, Language, Semantics, Vocabulary, Action Potentials, Hippocampus, Pyramidal Cells, Rats, Rotation, Australia, Brachyura, Cooperative Behavior, Logistic Models, Territoriality, Africa, Archaeology, Emigration and Immigration, Europe, Geography, Phylogeny, Population Dynamics, 15565144},
}Children creating core properties of language: Evidence from an emerging sign language in Nicaragua. Senghas, A., Kita, S., & Ozyürek, A. Science, 305(5691):1779-82, 2004.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
A new sign language has been created by deaf Nicaraguans over the past 25 years, providing an opportunity to observe the inception of universal hallmarks of language. We found that in their initial creation of the language, children analyzed complex events into basic elements and sequenced these elements into hierarchically structured expressions according to principles not observed in gestures accompanying speech in the surrounding language. Successive cohorts of learners extended this procedure, transforming Nicaraguan signing from its early gestural form into a linguistic system. We propose that this early segmentation and recombination reflect mechanisms with which children learn, and thereby perpetuate, language. Thus, children naturally possess learning abilities capable of giving language its fundamental structure.
@Article{Senghas2004,
author = {Ann Senghas and Sotaro Kita and Asli Ozy\"urek},
journal = {Science},
title = {Children creating core properties of language: {E}vidence from an emerging sign language in {N}icaragua.},
year = {2004},
number = {5691},
pages = {1779-82},
volume = {305},
abstract = {A new sign language has been created by deaf Nicaraguans over the
past 25 years, providing an opportunity to observe the inception
of universal hallmarks of language. We found that in their initial
creation of the language, children analyzed complex events into basic
elements and sequenced these elements into hierarchically structured
expressions according to principles not observed in gestures accompanying
speech in the surrounding language. Successive cohorts of learners
extended this procedure, transforming Nicaraguan signing from its
early gestural form into a linguistic system. We propose that this
early segmentation and recombination reflect mechanisms with which
children learn, and thereby perpetuate, language. Thus, children
naturally possess learning abilities capable of giving language its
fundamental structure.},
doi = {10.1126/science.1100199},
keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Child, Cohort Studies, Deafness, Gestures, Humans, Learning, Linguistics, Movement, Nicaragua, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Sign Language, 15375252},
}Spatial representations and multiple-visual-systems hypotheses: evidence from a developmental deficit in visual location and orientation processing. McCloskey, M. Cortex, 40(4-5):677–94, 2004.
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex AH, a young, well-educated woman, has a developmental deficit in processing visual location and orientation information. Her deficit manifests itself in a wide range of visual tasks, including visually-guided reaching, copying pictures and words, and responding verbally to the location or orientation of visual stimuli; however, her performance in non-visual localization tasks is intact. AH's visual location and orientation errors are systematic left-right or up-down reflections (e.g., reaching to the far right for an object on the far left). More specifically, the errors involve reflection across the point where AH's attention is focused, regardless of where her eyes are fixated. These results imply that at some level(s) of the visual system, locations and orientations of visual stimuli are represented in a spatial coordinate system with an origin defined by the focus of attention. In these attention-centered representations location is specified in terms of distance and direction of displacement from the attentional focus along horizontal and vertical reference axes. AH's errors, I argue, result from misrepresentation of displacement direction (e.g., left rather than right, down rather than up) along a reference axis. Several visual variables dramatically affected AH's performance in visual location and orientation tasks: She was much more accurate for stimuli that were brief, moving, flickering, low in contrast, or high in eccentricity, than for those that were long in duration, stationary, continuous, high in contrast, and low in eccentricity. These results suggest that location and orientation are computed in each of two visual subsystems, which I call transient and sustained, and that AH's deficit affects only the sustained subsystem. I argue that AH's performance poses challenges to multiple-visual-subsystems hypotheses proposed by Ungerleider and Mishkin (1982) and by Milner and Goodale (1995).
@article{mccloskey_spatial_2004,
title = {Spatial representations and multiple-visual-systems hypotheses: evidence from a developmental deficit in visual location and orientation processing},
volume = {40},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15505978},
doi = {10/crrwq8},
abstract = {AH, a young, well-educated woman, has a developmental deficit in processing visual location and orientation information. Her deficit manifests itself in a wide range of visual tasks, including visually-guided reaching, copying pictures and words, and responding verbally to the location or orientation of visual stimuli; however, her performance in non-visual localization tasks is intact. AH's visual location and orientation errors are systematic left-right or up-down reflections (e.g., reaching to the far right for an object on the far left). More specifically, the errors involve reflection across the point where AH's attention is focused, regardless of where her eyes are fixated. These results imply that at some level(s) of the visual system, locations and orientations of visual stimuli are represented in a spatial coordinate system with an origin defined by the focus of attention. In these attention-centered representations location is specified in terms of distance and direction of displacement from the attentional focus along horizontal and vertical reference axes. AH's errors, I argue, result from misrepresentation of displacement direction (e.g., left rather than right, down rather than up) along a reference axis. Several visual variables dramatically affected AH's performance in visual location and orientation tasks: She was much more accurate for stimuli that were brief, moving, flickering, low in contrast, or high in eccentricity, than for those that were long in duration, stationary, continuous, high in contrast, and low in eccentricity. These results suggest that location and orientation are computed in each of two visual subsystems, which I call transient and sustained, and that AH's deficit affects only the sustained subsystem. I argue that AH's performance poses challenges to multiple-visual-subsystems hypotheses proposed by Ungerleider and Mishkin (1982) and by Milner and Goodale (1995).},
number = {4-5},
journal = {Cortex},
author = {McCloskey, M.},
year = {2004},
keywords = {\#nosource, *Orientation, *Pattern Recognition, Visual, *Psychomotor Performance, *Space Perception, Adult, Attention, Female, Humans, Learning Disorders/*diagnosis, Motion Perception, Neuropsychological Tests, Perceptual Disorders/diagnosis, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
pages = {677--94},
}Implicit learning of musical timbre sequences: Statistical regularities confronted with acoustical (dis)similarities. Tillmann, B. & McAdams, S. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn, 30(5):1131-42, 2004.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
The present study investigated the influence of acoustical characteristics on the implicit learning of statistical regularities (transition probabilities) in sequences of musical timbres. The sequences were constructed in such a way that the acoustical dissimilarities between timbres potentially created segmentations that either supported (S1) or contradicted (S2) the statistical regularities or were neutral (S3). In the learning group, participants first listened to the continuous timbre sequence and then had to distinguish statistical units from new units. In comparison to a control group without the exposition phase, no interaction between sequence type and amount of learning was observed: Performance increased by the same amount for the three sequences. In addition, performance reflected an overall preference for acoustically similar timbre units. The present outcome extends previous data from the domain of implicit learning to complex nonverbal auditory material. It further suggests that listeners become sensitive to statistical regularities despite acoustical characteristics in the material that potentially affect grouping.
@Article{Tillmann2004,
author = {Barbara Tillmann and Stephen McAdams},
journal = {J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn},
title = {Implicit learning of musical timbre sequences: {S}tatistical regularities confronted with acoustical (dis)similarities.},
year = {2004},
number = {5},
pages = {1131-42},
volume = {30},
abstract = {The present study investigated the influence of acoustical characteristics
on the implicit learning of statistical regularities (transition
probabilities) in sequences of musical timbres. The sequences were
constructed in such a way that the acoustical dissimilarities between
timbres potentially created segmentations that either supported (S1)
or contradicted (S2) the statistical regularities or were neutral
(S3). In the learning group, participants first listened to the continuous
timbre sequence and then had to distinguish statistical units from
new units. In comparison to a control group without the exposition
phase, no interaction between sequence type and amount of learning
was observed: Performance increased by the same amount for the three
sequences. In addition, performance reflected an overall preference
for acoustically similar timbre units. The present outcome extends
previous data from the domain of implicit learning to complex nonverbal
auditory material. It further suggests that listeners become sensitive
to statistical regularities despite acoustical characteristics in
the material that potentially affect grouping.},
doi = {10.1037/0278-7393.30.5.1131},
keywords = {Acoustics, Humans, Learning, Music, Non-U.S. Gov't, Pitch Perception, Research Support, 15355141},
}Underlying principles of visual shape selectivity in posterior inferotemporal cortex. Brincat, S. L & Connor, C. E Nat Neurosci, 7(8):880–886, 2004. Place: United States ISBN: 1097-6256
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Object perception depends on shape processing in the ventral visual pathway, which in monkeys culminates in inferotemporal cortex (IT). Here we provide a description of fundamental quantitative principles governing neural selectivity for complex shape in IT. By measuring responses to large, parametric sets of two-dimensional (2D) silhouette shapes, we found that neurons in posterior IT (Brodmann's areas TEO and posterior TE) integrate information about multiple contour elements (straight and curved edge fragments of the type represented in lower-level areas) using both linear and nonlinear mechanisms. This results in complex, distributed response patterns that cannot be characterized solely in terms of example stimuli. We explained these response patterns with tuning functions in multidimensional shape space and accurately predicted neural responses to the widely varying shapes in our stimulus set. Integration of contour element information in earlier stages of IT represents an important step in the transformation from low-level shape signals to complex object representation.
@article{brincat_underlying_2004,
title = {Underlying principles of visual shape selectivity in posterior inferotemporal cortex.},
volume = {7},
doi = {10.1038/nn1278},
abstract = {Object perception depends on shape processing in the ventral visual pathway, which in monkeys culminates in inferotemporal cortex (IT). Here we provide a description of fundamental quantitative principles governing neural selectivity for complex shape in IT. By measuring responses to large, parametric sets of two-dimensional (2D) silhouette shapes, we found that neurons in posterior IT (Brodmann's areas TEO and posterior TE) integrate information about multiple contour elements (straight and curved edge fragments of the type represented in lower-level areas) using both linear and nonlinear mechanisms. This results in complex, distributed response patterns that cannot be characterized solely in terms of example stimuli. We explained these response patterns with tuning functions in multidimensional shape space and accurately predicted neural responses to the widely varying shapes in our stimulus set. Integration of contour element information in earlier stages of IT represents an important step in the transformation from low-level shape signals to complex object representation.},
language = {eng},
number = {8},
journal = {Nat Neurosci},
author = {Brincat, Scott L and Connor, Charles E},
year = {2004},
pmid = {15235606},
note = {Place: United States
ISBN: 1097-6256},
keywords = {Action Potentials, Animals, Form Perception, Macaca mulatta, Models, Neurological, Neurons, Temporal Lobe, Visual Pathways, Visual Perception, research support, non-u.s. gov't, research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
pages = {880--886},
}Neural networks and perceptual learning. Tsodyks, M. & Gilbert, C. Nature, 431(7010):775-81, 2004.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Sensory perception is a learned trait. The brain strategies we use to perceive the world are constantly modified by experience. With practice, we subconsciously become better at identifying familiar objects or distinguishing fine details in our environment. Current theoretical models simulate some properties of perceptual learning, but neglect the underlying cortical circuits. Future neural network models must incorporate the top-down alteration of cortical function by expectation or perceptual tasks. These newly found dynamic processes are challenging earlier views of static and feedforward processing of sensory information.
@Article{Tsodyks2004,
author = {Misha Tsodyks and Charles Gilbert},
journal = {Nature},
title = {Neural networks and perceptual learning.},
year = {2004},
number = {7010},
pages = {775-81},
volume = {431},
abstract = {Sensory perception is a learned trait. The brain strategies we use
to perceive the world are constantly modified by experience. With
practice, we subconsciously become better at identifying familiar
objects or distinguishing fine details in our environment. Current
theoretical models simulate some properties of perceptual learning,
but neglect the underlying cortical circuits. Future neural network
models must incorporate the top-down alteration of cortical function
by expectation or perceptual tasks. These newly found dynamic processes
are challenging earlier views of static and feedforward processing
of sensory information.},
doi = {10.1038/nature03013},
keywords = {Animals, Attention, Brain, Decision Making, Face, Female, Haplorhini, Housing, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Models, Neurological, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Prefrontal Cortex, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Visual Perception, Choice Behavior, Cognition, Dopamine, Learning, Schizophrenia, Substance-Related Disorders, Generalization (Psychology), Motor Skills, Non-P.H.S., Nerve Net, Neuronal Plasticity, Perception, 15483598},
}Tuning curves for approximate numerosity in the human intraparietal sulcus. Piazza, M., Izard, V., Pinel, P., Bihan, D. L., & Dehaene, S. Neuron, 44(3):547-55, 2004.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Number, like color or movement, is a basic property of the environment. Recently, single neurons tuned to number have been observed in animals. We used both psychophysics and neuroimaging to examine whether a similar neural coding scheme is present in humans. When participants viewed sets of items with a variable number, the bilateral intraparietal sulci responded selectively to number change. Functionally, the shape of this response indicates that humans, like other animal species, encode approximate number on a compressed internal scale. Anatomically, the intraparietal site coding for number in humans is compatible with that observed in macaque monkeys. Our results therefore suggest an evolutionary basis for human elementary arithmetic.
@Article{Piazza2004,
author = {Manuela Piazza and V\'eronique Izard and Philippe Pinel and Denis Le Bihan and Stanislas Dehaene},
journal = {Neuron},
title = {Tuning curves for approximate numerosity in the human intraparietal sulcus.},
year = {2004},
number = {3},
pages = {547-55},
volume = {44},
abstract = {Number, like color or movement, is a basic property of the environment.
Recently, single neurons tuned to number have been observed in animals.
We used both psychophysics and neuroimaging to examine whether a
similar neural coding scheme is present in humans. When participants
viewed sets of items with a variable number, the bilateral intraparietal
sulci responded selectively to number change. Functionally, the shape
of this response indicates that humans, like other animal species,
encode approximate number on a compressed internal scale. Anatomically,
the intraparietal site coding for number in humans is compatible
with that observed in macaque monkeys. Our results therefore suggest
an evolutionary basis for human elementary arithmetic.},
doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2004.10.014},
keywords = {Adult, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Choice Behavior, Comparative Study, Humans, Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Non-U.S. Gov't, Oxygen, Parietal Lobe, Photic Stimulation, Psychophysics, Research Support, Semantics, Size Perception, Visual Perception, 15504333},
}Optimality principles in sensorimotor control. Todorov, E. Nat Neurosci, 7(9):907-15, 2004.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
The sensorimotor system is a product of evolution, development, learning and adaptation-which work on different time scales to improve behavioral performance. Consequently, many theories of motor function are based on 'optimal performance': they quantify task goals as cost functions, and apply the sophisticated tools of optimal control theory to obtain detailed behavioral predictions. The resulting models, although not without limitations, have explained more empirical phenomena than any other class. Traditional emphasis has been on optimizing desired movement trajectories while ignoring sensory feedback. Recent work has redefined optimality in terms of feedback control laws, and focused on the mechanisms that generate behavior online. This approach has allowed researchers to fit previously unrelated concepts and observations into what may become a unified theoretical framework for interpreting motor function. At the heart of the framework is the relationship between high-level goals, and the real-time sensorimotor control strategies most suitable for accomplishing those goals.
@Article{Todorov2004,
author = {Emanuel Todorov},
journal = {Nat Neurosci},
title = {Optimality principles in sensorimotor control.},
year = {2004},
number = {9},
pages = {907-15},
volume = {7},
abstract = {The sensorimotor system is a product of evolution, development, learning
and adaptation-which work on different time scales to improve behavioral
performance. Consequently, many theories of motor function are based
on 'optimal performance': they quantify task goals as cost functions,
and apply the sophisticated tools of optimal control theory to obtain
detailed behavioral predictions. The resulting models, although not
without limitations, have explained more empirical phenomena than
any other class. Traditional emphasis has been on optimizing desired
movement trajectories while ignoring sensory feedback. Recent work
has redefined optimality in terms of feedback control laws, and focused
on the mechanisms that generate behavior online. This approach has
allowed researchers to fit previously unrelated concepts and observations
into what may become a unified theoretical framework for interpreting
motor function. At the heart of the framework is the relationship
between high-level goals, and the real-time sensorimotor control
strategies most suitable for accomplishing those goals.},
doi = {10.1038/nn1309},
keywords = {Adaptation, Afferent Pathways, Algorithms, Animals, Arm, Artifacts, Central Nervous System, Computer Simulation, Efferent Pathways, Extramural, Feedback, Humans, Linear Models, Models, Movement, N.I.H., Neurological, Normal Distribution, P.H.S., Physiological, Psychomotor Performance, Research Support, Stochastic Processes, U.S. Gov't, 15332089},
}Endurance running and the evolution of Homo. Bramble, D. M & Lieberman, D. E Nature, 432(7015):345-52, 2004.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Striding bipedalism is a key derived behaviour of hominids that possibly originated soon after the divergence of the chimpanzee and human lineages. Although bipedal gaits include walking and running, running is generally considered to have played no major role in human evolution because humans, like apes, are poor sprinters compared to most quadrupeds. Here we assess how well humans perform at sustained long-distance running, and review the physiological and anatomical bases of endurance running capabilities in humans and other mammals. Judged by several criteria, humans perform remarkably well at endurance running, thanks to a diverse array of features, many of which leave traces in the skeleton. The fossil evidence of these features suggests that endurance running is a derived capability of the genus Homo, originating about 2 million years ago, and may have been instrumental in the evolution of the human body form.
@Article{Bramble2004,
author = {Dennis M Bramble and Daniel E Lieberman},
journal = {Nature},
title = {Endurance running and the evolution of {H}omo.},
year = {2004},
number = {7015},
pages = {345-52},
volume = {432},
abstract = {Striding bipedalism is a key derived behaviour of hominids that possibly
originated soon after the divergence of the chimpanzee and human
lineages. Although bipedal gaits include walking and running, running
is generally considered to have played no major role in human evolution
because humans, like apes, are poor sprinters compared to most quadrupeds.
Here we assess how well humans perform at sustained long-distance
running, and review the physiological and anatomical bases of endurance
running capabilities in humans and other mammals. Judged by several
criteria, humans perform remarkably well at endurance running, thanks
to a diverse array of features, many of which leave traces in the
skeleton. The fossil evidence of these features suggests that endurance
running is a derived capability of the genus Homo, originating about
2 million years ago, and may have been instrumental in the evolution
of the human body form.},
doi = {10.1038/nature03052},
keywords = {Animals, Attention, Brain, Decision Making, Face, Female, Haplorhini, Housing, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Models, Neurological, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Prefrontal Cortex, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Visual Perception, Choice Behavior, Cognition, Dopamine, Learning, Schizophrenia, Substance-Related Disorders, Generalization (Psychology), Motor Skills, Non-P.H.S., Nerve Net, Neuronal Plasticity, Perception, Cerebral Cortex, Memory, Neurons, Sound Localization, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Neural Pathways, Non-, Acoustic Stimulation, Adult, Age of Onset, Aging, Blindness, Child, Preschool, Infant, Newborn, Pitch Perception, Analysis of Variance, Animal Welfare, Laboratory, Behavior, Animal, Hybridization, Genetic, Maze Learning, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Inbred DBA, Phenotype, Reproducibility of Results, Darkness, Deafness, Finches, Sleep, Sound, Sunlight, Time Factors, Vocalization, Energy Metabolism, Evolution, Fossils, History, Ancient, Hominidae, Biological, Physical Endurance, Running, Skeleton, Walking, 15549097},
}Perceiving action identity: How pianists recognize their own performances. Repp, B. H & Knoblich, G. Psychol Sci, 15(9):604-9, 2004.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Can skilled performers, such as artists or athletes, recognize the products of their own actions? We recorded 12 pianists playing 12 mostly unfamiliar musical excerpts, half of them on a silent keyboard. Several months later, we played these performances back and asked the pianists to use a 5-point scale to rate whether they thought they were the person playing each excerpt (1 = no, 5 = yes). They gave their own performances significantly higher ratings than any other pianist's performances. In two later follow-up tests, we presented edited performances from which differences in tempo, overall dynamic (i.e., intensity) level, and dynamic nuances had been removed. The pianists' ratings did not change significantly, which suggests that the remaining information (expressive timing and articulation) was sufficient for self-recognition. Absence of sound during recording had no significant effect. These results are best explained by the hypothesis that an observer's action system is most strongly activated during perception of self-produced actions.
@Article{Repp2004,
author = {Bruno H Repp and G\"unther Knoblich},
journal = {Psychol Sci},
title = {Perceiving action identity: {H}ow pianists recognize their own performances.},
year = {2004},
number = {9},
pages = {604-9},
volume = {15},
abstract = {Can skilled performers, such as artists or athletes, recognize the
products of their own actions? We recorded 12 pianists playing 12
mostly unfamiliar musical excerpts, half of them on a silent keyboard.
Several months later, we played these performances back and asked
the pianists to use a 5-point scale to rate whether they thought
they were the person playing each excerpt (1 = no, 5 = yes). They
gave their own performances significantly higher ratings than any
other pianist's performances. In two later follow-up tests, we presented
edited performances from which differences in tempo, overall dynamic
(i.e., intensity) level, and dynamic nuances had been removed. The
pianists' ratings did not change significantly, which suggests that
the remaining information (expressive timing and articulation) was
sufficient for self-recognition. Absence of sound during recording
had no significant effect. These results are best explained by the
hypothesis that an observer's action system is most strongly activated
during perception of self-produced actions.},
doi = {10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00727.x},
keywords = {Action Potentials, Animals, Comparative Study, Crustacea, Nerve Net, Neurons, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Synapses, Axons, Brain Mapping, Ca(2+)-Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase, Cholera Toxin, Dendrites, Geniculate Bodies, Immunohistochemistry, Macaca mulatta, Male, Motion Perception, Neuronal Plasticity, Temporal Lobe, Vision, Low, Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Adult, Americas, Analysis of Variance, Female, Hearing Impaired Persons, Humans, Memory, Short-Term, Phonetics, Reading, Sign Language, Verbal Learning, Eye Movements, Time Factors, Verbal Behavior, Auditory Perception, Follow-Up Studies, Music, Psychomotor Performance, Recognition (Psychology), 15327631},
}Mining event-related brain dynamics. Makeig, S., Debener, S., Onton, J., & Delorme, A. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(5):204–210, 2004. Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex This article provides a new, more comprehensive view of event-related brain dynamics founded on an information-based approach to modeling electroencephalographic (EEG) dynamics. Most EEG research focuses either on peaks 'evoked' in average event-related potentials (ERPs) or on changes 'induced' in the EEG power spectrum by experimental events. Although these measures are nearly complementary, they do not fully model the event-related dynamics in the data, and cannot isolate the signals of the contributing cortical areas. We propose that many ERPs and other EEG features are better viewed as time/frequency perturbations of underlying field potential processes. The new approach combines independent component analysis (ICA), time/frequency analysis, and trial-by-trial visualization that measures EEG source dynamics without requiring an explicit head model.
@article{makeig_mining_2004,
title = {Mining event-related brain dynamics},
volume = {8},
issn = {13646613},
url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15120678/},
doi = {10.1016/j.tics.2004.03.008},
abstract = {This article provides a new, more comprehensive view of event-related brain dynamics founded on an information-based approach to modeling electroencephalographic (EEG) dynamics. Most EEG research focuses either on peaks 'evoked' in average event-related potentials (ERPs) or on changes 'induced' in the EEG power spectrum by experimental events. Although these measures are nearly complementary, they do not fully model the event-related dynamics in the data, and cannot isolate the signals of the contributing cortical areas. We propose that many ERPs and other EEG features are better viewed as time/frequency perturbations of underlying field potential processes. The new approach combines independent component analysis (ICA), time/frequency analysis, and trial-by-trial visualization that measures EEG source dynamics without requiring an explicit head model.},
number = {5},
urldate = {2021-05-10},
journal = {Trends in Cognitive Sciences},
author = {Makeig, Scott and Debener, Stefan and Onton, Julie and Delorme, Arnaud},
year = {2004},
pmid = {15120678},
note = {Publisher: Elsevier Ltd},
keywords = {Action Potentials / physiology*, Arnaud Delorme, Brain / physiology*, Brain Mapping / instrumentation*, Computer-Assisted, Electroencephalography / methods*, Evoked Potentials / physiology*, Humans, Image Processing, MEDLINE, Magnetoencephalography / methods, Models, NCBI, NIH, NLM, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, Neurological, Non-U.S. Gov't, PubMed Abstract, Reproducibility of Results, Research Support, Review, Scott Makeig, Stefan Debener, doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.03.008, pmid:15120678},
pages = {204--210},
}The use of pedigree, sib-pair and association studies of common diseases for genetic mapping and epidemiology. Freimer, N. & Sabatti, C. Nat Genet, 36(10):1045-1051, 2004.
Paper abstract bibtex
Paper abstract bibtex Efforts to identify gene variants associated with susceptibility to common diseases use three approaches: pedigree and affected sib-pair linkage studies and association studies of population samples. The different aims of these study designs reflect their derivation from biological versus epidemiological traditions. Similar principles regarding determination of the evidence levels required to consider the results statistically significant apply to both linkage and association studies, however. Such determination requires explicit attention to the prior probability of particular findings, as well as appropriate correction for multiple comparisons. For most common diseases, increasing the sample size in a study is a crucial step in achieving statistically significant genetic mapping results. Recent studies suggest that the technology and statistical methodology will soon be available to make well-powered studies feasible using any of these approaches.
@article{
title = {The use of pedigree, sib-pair and association studies of common diseases for genetic mapping and epidemiology},
type = {article},
year = {2004},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {Chromosome Mapping,Epidemiologic Methods,Genetic Diseases, Inborn/epidemiology/*genetics,Humans,Linkage (Genetics),Pedigree,Phenotype,Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
pages = {1045-1051},
volume = {36},
id = {2711f28c-c5c7-3eef-be65-2590ead2eb8f},
created = {2017-06-19T13:45:44.367Z},
file_attached = {true},
profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:45:44.502Z},
tags = {04/12/23},
read = {false},
starred = {false},
authored = {false},
confirmed = {true},
hidden = {false},
source_type = {Journal Article},
notes = {<m:note>Journal Article<m:linebreak/>Review</m:note>},
abstract = {Efforts to identify gene variants associated with susceptibility to common diseases use three approaches: pedigree and affected sib-pair linkage studies and association studies of population samples. The different aims of these study designs reflect their derivation from biological versus epidemiological traditions. Similar principles regarding determination of the evidence levels required to consider the results statistically significant apply to both linkage and association studies, however. Such determination requires explicit attention to the prior probability of particular findings, as well as appropriate correction for multiple comparisons. For most common diseases, increasing the sample size in a study is a crucial step in achieving statistically significant genetic mapping results. Recent studies suggest that the technology and statistical methodology will soon be available to make well-powered studies feasible using any of these approaches.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Freimer, N and Sabatti, C},
journal = {Nat Genet},
number = {10}
}2003 (9)
Selective gating of visual signals by microstimulation of frontal cortex. Moore, T. & Armstrong, K. M Nature, 421(6921):370–373, 2003. Place: England ISBN: 0028-0836
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Several decades of psychophysical and neurophysiological studies have established that visual signals are enhanced at the locus of attention. What remains a mystery is the mechanism that initiates biases in the strength of visual representations. Recent evidence argues that, during spatial attention, these biases reflect nascent saccadic eye movement commands. We examined the functional interaction of saccade preparation and visual coding by electrically stimulating sites within the frontal eye fields (FEF) and measuring its effect on the activity of neurons in extrastriate visual cortex. Here we show that visual responses in area V4 could be enhanced after brief stimulation of retinotopically corresponding sites within the FEF using currents below that needed to evoke saccades. The magnitude of the enhancement depended on the effectiveness of receptive field stimuli as well as on the presence of competing stimuli outside the receptive field. Stimulation of non-corresponding FEF representations could suppress V4 responses. The results suggest that the gain of visual signals is modified according to the strength of spatially corresponding eye movement commands.
@article{moore_selective_2003,
title = {Selective gating of visual signals by microstimulation of frontal cortex.},
volume = {421},
doi = {10.1038/nature01341},
abstract = {Several decades of psychophysical and neurophysiological studies have established that visual signals are enhanced at the locus of attention. What remains a mystery is the mechanism that initiates biases in the strength of visual representations. Recent evidence argues that, during spatial attention, these biases reflect nascent saccadic eye movement commands. We examined the functional interaction of saccade preparation and visual coding by electrically stimulating sites within the frontal eye fields (FEF) and measuring its effect on the activity of neurons in extrastriate visual cortex. Here we show that visual responses in area V4 could be enhanced after brief stimulation of retinotopically corresponding sites within the FEF using currents below that needed to evoke saccades. The magnitude of the enhancement depended on the effectiveness of receptive field stimuli as well as on the presence of competing stimuli outside the receptive field. Stimulation of non-corresponding FEF representations could suppress V4 responses. The results suggest that the gain of visual signals is modified according to the strength of spatially corresponding eye movement commands.},
language = {eng},
number = {6921},
journal = {Nature},
author = {Moore, Tirin and Armstrong, Katherine M},
year = {2003},
pmid = {12540901},
note = {Place: England
ISBN: 0028-0836},
keywords = {Analysis of Variance, Animals, Fixation, Ocular, Frontal Lobe, Haplorhini, MicroValence, Neurons, Photic Stimulation, Saccades, Visual Cortex, Visual Perception, research support, non-u.s. gov't, research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
pages = {370--373},
}Signalers and receivers in animal communication. Seyfarth, R. M & Cheney, D. L Annu Rev Psychol, 54:145-73, 2003.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
In animal communication natural selection favors callers who vocalize to affect the behavior of listeners and listeners who acquire information from vocalizations, using this information to represent their environment. The acquisition of information in the wild is similar to the learning that occurs in laboratory conditioning experiments. It also has some parallels with language. The dichotomous view that animal signals must be either referential or emotional is false, because they can easily be both: The mechanisms that cause a signaler to vocalize do not limit a listener's ability to extract information from the call. The inability of most animals to recognize the mental states of others distinguishes animal communication most clearly from human language. Whereas signalers may vocalize to change a listener's behavior, they do not call to inform others. Listeners acquire information from signalers who do not, in the human sense, intend to provide it.
@Article{Seyfarth2003,
author = {Robert M Seyfarth and Dorothy L Cheney},
journal = {Annu Rev Psychol},
title = {Signalers and receivers in animal communication.},
year = {2003},
pages = {145-73},
volume = {54},
abstract = {In animal communication natural selection favors callers who vocalize
to affect the behavior of listeners and listeners who acquire information
from vocalizations, using this information to represent their environment.
The acquisition of information in the wild is similar to the learning
that occurs in laboratory conditioning experiments. It also has some
parallels with language. The dichotomous view that animal signals
must be either referential or emotional is false, because they can
easily be both: The mechanisms that cause a signaler to vocalize
do not limit a listener's ability to extract information from the
call. The inability of most animals to recognize the mental states
of others distinguishes animal communication most clearly from human
language. Whereas signalers may vocalize to change a listener's behavior,
they do not call to inform others. Listeners acquire information
from signalers who do not, in the human sense, intend to provide
it.},
doi = {10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145121},
keywords = {Animals, Wild, Botswana, Cognition, Family, Female, Hierarchy, Social, Language, Papio, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Social Dominance, Vocalization, Animal, Analysis of Variance, Appetitive Behavior, Attention, Birds, Discrimination (Psychology), Learning, Non-P.H.S., Social Behavior, Social Facilitation, Transfer (Psychology), Male, Pair Bond, Primates, Social Perception, Acoustic Stimulation, Acoustics, Auditory Perception, Brain, Cues, Discrimination Learning, Songbirds, Animal Migration, Biological Clocks, Calibration, Flight, Geography, Magnetics, Orientation, Solar System, Environment, Grooming, Kenya, Reproduction, Social Support, Survival Rate, Judgment, Macaca mulatta, Videotape Recording, Visual Perception, Comparative Study, Evolution, Fishes, Intelligence, Behavior, Feeding Behavior, Mathematics, Random Allocation, Spatial Behavior, Animal Communication, Cercopithecidae, Fear, Predatory Behavior, Altruism, Cercopithecus, Cercopithecus aethiops, Awareness, Concept Formation, Dominance-Subordination, Social Environment, Affect, Arousal, Motivation, Species Specificity, 12359915},
}Neuroimaging studies of attention: from modulation of sensory processing to top-down control. Pessoa, L., Kastner, S., & Ungerleider, L. J Neurosci, 23(10):3990–8, 2003.
Paper doi bibtex
Paper doi bibtex @article{pessoa_neuroimaging_2003,
title = {Neuroimaging studies of attention: from modulation of sensory processing to top-down control},
volume = {23},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12764083},
doi = {10/ggks2r},
number = {10},
journal = {J Neurosci},
author = {Pessoa, L. and Kastner, S. and Ungerleider, L.G.},
year = {2003},
keywords = {\#nosource, Animals, Attention/*physiology, Comparative Study, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging/*methods, Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology, Neurons, Afferent/*physiology/radionuclide imaging, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Tomography, Emission-Computed/*methods, Visual Cortex/physiology/radionuclide imaging},
pages = {3990--8},
}Attentive tracking of objects versus substances. VanMarle, K. & Scholl, B. J Psychol Sci, 14(5):498-504, 2003.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Recent research in vision science, infant cognition, and word learning suggests a special role for the processing of discrete objects. But what counts as an object? Answers to this question often depend on contrasting object-based processing with the processing of spatial areas or unbound visual features. In infant cognition and word learning, though, another salient contrast has been between rigid cohesive objects and nonsolid substances. Whereas objects may move from one location to another, a nonsolid substance must pour from one location to another. In the study reported here, we explored whether attentive tracking processes are sensitive to dynamic information of this type. Using a multiple-object tracking task, we found that subjects could easily track four items in a display of eight identical unpredictably moving entities that moved as discrete objects from one location to another, but could not track similar entities that noncohesively "poured" from one location to another-even when the items in both conditions followed the same trajectories at the same speeds. Other conditions revealed that this inability to track multiple "substances" stemmed not from violations of rigidity or cohesiveness per se, because subjects were able to track multiple noncohesive collections and multiple nonrigid deforming objects. Rather, the impairment was due to the dynamic extension and contraction during the substancelike motion, which rendered the location of the entity ambiguous. These results demonstrate a convergence between processes of midlevel adult vision and infant cognition, and in general help to clarify what can count as a persisting dynamic object of attention.
@Article{VanMarle2003,
author = {Kristy VanMarle and Brian J Scholl},
journal = {Psychol Sci},
title = {Attentive tracking of objects versus substances.},
year = {2003},
number = {5},
pages = {498-504},
volume = {14},
abstract = {Recent research in vision science, infant cognition, and word learning
suggests a special role for the processing of discrete objects. But
what counts as an object? Answers to this question often depend on
contrasting object-based processing with the processing of spatial
areas or unbound visual features. In infant cognition and word learning,
though, another salient contrast has been between rigid cohesive
objects and nonsolid substances. Whereas objects may move from one
location to another, a nonsolid substance must pour from one location
to another. In the study reported here, we explored whether attentive
tracking processes are sensitive to dynamic information of this type.
Using a multiple-object tracking task, we found that subjects could
easily track four items in a display of eight identical unpredictably
moving entities that moved as discrete objects from one location
to another, but could not track similar entities that noncohesively
"poured" from one location to another-even when the items in both
conditions followed the same trajectories at the same speeds. Other
conditions revealed that this inability to track multiple "substances"
stemmed not from violations of rigidity or cohesiveness per se, because
subjects were able to track multiple noncohesive collections and
multiple nonrigid deforming objects. Rather, the impairment was due
to the dynamic extension and contraction during the substancelike
motion, which rendered the location of the entity ambiguous. These
results demonstrate a convergence between processes of midlevel adult
vision and infant cognition, and in general help to clarify what
can count as a persisting dynamic object of attention.},
keywords = {Abscess, Adult, Age Factors, Animal, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Antimony Sodium Gluconate, Antineoplastic Agents, Antiviral Agents, Attention, Awareness, Axilla, Behavior, Biopsy, Bone and Bones, Breast Neoplasms, Carcinoma, Child Development, Chronic Disease, Clarithromycin, Cognition, Combined Modality Therapy, Computer-Assisted, Concept Formation, Consciousness, Cross Infection, Cues, Cytomegalovirus Infections, Discrimination (Psychology), Discrimination Learning, Distance Perception, Drainage, Ductal, Electrocoagulation, English Abstract, Extramural, Eye Movements, False Negative Reactions, Female, Field Dependence-Independence, Fine-Needle, Foscarnet, Ganciclovir, Health Care, Humans, Infant, Infant Behavior, Intervertebral Disk, Intraductal, Judgment, Legionnaires' Disease, Leishmaniasis, Liver Transplantation, Low Back Pain, Lumbar Vertebrae, Lymph Node Excision, Lymph Nodes, Lymphatic Metastasis, Macaca mulatta, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Mastitis, Memory, Middle Aged, Motion Perception, N.I.H., Neoadjuvant Therapy, Neoplasm Staging, Non-P.H.S., Non-U.S. Gov't, Noninfiltrating, Object Attachment, Optical Illusions, Orientation, Osteonecrosis, P.H.S., Pattern Recognition, Photic Stimulation, Postoperative Complications, Practice (Psychology), Practice Guidelines, Predictive Value of Tests, Problem Solving, Prognosis, Psychological Theory, Psychophysics, Puerperal Disorders, Quality Assurance, Reading, Reproducibility of Results, Research Support, Rotation, Schistosomicides, Semantics, Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy, Set (Psychology), Short-Term, Space Perception, Surgery, Switzerland, Treatment Outcome, U.S. Gov't, Unconscious (Psychology), Viral Load, Visceral, Visual, Visual Perception, 12930483},
}Cognitive and brain consequences of conflict. Fan, J., Flombaum, J., McCandliss, B., Thomas, K., & Posner, M. Neuroimage, 18(1):42–57, 2003.
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex Tasks involving conflict between stimulus dimensions have been shown to activate dorsal anterior cingulate and prefrontal areas. It has been proposed that the dorsal anterior cingulate is involved a domain general process of monitoring conflict, while prefrontal areas are involved in resolving conflict. We examine three tasks that all require people to respond based on one stimulus dimension while ignoring another conflicting dimension, but which vary in the source of conflict. One of the tasks uses language stimuli (Stroop effect) and two use nonlanguage spatial conflicts appropriate for children and nonhuman animals. In Experiment 1, 12 participants were studied with event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing each of the three tasks. Reaction times for each of the three tasks were significantly longer in the incongruent condition compared with the congruent condition, demonstrating that each task elicits a conflict. By studying the same people in the same session, we test the hypothesis that conflict activates a similar brain network in the three tasks. Significant activations were found in the anterior cingulate and left prefrontal cortex for all three conflict tasks. Within these regions, the conflict component demonstrated evidence for significant common activation across the three tasks, although the peak activation point and spatial extent were not identical. Other areas demonstrated activation unique to each task. Experiments 2-4 provide behavioral evidence indicating considerable independence between conflict operations involved in the tasks. The behavioral and fMRI results taken together seem to argue against a single unified network for processing conflict, but instead support either distinct networks for each conflict task or a single network that monitors conflict with different sites used to resolve the conflict.
@article{fan_cognitive_2003,
title = {Cognitive and brain consequences of conflict},
volume = {18},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12507442},
doi = {10/bzckrx},
abstract = {Tasks involving conflict between stimulus dimensions have been shown to activate dorsal anterior cingulate and prefrontal areas. It has been proposed that the dorsal anterior cingulate is involved a domain general process of monitoring conflict, while prefrontal areas are involved in resolving conflict. We examine three tasks that all require people to respond based on one stimulus dimension while ignoring another conflicting dimension, but which vary in the source of conflict. One of the tasks uses language stimuli (Stroop effect) and two use nonlanguage spatial conflicts appropriate for children and nonhuman animals. In Experiment 1, 12 participants were studied with event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing each of the three tasks. Reaction times for each of the three tasks were significantly longer in the incongruent condition compared with the congruent condition, demonstrating that each task elicits a conflict. By studying the same people in the same session, we test the hypothesis that conflict activates a similar brain network in the three tasks. Significant activations were found in the anterior cingulate and left prefrontal cortex for all three conflict tasks. Within these regions, the conflict component demonstrated evidence for significant common activation across the three tasks, although the peak activation point and spatial extent were not identical. Other areas demonstrated activation unique to each task. Experiments 2-4 provide behavioral evidence indicating considerable independence between conflict operations involved in the tasks. The behavioral and fMRI results taken together seem to argue against a single unified network for processing conflict, but instead support either distinct networks for each conflict task or a single network that monitors conflict with different sites used to resolve the conflict.},
number = {1},
journal = {Neuroimage},
author = {Fan, J. and Flombaum, J.I. and McCandliss, B.D. and Thomas, K.M. and Posner, M.I.},
year = {2003},
keywords = {\#nosource, *Conflict (Psychology), *Magnetic Resonance Imaging, *Reading, Adolescent, Adult, Attention/physiology, Brain Mapping, Color Perception/*physiology, Female, Gyrus Cinguli/*physiology, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Laterality/physiology, Male, Nerve Net/*physiology, Orientation/*physiology, Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology, Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology, Problem Solving/*physiology, Psychomotor Performance/physiology, Reaction Time/physiology, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.},
pages = {42--57},
}The Newfoundland population: a unique resource for genetic investigation of complex diseases. Rahman, P., Jones, A., Curtis, J., Bartlett, S., Peddle, L., Fernandez, B., A., & Freimer, N., B. Hum Mol Genet, 12 Spec No:R167-72, 2003.
Paper Website abstract bibtex
Paper Website abstract bibtex The population of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador is genetically isolated. This isolation is evidenced by an overabundance of several monogenic disorders. The Newfoundland population, like that of other isolates, is now the focus of interest for identification of genes implicated in common diseases. However, the utility of such populations for this purpose remains unproven. In this paper, we review the current genetic architecture of the province, with respect to geographic isolation, homogeneity, founder effect, genetic drift and extended linkage disequilibrium. Based on these factors, we propose that the population of Newfoundland offers many advantages for genetic mapping of common diseases, compared with admixed populations, and even compared with other isolates.
@article{
title = {The Newfoundland population: a unique resource for genetic investigation of complex diseases},
type = {article},
year = {2003},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {Founder Effect,Genetic Diseases, Inborn/*genetics,Humans,Linkage Disequilibrium,Newfoundland,Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
pages = {R167-72},
volume = {12 Spec No},
websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12915452},
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hidden = {false},
source_type = {Journal Article},
notes = {<m:note>0964-6906 (Print)<m:linebreak/>Journal Article<m:linebreak/>Review</m:note>},
abstract = {The population of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador is genetically isolated. This isolation is evidenced by an overabundance of several monogenic disorders. The Newfoundland population, like that of other isolates, is now the focus of interest for identification of genes implicated in common diseases. However, the utility of such populations for this purpose remains unproven. In this paper, we review the current genetic architecture of the province, with respect to geographic isolation, homogeneity, founder effect, genetic drift and extended linkage disequilibrium. Based on these factors, we propose that the population of Newfoundland offers many advantages for genetic mapping of common diseases, compared with admixed populations, and even compared with other isolates.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Rahman, P and Jones, A and Curtis, J and Bartlett, S and Peddle, L and Fernandez, B A and Freimer, N B},
journal = {Hum Mol Genet}
}Understanding the Determinants of Exceptional Longevity. Perls, T. & Terry, D. Ann Intern Med, 139(5 Pt 2):445-449, 2003.
Paper Website abstract bibtex
Paper Website abstract bibtex Centenarians represent an extreme of life expectancy. They achieve their exceptional longevity in part by lacking genetic variations linked to premature death. Pedigree studies have shown a substantial familial component in the ability to survive to extreme old age, and a recent study demonstrated a locus on chromosome 4 linked to exceptional longevity, indicating the likely existence of at least one longevity-enabling gene in humans. The children of centenarians have markedly reduced relative risks for age-related diseases, particularly heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes, and are a promising model for genetic and phenotypic studies of 1) aging slowly relative to the general population and 2) the delay of and perhaps escape from important age-related diseases. These studies and those of other mammals and lower organisms show great promise for the delineation of important environmental and genetic determinants of aging well.
@article{
title = {Understanding the Determinants of Exceptional Longevity},
type = {article},
year = {2003},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {*Longevity,Animals,Genes,Humans,Life Expectancy,Non-U.S. Gov't,P.H.S.,Phenotype,Research Support,U.S. Gov't},
pages = {445-449},
volume = {139},
websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12965974},
id = {c5bf1b72-7d77-39e3-9bef-27367ae5c742},
created = {2017-06-19T13:42:01.681Z},
file_attached = {true},
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last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:42:01.863Z},
read = {false},
starred = {false},
authored = {false},
confirmed = {true},
hidden = {false},
source_type = {Journal Article},
notes = {<m:note> <m:bold>From Duplicate 2 ( </m:bold> <m:bold> </m:bold><m:bold><m:italic>Understanding the determinants of exceptional longevity</m:italic></m:bold><m:bold> </m:bold> <m:bold> - Perls, T; Terry, D )<m:linebreak/> </m:bold> <m:linebreak/>1539-3704<m:linebreak/>Journal Article<m:linebreak/>Review<m:linebreak/> <m:linebreak/> </m:note>},
abstract = {Centenarians represent an extreme of life expectancy. They achieve their exceptional longevity in part by lacking genetic variations linked to premature death. Pedigree studies have shown a substantial familial component in the ability to survive to extreme old age, and a recent study demonstrated a locus on chromosome 4 linked to exceptional longevity, indicating the likely existence of at least one longevity-enabling gene in humans. The children of centenarians have markedly reduced relative risks for age-related diseases, particularly heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes, and are a promising model for genetic and phenotypic studies of 1) aging slowly relative to the general population and 2) the delay of and perhaps escape from important age-related diseases. These studies and those of other mammals and lower organisms show great promise for the delineation of important environmental and genetic determinants of aging well.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Perls, Thomas and Terry, Dellara},
journal = {Ann Intern Med},
number = {5 Pt 2}
}Predictors of mortality in 2,249 nonagenarians--the Danish 1905-Cohort Survey. Nybo, H., Petersen, H., C., Gaist, D., Jeune, B., Andersen, K., McGue, M., Vaupel, J., W., & Christensen, K. J Am Geriatr Soc, 51(10):1365-1373, 2003.
Paper Website abstract bibtex
Paper Website abstract bibtex OBJECTIVES: : To elucidate whether well-known predictions of mortality are reduced or even reversed, or whether mortality is a stochastic process in the oldest old. DESIGN: : A multidimensional survey of the Danish 1905 cohort conducted in 1998 with follow-up of vital status after 15 months. SETTING: : Denmark. PARTICIPANTS: : All Danes born in 1905, irrespective of physical and mental status were approached. Two thousand two hundred sixty-two persons of 3,600 participated in this survey. MEASUREMENTS: : Professional interviewers collected data concerning sociodemographic factors, smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, physical and cognitive performance, and health during a visit at the participant's residency. Cox regression models were used to evaluate predictors of mortality. RESULTS: : Five hundred seventy-nine (25.7%) of the 2,249 participants eligible for the analysis died during the 15 months follow-up. Multivariate analyses showed that marital status, education, smoking, obesity, consumption of alcohol, and number of self-reported diseases were not associated with mortality. Disability and cognitive impairment were significant risk factors in men and women. In addition poor self-rated health was associated with an increase in mortality in women. CONCLUSION: : In the oldest old, several known predictors of mortality, such as sociodemographic factors, smoking, and obesity, have lost their importance, but a high disability level, poor physical and cognitive performance, and self-rated health (women only), predict mortality, which shows that mortality in the oldest old is not a stochastic process.
@article{
title = {Predictors of mortality in 2,249 nonagenarians--the Danish 1905-Cohort Survey},
type = {article},
year = {2003},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {Activities of Daily Living,Aged,Aged, 80 and over/*statistics & numerical data,Cohort Studies,Denmark/epidemiology,Female,Geriatric Assessment,Humans,Interviews,Male,Mortality/*trends,Predictive Value of Tests,Proportional Hazards Models,Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.,Risk Factors},
pages = {1365-1373},
volume = {51},
websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14511155},
id = {fd707acd-8637-3890-90ca-bf1c90ed0a7a},
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read = {false},
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authored = {false},
confirmed = {true},
hidden = {false},
source_type = {Journal Article},
notes = {<m:note>0002-8614<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: : To elucidate whether well-known predictions of mortality are reduced or even reversed, or whether mortality is a stochastic process in the oldest old. DESIGN: : A multidimensional survey of the Danish 1905 cohort conducted in 1998 with follow-up of vital status after 15 months. SETTING: : Denmark. PARTICIPANTS: : All Danes born in 1905, irrespective of physical and mental status were approached. Two thousand two hundred sixty-two persons of 3,600 participated in this survey. MEASUREMENTS: : Professional interviewers collected data concerning sociodemographic factors, smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, physical and cognitive performance, and health during a visit at the participant's residency. Cox regression models were used to evaluate predictors of mortality. RESULTS: : Five hundred seventy-nine (25.7%) of the 2,249 participants eligible for the analysis died during the 15 months follow-up. Multivariate analyses showed that marital status, education, smoking, obesity, consumption of alcohol, and number of self-reported diseases were not associated with mortality. Disability and cognitive impairment were significant risk factors in men and women. In addition poor self-rated health was associated with an increase in mortality in women. CONCLUSION: : In the oldest old, several known predictors of mortality, such as sociodemographic factors, smoking, and obesity, have lost their importance, but a high disability level, poor physical and cognitive performance, and self-rated health (women only), predict mortality, which shows that mortality in the oldest old is not a stochastic process.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Nybo, H and Petersen, H C and Gaist, D and Jeune, B and Andersen, K and McGue, M and Vaupel, J W and Christensen, K},
journal = {J Am Geriatr Soc},
number = {10}
}Supratentorial grade II astrocytoma: biological features and clinical course. Wessels, P., Weber, W., Raven, G., Ramaekers, F., Hopman, A., & Twijnstra, A. Lancet Neurology, 2(7):395–403, 2003.
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex Because of its unpredictable clinical course, treatment strategies for low-grade (grade II) astrocytoma vary from "wait and see" to gross tumour resection followed by immediate radiotherapy. Clinical studies on grade II astrocytoma show that 5-year-survival ranges from 27% to 85% of patients with very few consistent prognostic variables besides the patient's age and the presence of neurological deficit. There is no universally recognised choice of therapy for patients with astrocytoma grade II, partly because of the shortcomings of histological classification systems. Routine microscopy tends to underestimate malignancy grading of astrocytomas and in most cases cannot distinguish between indolent and progressive subtypes. Recent studies suggest that proliferation and genetic markers can be used to identify subgroups of astrocytoma grade II with a rapid progressive clinical course. Therefore these markers should be included in ongoing and future clinical studies of patients with astrocytoma grade II.
@article{wessels_supratentorial_2003,
title = {Supratentorial grade {II} astrocytoma: biological features and clinical course},
volume = {2},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12849117},
doi = {10/chcqmm},
abstract = {Because of its unpredictable clinical course, treatment strategies for low-grade (grade II) astrocytoma vary from "wait and see" to gross tumour resection followed by immediate radiotherapy. Clinical studies on grade II astrocytoma show that 5-year-survival ranges from 27\% to 85\% of patients with very few consistent prognostic variables besides the patient's age and the presence of neurological deficit. There is no universally recognised choice of therapy for patients with astrocytoma grade II, partly because of the shortcomings of histological classification systems. Routine microscopy tends to underestimate malignancy grading of astrocytomas and in most cases cannot distinguish between indolent and progressive subtypes. Recent studies suggest that proliferation and genetic markers can be used to identify subgroups of astrocytoma grade II with a rapid progressive clinical course. Therefore these markers should be included in ongoing and future clinical studies of patients with astrocytoma grade II.},
number = {7},
journal = {Lancet Neurology},
author = {Wessels, P.H. and Weber, W.E. and Raven, G. and Ramaekers, F.C. and Hopman, A.H. and Twijnstra, A.},
year = {2003},
keywords = {\#nosource, Adult, Age Factors, Astrocytoma/classification/genetics/*pathology/*physiopathology/therapy, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic, Disease Progression, Humans, Middle Aged, Mutation, Neoplasms/classification/genetics/*pathology/*physiopathology/therapy, Prognosis, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Supratentorial, Treatment Outcome},
pages = {395--403},
}2002 (8)
Do great tits assess rivals by combining direct experience with information gathered by eavesdropping?. Peake, T., Terry, A M R, McGregor, P., & Dabelsteen, T Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 269(1503):1925-9, 2002.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Animals frequently use signals that travel further than the spacing between individuals. For every intended recipient of a given signal there are likely to be many other individuals that receive information. Eavesdropping on signalling interactions between other individuals provides a relatively cost-free method of assessing future opponents or mates. Male great tits (Parus major) extract relative information from such interactions between individuals unknown to them. Here, we show that male great tits can take information gathering a stage further and obtain more information about a previously unencountered intruder, by the hitherto unknown capability of combining information gathered by eavesdropping with that derived from their own direct interaction with an individual. Prior experience with an intruder (A) was achieved by subjecting a focal male to different levels of intrusion simulated using interactive playback. This intruder (A) then took part in a simulated interaction with an unknown male (B) outside the territorial boundary of the focal males. In response to subsequent intrusion by the second male (B), focal males showed low song output in response to males that had lost to a male that the subject was able to beat. Males of known high quality, or those about which information was ambiguous, elicited a high level of song output by focal males. We discuss the implications of this finding for the evolution of communication and social behaviour.
@Article{Peake2002,
author = {TM Peake and A M R Terry and PK McGregor and T Dabelsteen},
journal = {Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci},
title = {Do great tits assess rivals by combining direct experience with information gathered by eavesdropping?},
year = {2002},
number = {1503},
pages = {1925-9},
volume = {269},
abstract = {Animals frequently use signals that travel further than the spacing
between individuals. For every intended recipient of a given signal
there are likely to be many other individuals that receive information.
Eavesdropping on signalling interactions between other individuals
provides a relatively cost-free method of assessing future opponents
or mates. Male great tits (Parus major) extract relative information
from such interactions between individuals unknown to them. Here,
we show that male great tits can take information gathering a stage
further and obtain more information about a previously unencountered
intruder, by the hitherto unknown capability of combining information
gathered by eavesdropping with that derived from their own direct
interaction with an individual. Prior experience with an intruder
(A) was achieved by subjecting a focal male to different levels of
intrusion simulated using interactive playback. This intruder (A)
then took part in a simulated interaction with an unknown male (B)
outside the territorial boundary of the focal males. In response
to subsequent intrusion by the second male (B), focal males showed
low song output in response to males that had lost to a male that
the subject was able to beat. Males of known high quality, or those
about which information was ambiguous, elicited a high level of song
output by focal males. We discuss the implications of this finding
for the evolution of communication and social behaviour.},
doi = {10.1098/rspb.2002.2112},
keywords = {Aggression, Animal Communication, Animals, Male, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Songbirds, Territoriality, Vocalization, Animal, 12350255},
}Direct cortical control of 3D neuroprosthetic devices. Taylor, D. M, Tillery, S. I H., & Schwartz, A. B Science, 296(5574):1829-32, 2002.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Three-dimensional (3D) movement of neuroprosthetic devices can be controlled by the activity of cortical neurons when appropriate algorithms are used to decode intended movement in real time. Previous studies assumed that neurons maintain fixed tuning properties, and the studies used subjects who were unaware of the movements predicted by their recorded units. In this study, subjects had real-time visual feedback of their brain-controlled trajectories. Cell tuning properties changed when used for brain-controlled movements. By using control algorithms that track these changes, subjects made long sequences of 3D movements using far fewer cortical units than expected. Daily practice improved movement accuracy and the directional tuning of these units.
@Article{Taylor2002,
author = {Dawn M Taylor and Stephen I Helms Tillery and Andrew B Schwartz},
journal = {Science},
title = {Direct cortical control of 3{D} neuroprosthetic devices.},
year = {2002},
number = {5574},
pages = {1829-32},
volume = {296},
abstract = {Three-dimensional (3D) movement of neuroprosthetic devices can be
controlled by the activity of cortical neurons when appropriate algorithms
are used to decode intended movement in real time. Previous studies
assumed that neurons maintain fixed tuning properties, and the studies
used subjects who were unaware of the movements predicted by their
recorded units. In this study, subjects had real-time visual feedback
of their brain-controlled trajectories. Cell tuning properties changed
when used for brain-controlled movements. By using control algorithms
that track these changes, subjects made long sequences of 3D movements
using far fewer cortical units than expected. Daily practice improved
movement accuracy and the directional tuning of these units.},
doi = {10.1126/science.1070291},
keywords = {Algorithms, Animals, Arm, Computer Simulation, Hand, Humans, Learning, Macaca mulatta, Motor Cortex, Motor Neurons, Movement, Non-U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Prostheses and Implants, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, User-Computer Interface, Visual Perception, 12052943},
}Building an Asynchronous Web-Based Tool for Machine Learning Classification. Weber, G., Vinterbo, S., & Ohno-Machado, L. JAMIA, Suppl. S:869–73, 2002.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Various unsupervised and supervised learning methods including support vector machines, classification trees, linear discriminant analysis and nearest neighbor classifiers have been used to classify high-throughput gene expression data. Simpler and more widely accepted statistical tools have not yet been used for this purpose, hence proper comparisons between classification methods have not been conducted. We developed free software that implements logistic regression with stepwise variable selection as a quick and simple method for initial exploration of important genetic markers in disease classification. To implement the algorithm and allow our collaborators in remote locations to evaluate and compare its results against those of other methods, we developed a user-friendly asynchronous web-based application with a minimal amount of programming using free, downloadable software tools. With this program, we show that classification using logistic regression can perform as well as other more sophisticated algorithms, and it has the advantages of being easy to interpret and reproduce. By making the tool freely and easily available, we hope to promote the comparison of classification methods. In addition, we believe our web application can be used as a model for other bioinformatics laboratories that need to develop web-based analysis tools in a short amount of time and on a limited budget.
@article{Weber2002,
title = {Building an Asynchronous Web-Based Tool for Machine Learning Classification.},
author = {Weber, Griffin and Vinterbo, Staal and {Ohno-Machado}, Lucila},
year = {2002},
journal = {JAMIA},
volume = {Suppl. S},
pages = {869--73},
abstract = {Various unsupervised and supervised learning methods including support vector machines, classification trees, linear discriminant analysis and nearest neighbor classifiers have been used to classify high-throughput gene expression data. Simpler and more widely accepted statistical tools have not yet been used for this purpose, hence proper comparisons between classification methods have not been conducted. We developed free software that implements logistic regression with stepwise variable selection as a quick and simple method for initial exploration of important genetic markers in disease classification. To implement the algorithm and allow our collaborators in remote locations to evaluate and compare its results against those of other methods, we developed a user-friendly asynchronous web-based application with a minimal amount of programming using free, downloadable software tools. With this program, we show that classification using logistic regression can perform as well as other more sophisticated algorithms, and it has the advantages of being easy to interpret and reproduce. By making the tool freely and easily available, we hope to promote the comparison of classification methods. In addition, we believe our web application can be used as a model for other bioinformatics laboratories that need to develop web-based analysis tools in a short amount of time and on a limited budget.},
copyright = {All rights reserved},
pii = {D020001919},
pubmedid = {12463949},
keywords = {12463949,Algorithms,Anonymous Testing,Artificial Intelligence,Carcinoma,Child,Comparative Study,Computerized,Confidentiality,Databases,Diagnosis,Differential,Disclosure,DNA,Gene Expression,Gene Expression Profiling,Gene Expression Regulation,Genetic Markers,Humans,Internet,Logistic Models,Lung Neoplasms,Medical Records Systems,Multivariate Analysis,Neoplasm,Neoplasms,Neoplastic,Neural Networks (Computer),Non-U.S. Gov't,Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis,P.H.S.,Privacy,Research Support,Rhabdomyosarcoma,Sarcoma,Small Cell,Software,U.S. Gov't},
file = {/Users/staal/Documents/Zotero/storage/26TPF5RW/amia02-weber.pdf;/Users/staal/Documents/Zotero/storage/FRPABBPG/amia02-weber.pdf;/Users/staal/Documents/Zotero/storage/GME7HZA7/amia02-weber.pdf}
}Comparing Imperfect Measurements with the Bland-Altman Technique: Application in Gene Expression Analysis. Ohno-Machado, L., Vinterbo, S., Dreiseitl, S., Jenssen, T., & Kuo, W. JAMIA, Suppl. S:572–6, 2002.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Several problems in medicine and biology involve the comparison of two measurements made on the same set of cases. The problem differs from a calibration problem because no gold standard can be identified. Testing the null hypothesis of no relationship using measures of association is not optimal since the measurements are made on the same cases, and therefore correlation coefficients will tend to be significant. The descriptive Bland-Altman method can be used in exploratory analysis of this problem, allowing the visualization of gross systematic differences between the two sets of measurements. We utilize the method on three sets of matched observations and demonstrate its usefulness in detecting systematic variations between two measurement technologies to assess gene expression.
@article{Ohno-Machado2002,
title = {Comparing Imperfect Measurements with the {{Bland-Altman}} Technique: Application in Gene Expression Analysis.},
author = {{Ohno-Machado}, Lucila and Vinterbo, Staal and Dreiseitl, Stephen and Jenssen, Tor-Kristian and Kuo, Winston},
year = {2002},
journal = {JAMIA},
volume = {Suppl. S},
pages = {572--6},
abstract = {Several problems in medicine and biology involve the comparison of two measurements made on the same set of cases. The problem differs from a calibration problem because no gold standard can be identified. Testing the null hypothesis of no relationship using measures of association is not optimal since the measurements are made on the same cases, and therefore correlation coefficients will tend to be significant. The descriptive Bland-Altman method can be used in exploratory analysis of this problem, allowing the visualization of gross systematic differences between the two sets of measurements. We utilize the method on three sets of matched observations and demonstrate its usefulness in detecting systematic variations between two measurement technologies to assess gene expression.},
copyright = {All rights reserved},
pii = {1833},
pubmedid = {12463888},
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}Attending to the thalamus: inhibition of return and nasal-temporal asymmetry in the pulvinar. Sapir, A., Rafal, R., & Henik, A. Neuroreport, 13(5):693–7, 2002.
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex Inhibition of return (IOR) is a mechanism whereby the attentional system favors novel locations by inhibiting already scanned ones. An important question is what the neural structures are involved. Recently, we studied a patient with damage to the superior colliculus (SC) and concluded that the SC generates IOR. However, it is possible that IOR is generated beyond the colliculus, for example, by the pulvinar. In this paper we tested three patients with unilateral damage to the pulvinar and demonstrated that the pulvinar is not necessary for IOR generation, providing additional support to the suggestion that the SC generates IOR. In addition, since we used monocular presentation, we were able to furnish behavioral evidence for nasal-temporal asymmetrical representation of visual input in the pulvinar.
@article{sapir_attending_2002,
title = {Attending to the thalamus: inhibition of return and nasal-temporal asymmetry in the pulvinar},
volume = {13},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11973472},
doi = {10/fp2pbz},
abstract = {Inhibition of return (IOR) is a mechanism whereby the attentional system favors novel locations by inhibiting already scanned ones. An important question is what the neural structures are involved. Recently, we studied a patient with damage to the superior colliculus (SC) and concluded that the SC generates IOR. However, it is possible that IOR is generated beyond the colliculus, for example, by the pulvinar. In this paper we tested three patients with unilateral damage to the pulvinar and demonstrated that the pulvinar is not necessary for IOR generation, providing additional support to the suggestion that the SC generates IOR. In addition, since we used monocular presentation, we were able to furnish behavioral evidence for nasal-temporal asymmetrical representation of visual input in the pulvinar.},
number = {5},
journal = {Neuroreport},
author = {Sapir, A. and Rafal, R. and Henik, A.},
year = {2002},
keywords = {\#nosource, *Inhibition (Psychology), Analysis of Variance, Female, Humans, Laterality/physiology, Male, Middle Aged, Neural Inhibition/physiology, Photic Stimulation/methods, Pulvinar/*injuries/*physiology, Reaction Time/physiology, Reproducibility of Results, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Superior Colliculus/physiology, Thalamus/*physiology, Visual Fields/physiology},
pages = {693--7},
}Do children of long-lived parents age more successfully?. Frederiksen, H., McGue, M., Jeune, B., Gaist, D., Nybo, H., Skytthe, A., Vaupel, J., W., & Christensen, K. Epidemiology, 13(3):334-339, 2002.
Website abstract bibtex
Website abstract bibtex BACKGROUND: Long-lived individuals are rare and may be selected in part for the genetic factors that promote successful aging. The children of long-lived parents may therefore age more successfully than the children of short-lived parents. METHODS: We used three major cross-sectional population-based surveys to study the association of parental longevity with successful aging in offspring. The measures of aging were hand-grip strength, cognitive performance (Mini Mental State Examination and a cognitive composite score), self-reported diseases, and self-rated health. RESULTS: For every additional 10 years the parents lived, their children's grip strength increased by 0.32 kg (95% CI = 0.00-0.63), Mini Mental State Examination score by 0.20 points (95% CI = 0.03-0.37), and cognitive composite score by 0.24 points (95% CI = 0.07-0.40). A 10-year increment of parental life was associated with a reduction by approximately 0.20 in the adjusted odds ratio for their children having each of the following conditions: diabetes; hypertension; ischemic heart disease; heart failure; stroke; or fair, poor, or very poor self-rated health. Almost all the effects were seen solely in the cohort of 70+-year-olds, but not among middle-aged or nonagenarian subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Parental life span is positively associated with the children's physical and cognitive functioning and avoidance of some of the common chronic diseases. However, the effects are small and are seen among offspring who are elderly, but not among the middle-aged or the oldest old.
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abstract = {BACKGROUND: Long-lived individuals are rare and may be selected in part for the genetic factors that promote successful aging. The children of long-lived parents may therefore age more successfully than the children of short-lived parents. METHODS: We used three major cross-sectional population-based surveys to study the association of parental longevity with successful aging in offspring. The measures of aging were hand-grip strength, cognitive performance (Mini Mental State Examination and a cognitive composite score), self-reported diseases, and self-rated health. RESULTS: For every additional 10 years the parents lived, their children's grip strength increased by 0.32 kg (95% CI = 0.00-0.63), Mini Mental State Examination score by 0.20 points (95% CI = 0.03-0.37), and cognitive composite score by 0.24 points (95% CI = 0.07-0.40). A 10-year increment of parental life was associated with a reduction by approximately 0.20 in the adjusted odds ratio for their children having each of the following conditions: diabetes; hypertension; ischemic heart disease; heart failure; stroke; or fair, poor, or very poor self-rated health. Almost all the effects were seen solely in the cohort of 70+-year-olds, but not among middle-aged or nonagenarian subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Parental life span is positively associated with the children's physical and cognitive functioning and avoidance of some of the common chronic diseases. However, the effects are small and are seen among offspring who are elderly, but not among the middle-aged or the oldest old.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Frederiksen, H and McGue, M and Jeune, B and Gaist, D and Nybo, H and Skytthe, A and Vaupel, J W and Christensen, K},
journal = {Epidemiology},
number = {3}
}Markers that discriminate between European and African ancestry show limited variation within Africa. Collins-Schramm, H., E., Kittles, R., A., Operario, D., J., Weber, J., L., Criswell, L., A., Cooper, R., S., & Seldin, M., F. Hum Genet, 111(6):566-569, 2002.
Paper abstract bibtex
Paper abstract bibtex Markers informative for ancestry are necessary for admixture mapping and improving case-control association analyses. In particular, African Americans are an admixed population for which genetic studies require accurately evaluating admixture. This will require markers that can be used in African Americans to determine if a given genomic region is of European or African ancestry. This report shows that, despite studies indicating high intra-African sequence variation, markers with large inter-ethnic differences have only small variations in allele distribution among divergent African populations and should be valuable for evaluating admixture in complex disease genetic studies.
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abstract = {Markers informative for ancestry are necessary for admixture mapping and improving case-control association analyses. In particular, African Americans are an admixed population for which genetic studies require accurately evaluating admixture. This will require markers that can be used in African Americans to determine if a given genomic region is of European or African ancestry. This report shows that, despite studies indicating high intra-African sequence variation, markers with large inter-ethnic differences have only small variations in allele distribution among divergent African populations and should be valuable for evaluating admixture in complex disease genetic studies.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Collins-Schramm, H E and Kittles, R A and Operario, D J and Weber, J L and Criswell, L A and Cooper, R S and Seldin, M F},
journal = {Hum Genet},
number = {6}
}CARD15 genetic variation in a Quebec population: prevalence, genotype-phenotype relationship, and haplotype structure. Vermeire, S., Wild, G., Kocher, K., Cousineau, J., Dufresne, L., Bitton, A., Langelier, D., Pare, P., Lapointe, G., Cohen, A., Daly, M., J., & Rioux, J., D. Am J Hum Genet, 71(1):74-83, 2002.
Paper Website abstract bibtex
Paper Website abstract bibtex The caspase recruitment domain gene (CARD15) was recently identified as the underlying gene associated with the IBD1 locus that confers susceptibility to Crohn disease (CD). CARD15 is related to the NOD1/Apaf-1 family of apoptosis regulators, and three sequence variants (Arg702Trp, Gly908Arg, and Leu1007fsinsC) in the gene were demonstrated to be associated with CD. We collected a cohort of 231 patients with CD and 71 healthy control individuals from the Canadian province of Quebec, to determine the prevalence of these sequence variants in an independent population. Clinical records of all patients were systematically reviewed, and detailed phenotypic information was obtained. All patient DNA samples were genotyped for the three variants, thus enabling an analysis of genotype-phenotype correlations. In this cohort, 45.0% of patients with CD carried at least one variant in the CARD15 gene, compared with 9.0% of control individuals (P<10-7). Allele frequencies of Arg702Trp, Gly908Arg, and Leu1007fsinsC were 12.9%, 5.2%, and 10.3% in patients with CD, compared with 4.2%, 0.7%, and 0.7% in control individuals, respectively. Importantly, CARD15 mutants were seen with equal frequency in patients with familial and sporadic CD. Analysis of the relationship between genotype and phenotype convincingly demonstrates that CARD15 variants are significantly associated with ileal disease involvement, as opposed to strictly colonic disease (P<.001). Moreover, we were able to determine the haplotype structure surrounding this disease gene by genotyping 45 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a 177-kb region that contained the CARD15 gene. This structure helps clarify the history of these causal mutations. Finally, this analysis shows that CARD15 involvement with CD is detectable by use of publicly available SNPs alone.
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pages = {74-83},
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abstract = {The caspase recruitment domain gene (CARD15) was recently identified as the underlying gene associated with the IBD1 locus that confers susceptibility to Crohn disease (CD). CARD15 is related to the NOD1/Apaf-1 family of apoptosis regulators, and three sequence variants (Arg702Trp, Gly908Arg, and Leu1007fsinsC) in the gene were demonstrated to be associated with CD. We collected a cohort of 231 patients with CD and 71 healthy control individuals from the Canadian province of Quebec, to determine the prevalence of these sequence variants in an independent population. Clinical records of all patients were systematically reviewed, and detailed phenotypic information was obtained. All patient DNA samples were genotyped for the three variants, thus enabling an analysis of genotype-phenotype correlations. In this cohort, 45.0% of patients with CD carried at least one variant in the CARD15 gene, compared with 9.0% of control individuals (P<10-7). Allele frequencies of Arg702Trp, Gly908Arg, and Leu1007fsinsC were 12.9%, 5.2%, and 10.3% in patients with CD, compared with 4.2%, 0.7%, and 0.7% in control individuals, respectively. Importantly, CARD15 mutants were seen with equal frequency in patients with familial and sporadic CD. Analysis of the relationship between genotype and phenotype convincingly demonstrates that CARD15 variants are significantly associated with ileal disease involvement, as opposed to strictly colonic disease (P<.001). Moreover, we were able to determine the haplotype structure surrounding this disease gene by genotyping 45 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a 177-kb region that contained the CARD15 gene. This structure helps clarify the history of these causal mutations. Finally, this analysis shows that CARD15 involvement with CD is detectable by use of publicly available SNPs alone.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Vermeire, S and Wild, G and Kocher, K and Cousineau, J and Dufresne, L and Bitton, A and Langelier, D and Pare, P and Lapointe, G and Cohen, A and Daly, M J and Rioux, J D},
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number = {1}
}2001 (7)
Replication studies in longevity: puzzling findings in Danish centenarians at the 3'APOB-VNTR locus. Varcasia, O., Garasto, S., Rizza, T., Andersen-Ranberg, K., Jeune, B., Bathum, L., Andreev, K., Tan, Q., Yashin, A., I., Bonafe, M., Franceschi, C., & De Benedictis, G. Ann Hum Genet, 65(Pt 4):371-376, 2001.
Website abstract bibtex
Website abstract bibtex In Danes we replicated the 3'APOB-VNTR gene/longevity association study previously carried out in Italians, by which the Small alleles (less than 35 repeats) had been identified as frailty alleles for longevity. In Danes, neither genotype nor allele frequencies differed between centenarians and 20-64-year-old subjects. However, when Danish and Italian data were compared, a significant difference (p = 0.0004) was found between the frequencies of Small alleles in youths, which disappeared in centenarians (p = 0.290). Furthermore, the demographic-genetic approach revealed in Danes a significant gene-sex interaction relevant to Long alleles (more than 37 repeats). The different findings in Denmark and Italy suggest that gene/longevity associations are population-specific, and heavily affected by the population-specific genetic and environmental history.
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title = {Replication studies in longevity: puzzling findings in Danish centenarians at the 3'APOB-VNTR locus},
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pages = {371-376},
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bibtype = {article},
author = {Varcasia, O and Garasto, S and Rizza, T and Andersen-Ranberg, K and Jeune, B and Bathum, L and Andreev, K and Tan, Q and Yashin, A I and Bonafe, M and Franceschi, C and De Benedictis, G},
journal = {Ann Hum Genet},
number = {Pt 4}
}Objects and attention: The state of the art. Scholl, B. J. Cognition, 80(1-2):1-46, 2001.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
What are the units of attention? In addition to standard models holding that attention can select spatial regions and visual features, recent work suggests that in some cases attention can directly select discrete objects. This paper reviews the state of the art with regard to such 'object-based' attention, and explores how objects of attention relate to locations, reference frames, perceptual groups, surfaces, parts, and features. Also discussed are the dynamic aspects of objecthood, including the question of how attended objects are individuated in time, and the possibility of attending to simple dynamic motions and events. The final sections of this review generalize these issues beyond vision science, to other modalities and fields such as auditory objects of attention and the infant's 'object concept'.
@Article{Scholl2001b,
author = {B. J. Scholl},
journal = {Cognition},
title = {Objects and attention: {T}he state of the art.},
year = {2001},
number = {1-2},
pages = {1-46},
volume = {80},
abstract = {What are the units of attention? In addition to standard models holding
that attention can select spatial regions and visual features, recent
work suggests that in some cases attention can directly select discrete
objects. This paper reviews the state of the art with regard to such
'object-based' attention, and explores how objects of attention relate
to locations, reference frames, perceptual groups, surfaces, parts,
and features. Also discussed are the dynamic aspects of objecthood,
including the question of how attended objects are individuated in
time, and the possibility of attending to simple dynamic motions
and events. The final sections of this review generalize these issues
beyond vision science, to other modalities and fields such as auditory
objects of attention and the infant's 'object concept'.},
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}Understanding human disease mutations through the use of interspecific genetic variation. Miller, M., P. & Kumar, S. Hum Mol Genet, 10(21):2319-2328, 2001.
Paper Website abstract bibtex
Paper Website abstract bibtex Data on replacement mutations in genes of disease patients exist in a variety of online resources. In addition, genome sequencing projects and individual gene sequencing efforts have led to the identification of disease gene homologs in diverse metazoan species. The availability of these two types of information provides unique opportunities to investigate factors that are important in the development of genetically based disease by contrasting long and short-term molecular evolutionary patterns. Therefore, we conducted an analysis of disease-associated human genetic variation for seven disease genes: the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the neural cell adhesion molecule L1, phenylalanine hydroxylase, paired box 6, the X-linked retinoschisis gene and TSC2/tuberin. Our analyses indicate that disease mutations show definite patterns when examined from an evolutionary perspective. Human replacement mutations resulting in disease are overabundant at amino acid positions most conserved throughout the long-term history of metazoans. In contrast, human polymorphic replacement mutations and silent mutations are randomly distributed across sites with respect to the level of conservation of amino acid sites within genes. Furthermore, disease-causing amino acid changes are of types usually not observed among species. Using Grantham's chemical difference matrix, we find that amino acid changes observed in disease patients are far more radical than the variation found among species and in non-diseased humans. Overall, our results demonstrate the usefulness of evolutionary analyses for understanding patterns of human disease mutations and underscore the biomedical significance of sequence data currently being generated from various model organism genome sequencing projects.
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abstract = {Data on replacement mutations in genes of disease patients exist in a variety of online resources. In addition, genome sequencing projects and individual gene sequencing efforts have led to the identification of disease gene homologs in diverse metazoan species. The availability of these two types of information provides unique opportunities to investigate factors that are important in the development of genetically based disease by contrasting long and short-term molecular evolutionary patterns. Therefore, we conducted an analysis of disease-associated human genetic variation for seven disease genes: the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the neural cell adhesion molecule L1, phenylalanine hydroxylase, paired box 6, the X-linked retinoschisis gene and TSC2/tuberin. Our analyses indicate that disease mutations show definite patterns when examined from an evolutionary perspective. Human replacement mutations resulting in disease are overabundant at amino acid positions most conserved throughout the long-term history of metazoans. In contrast, human polymorphic replacement mutations and silent mutations are randomly distributed across sites with respect to the level of conservation of amino acid sites within genes. Furthermore, disease-causing amino acid changes are of types usually not observed among species. Using Grantham's chemical difference matrix, we find that amino acid changes observed in disease patients are far more radical than the variation found among species and in non-diseased humans. Overall, our results demonstrate the usefulness of evolutionary analyses for understanding patterns of human disease mutations and underscore the biomedical significance of sequence data currently being generated from various model organism genome sequencing projects.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Miller, M P and Kumar, S},
journal = {Hum Mol Genet},
number = {21}
}Increase of homozygosity in centenarians revealed by a new inter-Alu PCR technique. Bonafe, M., Cardelli, M., Marchegiani, F., Cavallone, L., Giovagnetti, S., Olivieri, F., Lisa, R., Pieri, C., & Franceschi, C. Exp Gerontol, 36(7):1063-1073, 2001.
Paper Website abstract bibtex
Paper Website abstract bibtex In the present study a novel inter-Alu PCR technique that allows one to detect inter-individual differences in the genomic regions flanked by Alu repetitive sequences was developed. Two primers complementary to sequences present in different Alu repeats and marked with two different fluorochromes were used in the same PCR reaction, and the PCR products were separated and analyzed by capillary electrophoresis using an automatic sequencer. The method is highly reliable, and three patterns of peaks (QM376-400, QM780-790 and QM480) appeared to be representative for germ-line polymorphisms, as suggested by the results obtained in nine couples of monozygotic twins and four three-generation families. The frequency of these polymorphic peaks was studied in two different age groups (100 young subjects and 69 centenarians). In two out of the three regions (QM376-400 and QM480) a significant increase in homozygote genotypes frequency was observed in centenarians. These counterintuitive results suggest that increased homozygosity contributes to human longevity. This novel inter-Alu PCR approach could represent a valuable tool to identify longevity-associated DNA sequences interspersed throughout human genome, without making any a priori assumption about their nature and function.
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volume = {36},
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abstract = {In the present study a novel inter-Alu PCR technique that allows one to detect inter-individual differences in the genomic regions flanked by Alu repetitive sequences was developed. Two primers complementary to sequences present in different Alu repeats and marked with two different fluorochromes were used in the same PCR reaction, and the PCR products were separated and analyzed by capillary electrophoresis using an automatic sequencer. The method is highly reliable, and three patterns of peaks (QM376-400, QM780-790 and QM480) appeared to be representative for germ-line polymorphisms, as suggested by the results obtained in nine couples of monozygotic twins and four three-generation families. The frequency of these polymorphic peaks was studied in two different age groups (100 young subjects and 69 centenarians). In two out of the three regions (QM376-400 and QM480) a significant increase in homozygote genotypes frequency was observed in centenarians. These counterintuitive results suggest that increased homozygosity contributes to human longevity. This novel inter-Alu PCR approach could represent a valuable tool to identify longevity-associated DNA sequences interspersed throughout human genome, without making any a priori assumption about their nature and function.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Bonafe, M and Cardelli, M and Marchegiani, F and Cavallone, L and Giovagnetti, S and Olivieri, F and Lisa, R and Pieri, C and Franceschi, C},
journal = {Exp Gerontol},
number = {7}
}The cognitive neuroscience of sustained attention: where top-down meets bottom-up. Sarter, M., Givens, B., & Bruno, J. Behavioral Brain Research, 35(2):146–160, 2001.
Paper abstract bibtex
Paper abstract bibtex The psychological construct 'sustained attention' describes a fundamental component of attention characterized by the subject's readiness to detect rarely and unpredictably occurring signals over prolonged periods of time. Human imaging studies have demonstrated that activation of frontal and parietal cortical areas, mostly in the right hemisphere, are associated with sustained attention performance. Animal neuroscientific research has focused on cortical afferent systems, particularly on the cholinergic inputs originating in the basal forebrain, as crucial components of the neuronal network mediating sustained attentional performance. Sustained attention performance-associated activation of the basal forebrain corticopetal cholinergic system is conceptualized as a component of the 'top-down' processes initiated by activation of the 'anterior attention system' and designed to mediate knowledge-driven detection and selection of target stimuli. Activated cortical cholinergic inputs facilitate these processes, particularly under taxing attentional conditions, by enhancing cortical sensory and sensory-associational information processing, including the filtering of noise and distractors. Collectively, the findings from human and animal studies provide the basis for a relatively precise description of the neuronal circuits mediating sustained attention, and the dissociation between these circuits and those mediating the 'arousal' components of attention.
@article{sarter_cognitive_2001,
title = {The cognitive neuroscience of sustained attention: where top-down meets bottom-up},
volume = {35},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11336780},
abstract = {The psychological construct 'sustained attention' describes a fundamental component of attention characterized by the subject's readiness to detect rarely and unpredictably occurring signals over prolonged periods of time. Human imaging studies have demonstrated that activation of frontal and parietal cortical areas, mostly in the right hemisphere, are associated with sustained attention performance. Animal neuroscientific research has focused on cortical afferent systems, particularly on the cholinergic inputs originating in the basal forebrain, as crucial components of the neuronal network mediating sustained attentional performance. Sustained attention performance-associated activation of the basal forebrain corticopetal cholinergic system is conceptualized as a component of the 'top-down' processes initiated by activation of the 'anterior attention system' and designed to mediate knowledge-driven detection and selection of target stimuli. Activated cortical cholinergic inputs facilitate these processes, particularly under taxing attentional conditions, by enhancing cortical sensory and sensory-associational information processing, including the filtering of noise and distractors. Collectively, the findings from human and animal studies provide the basis for a relatively precise description of the neuronal circuits mediating sustained attention, and the dissociation between these circuits and those mediating the 'arousal' components of attention.},
number = {2},
journal = {Behavioral Brain Research},
author = {Sarter, M. and Givens, B. and Bruno, J.P.},
year = {2001},
keywords = {\#nosource, Animals, Attention/*physiology, Basal Nucleus of Meynert/cytology/physiology, Cerebral Cortex/cytology/*physiology, Cholinergic Fibers/physiology/ultrastructure, Cognition/*physiology, Humans, Neural Pathways/cytology/*physiology, Neurons/cytology/physiology, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., ⛔ No DOI found},
pages = {146--160},
}Modern African ape populations as genetic and demographic models of the last common ancestor of humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas. Jensen-Seaman, M., I., Deinard, A., S., & Kidd, K., K. J Hered, 92(6):475-480, 2001.
Paper Website abstract bibtex
Paper Website abstract bibtex In order to fully understand human evolutionary history through the use of molecular data, it is essential to include our closest relatives as a comparison. We provide here estimates of nucleotide diversity and effective population size of modern African ape species using data from several independent noncoding nuclear loci, and use these estimates to make predictions about the nature of the ancestral population that eventually gave rise to the living species of African apes, including humans. Chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas possess two to three times more nucleotide diversity than modern humans. We hypothesize that the last common ancestor (LCA) of these species had an effective population size more similar to modern apes than modern humans. In addition, estimated dates for the divergence of the Homo, Pan, and Gorilla lineages suggest that the LCA may have had stronger geographic structuring to its mtDNA than its nuclear DNA, perhaps indicative of strong female philopatry or a dispersal system analogous to gorillas, where females disperse only short distances from their natal group. Synthesizing different classes of data, and the inferences drawn from them, allows us to predict some of the genetic and demographic properties of the LCA of humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas.
@article{
title = {Modern African ape populations as genetic and demographic models of the last common ancestor of humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas},
type = {article},
year = {2001},
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pages = {475-480},
volume = {92},
websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11948214},
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abstract = {In order to fully understand human evolutionary history through the use of molecular data, it is essential to include our closest relatives as a comparison. We provide here estimates of nucleotide diversity and effective population size of modern African ape species using data from several independent noncoding nuclear loci, and use these estimates to make predictions about the nature of the ancestral population that eventually gave rise to the living species of African apes, including humans. Chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas possess two to three times more nucleotide diversity than modern humans. We hypothesize that the last common ancestor (LCA) of these species had an effective population size more similar to modern apes than modern humans. In addition, estimated dates for the divergence of the Homo, Pan, and Gorilla lineages suggest that the LCA may have had stronger geographic structuring to its mtDNA than its nuclear DNA, perhaps indicative of strong female philopatry or a dispersal system analogous to gorillas, where females disperse only short distances from their natal group. Synthesizing different classes of data, and the inferences drawn from them, allows us to predict some of the genetic and demographic properties of the LCA of humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Jensen-Seaman, M I and Deinard, A S and Kidd, K K},
journal = {J Hered},
number = {6}
}Arteriel Pressure, Left Ventricular Mass, and Aldosterone in Essential Hypertension. El-gharbawy, A., H., Nadig, V., S., Kotchen, J., M., Grim, C., E., Sagar, K., B., Kaldunski, M., Hamet, P., Pausova, Z., Gaudet, D., Gossard, F., & Kotchen, T., A. Hypertension, 37(3):845-850, 2001.
Paper abstract bibtex
Paper abstract bibtex The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the relationship of aldosterone to blood pressure and left ventricular size in black American (n=109) and white French Canadian (n=73) patients with essential hypertension. Measurements were obtained with patients off antihypertensive medications and included 24-hour blood pressure monitoring, plasma renin activity and aldosterone, and an echocardiogram. Compared with the French Canadians, the black Americans had higher body mass indexes, higher systolic blood pressures, attenuated nighttime reduction of blood pressure, and lower serum potassium concentrations (P:<0.01 for each). Left ventricular mass index, posterior wall thickness, interventricular septal thickness, and relative wall thickness were also greater (P:<0.01 for each) in the black American patients. Supine and standing plasma renin activity was lower (P:<0.01 and P:<0.05, respectively) in the black Americans, whereas supine plasma aldosterone concentrations did not differ, and standing plasma aldosterone was greater (P:<0.05) in the black Americans (9.2+/-0.7 ng/dL) than in the French Canadians (7.3+/-0.6 ng/dL). In the black Americans, supine plasma aldosterone was positively correlated with nighttime systolic (r=0.30; P:<0.01) and diastolic (r=0.39; P:<0.001) blood pressures and inversely correlated with the nocturnal decline of systolic (r=-0.29; P:<0.01) and diastolic (r=-0.37; P:<0.001) blood pressures. In the black Americans, standing plasma aldosterone was positively correlated with left ventricular mass index (r=0.36; P:<0.001), posterior wall thickness (r=0.33; P:<0.01), and interventricular septal thickness (r=0.26; P:<0.05). When the black American patients were divided into obese and nonobese groups, significant correlations between plasma aldosterone and both blood pressure and cardiac mass were observed only in the obese. In the French Canadians, overall, plasma aldosterone did not correlate with either blood pressure or any measures of heart size. However, among obese French Canadians, supine plasma aldosterone correlated with nighttime diastolic (r=0.53, P:<0.02) and systolic (r=0.44, P:<0.01) blood pressures but not with cardiac mass. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that aldosterone contributes to elevated arterial pressure in obese black American and obese white French Canadian patients with essential hypertension and to the attenuated nocturnal decline of blood pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy in obese, hypertensive black Americans.
@article{
title = {Arteriel Pressure, Left Ventricular Mass, and Aldosterone in Essential Hypertension},
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pages = {845-850},
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notes = {<m:note> <m:bold>From Duplicate 1 ( </m:bold> <m:bold> </m:bold><m:bold><m:italic>Arterial pressure, left ventricular mass, and aldosterone in essential hypertension</m:italic></m:bold><m:bold> </m:bold> <m:bold> - El-Gharbawy, A H; Nadig, V S; Kotchen, J M; Grim, C E; Sagar, K B; Kaldunski, M; Hamet, P; Pausova, Z; Gaudet, D; Gossard, F; Kotchen, T A )<m:linebreak/> </m:bold> <m:linebreak/>Journal Article<m:linebreak/> <m:linebreak/> </m:note>},
abstract = {The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the relationship of aldosterone to blood pressure and left ventricular size in black American (n=109) and white French Canadian (n=73) patients with essential hypertension. Measurements were obtained with patients off antihypertensive medications and included 24-hour blood pressure monitoring, plasma renin activity and aldosterone, and an echocardiogram. Compared with the French Canadians, the black Americans had higher body mass indexes, higher systolic blood pressures, attenuated nighttime reduction of blood pressure, and lower serum potassium concentrations (P:<0.01 for each). Left ventricular mass index, posterior wall thickness, interventricular septal thickness, and relative wall thickness were also greater (P:<0.01 for each) in the black American patients. Supine and standing plasma renin activity was lower (P:<0.01 and P:<0.05, respectively) in the black Americans, whereas supine plasma aldosterone concentrations did not differ, and standing plasma aldosterone was greater (P:<0.05) in the black Americans (9.2+/-0.7 ng/dL) than in the French Canadians (7.3+/-0.6 ng/dL). In the black Americans, supine plasma aldosterone was positively correlated with nighttime systolic (r=0.30; P:<0.01) and diastolic (r=0.39; P:<0.001) blood pressures and inversely correlated with the nocturnal decline of systolic (r=-0.29; P:<0.01) and diastolic (r=-0.37; P:<0.001) blood pressures. In the black Americans, standing plasma aldosterone was positively correlated with left ventricular mass index (r=0.36; P:<0.001), posterior wall thickness (r=0.33; P:<0.01), and interventricular septal thickness (r=0.26; P:<0.05). When the black American patients were divided into obese and nonobese groups, significant correlations between plasma aldosterone and both blood pressure and cardiac mass were observed only in the obese. In the French Canadians, overall, plasma aldosterone did not correlate with either blood pressure or any measures of heart size. However, among obese French Canadians, supine plasma aldosterone correlated with nighttime diastolic (r=0.53, P:<0.02) and systolic (r=0.44, P:<0.01) blood pressures but not with cardiac mass. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that aldosterone contributes to elevated arterial pressure in obese black American and obese white French Canadian patients with essential hypertension and to the attenuated nocturnal decline of blood pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy in obese, hypertensive black Americans.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {El-gharbawy, Areeg H and Nadig, Vishwanatha S and Kotchen, Jane Morley and Grim, Clarence E and Sagar, Kiran B and Kaldunski, Mary and Hamet, Pavel and Pausova, Zdenka and Gaudet, Daniel and Gossard, Francis and Kotchen, Theodore A},
journal = {Hypertension},
number = {3}
}2000 (4)
Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers. Maguire, E A, Gadian, D G, Johnsrude, I S, Good, C D, Ashburner, J, Frackowiak, R S, & Frith, C D Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 97(8):4398–4403, 2000. Place: UNITED STATES ISBN: 0027-8424
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Structural MRIs of the brains of humans with extensive navigation experience, licensed London taxi drivers, were analyzed and compared with those of control subjects who did not drive taxis. The posterior hippocampi of taxi drivers were significantly larger relative to those of control subjects. A more anterior hippocampal region was larger in control subjects than in taxi drivers. Hippocampal volume correlated with the amount of time spent as a taxi driver (positively in the posterior and negatively in the anterior hippocampus). These data are in accordance with the idea that the posterior hippocampus stores a spatial representation of the environment and can expand regionally to accommodate elaboration of this representation in people with a high dependence on navigational skills. It seems that there is a capacity for local plastic change in the structure of the healthy adult human brain in response to environmental demands.
@article{maguire_navigation-related_2000,
title = {Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers.},
volume = {97},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.070039597},
abstract = {Structural MRIs of the brains of humans with extensive navigation experience, licensed London taxi drivers, were analyzed and compared with those of control subjects who did not drive taxis. The posterior hippocampi of taxi drivers were significantly larger relative to those of control subjects. A more anterior hippocampal region was larger in control subjects than in taxi drivers. Hippocampal volume correlated with the amount of time spent as a taxi driver (positively in the posterior and negatively in the anterior hippocampus). These data are in accordance with the idea that the posterior hippocampus stores a spatial representation of the environment and can expand regionally to accommodate elaboration of this representation in people with a high dependence on navigational skills. It seems that there is a capacity for local plastic change in the structure of the healthy adult human brain in response to environmental demands.},
language = {eng},
number = {8},
journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
author = {Maguire, E A and Gadian, D G and Johnsrude, I S and Good, C D and Ashburner, J and Frackowiak, R S and Frith, C D},
year = {2000},
pmid = {10716738},
note = {Place: UNITED STATES
ISBN: 0027-8424},
keywords = {Adult, Automobile Driving, Hippocampus, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Orientation, research support, non-u.s. gov't},
pages = {4398--4403},
}Neural representations of skilled movement. Haaland, K., Harrington, D., & Knight, R. Brain, 123 ( Pt 11):2306–13, 2000.
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex The frontal and parietal cortex are intimately involved in the representation of goal-directed movements, but the crucial neuroanatomical sites are not well established in humans. In order to identify these sites more precisely, we studied stroke patients who had the classic syndrome of ideomotor limb apraxia, which disrupts goal-directed movements, such as writing or brushing teeth. Patients with and without limb apraxia were identified by assessing errors imitating gestures and specifying a cut-off for apraxia relative to a normal control group. We then used MRI or CT for lesion localization and compared areas of overlap in those patients with and without limb apraxia. Patients with ideomotor limb apraxia had damage lateralized to a left hemispheric network involving the middle frontal gyrus and intraparietal sulcus region. Thus, the results revealed that discrete areas in the left hemisphere of humans are critical for control of complex goal-directed movements.
@article{haaland_neural_2000,
title = {Neural representations of skilled movement},
volume = {123 ( Pt 11)},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11050030},
doi = {10/cbpsnh},
abstract = {The frontal and parietal cortex are intimately involved in the representation of goal-directed movements, but the crucial neuroanatomical sites are not well established in humans. In order to identify these sites more precisely, we studied stroke patients who had the classic syndrome of ideomotor limb apraxia, which disrupts goal-directed movements, such as writing or brushing teeth. Patients with and without limb apraxia were identified by assessing errors imitating gestures and specifying a cut-off for apraxia relative to a normal control group. We then used MRI or CT for lesion localization and compared areas of overlap in those patients with and without limb apraxia. Patients with ideomotor limb apraxia had damage lateralized to a left hemispheric network involving the middle frontal gyrus and intraparietal sulcus region. Thus, the results revealed that discrete areas in the left hemisphere of humans are critical for control of complex goal-directed movements.},
journal = {Brain},
author = {Haaland, K.Y. and Harrington, D.L. and Knight, R.T.},
year = {2000},
keywords = {\#nosource, Aged, Apraxia, Ideomotor/*pathology/*physiopathology, Brain Injuries/complications/pathology/physiopathology, Cerebral Cortex/blood supply/*pathology/*physiopathology, Cerebrovascular Accident/complications/pathology/physiopathology, Extremities/innervation/physiopathology, Humans, Middle Aged, Motor Skills/*physiology, Movement/*physiology, Neural Pathways/pathology/*physiopathology, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychomotor Performance/physiology, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
pages = {2306--13},
}The prefrontal cortex: response selection or maintenance within working memory?. Rowe, J., Toni, I., Josephs, O., Frackowiak, R., & Passingham, R. Science, 288(5471):1656–60, 2000.
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex It is controversial whether the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is involved in the maintenance of items in working memory or in the selection of responses. We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to study the performance of a spatial working memory task by humans. We distinguished the maintenance of spatial items from the selection of an item from memory to guide a response. Selection, but not maintenance, was associated with activation of prefrontal area 46 of the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex. In contrast, maintenance was associated with activation of prefrontal area 8 and the intraparietal cortex. The results support a role for the dorsal prefrontal cortex in the selection of representations. This accounts for the fact that this area is activated both when subjects select between items on working memory tasks and when they freely select between movements on tasks of willed action.
@article{rowe_prefrontal_2000,
title = {The prefrontal cortex: response selection or maintenance within working memory?},
volume = {288},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10834847},
doi = {10/bbp8wn},
abstract = {It is controversial whether the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is involved in the maintenance of items in working memory or in the selection of responses. We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to study the performance of a spatial working memory task by humans. We distinguished the maintenance of spatial items from the selection of an item from memory to guide a response. Selection, but not maintenance, was associated with activation of prefrontal area 46 of the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex. In contrast, maintenance was associated with activation of prefrontal area 8 and the intraparietal cortex. The results support a role for the dorsal prefrontal cortex in the selection of representations. This accounts for the fact that this area is activated both when subjects select between items on working memory tasks and when they freely select between movements on tasks of willed action.},
number = {5471},
journal = {Science},
author = {Rowe, J.B. and Toni, I. and Josephs, O. and Frackowiak, R.S. and Passingham, R.E.},
year = {2000},
keywords = {\#nosource, Animals, Brain Mapping, Cognition/*physiology, Haplorhini, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Memory/*physiology, Parietal Lobe/physiology, Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Sensitivity and Specificity},
pages = {1656--60},
}Distinguishing sensory and motor biases in parietal and frontal neglect. Husain, M., Mattingley, J., Rorden, C., Kennard, C., & Driver, J. Brain, 123 ( Pt 8):1643–59, 2000.
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex Left neglect after right-hemisphere damage may involve perceptual and/or motor impairments. Here we discuss the limitations of previous attempts to separate these components, and introduce a new method. Six neglect patients (three with right inferior parietal lesions and three with right inferior frontal lesions) moved their right hand to a target light, which appeared unpredictably on either the left or the right of central fixation. The target appeared alone or with a distractor light in the opposite hemifield. Any directional motoric bias was measured by comparing reaches from a central start position with those for the same visual displays, but starting from the left of both possible targets (thus requiring only rightward reaches) or from the right (requiring only leftward reaches). All patients were slower to initiate reaches to left than right targets from a central start, which could reflect perceptual and/or motor biases. Critically, in the parietal neglect group only, initiation speed for left targets improved when a rightward reach was required to these (from a left start) rather than a leftward reach. This suggests a deficit in programming leftward movements into left hemispace, in addition to any visual impairment, for parietal neglect. A control task confirmed that this effect of start position was due to the associated change in reach direction and not to afferent inputs from the hand as it rested at the start position. Frontal neglect patients were slow to execute reaches to left targets, regardless of movement direction. Right visual distractors slowed visual reaction times to left targets more than vice versa in frontal neglect patients, and likewise for reach execution times in parietal neglect patients, suggesting that visual distractors on the neglected side have less impact. Distractor effects were unaffected by start position in the frontal neglect group (suggesting a perceptual basis), but distractors slowed reach initiation in the parietal neglect group only from left and central starts. Taken together, these findings demonstrate a directional motor component to parietal but not frontal neglect, and suggest that in man the inferior parietal lobe plays a role not only in perception but also in the programming of selective reaches. These conclusions are related to recent single-unit data from the monkey parietal lobe.
@article{husain_distinguishing_2000,
title = {Distinguishing sensory and motor biases in parietal and frontal neglect},
volume = {123 ( Pt 8)},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10908194},
doi = {10/c7hkfw},
abstract = {Left neglect after right-hemisphere damage may involve perceptual and/or motor impairments. Here we discuss the limitations of previous attempts to separate these components, and introduce a new method. Six neglect patients (three with right inferior parietal lesions and three with right inferior frontal lesions) moved their right hand to a target light, which appeared unpredictably on either the left or the right of central fixation. The target appeared alone or with a distractor light in the opposite hemifield. Any directional motoric bias was measured by comparing reaches from a central start position with those for the same visual displays, but starting from the left of both possible targets (thus requiring only rightward reaches) or from the right (requiring only leftward reaches). All patients were slower to initiate reaches to left than right targets from a central start, which could reflect perceptual and/or motor biases. Critically, in the parietal neglect group only, initiation speed for left targets improved when a rightward reach was required to these (from a left start) rather than a leftward reach. This suggests a deficit in programming leftward movements into left hemispace, in addition to any visual impairment, for parietal neglect. A control task confirmed that this effect of start position was due to the associated change in reach direction and not to afferent inputs from the hand as it rested at the start position. Frontal neglect patients were slow to execute reaches to left targets, regardless of movement direction. Right visual distractors slowed visual reaction times to left targets more than vice versa in frontal neglect patients, and likewise for reach execution times in parietal neglect patients, suggesting that visual distractors on the neglected side have less impact. Distractor effects were unaffected by start position in the frontal neglect group (suggesting a perceptual basis), but distractors slowed reach initiation in the parietal neglect group only from left and central starts. Taken together, these findings demonstrate a directional motor component to parietal but not frontal neglect, and suggest that in man the inferior parietal lobe plays a role not only in perception but also in the programming of selective reaches. These conclusions are related to recent single-unit data from the monkey parietal lobe.},
journal = {Brain},
author = {Husain, M. and Mattingley, J.B. and Rorden, C. and Kennard, C. and Driver, J.},
year = {2000},
keywords = {\#nosource, *Attention, *Motor Activity, *Sensation, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Frontal Lobe/*physiopathology, Hand/physiopathology, Humans, Laterality, Male, Middle Aged, Parietal Lobe/*physiopathology, Perceptual Masking, Posture, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
pages = {1643--59},
}1999 (6)
A distortion of perceived space in patients with right-hemisphere lesions and visual hemineglect. Irving-Bell, L., Small, M., & Cowey, A. Neuropsychologia, 37(8):919–25, 1999.
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex In twelve patients with left visuospatial hemineglect following acute right hemisphere cerebrovascular accident (CVA), and in twelve normal controls, we used a matching task to investigate judgement of the length of lines. Their task was to choose which of three lines of different length matched a separate single line. On each trial, the lines were all vertical or all horizontal. The set of three lines was presented either to the left or the right of the single line. When the lines were vertical, the choices made both by normal subjects and patients were nearly always correct. However, when the lines were horizontal and the set of comparison lines was on the left, patients mostly selected a line that was longer than the sample on the right, and never chose shorter lines, suggesting that the length of horizontal lines on the left was underestimated. When the set of three lines was on the right, patients chose the correct line more often, but made errors in both directions, i.e. longer or shorter, although shorter lines were chosen more often than longer lines. The rare errors made by normal subjects were in the same directions as those observed in the patients. The results provide further evidence for a non-Euclidean distortion of perceptual space in patients with left sided visuospatial neglect, and suggest that this distortion could be a gross exaggeration of normal performance or a product of diminished spatial attention, or both.
@article{irving-bell_distortion_1999,
title = {A distortion of perceived space in patients with right-hemisphere lesions and visual hemineglect},
volume = {37},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10426517},
doi = {10/drssvr},
abstract = {In twelve patients with left visuospatial hemineglect following acute right hemisphere cerebrovascular accident (CVA), and in twelve normal controls, we used a matching task to investigate judgement of the length of lines. Their task was to choose which of three lines of different length matched a separate single line. On each trial, the lines were all vertical or all horizontal. The set of three lines was presented either to the left or the right of the single line. When the lines were vertical, the choices made both by normal subjects and patients were nearly always correct. However, when the lines were horizontal and the set of comparison lines was on the left, patients mostly selected a line that was longer than the sample on the right, and never chose shorter lines, suggesting that the length of horizontal lines on the left was underestimated. When the set of three lines was on the right, patients chose the correct line more often, but made errors in both directions, i.e. longer or shorter, although shorter lines were chosen more often than longer lines. The rare errors made by normal subjects were in the same directions as those observed in the patients. The results provide further evidence for a non-Euclidean distortion of perceptual space in patients with left sided visuospatial neglect, and suggest that this distortion could be a gross exaggeration of normal performance or a product of diminished spatial attention, or both.},
number = {8},
journal = {Neuropsychologia},
author = {Irving-Bell, L. and Small, M. and Cowey, A.},
year = {1999},
keywords = {\#nosource, *Laterality, *Visual Perception, Aged, Attention, Brain/*pathology/physiopathology, Case-Control Studies, Cerebrovascular Disorders/*complications/pathology/physiopathology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Perceptual Disorders/*etiology/physiopathology, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Size Perception, Space Perception},
pages = {919--25},
}Attention accesses multiple reference frames: evidence from visual neglect. Behrmann, M & Tipper, S P J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 25(1):83–101, 1999.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Research with normal participants has demonstrated that mechanisms of selective attention can simultaneously gain access to internal representations of spatial information defined with respect to both location- and object-based frames of reference. The present study demonstrates that patients with unilateral spatial neglect following a right-hemisphere lesion are poorer at detecting information on the contralateral left side in both location- and object-based spatial coordinates simultaneously. Moreover, the extent of the neglect is modulated by the probability of a target's appearing in either reference frame; as the probability of sampling a target in a particular frame of reference increases, so does the severity of neglect in the frame. These findings suggest that attention can be flexibly and strategically assigned to a reference frame depending on the contingencies of the task.
@article{behrmann_attention_1999,
title = {Attention accesses multiple reference frames: evidence from visual neglect},
volume = {25},
abstract = {Research with normal participants has demonstrated that mechanisms of selective attention can simultaneously gain access to internal representations of spatial information defined with respect to both location- and object-based frames of reference. The present study demonstrates that patients with unilateral spatial neglect following a right-hemisphere lesion are poorer at detecting information on the contralateral left side in both location- and object-based spatial coordinates simultaneously. Moreover, the extent of the neglect is modulated by the probability of a target's appearing in either reference frame; as the probability of sampling a target in a particular frame of reference increases, so does the severity of neglect in the frame. These findings suggest that attention can be flexibly and strategically assigned to a reference frame depending on the contingencies of the task.},
number = {1},
journal = {J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform},
author = {Behrmann, M and Tipper, S P},
year = {1999},
pmid = {10069027},
keywords = {*Attention, *Field Dependence-Independence, *Orientation, *Pattern Recognition, Visual, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Brain Damage, Chronic/diagnosis, Dominance, Cerebral, Female, Hemianopsia/diagnosis, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
pages = {83--101},
}Neural correlates of decision variables in parietal cortex. Platt, M. L. & Glimcher, P. W. Nature, 400(6741):233-8, 1999.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Decision theory proposes that humans and animals decide what to do in a given situation by assessing the relative value of each possible response. This assessment can be computed, in part, from the probability that each action will result in a gain and the magnitude of the gain expected. Here we show that the gain (or reward) a monkey can expect to realize from an eye-movement response modulates the activity of neurons in the lateral intraparietal area, an area of primate cortex that is thought to transform visual signals into eye-movement commands. We also show that the activity of these neurons is sensitive to the probability that a particular response will result in a gain. When animals can choose freely between two alternative responses, the choices subjects make and neuronal activation in this area are both correlated with the relative amount of gain that the animal can expect from each response. Our data indicate that a decision-theoretic model may provide a powerful new framework for studying the neural processes that intervene between sensation and action.
@Article{Platt1999,
author = {M. L. Platt and P. W. Glimcher},
journal = {Nature},
title = {Neural correlates of decision variables in parietal cortex.},
year = {1999},
number = {6741},
pages = {233-8},
volume = {400},
abstract = {Decision theory proposes that humans and animals decide what to do
in a given situation by assessing the relative value of each possible
response. This assessment can be computed, in part, from the probability
that each action will result in a gain and the magnitude of the gain
expected. Here we show that the gain (or reward) a monkey can expect
to realize from an eye-movement response modulates the activity of
neurons in the lateral intraparietal area, an area of primate cortex
that is thought to transform visual signals into eye-movement commands.
We also show that the activity of these neurons is sensitive to the
probability that a particular response will result in a gain. When
animals can choose freely between two alternative responses, the
choices subjects make and neuronal activation in this area are both
correlated with the relative amount of gain that the animal can expect
from each response. Our data indicate that a decision-theoretic model
may provide a powerful new framework for studying the neural processes
that intervene between sensation and action.},
doi = {10.1038/22268},
keywords = {Afferent, Animals, Color Perception, Decision Making, Eye Movements, Fixation, Macaca, Models, Motor Neurons, Neurological, Neurons, Non-U.S. Gov't, Ocular, P.H.S., Parietal Lobe, Probability, Research Support, Reward, U.S. Gov't, 10421355},
}Two-dimensional distortion of space representation in unilateral neglect: perceptual and response-related factors. Bisiach, E., Ricci, R., Berruti, G., Genero, R., Pepi, R., & Fumelli, T. Neuropsychologia, 37(13):1491–8, 1999.
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex The paper reports the results of an experiment in which left-neglect patients were required to point at the location they judged vertically to correspond (within the frame of the visual stimulus display they were given) with a cue that was variably located along a left-right axis lying proximally or distally with respect to the left-right axis over which they had to give their response. Patients were found to make rightward errors as in a similar, single-case study. The significant positive correlation between those errors and the degree of response bias on a manual-response version of the Milner Landmark Task suggests that rightward pointing errors made by left-neglect patients in conditions such as those set in the present experiment are due to a dysfunction selectively affecting an output-related component of space representation.
@article{bisiach_two-dimensional_1999,
title = {Two-dimensional distortion of space representation in unilateral neglect: perceptual and response-related factors},
volume = {37},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10617269},
doi = {10.1016/S0028-3932(99)00046-9},
abstract = {The paper reports the results of an experiment in which left-neglect patients were required to point at the location they judged vertically to correspond (within the frame of the visual stimulus display they were given) with a cue that was variably located along a left-right axis lying proximally or distally with respect to the left-right axis over which they had to give their response. Patients were found to make rightward errors as in a similar, single-case study. The significant positive correlation between those errors and the degree of response bias on a manual-response version of the Milner Landmark Task suggests that rightward pointing errors made by left-neglect patients in conditions such as those set in the present experiment are due to a dysfunction selectively affecting an output-related component of space representation.},
number = {13},
journal = {Neuropsychologia},
author = {Bisiach, E. and Ricci, R. and Berruti, G. and Genero, R. and Pepi, R. and Fumelli, T.},
year = {1999},
keywords = {\#nosource, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cerebral Cortex/physiopathology, Cerebrovascular Accident/diagnosis/physiopathology, Dominance, Cerebral/*physiology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Orientation/*physiology, Perceptual Disorders/diagnosis/*physiopathology, Perceptual Distortion/*physiology, Psychomotor Performance/*physiology, Reference Values, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
pages = {1491--8},
}Increased activity in human visual cortex during directed attention in the absence of visual stimulation. Kastner, S, Pinsk, M A, De Weerd, P, Desimone, R, & Ungerleider, L G Neuron, 22(4):751–761, 1999. Place: UNITED STATES ISBN: 0896-6273
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
When subjects direct attention to a particular location in a visual scene, responses in the visual cortex to stimuli presented at that location are enhanced, and the suppressive influences of nearby distractors are reduced. What is the top-down signal that modulates the response to an attended versus an unattended stimulus? Here, we demonstrate increased activity related to attention in the absence of visual stimulation in extrastriate cortex when subjects covertly directed attention to a peripheral location expecting the onset of visual stimuli. Frontal and parietal areas showed a stronger signal increase during this expectation than did visual areas. The increased activity in visual cortex in the absence of visual stimulation may reflect a top-down bias of neural signals in favor of the attended location, which derives from a fronto-parietal network.
@article{kastner_increased_1999,
title = {Increased activity in human visual cortex during directed attention in the absence of visual stimulation.},
volume = {22},
abstract = {When subjects direct attention to a particular location in a visual scene, responses in the visual cortex to stimuli presented at that location are enhanced, and the suppressive influences of nearby distractors are reduced. What is the top-down signal that modulates the response to an attended versus an unattended stimulus? Here, we demonstrate increased activity related to attention in the absence of visual stimulation in extrastriate cortex when subjects covertly directed attention to a peripheral location expecting the onset of visual stimuli. Frontal and parietal areas showed a stronger signal increase during this expectation than did visual areas. The increased activity in visual cortex in the absence of visual stimulation may reflect a top-down bias of neural signals in favor of the attended location, which derives from a fronto-parietal network.},
language = {eng},
number = {4},
journal = {Neuron},
author = {Kastner, S and Pinsk, M A and De Weerd, P and Desimone, R and Ungerleider, L G},
year = {1999},
pmid = {10230795},
note = {Place: UNITED STATES
ISBN: 0896-6273},
keywords = {Attention, Brain Mapping, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Parietal Lobe, Photic Stimulation, Visual Cortex, comparative study, research support, non-u.s. gov't},
pages = {751--761},
}Genetic factors in susceptibility to death: a comparative analysis of bivariate survival models. Yashin, A., I., Begun, A., Z., & Iachine, I., A. J Epidemiol Biostat, 4(1):53-60, 1999.
Website abstract bibtex
Website abstract bibtex BACKGROUND: Molecular epidemiological studies of aging and longevity are focused on evaluating the effects of single genes on susceptibility to disease and death. The effects of all genetic factors on susceptibility can be evaluated from the analysis of survival data on related individuals. METHOD: The analyses of survival data on Danish monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins are performed using gamma, inverse Gaussian and three-parameter correlated frailty models. The semiparametric representations of the respective models are used to obtain maximum likelihood estimates of model parameters. The results are compared using the likelihood ratio test. RESULTS: The survival of Danish MZ and DZ twins can be characterised by the same marginal hazards and identical univariate frailty distributions for any of the three frailty models. In all three cases the genetic influence on frailty is statistically significant. CONCLUSION: All three models can be used to study genetic effects on susceptibility. The gamma and inverse Gaussian frailty models fit the Danish twin data equally well. Our analyses show that for the Danish twin data these two models are preferable to the three-parameter model.
@article{
title = {Genetic factors in susceptibility to death: a comparative analysis of bivariate survival models},
type = {article},
year = {1999},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {*Death,*Genetic Predisposition to Disease,*Models, Genetic,Cohort Studies,Denmark/epidemiology,Female,Humans,Male,Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.,Statistics,Twins, Dizygotic/statistics & numerical data,Twins, Monozygotic/statistics & numerical data,Variation (Genetics)},
pages = {53-60},
volume = {4},
websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10613717},
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read = {false},
starred = {false},
authored = {false},
confirmed = {true},
hidden = {false},
source_type = {Journal Article},
notes = {<m:note>1359-5229<m:linebreak/>Journal Article<m:linebreak/>Twin Study</m:note>},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Molecular epidemiological studies of aging and longevity are focused on evaluating the effects of single genes on susceptibility to disease and death. The effects of all genetic factors on susceptibility can be evaluated from the analysis of survival data on related individuals. METHOD: The analyses of survival data on Danish monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins are performed using gamma, inverse Gaussian and three-parameter correlated frailty models. The semiparametric representations of the respective models are used to obtain maximum likelihood estimates of model parameters. The results are compared using the likelihood ratio test. RESULTS: The survival of Danish MZ and DZ twins can be characterised by the same marginal hazards and identical univariate frailty distributions for any of the three frailty models. In all three cases the genetic influence on frailty is statistically significant. CONCLUSION: All three models can be used to study genetic effects on susceptibility. The gamma and inverse Gaussian frailty models fit the Danish twin data equally well. Our analyses show that for the Danish twin data these two models are preferable to the three-parameter model.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Yashin, A I and Begun, A Z and Iachine, I A},
journal = {J Epidemiol Biostat},
number = {1}
}1998 (4)
Differential activation of right superior parietal cortex and intraparietal sulcus by spatial and nonspatial attention. Coull, J. & Frith, C. Neuroimage, 8(2):176–87, 1998.
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex Neuropsychological and functional neuroimaging studies have implicated the right posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in human spatial attention. We tested the hypothesis that this area is also involved in nonspatial aspects of attention and working memory using positron emission tomography in healthy volunteers. In an initial experiment, digits were presented in pseudo-random spatial locations, and subjects attended either to locations or digits in order to detect single targets (attention condition) or to sequences of stimuli (working memory (WM) condition). Right superior parietal cortex (BA7) and intraparietal sulcus (IPS) were active during both spatial (locations) and nonspatial (digits) tasks compared to rest, although more so for the former. Additionally, right PPC was activated to an even greater extent during tests of WM than of attention, especially for tests of spatial WM. There were no differences in activation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the spatial versus nonspatial versions of the task, contrary to many previous studies. A follow-up experiment which presented abstract objects in a fixed, central location confirmed that right IPS was active during tests of nonspatial attention and also that this activation is not due to incidental spatial representation of digit stimuli. However, BA7 was not activated by this nonspatial, nondigit attentional task. Overall, these data suggest first that right IPS is recruited for both nonspatial and spatial attention and WM. Second, right BA7 is recruited specifically for spatial (both direct and indirect) forms of attentional processing. Finally, PPC activations in spatial WM tasks are likely to be due to a combination of spatial perception, attention, and WM, rather than to any of these individually.
@article{coull_differential_1998,
title = {Differential activation of right superior parietal cortex and intraparietal sulcus by spatial and nonspatial attention},
volume = {8},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9740760},
doi = {10.1006/nimg.1998.0354},
abstract = {Neuropsychological and functional neuroimaging studies have implicated the right posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in human spatial attention. We tested the hypothesis that this area is also involved in nonspatial aspects of attention and working memory using positron emission tomography in healthy volunteers. In an initial experiment, digits were presented in pseudo-random spatial locations, and subjects attended either to locations or digits in order to detect single targets (attention condition) or to sequences of stimuli (working memory (WM) condition). Right superior parietal cortex (BA7) and intraparietal sulcus (IPS) were active during both spatial (locations) and nonspatial (digits) tasks compared to rest, although more so for the former. Additionally, right PPC was activated to an even greater extent during tests of WM than of attention, especially for tests of spatial WM. There were no differences in activation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the spatial versus nonspatial versions of the task, contrary to many previous studies. A follow-up experiment which presented abstract objects in a fixed, central location confirmed that right IPS was active during tests of nonspatial attention and also that this activation is not due to incidental spatial representation of digit stimuli. However, BA7 was not activated by this nonspatial, nondigit attentional task. Overall, these data suggest first that right IPS is recruited for both nonspatial and spatial attention and WM. Second, right BA7 is recruited specifically for spatial (both direct and indirect) forms of attentional processing. Finally, PPC activations in spatial WM tasks are likely to be due to a combination of spatial perception, attention, and WM, rather than to any of these individually.},
number = {2},
journal = {Neuroimage},
author = {Coull, J.T. and Frith, C.D.},
year = {1998},
keywords = {\#nosource, *Brain Mapping, Adult, Arousal/physiology, Attention/*physiology, Frontal Lobe/physiology, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Male, Mental Recall/physiology, Orientation/*physiology, Parietal Lobe/*physiology, Pattern Recognition, Visual/*physiology, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Tomography, Emission-Computed},
pages = {176--87},
}How heritable is individual susceptibility to death? The results of an analysis of survival data on Danish, Swedish and Finnish twins. Iachine, I., A., Holm, N., V., Harris, J., R., Begun, A., Z., Iachina, M., K., Laitinen, M., Kaprio, J., & Yashin, A., I. Twin Res, 1(4):196-205, 1998.
Website abstract bibtex
Website abstract bibtex Molecular epidemiological studies confirm a substantial contribution of individual genes to variability in susceptibility to disease and death for humans. To evaluate the contribution of all genes to susceptibility and to estimate individual survival characteristics, survival data on related individuals (eg twins or other relatives) are needed. Correlated gamma-frailty models of bivariate survival are used in a joint analysis of survival data on more than 31,000 pairs of Danish, Swedish and Finnish male and female twins using the maximum likelihood method. Additive decomposition of frailty into genetic and environmental components is used to estimate heritability in frailty. The estimate of the standard deviation of frailty from the pooled data is about 1.5. The hypothesis that variance in frailty and correlations of frailty for twins are similar in the data from all three countries is accepted. The estimate of narrow-sense heritability in frailty is about 0.5. The age trajectories of individual hazards are evaluated for all three populations of twins and both sexes. The results of our analysis confirm the presence of genetic influences on individual frailty and longevity. They also suggest that the mechanism of these genetic influences may be similar for the three Scandinavian countries. Furthermore, results indicate that the increase in individual hazard with age is more rapid than predicted by traditional demographic life tables.
@article{
title = {How heritable is individual susceptibility to death? The results of an analysis of survival data on Danish, Swedish and Finnish twins},
type = {article},
year = {1998},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {*Death,*Genetic Predisposition to Disease,Adult,Age Factors,Aged,Aged, 80 and over,Denmark,Disease Susceptibility,Environment,Epidemiology, Molecular,Female,Finland,Forecasting,Health,Humans,Life Tables,Likelihood Functions,Longevity/genetics,Male,Middle Aged,Models, Genetic,Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.,Sex Factors,Survival Analysis,Sweden,Twins/*genetics},
pages = {196-205},
volume = {1},
websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10100811},
id = {161c25f0-f407-3983-ac34-656acbfb7169},
created = {2017-06-19T13:42:57.913Z},
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read = {false},
starred = {false},
authored = {false},
confirmed = {true},
hidden = {false},
source_type = {Journal Article},
notes = {<m:note>1369-0523<m:linebreak/>Journal Article<m:linebreak/>Twin Study</m:note>},
abstract = {Molecular epidemiological studies confirm a substantial contribution of individual genes to variability in susceptibility to disease and death for humans. To evaluate the contribution of all genes to susceptibility and to estimate individual survival characteristics, survival data on related individuals (eg twins or other relatives) are needed. Correlated gamma-frailty models of bivariate survival are used in a joint analysis of survival data on more than 31,000 pairs of Danish, Swedish and Finnish male and female twins using the maximum likelihood method. Additive decomposition of frailty into genetic and environmental components is used to estimate heritability in frailty. The estimate of the standard deviation of frailty from the pooled data is about 1.5. The hypothesis that variance in frailty and correlations of frailty for twins are similar in the data from all three countries is accepted. The estimate of narrow-sense heritability in frailty is about 0.5. The age trajectories of individual hazards are evaluated for all three populations of twins and both sexes. The results of our analysis confirm the presence of genetic influences on individual frailty and longevity. They also suggest that the mechanism of these genetic influences may be similar for the three Scandinavian countries. Furthermore, results indicate that the increase in individual hazard with age is more rapid than predicted by traditional demographic life tables.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Iachine, I A and Holm, N V and Harris, J R and Begun, A Z and Iachina, M K and Laitinen, M and Kaprio, J and Yashin, A I},
journal = {Twin Res},
number = {4}
}A cortical representation of the local visual environment. Epstein, R & Kanwisher, N Nature, 392(6676):598–601, 1998. ISBN: 0028-0836
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Medial temporal brain regions such as the hippocampal formation and parahippocampal cortex have been generally implicated in navigation and visual memory. However, the specific function of each of these regions is not yet clear. Here we present evidence that a particular area within human parahippocampal cortex is involved in a critical component of navigation: perceiving the local visual environment. This region, which we name the 'parahippocampal place area' (PPA), responds selectively and automatically in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to passively viewed scenes, but only weakly to single objects and not at all to faces. The critical factor for this activation appears to be the presence in the stimulus of information about the layout of local space. The response in the PPA to scenes with spatial layout but no discrete objects (empty rooms) is as strong as the response to complex meaningful scenes containing multiple objects (the same rooms furnished) and over twice as strong as the response to arrays of multiple objects without three-dimensional spatial context (the furniture from these rooms on a blank background). This response is reduced if the surfaces in the scene are rearranged so that they no longer define a coherent space. We propose that the PPA represents places by encoding the geometry of the local environment.
@article{Epstein1998,
title = {A cortical representation of the local visual environment},
volume = {392},
doi = {10.1038/33402},
abstract = {Medial temporal brain regions such as the hippocampal formation and parahippocampal cortex have been generally implicated in navigation and visual memory. However, the specific function of each of these regions is not yet clear. Here we present evidence that a particular area within human parahippocampal cortex is involved in a critical component of navigation: perceiving the local visual environment. This region, which we name the 'parahippocampal place area' (PPA), responds selectively and automatically in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to passively viewed scenes, but only weakly to single objects and not at all to faces. The critical factor for this activation appears to be the presence in the stimulus of information about the layout of local space. The response in the PPA to scenes with spatial layout but no discrete objects (empty rooms) is as strong as the response to complex meaningful scenes containing multiple objects (the same rooms furnished) and over twice as strong as the response to arrays of multiple objects without three-dimensional spatial context (the furniture from these rooms on a blank background). This response is reduced if the surfaces in the scene are rearranged so that they no longer define a coherent space. We propose that the PPA represents places by encoding the geometry of the local environment.},
language = {eng},
number = {6676},
journal = {Nature},
author = {Epstein, R and Kanwisher, N},
year = {1998},
pmid = {9560155},
note = {ISBN: 0028-0836},
keywords = {Brain Mapping, Face, Female, Hippocampus, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, PPA, Photic Stimulation, Space Perception, Visual Perception, research support, non-u.s. gov't, research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
pages = {598--601},
}A common network of functional areas for attention and eye movements. Corbetta, M., Akbudak, E., Conturo, T., Snyder, A., Ollinger, J., Drury, H., Linenweber, M., Petersen, S., Raichle, M., Van Essen, D., & Shulman, G. Neuron, 21(4):761–73, 1998.
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and surface-based representations of brain activity were used to compare the functional anatomy of two tasks, one involving covert shifts of attention to peripheral visual stimuli, the other involving both attentional and saccadic shifts to the same stimuli. Overlapping regional networks in parietal, frontal, and temporal lobes were active in both tasks. This anatomical overlap is consistent with the hypothesis that attentional and oculomotor processes are tightly integrated at the neural level.
@article{corbetta_common_1998,
title = {A common network of functional areas for attention and eye movements},
volume = {21},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9808463},
doi = {10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80593-0},
abstract = {Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and surface-based representations of brain activity were used to compare the functional anatomy of two tasks, one involving covert shifts of attention to peripheral visual stimuli, the other involving both attentional and saccadic shifts to the same stimuli. Overlapping regional networks in parietal, frontal, and temporal lobes were active in both tasks. This anatomical overlap is consistent with the hypothesis that attentional and oculomotor processes are tightly integrated at the neural level.},
number = {4},
journal = {Neuron},
author = {Corbetta, M. and Akbudak, E. and Conturo, T.E. and Snyder, A.Z. and Ollinger, J.M. and Drury, H.A. and Linenweber, M.R. and Petersen, S.E. and Raichle, M.E. and Van Essen, D.C. and Shulman, G.L.},
year = {1998},
keywords = {\#nosource, Adolescent, Adult, Attention/*physiology, Behavior/physiology, Brain Mapping, Brain/*physiology, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neural Pathways/physiology, Photic Stimulation, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Saccades/*physiology},
pages = {761--73},
}1997 (3)
Influence of stimulus salience and attentional demands on visual search patterns in hemispatial neglect. Aglioti, S., Smania, N., Barbieri, C., & Corbetta, M. Brain Cogn, 34(3):388–403, 1997.
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex Seventy-five left and right brain-damaged patients, with or without hemispatial neglect, and 40 age-matched control subjects were tested on cancellation tasks with two different visual textures modeled after Julesz (1981). In one condition ("preattentive"), target elements segregated easily from background elements and were perceived effortlessly. In the other ("attentive"), target elements did not segregate easily and could be detected only after prolonged focal scrutiny. Both controls and patients were more accurate and faster on the preattentive than attentive texture. However, only neglect patients were disproportionately impaired on the attentive texture, thus suggesting that unilateral neglect is exacerbated by the low visual salience of the stimuli and a higher engagement of focal attention. Thus, a simple bedside test may help to tell apart the level of visual information processing maximally impaired in neglect patients.
@article{aglioti_influence_1997,
title = {Influence of stimulus salience and attentional demands on visual search patterns in hemispatial neglect},
volume = {34},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9292188},
doi = {10.1006/brcg.1997.0915},
abstract = {Seventy-five left and right brain-damaged patients, with or without hemispatial neglect, and 40 age-matched control subjects were tested on cancellation tasks with two different visual textures modeled after Julesz (1981). In one condition ("preattentive"), target elements segregated easily from background elements and were perceived effortlessly. In the other ("attentive"), target elements did not segregate easily and could be detected only after prolonged focal scrutiny. Both controls and patients were more accurate and faster on the preattentive than attentive texture. However, only neglect patients were disproportionately impaired on the attentive texture, thus suggesting that unilateral neglect is exacerbated by the low visual salience of the stimuli and a higher engagement of focal attention. Thus, a simple bedside test may help to tell apart the level of visual information processing maximally impaired in neglect patients.},
number = {3},
journal = {Brain Cogn},
author = {Aglioti, S. and Smania, N. and Barbieri, C. and Corbetta, M.},
year = {1997},
keywords = {\#nosource, *Attention, *Visual Fields, Analysis of Variance, Cerebrovascular Disorders/complications/physiopathology, Comparative Study, Humans, Laterality, Parietal Lobe/*physiopathology, Perceptual Disorders/etiology/*physiopathology, Reaction Time, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Temporal Lobe/*physiopathology, Thalamus/*physiopathology},
pages = {388--403},
}Neural mechanisms of spatial selective attention in areas V1, V2, and V4 of macaque visual cortex. Luck, S J, Chelazzi, L, Hillyard, S A, & Desimone, R J Neurophysiol, 77(1):24–42, 1997. Place: UNITED STATES ISBN: 0022-3077
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Many neurons in extrastriate visual cortex have large receptive fields, and this may lead to significant computational problems whenever multiple stimuli fall within a single field. Previous studies have suggested that when multiple stimuli fall within a cell's receptive field, they compete for the cell's response in a manner that can be biased in favor of attended stimuli. In the present study we examined this role of attention in areas V1, V2, and V4 of macaque monkeys with the use of a behavioral paradigm in which attention was directed to one of two stimulus locations. When two stimuli were presented simultaneously inside the cell's receptive field (which could be accomplished only in areas V2 and V4), we found that the cell's response was strongly influenced by which of the two stimuli was attended. The size of this attention effect was reduced when the attended and ignored stimuli were presented sequentially rather than simultaneously. In addition, the effects became very weak and inconsistent in these areas when only one of the two stimuli was located inside the receptive field. Attention thus modulated sensory responses primarily when two or more simultaneous stimuli competed for access to a neuron's receptive field. As in areas V2 and V4, attention did not modulate sensory responses in area V1 when only a single stimulus was inside the receptive field. In addition, the small receptive fields in this area precluded the simultaneous presentation of attended and ignored stimuli inside the receptive field, making it impossible to determine whether attention effects would be observed under the conditions that led to consistent attention effects in areas V2 and V4. Spontaneous firing rates in areas V2 and V4 were found to be 30-40% higher when attention was directed inside rather than outside the receptive field, even when no stimulus was present in the receptive field. Spontaneous firing rates also varied according to the particular location within the receptive field that was attended. These shifts in spontaneous activity may reflect a top-down signal that biases responses in favor of stimuli at the attended location.
@article{luck_neural_1997,
title = {Neural mechanisms of spatial selective attention in areas {V1}, {V2}, and {V4} of macaque visual cortex.},
volume = {77},
abstract = {Many neurons in extrastriate visual cortex have large receptive fields, and this may lead to significant computational problems whenever multiple stimuli fall within a single field. Previous studies have suggested that when multiple stimuli fall within a cell's receptive field, they compete for the cell's response in a manner that can be biased in favor of attended stimuli. In the present study we examined this role of attention in areas V1, V2, and V4 of macaque monkeys with the use of a behavioral paradigm in which attention was directed to one of two stimulus locations. When two stimuli were presented simultaneously inside the cell's receptive field (which could be accomplished only in areas V2 and V4), we found that the cell's response was strongly influenced by which of the two stimuli was attended. The size of this attention effect was reduced when the attended and ignored stimuli were presented sequentially rather than simultaneously. In addition, the effects became very weak and inconsistent in these areas when only one of the two stimuli was located inside the receptive field. Attention thus modulated sensory responses primarily when two or more simultaneous stimuli competed for access to a neuron's receptive field. As in areas V2 and V4, attention did not modulate sensory responses in area V1 when only a single stimulus was inside the receptive field. In addition, the small receptive fields in this area precluded the simultaneous presentation of attended and ignored stimuli inside the receptive field, making it impossible to determine whether attention effects would be observed under the conditions that led to consistent attention effects in areas V2 and V4. Spontaneous firing rates in areas V2 and V4 were found to be 30-40\% higher when attention was directed inside rather than outside the receptive field, even when no stimulus was present in the receptive field. Spontaneous firing rates also varied according to the particular location within the receptive field that was attended. These shifts in spontaneous activity may reflect a top-down signal that biases responses in favor of stimuli at the attended location.},
language = {eng},
number = {1},
journal = {J Neurophysiol},
author = {Luck, S J and Chelazzi, L and Hillyard, S A and Desimone, R},
year = {1997},
pmid = {9120566},
note = {Place: UNITED STATES
ISBN: 0022-3077},
keywords = {Animals, Attention, Cues, Electrodes, Implanted, Evoked Potentials, Visual, Eye Movements, Macaca mulatta, Male, Neurons, Photic Stimulation, Psychomotor Performance, Space Perception, Visual Cortex, research support, non-u.s. gov't, research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s., research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
pages = {24--42},
}Genetics of aging. Finch, C., E. & Tanzi, R., E. Science, 278(5337):407-411, 1997.
Website abstract bibtex
Website abstract bibtex The role of genetics in determining life-span is complex and paradoxical. Although the heritability of life-span is relatively minor, some genetic variants significantly modify senescence of mammals and invertebrates, with both positive and negative impacts on age-related disorders and life-spans. In certain examples, the gene variants alter metabolic pathways, which could thereby mediate interactions with nutritional and other environmental factors that influence life-span. Given the relatively minor effect and variable penetrance of genetic risk factors that appear to affect survival and health at advanced ages, life-style and other environmental influences may profoundly modify outcomes of aging.
@article{
title = {Genetics of aging},
type = {article},
year = {1997},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {Aging/*genetics,Alzheimer Disease/genetics,Animals,Apoptosis/genetics,Gene Expression,Humans,Longevity/*genetics,Mutation,Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.,Risk Factors,Variation (Genetics)},
pages = {407-411},
volume = {278},
websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9334291},
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source_type = {Journal Article},
notes = {<m:note>0036-8075<m:linebreak/>Journal Article<m:linebreak/>Review<m:linebreak/>Review, Tutorial</m:note>},
abstract = {The role of genetics in determining life-span is complex and paradoxical. Although the heritability of life-span is relatively minor, some genetic variants significantly modify senescence of mammals and invertebrates, with both positive and negative impacts on age-related disorders and life-spans. In certain examples, the gene variants alter metabolic pathways, which could thereby mediate interactions with nutritional and other environmental factors that influence life-span. Given the relatively minor effect and variable penetrance of genetic risk factors that appear to affect survival and health at advanced ages, life-style and other environmental influences may profoundly modify outcomes of aging.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Finch, C E and Tanzi, R E},
journal = {Science},
number = {5337}
}1996 (2)
Asthma on Tristan da Cunha: looking for the genetic link. The University of Toronto Genetics of Asthma Research Group. Zamel, N., McClean, P., A., Sandell, P., R., Siminovitch, K., A., & Slutsky, A., S. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 153(6 Pt 1):1902-1906, 1996.
Website abstract bibtex
Website abstract bibtex Although asthma has a significant heritable component, the mode of inheritance remains controversial because of the complexity of the disease and the influence of environmental factors. Isolated, inbred populations serve to reduce variability, thus increasing the probability of gene localization. We studied the inbred population of the remote island of Tristan da Cunha to document asthma prevalence for the purpose of genetic linkage analysis. Medical histories and skin atopy were determined on 282 islanders, representing 97% of the population, and airway responsiveness was measured in 254; 226 by methacholine challenge (tidal breathing method) and 28 by bronchodilator response (400 micrograms salbutamol aerosol). Blood samples were collected from 275 islanders. Participants ranged in age from 3 to 94 yr. Asthma was defined as increased airway responsiveness (AR+: PC20 < 4 mg/ml or > or = 15% increase in FEV1 postbronchodilator) combined with a positive history (Hx+). Fifty-seven percent of the islanders had at least partial evidence of asthma (Hx+ and/or AR+) and 23% had a definitive diagnosis of asthma (AR+ with Hx+). Overall 47% of the population were atopic, atopy was proportionally higher in asthmatics (74%) than nonasthmatics (32%; p < 0.01). Analysis of the methacholine dose-response curves demonstrated that asthmatics were significantly (p < 0.01) more responsive than those with AR+ only, and nonasthmatics (AR-, Hx-) were more responsive than laboratory control subjects (p < 0.05), suggesting that these islanders may also carry an airway hyperresponsiveness gene. A frequency plot of the percent fall in FEV1 for all Hx- subjects compared with control data suggests a bimodal distribution consistent with a major gene mechanism for airway responsiveness. Genealogy mapping revealed that the islanders are direct descendants of the 15 original settlers, and historical records suggest at least two founders may have been asthmatic. The data confirm previous reports of a high asthma prevalence on Tristan and support the postulate that this prevalence is a result of gene enrichment occurring in isolated populations by virtue of extensive inbreeding and a probable founder effect.
@article{
title = {Asthma on Tristan da Cunha: looking for the genetic link. The University of Toronto Genetics of Asthma Research Group},
type = {article},
year = {1996},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {Adolescent,Adult,Age Distribution,Aged,Aged, 80 and over,Allergens/diagnostic use,Asthma/epidemiology/*genetics,Atlantic Ocean,Bronchoconstrictor Agents/diagnostic use,Child,Child, Preschool,Consanguinity,Female,Forced Expiratory Volume,Founder Effect,Humans,Linkage (Genetics),Male,Methacholine Chloride/diagnostic use,Middle Aged,Prevalence,Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Sex Distribution,Skin Tests},
pages = {1902-1906},
volume = {153},
websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8665053},
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read = {false},
starred = {false},
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confirmed = {true},
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notes = {<m:note>1073-449x<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
abstract = {Although asthma has a significant heritable component, the mode of inheritance remains controversial because of the complexity of the disease and the influence of environmental factors. Isolated, inbred populations serve to reduce variability, thus increasing the probability of gene localization. We studied the inbred population of the remote island of Tristan da Cunha to document asthma prevalence for the purpose of genetic linkage analysis. Medical histories and skin atopy were determined on 282 islanders, representing 97% of the population, and airway responsiveness was measured in 254; 226 by methacholine challenge (tidal breathing method) and 28 by bronchodilator response (400 micrograms salbutamol aerosol). Blood samples were collected from 275 islanders. Participants ranged in age from 3 to 94 yr. Asthma was defined as increased airway responsiveness (AR+: PC20 < 4 mg/ml or > or = 15% increase in FEV1 postbronchodilator) combined with a positive history (Hx+). Fifty-seven percent of the islanders had at least partial evidence of asthma (Hx+ and/or AR+) and 23% had a definitive diagnosis of asthma (AR+ with Hx+). Overall 47% of the population were atopic, atopy was proportionally higher in asthmatics (74%) than nonasthmatics (32%; p < 0.01). Analysis of the methacholine dose-response curves demonstrated that asthmatics were significantly (p < 0.01) more responsive than those with AR+ only, and nonasthmatics (AR-, Hx-) were more responsive than laboratory control subjects (p < 0.05), suggesting that these islanders may also carry an airway hyperresponsiveness gene. A frequency plot of the percent fall in FEV1 for all Hx- subjects compared with control data suggests a bimodal distribution consistent with a major gene mechanism for airway responsiveness. Genealogy mapping revealed that the islanders are direct descendants of the 15 original settlers, and historical records suggest at least two founders may have been asthmatic. The data confirm previous reports of a high asthma prevalence on Tristan and support the postulate that this prevalence is a result of gene enrichment occurring in isolated populations by virtue of extensive inbreeding and a probable founder effect.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Zamel, N and McClean, P A and Sandell, P R and Siminovitch, K A and Slutsky, A S},
journal = {Am J Respir Crit Care Med},
number = {6 Pt 1}
}Speed of processing in the human visual system. Thorpe, S, Fize, D, & Marlot, C Nature, 381(6582):520–522, 1996. Place: ENGLAND ISBN: 0028-0836
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
How long does it take for the human visual system to process a complex natural image? Subjectively, recognition of familiar objects and scenes appears to be virtually instantaneous, but measuring this processing time experimentally has proved difficult. Behavioural measures such as reaction times can be used, but these include not only visual processing but also the time required for response execution. However, event-related potentials (ERPs) can sometimes reveal signs of neural processing well before the motor output. Here we use a go/no-go categorization task in which subjects have to decide whether a previously unseen photograph, flashed on for just 20 ms, contains an animal. ERP analysis revealed a frontal negativity specific to no-go trials that develops roughly 150 ms after stimulus onset. We conclude that the visual processing needed to perform this highly demanding task can be achieved in under 150 ms.
@article{thorpe_speed_1996,
title = {Speed of processing in the human visual system.},
volume = {381},
doi = {10.1038/381520a0},
abstract = {How long does it take for the human visual system to process a complex natural image? Subjectively, recognition of familiar objects and scenes appears to be virtually instantaneous, but measuring this processing time experimentally has proved difficult. Behavioural measures such as reaction times can be used, but these include not only visual processing but also the time required for response execution. However, event-related potentials (ERPs) can sometimes reveal signs of neural processing well before the motor output. Here we use a go/no-go categorization task in which subjects have to decide whether a previously unseen photograph, flashed on for just 20 ms, contains an animal. ERP analysis revealed a frontal negativity specific to no-go trials that develops roughly 150 ms after stimulus onset. We conclude that the visual processing needed to perform this highly demanding task can be achieved in under 150 ms.},
language = {eng},
number = {6582},
journal = {Nature},
author = {Thorpe, S and Fize, D and Marlot, C},
year = {1996},
pmid = {8632824},
note = {Place: ENGLAND
ISBN: 0028-0836},
keywords = {Adult, Evoked Potentials, Visual, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Reaction Time, Vision, Ocular, research support, non-u.s. gov't},
pages = {520--522},
}1995 (1)
Categorical effects in the perception of faces. Beale, J M & Keil, F C Cognition, 57(3):217–239, 1995.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
These studies suggest categorical perception effects may be much more general than has commonly been believed and can occur in apparently similar ways at dramatically different levels of processing. To test the nature of individual face representations, a linear continuum of "morphed" faces was generated between individual exemplars of familiar faces. In separate categorization, discrimination and "better-likeness" tasks, subjects viewed pairs of faces from these continua. Subjects discriminate most accurately when face-pairs straddle apparent category boundaries; thus individual faces are perceived categorically. A high correlation is found between the familiarity of a face-pair and the magnitude of the categorization effect. Categorical perception therefore is not limited to low-level perceptual continua, but can occur at higher levels and may be acquired through experience as well.
@article{beale_categorical_1995,
title = {Categorical effects in the perception of faces},
volume = {57},
abstract = {These studies suggest categorical perception effects may be much more general than has commonly been believed and can occur in apparently similar ways at dramatically different levels of processing. To test the nature of individual face representations, a linear continuum of "morphed" faces was generated between individual exemplars of familiar faces. In separate categorization, discrimination and "better-likeness" tasks, subjects viewed pairs of faces from these continua. Subjects discriminate most accurately when face-pairs straddle apparent category boundaries; thus individual faces are perceived categorically. A high correlation is found between the familiarity of a face-pair and the magnitude of the categorization effect. Categorical perception therefore is not limited to low-level perceptual continua, but can occur at higher levels and may be acquired through experience as well.},
number = {3},
journal = {Cognition},
author = {Beale, J M and Keil, F C},
year = {1995},
pmid = {8556842},
keywords = {*Face, *Visual Perception, Facial Expression, Humans, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
pages = {217--239},
}1994 (4)
Mental imagery and aging. Dror, I. & Kosslyn, S. Psychol Aging, 9(1):90–102, 1994.
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex Young adult and elderly Ss performed 4 visual mental imagery tasks, each of which tapped different processes. The elderly had relatively impaired image rotation and image activation (the process of accessing and activating stored visual memories), and there was a hint that aging may impair the ability to maintain images. In contrast, the elderly were able to compose (the process of generating the segments of the shape, 1 by 1) and scan visual mental images as well as young adults. However, when the authors correlated the mean performance of each age group across all the tasks, they found that the response times of the elderly were almost perfectly predicted by the performance of the young Ss but that the error rates were not correlated. These findings suggest that although there is slowing with age, individual imaging processes are affected selectively by aging.
@article{dror_mental_1994,
title = {Mental imagery and aging},
volume = {9},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8185873},
doi = {10/d6nhx3},
abstract = {Young adult and elderly Ss performed 4 visual mental imagery tasks, each of which tapped different processes. The elderly had relatively impaired image rotation and image activation (the process of accessing and activating stored visual memories), and there was a hint that aging may impair the ability to maintain images. In contrast, the elderly were able to compose (the process of generating the segments of the shape, 1 by 1) and scan visual mental images as well as young adults. However, when the authors correlated the mean performance of each age group across all the tasks, they found that the response times of the elderly were almost perfectly predicted by the performance of the young Ss but that the error rates were not correlated. These findings suggest that although there is slowing with age, individual imaging processes are affected selectively by aging.},
number = {1},
journal = {Psychol Aging},
author = {Dror, I.E. and Kosslyn, S.M.},
year = {1994},
keywords = {\#nosource, *Imagination, *Orientation, *Pattern Recognition, Visual, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aging/*psychology, Attention, Concept Formation, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.},
pages = {90--102},
}Intact visual imagery and impaired visual perception in a patient with visual agnosia. Behrmann, M, Moscovitch, M, & Winocur, G J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 20(5):1068–1087, 1994.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Although it is now well accepted that visual mental imagery and visual perception share common underlying mechanisms, there are several reports in which they are dissociated. Evidence for the separability of these processes is provided by a patient, C.K., who has a profound visual object recognition deficit attributable to an impairment in grouping or segmenting visual images. Despite this perceptual deficit, C.K. was able to draw objects in considerable detail from memory, and his knowledge of the visual appearance of objects was preserved on a variety of mental imagery tasks. Together with previous cases, these findings confirm the double dissociation between object recognition and perception. Interestingly, C.K. could also recognize newly constructed objects in his internal imagery. To accommodate these results, we propose a model in which imagery and perception are strongly associated but are also functionally specialized.
@article{behrmann_intact_1994,
title = {Intact visual imagery and impaired visual perception in a patient with visual agnosia},
volume = {20},
abstract = {Although it is now well accepted that visual mental imagery and visual perception share common underlying mechanisms, there are several reports in which they are dissociated. Evidence for the separability of these processes is provided by a patient, C.K., who has a profound visual object recognition deficit attributable to an impairment in grouping or segmenting visual images. Despite this perceptual deficit, C.K. was able to draw objects in considerable detail from memory, and his knowledge of the visual appearance of objects was preserved on a variety of mental imagery tasks. Together with previous cases, these findings confirm the double dissociation between object recognition and perception. Interestingly, C.K. could also recognize newly constructed objects in his internal imagery. To accommodate these results, we propose a model in which imagery and perception are strongly associated but are also functionally specialized.},
number = {5},
journal = {J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform},
author = {Behrmann, M and Moscovitch, M and Winocur, G},
year = {1994},
pmid = {7964528},
keywords = {Adult, Agnosia/*physiopathology, Color Perception, Face, Form Perception, Humans, Imagination/*physiology, Male, Memory, Models, Neurological, Orientation, Perceptual Masking, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Semantics, Size Perception, Touch, Visual Perception/*physiology},
pages = {1068--1087},
}The information acquired during artificial grammar learning. Knowlton, B. J. & Squire, L. R. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn, 20(1):79-91, 1994.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
In an artificial grammar learning task, amnesic patients classified test items as well as normal subjects did. Item similarity did not affect grammaticality judgments when similar and nonsimilar test items were balanced for the frequency with which bigrams and trigrams (chunks) that appeared in the training set also appeared in the test items. Amnesic patients performed like normal subjects. The results suggest that concrete information about letter chunks can influence gramaticality judgments and that this information is acquired implicitly. The similarity of whole test items to training items does not appear to affect grammaticality judgments.
@Article{Knowlton1994,
author = {B. J. Knowlton and L. R. Squire},
journal = {J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn},
title = {The information acquired during artificial grammar learning.},
year = {1994},
number = {1},
pages = {79-91},
volume = {20},
abstract = {In an artificial grammar learning task, amnesic patients classified
test items as well as normal subjects did. Item similarity did not
affect grammaticality judgments when similar and nonsimilar test
items were balanced for the frequency with which bigrams and trigrams
(chunks) that appeared in the training set also appeared in the test
items. Amnesic patients performed like normal subjects. The results
suggest that concrete information about letter chunks can influence
gramaticality judgments and that this information is acquired implicitly.
The similarity of whole test items to training items does not appear
to affect grammaticality judgments.},
groups = {Implicit vs. declarative learning},
keywords = {Aged, Amnesia, Brain, Female, Humans, Language, Learning, Male, Middle Aged, Non-P.H.S., Non-U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Wechsler Scales, 8138790},
}In search of occipital activation during visual mental imagery. Kosslyn, S. & Ochsner, K. Trends Neurosci, 17(7):290–2, 1994.
Paper doi bibtex
Paper doi bibtex @article{kosslyn_search_1994,
title = {In search of occipital activation during visual mental imagery},
volume = {17},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7524213},
doi = {10/bgpqsn},
number = {7},
journal = {Trends Neurosci},
author = {Kosslyn, S.M. and Ochsner, K.N.},
year = {1994},
keywords = {\#nosource, Eidetic Imagery/*physiology, Humans, Individuality, Occipital Lobe/*physiology/radionuclide imaging, Psychology/methods, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Tomography, Emission-Computed},
pages = {290--2},
}1993 (1)
A perceptually-based model of children's earliest productions. Echols, C. H. Cognition, 46(3):245-96, 1993.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
A model is proposed to account for processes underlying the initial extraction and representation of words. The model incorporates perceptual salience into a framework provided by autosegmental phonology. In one study, predictions of the model were tested in a corpus of utterances obtained from three children in the one-word speech period. Analyses of the corpus supported the predictions, suggesting that salience of elements such as stressed and final syllables may contribute to the form of early productions and, specifically, to the form of utterances containing filler syllables and full or partial reduplications. Because the data for this study were children's productions, and the model concerns children's representations, a second study was carried out to investigate representations somewhat more directly. That study also explored the possible influence of an additional prosodic factor on the form of early words. A word-learning task with 2-year-olds, 3-year-olds and adults assessed whether children would attend to stress pattern or segmental sequence in identifying the referent for a word. As expected, children did rely on prosody in their word choices far more frequently than did adults, suggesting that one prosodic component, stress pattern, may in some cases be prominent in a child's representation for a word. The results of the two studies provide support for the utility of the autosegmental framework, as well as additional evidence for the perceptual salience of stressed and final syllables and of stress pattern.
@Article{Echols1993,
author = {C. H. Echols},
journal = {Cognition},
title = {A perceptually-based model of children's earliest productions.},
year = {1993},
number = {3},
pages = {245-96},
volume = {46},
abstract = {A model is proposed to account for processes underlying the initial
extraction and representation of words. The model incorporates perceptual
salience into a framework provided by autosegmental phonology. In
one study, predictions of the model were tested in a corpus of utterances
obtained from three children in the one-word speech period. Analyses
of the corpus supported the predictions, suggesting that salience
of elements such as stressed and final syllables may contribute to
the form of early productions and, specifically, to the form of utterances
containing filler syllables and full or partial reduplications. Because
the data for this study were children's productions, and the model
concerns children's representations, a second study was carried out
to investigate representations somewhat more directly. That study
also explored the possible influence of an additional prosodic factor
on the form of early words. A word-learning task with 2-year-olds,
3-year-olds and adults assessed whether children would attend to
stress pattern or segmental sequence in identifying the referent
for a word. As expected, children did rely on prosody in their word
choices far more frequently than did adults, suggesting that one
prosodic component, stress pattern, may in some cases be prominent
in a child's representation for a word. The results of the two studies
provide support for the utility of the autosegmental framework, as
well as additional evidence for the perceptual salience of stressed
and final syllables and of stress pattern.},
keywords = {Attention, Child, Child Language, Female, Humans, Infant, Language Development, Male, Non-U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Phonetics, Preschool, Psycholinguistics, Research Support, Social Environment, Speech Perception, Speech Production Measurement, U.S. Gov't, Verbal Learning, Vocabulary, 8462274},
}1990 (2)
Large-scale neurocognitive networks and distributed processing for attention, language, and memory. Mesulam, M. Annals of Neurology, 28(5):597–613, 1990.
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex Cognition and comportment are subserved by interconnected neural networks that allow high-level computational architectures including parallel distributed processing. Cognitive problems are not resolved by a sequential and hierarchical progression toward predetermined goals but instead by a simultaneous and interactive consideration of multiple possibilities and constraints until a satisfactory fit is achieved. The resultant texture of mental activity is characterized by almost infinite richness and flexibility. According to this model, complex behavior is mapped at the level of multifocal neural systems rather than specific anatomical sites, giving rise to brain-behavior relationships that are both localized and distributed. Each network contains anatomically addressed channels for transferring information content and chemically addressed pathways for modulating behavioral tone. This approach provides a blueprint for reexploring the neurological foundations of attention, language, memory, and frontal lobe function.
@article{mesulam_large-scale_1990,
title = {Large-scale neurocognitive networks and distributed processing for attention, language, and memory},
volume = {28},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2260847},
doi = {10/fnq75m},
abstract = {Cognition and comportment are subserved by interconnected neural networks that allow high-level computational architectures including parallel distributed processing. Cognitive problems are not resolved by a sequential and hierarchical progression toward predetermined goals but instead by a simultaneous and interactive consideration of multiple possibilities and constraints until a satisfactory fit is achieved. The resultant texture of mental activity is characterized by almost infinite richness and flexibility. According to this model, complex behavior is mapped at the level of multifocal neural systems rather than specific anatomical sites, giving rise to brain-behavior relationships that are both localized and distributed. Each network contains anatomically addressed channels for transferring information content and chemically addressed pathways for modulating behavioral tone. This approach provides a blueprint for reexploring the neurological foundations of attention, language, memory, and frontal lobe function.},
number = {5},
journal = {Annals of Neurology},
author = {Mesulam, M.M.},
year = {1990},
keywords = {\#nosource, Animals, Aphasia/physiopathology, Attention/physiology, Cognition/physiology, Frontal Lobe/physiology, Humans, Learning/physiology, Memory/physiology, Mental Processes/*physiology, Nerve Net/*physiology, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
pages = {597--613},
}Spectral properties of V4 neurons in the macaque. Schein, S J & Desimone, R J Neurosci, 10(10):3369–3389, 1990. Place: UNITED STATES ISBN: 0270-6474
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Spectral properties of 129 cells in the V4 area of 5 macaque monkeys were studied quantitatively with narrow-band and broad-band colored lights. The large majority of cells exhibited some degree of wavelength sensitivity within their receptive fields. The half-bandwidth of the primary peak in the spectral-response curve was less than 50 nm for 72% of the cells; the mean half-bandwidth of these cells, 27 nm, is similar to that found for color-opponent ganglion cells and cells in the parvocellular dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). Contrast-response functions indicated that the narrow spectral tuning of these cells derived from cone opponent interactions. From comparison of receptive-field sizes, we suggest that a typical V4 neuron sums inputs that ultimately derive from several thousand ganglion or parvocellular dLGN cells. In spite of their wavelength sensitivity, most V4 cells had properties that would not fit some simple criteria for classification as "color selective." First, few cells showed overt signs of color opponency, namely, on-inhibition or off-excitation to spectrally opponent wavelengths. Second, about 30% of the cells in V4 had spectral-response curves with 2 peaks. (The wavelength distribution of these second peaks was almost identical to that of primary peaks, and combinations of peak wavelengths were fairly random.) Third, most cells responded to white light; overall, the response to white light was about 60% of that to the best narrow-band or broad-band colored light. Similarly, most V4 cells gave at least a small response to all or nearly all of the different broad-band colored lights we presented. Therefore, a given V4 cell is very likely to respond to most of the colored or white surfaces in natural scenes. These combinations of response properties probably explain the widely divergent percentages of "color" cells reported in previous studies of V4. The most unusual spectral property we found in V4 was a large, spectrally sensitive surround outside the "classical receptive field" of most cells. Although stimulation of the surround by itself did not cause any response, surround stimulation could completely suppress the response to even the optimally colored stimulus in the receptive field. In general, the optimal wavelengths for receptive-field excitation and surround suppression were the same or nearly so. Thus, "color contrast" may be computed in V4. In some cases, contrasting wavelengths in the surround caused moderate enhancement of response to a receptive-field stimulus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
@article{schein_spectral_1990,
title = {Spectral properties of {V4} neurons in the macaque.},
volume = {10},
abstract = {Spectral properties of 129 cells in the V4 area of 5 macaque monkeys were studied quantitatively with narrow-band and broad-band colored lights. The large majority of cells exhibited some degree of wavelength sensitivity within their receptive fields. The half-bandwidth of the primary peak in the spectral-response curve was less than 50 nm for 72\% of the cells; the mean half-bandwidth of these cells, 27 nm, is similar to that found for color-opponent ganglion cells and cells in the parvocellular dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). Contrast-response functions indicated that the narrow spectral tuning of these cells derived from cone opponent interactions. From comparison of receptive-field sizes, we suggest that a typical V4 neuron sums inputs that ultimately derive from several thousand ganglion or parvocellular dLGN cells. In spite of their wavelength sensitivity, most V4 cells had properties that would not fit some simple criteria for classification as "color selective." First, few cells showed overt signs of color opponency, namely, on-inhibition or off-excitation to spectrally opponent wavelengths. Second, about 30\% of the cells in V4 had spectral-response curves with 2 peaks. (The wavelength distribution of these second peaks was almost identical to that of primary peaks, and combinations of peak wavelengths were fairly random.) Third, most cells responded to white light; overall, the response to white light was about 60\% of that to the best narrow-band or broad-band colored light. Similarly, most V4 cells gave at least a small response to all or nearly all of the different broad-band colored lights we presented. Therefore, a given V4 cell is very likely to respond to most of the colored or white surfaces in natural scenes. These combinations of response properties probably explain the widely divergent percentages of "color" cells reported in previous studies of V4. The most unusual spectral property we found in V4 was a large, spectrally sensitive surround outside the "classical receptive field" of most cells. Although stimulation of the surround by itself did not cause any response, surround stimulation could completely suppress the response to even the optimally colored stimulus in the receptive field. In general, the optimal wavelengths for receptive-field excitation and surround suppression were the same or nearly so. Thus, "color contrast" may be computed in V4. In some cases, contrasting wavelengths in the surround caused moderate enhancement of response to a receptive-field stimulus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
language = {eng},
number = {10},
journal = {J Neurosci},
author = {Schein, S J and Desimone, R},
year = {1990},
pmid = {2213146},
note = {Place: UNITED STATES
ISBN: 0270-6474},
keywords = {Animals, Cerebral Cortex, Color Perception, Macaca fascicularis, Neurons, Photic Stimulation, Spectrophotometry, Visual Cortex, research support, non-u.s. gov't, research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
pages = {3369--3389},
}1989 (1)
Origin and diffusion of the myotonic dystrophy gene in the Saguenay region (Quebec). Bouchard, G., Roy, R., Declos, M., Mathieu, J., & Kouladjian, K. Can J Neurol Sci, 16(1):119-122, 1989.
Website abstract bibtex
Website abstract bibtex A very high prevalence (approximately 1/475 in 1985) of myotonic dystrophy (Steinert disease) is observed in the Saguenay region, which is located in the north-east part of the Province of Quebec. For various reasons, however, the literature on the subject generally associates a high degree of selective disadvantage with this gene, which seems to contradict the Saguenay data. Using a computerized regional population register, we have reconstituted patients' genealogies and family biographies. We have thus been able to study the origin of the gene and to compare the demographic behavior of patients and controls. On the whole, patients seem to be very little disadvantaged compared to controls, in terms of reproduction as well as of geographical and occupational mobility.
@article{
title = {Origin and diffusion of the myotonic dystrophy gene in the Saguenay region (Quebec)},
type = {article},
year = {1989},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {Female,Humans,Male,Myotonic Dystrophy/epidemiology/*genetics,Non-U.S. Gov't,Quebec,Research Support},
pages = {119-122},
volume = {16},
websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2924205},
id = {e09e9b8b-cecd-3bd3-8d03-44ef0e80b5cd},
created = {2017-06-19T13:42:21.901Z},
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confirmed = {true},
hidden = {false},
source_type = {Journal Article},
notes = {<m:note>0317-1671<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
abstract = {A very high prevalence (approximately 1/475 in 1985) of myotonic dystrophy (Steinert disease) is observed in the Saguenay region, which is located in the north-east part of the Province of Quebec. For various reasons, however, the literature on the subject generally associates a high degree of selective disadvantage with this gene, which seems to contradict the Saguenay data. Using a computerized regional population register, we have reconstituted patients' genealogies and family biographies. We have thus been able to study the origin of the gene and to compare the demographic behavior of patients and controls. On the whole, patients seem to be very little disadvantaged compared to controls, in terms of reproduction as well as of geographical and occupational mobility.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Bouchard, Gérard and Roy, R and Declos, M and Mathieu, J and Kouladjian, K},
journal = {Can J Neurol Sci},
number = {1}
}1986 (1)
Both striate cortex and superior colliculus contribute to visual properties of neurons in superior temporal polysensory area of macaque monkey. Bruce, C J, Desimone, R, & Gross, C G J Neurophysiol, 55(5):1057–1075, 1986. Place: UNITED STATES ISBN: 0022-3077
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Although the tectofugal system projects to the primate cerebral cortex by way of the pulvinar, previous studies have failed to find any physiological evidence that the superior colliculus influences visual activity in the cortex. We studied the relative contributions of the tectofugal and geniculostriate systems to the visual properties of neurons in the superior temporal polysensory area (STP) by comparing the effects of unilateral removal of striate cortex, the superior colliculus, or of both structures. In the intact monkey, STP neurons have large, bilateral receptive fields. Complete unilateral removal of striate cortex did not eliminate visual responses of STP neurons in the contralateral visual hemifield; rather, nearly half the cells still responded to visual stimuli in the hemifield contralateral to the lesion. Thus the visual properties of STP neurons are not completely dependent on the geniculostriate system. Unilateral striate lesions did affect the response properties of STP neurons in three ways. Whereas most STP neurons in the intact monkey respond similarly to stimuli in the two visual hemifields, responses to stimuli in the hemifield contralateral to the striate lesion were usually weaker than responses in the ipsilateral hemifield. Whereas the responses of many STP neurons in the intact monkey were selective for the direction of stimulus motion or for stimulus form, responses in the hemifield contralateral to the striate lesion were not selective for either motion or form. Whereas the median receptive field in the intact monkey extended 80 degrees into the contralateral visual field, the receptive fields of cells with responses in the contralateral field that survived the striate lesions had a median border that extended only 50 degrees into the contralateral visual field. Removal of both striate cortex and the superior colliculus in the same hemisphere abolished the responses of STP neurons to visual stimuli in the hemifield contralateral to the combined lesion. Nearly 80% of the cells still responded to visual stimuli in the hemifield ipsilateral to the lesion. Unilateral removal of the superior colliculus alone had only small effects on visual responses in STP. Receptive-field size and visual response strength were slightly reduced in the hemifield contralateral to the collicular lesion. As in the intact monkey, selectivity for stimulus motion or form were similar in the two visual hemifields. We conclude that both striate cortex and the superior colliculus contribute to the visual responses of STP neurons. Striate cortex is crucial for the movement and stimulus specificity of neurons in STP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
@article{bruce_both_1986,
title = {Both striate cortex and superior colliculus contribute to visual properties of neurons in superior temporal polysensory area of macaque monkey.},
volume = {55},
abstract = {Although the tectofugal system projects to the primate cerebral cortex by way of the pulvinar, previous studies have failed to find any physiological evidence that the superior colliculus influences visual activity in the cortex. We studied the relative contributions of the tectofugal and geniculostriate systems to the visual properties of neurons in the superior temporal polysensory area (STP) by comparing the effects of unilateral removal of striate cortex, the superior colliculus, or of both structures. In the intact monkey, STP neurons have large, bilateral receptive fields. Complete unilateral removal of striate cortex did not eliminate visual responses of STP neurons in the contralateral visual hemifield; rather, nearly half the cells still responded to visual stimuli in the hemifield contralateral to the lesion. Thus the visual properties of STP neurons are not completely dependent on the geniculostriate system. Unilateral striate lesions did affect the response properties of STP neurons in three ways. Whereas most STP neurons in the intact monkey respond similarly to stimuli in the two visual hemifields, responses to stimuli in the hemifield contralateral to the striate lesion were usually weaker than responses in the ipsilateral hemifield. Whereas the responses of many STP neurons in the intact monkey were selective for the direction of stimulus motion or for stimulus form, responses in the hemifield contralateral to the striate lesion were not selective for either motion or form. Whereas the median receptive field in the intact monkey extended 80 degrees into the contralateral visual field, the receptive fields of cells with responses in the contralateral field that survived the striate lesions had a median border that extended only 50 degrees into the contralateral visual field. Removal of both striate cortex and the superior colliculus in the same hemisphere abolished the responses of STP neurons to visual stimuli in the hemifield contralateral to the combined lesion. Nearly 80\% of the cells still responded to visual stimuli in the hemifield ipsilateral to the lesion. Unilateral removal of the superior colliculus alone had only small effects on visual responses in STP. Receptive-field size and visual response strength were slightly reduced in the hemifield contralateral to the collicular lesion. As in the intact monkey, selectivity for stimulus motion or form were similar in the two visual hemifields. We conclude that both striate cortex and the superior colliculus contribute to the visual responses of STP neurons. Striate cortex is crucial for the movement and stimulus specificity of neurons in STP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
language = {eng},
number = {5},
journal = {J Neurophysiol},
author = {Bruce, C J and Desimone, R and Gross, C G},
year = {1986},
pmid = {3711967},
note = {Place: UNITED STATES
ISBN: 0022-3077},
keywords = {Animals, Cerebral Cortex, Evoked Potentials, Visual, Functional Laterality, Macaca fascicularis, Male, Nerve Crush, Neurons, Spatial Behavior, Superior Colliculi, Temporal Lobe, Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Visual Perception, research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s., research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
pages = {1057--1075},
}1978 (1)
Hypoarousal in patients with the neglect syndrome and emotional indifference. Heilman, K., Schwartz, H., & Watson, R. Neurology, 28(3):229–32, 1978.
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex Physiologic theories of emotion suggest that activation is important in the experience of emotion; patients exhibiting "neglect" as a consequence of right parietotemporal of dysfunction show flattened affect. We studied arousal in patients with lesions of the right hemisphere who also exhibited emotional indifference, in aphasic patients with lesions of the left hemisphere, and in non-brain-damaged controls, by stimulating the forearm ipsilateral to the side of the brain lesion while recording galvanic skin responses (GSRs) from the fingers on the same side. The group exhibiting neglect had lower GSRs than aphasic patients or non-brain-damaged controls. Aphasic patients had higher GSRs than non-brain-damaged controls. These results suggest that neglect is associated with disturbances in bilateral arousal and that this disorder of arousal may be responsible in part for flattened affect. The heightened GSR in aphasic patients may reflect disinhibition, which might be partly responsible for increased emotionality in these patients.
@article{heilman_hypoarousal_1978,
title = {Hypoarousal in patients with the neglect syndrome and emotional indifference},
volume = {28},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=564476},
doi = {10/gjv83w},
abstract = {Physiologic theories of emotion suggest that activation is important in the experience of emotion; patients exhibiting "neglect" as a consequence of right parietotemporal of dysfunction show flattened affect. We studied arousal in patients with lesions of the right hemisphere who also exhibited emotional indifference, in aphasic patients with lesions of the left hemisphere, and in non-brain-damaged controls, by stimulating the forearm ipsilateral to the side of the brain lesion while recording galvanic skin responses (GSRs) from the fingers on the same side. The group exhibiting neglect had lower GSRs than aphasic patients or non-brain-damaged controls. Aphasic patients had higher GSRs than non-brain-damaged controls. These results suggest that neglect is associated with disturbances in bilateral arousal and that this disorder of arousal may be responsible in part for flattened affect. The heightened GSR in aphasic patients may reflect disinhibition, which might be partly responsible for increased emotionality in these patients.},
number = {3},
journal = {Neurology},
author = {Heilman, K.M. and Schwartz, H.D. and Watson, R.T.},
year = {1978},
keywords = {\#nosource, *Arousal, Affective Symptoms/etiology/*physiopathology, Aphasia/physiopathology, Brain Diseases/*complications, Female, Galvanic Skin Response, Humans, Laterality, Male, Middle Aged, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Syndrome},
pages = {229--32},
}