@techreport{vicente-santos_disentangling_2023,
	type = {preprint},
	title = {Disentangling effects of anthropogenic disturbance and community structure on multi-pathogen dynamics in tropical cave-dwelling bat communities},
	url = {https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-3073229/v1},
	abstract = {Abstract
          
            A major challenge in ecology and evolution is to disentangle the known effects of community structure and habitat degradation on disease prevalence, as they often act simultaneously in natural systems. However, cave-dwelling bats persist in degraded habitats, providing a unique opportunity to examine these dual effects. We evaluated how disturbance and cave complexity influenced bat community composition and the prevalence of multiple pathogens at the community level. During wet and dry season surveys of 15 caves in Costa Rica along a gradient of anthropogenic disturbance, we collected samples from 1,238 adult individuals, representing 17 species from four families. We determined the infection prevalence of four common and divergent pathogens:
            Bartonella
            (19.7\%),
            Leptospira
            (22.7\%),
            Trypanosoma
            (32.0\%), and microfilaria (6.6\%). Cave complexity, but not disturbance, predicted bat community composition—however, degraded habitats sustained smaller bat populations. Pathogens responded differently to habitat quality, cave complexity, season, species richness, and bat density. For bat richness, we found a negative association with
            Bartonella
            prevalence, but a positive association with
            Trypanosoma
            and microfilaria and no association with
            Leptospira
            . Our work provides insight into the complex patterns of pathogen dynamics and bat community ecology in changing environments by developing a distinctive framework using a multi-host, multi-pathogen system.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-06-24},
	institution = {In Review},
	author = {Vicente-Santos, Amanda and Ledezma-Campos, Paula and Rodríguez-Herrera, Bernal and Corrales-Aguilar, Eugenia and Czirják, Gábor Á. and Civitello, David J. and Gillespie, Thomas R.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2023},
	doi = {10.21203/rs.3.rs-3073229/v1},
}

Abstract A major challenge in ecology and evolution is to disentangle the known effects of community structure and habitat degradation on disease prevalence, as they often act simultaneously in natural systems. However, cave-dwelling bats persist in degraded habitats, providing a unique opportunity to examine these dual effects. We evaluated how disturbance and cave complexity influenced bat community composition and the prevalence of multiple pathogens at the community level. During wet and dry season surveys of 15 caves in Costa Rica along a gradient of anthropogenic disturbance, we collected samples from 1,238 adult individuals, representing 17 species from four families. We determined the infection prevalence of four common and divergent pathogens: Bartonella (19.7%), Leptospira (22.7%), Trypanosoma (32.0%), and microfilaria (6.6%). Cave complexity, but not disturbance, predicted bat community composition—however, degraded habitats sustained smaller bat populations. Pathogens responded differently to habitat quality, cave complexity, season, species richness, and bat density. For bat richness, we found a negative association with Bartonella prevalence, but a positive association with Trypanosoma and microfilaria and no association with Leptospira . Our work provides insight into the complex patterns of pathogen dynamics and bat community ecology in changing environments by developing a distinctive framework using a multi-host, multi-pathogen system.

@techreport{vicente-santos_disentangling_2023-1,
	type = {preprint},
	title = {Disentangling effects of anthropogenic disturbance and community structure on multi-pathogen dynamics in tropical cave-dwelling bat communities},
	url = {https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-3073229/v1},
	abstract = {Abstract
          
            A major challenge in ecology and evolution is to disentangle the known effects of community structure and habitat degradation on disease prevalence, as they often act simultaneously in natural systems. However, cave-dwelling bats persist in degraded habitats, providing a unique opportunity to examine these dual effects. We evaluated how disturbance and cave complexity influenced bat community composition and the prevalence of multiple pathogens at the community level. During wet and dry season surveys of 15 caves in Costa Rica along a gradient of anthropogenic disturbance, we collected samples from 1,238 adult individuals, representing 17 species from four families. We determined the infection prevalence of four common and divergent pathogens:
            Bartonella
            (19.7\%),
            Leptospira
            (22.7\%),
            Trypanosoma
            (32.0\%), and microfilaria (6.6\%). Cave complexity, but not disturbance, predicted bat community composition—however, degraded habitats sustained smaller bat populations. Pathogens responded differently to habitat quality, cave complexity, season, species richness, and bat density. For bat richness, we found a negative association with
            Bartonella
            prevalence, but a positive association with
            Trypanosoma
            and microfilaria and no association with
            Leptospira
            . Our work provides insight into the complex patterns of pathogen dynamics and bat community ecology in changing environments by developing a distinctive framework using a multi-host, multi-pathogen system.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-06-24},
	institution = {In Review},
	author = {Vicente-Santos, Amanda and Ledezma-Campos, Paula and Rodríguez-Herrera, Bernal and Corrales-Aguilar, Eugenia and Czirják, Gábor Á. and Civitello, David J. and Gillespie, Thomas R.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2023},
	doi = {10.21203/rs.3.rs-3073229/v1},
}

Abstract A major challenge in ecology and evolution is to disentangle the known effects of community structure and habitat degradation on disease prevalence, as they often act simultaneously in natural systems. However, cave-dwelling bats persist in degraded habitats, providing a unique opportunity to examine these dual effects. We evaluated how disturbance and cave complexity influenced bat community composition and the prevalence of multiple pathogens at the community level. During wet and dry season surveys of 15 caves in Costa Rica along a gradient of anthropogenic disturbance, we collected samples from 1,238 adult individuals, representing 17 species from four families. We determined the infection prevalence of four common and divergent pathogens: Bartonella (19.7%), Leptospira (22.7%), Trypanosoma (32.0%), and microfilaria (6.6%). Cave complexity, but not disturbance, predicted bat community composition—however, degraded habitats sustained smaller bat populations. Pathogens responded differently to habitat quality, cave complexity, season, species richness, and bat density. For bat richness, we found a negative association with Bartonella prevalence, but a positive association with Trypanosoma and microfilaria and no association with Leptospira . Our work provides insight into the complex patterns of pathogen dynamics and bat community ecology in changing environments by developing a distinctive framework using a multi-host, multi-pathogen system.

@article{kwak_parasites_2022,
	title = {Parasites in peril: abundance of batflies ({Diptera}: {Nycteribiidae}) declines along an urbanisation gradient},
	shorttitle = {Parasites in peril},
	journal = {Journal of Insect Conservation},
	author = {Kwak, Mackenzie L. and Gorecki, Vanessa and Markowsky, Gregory},
	year = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	pages = {1--12},
}

@article{edwards_effect_2022,
	title = {Effect of capture on stress-axis measures in endangered little brown bats ({Myotis} lucifugus)},
	volume = {103},
	doi = {10.1093/jmammal/gyab135},
	abstract = {Little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) are a widely distributed species in North America that have been decimated by the fungal disease white-nose syndrome. Little brown bats are the focus of monitoring and research initiatives that often include capturing and handling free-ranging individuals. We examined the stress response of 198 adult female little brown bats after being captured from three bat houses, during the summer. Our objective was to inform best practices to researchers capturing and handling bats in the wild. We compared the stress response among bats held for {\textless} 3 min (baseline), 15 – 30 min, or {\textgreater} 30 min, and then among bats held alone or in a group with conspecifics. We measured the levels of plasma total and free cortisol, maximum corticosteroid binding capacity (MCBC), and blood glucose. Relative to baseline, total and free cortisol levels were significantly higher in bats held for 15 – 30 min, and higher still in those held for {\textgreater} 30 min. Blood glucose levels were elevated after {\textgreater} 30 min of holding. MCBC levels showed no differences among holding times. We detected a weak effect of social holding condition, with solitary-held bats having lower total cortisol levels than group-held bats, but MCBC, free cortisol, and blood glucose levels showed no effect of social holding condition. Our work supports the recovery of little brown bats by examining effects of capture and informing best practices for researchers. Our findings demonstrate that capture time should be minimized, and suggest that little brown bats should be handled and released within 30 min of capture as means of reducing stress. Further, solitary holding did not appear to increase stress measures, which supports holding bats individually after capture, instead of in groups, to reduce risk of pathogen and parasite transmission.},
	journal = {Journal of Mammalogy},
	author = {Edwards, Phoebe and Boonstra, Rudy and Bosson, Curtis and Harms, N. and Kukka, Piia and Willis, Craig and Jung, Thomas},
	month = jan,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {91--99},
}

Little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) are a widely distributed species in North America that have been decimated by the fungal disease white-nose syndrome. Little brown bats are the focus of monitoring and research initiatives that often include capturing and handling free-ranging individuals. We examined the stress response of 198 adult female little brown bats after being captured from three bat houses, during the summer. Our objective was to inform best practices to researchers capturing and handling bats in the wild. We compared the stress response among bats held for \textless 3 min (baseline), 15 – 30 min, or \textgreater 30 min, and then among bats held alone or in a group with conspecifics. We measured the levels of plasma total and free cortisol, maximum corticosteroid binding capacity (MCBC), and blood glucose. Relative to baseline, total and free cortisol levels were significantly higher in bats held for 15 – 30 min, and higher still in those held for \textgreater 30 min. Blood glucose levels were elevated after \textgreater 30 min of holding. MCBC levels showed no differences among holding times. We detected a weak effect of social holding condition, with solitary-held bats having lower total cortisol levels than group-held bats, but MCBC, free cortisol, and blood glucose levels showed no effect of social holding condition. Our work supports the recovery of little brown bats by examining effects of capture and informing best practices for researchers. Our findings demonstrate that capture time should be minimized, and suggest that little brown bats should be handled and released within 30 min of capture as means of reducing stress. Further, solitary holding did not appear to increase stress measures, which supports holding bats individually after capture, instead of in groups, to reduce risk of pathogen and parasite transmission.

@article{edwards_social_2022,
	title = {Social roles influence cortisol levels in captive {Livingstone}'s fruit bats ({Pteropus} livingstonii)},
	volume = {144},
	journal = {Hormones and Behavior},
	author = {Edwards, Morgan J. and Stanley, Christina R. and Hosie, Charlotte A. and Richdon, Sarah and Price, Eluned and Wormell, Dominic and Smith, Tessa E.},
	year = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	pages = {105228},
}

@article{barkham_derelict_2022,
	chapter = {Environment},
	title = {Derelict stables revamped as maternity unit for rare bats},
	issn = {0261-3077},
	url = {https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jan/07/special-maternity-unit-england-greater-horeshoe-bats-rarest-sussex},
	abstract = {Derelict stables at secret Sussex location will be revamped to house greater horseshoe bats},
	language = {en-GB},
	urldate = {2022-07-27},
	journal = {The Guardian},
	author = {Barkham, Patrick},
	month = jan,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {Animals, Conservation, England, Environment, Mammals, UK news, Wildlife, World news},
}

Derelict stables at secret Sussex location will be revamped to house greater horseshoe bats

@article{edwards_effects_2022,
	title = {Effects of capture on stress-axis measures in endangered little brown bats ({Myotis} lucifugus)},
	volume = {103},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Mammalogy},
	author = {Edwards, Phoebe D. and Boonstra, Rudy and Bosson, Curtis O. and Jane Harms, N. and Kukka, Piia M. and Willis, Craig KR and Jung, Thomas S.},
	year = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press US},
	pages = {91--99},
}

@article{czenze_caves_2022,
	title = {Caves, crevices and cooling capacity: {Roost} microclimate predicts heat tolerance in bats},
	volume = {36},
	shorttitle = {Caves, crevices and cooling capacity},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Czenze, Zenon J. and Smit, Ben and van Jaarsveld, Barry and Freeman, Marc T. and McKechnie, Andrew E.},
	year = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	pages = {38--50},
}

@article{tai_effects_2022,
	title = {Effects of host state and body condition on parasite infestation of bent-wing bats},
	volume = {19},
	doi = {10.1186/s12983-022-00457-w},
	abstract = {Background
Ectoparasites inhabit the body surface or outgrowths of hosts and are usually detrimental to host health and wellbeing. Hosts, however, vary in quality and may lead ectoparasites to aggregate on preferred hosts, resulting in a heterogeneous distribution of parasite load among hosts.

Results
We set out to examine the effects of host individual state and body condition on the parasite load of multiple nycteribiid and streblid bat flies and Spinturnix wing mites on eastern bent-wing bats Miniopterus fuliginosus in a tropical forest in southern Taiwan. We detected a high parasite prevalence of 98.9\% among the sampled bats, with nearly 75\% of the bats harboring three or more species of parasites. The parasite abundance was higher in the wet season from mid spring to early fall, coinciding with the breeding period of female bats, than in the dry winter season. In both seasonal periods, the overall parasite abundance of adult females was higher than that of adult males. Among the bats, reproductive females, particularly lactating females, exhibited a higher body condition and were generally most infested. The Penicillidia jenynsii and Nycteribia parvula bat flies showed a consistent female-biased infection pattern. The N. allotopa and Ascodipteron speiserianum flies, however, showed a tendency towards bats of a moderate to higher body condition, particularly reproductive females and adult males.

Conclusions
We found an overall positive correlation between parasite abundance and reproductive state and body condition of the host and female-biased parasitism for M. fuliginosus bats. However, the effects of body condition and female-biased infestation appear to be parasite species specific, and suggest that the mobility, life history, and potential inter-species interactions of the parasites may all play important roles.},
	journal = {Frontiers in Zoology},
	author = {Tai, Yik and Lee, Yafu and Kuo, Yen-Min and Kuo, Yu-Jen},
	month = mar,
	year = {2022},
}

Background Ectoparasites inhabit the body surface or outgrowths of hosts and are usually detrimental to host health and wellbeing. Hosts, however, vary in quality and may lead ectoparasites to aggregate on preferred hosts, resulting in a heterogeneous distribution of parasite load among hosts. Results We set out to examine the effects of host individual state and body condition on the parasite load of multiple nycteribiid and streblid bat flies and Spinturnix wing mites on eastern bent-wing bats Miniopterus fuliginosus in a tropical forest in southern Taiwan. We detected a high parasite prevalence of 98.9% among the sampled bats, with nearly 75% of the bats harboring three or more species of parasites. The parasite abundance was higher in the wet season from mid spring to early fall, coinciding with the breeding period of female bats, than in the dry winter season. In both seasonal periods, the overall parasite abundance of adult females was higher than that of adult males. Among the bats, reproductive females, particularly lactating females, exhibited a higher body condition and were generally most infested. The Penicillidia jenynsii and Nycteribia parvula bat flies showed a consistent female-biased infection pattern. The N. allotopa and Ascodipteron speiserianum flies, however, showed a tendency towards bats of a moderate to higher body condition, particularly reproductive females and adult males. Conclusions We found an overall positive correlation between parasite abundance and reproductive state and body condition of the host and female-biased parasitism for M. fuliginosus bats. However, the effects of body condition and female-biased infestation appear to be parasite species specific, and suggest that the mobility, life history, and potential inter-species interactions of the parasites may all play important roles.

@article{pschonny_what_2022,
	title = {What makes a good bat box? {How} box occupancy depends on box characteristics and landscape-level variables},
	volume = {3},
	shorttitle = {What makes a good bat box?},
	doi = {10.1002/2688-8319.12136},
	abstract = {1. Bat populations are in steep decline and presently, 16\% of all species are classified as 'threatened'. One main driver identified for this decline is the loss of natural roosting opportunities, caused by the removal of natural habitats. Installation of bat boxes is one solution to compensate for the lack of natural roosting opportunities. Current recommendations for box design emphasize low maintenance costs and are rarely based on empirical evidence.
2. We investigated occupancy of 13,634 bat boxes in northern Bavaria, Germany. In our study, boxes differed in type, age and mounting height, as well as in maximum community age, that is the length of time a group of boxes had been installed in a particular place, the size of box groups and the distance to the next box in the surrounding area, that is box isolation.
3. Our results showed that box occupancy depended on box type and bat species. As a case study, we analysed the two most common species found within the investigated boxes, Pipistrellus pipistrellus and Myotis nattereri, in more detail. Both species showed preference to a voluminous box that had a narrow entrance ('Gable box' 14 mm). For P. pipistrellus, only box type affected occupancy, whereas for M. nattereri, the relationship between box type and box age was important. Older boxes and boxes in areas with higher maximum community age of boxes showed higher box occupancy by bats. Box occupancy decreased with the distance between adjacent box groups ('box isolation'). High mounting height showed a tendency for increased box occupancy, but the effect was only weakly significant.
4. Because of the species-specific responses in our study, we suggest installing a combination of different box types, including at least one box type with a narrow entrance (14 mm). Boxes should be placed as box groups of three to four boxes, and there should be short distances between adjacent box groups. We also recommend installing new box groups close to areas of high maximum community age of boxes. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.},
	journal = {Ecological Solutions and Evidence},
	author = {Pschonny, Sandra and Leidinger, Jan and Leitl, Rudolf and Weisser, Wolfgang},
	month = mar,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {e12136},
}

1. Bat populations are in steep decline and presently, 16% of all species are classified as 'threatened'. One main driver identified for this decline is the loss of natural roosting opportunities, caused by the removal of natural habitats. Installation of bat boxes is one solution to compensate for the lack of natural roosting opportunities. Current recommendations for box design emphasize low maintenance costs and are rarely based on empirical evidence. 2. We investigated occupancy of 13,634 bat boxes in northern Bavaria, Germany. In our study, boxes differed in type, age and mounting height, as well as in maximum community age, that is the length of time a group of boxes had been installed in a particular place, the size of box groups and the distance to the next box in the surrounding area, that is box isolation. 3. Our results showed that box occupancy depended on box type and bat species. As a case study, we analysed the two most common species found within the investigated boxes, Pipistrellus pipistrellus and Myotis nattereri, in more detail. Both species showed preference to a voluminous box that had a narrow entrance ('Gable box' 14 mm). For P. pipistrellus, only box type affected occupancy, whereas for M. nattereri, the relationship between box type and box age was important. Older boxes and boxes in areas with higher maximum community age of boxes showed higher box occupancy by bats. Box occupancy decreased with the distance between adjacent box groups ('box isolation'). High mounting height showed a tendency for increased box occupancy, but the effect was only weakly significant. 4. Because of the species-specific responses in our study, we suggest installing a combination of different box types, including at least one box type with a narrow entrance (14 mm). Boxes should be placed as box groups of three to four boxes, and there should be short distances between adjacent box groups. We also recommend installing new box groups close to areas of high maximum community age of boxes. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

@article{boyles_behavioural_2022,
	title = {Behavioural microclimate selection and physiological responses to environmental conditions in a hibernating bat},
	volume = {100},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology},
	author = {Boyles, Justin G. and Johnson, Emily M. and Fuller, Nathan W. and Silas, Kirk A. and Hou, Lily and Frick, Winifred F. and McGuire, Liam P.},
	year = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing 1840 Woodward Drive, Suite 1, Ottawa, ON K2C 0P7},
	pages = {233--238},
}

@article{wolf_urban_2022,
	title = {Urban affinity and its associated traits: a global analysis of bats},
	shorttitle = {Urban affinity and its associated traits},
	journal = {Global Change Biology},
	author = {Wolf, Janis M. and Jeschke, Jonathan M. and Voigt, Christian C. and Itescu, Yuval},
	year = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
}

@article{handbook_benefits_2022,
	title = {The benefits and impacts of whale watching},
	author = {Handbook, Whale Watching},
	year = {2022},
}

@article{miller_disentangling_2022,
	title = {Disentangling tourism impacts on small-scale fishing pressure},
	volume = {137},
	journal = {Marine Policy},
	author = {Miller, Karly Marie},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {104960},
}

@article{handbook_antarctic_2022,
	title = {Antarctic: {Whale} {Watching}},
	shorttitle = {Antarctic},
	author = {Handbook, Whale Watching},
	year = {2022},
}

@incollection{suarez-rojas_whale-watching_2022,
	title = {Whale-watching {Tourism}},
	booktitle = {Encyclopedia of {Tourism} {Management} and {Marketing}},
	publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing},
	author = {Suárez-Rojas, Chaitanya and Lam-González, Yen E.},
	year = {2022},
}

@article{cardenas_tourist_2022,
	title = {Tourist {Knowledge}, {Pro}-{Conservation} {Intentions}, and {Tourist} {Concern} for the {Impacts} of {Whale}-{Watching} in {Las} {Perlas} {Archipelago}, {Panama}},
	journal = {Whale-watching Impacts: Science, Human Dimensions and Management},
	author = {Cárdenas, Susana and Gabela-Flores, María Virginia and Amrein, Arielle and Surrey, Katie and Gerber, Leah R. and Guzmán, Hector M.},
	year = {2022},
}

@book{novelli_niche_2022,
	title = {Niche tourism},
	publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing},
	author = {Novelli, Marina},
	year = {2022},
}

@article{sambolino_spatial_2022,
	title = {Spatial and temporal characterization of the exposure of island-associated cetacean populations to whale-watching in {Madeira} {Island} ({NE} {Atlantic})},
	volume = {49},
	journal = {Regional Studies in Marine Science},
	author = {Sambolino, Annalisa and Alves, Filipe and Fernandez, Marc and Krakauer, Anja Badenas and Ferreira, Rita and Dinis, Ana},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {102084},
}

@article{margaryan_15_2022,
	title = {15. {The} promise of corporate social responsibility ({CSR}) in ensuring sustainability of nature-based tourism},
	author = {Margaryan, Lusine},
	year = {2022},
}

@article{setyawan_holistic_2022,
	title = {A holistic approach to manta ray conservation in the {Papuan} {Bird}’s {Head} {Seascape}: {Resounding} success, ongoing challenges},
	volume = {137},
	shorttitle = {A holistic approach to manta ray conservation in the {Papuan} {Bird}’s {Head} {Seascape}},
	journal = {Marine Policy},
	author = {Setyawan, Edy and Erdmann, Mark and Gunadharma, Nikka and Gunawan, Tiene and Hasan, Abdi and Izuan, Muhamad and Kasmidi, Meidiarti and Lamatenggo, Yusdi and Lewis, Sarah and Maulana, Nugraha},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {104953},
}

@article{perry_visitors_2022,
	title = {Visitors’ {Feelings} toward {Moose} and {Coyote} in a {Wildlife} {Sanctuary}: {Transcendent} {Feelings} of {Animal} {Valuation} {Scale}},
	volume = {1},
	shorttitle = {Visitors’ {Feelings} toward {Moose} and {Coyote} in a {Wildlife} {Sanctuary}},
	number = {aop},
	journal = {Society \& Animals},
	author = {Perry, Donna J. and Averka, Jacob P. and Johnson, Curt and Powell, Howie and Cavanaugh, Amanda},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {1--22},
}

@article{sambolino_spatial_2022-1,
	title = {Spatial and temporal characterization of the exposure of island-associated cetacean populations to whale-watching in {Madeira} {Island} ({NE} {Atlantic})},
	volume = {49},
	journal = {Regional Studies in Marine Science},
	author = {Sambolino, Annalisa and Alves, Filipe and Fernandez, Marc and Krakauer, Anja Badenas and Ferreira, Rita and Dinis, Ana},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {102084},
}

@article{margaryan_15_2022-1,
	title = {15. {The} promise of corporate social responsibility ({CSR}) in ensuring sustainability of nature-based tourism},
	author = {Margaryan, Lusine},
	year = {2022},
}

@book{hart_exploring_2022,
	title = {Exploring the determinants of satisfactory shark tourism experiences from the participants' perspective in {Gansbaai}, {South} {Africa}},
	publisher = {diplom. de},
	author = {Hart, Saskia},
	year = {2022},
}

@article{stone_20_2022,
	title = {20 {A} synthesis of protected areas and tourism contributions to conservation and community livelihoods goals in {Southern} {Africa}},
	journal = {Protected Areas and Tourism in Southern Africa: Conservation Goals and Community Livelihoods},
	author = {Stone, Moren Tibabo and Stone, Lesego Senyana and Mogomotsi, Patricia Kefilwe and Mogomotsi, Goemeone EJ},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {273},
}

@article{stone_implications_2022,
	title = {Implications of the ‘high-value, low-volume’approach in conservation and tourism resources management},
	journal = {Protected Areas and Tourism in Southern Africa: Conservation Goals and Community Livelihoods},
	author = {Stone, Lesego Senyana and Stone, Moren Tibabo},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {232},
}

@article{power_wing_2021,
	title = {Wing: {A} suitable nonlethal tissue type for repeatable and rapid telomere length estimates in bats},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1755-0998},
	shorttitle = {Wing},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1755-0998.13276},
	doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.13276},
	abstract = {Telomeres are used increasingly in ecology and evolution as biomarkers for ageing and environmental stress, and are typically measured from DNA extracted from nonlethally sampled blood. However, obtaining blood is not always possible in field conditions and only limited amounts can be taken from small mammals, such as bats, which moreover lack nucleated red blood cells and hence yield relatively low amounts of DNA. As telomere length can vary within species according to age and tissue, it is important to determine which tissues serve best as a representation of the organism as a whole. Here, we investigated whether wing tissue biopsies, a rapid and relatively noninvasive tissue collection method, could serve as a proxy for other tissues when measuring relative telomere length (rTL) in the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus). Telomeres were measured from blood, brain, heart, kidney, liver lung, muscle and wing, and multiple wing biopsies were taken from the same individuals to determine intra-individual repeatability of rTL measured by using qPCR. Wing rTL correlated with rTL estimates from most tissues apart from blood. Blood rTL was not significantly correlated with rTL from any other tissue. Blood and muscle rTLs were significantly longer compared with other tissues, while lung displayed the shortest rTLs. Individual repeatability of rTL measures from wing tissue was high ({\textgreater}70\%). Here we show the relationships between tissue telomere dynamics for the first time in a bat, and our results provide support for the use of wing tissue for rTL measurements.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2023-05-08},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology Resources},
	author = {Power, Megan L. and Power, Sarahjane and Bertelsen, Mads F. and Jones, Gareth and Teeling, Emma C.},
	year = {2021},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1755-0998.13276},
	keywords = {Rousettus aegyptiacus, bats, relative telomere length, telomeres, tissues},
	pages = {421--432},
}

Telomeres are used increasingly in ecology and evolution as biomarkers for ageing and environmental stress, and are typically measured from DNA extracted from nonlethally sampled blood. However, obtaining blood is not always possible in field conditions and only limited amounts can be taken from small mammals, such as bats, which moreover lack nucleated red blood cells and hence yield relatively low amounts of DNA. As telomere length can vary within species according to age and tissue, it is important to determine which tissues serve best as a representation of the organism as a whole. Here, we investigated whether wing tissue biopsies, a rapid and relatively noninvasive tissue collection method, could serve as a proxy for other tissues when measuring relative telomere length (rTL) in the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus). Telomeres were measured from blood, brain, heart, kidney, liver lung, muscle and wing, and multiple wing biopsies were taken from the same individuals to determine intra-individual repeatability of rTL measured by using qPCR. Wing rTL correlated with rTL estimates from most tissues apart from blood. Blood rTL was not significantly correlated with rTL from any other tissue. Blood and muscle rTLs were significantly longer compared with other tissues, while lung displayed the shortest rTLs. Individual repeatability of rTL measures from wing tissue was high (\textgreater70%). Here we show the relationships between tissue telomere dynamics for the first time in a bat, and our results provide support for the use of wing tissue for rTL measurements.

@article{mehl_wastewater_2021,
	title = {Wastewater treatment works change the intestinal microbiomes of insectivorous bats},
	volume = {16},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Plos one},
	author = {Mehl, Calvin and Schoeman, M. Corrie and Sanko, Tomasz J. and Bezuidenhout, Carlos and Mienie, Charlotte MS and Preiser, Wolfgang and Vosloo, Dalene},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science San Francisco, CA USA},
	pages = {e0247475},
}

@article{dimkic_microbiome_2021,
	title = {The microbiome of bat guano: for what is this knowledge important?},
	volume = {105},
	copyright = {2021 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature},
	issn = {1432-0614},
	shorttitle = {The microbiome of bat guano},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00253-021-11143-y},
	doi = {10.1007/s00253-021-11143-y},
	abstract = {Abstract Bats as flying mammals are potent vectors and natural reservoir hosts for many infectious viruses, bacteria, and fungi, also detected in their excreta such as guano. Accelerated deforestation, urbanization, and anthropization hastily lead to overpopulation of the bats in urban areas allowing easy interaction with other animals, expansion, and emergence of new zoonotic disease outbreaks potentially harmful to humans. Therefore, getting new insights in the microbiome of bat guano from different places represents an imperative for the future. Furthermore, the use of novel high-throughput sequencing technologies allows better insight in guano microbiome and potentially indicated that some species could be typical guano-dwelling members. Bats are well known as a natural reservoir of many zoonotic viruses such as Ebola, Nipah, Marburg, lyssaviruses, rabies, henipaviruses, and many coronaviruses which caused a high number of outbreaks including ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, many bacterial and fungal pathogens were identified as common guano residents. Thus, the presence of multi-drug-resistant bacteria as environmental reservoirs of extended spectrum β-lactamases and carbapenemase-producing strains has been confirmed. Bat guano is the most suitable substrate for fungal reproduction and dissemination, including pathogenic yeasts and keratinophilic and dimorphic human pathogenic fungi known as notorious causative agents of severe endemic mycoses like histoplasmosis and fatal cryptococcosis, especially deadly in immunocompromised individuals. This review provides an overview of bat guano microbiota diversity and the significance of autochthonous and pathogenic taxa for humans and the environment, highlighting better understanding in preventing emerging diseases. Key points Bat guano as reservoir and source for spreading of autochthonous and pathogenic microbiota Bat guano vs. novel zoonotic disease outbreaks Destruction of bat natural habitats urgently demands increased human awareness},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2022-09-02},
	journal = {Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology},
	author = {Dimkić, Ivica and Fira, Djordje and Janakiev, Tamara and Kabić, Jovana and Stupar, Miloš and Nenadić, Marija and Unković, Nikola and Grbić, Milica Ljaljević},
	month = feb,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Company: Springer
Distributor: Springer
Institution: Springer
Label: Springer
Number: 4
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
	pages = {1407--1419},
}

Abstract Bats as flying mammals are potent vectors and natural reservoir hosts for many infectious viruses, bacteria, and fungi, also detected in their excreta such as guano. Accelerated deforestation, urbanization, and anthropization hastily lead to overpopulation of the bats in urban areas allowing easy interaction with other animals, expansion, and emergence of new zoonotic disease outbreaks potentially harmful to humans. Therefore, getting new insights in the microbiome of bat guano from different places represents an imperative for the future. Furthermore, the use of novel high-throughput sequencing technologies allows better insight in guano microbiome and potentially indicated that some species could be typical guano-dwelling members. Bats are well known as a natural reservoir of many zoonotic viruses such as Ebola, Nipah, Marburg, lyssaviruses, rabies, henipaviruses, and many coronaviruses which caused a high number of outbreaks including ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, many bacterial and fungal pathogens were identified as common guano residents. Thus, the presence of multi-drug-resistant bacteria as environmental reservoirs of extended spectrum β-lactamases and carbapenemase-producing strains has been confirmed. Bat guano is the most suitable substrate for fungal reproduction and dissemination, including pathogenic yeasts and keratinophilic and dimorphic human pathogenic fungi known as notorious causative agents of severe endemic mycoses like histoplasmosis and fatal cryptococcosis, especially deadly in immunocompromised individuals. This review provides an overview of bat guano microbiota diversity and the significance of autochthonous and pathogenic taxa for humans and the environment, highlighting better understanding in preventing emerging diseases. Key points Bat guano as reservoir and source for spreading of autochthonous and pathogenic microbiota Bat guano vs. novel zoonotic disease outbreaks Destruction of bat natural habitats urgently demands increased human awareness

@article{he_have_2021,
	title = {Have artificial lighting and noise pollution caused zoonosis and the {COVID}-19 pandemic? {A} review},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1610-3653},
	shorttitle = {Have artificial lighting and noise pollution caused zoonosis and the {COVID}-19 pandemic?},
	doi = {10.1007/s10311-021-01291-y},
	abstract = {Where did the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) come from? Did it spread to 'patient zero' through proactive human-animal contact? Why did humans faced an increasing number of zoonotic diseases in the past few decades? In this article, we propose a new theory by which human pollution such as artificial lighting and noise accentuate pathogen shedding from bats and other wild habitants in urban environments. This theory differs from the current hypothesis that wildlife trades and bushmeat consumption largely contribute to the spillover of zoonotic pathogens to humans. As natural reservoirs, bats harbor the greatest number of zoonotic viruses among all mammalian orders, while they also have a unique immune system to maintain functioning. Some bat species roost in proximity with human settlements, including urban communities and surrounding areas that are potentially most impacted by anthropogenic activities. We review the behavioral changes of wild habitants, including bats and other species, caused by environmental pollution such as artificial lighting and noise pollution, with focus on the spillover of zoonotic pathogens to humans. We found that there is a strong positive correlation between environmental stress and the behavior and health conditions of wild species, including bats. Specifically, artificial lighting attracts insectivorous bats to congregate around streetlights, resulting in changes in their diets and improved likelihood of close contact with humans and animals. Moreover, many bat species avoid lit areas by expending more energies on commuting and foraging. Noise pollution has similar effects on bat behavior. Bats exposed to chronic noise pollution have weakened immune functions, increased viral shedding, and declined immunity during pregnancy, lactation, and vulnerable periods due to noised-induced stress. Other wild species exposed to artificial lighting and noise pollution also show stress-induced behaviors and deteriorated health. Overall, evidence supports our hypothesis that artificial lighting and noise pollution have been overlooked as long-term contributors to the spillover of zoonotic pathogens to humans in urban environments.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Environmental Chemistry Letters},
	author = {He, Shanshan and Shao, Wenyuan and Han, Jie},
	year = {2021},
	pmid = {34366755},
	pmcid = {PMC8325529},
	keywords = {Artificial lighting, Bat, Coronavirus, Noise pollution, SARS-CoV-2, Spillover},
	pages = {4021--4030},
}

Where did the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) come from? Did it spread to 'patient zero' through proactive human-animal contact? Why did humans faced an increasing number of zoonotic diseases in the past few decades? In this article, we propose a new theory by which human pollution such as artificial lighting and noise accentuate pathogen shedding from bats and other wild habitants in urban environments. This theory differs from the current hypothesis that wildlife trades and bushmeat consumption largely contribute to the spillover of zoonotic pathogens to humans. As natural reservoirs, bats harbor the greatest number of zoonotic viruses among all mammalian orders, while they also have a unique immune system to maintain functioning. Some bat species roost in proximity with human settlements, including urban communities and surrounding areas that are potentially most impacted by anthropogenic activities. We review the behavioral changes of wild habitants, including bats and other species, caused by environmental pollution such as artificial lighting and noise pollution, with focus on the spillover of zoonotic pathogens to humans. We found that there is a strong positive correlation between environmental stress and the behavior and health conditions of wild species, including bats. Specifically, artificial lighting attracts insectivorous bats to congregate around streetlights, resulting in changes in their diets and improved likelihood of close contact with humans and animals. Moreover, many bat species avoid lit areas by expending more energies on commuting and foraging. Noise pollution has similar effects on bat behavior. Bats exposed to chronic noise pollution have weakened immune functions, increased viral shedding, and declined immunity during pregnancy, lactation, and vulnerable periods due to noised-induced stress. Other wild species exposed to artificial lighting and noise pollution also show stress-induced behaviors and deteriorated health. Overall, evidence supports our hypothesis that artificial lighting and noise pollution have been overlooked as long-term contributors to the spillover of zoonotic pathogens to humans in urban environments.

@article{sandoval-herrera_inter-_2021,
	title = {Inter- and intra-specific variation in hair cortisol concentrations of {Neotropical} bats},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {2051-1434},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/coab053},
	doi = {10.1093/conphys/coab053},
	abstract = {Quantifying hair cortisol has become popular in wildlife ecology for its practical advantages for evaluating stress. Before hair cortisol levels can be reliably interpreted, however, it is key to first understand the intrinsic factors explaining intra- and inter-specific variation. Bats are an ecologically diverse group of mammals that allow studying such variation. Given that many bat species are threatened or have declining populations in parts of their range, minimally invasive tools for monitoring colony health and identifying cryptic stressors are needed to efficiently direct conservation efforts. Here we describe intra- and inter-specific sources of variation in hair cortisol levels in 18 Neotropical bat species from Belize and Mexico. We found that fecundity is an important ecological trait explaining inter-specific variation in bat hair cortisol. Other ecological variables such as colony size, roost durability and basal metabolic rate did not explain hair cortisol variation among species. At the individual level, females exhibited higher hair cortisol levels than males and the effect of body mass varied among species. Overall, our findings help validate and accurately apply hair cortisol as a monitoring tool in free-ranging bats.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-08-15},
	journal = {Conservation Physiology},
	author = {Sandoval-Herrera, Natalia I and Mastromonaco, Gabriela F and Becker, Daniel J and Simmons, Nancy B and Welch, Jr, Kenneth C},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {coab053},
}

Quantifying hair cortisol has become popular in wildlife ecology for its practical advantages for evaluating stress. Before hair cortisol levels can be reliably interpreted, however, it is key to first understand the intrinsic factors explaining intra- and inter-specific variation. Bats are an ecologically diverse group of mammals that allow studying such variation. Given that many bat species are threatened or have declining populations in parts of their range, minimally invasive tools for monitoring colony health and identifying cryptic stressors are needed to efficiently direct conservation efforts. Here we describe intra- and inter-specific sources of variation in hair cortisol levels in 18 Neotropical bat species from Belize and Mexico. We found that fecundity is an important ecological trait explaining inter-specific variation in bat hair cortisol. Other ecological variables such as colony size, roost durability and basal metabolic rate did not explain hair cortisol variation among species. At the individual level, females exhibited higher hair cortisol levels than males and the effect of body mass varied among species. Overall, our findings help validate and accurately apply hair cortisol as a monitoring tool in free-ranging bats.

@article{sandoval-herrera_inter-and_2021,
	title = {Inter-and intra-specific variation in hair cortisol concentrations of {Neotropical} bats},
	volume = {9},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Conservation physiology},
	author = {Sandoval-Herrera, Natalia I. and Mastromonaco, Gabriela F. and Becker, Daniel J. and Simmons, Nancy B. and Welch Jr, Kenneth C.},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press},
	pages = {coab053},
}

@article{harten_urban_2021,
	title = {Urban bat pups take after their mothers and are bolder and faster learners than rural pups},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1741-7007},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-021-01131-z},
	doi = {10.1186/s12915-021-01131-z},
	abstract = {Urbanization is rapidly changing our planet and animals that live in urban environments must quickly adjust their behavior. One of the most prevalent behavioral characteristics of urban dwelling animals is an increased level of risk-taking. Here, we aimed to reveal how urban fruitbats become risk-takers, and how they differ behaviorally from rural bats, studying both genetic and non-genetic factors that might play a role in the process. We assessed the personality of newborn pups from both rural and urban colonies before they acquired experience outdoors, examining risk-taking, exploration, and learning rates.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-07-27},
	journal = {BMC Biology},
	author = {Harten, Lee and Gonceer, Nesim and Handel, Michal and Dash, Orit and Fokidis, H. Bobby and Yovel, Yossi},
	month = sep,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Maternal effects, Personality, Risk-taking, Urbanization},
	pages = {190},
}

Urbanization is rapidly changing our planet and animals that live in urban environments must quickly adjust their behavior. One of the most prevalent behavioral characteristics of urban dwelling animals is an increased level of risk-taking. Here, we aimed to reveal how urban fruitbats become risk-takers, and how they differ behaviorally from rural bats, studying both genetic and non-genetic factors that might play a role in the process. We assessed the personality of newborn pups from both rural and urban colonies before they acquired experience outdoors, examining risk-taking, exploration, and learning rates.

@article{ingala_you_2021,
	title = {You are more than what you eat: potentially adaptive enrichment of microbiome functions across bat dietary niches},
	volume = {3},
	shorttitle = {You are more than what you eat},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Animal microbiome},
	author = {Ingala, Melissa R. and Simmons, Nancy B. and Dunbar, Miranda and Wultsch, Claudia and Krampis, Konstantinos and Perkins, Susan L.},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: BioMed Central},
	pages = {1--17},
}

@article{mehl_wastewater_2021,
	title = {Wastewater treatment works change the intestinal microbiomes of insectivorous bats},
	volume = {16},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Plos one},
	author = {Mehl, Calvin and Schoeman, M. Corrie and Sanko, Tomasz J. and Bezuidenhout, Carlos and Mienie, Charlotte MS and Preiser, Wolfgang and Vosloo, Dalene},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science San Francisco, CA USA},
	pages = {e0247475},
}

@article{dimkic_microbiome_2021,
	title = {The microbiome of bat guano: for what is this knowledge important?},
	volume = {105},
	shorttitle = {The microbiome of bat guano},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology},
	author = {Dimkić, Ivica and Fira, Djordje and Janakiev, Tamara and Kabić, Jovana and Stupar, Miloš and Nenadić, Marija and Unković, Nikola and Grbić, Milica Ljaljević},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	pages = {1407--1419},
}

@article{crawford_avoiding_2021,
	title = {Avoiding a conservation pitfall: {Considering} the risks of unsuitably hot bat boxes},
	volume = {3},
	shorttitle = {Avoiding a conservation pitfall},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Conservation Science and Practice},
	author = {Crawford, Reed D. and O'Keefe, Joy M.},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	pages = {e412},
}

@article{conenna_global_2021,
	title = {Global patterns of functional trait variation along aridity gradients in bats},
	volume = {30},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
	author = {Conenna, Irene and Santini, Luca and Rocha, Ricardo and Monadjem, Ara and Cabeza, Mar and Russo, Danilo},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	pages = {1014--1029},
}

@article{pham_description_2021,
	title = {Description of echolocation call parameters for urban bats in {Vietnam} as a step towards a more integrated acoustic monitoring of urban wildlife in {Southeast} {Asia}},
	volume = {13},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Diversity},
	author = {Pham, Long Kim and Tran, Bang Van and Le, Quy Tan and Nguyen, Trung Thanh and Voigt, Christian C.},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: MDPI},
	pages = {18},
}

@article{villarroya-villalba_response_2021,
	title = {Response of bats and nocturnal insects to urban green areas in {Europe}},
	volume = {51},
	journal = {Basic and Applied Ecology},
	author = {Villarroya-Villalba, Lucía and Casanelles-Abella, Joan and Moretti, Marco and Pinho, Pedro and Samson, Roeland and Van Mensel, Anskje and Chiron, François and Zellweger, Florian and Obrist, Martin K.},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	pages = {59--70},
}

@article{hanrahan_ghost_2021,
	title = {Ghost bats exhibit informative daily and seasonal temporal patterns in the production of social vocalisations},
	volume = {67},
	doi = {10.1071/ZO20055},
	abstract = {The ghost bat (Macroderma gigas) is a colonial and highly vocal species that is impacted by human visitation of caves. The ability to document behaviours inside the roost by recording vocalisations could provide an important new tool for the management of this disturbance-prone species by removing the need for in-person confirmation of reproductive activity, and, in turn, identifying roosts of conservation importance. To assess whether vocalisations are indicators of daily and seasonal behavioural events, we aimed to determine whether total vocal activity significantly varied by time of day and time of year and, further, how the relative frequencies of occurrence of three common social vocalisations ('Chirp-trill', 'Squabble' and 'Ultrasonic Social') aligned with previously reported seasonal reproductive behaviour. We recorded sound inside the largest known maternity roost, extracted all vocal signals and classified them into types using semiautomated methods. Total vocal activity varied significantly by time of day and time of year, peaking around sunrise and sunset, and during the mating and nursing seasons. The relative frequencies of occurrence of vocalisation types varied significantly seasonally, with the Chirp-trill and Squabble produced most during the mating season and first flight periods, whereas the Ultrasonic Social peaked during parturition and weaning periods. This timing aligns with a previously suggested vocalisation function, providing further evidence that these signals are important in mating and maternity behaviours. Further, this suggests that peaks in the relative frequency of occurrence of distinct social vocalisations may act as indicators of in-roost reproductive and pup development behaviours and provides a low-disturbance, semiautomated method for using long-term acoustic recordings to study and monitor behaviour in this sensitive species.},
	journal = {Australian Journal of Zoology},
	author = {Hanrahan, Nicola and Dalziell, Anastasia and Welbergen, Justin},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
}

The ghost bat (Macroderma gigas) is a colonial and highly vocal species that is impacted by human visitation of caves. The ability to document behaviours inside the roost by recording vocalisations could provide an important new tool for the management of this disturbance-prone species by removing the need for in-person confirmation of reproductive activity, and, in turn, identifying roosts of conservation importance. To assess whether vocalisations are indicators of daily and seasonal behavioural events, we aimed to determine whether total vocal activity significantly varied by time of day and time of year and, further, how the relative frequencies of occurrence of three common social vocalisations ('Chirp-trill', 'Squabble' and 'Ultrasonic Social') aligned with previously reported seasonal reproductive behaviour. We recorded sound inside the largest known maternity roost, extracted all vocal signals and classified them into types using semiautomated methods. Total vocal activity varied significantly by time of day and time of year, peaking around sunrise and sunset, and during the mating and nursing seasons. The relative frequencies of occurrence of vocalisation types varied significantly seasonally, with the Chirp-trill and Squabble produced most during the mating season and first flight periods, whereas the Ultrasonic Social peaked during parturition and weaning periods. This timing aligns with a previously suggested vocalisation function, providing further evidence that these signals are important in mating and maternity behaviours. Further, this suggests that peaks in the relative frequency of occurrence of distinct social vocalisations may act as indicators of in-roost reproductive and pup development behaviours and provides a low-disturbance, semiautomated method for using long-term acoustic recordings to study and monitor behaviour in this sensitive species.

@article{lenzi_zoo_2021,
	title = {From {Zoo} to {Social} {Media}: {The} {Evolution} of {Human}-{Captive} {Wildlife} {Relations}},
	shorttitle = {From {Zoo} to {Social} {Media}},
	author = {Lenzi, Christian and Speiran, Siobhan and Grasso, Chiara},
	year = {2021},
}

@article{zhongming_social_2021,
	title = {Social tiger sharks may hold the secret to impacts of dive tourism},
	author = {Zhongming, Zhu and Linong, Lu and Xiaona, Yao and Wangqiang, Zhang and Wei, Liu},
	year = {2021},
}

@article{sumanapala_conservation-based_2021,
	title = {Conservation-{Based} {Elephant} {Tourism}: {An} {Importance}–{Performance} {Analysis}},
	shorttitle = {Conservation-{Based} {Elephant} {Tourism}},
	journal = {The Elephant Tourism Business},
	author = {SUMANAPALA, DAMINDA and GALAHITIYAWE, NILAKSHI WK and WOLF, ISABELLE D.},
	year = {2021},
}

@article{markwell_getting_2021,
	title = {Getting close to a national icon: an examination of the involvement of the koala ({Phascolarctos} cinereus) in {Australian} tourism},
	volume = {46},
	shorttitle = {Getting close to a national icon},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Tourism Recreation Research},
	author = {Markwell, Kevin},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {473--486},
}

@article{hooper_compliance_2021,
	title = {Compliance of dolphin ecotours to marine mammal viewing guidelines},
	issn = {0966-9582},
	journal = {Journal of Sustainable Tourism},
	author = {Hooper, Lindsay K and Tyson Moore, Reny B and Boucquey, Noëlle and McHugh, Katherine A and Fuentes, Mariana MPB},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	pages = {1--19},
}

@article{hoyt_whale_2021,
	title = {Whale and {Dolphin} {Watching} in {Europe}},
	journal = {Under Pressure},
	author = {Hoyt, Erich},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {86},
}

@article{de_souza_visitors_2021,
	title = {Visitors’ perception when participating in a poorly planned ecotourism activity: the case of dolphin watching in {Northeastern} {Brazil}},
	issn = {1472-4049},
	journal = {Journal of Ecotourism},
	author = {de Souza, Rafaela CF and Ramos, Marcelo A and de Albuquerque, Ulysses P and Souto, Antonio and Schiel, Nicola},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	pages = {1--13},
}

@article{de_freitas_are_2021,
	title = {Are dolphin-watching boats routes an effective tool for managing tourism in marine protected areas?},
	volume = {211},
	issn = {0964-5691},
	journal = {Ocean \& Coastal Management},
	author = {de Freitas, Diana Carvalho and dos Santos, Josivânia Emanuelly Azevedo and da Silva, Paulo César Moura and de Oliveira Lunardi, Vitor and Lunardi, Diana Goncalves},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	pages = {105782},
}

@article{elsehely_towards_2021,
	title = {Towards {Best} {Tourism} {Practices} for {Responsible} {Dolphin} {Watching} in {Red} {Sea}},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1687-1863},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality},
	author = {Elsehely, Haidy},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Suez Canal University; Faculty of Tourism and Hotel Management},
	pages = {34--48},
}

@article{macqueeney_characterizing_2021,
	title = {Characterizing human interactions with bottlenose dolphins ({Tursiops} truncatus) in {Tampa} {Bay}},
	issn = {1087-1209},
	journal = {Human Dimensions of Wildlife},
	author = {MacQueeney, Meredith and Collier, Michelle AM and Simard, Peter and Gowans, Shannon},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	pages = {1--10},
}

@article{villalba-briones_how_2021,
	title = {How empathy-based sensitisation and knowledge reinforcement affect policy compliance: a case study of dolphin watching, {Ecuador}},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {0814-0626},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Australian Journal of Environmental Education},
	author = {Villalba-Briones, Ricardo and González-Narvaez, Mariela A and Vitvar, Tomas},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	pages = {285--305},
}

@article{quintana_martin-montalvo_dolphin_2021,
	title = {Dolphin {Watching} and {Compliance} to {Guidelines} {Affect} {Spinner} {Dolphins}’({Stenella} longirostris) {Behaviour} in {Reunion} {Island}},
	volume = {11},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Animals},
	author = {Quintana Martín-Montalvo, Belén and Hoarau, Ludovic and Deffes, Ophélie and Delaspre, Sylvain and Delfour, Fabienne and Landes, Anne-Emmanuelle},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	pages = {2674},
}

@inproceedings{bellomo_impact_2021,
	title = {Impact of cetacean watching vessels on {Risso}’s dolphins behaviour in the {Gulf} of {Taranto}: preliminary information to regulate dolphin watching},
	isbn = {1-66541-458-8},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	author = {Bellomo, Stefano and Cipriano, Giulia and Santacesaria, Francesca Cornelia and Fanizza, Carmelo and Crugliano, Roberto and Pollazzon, Vittorio and Ricci, Pasquale and Maglietta, Rosalia and Carlucci, Roberto},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {111--115},
}

@article{carome_examining_2021,
	title = {Examining the relationship between tourism and {Hector}’s dolphins ({Cephalorhynchus} hectori) at {Akaroa} {Harbour}},
	author = {Carome, William Joseph},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: University of Otago},
}

@article{mangachena_why_2021,
	title = {Why are some animals popular with wildlife tourists: insights from {South} {Africa}},
	issn = {1472-4049},
	journal = {Journal of Ecotourism},
	author = {Mangachena, JR and Pickering, CM},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	pages = {1--17},
}

@article{tanalgo_potential_2021,
	title = {The potential of bat-watching tourism in raising public awareness towards bat conservation in the {Philippines}},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2667-0100},
	journal = {Environmental Challenges},
	author = {Tanalgo, Krizler C and Hughes, Alice Catherine},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	pages = {100140},
}

@article{cong_decision-making_2021,
	title = {Decision-{Making} {Behavior} and {Risk} {Perception} of {Chinese} {Female} {Wildlife} {Tourists}},
	volume = {13},
	number = {18},
	journal = {Sustainability},
	author = {Cong, Li and Wang, Qiqi and Wall, Geoffrey and Su, Yijing},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	pages = {10301},
}

@article{garcia-jimenez_economic_2021,
	title = {Economic valuation of non-material contributions to people provided by avian scavengers: {Harmonizing} conservation and wildlife-based tourism},
	volume = {187},
	issn = {0921-8009},
	journal = {Ecological Economics},
	author = {García-Jiménez, Ruth and Morales-Reyes, Zebensui and Pérez-García, Juan M and Margalida, Antoni},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	pages = {107088},
}

@article{mangachena_why_2021-1,
	title = {Why are some animals popular with wildlife tourists: insights from {South} {Africa}},
	issn = {1472-4049},
	journal = {Journal of Ecotourism},
	author = {Mangachena, JR and Pickering, CM},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	pages = {1--17},
}

@article{padave_study_2021,
	title = {{STUDY} {ON} {ROLE} {OF} {THE} {NEW} {JUNGLE} {SAFARI} {CONCEPT} {AND} {ITS} {IMPACT} {ON} {WILDLIFE} {TOURISM}},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {1567-214X},
	number = {1},
	journal = {PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology},
	author = {Padave, Chef Priya},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {4485--4491},
}

@article{lee_influence_2021,
	title = {Influence analysis of interpretation services on ecotourism behavior for wildlife tourists},
	issn = {0966-9582},
	journal = {Journal of Sustainable Tourism},
	author = {Lee, Tsung Hung and Jan, Fen-Hauh and Chen, Jui-Chi},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	pages = {1--19},
}

@article{kredens_user-generated_2021,
	title = {A {User}-{Generated} {Content} {Analysis} of {Tourists} at {Wildlife} {Tourism} {Attractions}},
	issn = {9798738620430},
	author = {Kredens, Claire},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Arizona State University},
}

@article{tan_wildlife_2021,
	title = {Wildlife {Tourism} in {Urban} {Destinations}: {Singapore}’s {Urban} {Otters} and “{Biodivercity}” {Story}},
	issn = {1000164713},
	journal = {The Hospitality and Tourism Industry in ASEAN and East Asian Destinations: New Growth, Trends, and Developments},
	author = {Tan, Eunice},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: CRC Press},
}

@book{schuler__2021,
	title = {\# {Oldnews}: {Diffusion} of {Pro}-{Conservation} {Behaviors} and {Social} {Media} in {Wildlife} {Tourism}},
	isbn = {9798516907708},
	publisher = {East Carolina University},
	author = {Schuler, Gwyneth},
	year = {2021},
}

@article{folmer_rethinking_2021,
	title = {Rethinking our desired relationship with animals in the tourism sector},
	issn = {1461-6688},
	author = {Folmer, Akke},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
}

@article{vespestad_tourists_2021,
	title = {Tourists' {Willingness} to {Pay} for {Nature}-based {Experiences}},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {1083-5423},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Tourism Analysis},
	author = {Vespestad, May Kristin and Gressnes, Thomas},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Cognizant Communication Corporation},
	pages = {319--332},
}

@article{sumanapala_rainforest_2021,
	title = {Rainforest tourism: a systematic review of established knowledge and gaps in research},
	issn = {0250-8281},
	journal = {Tourism Recreation Research},
	author = {Sumanapala, Daminda and Wolf, Isabelle D},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	pages = {1--16},
}

@article{sumanapala_changing_2021,
	title = {The changing face of wildlife tourism during the {COVID}-19 pandemic: an opportunity to strive towards sustainability?},
	issn = {1368-3500},
	journal = {Current Issues in Tourism},
	author = {Sumanapala, Daminda and Wolf, Isabelle D},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	pages = {1--6},
}

@article{cui_escalating_2021,
	title = {The {Escalating} {Effects} of {Wildlife} {Tourism} on {Human}–{Wildlife} {Conflict}},
	volume = {11},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Animals},
	author = {Cui, Qingming and Ren, Yuejia and Xu, Honggang},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	pages = {1378},
}

@article{smith_using_2021,
	title = {Using behavior indices and vital rates to determine the conservation impact of wildlife tourism: {Guided} sea turtle watch programs in {Florida}},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {2351-9894},
	journal = {Global Ecology and Conservation},
	author = {Smith, J Rachel and Lindborg, Rebekah J and Hernandez, Vivian and Abney, Elizabeth A and Witherington, Blair E},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	pages = {e01537},
}

@article{smith_using_2021-1,
	title = {Using behavior indices and vital rates to determine the conservation impact of wildlife tourism: {Guided} sea turtle watch programs in {Florida}},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {2351-9894},
	journal = {Global Ecology and Conservation},
	author = {Smith, J Rachel and Lindborg, Rebekah J and Hernandez, Vivian and Abney, Elizabeth A and Witherington, Blair E},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	pages = {e01537},
}

@article{smith_using_2021-2,
	title = {Using behavior indices and vital rates to determine the conservation impact of wildlife tourism: {Guided} sea turtle watch programs in {Florida}},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {2351-9894},
	journal = {Global Ecology and Conservation},
	author = {Smith, J Rachel and Lindborg, Rebekah J and Hernandez, Vivian and Abney, Elizabeth A and Witherington, Blair E},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	pages = {e01537},
}

@article{kanta_wildlife_2021,
	title = {Wildlife tourism: a synthesis of past, present, and future research agenda},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {2174-548X},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Enlightening Tourism. A Pathmaking JOURNAL},
	author = {Kanta, Kota Neela Mani and Kaurav, Rahul Pratap Singh and Allam, Uday Sankar and Srivalli, P},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {390--427},
}

@article{rao_wildlife_2021,
	title = {Wildlife tourism and local communities: {Evidence} from {India}},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {2666-9579},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights},
	author = {Rao, Aruna and Saksena, Shalini},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	pages = {100016},
}

@article{yin_rethinking_2021,
	title = {Rethinking wildlife tourism and conservation during the {COVID}-19 pandemic: {An} animal ethics perspective},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {0894-1920},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Society \& Natural Resources},
	author = {Yin, Duo and Gao, Quan and Zhu, Hong},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	pages = {1423--1429},
}

@article{ziegler_exploring_2021,
	title = {Exploring the wildlife value orientations of locals working in community-based marine wildlife tourism in the {Philippines}},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {1544-273X},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Tourism in Marine Environments},
	author = {Ziegler, Jackie A and Araujo, Gonzalo and Labaja, Jessica and Snow, Sally and Ponzo, Alessandro and Rollins, Rick and Dearden, Philip},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Cognizant Communication Corporation},
	pages = {31--44},
}

@article{meyer_multidisciplinary_2021,
	title = {A multidisciplinary framework to assess the sustainability and acceptability of wildlife tourism operations},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1755-263X},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Conservation Letters},
	author = {Meyer, Lauren and Apps, Kirin and Bryars, Simon and Clarke, Thomas and Hayden, Barry and Pelton, Grant and Simes, Brett and Vaughan, Lewis M and Whitmarsh, Sasha K and Huveneers, Charlie},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	pages = {e12788},
}

@article{macdonald_public_2021,
	title = {Public understanding of wildlife tourism: defining terms, harms, and benefits},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1472-4049},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Ecotourism},
	author = {Macdonald, Catherine and Wester, Julia},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	pages = {198--209},
}

@article{gavinolla_sustainable_2021,
	title = {Sustainable consumption and production of wildlife tourism in {Indian} tiger reserves: a critical analysis},
	issn = {1755-4217},
	journal = {Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes},
	author = {Gavinolla, Mahender Reddy and Kaushal, Vikrant and Livina, Agita and Swain, Sampada Kumar and Kumar, Hemant},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Emerald Publishing Limited},
}

@article{meyer_redefining_2021,
	title = {Redefining provisioning in marine wildlife tourism},
	issn = {1472-4049},
	journal = {Journal of Ecotourism},
	author = {Meyer, Lauren and Barry, Christine and Araujo, Gonzalo and Barnett, Adam and Brunnschweiler, Juerg M and Chin, Andrew and Gallagher, Austin and Healy, Teleah and Kock, Alison and Newsome, David},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	pages = {1--20},
}

@article{rendall_where_2021,
	title = {Where wildlife and traffic collide: {Roadkill} rates change through time in a wildlife-tourism hotspot},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {2351-9894},
	journal = {Global Ecology and Conservation},
	author = {Rendall, Anthony R and Webb, Vicki and Sutherland, Duncan R and White, John G and Renwick, Leanne and Cooke, Raylene},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	pages = {e01530},
}

@article{rizzolo_wildlife_2021,
	title = {Wildlife tourism and consumption},
	issn = {0966-9582},
	journal = {Journal of Sustainable Tourism},
	author = {Rizzolo, Jessica Bell},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	pages = {1--14},
}

@article{sun_special_2020,
	title = {Special features of bat microbiota differ from those of terrestrial mammals},
	volume = {11},
	journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
	author = {Sun, Dong-Lei and Gao, Yi-Zhou and Ge, Xing-Yi and Shi, Zheng-Li and Zhou, Ning-Yi},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Frontiers Media SA},
	pages = {1040},
}

@article{edenborough_microbiomes_2020,
	title = {Microbiomes in the insectivorous bat species {Mops} condylurus rapidly converge in captivity},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0223629},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0223629},
	abstract = {Bats are well known reservoir hosts for RNA and DNA viruses. The use of captive bats in research has intensified over the past decade as researchers aim to examine the virus-reservoir host interface. In this study, we investigated the effects of captivity on the fecal bacterial microbiome of an insectivorous microbat, Mops condylurus, a species that roosts in close proximity to humans and has likely transmitted viral infections to humans. Using amplicon 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we characterized changes in fecal bacterial community composition for individual bats directly at the time of capture and again after six weeks in captivity. We found that microbial community richness by measure of the number of observed operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in bat feces increases in captivity. Importantly, we found the similarity of microbial community structures of fecal microbiomes between different bats to converge during captivity. We propose a six week-acclimatization period prior to carrying out infection studies or other research influenced by the microbiome composition, which may be advantageous to reduce variation in microbiome composition and minimize biological variation inherent to in vivo experimental studies.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-08-31},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	author = {Edenborough, Kathryn M. and Mu, Andre and Mühldorfer, Kristin and Lechner, Johanna and Lander, Angelika and Bokelmann, Marcel and Couacy-Hymann, Emmanuel and Radonic, Aleksandar and Kurth, Andreas},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},
	keywords = {Bacteria, Bats, Diet, Fruit bats, Microbial taxonomy, Microbiome, Ribosomal RNA, Species diversity},
	pages = {e0223629},
}

Bats are well known reservoir hosts for RNA and DNA viruses. The use of captive bats in research has intensified over the past decade as researchers aim to examine the virus-reservoir host interface. In this study, we investigated the effects of captivity on the fecal bacterial microbiome of an insectivorous microbat, Mops condylurus, a species that roosts in close proximity to humans and has likely transmitted viral infections to humans. Using amplicon 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we characterized changes in fecal bacterial community composition for individual bats directly at the time of capture and again after six weeks in captivity. We found that microbial community richness by measure of the number of observed operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in bat feces increases in captivity. Importantly, we found the similarity of microbial community structures of fecal microbiomes between different bats to converge during captivity. We propose a six week-acclimatization period prior to carrying out infection studies or other research influenced by the microbiome composition, which may be advantageous to reduce variation in microbiome composition and minimize biological variation inherent to in vivo experimental studies.

@article{iglesias-carrasco_stress_2020,
	title = {Stress in the city: meta-analysis indicates no overall evidence for stress in urban vertebrates},
	volume = {287},
	shorttitle = {Stress in the city},
	number = {1936},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B},
	author = {Iglesias-Carrasco, Maider and Aich, Upama and Jennions, Michael D. and Head, Megan L.},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: The Royal Society},
	pages = {20201754},
}

@article{gerbacova_faecal_2020,
	title = {The faecal microbiome of building-dwelling insectivorous bats ({Myotis} myotis and {Rhinolophus} hipposideros) also contains antibiotic-resistant bacterial representatives},
	volume = {77},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Current Microbiology},
	author = {Gerbáčová, Katarína and Maliničová, Lenka and Kisková, Jana and Maslišová, Veronika and Uhrin, Marcel and Pristaš, Peter},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	pages = {2333--2344},
}

@article{rajeev_zoonotic_2020,
	title = {Zoonotic evolution and implications of microbiome in viral transmission and infection},
	volume = {290},
	journal = {Virus research},
	author = {Rajeev, Riya and Prathiviraj, R. and Kiran, George Seghal and Selvin, Joseph},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	pages = {198175},
}

@article{hernandez-arciga_synergetic_2020,
	title = {Synergetic effects of immune challenge and stress depress cortisol, inflammatory response and antioxidant activity in fish-eating {Myotis}},
	volume = {223},
	number = {24},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},
	author = {Hernández-Arciga, Ulalume and Herrera M, L. Gerardo and Königsberg, Mina and Valdez, Ricardo A. and Flores-Martínez, José Juan and Romano, Marta C.},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: The Company of Biologists Ltd},
	pages = {jeb234914},
}

@article{winter_usage_2020,
	title = {Usage of buildings in the life cycle of two endangered {Rhinolophus} species in the {Mediterranean} region: implications for roost protection},
	volume = {66},
	issn = {1439-0574},
	shorttitle = {Usage of buildings in the life cycle of two endangered {Rhinolophus} species in the {Mediterranean} region},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-020-01374-1},
	doi = {10.1007/s10344-020-01374-1},
	abstract = {Synanthropic roosting may allow cave-dwelling bats to cope with habitat fragmentation provided that suitable buildings are sustainably protected. This study on Asinara Island, Sardinia, focuses on roost requirements in synanthropy at different life stages of two endangered bat species, Rhinolophus hipposideros and Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. We rated the roost potential of 532 buildings and compared it with actual roost usage. Microclimate was compared across different roost types and between species, and bat composition and behaviour in nurseries of R. hipposideros were related to roost structure and microclimate. The two species occupied 25\% of structures rated as “high potential”, versus 5\% and 0\% rated as “intermediate” and “low potential”. Concerning microclimate, R. hipposideros preferred warmer and drier day roosts, with higher temperature fluctuations during summer, while winter, and night, roost microclimate was comparable between species. In larger, warmer, and drier nurseries, colony size and proportion of reproductive females were higher and parturition started earlier. Before parturition, roost temperatures were inversely correlated to clustering, supporting its thermoregulatory function. Mothers spent in total 50\% of the night inside the nursery caring the pup. Roost microclimate, size, and location close to foraging areas may thus promote breeding success. We conclude that a structure-based rating of roost potential supplemented by species-specific microclimatic requirements constitutes a promising predictor of roost usage. Moreover, adequate buildings support the complete life cycle of R. hipposideros in the absence of suitable caves. Buildings thus deserve increased protection measures in fragmented Mediterranean landscapes to ensure sustainable bat conservation.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-07-21},
	journal = {European Journal of Wildlife Research},
	author = {Winter, Rebecca and Mantilla-Contreras, Jasmin and Schmidt, Sabine},
	month = apr,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Bat conservation, Horseshoe bats, Microclimate, Roost evaluation, Synanthropic roosting},
	pages = {38},
}

Synanthropic roosting may allow cave-dwelling bats to cope with habitat fragmentation provided that suitable buildings are sustainably protected. This study on Asinara Island, Sardinia, focuses on roost requirements in synanthropy at different life stages of two endangered bat species, Rhinolophus hipposideros and Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. We rated the roost potential of 532 buildings and compared it with actual roost usage. Microclimate was compared across different roost types and between species, and bat composition and behaviour in nurseries of R. hipposideros were related to roost structure and microclimate. The two species occupied 25% of structures rated as “high potential”, versus 5% and 0% rated as “intermediate” and “low potential”. Concerning microclimate, R. hipposideros preferred warmer and drier day roosts, with higher temperature fluctuations during summer, while winter, and night, roost microclimate was comparable between species. In larger, warmer, and drier nurseries, colony size and proportion of reproductive females were higher and parturition started earlier. Before parturition, roost temperatures were inversely correlated to clustering, supporting its thermoregulatory function. Mothers spent in total 50% of the night inside the nursery caring the pup. Roost microclimate, size, and location close to foraging areas may thus promote breeding success. We conclude that a structure-based rating of roost potential supplemented by species-specific microclimatic requirements constitutes a promising predictor of roost usage. Moreover, adequate buildings support the complete life cycle of R. hipposideros in the absence of suitable caves. Buildings thus deserve increased protection measures in fragmented Mediterranean landscapes to ensure sustainable bat conservation.

@article{godinho_flexible_2020,
	title = {Flexible roost selection by {Gould}’s wattled bats ({Chalinolobus} gouldii) using bat boxes in an urban landscape},
	volume = {67},
	doi = {10.1071/ZO20022},
	abstract = {Bat boxes are often used as a conservation tool in human-disturbed landscapes across Australia; however, to assess their effectiveness we need to understand the factors influencing their occupancy by insectivorous bats. We investigated roost selection by Gould's wattled bat (Chalinolobus gouldii) using 76 bat boxes, comprising six designs, across three sites in suburban Melbourne, Australia. We conducted monthly surveys for a year and recorded the physical characteristics of each box. Five species of bats were recorded but Gould's wattled bats dominated box occupancy year-round at all three sites. Group sizes ranged from 1 to 58 individuals, with maternity colonies forming over summer. There was little consistency in the use of selection criteria by Gould's wattled bats when choosing a bat box as a day roost, with considerable variability across sites and seasons, highlighting the flexibility in roost site selection by this widespread, adaptable species. Our findings show that bat boxes can be an effective tool for providing supplementary roosts for Gould's wattled bats in urbanised landscapes. However, little is known about the impact on the whole bat community, especially disturbance-sensitive taxa, of artificially increasing roosting resources for common species.},
	journal = {Australian Journal of Zoology},
	author = {Godinho, Lisa and B, Linda and Coulson, Graeme and Griffiths, Stephen},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
}

Bat boxes are often used as a conservation tool in human-disturbed landscapes across Australia; however, to assess their effectiveness we need to understand the factors influencing their occupancy by insectivorous bats. We investigated roost selection by Gould's wattled bat (Chalinolobus gouldii) using 76 bat boxes, comprising six designs, across three sites in suburban Melbourne, Australia. We conducted monthly surveys for a year and recorded the physical characteristics of each box. Five species of bats were recorded but Gould's wattled bats dominated box occupancy year-round at all three sites. Group sizes ranged from 1 to 58 individuals, with maternity colonies forming over summer. There was little consistency in the use of selection criteria by Gould's wattled bats when choosing a bat box as a day roost, with considerable variability across sites and seasons, highlighting the flexibility in roost site selection by this widespread, adaptable species. Our findings show that bat boxes can be an effective tool for providing supplementary roosts for Gould's wattled bats in urbanised landscapes. However, little is known about the impact on the whole bat community, especially disturbance-sensitive taxa, of artificially increasing roosting resources for common species.

@inproceedings{el_bat_impact_2020,
	title = {Impact of urban microclimate on the energy performance of riad-type buildings},
	volume = {16},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {Building} {Simulation} 2019: 16th {Conference} of {IBPSA}},
	author = {El Bat, AM’Saouri and Romani, Zaid and Bozonnet, Emmanuel and Draoui, Abdeslam},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3771--3778},
}

@phdthesis{crawford_bat_2020,
	type = {{PhD} {Thesis}},
	title = {Bat boxes as mitigation tools: {Factors} impacting microclimate and {Myotis} sodalis roost selection},
	shorttitle = {Bat boxes as mitigation tools},
	school = {Eastern Kentucky University},
	author = {Crawford, Reed D.},
	year = {2020},
}

@article{gili_bats_2020,
	title = {Bats in urbanising landscapes: habitat selection and recommendations for a sustainable future},
	volume = {241},
	shorttitle = {Bats in urbanising landscapes},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	author = {Gili, Fabrizio and Newson, Stuart E. and Gillings, Simon and Chamberlain, Dan E. and Border, Jennifier A.},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	pages = {108343},
}

@article{voigt_movement_2020,
	title = {Movement responses of common noctule bats to the illuminated urban landscape},
	volume = {35},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Landscape Ecology},
	author = {Voigt, Christian C. and Scholl, Julia M. and Bauer, Juliane and Teige, Tobias and Yovel, Yossi and Kramer-Schadt, Stephanie and Gras, P.},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	pages = {189--201},
}

@article{sills_caribbean_2020,
	title = {The {Caribbean} needs big marine protected areas},
	volume = {367},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	language = {en},
	number = {6479},
	urldate = {2020-06-01},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Gallagher, Austin J. and Amon, Diva J. and Bervoets, Tadzio and Shipley, Oliver N. and Hammerschlag, Neil and Sims, David W.},
	editor = {Sills, Jennifer},
	month = feb,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {749.1--749},
}

@book{ortega_conservation_2020,
	address = {Cham},
	title = {Conservation {Genetics} in {Mammals}: {Integrative} {Research} {Using} {Novel} {Approaches}},
	isbn = {978-3-030-33333-1 978-3-030-33334-8},
	shorttitle = {Conservation {Genetics} in {Mammals}},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-06-01},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	editor = {Ortega, Jorge and Maldonado, Jesus E.},
	year = {2020},
}

@book{bertella_wildlife_2020,
	title = {Wildlife {Tourism} {Futures}: {Encounters} with {Wild}, {Captive} and {Artificial} {Animals}},
	isbn = {1-84541-819-0},
	publisher = {Channel View Publications},
	author = {Bertella, Giovanna},
	year = {2020},
}

@article{ariya_evaluation_2020,
	title = {An evaluation of wildlife tourism destinations’ attributes, overall satisfaction and revisit {Intentions}: {A} tourist guides’ perspective},
	volume = {9},
	number = {6},
	journal = {African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure},
	author = {Ariya, George and Sempele, Catherine and Wishitemi, Bob},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1220--1237},
}

@article{meyer_effects_2020,
	title = {The effects of wildlife tourism provisioning on non-target species},
	volume = {241},
	issn = {0006-3207},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	author = {Meyer, Lauren and Whitmarsh, Sasha K and Nichols, Peter D and Revill, Andrew T and Huveneers, Charlie},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	pages = {108317},
}

@article{mancini_monitoring_2020,
	title = {Monitoring tourists’ specialisation and implementing adaptive governance is necessary to avoid failure of the wildlife tourism commons},
	volume = {81},
	issn = {0261-5177},
	journal = {Tourism Management},
	author = {Mancini, Francesca and Leyshon, Ben and Manson, Fiona and Coghill, George M and Lusseau, David},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	pages = {104160},
}

@article{auster_wildlife_2020,
	title = {Wildlife tourism in reintroduction projects: {Exploring} social and economic benefits of beaver in local settings},
	volume = {58},
	issn = {1617-1381},
	journal = {Journal for Nature Conservation},
	author = {Auster, Roger E and Barr, Stewart W and Brazier, Richard E},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	pages = {125920},
}

@article{newsome_collapse_2020,
	title = {The collapse of tourism and its impact on wildlife tourism destinations},
	issn = {2055-5911},
	journal = {Journal of Tourism Futures},
	author = {Newsome, David},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Emerald Publishing Limited},
}

@article{tsaur_serious_2020,
	title = {Serious tourists or casual tourists? {Development} and validation of a scale to measure tourists’ serious/casual participation},
	volume = {23},
	shorttitle = {Serious tourists or casual tourists?},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Current Issues in Tourism},
	author = {Tsaur, Sheng-Hshiung and Huang, Chung-Ching},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {217--232},
}

@article{estifanos_managing_2020,
	title = {Managing conflicts between local land use and the protection of the {Ethiopian} wolf: {Residents}’ preferences for conservation program design features},
	volume = {169},
	shorttitle = {Managing conflicts between local land use and the protection of the {Ethiopian} wolf},
	journal = {Ecological Economics},
	author = {Estifanos, Tafesse Kefyalew and Polyakov, Maksym and Pandit, Ram and Hailu, Atakelty and Burton, Michael},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {106511},
}

@article{palmer_ethical_2020,
	title = {Ethical {Debates} in {Orangutan} {Conservation}},
	author = {Palmer, Alexandra},
	year = {2020},
}

@incollection{ahuja_promotion_2020,
	title = {Promotion of {Tourism} {Using} {Social} {Media}},
	booktitle = {Managing {Social} {Media} {Practices} in the {Digital} {Economy}},
	publisher = {IGI Global},
	author = {Ahuja, Vandana},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {25--44},
}

@article{callen_envisioning_2020,
	title = {Envisioning the future with ‘compassionate conservation’: {An} ominous projection for native wildlife and biodiversity},
	volume = {241},
	shorttitle = {Envisioning the future with ‘compassionate conservation’},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	author = {Callen, Alex and Hayward, Matt W. and Klop-Toker, Kaya and Allen, Benjamin L. and Ballard, Guy and Broekhuis, Femke and Clarke, Rohan H. and Clulow, John and Clulow, Simon and Daltry, Jennifer C.},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {108365},
}

@article{senigaglia_close_2020,
	title = {Close encounters of the dolphin kind: {Contrasting} tourist support for feeding based interactions with concern for dolphin welfare},
	volume = {77},
	shorttitle = {Close encounters of the dolphin kind},
	journal = {Tourism Management},
	author = {Senigaglia, V. and New, L. and Hughes, M.},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {104007},
}

@article{wu_dolphin-watching_2020,
	title = {Dolphin-watching tourism and indo-{Pacific} humpback dolphins ({Sousa} chinensis) in {Sanniang} {Bay}, {China}: impacts and solutions},
	volume = {66},
	shorttitle = {Dolphin-watching tourism and indo-{Pacific} humpback dolphins ({Sousa} chinensis) in {Sanniang} {Bay}, {China}},
	number = {1},
	journal = {European Journal of Wildlife Research},
	author = {Wu, Haiping and Peng, Chongwei and Huang, Hu and Jefferson, Thomas A. and Huang, Shiang-Lin and Chen, Mo and Zeng, Qianhui and Yu, Xueying and Wang, Xianyan and Xu, Youhou},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {17},
}

@article{ayhan_land_2020,
	title = {Land use suitability analysis of rural tourism activities: {Yenice}, {Turkey}},
	volume = {76},
	shorttitle = {Land use suitability analysis of rural tourism activities},
	journal = {Tourism Management},
	author = {Ayhan, Çiğdem Kaptan and Taşlı, Tülay Cengi̇z and Özkök, Ferah and Tatlı, Hasan},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {103949},
}

@article{schweinsberg_host_2020,
	title = {Host communities and last chance tourism},
	journal = {Tourism Geographies},
	author = {Schweinsberg, Stephen and Wearing, Stephen and Lai, Po-Hsin},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1--18},
}

@article{kamble_displaced_2020,
	title = {Displaced due to conservation and tourism in the heart of {India}: a review of the relevant policies},
	shorttitle = {Displaced due to conservation and tourism in the heart of {India}},
	author = {Kamble, Zilmiyah and Kelkar, Pragati and Bhati, Abhishek},
	year = {2020},
}

@article{mango_web-based_2020,
	title = {Web-based {GIS} for managing and promoting tourism in sub-{Saharan} {Africa}},
	journal = {Current Issues in Tourism},
	author = {Mango, Joseph and Çolak, Ebru and Li, Xiang},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1--17},
}

@incollection{huddart_adventure_2020,
	title = {Adventure {Tourism} in {Greenland}},
	booktitle = {Adventure {Tourism}},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Huddart, David and Stott, Tim},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {121--139},
}

@incollection{huddart_what_2020,
	title = {What {Is} {Adventure} {Tourism}?},
	booktitle = {Adventure {Tourism}},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Huddart, David and Stott, Tim},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1--9},
}

@article{sharma_protected_2020,
	title = {Protected areas, tourism economy and employment generation: {A} case study from {India}},
	volume = {31},
	shorttitle = {Protected areas, tourism economy and employment generation},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Ecological Questions},
	author = {Sharma, Shweta and Sood, Shamli and Chaudhry, Pradeep},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1--20},
}

@incollection{mckay_locating_2020,
	title = {Locating {Great} {White} {Shark} {Tourism} in {Gansbaai}, {South} {Africa} {Within} the {Global} {Shark} {Tourism} {Economy}},
	booktitle = {New {Directions} in {South} {African} {Tourism} {Geographies}},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {McKay, Tracey},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {283--297},
}

@article{lutz_ecology_2019,
	title = {Ecology and {Host} {Identity} {Outweigh} {Evolutionary} {History} in {Shaping} the {Bat} {Microbiome}},
	volume = {4},
	url = {https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSystems.00511-19},
	doi = {10.1128/mSystems.00511-19},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2022-09-02},
	journal = {mSystems},
	author = {Lutz, Holly L. and Jackson, Elliot W. and Webala, Paul W. and Babyesiza, Waswa S. and Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C. and Demos, Terrence C. and Patterson, Bruce D. and Gilbert, Jack A.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: American Society for Microbiology},
	pages = {e00511--19},
}

@article{edwards_stress_2019,
	title = {Stress, {Well}-{Being} and {Reproductive} {Success}},
	volume = {1200},
	issn = {0065-2598},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-23633-5_5},
	abstract = {To reverse the trend of declining wildlife populations globally, individuals must be provided with conditions that allow them to not just survive, but to thrive. It is no longer only the remit of captive breeding programs to ensure animal well-being; in situ conservation efforts also must consider how environmental and anthropogenic pressures impact wild populations, and how to mitigate them-especially with regards to reproduction and survival. Stress and welfare are complex concepts that necessitate an understanding of how stressors affect animals on both individual and population levels. There are species differences in how factors impact well-being, related in part to natural history, which also are shaped by individual perceptions and coping abilities. A multitude of stress-related responses then have the potential to disrupt fertility on many levels, and ultimately fitness. A major limitation to advancing welfare science is the lack of definitive tests to verify welfare status; i.e., is the animal happy or not? While analyses of circulating or excreted glucocorticoids have for decades been the primary method of assessing stress, today we recognize the need for more objective indicators that incorporate multiple physiological systems, including behavior, to assess both negative and positive welfare states. In this chapter, we discuss the potential for stress to disrupt, and sometimes facilitate reproduction, including the key role that glucocorticoids play. We then discuss a number of physiological biomarkers, which in addition to glucocorticoids, have the potential to assess well-being and the role of stress on reproduction. Finally, we discuss allostatic load, a method by which multiple physiological markers are used to inform on morbidity and mortality risk in humans, which if applied to wildlife, could be a powerful tool for conservation.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology},
	author = {Edwards, Katie L. and Edes, Ashley N. and Brown, Janine L.},
	year = {2019},
	pmid = {31471796},
	keywords = {Allostasis, Allostatic load, Animals, Animals, Wild, Biomarkers, Conservation of Natural Resources, Glucocorticoids, Immune system, Morbidity, Mortality, Reproduction, Stress, Stress, Physiological, Welfare, Well-being, Wildlife},
	pages = {91--162},
}

To reverse the trend of declining wildlife populations globally, individuals must be provided with conditions that allow them to not just survive, but to thrive. It is no longer only the remit of captive breeding programs to ensure animal well-being; in situ conservation efforts also must consider how environmental and anthropogenic pressures impact wild populations, and how to mitigate them-especially with regards to reproduction and survival. Stress and welfare are complex concepts that necessitate an understanding of how stressors affect animals on both individual and population levels. There are species differences in how factors impact well-being, related in part to natural history, which also are shaped by individual perceptions and coping abilities. A multitude of stress-related responses then have the potential to disrupt fertility on many levels, and ultimately fitness. A major limitation to advancing welfare science is the lack of definitive tests to verify welfare status; i.e., is the animal happy or not? While analyses of circulating or excreted glucocorticoids have for decades been the primary method of assessing stress, today we recognize the need for more objective indicators that incorporate multiple physiological systems, including behavior, to assess both negative and positive welfare states. In this chapter, we discuss the potential for stress to disrupt, and sometimes facilitate reproduction, including the key role that glucocorticoids play. We then discuss a number of physiological biomarkers, which in addition to glucocorticoids, have the potential to assess well-being and the role of stress on reproduction. Finally, we discuss allostatic load, a method by which multiple physiological markers are used to inform on morbidity and mortality risk in humans, which if applied to wildlife, could be a powerful tool for conservation.

@article{ancillotto_presence_2019,
	title = {Presence of humans and domestic cats affects bat behaviour in an urban nursery of greater horseshoe bats ({Rhinolophus} ferrumequinum)},
	volume = {164},
	issn = {0376-6357},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376635719300713},
	doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2019.04.003},
	abstract = {Proximity to humans is a primary stressor for wildlife, especially in urban habitats where frequent disturbance may occur. Several bat species often roost in buildings but while the effects of disturbance inside the roost are well documented, little is known about those occurring in the proximity of roosts. We tested the effects of anthropogenic stressors on bats by monitoring reactions to disturbance in a colony of greater horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum). We assessed disturbance by recording and quantifying the presence of people, domestic cats and noise sources near the roost. Disturbance outside the roost caused the disruption of roosting clusters; when cats entered the roost, bats decreased indoor flight activity. Emergence timing was delayed when people were close to the roost exit, and the delay increased along with the number of people. The occurrence of a cat increased the degree of group clustering during emergence. Cats entered the roost especially when young bats were present, and bat remains occurred in 30\% of the cat scats we examined. We show that the occurence of human activities near roosts and free-ranging domestic cats are important albeit overlooked sources of disturbance.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-08-03},
	journal = {Behavioural Processes},
	author = {Ancillotto, L. and Venturi, G. and Russo, D.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Behavior, Cat, Chiroptera, Roost, Stressor, Wildlife},
	pages = {4--9},
}

Proximity to humans is a primary stressor for wildlife, especially in urban habitats where frequent disturbance may occur. Several bat species often roost in buildings but while the effects of disturbance inside the roost are well documented, little is known about those occurring in the proximity of roosts. We tested the effects of anthropogenic stressors on bats by monitoring reactions to disturbance in a colony of greater horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum). We assessed disturbance by recording and quantifying the presence of people, domestic cats and noise sources near the roost. Disturbance outside the roost caused the disruption of roosting clusters; when cats entered the roost, bats decreased indoor flight activity. Emergence timing was delayed when people were close to the roost exit, and the delay increased along with the number of people. The occurrence of a cat increased the degree of group clustering during emergence. Cats entered the roost especially when young bats were present, and bat remains occurred in 30% of the cat scats we examined. We show that the occurence of human activities near roosts and free-ranging domestic cats are important albeit overlooked sources of disturbance.

@article{selvin_culture-dependent_2019,
	title = {Culture-dependent and metagenomic analysis of lesser horseshoe bats’ gut microbiome revealing unique bacterial diversity and signatures of potential human pathogens},
	volume = {137},
	journal = {Microbial pathogenesis},
	author = {Selvin, Joseph and Lanong, Sheryl and Syiem, Donkupar and De Mandal, Surajit and Kayang, Highland and Kumar, Nachimuthu Senthil and Kiran, G. Seghal},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	pages = {103675},
}

@article{selvin_culture-dependent_2019-1,
	title = {Culture-dependent and metagenomic analysis of lesser horseshoe bats’ gut microbiome revealing unique bacterial diversity and signatures of potential human pathogens},
	volume = {137},
	issn = {0882-4010},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7127535/},
	doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103675},
	abstract = {Bats are highly diverse and ecologically important mammals. They harbor various bacteria, viruses, and fungal communities that are either beneficial or potentially pathogenic. Extensive metagenomic studies in bats are limited, particularly for the gut, and to date, there are no reports on the bacterial diversity of Rhinolophus monoceros from Meghalaya, India. There are limited studies on the isolation of potential harmful or beneficial bacteria and their interactions with the environment through culture-dependent approaches. Therefore, high-throughput screening was used to understand the population structure, genetic diversity, and ecological role of the microorganisms. High-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA marker for gene mapping showed that the gut samples constitute a diverse group of bacteria that is dominated by Proteobacteria, followed by Firmicutes. The bacterial genera Corynebacterium and Mycobacterium were also observed in the Illumina dataset. Illumina sequencing revealed eight bacterial phyla composed of 112 genera. The metagenomic analysis of the OTUs from the gut revealed diverse bacterial communities as well as zoonotic and human pathogens. There were differences in the bacterial communities between the two methods used in this study, which could be related to host specificity, diet, and habitat. The culture-dependent technique resulted in the isolation of 35 bacterial isolates, of which Bacillus cereus and B. anthracis are well-known bacterial pathogens that show virulent traits including hemolytic and proteolytic activities. Pseudomonas stutzeri is an opportunistic human pathogen that was also isolated and showed similar traits. Antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed on all 35 isolates, and different antibiotics were used for Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. The result showed that some isolates are resistant to antibiotics such as penicillin G and Cefoxitin. This report on gut bacterial communities could attract interest in the possibility of isolating and characterizing bacteria for the production of antibiotics, enzymes, plant growth promoters, and probiotics. However, the presence of potential pathogenic bacteria that may impose health hazards cannot be ignored and needs to be studied further., 
          
            
              •
              Gut microbiome of Rhinolophus Monoceros is dominated by Proteobacteria, followed by Firmicutes.
            
            
              •
              Metagenomic analysis evealed diverse zoonotic and human pathogens.
            
            
              •
              The culture-dependent technique retrieved Bacillus cereus and Bacillus anthracis.},
	urldate = {2022-07-21},
	journal = {Microbial Pathogenesis},
	author = {Selvin, Joseph and Lanong, Sheryl and Syiem, Donkupar and De Mandal, Surajit and Kayang, Highland and Kumar, Nachimuthu Senthil and Kiran, G. Seghal},
	month = dec,
	year = {2019},
	pmid = {31473248},
	pmcid = {PMC7127535},
	pages = {103675},
}

Bats are highly diverse and ecologically important mammals. They harbor various bacteria, viruses, and fungal communities that are either beneficial or potentially pathogenic. Extensive metagenomic studies in bats are limited, particularly for the gut, and to date, there are no reports on the bacterial diversity of Rhinolophus monoceros from Meghalaya, India. There are limited studies on the isolation of potential harmful or beneficial bacteria and their interactions with the environment through culture-dependent approaches. Therefore, high-throughput screening was used to understand the population structure, genetic diversity, and ecological role of the microorganisms. High-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA marker for gene mapping showed that the gut samples constitute a diverse group of bacteria that is dominated by Proteobacteria, followed by Firmicutes. The bacterial genera Corynebacterium and Mycobacterium were also observed in the Illumina dataset. Illumina sequencing revealed eight bacterial phyla composed of 112 genera. The metagenomic analysis of the OTUs from the gut revealed diverse bacterial communities as well as zoonotic and human pathogens. There were differences in the bacterial communities between the two methods used in this study, which could be related to host specificity, diet, and habitat. The culture-dependent technique resulted in the isolation of 35 bacterial isolates, of which Bacillus cereus and B. anthracis are well-known bacterial pathogens that show virulent traits including hemolytic and proteolytic activities. Pseudomonas stutzeri is an opportunistic human pathogen that was also isolated and showed similar traits. Antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed on all 35 isolates, and different antibiotics were used for Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. The result showed that some isolates are resistant to antibiotics such as penicillin G and Cefoxitin. This report on gut bacterial communities could attract interest in the possibility of isolating and characterizing bacteria for the production of antibiotics, enzymes, plant growth promoters, and probiotics. However, the presence of potential pathogenic bacteria that may impose health hazards cannot be ignored and needs to be studied further., • Gut microbiome of Rhinolophus Monoceros is dominated by Proteobacteria, followed by Firmicutes. • Metagenomic analysis evealed diverse zoonotic and human pathogens. • The culture-dependent technique retrieved Bacillus cereus and Bacillus anthracis.

@mastersthesis{hald_cortisol_2019,
	title = {Cortisol measurements in female whiskered bats ({Myotis} mystacinus) during an extraordinarily warm and dry {Norwegian} summer},
	school = {NTNU},
	author = {Hald, Håvard Angell},
	year = {2019},
}

@article{rueegger_variation_2019,
	title = {Variation in summer and winter microclimate in multi-chambered bat boxes in eastern {Australia}: potential eco-physiological implications for bats},
	volume = {6},
	shorttitle = {Variation in summer and winter microclimate in multi-chambered bat boxes in eastern {Australia}},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environments},
	author = {Rueegger, Niels},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: MDPI},
	pages = {13},
}

@article{santini_one_2019,
	title = {One strategy does not fit all: determinants of urban adaptation in mammals},
	volume = {22},
	shorttitle = {One strategy does not fit all},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	author = {Santini, Luca and González-Suárez, Manuela and Russo, Danilo and Gonzalez-Voyer, Alejandro and von Hardenberg, Achaz and Ancillotto, Leonardo},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	pages = {365--376},
}

@article{ancillotto_presence_2019,
	title = {Presence of humans and domestic cats affects bat behaviour in an urban nursery of greater horseshoe bats ({Rhinolophus} ferrumequinum)},
	volume = {164},
	issn = {0376-6357},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376635719300713},
	doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2019.04.003},
	abstract = {Proximity to humans is a primary stressor for wildlife, especially in urban habitats where frequent disturbance may occur. Several bat species often roost in buildings but while the effects of disturbance inside the roost are well documented, little is known about those occurring in the proximity of roosts. We tested the effects of anthropogenic stressors on bats by monitoring reactions to disturbance in a colony of greater horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum). We assessed disturbance by recording and quantifying the presence of people, domestic cats and noise sources near the roost. Disturbance outside the roost caused the disruption of roosting clusters; when cats entered the roost, bats decreased indoor flight activity. Emergence timing was delayed when people were close to the roost exit, and the delay increased along with the number of people. The occurrence of a cat increased the degree of group clustering during emergence. Cats entered the roost especially when young bats were present, and bat remains occurred in 30\% of the cat scats we examined. We show that the occurence of human activities near roosts and free-ranging domestic cats are important albeit overlooked sources of disturbance.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-07-05},
	journal = {Behavioural Processes},
	author = {Ancillotto, L. and Venturi, G. and Russo, D.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Behavior, Cat, Chiroptera, Roost, Stressor, Wildlife},
	pages = {4--9},
}

Proximity to humans is a primary stressor for wildlife, especially in urban habitats where frequent disturbance may occur. Several bat species often roost in buildings but while the effects of disturbance inside the roost are well documented, little is known about those occurring in the proximity of roosts. We tested the effects of anthropogenic stressors on bats by monitoring reactions to disturbance in a colony of greater horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum). We assessed disturbance by recording and quantifying the presence of people, domestic cats and noise sources near the roost. Disturbance outside the roost caused the disruption of roosting clusters; when cats entered the roost, bats decreased indoor flight activity. Emergence timing was delayed when people were close to the roost exit, and the delay increased along with the number of people. The occurrence of a cat increased the degree of group clustering during emergence. Cats entered the roost especially when young bats were present, and bat remains occurred in 30% of the cat scats we examined. We show that the occurence of human activities near roosts and free-ranging domestic cats are important albeit overlooked sources of disturbance.

@article{ancillotto_presence_2019,
	title = {Presence of humans and domestic cats affects bat behaviour in an urban nursery of greater horseshoe bats ({Rhinolophus} ferrumequinum)},
	volume = {164},
	journal = {Behavioural processes},
	author = {Ancillotto, L. and Venturi, G. and Russo, D.},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	pages = {4--9},
}

@article{vlaschenko_example_2019,
	title = {An example of ecological traps for bats in the urban environment},
	volume = {65},
	number = {2},
	journal = {European Journal of Wildlife Research},
	author = {Vlaschenko, Anton and Kovalov, Viktor and Hukov, Vitalii and Kravchenko, Kseniia and Rodenko, Olena},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	pages = {1--5},
}

@article{straka_tree_2019,
	title = {Tree cover mediates the effect of artificial light on urban bats},
	journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Straka, Tanja M. and Wolf, Maritta and Gras, Pierre and Buchholz, Sascha and Voigt, Christian C.},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Frontiers},
	pages = {91},
}

@article{russo_effects_2019,
	title = {Effects of artificial illumination on drinking bats: a field test in forest and desert habitats},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1469-1795},
	shorttitle = {Effects of artificial illumination on drinking bats},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/acv.12443},
	doi = {10.1111/acv.12443},
	abstract = {Bats show pronounced and often-adverse reactions to artificial illumination at night (ALAN) when commuting, roosting or foraging. ALAN also affects bat drinking activity, at least when lighting occurs over short intervals. We tested whether continuous illumination of drinking sites over 4-h periods would lead bats to tolerate ALAN and resume drinking in the course of the night. We conducted our experiments in forest (Italy) and desert (Israel) sites to test whether in the latter habitat, where water is scarce, a greater motivation to drink might lead to less adverse bat reactions. We recorded 6853 drinking buzzes and 1647 feeding buzzes from 17 species and one species group. In the forest sites, species that hunt in open spaces or along forest edges showed little (P. pipistrellus and H. savii) or no (P. kuhlii and N. leisleri) drinking activity decrease, while those associated with forest interiors (Barbastella barbastellus, Plecotus auritus and bats in the genus Myotis) exhibited a strong negative response. In the desert sites, all studied species reduced drinking activity, yet in the desert populations of P. kuhlii we recorded stronger adverse reactions only far from human settlements. The harsh reactions that the desert bat species showed towards ALAN rule out any effect of a greater motivation to drink. Illumination had no effect on foraging by most species, except in the forest sites, where Pipistrellus kuhlii and Nyctalus leisleri increased foraging when the light was on, and in the desert sites, where Hypsugo bodenheimeri decreased foraging in such situations. The progressive human encroachment that is taking place in many world regions on both forests and especially deserts, where few sites for drinking are available, may jeopardize bat populations also through increased exposure to ALAN.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-04-18},
	journal = {Animal Conservation},
	author = {Russo, D. and Ancillotto, L. and Cistrone, L. and Libralato, N. and Domer, A. and Cohen, S. and Korine, C.},
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Chiroptera, Israel, Italy, foraging, habituation, light pollution, urbanization, water},
	pages = {124--133},
}

Bats show pronounced and often-adverse reactions to artificial illumination at night (ALAN) when commuting, roosting or foraging. ALAN also affects bat drinking activity, at least when lighting occurs over short intervals. We tested whether continuous illumination of drinking sites over 4-h periods would lead bats to tolerate ALAN and resume drinking in the course of the night. We conducted our experiments in forest (Italy) and desert (Israel) sites to test whether in the latter habitat, where water is scarce, a greater motivation to drink might lead to less adverse bat reactions. We recorded 6853 drinking buzzes and 1647 feeding buzzes from 17 species and one species group. In the forest sites, species that hunt in open spaces or along forest edges showed little (P. pipistrellus and H. savii) or no (P. kuhlii and N. leisleri) drinking activity decrease, while those associated with forest interiors (Barbastella barbastellus, Plecotus auritus and bats in the genus Myotis) exhibited a strong negative response. In the desert sites, all studied species reduced drinking activity, yet in the desert populations of P. kuhlii we recorded stronger adverse reactions only far from human settlements. The harsh reactions that the desert bat species showed towards ALAN rule out any effect of a greater motivation to drink. Illumination had no effect on foraging by most species, except in the forest sites, where Pipistrellus kuhlii and Nyctalus leisleri increased foraging when the light was on, and in the desert sites, where Hypsugo bodenheimeri decreased foraging in such situations. The progressive human encroachment that is taking place in many world regions on both forests and especially deserts, where few sites for drinking are available, may jeopardize bat populations also through increased exposure to ALAN.

@article{beaugeard_does_2019,
	title = {Does urbanization cause stress in wild birds during development? {Insights} from feather corticosterone levels in juvenile house sparrows ({Passer} domesticus)},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {2045-7758},
	shorttitle = {Does urbanization cause stress in wild birds during development?},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ece3.4788},
	doi = {10.1002/ece3.4788},
	abstract = {Urban landscapes are associated with abiotic and biotic environmental changes that may result in potential stressors for wild vertebrates. Urban exploiters have physiological, morphological, and behavioral adaptations to live in cities. However, there is increasing evidence that urban exploiters themselves can suffer from urban conditions, especially during specific life-history stages. We looked for a link between the degree of urbanization and the level of developmental stress in an urban exploiter (the house sparrow, Passer domesticus), which has recently been declining in multiple European cities (e.g., London, UK). Specifically, we conducted a large-scale study and sampled juvenile sparrows in 11 urban and rural sites to evaluate their feather corticosterone (CORT) levels. We found that juvenile feather CORT levels were positively correlated with the degree of urbanization, supporting the idea that developing house sparrows may suffer from urban environmental conditions. However, we did not find any correlation between juvenile feather CORT levels and body size, mass, or body condition. This suggests either that the growth and condition of urban sparrows are not impacted by elevated developmental CORT levels, or that urban sparrows may compensate for developmental constraints once they have left the nest. Although feather CORT levels were not correlated with baseline CORT levels, we found that feather CORT levels were slightly and positively correlated with the CORT stress response in juveniles. This suggests that urban developmental conditions may potentially have long-lasting effects on stress physiology and stress sensitivity in this urban exploiter.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-04-18},
	journal = {Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Beaugeard, Erika and Brischoux, François and Henry, Pierre-Yves and Parenteau, Charline and Trouvé, Colette and Angelier, Frédéric},
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {CORT, birds, development, morphology, stress, urbanization},
	pages = {640--652},
}

Urban landscapes are associated with abiotic and biotic environmental changes that may result in potential stressors for wild vertebrates. Urban exploiters have physiological, morphological, and behavioral adaptations to live in cities. However, there is increasing evidence that urban exploiters themselves can suffer from urban conditions, especially during specific life-history stages. We looked for a link between the degree of urbanization and the level of developmental stress in an urban exploiter (the house sparrow, Passer domesticus), which has recently been declining in multiple European cities (e.g., London, UK). Specifically, we conducted a large-scale study and sampled juvenile sparrows in 11 urban and rural sites to evaluate their feather corticosterone (CORT) levels. We found that juvenile feather CORT levels were positively correlated with the degree of urbanization, supporting the idea that developing house sparrows may suffer from urban environmental conditions. However, we did not find any correlation between juvenile feather CORT levels and body size, mass, or body condition. This suggests either that the growth and condition of urban sparrows are not impacted by elevated developmental CORT levels, or that urban sparrows may compensate for developmental constraints once they have left the nest. Although feather CORT levels were not correlated with baseline CORT levels, we found that feather CORT levels were slightly and positively correlated with the CORT stress response in juveniles. This suggests that urban developmental conditions may potentially have long-lasting effects on stress physiology and stress sensitivity in this urban exploiter.

@article{newsome_visitor_2019,
	title = {Visitor satisfaction with a key wildlife tourism destination within the context of a damaged landscape},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1368-3500, 1747-7603},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2019-06-08},
	journal = {Current Issues in Tourism},
	author = {Newsome, D. and Rodger, K. and Pearce, J. and Chan, K.L.J.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {attitudes},
	pages = {729--746},
}

@article{daly_why_2019,
	title = {Why wildlife tourism matters},
	abstract = {Tips for wildlife encounters that promote sanctuary, not selfies.},
	language = {en-gb},
	urldate = {2019-06-08},
	journal = {National Geographic},
	author = {Daly, N},
	month = jun,
	year = {2019},
}

Tips for wildlife encounters that promote sanctuary, not selfies.

@article{daly_suffering_2019,
	title = {Suffering unseen: {The} dark truth behind wildlife tourism},
	urldate = {2019-06-08},
	journal = {National Geographic},
	author = {Daly, N},
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {negative impacts},
}

@article{wolf_nature_2019,
	title = {Nature conservation and nature-based tourism: {A} paradox?},
	volume = {6},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Environments},
	author = {Wolf, Isabelle D and Croft, David B and Green, Ronda J},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	pages = {104},
}

@article{morais_social_2019,
	title = {Social network analysis of wildlife tourism microentrepreneurial network.},
	volume = {19},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Tourism and Hospitality Research},
	author = {Morais, Duarte B. and KC, B and Peterson, M.N. and Seekamp, E and Smith, J.W.},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {158--169},
}

@book{lekgau_effects_2019,
	title = {{EFFECTS} {OF} {INSTITUTIONAL} {ARRANGEMENTS} {AND} {POLICIES} {ON} {COMMUNITY} {PARTICIPATION} {IN} {WILDLIFE} {TOURISM} {IN} {AFRICA}. {GeoJournal} of {Tourism} and {Geosites}, 27 (4), 1280–1295},
	author = {Lekgau, R. J. and Tichaawa, T. M.},
	year = {2019},
}

@article{reis_which_2019,
	title = {Which way now? {Comparison} of marine codes of conduct for sustainable marine wildlife tourism in {West} {Wales}},
	shorttitle = {Which way now?},
	author = {Reis, Jeanette and McLoughlin, Emmet},
	year = {2019},
}

@article{pagel__2019,
	title = {\# {BiteMe}: {Considering} the potential influence of social media on in-water encounters with marine wildlife},
	shorttitle = {\# {BiteMe}},
	journal = {Tourism in Marine Environments},
	author = {Pagel, Chantal D. and Orams, Mark B. and Lück, Michael},
	year = {2019},
}

@article{cong_construction_2019,
	title = {Construction of {Wildlife} {Recreational} {Opportunity} {Spectrum}: {Based} on {Chengdu} {Giant} {Panda} {Breeding} {Research} {Base}},
	volume = {55},
	shorttitle = {Construction of {Wildlife} {Recreational} {Opportunity} {Spectrum}},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao},
	author = {Cong, Li and Xiao, Zhangfeng and Xiao, Shuwen},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1103--1111},
}

@article{simpson_importance-performance_2019,
	title = {Importance-performance analysis to inform visitor management at marine wildlife tourism destinations},
	journal = {Journal of Tourism Futures},
	author = {Simpson, Greg D. and Patroni, Jessica and Teo, Albert CK and Chan, Jennifer KL and Newsome, David},
	year = {2019},
}

@inproceedings{gamage_assessment_2019,
	title = {An {Assessment} of the {Visitor} {Traffic} {Dynamics} at {Minneriya} {National} {Park}; {Implications} for {Visitor} {Management}},
	volume = {24},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {International} {Forestry} and {Environment} {Symposium}},
	author = {Gamage, S. and Perera, P. K. P.},
	year = {2019},
}

@article{premangshu_promoting_2019,
	title = {Promoting wildlife tourism on geotourism landscape: a study in {Manas} and {Kaziranga} {National} {Parks} of {Assam}, {India}.},
	volume = {24},
	shorttitle = {Promoting wildlife tourism on geotourism landscape},
	number = {1},
	journal = {GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites},
	author = {Premangshu, Chakrabarty and Subrata, Pan and Rahul, Mandal},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {189--200},
}

@book{egresi_what_2019,
	title = {{WHAT} {MAKES} {WILDLIFE} {TOURISTS} {HAPPY} {AND} {WHAT} {DISAPPOINTS} {THEM}? {LEARNING} {FROM} {REVIEWS} {POSTED} {ON} {TRIPADVISOR}. {GeoJournal} of {Tourism} and {Geosites}, 24 (1), 102–117},
	shorttitle = {{WHAT} {MAKES} {WILDLIFE} {TOURISTS} {HAPPY} {AND} {WHAT} {DISAPPOINTS} {THEM}?},
	author = {Egresi, I. and Prakash, TGSL},
	year = {2019},
}

@article{notzke_equestrian_2019,
	title = {Equestrian tourism: animal agency observed},
	volume = {22},
	shorttitle = {Equestrian tourism},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Current Issues in Tourism},
	author = {Notzke, Claudia},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {948--966},
}

@article{gunawardhane_enhancing_2019,
	title = {Enhancing {Community} {Involvement} in {Wildlife} {Tourism}-{A} {Focus} on {Challenges} and {Issues} ({With} {Special} {Reference} to {Wasgamuwa} {National} {Park})},
	author = {Gunawardhane, UGSN and Ranasinghe, JPRC and Wijesundara, WGSR},
	year = {2019},
}

@article{field_evidence_2018,
	title = {Evidence of {Australian} bat lyssavirus infection in diverse {Australian} bat taxa},
	volume = {65},
	issn = {1863-1959},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6249124/},
	doi = {10.1111/zph.12480},
	abstract = {Historically, Australia was considered free of rabies and rabieslike viruses. Thus, the identification of Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV) in 1996 in a debilitated bat found by a member of the public precipitated both public health consternation and a revision of lyssavirus taxonomy. Subsequent observational studies sought to elaborate the occurrence and frequency of ABLV infection in Australian bats. This paper describes the taxonomic diversity of bat species showing evidence of ABLV infection to better inform public health considerations. Blood and/or brain samples were collected from two cohorts of bats (wild‐caught and diagnostic submissions) from four Australian states or territories between April 1996 and October 2002. Fresh brain impression smears were tested for ABLV antigen using fluorescein‐labelled anti‐rabies monoclonal globulin (CENTOCOR) in a direct fluorescent antibody test; sera were tested for the presence of neutralising antibodies using a rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test. A total of 3,217 samples from 2,633 bats were collected and screened: brain samples from 1,461 wild‐caught bats and 1,086 submitted bats from at least 16 genera and seven families, and blood samples from 656 wild‐caught bats and 14 submitted bats from 14 genera and seven families. Evidence of ABLV infection was found in five of the six families of bats occurring in Australia, and in three of the four Australian states/territories surveyed, supporting the historic presence of the virus in Australia. While the infection prevalence in the wild‐caught cohort is evidently low, the significantly higher infection prevalence in rescued bats in urban settings represents a clear and present public health significance because of the higher risk of human exposure.},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2023-06-06},
	journal = {Zoonoses and Public Health},
	author = {Field, Hume Ernest},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
	pmid = {29785730},
	pmcid = {PMC6249124},
	pages = {742--748},
}

Historically, Australia was considered free of rabies and rabieslike viruses. Thus, the identification of Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV) in 1996 in a debilitated bat found by a member of the public precipitated both public health consternation and a revision of lyssavirus taxonomy. Subsequent observational studies sought to elaborate the occurrence and frequency of ABLV infection in Australian bats. This paper describes the taxonomic diversity of bat species showing evidence of ABLV infection to better inform public health considerations. Blood and/or brain samples were collected from two cohorts of bats (wild‐caught and diagnostic submissions) from four Australian states or territories between April 1996 and October 2002. Fresh brain impression smears were tested for ABLV antigen using fluorescein‐labelled anti‐rabies monoclonal globulin (CENTOCOR) in a direct fluorescent antibody test; sera were tested for the presence of neutralising antibodies using a rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test. A total of 3,217 samples from 2,633 bats were collected and screened: brain samples from 1,461 wild‐caught bats and 1,086 submitted bats from at least 16 genera and seven families, and blood samples from 656 wild‐caught bats and 14 submitted bats from 14 genera and seven families. Evidence of ABLV infection was found in five of the six families of bats occurring in Australia, and in three of the four Australian states/territories surveyed, supporting the historic presence of the virus in Australia. While the infection prevalence in the wild‐caught cohort is evidently low, the significantly higher infection prevalence in rescued bats in urban settings represents a clear and present public health significance because of the higher risk of human exposure.

@article{vengust_fecal_2018,
	title = {The fecal bacterial microbiota of bats; {Slovenia}},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0196728},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0196728},
	abstract = {Methods Fecal samples were collected from 92 bats in Slovenia, consisting of 12 different species, and the bacterial microbiota was assessed via next generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene V4 region. Results Sequences were assigned to 28 different phyla, but only Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria accounted for ≥1\% of sequences. One phylum (Proteobacteria), one class (Gammaproteobacteria), three orders (Pseudomonadales, Lactobacillales, Bacillales), four families (Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Carnobacteriaceae), and five genera (Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Carnobacterium, an unclassified Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter) accounted for 50\% of sequences. There were no significant differences in the relative abundances of any phyla between bat species, but various differences were noted at lower taxonomic levels, such as Enterobacteriaceae (P = 0.007, most abundant in M. blythii), Pseudomonadaceae (P = 0.007, most abundant in Rhinolophus hipposideros) and Chlamydiaceae (P = 0.04, most abundant in Myotis myotis). There were significant differences in richness between species in both adults and juveniles/subadults, but there was no impact of sex on any alpha diversity index. When only adults are considered, there were significant differences in community membership between M. blythii and M. emarginatus (P = 0.011), and M. blythii and R. hipposideros (P = 0.004). There were also significant differences in community structure between M. blythii and M. emarginatus (P = 0.025), and M. blythii and R. hipposideros (P = 0.026). When adults of the four main species were compared, 14 OTUs were identified as differentially abundant using LEfSe. Only one difference was identified when comparing R. hipposideros adults and juvenile/subadults, with Klebsiella over-represented in the younger bats. Conclusions Bats have a complex and diverse microbiota with a high relative abundance of Proteobacteria. The relevance of this difference is unclear and requires further study. Differences in the microbiota were observed between bat species, perhaps reflecting different diets and environmental exposures.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2022-09-02},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	author = {Vengust, Modest and Knapic, Tea and Weese, J. Scott},
	month = may,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},
	keywords = {Bats, Enterobacteriaceae, Fruit bats, Gut bacteria, Microbiome, Pseudomonas, Species diversity, Staphylococcus},
	pages = {e0196728},
}

Methods Fecal samples were collected from 92 bats in Slovenia, consisting of 12 different species, and the bacterial microbiota was assessed via next generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene V4 region. Results Sequences were assigned to 28 different phyla, but only Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria accounted for ≥1% of sequences. One phylum (Proteobacteria), one class (Gammaproteobacteria), three orders (Pseudomonadales, Lactobacillales, Bacillales), four families (Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Carnobacteriaceae), and five genera (Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Carnobacterium, an unclassified Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter) accounted for 50% of sequences. There were no significant differences in the relative abundances of any phyla between bat species, but various differences were noted at lower taxonomic levels, such as Enterobacteriaceae (P = 0.007, most abundant in M. blythii), Pseudomonadaceae (P = 0.007, most abundant in Rhinolophus hipposideros) and Chlamydiaceae (P = 0.04, most abundant in Myotis myotis). There were significant differences in richness between species in both adults and juveniles/subadults, but there was no impact of sex on any alpha diversity index. When only adults are considered, there were significant differences in community membership between M. blythii and M. emarginatus (P = 0.011), and M. blythii and R. hipposideros (P = 0.004). There were also significant differences in community structure between M. blythii and M. emarginatus (P = 0.025), and M. blythii and R. hipposideros (P = 0.026). When adults of the four main species were compared, 14 OTUs were identified as differentially abundant using LEfSe. Only one difference was identified when comparing R. hipposideros adults and juvenile/subadults, with Klebsiella over-represented in the younger bats. Conclusions Bats have a complex and diverse microbiota with a high relative abundance of Proteobacteria. The relevance of this difference is unclear and requires further study. Differences in the microbiota were observed between bat species, perhaps reflecting different diets and environmental exposures.

@article{hernandez-arciga_baseline_2018,
	title = {Baseline and post-stress seasonal changes in immunocompetence and redox state maintenance in the fishing bat {Myotis} vivesi},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0190047},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0190047},
	abstract = {Little is known of how the stress response varies when animals confront seasonal life-history processes. Antioxidant defenses and damage caused by oxidative stress and their link with immunocompetence are powerful biomarkers to assess animal´s physiological stress response. The aim of this study was A) to determine redox state and variation in basal (pre-acute stress) immune function during summer, autumn and winter (spring was not assessed due to restrictions in collecting permit) in the fish-eating Myotis (Myotis vivesi; Chiroptera), and B) to determine the effect of acute stress on immunocompetence and redox state during each season. Acute stress was stimulated by restricting animal movement for 6 and 12 h. The magnitude of the cellular immune response was higher during winter whilst that of the humoral response was at its highest during summer. Humoral response increased after 6 h of movement restriction stress and returned to baseline levels after 12 h. Basal redox state was maintained throughout the year, with no significant changes in protein damage, and antioxidant activity was modulated mainly in relation to variation to environment cues, increasing during high temperatures and decreasing during windy nights. Antioxidant activity increased after the 6 h of stressful stimuli especially during summer and autumn, and to a lesser extent in early winter, but redox state did not vary. However, protein damage increased after 12 h of stress during summer. Prolonged stress when the bat is engaged in activities of high energy demand overcame its capacity to maintain homeostasis resulting in oxidative damage.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-08-15},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	author = {Hernández-Arciga, Ulalume and M, L. Gerardo Herrera and Ibáñez-Contreras, Alejandra and Miranda-Labra, Roxana U. and Flores-Martínez, José Juan and Königsberg, Mina},
	month = jan,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},
	keywords = {Antioxidants, Autumn, Immune response, Oxidation-reduction reactions, Principal component analysis, Seasons, Summer, Winter},
	pages = {e0190047},
}

Little is known of how the stress response varies when animals confront seasonal life-history processes. Antioxidant defenses and damage caused by oxidative stress and their link with immunocompetence are powerful biomarkers to assess animal´s physiological stress response. The aim of this study was A) to determine redox state and variation in basal (pre-acute stress) immune function during summer, autumn and winter (spring was not assessed due to restrictions in collecting permit) in the fish-eating Myotis (Myotis vivesi; Chiroptera), and B) to determine the effect of acute stress on immunocompetence and redox state during each season. Acute stress was stimulated by restricting animal movement for 6 and 12 h. The magnitude of the cellular immune response was higher during winter whilst that of the humoral response was at its highest during summer. Humoral response increased after 6 h of movement restriction stress and returned to baseline levels after 12 h. Basal redox state was maintained throughout the year, with no significant changes in protein damage, and antioxidant activity was modulated mainly in relation to variation to environment cues, increasing during high temperatures and decreasing during windy nights. Antioxidant activity increased after the 6 h of stressful stimuli especially during summer and autumn, and to a lesser extent in early winter, but redox state did not vary. However, protein damage increased after 12 h of stress during summer. Prolonged stress when the bat is engaged in activities of high energy demand overcame its capacity to maintain homeostasis resulting in oxidative damage.

@article{richardson_seasonal_2018,
	title = {Seasonal and sexual variation in metabolism, thermoregulation, and hormones in the big brown bat ({Eptesicus} fuscus)},
	volume = {91},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Physiological and Biochemical Zoology},
	author = {Richardson, Christopher S. and Heeren, Tim and Kunz, Thomas H.},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: University of Chicago Press Chicago, IL},
	pages = {705--715},
}

@article{hernandez-arciga_baseline_2018,
	title = {Baseline and post-stress seasonal changes in immunocompetence and redox state maintenance in the fishing bat {Myotis} vivesi},
	volume = {13},
	number = {1},
	journal = {PLoS One},
	author = {Hernández-Arciga, Ulalume and Herrera M, L. Gerardo and Ibáñez-Contreras, Alejandra and Miranda-Labra, Roxana U. and Flores-Martínez, José Juan and Königsberg, Mina},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science San Francisco, CA USA},
	pages = {e0190047},
}

@article{rueegger_interspecific_2018,
	title = {Interspecific differences and commonalities in maternity roosting by tree cavity-roosting bats over a maternity season in a timber production landscape},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0194429},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0194429},
	abstract = {Understanding maternity roost requirements is fundamental to guide timber production forest management given such roosts are vital to sustain bat populations. We tracked lactating females of three tree cavity-roosting species: Gould's long-eared bat (Nyctophilus gouldi) (n = 7), eastern broad-nosed bat (Scotorepens orion) (n = 6) and little forest bat (Vespadelus vulturnus) (n = 25), over five weeks in young (predominately {\textless}5 years old) forest regenerating from heavy timber harvest in southeast Australia. We aimed to investigate interspecific maternity roost selection in a regenerating landscape and by doing so, increase our understanding of the three species’ roost ecology. Sixteen V. vulturnus, 15 N. gouldi and six S. orion unique maternity roost trees were located. Bats displayed a degree of maternity roost selection plasticity, however, interspecific differences were found. Nyctophilus gouldi roosted selectively in retained riparian buffers, in trees of high senescence and switched roosts every day. Vespadelus vulturnus roosted in logged areas and displayed high roost site fidelity, with one roost used for 33 consecutive days. Scotorepens orion selected large live trees of low senescence. The preliminary data for this species suggests that females roost most days in ‘primary’ roosts but display a roost switching behaviour conforming to the fission-fusion model. Dead trees were identified to be important for both N. gouldi and V. vulturnus. Historical and recent logging at our study area drastically reduced cavity-bearing tree density to 1.4 trees per hectare in the logging zones (outside of exclusion areas), potentially limiting local populations of tree cavity-roosting bats and other cavity-dependent wildlife. Our data demonstrate that forest management must consider a range of maternity roost requirements to accommodate differences among species and highlight the importance of exclusion areas for roost habitat. We propose that an expanded ‘retention forestry’ approach should be implemented in logged areas that includes in-perpetuity forest patch retention to increase habitat complexity and continuity.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-07-21},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	author = {Rueegger, Niels and Law, Brad and Goldingay, Ross},
	month = mar,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},
	keywords = {Animal sociality, Bats, Dendrology, Forests, Habitats, Radii, Timber, Trees},
	pages = {e0194429},
}

Understanding maternity roost requirements is fundamental to guide timber production forest management given such roosts are vital to sustain bat populations. We tracked lactating females of three tree cavity-roosting species: Gould's long-eared bat (Nyctophilus gouldi) (n = 7), eastern broad-nosed bat (Scotorepens orion) (n = 6) and little forest bat (Vespadelus vulturnus) (n = 25), over five weeks in young (predominately \textless5 years old) forest regenerating from heavy timber harvest in southeast Australia. We aimed to investigate interspecific maternity roost selection in a regenerating landscape and by doing so, increase our understanding of the three species’ roost ecology. Sixteen V. vulturnus, 15 N. gouldi and six S. orion unique maternity roost trees were located. Bats displayed a degree of maternity roost selection plasticity, however, interspecific differences were found. Nyctophilus gouldi roosted selectively in retained riparian buffers, in trees of high senescence and switched roosts every day. Vespadelus vulturnus roosted in logged areas and displayed high roost site fidelity, with one roost used for 33 consecutive days. Scotorepens orion selected large live trees of low senescence. The preliminary data for this species suggests that females roost most days in ‘primary’ roosts but display a roost switching behaviour conforming to the fission-fusion model. Dead trees were identified to be important for both N. gouldi and V. vulturnus. Historical and recent logging at our study area drastically reduced cavity-bearing tree density to 1.4 trees per hectare in the logging zones (outside of exclusion areas), potentially limiting local populations of tree cavity-roosting bats and other cavity-dependent wildlife. Our data demonstrate that forest management must consider a range of maternity roost requirements to accommodate differences among species and highlight the importance of exclusion areas for roost habitat. We propose that an expanded ‘retention forestry’ approach should be implemented in logged areas that includes in-perpetuity forest patch retention to increase habitat complexity and continuity.

@article{jung_trait-dependent_2018,
	title = {Trait-dependent tolerance of bats to urbanization: a global meta-analysis},
	volume = {285},
	shorttitle = {Trait-dependent tolerance of bats to urbanization},
	number = {1885},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B},
	author = {Jung, Kirsten and Threlfall, Caragh Grace},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: The Royal Society},
	pages = {20181222},
}

@article{apps_turning_2018,
	title = {Turning wildlife experiences into conservation action: {Can} white shark cage-dive tourism influence conservation behaviour?},
	volume = {88},
	issn = {0308597X},
	shorttitle = {Turning wildlife experiences into conservation action},
	abstract = {Wildlife tourism is often promoted as an activity which supports conservation by enhancing environmental knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour through interpretative messaging and personal experiences with wildlife. Despite these potential linkages, evidence to support such claims is limited. In order for wildlife tourism operators to build a motivated constituency supporting conservation, elements of the tour which contribute to positive attitudes and environmental behaviour must be identified. This study investigated the attitudes and environmental behaviour of 136 wildlife tourists following a white shark cage-dive experience in South Australia. Responses to an online survey revealed a significant increase in participation for seven of the eight conservation-related behaviours explored, and a positive shift in participants’ understanding, awareness, attitudes, and concern for sharks following the tour. Results suggest that emotional engagement during the tour is associated with enhancing participants’ knowledge and attitude towards sharks. Recommendations for complementing the emotional response to viewing wildlife, with interpretative communication, are discussed.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-06-08},
	journal = {Marine Policy},
	author = {Apps, Kirin and Dimmock, Kay and Huveneers, Charlie},
	month = feb,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {conservation},
	pages = {108--115},
}

Wildlife tourism is often promoted as an activity which supports conservation by enhancing environmental knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour through interpretative messaging and personal experiences with wildlife. Despite these potential linkages, evidence to support such claims is limited. In order for wildlife tourism operators to build a motivated constituency supporting conservation, elements of the tour which contribute to positive attitudes and environmental behaviour must be identified. This study investigated the attitudes and environmental behaviour of 136 wildlife tourists following a white shark cage-dive experience in South Australia. Responses to an online survey revealed a significant increase in participation for seven of the eight conservation-related behaviours explored, and a positive shift in participants’ understanding, awareness, attitudes, and concern for sharks following the tour. Results suggest that emotional engagement during the tour is associated with enhancing participants’ knowledge and attitude towards sharks. Recommendations for complementing the emotional response to viewing wildlife, with interpretative communication, are discussed.

@article{nygren_conservation_2018,
	title = {Conservation education in zoos: a literature review},
	volume = {4},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Trace: Finnish Journal for Human-Animal Studies},
	author = {Nygren, N.V. and Ojalammi, S.},
	year = {2018},
}

@article{wolfensohn_assessment_2018,
	title = {Assessment of {Welfare} in {Zoo} {Animals}: {Towards} {Optimum} {Quality} of {Life}},
	volume = {8},
	language = {en},
	number = {110},
	journal = {Animals},
	author = {Wolfensohn, S. and Shotton, J. and Bowley, H. and Davies, S. and Thompson, S. and Justice, W.S.N.},
	year = {2018},
}

@article{ballantyne_visitors_2018,
	title = {Visitors' values and environmental learning outcomes at wildlife attractions: {Implications} for interpretive practice},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {0261-5177},
	shorttitle = {Visitors' values and environmental learning outcomes at wildlife attractions},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tourman.2017.07.015},
	abstract = {Wildlife tourism attractions, such as zoos and aquariums, are expected to play a major role in promoting environmental learning in society. This paper applies a refined version of Schwartz's (1992) Value Theory to develop a better understanding of zoo and aquarium visitors' personal values, and the impact of their values on their reflective engagement, learning, and self-reported changes in post-visit environmental behaviour. Findings revealed that personal values are related to post-visit environmental behaviour through the process of on-site reflective engagement. The findings highlight the importance of using a values-based approach to visitor interpretation, one that engages a broader range of visitors and enhances the impact of a wildlife tourism experience on visitors' environmental learning and post-visit behaviour.},
	urldate = {2019-06-08},
	journal = {Tourism Management},
	author = {Ballantyne, Roy and Hughes, Karen and Lee, Julie and Packer, Jan and Sneddon, Joanne},
	month = feb,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Aquarium visitors, Conservation learning, Environmental behaviour, Environmental interpretation, Environmental learning, Schwartz Value Theory, Wildlife tourism, Zoo visitors},
	pages = {190--201},
}

Wildlife tourism attractions, such as zoos and aquariums, are expected to play a major role in promoting environmental learning in society. This paper applies a refined version of Schwartz's (1992) Value Theory to develop a better understanding of zoo and aquarium visitors' personal values, and the impact of their values on their reflective engagement, learning, and self-reported changes in post-visit environmental behaviour. Findings revealed that personal values are related to post-visit environmental behaviour through the process of on-site reflective engagement. The findings highlight the importance of using a values-based approach to visitor interpretation, one that engages a broader range of visitors and enhances the impact of a wildlife tourism experience on visitors' environmental learning and post-visit behaviour.

@article{mbaiwa_effects_2018,
	title = {Effects of the safari hunting tourism ban on rural livelihoods and wildlife conservation in {Northern} {Botswana}},
	volume = {100},
	number = {1},
	journal = {South African Geographical Journal},
	author = {Mbaiwa, Joseph E.},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {41--61},
}

@article{odeniran_review_2018,
	title = {A review of wildlife tourism and meta-analysis of parasitism in {Africa}’s national parks and game reserves},
	volume = {117},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Parasitology research},
	author = {Odeniran, Paul Olalekan and Ademola, Isaiah Oluwafemi and Jegede, Henry Olanrewaju},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {2359--2378},
}

@article{talukdar_attitudes_2018,
	title = {Attitudes towards forest and wildlife, and conservation-oriented traditions, around {Chakrashila} {Wildlife} {Sanctuary}, {Assam}, {India}},
	volume = {52},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Talukdar, Simi and Gupta, Abhik},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {508--518},
}

@article{luci_sense_2018,
	title = {Sense of place as generated by tourism and leisure activities in protected wildlife areas: a meta-synthesis.},
	volume = {16},
	shorttitle = {Sense of place as generated by tourism and leisure activities in protected wildlife areas},
	number = {3},
	journal = {PASOS: Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural},
	author = {Luci, A. R. and Bon, A. le and Carmody, Lobo and Santos, Henriquéz},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {701--716},
}

@article{ryan_development_2018,
	title = {The development and value of whale-watch tourism in the west of {Scotland}},
	volume = {13},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Tourism in Marine Environments},
	author = {Ryan, Conor and Bolin, Vivi and Shirra, Laura and Garrard, Pippa and Putsey, Jane and Vines, Juliet and Hartny-Mills, Lauren},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {17--24},
}

@incollection{parnwell_environmental_2018,
	title = {Environmental issues and tourism in {Thailand}},
	booktitle = {Tourism in {South}-{East} {Asia}},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Parnwell, Michael JG},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {304--320},
}

@article{black_local_2018,
	title = {Local attitudes towards tourism and conservation in rural {Botswana} and {Rwanda}},
	volume = {17},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Ecotourism},
	author = {Black, Rosemary and Cobbinah, Patrick Brandful},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {79--105},
}

@article{bello_enhancing_2018,
	title = {Enhancing community participation in tourism planning associated with protected areas in developing countries: {Lessons} from {Malawi}},
	volume = {18},
	shorttitle = {Enhancing community participation in tourism planning associated with protected areas in developing countries},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Tourism and Hospitality Research},
	author = {Bello, Felix G. and Lovelock, Brent and Carr, Neil},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {309--320},
}

@article{mkono_age_2018,
	title = {The age of digital activism in tourism: evaluating the legacy and limitations of the {Cecil} anti-trophy hunting movement},
	volume = {26},
	shorttitle = {The age of digital activism in tourism},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Journal of Sustainable Tourism},
	author = {Mkono, Muchazondida},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1608--1624},
}

@article{cox_humannature_2018,
	title = {Human–nature interactions and the consequences and drivers of provisioning wildlife},
	volume = {373},
	number = {1745},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Cox, Daniel TC and Gaston, Kevin J.},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {20170092},
}

@article{patroni_feeding_2018,
	title = {Feeding wild fish for tourism—{A} systematic quantitative literature review of impacts and management},
	volume = {20},
	number = {3},
	journal = {International Journal of Tourism Research},
	author = {Patroni, Jessica and Simpson, Gregory and Newsome, David},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {286--298},
}

@article{buckley_tourism_2018,
	title = {Tourism and natural {World} {Heritage}: {A} complicated relationship},
	volume = {57},
	shorttitle = {Tourism and natural {World} {Heritage}},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Journal of Travel Research},
	author = {Buckley, Ralf},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {563--578},
}

@article{gossling_tourism_2018,
	title = {Tourism, tourist learning and sustainability: an exploratory discussion of complexities, problems and opportunities},
	volume = {26},
	shorttitle = {Tourism, tourist learning and sustainability},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Sustainable Tourism},
	author = {Gössling, Stefan},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {292--306},
}

@book{allen_wildlife_2018,
	title = {Wildlife conservation management on inhabited islands},
	publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
	author = {Allen, Benjamin L. and Cox, Tarnya E. and Fleming, Peter JS and Meek, Paul D. and Russell, James C.},
	year = {2018},
}

@book{sindiga_tourism_2018,
	title = {Tourism and {African} development: {Change} and challenge of tourism in {Kenya}},
	shorttitle = {Tourism and {African} development},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Sindiga, Isaac},
	year = {2018},
}

@phdthesis{kutzner_resilience_2018,
	type = {{PhD} {Thesis}},
	title = {The {Resilience} of {Wildlife} {Tourism} {Operations} to {Environmental} {Change}},
	school = {University of Otago},
	author = {Kutzner, Diana},
	year = {2018},
}

@article{bell_everyday_2018,
	title = {Everyday green space and experienced well-being: the significance of wildlife encounters},
	volume = {43},
	shorttitle = {Everyday green space and experienced well-being},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Landscape Research},
	author = {Bell, Sarah L. and Westley, Michael and Lovell, Rebecca and Wheeler, Benedict W.},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {8--19},
}

@article{badola_institutional_2018,
	title = {Institutional arrangements for managing tourism in the {Indian} {Himalayan} protected areas},
	volume = {66},
	journal = {Tourism Management},
	author = {Badola, Ruchi and Hussain, Syed Ainul and Dobriyal, Pariva and Manral, Upma and Barthwal, Shivani and Rastogi, Archi and Gill, Amanat Kaur},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1--12},
}

@article{izquierdo_highlands_2018,
	title = {Highlands in {Transition}: {Urbanization}, {Pastoralism}, {Mining}, {Tourism}, and {Wildlife} in the {Argentinian} {Puna}},
	volume = {38},
	shorttitle = {Highlands in {Transition}},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Mountain Research and Development},
	author = {Izquierdo, Andrea E. and Grau, H. R. and Navarro, C. J. and Casagranda, E. and Castilla, M. C. and Grau, A.},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {390--401},
}

@article{buckley_private_2018,
	title = {Private conservation funding from wildlife tourism enterprises in sub-{Saharan} {Africa}: {Conservation} marketing beliefs and practices},
	volume = {218},
	shorttitle = {Private conservation funding from wildlife tourism enterprises in sub-{Saharan} {Africa}},
	journal = {Biological conservation},
	author = {Buckley, Ralf and Mossaz, Alexa},
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Community, Ecotourism, Finance, Flagship, Wildlife, attitudes},
	pages = {57--63},
}

@article{huveneers_interacting_2018,
	title = {Interacting with wildlife tourism increases activity of white sharks},
	volume = {6},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Conservation physiology},
	author = {Huveneers, Charlie and Watanabe, Yuuki Y. and Payne, Nicholas L. and Semmens, Jayson M.},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {coy019},
}

@article{larm_role_2018,
	title = {The role of wildlife tourism in conservation of endangered species: {Implications} of safari tourism for conservation of the {Arctic} fox in {Sweden}},
	volume = {23},
	shorttitle = {The role of wildlife tourism in conservation of endangered species},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Human dimensions of wildlife},
	author = {Larm, Malin and Elmhagen, Bodil and Granquist, Sandra M. and Brundin, Erika and Angerbjörn, Anders},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {257--272},
}

@article{dlima_using_2018,
	title = {Using multiple indicators to evaluate the sustainability of dolphin-based wildlife tourism in rural {India}},
	volume = {26},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Journal of Sustainable Tourism},
	author = {D’Lima, Coralie and Everingham, Yvette and Diedrich, Amy and Mustika, Putu L. and Hamann, Mark and Marsh, Helene},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1687--1707},
}

@article{akama_vulnerability_2018,
	title = {Vulnerability of {Kenya}’s wildlife tourism sector performance to the impacts of climate change. {A} literature review},
	author = {Akama, John Sorana and Ngacho, Christopher},
	year = {2018},
}

@book{carr_tourism_2018,
	address = {CABI, Wallingford},
	title = {Tourism and {Animal} {Welfare}},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {UK},
	editor = {Carr, N. and Broom, D},
	year = {2018},
}

@article{seltmann_habitat_2017,
	title = {Habitat disturbance results in chronic stress and impaired health status in forest-dwelling paleotropical bats},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Conservation physiology},
	author = {Seltmann, Anne and Czirják, Gábor Á and Courtiol, Alexandre and Bernard, Henry and Struebig, Matthew J. and Voigt, Christian C.},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press},
}

@article{lopez-baucells_roost_2017,
	title = {Roost selection by synanthropic bats in rural {Madagascar}: what makes non-traditional structures so tempting?},
	shorttitle = {Roost selection by synanthropic bats in rural {Madagascar}},
	journal = {HYSTRIX-the Italian Journal of Mammalogy},
	author = {Lopez-Baucells, Adria and Rocha, Ricardo and Andriatafika, Zo and Tojosoa, Tafita and Kemp, James and Forbes, Kristian M. and Cabeza, Mar},
	year = {2017},
}

@article{narayan_evaluation_2017,
	title = {Evaluation of physiological stress in {Australian} wildlife: embracing pioneering and current knowledge as a guide to future research directions},
	volume = {244},
	shorttitle = {Evaluation of physiological stress in {Australian} wildlife},
	journal = {General and Comparative Endocrinology},
	author = {Narayan, Edward J.},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	pages = {30--39},
}

@article{seltmann_seasonal_2017,
	title = {Seasonal {Fluctuations} of {Astrovirus}, {But} {Not} {Coronavirus} {Shedding} in {Bats} {Inhabiting} {Human}-{Modified} {Tropical} {Forests}},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1612-9210},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-017-1245-x},
	doi = {10.1007/s10393-017-1245-x},
	abstract = {Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are considered a major threat to global health. Most EIDs appear to result from increased contact between wildlife and humans, especially when humans encroach into formerly pristine habitats. Habitat deterioration may also negatively affect the physiology and health of wildlife species, which may eventually lead to a higher susceptibility to infectious agents and/or increased shedding of the pathogens causing EIDs. Bats are known to host viruses closely related to important EIDs. Here, we tested in a paleotropical forest with ongoing logging and fragmentation, whether habitat disturbance influences the occurrence of astro- and coronaviruses in eight bat species. In contrast to our hypothesis, anthropogenic habitat disturbance was not associated with corona- and astrovirus detection rates in fecal samples. However, we found that bats infected with either astro- or coronaviruses were likely to be coinfected with the respective other virus. Additionally, we identified two more risk factors influencing astrovirus shedding. First, the detection rate of astroviruses was higher at the beginning of the rainy compared to the dry season. Second, there was a trend that individuals with a poor body condition had a higher probability of shedding astroviruses in their feces. The identification of risk factors for increased viral shedding that may potentially result in increased interspecies transmission is important to prevent viral spillovers from bats to other animals, including humans.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-08-10},
	journal = {EcoHealth},
	author = {Seltmann, Anne and Corman, Victor M. and Rasche, Andrea and Drosten, Christian and Czirják, Gábor Á. and Bernard, Henry and Struebig, Matthew J. and Voigt, Christian C.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Astroviruses, Bats, Coinfection, Coronaviruses, Habitat fragmentation, Human-modified landscapes},
	pages = {272--284},
}

Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are considered a major threat to global health. Most EIDs appear to result from increased contact between wildlife and humans, especially when humans encroach into formerly pristine habitats. Habitat deterioration may also negatively affect the physiology and health of wildlife species, which may eventually lead to a higher susceptibility to infectious agents and/or increased shedding of the pathogens causing EIDs. Bats are known to host viruses closely related to important EIDs. Here, we tested in a paleotropical forest with ongoing logging and fragmentation, whether habitat disturbance influences the occurrence of astro- and coronaviruses in eight bat species. In contrast to our hypothesis, anthropogenic habitat disturbance was not associated with corona- and astrovirus detection rates in fecal samples. However, we found that bats infected with either astro- or coronaviruses were likely to be coinfected with the respective other virus. Additionally, we identified two more risk factors influencing astrovirus shedding. First, the detection rate of astroviruses was higher at the beginning of the rainy compared to the dry season. Second, there was a trend that individuals with a poor body condition had a higher probability of shedding astroviruses in their feces. The identification of risk factors for increased viral shedding that may potentially result in increased interspecies transmission is important to prevent viral spillovers from bats to other animals, including humans.

@article{seltmann_habitat_2017,
	title = {Habitat disturbance results in chronic stress and impaired health status in forest-dwelling paleotropical bats},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {2051-1434},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5388297/},
	doi = {10.1093/conphys/cox020},
	abstract = {Encroachment of humans into pristine habitats is a major threat to biodiversity. We found that some paleotropical bat species from disturbed forests suffered from chronic stress and an impaired immune system, suggesting that allostatic overload may play a pivotal role in the extinction of wildlife species., Anthropogenic habitat disturbance is a major threat to biodiversity worldwide. Yet, before population declines are detectable, individuals may suffer from chronic stress and impaired immunity in disturbed habitats, making them more susceptible to pathogens and adverse weather conditions. Here, we tested in a paleotropical forest with ongoing logging and fragmentation, whether habitat disturbance influences the body mass and immunity of bats. We measured and compared body mass, chronic stress (indicated by neutrophil to lymphocyte ratios) and the number of circulating immune cells between several bat species with different roost types living in recovering areas, actively logged forests, and fragmented forests in Sabah, Malaysia. In a cave-roosting species, chronic stress levels were higher in individuals from fragmented habitats compared with conspecifics from actively logged areas. Foliage-roosting species showed a reduced body mass and decrease in total white blood cell counts in actively logged areas and fragmented forests compared with conspecifics living in recovering habitats. Our study highlights that habitat disturbance may have species-specific effects on chronic stress and immunity in bats that are potentially related to the roost type. We identified foliage-roosting species as particularly sensitive to forest habitat deterioration. These species may face a heightened extinction risk in the near future if anthropogenic habitat alterations continue.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-08-10},
	journal = {Conservation Physiology},
	author = {Seltmann, Anne and Czirják, Gábor Á. and Courtiol, Alexandre and Bernard, Henry and Struebig, Matthew J. and Voigt, Christian C.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2017},
	pmid = {28421138},
	pmcid = {PMC5388297},
	pages = {cox020},
}

Encroachment of humans into pristine habitats is a major threat to biodiversity. We found that some paleotropical bat species from disturbed forests suffered from chronic stress and an impaired immune system, suggesting that allostatic overload may play a pivotal role in the extinction of wildlife species., Anthropogenic habitat disturbance is a major threat to biodiversity worldwide. Yet, before population declines are detectable, individuals may suffer from chronic stress and impaired immunity in disturbed habitats, making them more susceptible to pathogens and adverse weather conditions. Here, we tested in a paleotropical forest with ongoing logging and fragmentation, whether habitat disturbance influences the body mass and immunity of bats. We measured and compared body mass, chronic stress (indicated by neutrophil to lymphocyte ratios) and the number of circulating immune cells between several bat species with different roost types living in recovering areas, actively logged forests, and fragmented forests in Sabah, Malaysia. In a cave-roosting species, chronic stress levels were higher in individuals from fragmented habitats compared with conspecifics from actively logged areas. Foliage-roosting species showed a reduced body mass and decrease in total white blood cell counts in actively logged areas and fragmented forests compared with conspecifics living in recovering habitats. Our study highlights that habitat disturbance may have species-specific effects on chronic stress and immunity in bats that are potentially related to the roost type. We identified foliage-roosting species as particularly sensitive to forest habitat deterioration. These species may face a heightened extinction risk in the near future if anthropogenic habitat alterations continue.

@article{davy_conservation_2017,
	title = {Conservation implications of physiological carry-over effects in bats recovering from white-nose syndrome},
	volume = {31},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	author = {Davy, Christina M. and Mastromonaco, Gabriela F. and Riley, Julia L. and Baxter-Gilbert, James H. and Mayberry, Heather and Willis, Craig KR},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	pages = {615--624},
}

@article{lopez-baucells_roost_2017,
	title = {Roost selection by synanthropic bats in rural {Madagascar}: what makes non-traditional structures so tempting?},
	volume = {28},
	shorttitle = {Roost selection by synanthropic bats in rural {Madagascar}},
	doi = {10.4404/hystrix-28.1-12046},
	abstract = {Humanised landscapes are causing population declines and even extinctions of wildlife, whereas a limited number of species are adapting to the new niches and resources within these modified habitats. Synanthropy is widespread among many vertebrates and often causes co-habitation conflicts between humans and wildlife species. Bats often roost in anthropogenic structures, and especially in the tropics, mitigation of human-bat conflicts arising from co-habitation is hampered by a paucity of research focusing on roost preferences. 

We assessed roost selection by bats in villages around Ranomafana National Park, eastern Madagascar. Ten villages were surveyed, with bats occupying 21 of the 180 evaluated buildings. Of those, 17 were public buildings harbouring large molossid colonies. Although beneficial ecosystem services provided by bats are well-known, several cases of colony eviction were noted, mostly due to unwanted co-habitation. Bat preference was driven by the type of building, its height and a lack of fire use by the inhabitants. Colonies were mainly found under metal sheets within large empty chambers, whereas only isolated bats were detected in the roofs of traditional cabins. Temperatures up to 50º C were recorded inside a roost, representing one of the highest temperatures recorded for an African maternity roost.

Molossidae bats appear to have found a suitable alternative to their native roosts in hollow, old and tall trees in pristine forests, which are becoming rare in Madagascar. This suggests that human-bat interactions in Madagascar will likely increase alongside rural development and the loss of primary forest habitats.
Shifting to modern construction methods while combining traditional techniques with proper roof sealing could prevent the establishment of bat colonies in undesired locations, whereas co-habitation conflicts could alternatively be minimised by reducing direct interaction with humans. In light of our results, we urge caution with bat evictions, and greater attention when introducing modern building practices, often supported by foreign initiatives, to poor rural communities in developing countries.},
	journal = {Hystrix},
	author = {Lopez-Baucells, Adria and Rocha, Ricardo and Andriatafika, Zo and Tojosoa, Tafita and Kemp, James and Forbes, Kristian and Cabeza, Mar},
	month = jan,
	year = {2017},
}

Humanised landscapes are causing population declines and even extinctions of wildlife, whereas a limited number of species are adapting to the new niches and resources within these modified habitats. Synanthropy is widespread among many vertebrates and often causes co-habitation conflicts between humans and wildlife species. Bats often roost in anthropogenic structures, and especially in the tropics, mitigation of human-bat conflicts arising from co-habitation is hampered by a paucity of research focusing on roost preferences. We assessed roost selection by bats in villages around Ranomafana National Park, eastern Madagascar. Ten villages were surveyed, with bats occupying 21 of the 180 evaluated buildings. Of those, 17 were public buildings harbouring large molossid colonies. Although beneficial ecosystem services provided by bats are well-known, several cases of colony eviction were noted, mostly due to unwanted co-habitation. Bat preference was driven by the type of building, its height and a lack of fire use by the inhabitants. Colonies were mainly found under metal sheets within large empty chambers, whereas only isolated bats were detected in the roofs of traditional cabins. Temperatures up to 50º C were recorded inside a roost, representing one of the highest temperatures recorded for an African maternity roost. Molossidae bats appear to have found a suitable alternative to their native roosts in hollow, old and tall trees in pristine forests, which are becoming rare in Madagascar. This suggests that human-bat interactions in Madagascar will likely increase alongside rural development and the loss of primary forest habitats. Shifting to modern construction methods while combining traditional techniques with proper roof sealing could prevent the establishment of bat colonies in undesired locations, whereas co-habitation conflicts could alternatively be minimised by reducing direct interaction with humans. In light of our results, we urge caution with bat evictions, and greater attention when introducing modern building practices, often supported by foreign initiatives, to poor rural communities in developing countries.

@phdthesis{george_external_2017,
	type = {{PhD} {Thesis}},
	title = {The external microbiome of bats: effects of season, site, host species, and body region},
	shorttitle = {The external microbiome of bats},
	school = {Eastern Michigan University},
	author = {George, Kyle G.},
	year = {2017},
}

@article{boyles_long-term_2017,
	title = {Long-term microclimate measurements add further evidence that there is no “optimal” temperature for bat hibernation},
	volume = {86},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Mammalian Biology},
	author = {Boyles, Justin G. and Boyles, Esmarie and Dunlap, R. Keith and Johnson, Scott A. and Brack, Virgil},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	pages = {9--16},
}

@article{rodriguez-aguilar_influence_2017,
	title = {Influence of urbanization on the occurrence and activity of aerial insectivorous bats},
	volume = {20},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Urban ecosystems},
	author = {Rodríguez-Aguilar, Guillermo and Orozco-Lugo, Carmen Lorena and Vleut, Ivar and Vazquez, Luis-Bernardo},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	pages = {477--488},
}

@article{nunes_bats_2017,
	title = {Bats in urban areas of {Brazil}: roosts, food resources and parasites in disturbed environments},
	volume = {20},
	shorttitle = {Bats in urban areas of {Brazil}},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Urban ecosystems},
	author = {Nunes, Hannah and Rocha, Fabiana Lopes and Cordeiro-Estrela, Pedro},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	pages = {953--969},
}

@article{rodriguez-aguilar_influence_2017-1,
	title = {Influence of urbanization on the occurrence and activity of aerial insectivorous bats},
	volume = {20},
	doi = {10.1007/s11252-016-0608-3},
	abstract = {Activity and species-specific responses of insectivorous bats in different urban-forest conditions provides a general perspective on the adaptability and vulnerability of bat species towards urbanization intensity. Here we evaluated species richness and activity patterns of aerial insectivorous bats across an urbanized landscape in the highlands of Chiapas, in Mexico. Acoustic monitoring of echolocation calls was conducted for 27 nights over a period of four months. Species richness and relative activity of insectivorous bats were estimated in a landscape with different conditions of urbanization intensity: urban areas, non-urban and forest areas. We identified a total of 14 bat species and three phonotypes. Bat species richness and relative activity was similar (X2 = 0.568, gl = 2, p {\textgreater} 0.05), but species composition differed among conditions. We observed a significant higher occurrence of Bauerus dubiaquercus, Eptesicus brasiliensis and Myotis californicus in forest sites. Urban sites presented higher occurrence of Molossus rufus and phonotype Molossidae 2, while non-urban sites presented a higher occurrence of Eptesicus furinalis and phonotype Molossidae 2. We were able to identify bat species according to their relative activity in relation todifferent landscape conditions. Species of the Molossidae family presented the highest activity in urban sites, which was positively affected by the number of streetlights, while species of the Vespertilionidae presented the highest activity in forest sites, which was positively related totree density. While urbanization tends to diminish native biodiversity and alter faunal communities, our results show a similar richness and relative activity of aerial insectivorous bats along the urban ecosystem. The effect of urbanization intensity becomes more apparent in species-specific bat activity; the response of species towards particular habitat conditions depends on local habitat quality and characteristics (i.e., presence of streetlights, vegetation cover and tree density).},
	journal = {Urban Ecosystems},
	author = {Rodríguez-Aguilar, Guillermo and Orozco-Lugo, Carmen and Vleut, Ivar and Vazquez, Luis-Bernardo},
	month = apr,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {477--488},
}

Activity and species-specific responses of insectivorous bats in different urban-forest conditions provides a general perspective on the adaptability and vulnerability of bat species towards urbanization intensity. Here we evaluated species richness and activity patterns of aerial insectivorous bats across an urbanized landscape in the highlands of Chiapas, in Mexico. Acoustic monitoring of echolocation calls was conducted for 27 nights over a period of four months. Species richness and relative activity of insectivorous bats were estimated in a landscape with different conditions of urbanization intensity: urban areas, non-urban and forest areas. We identified a total of 14 bat species and three phonotypes. Bat species richness and relative activity was similar (X2 = 0.568, gl = 2, p \textgreater 0.05), but species composition differed among conditions. We observed a significant higher occurrence of Bauerus dubiaquercus, Eptesicus brasiliensis and Myotis californicus in forest sites. Urban sites presented higher occurrence of Molossus rufus and phonotype Molossidae 2, while non-urban sites presented a higher occurrence of Eptesicus furinalis and phonotype Molossidae 2. We were able to identify bat species according to their relative activity in relation todifferent landscape conditions. Species of the Molossidae family presented the highest activity in urban sites, which was positively affected by the number of streetlights, while species of the Vespertilionidae presented the highest activity in forest sites, which was positively related totree density. While urbanization tends to diminish native biodiversity and alter faunal communities, our results show a similar richness and relative activity of aerial insectivorous bats along the urban ecosystem. The effect of urbanization intensity becomes more apparent in species-specific bat activity; the response of species towards particular habitat conditions depends on local habitat quality and characteristics (i.e., presence of streetlights, vegetation cover and tree density).

@article{rose_pace_2017,
	title = {To pace or not to pace? {A} review of what {Abnormal} {Repetitive} {Behavior} tells us about zoo animal management},
	volume = {20},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Journal of Veterinary Behavior Clinical Applications and Research},
	author = {Rose, P.E. and Nash, S.M.and Riley and N, L.},
	year = {2017},
}

@article{huveneers_economic_2017,
	title = {The economic value of shark-diving tourism in {Australia}},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {0960-3166, 1573-5184},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-06-08},
	journal = {Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries},
	author = {Huveneers, Charlie and Meekan, Mark G. and Apps, Kirin and Ferreira, Luciana C. and Pannell, David and Vianna, Gabriel M. S.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {economics},
	pages = {665--680},
}

@article{brando_247_2017,
	title = {The 24/7 approach to promoting optimal welfare for captive wild animals},
	volume = {156},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Behavioural Processes},
	author = {Brando, S and Buchanan-Smith, H.M.},
	year = {2017},
}

@article{macdonald_conservation_2017,
	title = {Conservation potential of apex predator tourism},
	volume = {215},
	issn = {00063207},
	abstract = {In recent decades, public interest in apex predators has led to the creation and expansion of predator-focused wildlife tourism. As wildlife tourism has become an increasing topic of study for both social and biological scientists, researchers have debated whether these activities serve conservation goals by providing non-consumptive values for wildlife. Discussion of predator tourism requires additional recognition of predator-specific biological and ecological characteristics, consideration of human safety concerns, and mitigation of humanwildlife conflict. By reviewing tourism activities centered on both aquatic and terrestrial predators from diverse taxa (sharks, crocodiles, and big cats), we evaluate the potential benefits and conservation challenges associated with predator tourism. Our review suggests that positive conservation outcomes are possible, but not assured given historical, cultural, and ecological complexities. We explore some of the factors which determine whether tourism contributes to conservation outcomes, including (1) effective protection of animals and habitats, (2) avoidance and mitigation of human-wildlife conflict, (3) quality of associated educational interpretation and outreach, (4) collaboration with local stakeholders, and (5) use of generated funds to advance conservation goals. Our findings suggest tourism is most likely to support predator conservation and/or recovery when the industry has both public and political support and under conditions of effective regulation focused on management, monitoring and enforcement by local, national, and international bodies.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-06-08},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	author = {Macdonald, Catherine and Gallagher, Austin J. and Barnett, Adam and Brunnschweiler, Juerg and Shiffman, David S. and Hammerschlag, Neil},
	month = nov,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {132--141},
}

In recent decades, public interest in apex predators has led to the creation and expansion of predator-focused wildlife tourism. As wildlife tourism has become an increasing topic of study for both social and biological scientists, researchers have debated whether these activities serve conservation goals by providing non-consumptive values for wildlife. Discussion of predator tourism requires additional recognition of predator-specific biological and ecological characteristics, consideration of human safety concerns, and mitigation of humanwildlife conflict. By reviewing tourism activities centered on both aquatic and terrestrial predators from diverse taxa (sharks, crocodiles, and big cats), we evaluate the potential benefits and conservation challenges associated with predator tourism. Our review suggests that positive conservation outcomes are possible, but not assured given historical, cultural, and ecological complexities. We explore some of the factors which determine whether tourism contributes to conservation outcomes, including (1) effective protection of animals and habitats, (2) avoidance and mitigation of human-wildlife conflict, (3) quality of associated educational interpretation and outreach, (4) collaboration with local stakeholders, and (5) use of generated funds to advance conservation goals. Our findings suggest tourism is most likely to support predator conservation and/or recovery when the industry has both public and political support and under conditions of effective regulation focused on management, monitoring and enforcement by local, national, and international bodies.

@article{spenceley_can_2017,
	title = {Can a wildlife tourism company influence conservation and the development of tourism in a specific destination?},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1467-3584, 1742-9692},
	abstract = {The evolution of tourism destinations is influenced by a range of factors including the policy and planning framework, the role of destination management organisations, and integration of tourism into the local and national economy. The aim of this paper is to describe how the private sector can influence destination development, by considering a luxury safari lodge (Mombo Camp) and its holding company (Okavango Wilderness Safaris) within the Okavango Delta of Botswana. Through a series of stakeholder interviews and literature review, the research found that Mombo had influenced the destination’s quality standards, how it is marketed and promoted, and also in the conservation of endangered species. Over the course of 30 years, the holding company has also been influential in the development and implementation of tourism and conservation policy, environmental awareness among youth, and also conservation research. The findings of this study suggest that destination planning authorities should encourage reputable private sector operators that have a long-term interest in the destination and promote sustainable tourism practices, including those that can mobilise a network of facilities and attractions, can collaborate with their competitors, and can support and advise government on policy and its implementation.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-06-08},
	journal = {Tourism and Hospitality Research},
	author = {Spenceley, Anna and Snyman, Susan},
	month = jan,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {conservation},
	pages = {52--67},
}

The evolution of tourism destinations is influenced by a range of factors including the policy and planning framework, the role of destination management organisations, and integration of tourism into the local and national economy. The aim of this paper is to describe how the private sector can influence destination development, by considering a luxury safari lodge (Mombo Camp) and its holding company (Okavango Wilderness Safaris) within the Okavango Delta of Botswana. Through a series of stakeholder interviews and literature review, the research found that Mombo had influenced the destination’s quality standards, how it is marketed and promoted, and also in the conservation of endangered species. Over the course of 30 years, the holding company has also been influential in the development and implementation of tourism and conservation policy, environmental awareness among youth, and also conservation research. The findings of this study suggest that destination planning authorities should encourage reputable private sector operators that have a long-term interest in the destination and promote sustainable tourism practices, including those that can mobilise a network of facilities and attractions, can collaborate with their competitors, and can support and advise government on policy and its implementation.

@article{marschall_interpretation_2017,
	title = {Interpretation in wildlife tourism: {Assessing} the effectiveness of signage on visitor behaviour at a seal watching site in {Iceland}},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {2213-0780},
	shorttitle = {Interpretation in wildlife tourism},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jort.2016.11.001},
	abstract = {The effectiveness of interpretive signage as a means of modifying visitor behaviour to reduce negative impacts on wildlife was tested empirically at a seal watching site on Vatnsnes peninsula in North West Iceland. From July to September 2014, the actions of 2440 visitors were observed and their behaviour recorded. To test the importance of how interpretive information is presented, signs with either ontological (instructions without explanation) or teleological (instructions with explanation) information were positioned along the path towards the site. A control group, to which no signs were provided, was also observed. Our results show that the majority of the tested behaviour was influenced when signs were present and that under some conditions teleological signs were more effective than ontological. The type of visitor group was found to significantly influence behaviour, with families having the most intrusive behaviour compared to singles, couples or other groups. The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of how interpretative signage can modify tourist behaviour to facilitate sustainable wildlife tourism. The use of teleological signs for managing wildlife tourism activities is recommended because they are more effective than ontological signs in terms of modifying the general visitor behaviour. In addition, signage and other management strategies should address the different needs and responses relevant to the nature of the tourist group visiting the site. Special focus should be placed on families when signs are designed because this group type showed the highest probability of causing disturbance at the site.
Management implications
In this paper we show that interpretation through signage can be a useful tool for sustainable development and management of wildlife watching. We recommend the following when designing interpretive signs: •Visitors should be provided with teleological, rather than ontological, information.•Signs should include illustrations with informative text.•The information provided should take care to address families because they show the most intrusive behaviour.•Information should be offered in multiple languages, as appropriate, to make information accessible to the greatest number of visitors.•The content of the information should include practical information about wildlife protection, take home messages and comparisons between wildlife and humans to enable visitors to more readily establish a psychological connection with the wildlife. Although signage has many advantages, other methods for conveying information, such as guided tours with educated guides, are suggested as a way of supplementing signs.},
	urldate = {2019-06-08},
	journal = {Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism},
	author = {Marschall, Sarah and Granquist, Sandra Magdalena and Burns, Georgette Leah},
	month = mar,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Behaviour, Disturbance, Interpretation, Ontological, Teleological, Wildlife},
	pages = {11--19},
}

The effectiveness of interpretive signage as a means of modifying visitor behaviour to reduce negative impacts on wildlife was tested empirically at a seal watching site on Vatnsnes peninsula in North West Iceland. From July to September 2014, the actions of 2440 visitors were observed and their behaviour recorded. To test the importance of how interpretive information is presented, signs with either ontological (instructions without explanation) or teleological (instructions with explanation) information were positioned along the path towards the site. A control group, to which no signs were provided, was also observed. Our results show that the majority of the tested behaviour was influenced when signs were present and that under some conditions teleological signs were more effective than ontological. The type of visitor group was found to significantly influence behaviour, with families having the most intrusive behaviour compared to singles, couples or other groups. The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of how interpretative signage can modify tourist behaviour to facilitate sustainable wildlife tourism. The use of teleological signs for managing wildlife tourism activities is recommended because they are more effective than ontological signs in terms of modifying the general visitor behaviour. In addition, signage and other management strategies should address the different needs and responses relevant to the nature of the tourist group visiting the site. Special focus should be placed on families when signs are designed because this group type showed the highest probability of causing disturbance at the site. Management implications In this paper we show that interpretation through signage can be a useful tool for sustainable development and management of wildlife watching. We recommend the following when designing interpretive signs: •Visitors should be provided with teleological, rather than ontological, information.•Signs should include illustrations with informative text.•The information provided should take care to address families because they show the most intrusive behaviour.•Information should be offered in multiple languages, as appropriate, to make information accessible to the greatest number of visitors.•The content of the information should include practical information about wildlife protection, take home messages and comparisons between wildlife and humans to enable visitors to more readily establish a psychological connection with the wildlife. Although signage has many advantages, other methods for conveying information, such as guided tours with educated guides, are suggested as a way of supplementing signs.

@article{mutanga_travel_2017,
	title = {Travel motivation and tourist satisfaction with wildlife tourism experiences in {Gonarezhou} and {Matusadona} {National} {Parks}, {Zimbabwe}},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {2213-0780},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jort.2017.08.001},
	abstract = {We investigated tourist motivation for visiting two African state protected areas, tourists’ wildlife tourism experiences, predictors of wildlife tourism experiences and overall satisfaction with the entire holiday or trip experience. Data were collected in Gonarezhou and Matusadona National Parks, Zimbabwe, in December 2015 using 128 questionnaire surveys. Tourists’ push factors for visiting national parks were ‘recreation and knowledge seeking’, ‘appreciating wildlife’ and ‘feeling close to nature’. Pull factors for the two parks were largely similar with common factors being abundance of wildlife, availability of different animal species, availability of different plant species, wilderness, beautiful landscape and peaceful/quiet environment. We established that different motivation factors had different influences on wildlife tourism experiences. Satisfaction with wildlife tourism experiences was predicted by experiences with wildlife interaction and satisfaction with prices charged in the parks, while overall satisfaction with the entire holiday/trip experiences was predicted by satisfaction with wildlife tourism experiences, enhanced by interpretation and interaction with wild animals. The study highlights that while understanding tourist motivations is important, it is also beneficial for park planning and management to understand the predictors of good wildlife tourism experiences. We recommend that marketing for the two parks need to consider the tourist heterogeneity and demographic-based needs in the development of different travel products and promotional programs.
Management implications
While marketing for national parks needs to emphasise more on factors that motivate tourists to visit the parks, it is important to factor in the heterogeneity that exists among park tourists. Hence, in predicting variation in tourist motivation to travel, their demographic profiles should be considered. To enhance wildlife tourism experiences, park management can provide more opportunities for tourists to learn about nature and ensure the availability of wildlife species through enforcing mechanism to reduce poaching and habitat destruction. Park management also need to enhance tourists’ opportunities to learn more about nature. This is necessary to increase the level of tourist satisfaction.},
	urldate = {2019-06-08},
	journal = {Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism},
	author = {Mutanga, Chiedza Ngonidzashe and Vengesayi, Sebastian and Chikuta, Oliver and Muboko, Never and Gandiwa, Edson},
	month = dec,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Experiences, Interpretation, Motivation, National park, Satisfaction, Wildlife tourism},
	pages = {1--18},
}

We investigated tourist motivation for visiting two African state protected areas, tourists’ wildlife tourism experiences, predictors of wildlife tourism experiences and overall satisfaction with the entire holiday or trip experience. Data were collected in Gonarezhou and Matusadona National Parks, Zimbabwe, in December 2015 using 128 questionnaire surveys. Tourists’ push factors for visiting national parks were ‘recreation and knowledge seeking’, ‘appreciating wildlife’ and ‘feeling close to nature’. Pull factors for the two parks were largely similar with common factors being abundance of wildlife, availability of different animal species, availability of different plant species, wilderness, beautiful landscape and peaceful/quiet environment. We established that different motivation factors had different influences on wildlife tourism experiences. Satisfaction with wildlife tourism experiences was predicted by experiences with wildlife interaction and satisfaction with prices charged in the parks, while overall satisfaction with the entire holiday/trip experiences was predicted by satisfaction with wildlife tourism experiences, enhanced by interpretation and interaction with wild animals. The study highlights that while understanding tourist motivations is important, it is also beneficial for park planning and management to understand the predictors of good wildlife tourism experiences. We recommend that marketing for the two parks need to consider the tourist heterogeneity and demographic-based needs in the development of different travel products and promotional programs. Management implications While marketing for national parks needs to emphasise more on factors that motivate tourists to visit the parks, it is important to factor in the heterogeneity that exists among park tourists. Hence, in predicting variation in tourist motivation to travel, their demographic profiles should be considered. To enhance wildlife tourism experiences, park management can provide more opportunities for tourists to learn about nature and ensure the availability of wildlife species through enforcing mechanism to reduce poaching and habitat destruction. Park management also need to enhance tourists’ opportunities to learn more about nature. This is necessary to increase the level of tourist satisfaction.

@incollection{green_wildlife_2017,
	address = {Cham},
	series = {Geoheritage, {Geoparks} and {Geotourism}},
	title = {Wildlife {Tourism}, a {Multidisciplinary} {Field} of {Inquiries} and {Insights}: {Final} {Considerations}},
	isbn = {978-3-319-55574-4},
	shorttitle = {Wildlife {Tourism}, a {Multidisciplinary} {Field} of {Inquiries} and {Insights}},
	abstract = {This conclusion chapter offers a summary of key contributions of each chapter, gathering the main conceptual approaches and major issues of the case studies presented in the volume. A recurring theme is the importance of quality interpretation for visitors and tourism businesses in the wildlife tourism sector. As readers will have noted, the chapters encompass a range of wildlife topics to varied audiences to convey information, a sense of wonder and concern for conservation. The authors have sought to present their topics bias-free by balancing ecological and anthropocentric views, but the welfare and conservation of wildlife used as tourism attractions, whether captive, semi-captive or in the wild, has been of major concern. Ethical and moral issues pervade the discussions on human-animal encounters, particularly in situations where wildlife has apparently been over-exploited for entertaining visitors. While extreme cases such as obvious abuses of animal welfare and practices that threatened endangered species are easy to condemn, the debates are often not so easy to resolve with the simple answers that many hope for. Emotions are often high when pros and cons of various tourism operations are discussed, but there remains much that we do not know about pressures on the ecological needs of wildlife and the seriousness of stress imposed on individual animals. Much further research related to some of the impasses and deadlocks related to wildlife tourism planning and management would be valuable for future publications. For example, some argue that the 'end of zoos' should become a future reality, or that zoos should be replaced by sanctuaries, while others point to valuable work by zoos supporting conservation, caring for rescued wildlife, educating the public and conducting research. There will also be many readers who will be uncomfortable with the chapter on hunting, while others will maintain that although we must remain vigilant on the welfare and conservation implications, without hunters many areas that retain most of their natural attributes would never have been protected and may not remain protected into the future if all hunting is banned. Management of both animals and people is crucial to truly sustainable wildlife tourism, to mediate the interaction with wildlife in tourism contexts and incorporate compassionate and conservation-based ideology. Integration of different disciplines is essential, which may be a novel approach for many and call for innovative goals, research and management plans.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-06-08},
	booktitle = {Wildlife {Tourism}, {Environmental} {Learning} and {Ethical} {Encounters}: {Ecological} and {Conservation} {Aspects}},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	author = {Green, Ronda J. and Borges de Lima, Ismar},
	editor = {Borges de Lima, Ismar and Green, Ronda J.},
	year = {2017},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-55574-4_19},
	keywords = {Animal welfare, Conservation ideology, Environmental awareness, Multidisciplinary approaches, Planning and management, Sustainable wildlife tourism},
	pages = {289--292},
}

This conclusion chapter offers a summary of key contributions of each chapter, gathering the main conceptual approaches and major issues of the case studies presented in the volume. A recurring theme is the importance of quality interpretation for visitors and tourism businesses in the wildlife tourism sector. As readers will have noted, the chapters encompass a range of wildlife topics to varied audiences to convey information, a sense of wonder and concern for conservation. The authors have sought to present their topics bias-free by balancing ecological and anthropocentric views, but the welfare and conservation of wildlife used as tourism attractions, whether captive, semi-captive or in the wild, has been of major concern. Ethical and moral issues pervade the discussions on human-animal encounters, particularly in situations where wildlife has apparently been over-exploited for entertaining visitors. While extreme cases such as obvious abuses of animal welfare and practices that threatened endangered species are easy to condemn, the debates are often not so easy to resolve with the simple answers that many hope for. Emotions are often high when pros and cons of various tourism operations are discussed, but there remains much that we do not know about pressures on the ecological needs of wildlife and the seriousness of stress imposed on individual animals. Much further research related to some of the impasses and deadlocks related to wildlife tourism planning and management would be valuable for future publications. For example, some argue that the 'end of zoos' should become a future reality, or that zoos should be replaced by sanctuaries, while others point to valuable work by zoos supporting conservation, caring for rescued wildlife, educating the public and conducting research. There will also be many readers who will be uncomfortable with the chapter on hunting, while others will maintain that although we must remain vigilant on the welfare and conservation implications, without hunters many areas that retain most of their natural attributes would never have been protected and may not remain protected into the future if all hunting is banned. Management of both animals and people is crucial to truly sustainable wildlife tourism, to mediate the interaction with wildlife in tourism contexts and incorporate compassionate and conservation-based ideology. Integration of different disciplines is essential, which may be a novel approach for many and call for innovative goals, research and management plans.

@incollection{burns_ethics_2017,
	address = {Cham},
	series = {Geoheritage, {Geoparks} and {Geotourism}},
	title = {Ethics and {Responsibility} in {Wildlife} {Tourism}: {Lessons} from {Compassionate} {Conservation} in the {Anthropocene}},
	isbn = {978-3-319-55574-4},
	shorttitle = {Ethics and {Responsibility} in {Wildlife} {Tourism}},
	abstract = {Whether captive or non-captive, consumptive or non-consumptive, targeted or non-targeted, guided or non-guided, wildlife tourism activities have traditionally been dominated by an anthropocentric worldview that recognizes wildlife only for its extrinsic value. This chapter argues that the advent of the Anthropocene provides an opportunity for humans to accept responsibility for how they engage with animals in tourism settings and ethically reassess this engagement. Reviewing theories of ethics dealing with animals, tourism, the environment and conservation, the conclusion is drawn that in order to effectively manage wildlife tourism for the equitable benefit of both humans and wildlife, and thus create a viable wildlife tourism ethic, valuable lessons can be extracted from an approach that embodies compassionate conservation.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-06-08},
	booktitle = {Wildlife {Tourism}, {Environmental} {Learning} and {Ethical} {Encounters}: {Ecological} and {Conservation} {Aspects}},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	author = {Burns, Georgette Leah},
	editor = {Borges de Lima, Ismar and Green, Ronda J.},
	year = {2017},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-55574-4_13},
	keywords = {Anthropocene, Compassionate, Conservation, Ethics, Management, Responsibility, Wildlife tourism},
	pages = {213--220},
}

Whether captive or non-captive, consumptive or non-consumptive, targeted or non-targeted, guided or non-guided, wildlife tourism activities have traditionally been dominated by an anthropocentric worldview that recognizes wildlife only for its extrinsic value. This chapter argues that the advent of the Anthropocene provides an opportunity for humans to accept responsibility for how they engage with animals in tourism settings and ethically reassess this engagement. Reviewing theories of ethics dealing with animals, tourism, the environment and conservation, the conclusion is drawn that in order to effectively manage wildlife tourism for the equitable benefit of both humans and wildlife, and thus create a viable wildlife tourism ethic, valuable lessons can be extracted from an approach that embodies compassionate conservation.

@incollection{howlader_planning_2017,
	title = {Planning and {Development} of {Wildlife} {Tourism} in {Bangladesh}},
	booktitle = {Wilderness of {Wildlife} {Tourism}},
	publisher = {Apple Academic Press},
	author = {Howlader, Md Ziaul Haque and Chowdhury, Aparup},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {27--36},
}

@article{mcintosh_emotional_2017,
	title = {Emotional processing as an important part of the wildlife viewing experience},
	volume = {18},
	journal = {Journal of outdoor recreation and tourism},
	author = {McIntosh, Danielle and Wright, Pamela A.},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {1--9},
}

@article{griffiths_heritage_2017,
	title = {Heritage lost: {The} cultural impact of wildlife crime in {South} {Africa}},
	volume = {60},
	shorttitle = {Heritage lost},
	journal = {South African Crime Quarterly},
	author = {Griffiths, Megan},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {45--50},
}

@article{araujo_assessing_2017,
	title = {Assessing the impacts of tourism on the world's largest fish {Rhincodon} typus at {Panaon} {Island}, {Southern} {Leyte}, {Philippines}},
	volume = {27},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems},
	author = {Araujo, Gonzalo and Vivier, Fabien and Labaja, Jessica June and Hartley, Daniel and Ponzo, Alessandro},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {986--994},
}

@article{apps_is_2017,
	title = {Is there a place for education and interpretation in shark-based tourism?},
	volume = {42},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Tourism Recreation Research},
	author = {Apps, Kirin and Dimmock, Kay and Lloyd, David J. and Huveneers, Charlie},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {327--343},
}

@book{ateljevic_tourism_2017,
	title = {Tourism and entrepreneurship},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Ateljevic, Jovo and Page, Stephen J.},
	year = {2017},
}

@article{burgoyne_managing_2017,
	title = {Managing stakeholder relations, natural resources and tourism: {A} case study from {Ololosokwan}, {Tanzania}},
	volume = {17},
	shorttitle = {Managing stakeholder relations, natural resources and tourism},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Tourism and Hospitality Research},
	author = {Burgoyne, Chris and Mearns, Kevin},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {68--78},
}

@article{birnie-gauvin_nutritional_2017,
	title = {Nutritional physiology and ecology of wildlife in a changing world},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Conservation physiology},
	author = {Birnie-Gauvin, Kim and Peiman, Kathryn S. and Raubenheimer, David and Cooke, Steven J.},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {cox030},
}

@article{bello_constraints_2017,
	title = {Constraints of community participation in protected area-based tourism planning: {The} case of {Malawi}},
	volume = {16},
	shorttitle = {Constraints of community participation in protected area-based tourism planning},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Ecotourism},
	author = {Bello, Felix G. and Lovelock, Brent and Carr, Neil},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {131--151},
}

@article{de_brauwer_economic_2017,
	title = {The economic contribution of the muck dive industry to tourism in {Southeast} {Asia}},
	volume = {83},
	journal = {Marine Policy},
	author = {De Brauwer, Maarten and Harvey, Euan S. and McIlwain, Jennifer L. and Hobbs, Jean-Paul A. and Jompa, Jamaluddin and Burton, Michael},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {92--99},
}

@article{owuor_community_2017,
	title = {Community tourism and its role among agropastoralists in {Laikipia} {County}, {Kenya}},
	volume = {23},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Tourism Economics},
	author = {Owuor, George and Knerr, Beatrice and Ochieng, Justus and Wambua, Tom and Magero, Chris},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {229--236},
}

@article{bushell_tourism_2017,
	title = {Tourism in protected areas: {Developing} meaningful standards},
	volume = {17},
	shorttitle = {Tourism in protected areas},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Tourism and Hospitality Research},
	author = {Bushell, Robyn and Bricker, Kelly},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {106--120},
}

@article{hassan_wildlife_2017,
	title = {Wildlife tourism: {Technology} adoption for marketing and conservation},
	shorttitle = {Wildlife tourism},
	journal = {WILDERNESS OF WILDLIFE TOURISM},
	author = {HASSAN, AZIZUL and SHARMA, ANUKRATI},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {61},
}

@article{yurco_humanwildlife_2017,
	title = {Human–wildlife interactions and environmental dynamics in the {Okavango} {Delta}, {Botswana}},
	volume = {30},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Society \& Natural Resources},
	author = {Yurco, Kayla and King, Brian and Young, Kenneth R. and Crews, Kelley A.},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {1112--1126},
}

@article{mbaiwa_poverty_2017,
	title = {Poverty or riches: who benefits from the booming tourism industry in {Botswana}?},
	volume = {35},
	shorttitle = {Poverty or riches},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Contemporary African Studies},
	author = {Mbaiwa, Joseph E.},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {93--112},
}

@article{pearce_what_2017,
	title = {What fosters awe-inspiring experiences in nature-based tourism destinations?},
	volume = {25},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of sustainable tourism},
	author = {Pearce, Joanna and Strickland-Munro, Jennifer and Moore, Susan A.},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {362--378},
}

@article{rylance_reducing_2017,
	title = {Reducing economic leakages from tourism: {A} value chain assessment of the tourism industry in {Kasane}, {Botswana}},
	volume = {34},
	shorttitle = {Reducing economic leakages from tourism},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Development Southern Africa},
	author = {Rylance, Andrew and Spenceley, Anna},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {295--313},
}

@article{bateman_are_2017,
	title = {Are negative effects of tourist activities on wildlife over-reported? {A} review of assessment methods and empirical results},
	volume = {211},
	shorttitle = {Are negative effects of tourist activities on wildlife over-reported?},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	author = {Bateman, Philip W. and Fleming, Patricia A.},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {10--19},
}

@incollection{green_disturbing_2017,
	title = {Disturbing {Skippy} on {Tour}: {Does} {It} {Really} {Matter}? {Ecological} and {Ethical} {Implications} of {Disturbing} {Wildlife}},
	shorttitle = {Disturbing {Skippy} on {Tour}},
	booktitle = {Wildlife {Tourism}, {Environmental} {Learning} and {Ethical} {Encounters}},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Green, Ronda J.},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {221--233},
}

@book{lew_tourism_2017,
	title = {Tourism resilience and adaptation to environmental change: {Definitions} and frameworks},
	shorttitle = {Tourism resilience and adaptation to environmental change},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Lew, Alan A. and Cheer, Joseph M.},
	year = {2017},
}

@article{grace_reducing_2017,
	title = {Reducing the threat of wildlife-vehicle collisions during peak tourism periods using a {Roadside} {Animal} {Detection} {System}},
	volume = {109},
	journal = {Accident Analysis \& Prevention},
	author = {Grace, Molly K. and Smith, Daniel J. and Noss, Reed F.},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {55--61},
}

@incollection{shannon_ecological_2017,
	title = {Ecological consequences of ecotourism for wildlife populations and communities},
	booktitle = {Ecotourism’s {Promise} and {Peril}},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Shannon, Graeme and Larson, Courtney L. and Reed, Sarah E. and Crooks, Kevin R. and Angeloni, Lisa M.},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {29--46},
}

@book{chen_nature_2017,
	title = {Nature tourism},
	publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
	author = {Chen, Joseph S. and Prebensen, Nina K.},
	year = {2017},
}

@article{walker_new_2017,
	title = {A new model for guide training and transformative outcomes: a case study in sustainable marine-wildlife ecotourism},
	volume = {16},
	shorttitle = {A new model for guide training and transformative outcomes},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Ecotourism},
	author = {Walker, Kaye and Weiler, Betty},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {269--290},
}

@article{rogan_illegal_2017,
	title = {Illegal bushmeat hunters compete with predators and threaten wild herbivore populations in a global tourism hotspot},
	volume = {210},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	author = {Rogan, M. S. and Lindsey, Peter Andrew and Tambling, C. J. and Golabek, K. A. and Chase, M. J. and Collins, Kai and McNutt, J. W.},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {233--242},
}

@article{saayman_is_2017,
	title = {Is the rhino worth saving? {A} sustainable tourism perspective},
	volume = {25},
	shorttitle = {Is the rhino worth saving?},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Sustainable Tourism},
	author = {Saayman, Melville and Saayman, Andrea},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {251--264},
}

@article{lyngdoh_tigers_2017,
	title = {Tigers, tourists and wildlife: visitor demographics and experience in three {Indian} {Tiger} {Reserves}},
	volume = {26},
	shorttitle = {Tigers, tourists and wildlife},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
	author = {Lyngdoh, Salvador and Mathur, Vinod B. and Sinha, Bitapi C.},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {2187--2204},
}

@article{needham_manta_2017,
	title = {Manta ray tourism: interpersonal and social values conflicts, sanctions, and management},
	volume = {25},
	shorttitle = {Manta ray tourism},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Journal of Sustainable Tourism},
	author = {Needham, Mark D. and Szuster, Brian W. and Mora, Camilo and Lesar, Laura and Anders, Emma},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {1367--1384},
}

@article{worrell_are_2017,
	title = {Are tourism and conservation compatible for ‘island tame’species?},
	volume = {20},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Animal Conservation},
	author = {Worrell, T. and Admiraal, R. and Bateman, P. W. and Fleming, P. A.},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {155--163},
}

@article{penteriani_consequences_2017,
	title = {Consequences of brown bear viewing tourism: {A} review},
	volume = {206},
	shorttitle = {Consequences of brown bear viewing tourism},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	author = {Penteriani, Vincenzo and López-Bao, José Vicente and Bettega, Chiara and Dalerum, Fredrik and del Mar Delgado, María and Jerina, Klemen and Kojola, Ilpo and Krofel, Miha and Ordiz, Andrés},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {169--180},
}

@incollection{malikhao_elephants_2017,
	title = {Elephants in tourism. {Sustainable} and practical approaches to captive elephant welfare and conservation in {Thailand}},
	booktitle = {Culture and communication in {Thailand}},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Malikhao, Patchanee and Servaes, Lisa},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {127--138},
}

@article{tortato_advances_2017,
	title = {Advances and barriers to the development of jaguar-tourism in the {Brazilian} {Pantanal}},
	volume = {15},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation},
	author = {Tortato, Fernando R. and Izzo, Thiago J.},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {61--63},
}

@book{newsome_natural_2017,
	title = {Natural area tourism},
	publisher = {Channel View Publications},
	author = {Newsome, David},
	year = {2017},
}

@article{tortato_numbers_2017,
	title = {The numbers of the beast: {Valuation} of jaguar ({Panthera} onca) tourism and cattle depredation in the {Brazilian} {Pantanal}},
	volume = {11},
	shorttitle = {The numbers of the beast},
	journal = {Global ecology and conservation},
	author = {Tortato, Fernando R. and Izzo, Thiago J. and Hoogesteijn, Rafael and Peres, Carlos A.},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {106--114},
}

@article{dcruze_review_2017,
	title = {A review of wildlife ecotourism in {Manaus}, {Brazil}},
	volume = {22},
	journal = {Nature Conservation},
	author = {D'Cruze, Neil and Machado, Fernando Carniel and Matthews, Neil and Balaskas, Margaret and Carder, Gemma and Richardson, Vanessa and Vieto, Roberto},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {1--16},
}

@article{allan_can_2017,
	title = {Can integrating wildlife and livestock enhance ecosystem services in central {Kenya}?},
	volume = {15},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment},
	author = {Allan, Brian F. and Tallis, Heather and Chaplin-Kramer, Rebecca and Huckett, Steven and Kowal, Virginia A. and Musengezi, Jessica and Okanga, Sharon and Ostfeld, Richard S. and Schieltz, Jennifer and Warui, Charles M.},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {328--335},
}

@incollection{avila-foucat_influence_2017,
	title = {The influence of ecological attributes and motivations on wildlife tourism: {The} case of birdwatching in {Banderas} {Bay} {Mexico}},
	shorttitle = {The influence of ecological attributes and motivations on wildlife tourism},
	booktitle = {Wilderness of {Wildlife} {Tourism}},
	publisher = {Apple Academic Press},
	author = {Avila-Foucat, V. S. and Sanchez-Vargas, A. and Ibarra, Alonso Aguilar},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {attitudes},
	pages = {211--232},
}

@article{mustika_rapid_2017,
	title = {A rapid assessment of wildlife tourism risk posed to cetaceans in {Asia}},
	volume = {25},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Journal of Sustainable Tourism},
	author = {Mustika, Putu Liza Kusuma and Welters, Riccardo and Ryan, Gerard Edward and D'Lima, Coralie and Sorongon-Yap, Patricia and Jutapruet, Suwat and Peter, Cindy},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {1138--1158},
}

@incollection{newsome_brief_2017,
	title = {A brief consideration of the nature of wildlife tourism},
	booktitle = {Wilderness of {Wildlife} {Tourism}},
	publisher = {Apple Academic Press},
	author = {Newsome, David},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {21--26},
}

@article{oian_rhetoric_2017,
	title = {Rhetoric and hegemony in consumptive wildlife tourism: polarizing sustainability discourses among angling tourism stakeholders},
	volume = {25},
	shorttitle = {Rhetoric and hegemony in consumptive wildlife tourism},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Journal of Sustainable Tourism},
	author = {Øian, Hogne and Aas, Øystein and Skår, Margrete and Andersen, Oddgeir and Stensland, Stian},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {1547--1562},
}

@article{rizzari_observations_2017,
	title = {Observations of marine wildlife tourism effects on a non-focal species},
	volume = {91},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of fish biology},
	author = {Rizzari, J. R. and Semmens, J. M. and Fox, A. and Huveneers, C.},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {981--988},
}

@article{cong_wildlife_2017,
	title = {Wildlife tourism in {China}: a review of the {Chinese} research literature},
	volume = {20},
	shorttitle = {Wildlife tourism in {China}},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Current Issues in Tourism},
	author = {Cong, Li and Newsome, David and Wu, Bihu and Morrison, Alastair M.},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {1116--1139},
}

@article{moorhouse_unethical_2017,
	title = {Unethical use of wildlife in tourism: what's the problem, who is responsible, and what can be done?},
	volume = {25},
	shorttitle = {Unethical use of wildlife in tourism},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Sustainable Tourism},
	author = {Moorhouse, Tom and D'Cruze, Neil C. and Macdonald, David W.},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {505--516},
}

@article{arbieu_mismatches_2017,
	title = {Mismatches between supply and demand in wildlife tourism: {Insights} for assessing cultural ecosystem services},
	volume = {78},
	shorttitle = {Mismatches between supply and demand in wildlife tourism},
	journal = {Ecological Indicators},
	author = {Arbieu, Ugo and Grünewald, Claudia and Martín-López, Berta and Schleuning, Matthias and Böhning-Gaese, Katrin},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {282--291},
}

@article{trave_are_2017,
	title = {Are we killing them with kindness? {Evaluation} of sustainable marine wildlife tourism},
	volume = {209},
	shorttitle = {Are we killing them with kindness?},
	journal = {Biological conservation},
	author = {Trave, Claudia and Brunnschweiler, Juerg and Sheaves, Marcus and Diedrich, Amy and Barnett, Adam},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {211--222},
}

@book{kenyon_big_2017,
	title = {Big {Game}: {The} future of hunting in {America}},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Dallas Safari Club},
	author = {Kenyon, S. and Duda, M.M.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2017},
}

@article{williams_effect_2017,
	title = {The effect of auditory enrichment, rearing method and social environment on the behavior of zoo-housed psittacines ({Aves}: {Psittaciformes}); implications for welfare},
	volume = {186},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci},
	author = {Williams, I. and Hoppitt, W. and Grant, R.},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {85--92},
}

@article{webber_interactive_2017,
	title = {Interactive technology and human–animal encounters at the zoo},
	volume = {98},
	language = {en},
	journal = {International Journal of Human-Computer Studies},
	author = {Webber, S. and Carter, M. and Smith, W.and Vetere and {F.}},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {150--168},
}

@article{waroff_tool_2017,
	title = {Tool use, problem-solving, and the display of stereotypic behaviors in the brown bear ({Ursus} arctos)},
	volume = {17},
	language = {en},
	journal = {J. Vet. Behav},
	author = {Waroff, A. and Fanucchi, L. and Robbins, C. and Nelson, O.},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {62--68},
}

@article{veasey_pursuit_2017,
	title = {In pursuit of peak animal welfare; the need to prioritize the meaningful over the measurable},
	volume = {36},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Zoo biology},
	author = {Veasey, J.S.},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {413--425},
}

@article{bryan_impact_2017,
	title = {The impact of exhibit type on behaviour of caged and free-ranging tamarins},
	volume = {193},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Applied Animal Behaviour Science},
	author = {Bryan, K. and Bremner-Harrison, S. and Price, E. and Wormell, D},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {77--86},
}

@book{borges_de_lima_wildlife_2017,
	address = {Switzerland},
	title = {Wildlife tourism, environmental learning and ethical encounters: ecological and conservation aspects},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Springer},
	editor = {Borges de Lima, I. and Green, R.J.},
	year = {2017},
}

@article{straka_urban_2016,
	title = {Urban bat communities are affected by wetland size, quality, and pollution levels},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {2045-7758},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ece3.2224},
	doi = {10.1002/ece3.2224},
	abstract = {Wetlands support unique biota and provide important ecosystem services. These services are highly threatened due to the rate of loss and relative rarity of wetlands in most landscapes, an issue that is exacerbated in highly modified urban environments. Despite this, critical ecological knowledge is currently lacking for many wetland-dependent taxa, such as insectivorous bats, which can persist in urban areas if their habitats are managed appropriately. Here, we use a novel paired landscape approach to investigate the role of wetlands in urban bat conservation and examine local and landscape factors driving bat species richness and activity. We acoustically monitored bat activity at 58 urban wetlands and 35 nonwetland sites (ecologically similar sites without free-standing water) in the greater Melbourne area, southeastern Australia. We analyzed bat species richness and activity patterns using generalized linear mixed-effects models. We found that the presence of water in urban Melbourne was an important driver of bat species richness and activity at a landscape scale. Increasing distance to bushland and increasing levels of heavy metal pollution within the waterbody also negatively influenced bat richness and individual species activity. Areas with high levels of artificial night light had reduced bat species richness, and reduced activity for all species except those adapted to urban areas, such as the White-striped free-tailed bat (Austronomus australis). Increased surrounding tree cover and wetland size had a positive effect on bat species richness. Our findings indicate that wetlands form critical habitats for insectivorous bats in urban environments. Large, unlit, and unpolluted wetlands flanked by high tree cover in close proximity to bushland contribute most to the richness of the bat community. Our findings clarify the role of wetlands for insectivorous bats in urban areas and will also allow for the preservation, construction, and management of wetlands that maximize conservation outcomes for urban bats and possibly other wetland-dependent and nocturnal fauna.},
	language = {en},
	number = {14},
	urldate = {2023-04-11},
	journal = {Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Straka, Tanja Maria and Lentini, Pia Eloise and Lumsden, Linda Faye and Wintle, Brendan Anthony and van der Ree, Rodney},
	year = {2016},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ece3.2224},
	keywords = {Biodiversity, Chiroptera, conservation, heavy metals, light pollution, urbanization, wetland biota},
	pages = {4761--4774},
}

Wetlands support unique biota and provide important ecosystem services. These services are highly threatened due to the rate of loss and relative rarity of wetlands in most landscapes, an issue that is exacerbated in highly modified urban environments. Despite this, critical ecological knowledge is currently lacking for many wetland-dependent taxa, such as insectivorous bats, which can persist in urban areas if their habitats are managed appropriately. Here, we use a novel paired landscape approach to investigate the role of wetlands in urban bat conservation and examine local and landscape factors driving bat species richness and activity. We acoustically monitored bat activity at 58 urban wetlands and 35 nonwetland sites (ecologically similar sites without free-standing water) in the greater Melbourne area, southeastern Australia. We analyzed bat species richness and activity patterns using generalized linear mixed-effects models. We found that the presence of water in urban Melbourne was an important driver of bat species richness and activity at a landscape scale. Increasing distance to bushland and increasing levels of heavy metal pollution within the waterbody also negatively influenced bat richness and individual species activity. Areas with high levels of artificial night light had reduced bat species richness, and reduced activity for all species except those adapted to urban areas, such as the White-striped free-tailed bat (Austronomus australis). Increased surrounding tree cover and wetland size had a positive effect on bat species richness. Our findings indicate that wetlands form critical habitats for insectivorous bats in urban environments. Large, unlit, and unpolluted wetlands flanked by high tree cover in close proximity to bushland contribute most to the richness of the bat community. Our findings clarify the role of wetlands for insectivorous bats in urban areas and will also allow for the preservation, construction, and management of wetlands that maximize conservation outcomes for urban bats and possibly other wetland-dependent and nocturnal fauna.

@article{straka_urban_2016-1,
	title = {Urban bat communities are affected by wetland size, quality, and pollution levels},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {2045-7758},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ece3.2224},
	doi = {10.1002/ece3.2224},
	abstract = {Wetlands support unique biota and provide important ecosystem services. These services are highly threatened due to the rate of loss and relative rarity of wetlands in most landscapes, an issue that is exacerbated in highly modified urban environments. Despite this, critical ecological knowledge is currently lacking for many wetland-dependent taxa, such as insectivorous bats, which can persist in urban areas if their habitats are managed appropriately. Here, we use a novel paired landscape approach to investigate the role of wetlands in urban bat conservation and examine local and landscape factors driving bat species richness and activity. We acoustically monitored bat activity at 58 urban wetlands and 35 nonwetland sites (ecologically similar sites without free-standing water) in the greater Melbourne area, southeastern Australia. We analyzed bat species richness and activity patterns using generalized linear mixed-effects models. We found that the presence of water in urban Melbourne was an important driver of bat species richness and activity at a landscape scale. Increasing distance to bushland and increasing levels of heavy metal pollution within the waterbody also negatively influenced bat richness and individual species activity. Areas with high levels of artificial night light had reduced bat species richness, and reduced activity for all species except those adapted to urban areas, such as the White-striped free-tailed bat (Austronomus australis). Increased surrounding tree cover and wetland size had a positive effect on bat species richness. Our findings indicate that wetlands form critical habitats for insectivorous bats in urban environments. Large, unlit, and unpolluted wetlands flanked by high tree cover in close proximity to bushland contribute most to the richness of the bat community. Our findings clarify the role of wetlands for insectivorous bats in urban areas and will also allow for the preservation, construction, and management of wetlands that maximize conservation outcomes for urban bats and possibly other wetland-dependent and nocturnal fauna.},
	language = {en},
	number = {14},
	urldate = {2023-03-15},
	journal = {Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Straka, Tanja Maria and Lentini, Pia Eloise and Lumsden, Linda Faye and Wintle, Brendan Anthony and van der Ree, Rodney},
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {Biodiversity, Chiroptera, conservation, heavy metals, light pollution, urbanization, wetland biota},
	pages = {4761--4774},
}

Wetlands support unique biota and provide important ecosystem services. These services are highly threatened due to the rate of loss and relative rarity of wetlands in most landscapes, an issue that is exacerbated in highly modified urban environments. Despite this, critical ecological knowledge is currently lacking for many wetland-dependent taxa, such as insectivorous bats, which can persist in urban areas if their habitats are managed appropriately. Here, we use a novel paired landscape approach to investigate the role of wetlands in urban bat conservation and examine local and landscape factors driving bat species richness and activity. We acoustically monitored bat activity at 58 urban wetlands and 35 nonwetland sites (ecologically similar sites without free-standing water) in the greater Melbourne area, southeastern Australia. We analyzed bat species richness and activity patterns using generalized linear mixed-effects models. We found that the presence of water in urban Melbourne was an important driver of bat species richness and activity at a landscape scale. Increasing distance to bushland and increasing levels of heavy metal pollution within the waterbody also negatively influenced bat richness and individual species activity. Areas with high levels of artificial night light had reduced bat species richness, and reduced activity for all species except those adapted to urban areas, such as the White-striped free-tailed bat (Austronomus australis). Increased surrounding tree cover and wetland size had a positive effect on bat species richness. Our findings indicate that wetlands form critical habitats for insectivorous bats in urban environments. Large, unlit, and unpolluted wetlands flanked by high tree cover in close proximity to bushland contribute most to the richness of the bat community. Our findings clarify the role of wetlands for insectivorous bats in urban areas and will also allow for the preservation, construction, and management of wetlands that maximize conservation outcomes for urban bats and possibly other wetland-dependent and nocturnal fauna.

@article{hale_ecological_2016,
	title = {Ecological traps: current evidence and future directions},
	volume = {283},
	shorttitle = {Ecological traps},
	number = {1824},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Hale, Robin and Swearer, Stephen E.},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: The Royal Society},
	pages = {20152647},
}

@article{kelm_non-invasive_2016,
	title = {Non-invasive monitoring of stress hormones in the bat {Eptesicus} isabellinus–{Do} fecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations correlate with survival?},
	volume = {226},
	journal = {General and Comparative Endocrinology},
	author = {Kelm, Detlev H. and Popa-Lisseanu, Ana G. and Dehnhard, Martin and Ibáñez, Carlos},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	pages = {27--35},
}

@article{hing_relationship_2016,
	title = {The relationship between physiological stress and wildlife disease: consequences for health and conservation},
	volume = {43},
	shorttitle = {The relationship between physiological stress and wildlife disease},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Wildlife Research},
	author = {Hing, Stephanie and Narayan, Edward J. and Thompson, RC Andrew and Godfrey, Stephanie S.},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: CSIRO Publishing},
	pages = {51--60},
}

@article{kelm_non-invasive_2016-1,
	title = {Non-invasive monitoring of stress hormones in the bat {Eptesicus} isabellinus–{Do} fecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations correlate with survival?},
	volume = {226},
	journal = {General and Comparative Endocrinology},
	author = {Kelm, Detlev H. and Popa-Lisseanu, Ana G. and Dehnhard, Martin and Ibáñez, Carlos},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	pages = {27--35},
}

@article{widdows_urban_2016,
	title = {Urban roost temperatures of large-spotted-genets: {The} effect of anthropogenic structures},
	volume = {57},
	issn = {03064565},
	shorttitle = {Urban roost temperatures of large-spotted-genets},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306456515302096},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.02.004},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-08-03},
	journal = {Journal of Thermal Biology},
	author = {Widdows, C.D. and Downs, C.T.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {66--71},
}

@article{parry-jones_baseline_2016,
	title = {Baseline levels of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites and indications of chronic stress in the vulnerable grey-headed flying-fox, {Pteropus} poliocephalus},
	volume = {38},
	doi = {10.1071/AM15030},
	abstract = {The physiological stress hormone levels and physical condition of captured urban flying-foxes experiencing a food shortage were compared with those of free-living rural flying-foxes with access to supplementary food. Glucocorticoid hormone levels were determined by measuring glucocorticoid metabolites (GCMs) from the faeces of individual animals. The rural flying-foxes were in good condition with high Body Condition Indexes (BCIs) and low levels of GCMs, the range of which may be considered the baseline for this species. In comparison, urban flying-foxes had lower BCIs and elevated levels of GCMs: 75\% had levels that were higher than the rural range and 30\% were higher by an order of magnitude. Such elevated levels of glucocorticoid ('stress') hormones are characteristic of chronic stress. While urbanisation can cause chronic stress, given the low BCIs observed, it is more likely that food shortage was the major stressor in this study. While the rural male and female flying-foxes showed no significant differences in either their levels of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites or their BCIs, significantly different results were found between male and female urban flying-foxes: males were in relatively better condition than females but had higher levels of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites. The autumn and winter reproductive constraints on food-restricted flying-foxes probably explain the differences observed. Additional droppings collected under the urban colony gave similar results to those collected from captured flying-foxes at the same location, and could be a useful non-invasive method for determining the levels of physiological stress in flying-fox colonies.},
	journal = {Australian Mammalogy},
	author = {Parry-Jones, Kerryn and Webster, Koa and Divljan, Anja},
	month = jan,
	year = {2016},
}

The physiological stress hormone levels and physical condition of captured urban flying-foxes experiencing a food shortage were compared with those of free-living rural flying-foxes with access to supplementary food. Glucocorticoid hormone levels were determined by measuring glucocorticoid metabolites (GCMs) from the faeces of individual animals. The rural flying-foxes were in good condition with high Body Condition Indexes (BCIs) and low levels of GCMs, the range of which may be considered the baseline for this species. In comparison, urban flying-foxes had lower BCIs and elevated levels of GCMs: 75% had levels that were higher than the rural range and 30% were higher by an order of magnitude. Such elevated levels of glucocorticoid ('stress') hormones are characteristic of chronic stress. While urbanisation can cause chronic stress, given the low BCIs observed, it is more likely that food shortage was the major stressor in this study. While the rural male and female flying-foxes showed no significant differences in either their levels of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites or their BCIs, significantly different results were found between male and female urban flying-foxes: males were in relatively better condition than females but had higher levels of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites. The autumn and winter reproductive constraints on food-restricted flying-foxes probably explain the differences observed. Additional droppings collected under the urban colony gave similar results to those collected from captured flying-foxes at the same location, and could be a useful non-invasive method for determining the levels of physiological stress in flying-fox colonies.

@article{banskar_microbiome_2016,
	title = {Microbiome analysis reveals the abundance of bacterial pathogens in {Rousettus} leschenaultii guano},
	volume = {6},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Scientific reports},
	author = {Banskar, Sunil and Bhute, Shrikant S. and Suryavanshi, Mangesh V. and Punekar, Sachin and Shouche, Yogesh S.},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	pages = {1--13},
}

@article{ancillotto_extraordinary_2016,
	title = {Extraordinary range expansion in a common bat: the potential roles of climate change and urbanisation},
	volume = {103},
	shorttitle = {Extraordinary range expansion in a common bat},
	number = {3},
	journal = {The Science of Nature},
	author = {Ancillotto, L. and Santini, L. and Ranc, N. and Maiorano, L. and Russo, D.},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	pages = {1--8},
}

@incollection{jung_urbanisation_2016,
	title = {Urbanisation and its effects on bats—a global meta-analysis},
	booktitle = {Bats in the {Anthropocene}: conservation of bats in a changing world},
	publisher = {Springer, Cham},
	author = {Jung, Kirsten and Threlfall, Caragh G.},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {13--33},
}

@incollection{voigt_bats_2016,
	title = {Bats and buildings: the conservation of synanthropic bats},
	shorttitle = {Bats and buildings},
	booktitle = {Bats in the {Anthropocene}: conservation of bats in a changing world},
	publisher = {Springer, Cham},
	author = {Voigt, Christian C. and Phelps, Kendra L. and Aguirre, Luis F. and Corrie Schoeman, M. and Vanitharani, Juliet and Zubaid, Akbar},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {427--462},
}

@incollection{jung_urbanisation_2016-1,
	title = {Urbanisation and its effects on bats—a global meta-analysis},
	booktitle = {Bats in the {Anthropocene}: conservation of bats in a changing world},
	publisher = {Springer, Cham},
	author = {Jung, Kirsten and Threlfall, Caragh G.},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {13--33},
}

@article{parry-jones_baseline_2016,
	title = {Baseline levels of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites and indications of chronic stress in the vulnerable grey-headed flying-fox, {Pteropus} poliocephalus},
	volume = {38},
	doi = {10.1071/AM15030},
	abstract = {The physiological stress hormone levels and physical condition of captured urban flying-foxes experiencing a food shortage were compared with those of free-living rural flying-foxes with access to supplementary food. Glucocorticoid hormone levels were determined by measuring glucocorticoid metabolites (GCMs) from the faeces of individual animals. The rural flying-foxes were in good condition with high Body Condition Indexes (BCIs) and low levels of GCMs, the range of which may be considered the baseline for this species. In comparison, urban flying-foxes had lower BCIs and elevated levels of GCMs: 75\% had levels that were higher than the rural range and 30\% were higher by an order of magnitude. Such elevated levels of glucocorticoid ('stress') hormones are characteristic of chronic stress. While urbanisation can cause chronic stress, given the low BCIs observed, it is more likely that food shortage was the major stressor in this study. While the rural male and female flying-foxes showed no significant differences in either their levels of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites or their BCIs, significantly different results were found between male and female urban flying-foxes: males were in relatively better condition than females but had higher levels of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites. The autumn and winter reproductive constraints on food-restricted flying-foxes probably explain the differences observed. Additional droppings collected under the urban colony gave similar results to those collected from captured flying-foxes at the same location, and could be a useful non-invasive method for determining the levels of physiological stress in flying-fox colonies.},
	journal = {Australian Mammalogy},
	author = {Parry-Jones, Kerryn and Webster, Koa and Divljan, Anja},
	month = jan,
	year = {2016},
}

The physiological stress hormone levels and physical condition of captured urban flying-foxes experiencing a food shortage were compared with those of free-living rural flying-foxes with access to supplementary food. Glucocorticoid hormone levels were determined by measuring glucocorticoid metabolites (GCMs) from the faeces of individual animals. The rural flying-foxes were in good condition with high Body Condition Indexes (BCIs) and low levels of GCMs, the range of which may be considered the baseline for this species. In comparison, urban flying-foxes had lower BCIs and elevated levels of GCMs: 75% had levels that were higher than the rural range and 30% were higher by an order of magnitude. Such elevated levels of glucocorticoid ('stress') hormones are characteristic of chronic stress. While urbanisation can cause chronic stress, given the low BCIs observed, it is more likely that food shortage was the major stressor in this study. While the rural male and female flying-foxes showed no significant differences in either their levels of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites or their BCIs, significantly different results were found between male and female urban flying-foxes: males were in relatively better condition than females but had higher levels of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites. The autumn and winter reproductive constraints on food-restricted flying-foxes probably explain the differences observed. Additional droppings collected under the urban colony gave similar results to those collected from captured flying-foxes at the same location, and could be a useful non-invasive method for determining the levels of physiological stress in flying-fox colonies.

@article{mellor_updating_2016,
	title = {Updating {Animal} {Welfare} {Thinking}: {Moving} beyond the “{Five} {Freedoms}” towards “{A} {Life} {Worth} {Living}.”},
	volume = {2016},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Animals},
	author = {Mellor, D.J.},
	year = {2016},
}

@article{pratt_can_2016,
	title = {Can {Marine} {Wildlife} {Tourism} {Provide} an “{Edutaining}” {Experience}?},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {1054-8408},
	abstract = {Marine-based tourism can be both an entertaining and educational experience for tourists – “edutainment”. This research surveys participants of a dolphin watching program in Fiji to assess their motives to participate in dolphin watching. The research also examines the extent to which education and enjoyment of the marine wildlife tourism experience can contribute to intended pro-environmental behavior. The study reveals there is moderate evidence to support the hypothesis. Although the educational aspect of the trip was limited, satisfaction with the experience was high. However, there is an opportunity for increased education and interpretation in the context of the experience.},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2019-06-08},
	journal = {Journal of Travel \& Tourism Marketing},
	author = {Pratt, Stephen and Suntikul, Wantanee},
	month = jul,
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {Marine ecotourism, dolphins, education, interpretation, visitor attitudes},
	pages = {867--884},
}

Marine-based tourism can be both an entertaining and educational experience for tourists – “edutainment”. This research surveys participants of a dolphin watching program in Fiji to assess their motives to participate in dolphin watching. The research also examines the extent to which education and enjoyment of the marine wildlife tourism experience can contribute to intended pro-environmental behavior. The study reveals there is moderate evidence to support the hypothesis. Although the educational aspect of the trip was limited, satisfaction with the experience was high. However, there is an opportunity for increased education and interpretation in the context of the experience.

@article{cong_empirical_2016,
	title = {Empirical research on environmental attitude of non-consumptive wildlife tourism: {A} case study of {Dolphin} {Discovery} {Center} ({DDC}) in {Bunbury}, {Australia}},
	volume = {52},
	copyright = {© 2016 Peking University.},
	issn = {04798023},
	shorttitle = {Empirical research on environmental attitude of non-consumptive wildlife tourism},
	abstract = {The study site is the Dolphin Discovery Center (DDC) in Bunbury, Australia. Based on New Environ-mental Paradigm, combined with cluster analysis and variance analysis to examine the extent of environmental attitude for DDC and demographic differences, the main conclusions are as follows. Firstly, taxonomies were proposed according to different environmental attitudes, and wildlife tourists are classified into anthropocentrism, neutrally and ecological-centre. Wildlife tourists' environmental attitudes are ecologically-centered. In addition, tourists' demographic characteristics differences in environmental attitude are examined. Gender and education have significant differences in non-consumptive environmental attitude (p≤0.05). Age, income and family status all do not have significant differences in environmental attitude (p≤0.05). Last, travel behaviours, information source from personal experience and willingness to revisit have a significant difference in the environment attitude (p≤0.05), and travel companion, spending and time stayed and satisfaction have no significant difference (p≤0.05). This study is likely to have a deep understanding of wildlife tourists and the complex process of tourists' interaction with wild animals and is of great significance for wildlife tourism destination management.},
	language = {eng},
	urldate = {2019-06-08},
	journal = {Beijing Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue Ban)/Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis},
	author = {Cong, L. and Wu, B. and Zhang, Y. and Newsome, D.},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {295--302},
}

The study site is the Dolphin Discovery Center (DDC) in Bunbury, Australia. Based on New Environ-mental Paradigm, combined with cluster analysis and variance analysis to examine the extent of environmental attitude for DDC and demographic differences, the main conclusions are as follows. Firstly, taxonomies were proposed according to different environmental attitudes, and wildlife tourists are classified into anthropocentrism, neutrally and ecological-centre. Wildlife tourists' environmental attitudes are ecologically-centered. In addition, tourists' demographic characteristics differences in environmental attitude are examined. Gender and education have significant differences in non-consumptive environmental attitude (p≤0.05). Age, income and family status all do not have significant differences in environmental attitude (p≤0.05). Last, travel behaviours, information source from personal experience and willingness to revisit have a significant difference in the environment attitude (p≤0.05), and travel companion, spending and time stayed and satisfaction have no significant difference (p≤0.05). This study is likely to have a deep understanding of wildlife tourists and the complex process of tourists' interaction with wild animals and is of great significance for wildlife tourism destination management.

@article{dlima_using_2016,
	title = {Using regional geographic scale substitution to value coastal wildlife tourism: {Implications} for stakeholders, conservation and management},
	volume = {128},
	issn = {0964-5691},
	shorttitle = {Using regional geographic scale substitution to value coastal wildlife tourism},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.04.019},
	abstract = {Marine and coastal wildlife tourism industries such as cetacean and shark tourism are increasing globally, as is the need to value and sustainably manage these industries. To reliably estimate expenditures attributable to wildlife tourism, it is important to consider the degree to which the target species can be substituted by other attractions in the same geographic area. However, the effect of substitution between coastal wildlife tourism industries and other geographically-connected tourist attractions across a broad region is typically neglected. We value a coastal wildlife tourism industry by considering the influence of substitution between wildlife tourism and other attractions, locally and regionally. Using surveys, we found that dolphin-watching at Chilika Lagoon was partially substituted by other attractions locally, and geographically neighbouring attractions in the region of Odisha (India). If dolphins are extirpated, stakeholders in Chilika and Odisha will lose, but neighbouring stakeholders gain. This approach is useful for: (1) estimating the value of coastal wildlife tourism where neighbouring attractions also draw tourists to a region, (2) identifying which stakeholders to target through conservation and management interventions.},
	urldate = {2019-06-08},
	journal = {Ocean \& Coastal Management},
	author = {D'Lima, Coralie and Welters, Riccardo and Hamann, Mark and Marsh, Helene},
	month = aug,
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {Coastal wildlife tourism, Geographic substitution, Orcaella brevirostris, Tourism valuation, Wildlife conservation, conservation, economics},
	pages = {52--60},
}

Marine and coastal wildlife tourism industries such as cetacean and shark tourism are increasing globally, as is the need to value and sustainably manage these industries. To reliably estimate expenditures attributable to wildlife tourism, it is important to consider the degree to which the target species can be substituted by other attractions in the same geographic area. However, the effect of substitution between coastal wildlife tourism industries and other geographically-connected tourist attractions across a broad region is typically neglected. We value a coastal wildlife tourism industry by considering the influence of substitution between wildlife tourism and other attractions, locally and regionally. Using surveys, we found that dolphin-watching at Chilika Lagoon was partially substituted by other attractions locally, and geographically neighbouring attractions in the region of Odisha (India). If dolphins are extirpated, stakeholders in Chilika and Odisha will lose, but neighbouring stakeholders gain. This approach is useful for: (1) estimating the value of coastal wildlife tourism where neighbouring attractions also draw tourists to a region, (2) identifying which stakeholders to target through conservation and management interventions.

@misc{wilkinson_booming_2016,
	title = {Booming {Tourism} {Becomes} a {Stress} {Test} for {Yellowstone}},
	abstract = {As crowds soar, wildlife can suffer. And for the park's human visitors, the idea of getting away from it all gets tougher.},
	urldate = {2019-06-07},
	journal = {Magazine},
	author = {Wilkinson, T},
	month = apr,
	year = {2016},
}

As crowds soar, wildlife can suffer. And for the park's human visitors, the idea of getting away from it all gets tougher.

@article{eagle_role_2016,
	title = {The role of social marketing, marine turtles and sustainable tourism in reducing plastic pollution},
	volume = {107},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Marine pollution bulletin},
	author = {Eagle, Lynne and Hamann, Mark and Low, David R.},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {324--332},
}

@article{acquah_nature-based_2016,
	title = {Nature-based tourism in {Mole} {National} {Park}, {Ghana}},
	volume = {35},
	number = {1},
	journal = {African Geographical Review},
	author = {Acquah, Emmanuel and Dearden, Philip and Rollins, Rick},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {53--69},
}

@article{caro_wildlife_2016,
	title = {Wildlife and wildlife management in {Tanzania}},
	volume = {30},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	author = {Caro, Tim and Davenport, Tim RB},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {716--723},
}

@article{inman_use_2016,
	title = {The use of marine wildlife-watching codes and their role in managing activities within marine protected areas in {Scotland}},
	volume = {132},
	journal = {Ocean \& coastal management},
	author = {Inman, Anna and Brooker, Esther and Dolman, Sarah and McCann, Rona and Wilson, A. Meriwether W.},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {132--142},
}

@article{masse_political_2016,
	title = {The political ecology of human-wildlife conflict: {Producing} wilderness, insecurity, and displacement in the {Limpopo} {National} {Park}},
	volume = {14},
	shorttitle = {The political ecology of human-wildlife conflict},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Conservation and society},
	author = {Massé, Francis},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {100--111},
}

@article{guerra_boat-based_2016,
	title = {Boat-based tourism and bottlenose dolphins in {Doubtful} {Sound}, {New} {Zealand}: {The} role of management in decreasing dolphin-boat interactions},
	volume = {57},
	shorttitle = {Boat-based tourism and bottlenose dolphins in {Doubtful} {Sound}, {New} {Zealand}},
	journal = {Tourism management},
	author = {Guerra, M. and Dawson, S. M.},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {3--9},
}

@article{bello_community_2016,
	title = {Community participation framework for protected area-based tourism planning},
	volume = {13},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Tourism Planning \& Development},
	author = {Bello, Felix G. and Carr, Neil and Lovelock, Brent},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {469--485},
}

@article{folmer_wildlife_2016,
	title = {Wildlife and flora and the perceived attractiveness of green places: {A} comparison between local and national green places},
	volume = {16},
	shorttitle = {Wildlife and flora and the perceived attractiveness of green places},
	journal = {Journal of outdoor recreation and tourism},
	author = {Folmer, Akke and Haartsen, Tialda and Buijs, Arjen and Huigen, Paulus PP},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {16--23},
}

@incollection{holden_introduction_2016,
	title = {An introduction to tourism–environment relationships},
	booktitle = {Ecotourism and environmental sustainability},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Holden, Andrew},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {35--48},
}

@article{mordue_game-angling_2016,
	title = {Game-angling {Tourism}: {Connecting} {People}, {Places} and {Natures}},
	volume = {18},
	shorttitle = {Game-angling {Tourism}},
	number = {3},
	journal = {International Journal of Tourism Research},
	author = {Mordue, Tom},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {269--276},
}

@article{venables_giant_2016,
	title = {A giant opportunity: the economic impact of manta rays on the {Mozambican} tourism industry—an incentive for increased management and protection},
	volume = {12},
	shorttitle = {A giant opportunity},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Tourism in marine environments},
	author = {Venables, Stephanie and Winstanley, Giles and Bowles, Libby and Marshall, Andrea D.},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {51--68},
}

@article{skupien_teaching_2016,
	title = {Teaching tolerance? {Effects} of conservation education programs on wildlife acceptance capacity for the {American} alligator},
	volume = {21},
	shorttitle = {Teaching tolerance?},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Human Dimensions of Wildlife},
	author = {Skupien, Gregory M. and Andrews, Kimberly M. and Larson, Lincoln R.},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {264--279},
}

@article{weaver_compassion_2016,
	title = {Compassion as a neglected motivator for sustainable tourism},
	volume = {24},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Journal of Sustainable Tourism},
	author = {Weaver, David B. and Jin, Xin},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {657--672},
}

@book{nepal_political_2016,
	title = {Political ecology and tourism},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Nepal, Sanjay and Saarinen, Jarkko},
	year = {2016},
}

@article{habibullah_tourism_2016,
	title = {Tourism and biodiversity loss: implications for business sustainability},
	volume = {35},
	shorttitle = {Tourism and biodiversity loss},
	journal = {Procedia Economics and Finance},
	author = {Habibullah, Muzafar Shah and Din, Badariah Haji and Chong, Choo Wei and Radam, Alias},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {166--172},
}

@incollection{mbaiwa_tourism_2016,
	title = {Tourism development, dispossession and displacement of local communities in the {Okavango} {Delta}, {Botswana}},
	volume = {193},
	number = {206},
	booktitle = {Political ecology and tourism},
	publisher = {ROUTLEDGE in association with GSE Research},
	author = {Mbaiwa, Joseph E.},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {193--206},
}

@incollection{sirgy_developing_2016,
	title = {Developing a eudaimonia research agenda in travel and tourism},
	booktitle = {Handbook of eudaimonic well-being},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Sirgy, M. Joseph and Uysal, Muzaffer},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {485--495},
}

@article{reid_evolution_2016,
	title = {Evolution of models to support community and policy action with science: {Balancing} pastoral livelihoods and wildlife conservation in savannas of {East} {Africa}},
	volume = {113},
	shorttitle = {Evolution of models to support community and policy action with science},
	number = {17},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Reid, Robin S. and Nkedianye, D. and Said, Mohammed Yahya and Kaelo, D. and Neselle, M. and Makui, O. and Onetu, L. and Kiruswa, S. and Kamuaro, N. Ole and Kristjanson, P.},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {4579--4584},
}

@article{munanura_perceptions_2016,
	title = {Perceptions of tourism revenue sharing impacts on {Volcanoes} {National} {Park}, {Rwanda}: a {Sustainable} {Livelihoods} framework},
	volume = {24},
	shorttitle = {Perceptions of tourism revenue sharing impacts on {Volcanoes} {National} {Park}, {Rwanda}},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Journal of Sustainable Tourism},
	author = {Munanura, Ian E. and Backman, Kenneth F. and Hallo, Jeffrey C. and Powell, Robert B.},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1709--1726},
}

@incollection{filep_what_2016,
	title = {What is positive tourism? {Why} do we need it?},
	shorttitle = {What is positive tourism?},
	booktitle = {Positive {Tourism}},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Filep, Sebastian and Laing, Jennifer and Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {17--30},
}

@article{carder_animal_2016,
	title = {The animal welfare implications of civet coffee tourism in {Bali}},
	volume = {25},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Animal Welfare},
	author = {Carder, Gemma and Proctor, H. and Schmidt-Burbach, J. and D’cruze, N.},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {199--205},
}

@article{stone_protected_2016,
	title = {Protected areas, tourism and community livelihoods linkages: a comprehensive analysis approach},
	volume = {24},
	shorttitle = {Protected areas, tourism and community livelihoods linkages},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Journal of Sustainable Tourism},
	author = {Stone, Moren T. and Nyaupane, Gyan P.},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {673--693},
}

@article{kask_understanding_2016,
	title = {Understanding of sustainable tourism among {Russian} tourism managers},
	volume = {14},
	journal = {European Journal of Tourism Research},
	author = {Kask, Sergey and Kull, Tiiu and Orru, Kati},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {101--105},
}

@article{venables_manta_2016,
	title = {Manta ray tourism management, precautionary strategies for a growing industry: a case study from the {Ningaloo} {Marine} {Park}, {Western} {Australia}},
	volume = {22},
	shorttitle = {Manta ray tourism management, precautionary strategies for a growing industry},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Pacific Conservation Biology},
	author = {Venables, Stephanie and McGregor, Frazer and Brain, Lesley and van Keulen, Mike},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {295--300},
}

@article{wheaton_using_2016,
	title = {Using web and mobile technology to motivate pro-environmental action after a nature-based tourism experience},
	volume = {24},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Sustainable Tourism},
	author = {Wheaton, Mele and Ardoin, Nicole M. and Hunt, Carter and Schuh, Janel S. and Kresse, Matthew and Menke, Claire and Durham, William},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {594--615},
}

@article{arguelles_tourism_2016,
	title = {Tourism management perspectives},
	volume = {18},
	journal = {Tourism Management},
	author = {Argüelles, María Belén and Coscarella, Mariano and Fazio, Ana and Bertellotti, Marcelo},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {118--124},
}

@article{bertella_experiencing_2016,
	title = {Experiencing nature in animal-based tourism},
	volume = {14},
	journal = {Journal of outdoor recreation and tourism},
	author = {Bertella, Giovanna},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {22--26},
}

@article{lindsey_future_2016,
	title = {The future of wildlife-based land uses in {Botswana}},
	volume = {9},
	journal = {Animal Conservation},
	author = {Lindsey, Peter},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {283--298},
}

@article{salerno_household_2016,
	title = {Household livelihoods and conflict with wildlife in community-based conservation areas across northern {Tanzania}},
	volume = {50},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Salerno, Jonathan and Mulder, Monique Borgerhoff and Grote, Mark N. and Ghiselli, Margherita and Packer, Craig},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {702--712},
}

@article{tolvanen_tourism_2016,
	title = {Tourism, biodiversity and protected areas–review from northern {Fennoscandia}},
	volume = {169},
	journal = {Journal of environmental management},
	author = {Tolvanen, Anne and Kangas, Katja},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {58--66},
}

@article{lee_indicators_2016,
	title = {Indicators of sustainable tourism: {A} case study from a {Taiwan}'s wetland},
	volume = {67},
	shorttitle = {Indicators of sustainable tourism},
	journal = {Ecological Indicators},
	author = {Lee, Tsung Hung and Hsieh, Hsin-Pei},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {779--787},
}

@article{moyo_failure_2016,
	title = {Failure by design? {Revisiting} {Tanzania}'s flagship wildlife management area {Burunge}},
	volume = {14},
	shorttitle = {Failure by design?},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Conservation and Society},
	author = {Moyo, Francis and Ijumba, Jasper and Lund, Jens Friis},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {232},
}

@article{granquist_whos_2016,
	title = {Who's watching whom?–an interdisciplinary approach to the study of seal-watching tourism in {Iceland}},
	volume = {111},
	shorttitle = {Who's watching whom?},
	journal = {Journal of cleaner production},
	author = {Granquist, Sandra M. and Nilsson, Per-{\textbackslash}AAke},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {471--478},
}

@article{murray_wildlife_2016,
	title = {Wildlife health and supplemental feeding: a review and management recommendations},
	volume = {204},
	shorttitle = {Wildlife health and supplemental feeding},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	author = {Murray, Maureen H. and Becker, Daniel J. and Hall, Richard J. and Hernandez, Sonia M.},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {163--174},
}

@article{masse_accumulation_2016,
	title = {Accumulation by securitization: {Commercial} poaching, neoliberal conservation, and the creation of new wildlife frontiers},
	volume = {69},
	shorttitle = {Accumulation by securitization},
	journal = {Geoforum},
	author = {Massé, Francis and Lunstrum, Elizabeth},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {227--237},
}

@article{groulx_motivations_2016,
	title = {Motivations to engage in last chance tourism in the {Churchill} {Wildlife} {Management} {Area} and {Wapusk} {National} {Park}: the role of place identity and nature relatedness},
	volume = {24},
	shorttitle = {Motivations to engage in last chance tourism in the {Churchill} {Wildlife} {Management} {Area} and {Wapusk} {National} {Park}},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Journal of Sustainable Tourism},
	author = {Groulx, Mark and Lemieux, Christopher and Dawson, Jackie and Stewart, Emma and Yudina, Olga},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1523--1540},
}

@article{grunewald_biodiversity_2016,
	title = {Biodiversity, scenery and infrastructure: {Factors} driving wildlife tourism in an {African} savannah national park},
	volume = {201},
	shorttitle = {Biodiversity, scenery and infrastructure},
	journal = {Biological conservation},
	author = {Grünewald, Claudia and Schleuning, Matthias and Böhning-Gaese, Katrin},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {60--68},
}

@article{bentz_managing_2016,
	title = {Managing marine wildlife tourism activities: {Analysis} of motivations and specialization levels of divers and whale watchers},
	volume = {18},
	shorttitle = {Managing marine wildlife tourism activities},
	journal = {Tourism management perspectives},
	author = {Bentz, Julia and Lopes, Fernando and Calado, Helena and Dearden, Philip},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {74--83},
}

@article{notzke_wild_2016,
	title = {Wild horse-based tourism as wildlife tourism: the wild horse as the other},
	volume = {19},
	shorttitle = {Wild horse-based tourism as wildlife tourism},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Current Issues in Tourism},
	author = {Notzke, Claudia},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1235--1259},
}

@article{bentz_sustaining_2016,
	title = {Sustaining marine wildlife tourism through linking {Limits} of {Acceptable} {Change} and zoning in the {Wildlife} {Tourism} {Model}},
	volume = {68},
	journal = {Marine Policy},
	author = {Bentz, Julia and Lopes, Fernando and Calado, Helena and Dearden, Philip},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {100--107},
}

@article{shariati-najafabadi_environmental_2016,
	title = {Environmental parameters linked to the last migratory stage of barnacle geese en route to their breeding sites},
	volume = {118},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Anim. Behav},
	author = {Shariati-Najafabadi, M. and Darvishzadeh, R. and Skidmore, A. and Kölzsch, A. and Exo, K.-M. and Nolet, B. and Griffin, L. and Stahl, J. and Havinga, P. and Meratnia, N. and Toxopeus, A.},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {81--95},
}

@article{scott_enclosure_2016,
	title = {Enclosure useage by giant snakes},
	language = {en},
	journal = {BIAZA Reptile \& Amphibian Working Group Meeting. Crocodiles of the World},
	author = {Scott, R.},
	editor = {Tapley, B. and Redbond, J.},
	year = {2016},
}

@article{rose_developing_2016,
	title = {Developing flamingo husbandry practices through workshop communication},
	volume = {4},
	language = {en},
	journal = {JZAR},
	author = {Rose, P. and Brereton, J. and Gardner, L.},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {115--121},
}

@incollection{nash_research_2016,
	title = {Research {Focus} {Group} update- why research?},
	language = {en},
	booktitle = {{BIAZA} {Reptile} \& {Amphibian} {Working} {Group} {Meeting}. {Crocodiles} of the {World}},
	author = {Nash, S.},
	editor = {Tapley, B. and Redbond, J.},
	year = {2016},
}

@incollection{nash_snake_2016,
	title = {Snake enclosure size- collaborative research projects for {BIAZA} collections},
	language = {en},
	booktitle = {{BIAZA} {Reptile} \& {Amphibian} {Working} {Group} {Meeting}. {Crocodiles} of the {World}},
	author = {Nash, S.},
	editor = {Tapley, B. and Redbond, J.},
	year = {2016},
}

@article{carr_analysis_2016,
	title = {An analysis of zoo visitors' favourite and least favourite animals},
	volume = {20},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Tourism Management Perspectives},
	author = {Carr, N.},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {70--76},
}

@article{cameron_welfare_2016,
	title = {Welfare at multiple scales: {Importance} of zoo elephant population welfare in a world of declining wild populations},
	volume = {11},
	language = {en},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	author = {Cameron, E. and Ryan, S.},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {0158701},
}

@article{biolatti_behavioural_2016,
	title = {Behavioural analysis of captive tigers ({Panthera} tigris) under different zoo managements},
	volume = {174},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci},
	author = {Biolatti, C. and Modesto, P. and Dezzutto, D. and Pera, F. and Tarantola, M. and Gennero, M. and Acutis, P.},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {173--180},
}

@article{baird_program_2016,
	title = {Program animal welfare: {Using} behavioral and physiological measures to assess the well-being of animals used for education programs in zoos},
	volume = {176},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Applied Animal Behaviour Science},
	author = {Baird, B.A. and Kuhar, C.W. and Lukas, K.E. and Amendolagine, L.A. and Fuller, G.A. and Nemet, J. and Schook, M.W.},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {150--162},
}

@article{kelm_non-invasive_2015,
	title = {Non-invasive monitoring of stress hormones in the bat {Eptesicus} isabellinus - {Do} fecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations correlate with survival?},
	volume = {226},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.12.003},
	journal = {General and Comparative Endocrinology},
	author = {Kelm, Detlev and Popa-Lisseanu, Ana and Dehnhard, Martin and Ibáñez, Carlos},
	month = dec,
	year = {2015},
}

@article{ancillotto_fancy_2015,
	title = {The fancy city life: {Kuhl}’s pipistrelle, {Pipistrellus} kuhlii, benefits from urbanisation},
	volume = {42},
	shorttitle = {The fancy city life},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Wildlife Research},
	author = {Ancillotto, Leonardo and Tomassini, Alessandra and Russo, Danilo},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: CSIRO Publishing},
	pages = {598--606},
}

@article{kelm_non-invasive_2015,
	title = {Non-invasive monitoring of stress hormones in the bat {Eptesicus} isabellinus - {Do} fecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations correlate with survival?},
	volume = {226},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.12.003},
	journal = {General and Comparative Endocrinology},
	author = {Kelm, Detlev and Popa-Lisseanu, Ana and Dehnhard, Martin and Ibáñez, Carlos},
	month = dec,
	year = {2015},
}

@article{lentini_global_2015,
	title = {A global synthesis of survival estimates for microbats},
	volume = {11},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Biology letters},
	author = {Lentini, Pia E. and Bird, Tomas J. and Griffiths, Stephen R. and Godinho, Lisa N. and Wintle, Brendan A.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: The Royal Society},
	pages = {20150371},
}

@article{russo_sensitivity_2015,
	title = {Sensitivity of bats to urbanization: a review},
	volume = {80},
	shorttitle = {Sensitivity of bats to urbanization},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Mammalian Biology},
	author = {Russo, Danilo and Ancillotto, Leonardo},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	pages = {205--212},
}

@article{godinho_network_2015,
	title = {Network analysis reveals cryptic seasonal patterns of association in {Gould}’s wattled bats ({Chalinolobus} gouldii) roosting in bat-boxes},
	doi = {10.1163/1568539X-00003315},
	abstract = {Tree-roosting bats are highly social mammals, which often form fission–fusion societies. However, extensive, fine scale data is required to detect and interpret these patterns. We investigated the social structure of Gould’s wattled bats, Chalinolobus gouldii, roosting in artificial roosts (bat-boxes) over a continuous 18-month period. Network analyses revealed non-random associations among individuals in the roosting population consistent with a temperate zone fission–fusion social structure. Females generally showed stronger associations with roost-mates than did males. Two distinct sub-groups within the larger roosting population were detected. There was also evidence of smaller subunits within these larger roosting groups in spring and summer, with broader mixing at other times of the year. The extensive roost occupancy data collected across all seasons was critical in defining this fine scale, and otherwise cryptic, social structure, and in particular indicating that associations observed during peak activity periods may not be maintained across the year.},
	journal = {Behaviour},
	author = {Godinho, Lisa and Lumsden, Linda and Coulson, Graeme and Griffiths, Stephen},
	month = sep,
	year = {2015},
}

Tree-roosting bats are highly social mammals, which often form fission–fusion societies. However, extensive, fine scale data is required to detect and interpret these patterns. We investigated the social structure of Gould’s wattled bats, Chalinolobus gouldii, roosting in artificial roosts (bat-boxes) over a continuous 18-month period. Network analyses revealed non-random associations among individuals in the roosting population consistent with a temperate zone fission–fusion social structure. Females generally showed stronger associations with roost-mates than did males. Two distinct sub-groups within the larger roosting population were detected. There was also evidence of smaller subunits within these larger roosting groups in spring and summer, with broader mixing at other times of the year. The extensive roost occupancy data collected across all seasons was critical in defining this fine scale, and otherwise cryptic, social structure, and in particular indicating that associations observed during peak activity periods may not be maintained across the year.

@article{godinho_network_2015,
	title = {Network analysis reveals cryptic seasonal patterns of association in {Gould}’s wattled bats ({Chalinolobus} gouldii) roosting in bat-boxes},
	doi = {10.1163/1568539X-00003315},
	abstract = {Tree-roosting bats are highly social mammals, which often form fission–fusion societies. However, extensive, fine scale data is required to detect and interpret these patterns. We investigated the social structure of Gould’s wattled bats, Chalinolobus gouldii, roosting in artificial roosts (bat-boxes) over a continuous 18-month period. Network analyses revealed non-random associations among individuals in the roosting population consistent with a temperate zone fission–fusion social structure. Females generally showed stronger associations with roost-mates than did males. Two distinct sub-groups within the larger roosting population were detected. There was also evidence of smaller subunits within these larger roosting groups in spring and summer, with broader mixing at other times of the year. The extensive roost occupancy data collected across all seasons was critical in defining this fine scale, and otherwise cryptic, social structure, and in particular indicating that associations observed during peak activity periods may not be maintained across the year.},
	journal = {Behaviour},
	author = {Godinho, Lisa and Lumsden, Linda and Coulson, Graeme and Griffiths, Stephen},
	month = sep,
	year = {2015},
}

Tree-roosting bats are highly social mammals, which often form fission–fusion societies. However, extensive, fine scale data is required to detect and interpret these patterns. We investigated the social structure of Gould’s wattled bats, Chalinolobus gouldii, roosting in artificial roosts (bat-boxes) over a continuous 18-month period. Network analyses revealed non-random associations among individuals in the roosting population consistent with a temperate zone fission–fusion social structure. Females generally showed stronger associations with roost-mates than did males. Two distinct sub-groups within the larger roosting population were detected. There was also evidence of smaller subunits within these larger roosting groups in spring and summer, with broader mixing at other times of the year. The extensive roost occupancy data collected across all seasons was critical in defining this fine scale, and otherwise cryptic, social structure, and in particular indicating that associations observed during peak activity periods may not be maintained across the year.

@article{ducci_different_2015,
	title = {Different bat guilds perceive their habitat in different ways: a multiscale landscape approach for variable selection in species distribution modelling},
	volume = {30},
	shorttitle = {Different bat guilds perceive their habitat in different ways},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Landscape ecology},
	author = {Ducci, Laura and Agnelli, Paolo and Di Febbraro, Mirko and Frate, Ludovico and Russo, Danilo and Loy, Anna and Carranza, Maria Laura and Santini, Giacomo and Roscioni, Federica},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	pages = {2147--2159},
}

@article{russo_sensitivity_2015,
	title = {Sensitivity of bats to urbanization: a review},
	volume = {80},
	shorttitle = {Sensitivity of bats to urbanization},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Mammalian Biology},
	author = {Russo, Danilo and Ancillotto, Leonardo},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	pages = {205--212},
}

@article{hale_ecological_2015,
	title = {The ecological impact of city lighting scenarios: exploring gap crossing thresholds for urban bats},
	volume = {21},
	shorttitle = {The ecological impact of city lighting scenarios},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Global change biology},
	author = {Hale, James D. and Fairbrass, Alison J. and Matthews, Thomas J. and Davies, Gemma and Sadler, Jon P.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	pages = {2467--2478},
}

@article{russo_sensitivity_2015-1,
	title = {Sensitivity of bats to urbanization: a review},
	volume = {80},
	shorttitle = {Sensitivity of bats to urbanization},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Mammalian Biology},
	author = {Russo, Danilo and Ancillotto, Leonardo},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	pages = {205--212},
}

@article{parkins_green_2015,
	title = {Green roofs provide habitat for urban bats},
	volume = {4},
	journal = {Global Ecology and Conservation},
	author = {Parkins, K. L. and Clark, J. Alan},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	pages = {349--357},
}

@article{ancillotto_fancy_2015,
	title = {The fancy city life: {Kuhl}'s pipistrelle, {Pipistrellus} kuhlii, benefits from urbanization},
	shorttitle = {The fancy city life},
	doi = {10.1071/WR15003},
	abstract = {Context. Urbanisation is often regarded as a major threat to global biodiversity. Although wildlife is frequently affected by urbanisation, some species may actually benefit from it. Bats are among the commonest wild mammals in human-modified areas, and some species seem particularly well suited to exploit urban habitats where they find roosting and foraging opportunities. Aims. We investigated habitat selection around roosts of synurbic Kuhl's pipistrelles, Pipistrellus kuhlii, in Italy. Methods. We measured the effects of the amount of urban habitat on bat reproductive timing and success in human-modified environments. Key results. We found that P. kuhlii selects roosts surrounded by areas featuring urban habitats, especially those subject to urban development. Colonies in cities and suburbs advanced parturition time and produced more pups than those in rural areas. Permanent water sources and artificial lights in the surrounding habitats also seemed to favour the species reproductive success, particularly in developing urban areas. Conclusions. Our results showed that this bat benefits from urbanisation and provided new insights on the effects of this major process on animal ecology and conservation in urban environments. Implications. Although the ecological flexibility and positive response to urbanisation of P. kuhlii may help explain its recent range expansion, the role of climate change as a potential driver of this process has yet to be tested.},
	journal = {CSIRO Wildlife Research},
	author = {Ancillotto, Leonardo and Tomassini, Alessandra and Russo, Danilo},
	month = aug,
	year = {2015},
}

Context. Urbanisation is often regarded as a major threat to global biodiversity. Although wildlife is frequently affected by urbanisation, some species may actually benefit from it. Bats are among the commonest wild mammals in human-modified areas, and some species seem particularly well suited to exploit urban habitats where they find roosting and foraging opportunities. Aims. We investigated habitat selection around roosts of synurbic Kuhl's pipistrelles, Pipistrellus kuhlii, in Italy. Methods. We measured the effects of the amount of urban habitat on bat reproductive timing and success in human-modified environments. Key results. We found that P. kuhlii selects roosts surrounded by areas featuring urban habitats, especially those subject to urban development. Colonies in cities and suburbs advanced parturition time and produced more pups than those in rural areas. Permanent water sources and artificial lights in the surrounding habitats also seemed to favour the species reproductive success, particularly in developing urban areas. Conclusions. Our results showed that this bat benefits from urbanisation and provided new insights on the effects of this major process on animal ecology and conservation in urban environments. Implications. Although the ecological flexibility and positive response to urbanisation of P. kuhlii may help explain its recent range expansion, the role of climate change as a potential driver of this process has yet to be tested.

@article{winterbach_wildlife_2015,
	title = {Wildlife {Abundance} and {Diversity} as {Indicators} of {Tourism} {Potential} in {Northern} {Botswana}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	abstract = {Wildlife tourism can provide economic incentives for conservation. Due to the abundance of wildlife and the presence of charismatic species some areas are better suited to wildlife tourism. Our first objective was to develop criteria based on wildlife abundance and diversity to evaluate tourism potential in the Northern Conservation Zone of Botswana. Secondly we wanted to quantify and compare tourism experiences in areas with high and low tourism potential. We used aerial survey data to estimate wildlife biomass and diversity to determine tourism potential, while data from ground surveys quantified the tourist experience. Areas used for High Paying Low Volume tourism had significantly higher mean wildlife biomass and wildlife diversity than the areas avoided for this type of tourism. Only 22\% of the Northern Conservation Zone has intermediate to high tourism potential. The areas with high tourism potential, as determined from the aerial survey data, provided tourists with significantly better wildlife sightings (ground surveys) than the low tourism potential areas. Even Low Paying tourism may not be economically viable in concessions that lack areas with intermediate to high tourism potential. The largest part of the Northern Conservation Zone has low tourism potential, but low tourism potential is not equal to low conservation value. Alternative conservation strategies should be developed to complement the economic incentive provided by wildlife-based tourism in Botswana.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2019-06-08},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	author = {Winterbach, Christiaan W. and Whitesell, Carolyn and Somers, Michael J.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {Biodiversity, Botswana, Conservation genetics, Delta ecosystems, Elephants, Species diversity, Surveys, Wildlife},
	pages = {e0135595},
}

Wildlife tourism can provide economic incentives for conservation. Due to the abundance of wildlife and the presence of charismatic species some areas are better suited to wildlife tourism. Our first objective was to develop criteria based on wildlife abundance and diversity to evaluate tourism potential in the Northern Conservation Zone of Botswana. Secondly we wanted to quantify and compare tourism experiences in areas with high and low tourism potential. We used aerial survey data to estimate wildlife biomass and diversity to determine tourism potential, while data from ground surveys quantified the tourist experience. Areas used for High Paying Low Volume tourism had significantly higher mean wildlife biomass and wildlife diversity than the areas avoided for this type of tourism. Only 22% of the Northern Conservation Zone has intermediate to high tourism potential. The areas with high tourism potential, as determined from the aerial survey data, provided tourists with significantly better wildlife sightings (ground surveys) than the low tourism potential areas. Even Low Paying tourism may not be economically viable in concessions that lack areas with intermediate to high tourism potential. The largest part of the Northern Conservation Zone has low tourism potential, but low tourism potential is not equal to low conservation value. Alternative conservation strategies should be developed to complement the economic incentive provided by wildlife-based tourism in Botswana.

@article{ranaweerage_tourism-induced_2015,
	title = {Tourism-induced disturbance of wildlife in protected areas: {A} case study of free ranging elephants in {Sri} {Lanka}},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2351-9894},
	shorttitle = {Tourism-induced disturbance of wildlife in protected areas},
	abstract = {Tourism-induced disturbance is a growing concern in wildlife conservation worldwide. This case study in a key protected area in Sri Lanka, examined the behavioral changes of Asian elephants in the context of elephant watching tourism activities. Observations of different age–sex-group classes of elephants were conducted focusing on the feeding activity of elephants in the presence vs. absence of tourists. Frequency and duration of alert, fear, stress and aggressive behaviors of elephants were significantly high in the presence of tourists and these behaviors occurred at a cost of feeding time. Tourist behavior, vehicle noise, close distances and time of the tours were closely associated with the behavioral changes of elephants. It is important to monitor tourism effects on endangered species such as Asian elephants and to take proper measures including controlled tourist behavior and vehicle activity in protected areas in order to reduce disturbance of wildlife behavior.},
	urldate = {2019-06-08},
	journal = {Global Ecology and Conservation},
	author = {Ranaweerage, Eranga and Ranjeewa, Ashoka D. G. and Sugimoto, Koun},
	month = jul,
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {Disturbance, Elephant ​behavior, Protected areas, Wildlife based tourism},
	pages = {625--631},
}

Tourism-induced disturbance is a growing concern in wildlife conservation worldwide. This case study in a key protected area in Sri Lanka, examined the behavioral changes of Asian elephants in the context of elephant watching tourism activities. Observations of different age–sex-group classes of elephants were conducted focusing on the feeding activity of elephants in the presence vs. absence of tourists. Frequency and duration of alert, fear, stress and aggressive behaviors of elephants were significantly high in the presence of tourists and these behaviors occurred at a cost of feeding time. Tourist behavior, vehicle noise, close distances and time of the tours were closely associated with the behavioral changes of elephants. It is important to monitor tourism effects on endangered species such as Asian elephants and to take proper measures including controlled tourist behavior and vehicle activity in protected areas in order to reduce disturbance of wildlife behavior.

@article{van_wijk_emergence_2015,
	title = {The emergence of institutional innovations in tourism: the evolution of the {African} {Wildlife} {Foundation}'s tourism conservation enterprises},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {0966-9582, 1747-7646},
	shorttitle = {The emergence of institutional innovations in tourism},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-06-08},
	journal = {Journal of Sustainable Tourism},
	author = {Van Wijk, Jakomijn and Van der Duim, René and Lamers, Machiel and Sumba, Daudi},
	month = jan,
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {conservation},
	pages = {104--125},
}

@article{thitaram_social_2015,
	title = {Social {Group} {Formation} and {Genetic} {Relatedness} in {Reintroduced} {Asian} {Elephants} ({Elephas} {Maximus}) in {Thailand}},
	volume = {172},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Applied Animal Behaviour Science},
	author = {Thitaram, C. and Dejchaisri, S. and Somgird, C. and Angkawanish, T. and Brown, J. and Phumphuar, R. and Chomdech, S. and Kangwanpong, S},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {52--57},
}

@article{schmidt-burbach_asian_2015,
	title = {Asian {Elephant} ({Elephas} maximus), {Pig}-{Tailed} {Macaque} ({Macaca} nemestrina) and {Tiger} ({Panthera} tigris) {Populations} at {Tourism} {Venues} in {Thailand} and {Aspects} of {Their} {Welfare}},
	volume = {10},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	journal = {PLoS ONE},
	author = {Schmidt-Burbach, J. and Ronfot, D.R and Srisangiam, R},
	year = {2015},
}

@book{eaza_specialist_2015,
	title = {Specialist programmes. {European} {Association} of {Zoos} and {Aquaria}. {Available}},
	language = {en},
	author = {{E.A.Z.A.}},
	month = dec,
	year = {2015},
}

@book{mccrie_birds_2015,
	address = {Clayton South, Victoria},
	title = {Birds of the {Darwin} {Region}},
	isbn = {978-1-4863-0034-1},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {CSIRO Publishing},
	author = {McCrie, N. and Noske, R.},
	year = {2015},
}

@article{rastogi_wildlife-tourism_2015,
	title = {Wildlife-tourism, local communities and tiger conservation: {A} village-level study in {Corbett} {Tiger} {Reserve}, {India}},
	volume = {61},
	issn = {1389-9341},
	shorttitle = {Wildlife-tourism, local communities and tiger conservation},
	doi = {10.1016/j.forpol.2015.04.007},
	abstract = {This paper presents the results of research conducted in a village on the south-eastern boundary of Corbett Tiger Reserve (CTR) which has experienced rapid and dramatic social–ecological change as a result of tiger-related tourism. Our aim was to better understand the impacts of wildlife tourism on the forest ecosystem, village structure, solidarity and institutions and consider the implications of this for tiger conservation management and policy. Our results indicate that while wildlife tourism established linkages between the village society and the global economy, it negatively impacted the local community and ecology. It also created a new village entity, tourist resorts, which are neither an individual nor a village member making dispute-resolution impossible under existing institutional structures. Our results suggest that future forest and conservation policy and management strategies should de-emphasize the monetary function of wildlife-tourism, and instead focus on building social capital and strengthening local institutions. This will likely increase the adaptive capacity of villages to the impacts of tourism and mitigate the associated ecological impacts.},
	urldate = {2019-06-08},
	journal = {Forest Policy and Economics},
	author = {Rastogi, Archi and Hickey, Gordon M. and Anand, Anupam and Badola, Ruchi and Hussain, Syed Ainul},
	month = dec,
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {Conservation policy and management, Institutions, Protected areas, Social capital, Social impact assessment, Social–ecological systems},
	pages = {11--19},
}

This paper presents the results of research conducted in a village on the south-eastern boundary of Corbett Tiger Reserve (CTR) which has experienced rapid and dramatic social–ecological change as a result of tiger-related tourism. Our aim was to better understand the impacts of wildlife tourism on the forest ecosystem, village structure, solidarity and institutions and consider the implications of this for tiger conservation management and policy. Our results indicate that while wildlife tourism established linkages between the village society and the global economy, it negatively impacted the local community and ecology. It also created a new village entity, tourist resorts, which are neither an individual nor a village member making dispute-resolution impossible under existing institutional structures. Our results suggest that future forest and conservation policy and management strategies should de-emphasize the monetary function of wildlife-tourism, and instead focus on building social capital and strengthening local institutions. This will likely increase the adaptive capacity of villages to the impacts of tourism and mitigate the associated ecological impacts.

@misc{morais_wildlife_2015,
	type = {Text},
	title = {Wildlife {Conservation} {Through} {Tourism} {Microentrepreneurship} {Among} {Namibian} {Communities}},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-06-08},
	author = {Morais, Duarte B. and Birendra, K. C. and Mao, Yuchen and Mosimane, Alfons},
	year = {2015},
	doi = {info:doi/10.3727/154427215X14338796190477},
}

@incollection{c_michael_hall_ethics_2015,
	title = {Ethics in {Tourism}},
	isbn = {978-0-203-07233-2},
	urldate = {2019-06-09},
	booktitle = {The {Routledge} {Handbook} of {Tourism} and {Sustainability}},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Burns, G.L.},
	editor = {{C. Michael Hall} and {Stefan Gössling} and {Daniel Scott}},
	month = feb,
	year = {2015},
	doi = {10.4324/9780203072332},
}

@article{geffroy_how_2015,
	title = {How nature-based tourism might increase prey vulnerability to predators},
	volume = {30},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Geffroy, Benjamin and Samia, Diogo SM and Bessa, Eduardo and Blumstein, Daniel T.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {755--765},
}

@incollection{van_wijk_promoting_2015,
	title = {Promoting conservation tourism: {The} case of the {African} {Wildlife} {Foundation}’s tourism conservation enterprises in {Kenya}},
	shorttitle = {Promoting conservation tourism},
	booktitle = {Institutional {Arrangements} for {Conservation}, {Development} and {Tourism} in {Eastern} and {Southern} {Africa}},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Van Wijk, Jakomijn and Lamers, Machiel and van der Duim, René},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {203--218},
}

@article{cohen_young_2015,
	title = {Young elephants in {Thai} tourism: {A} fatal attraction},
	shorttitle = {Young elephants in {Thai} tourism},
	journal = {Animals and tourism: Understanding diverse relationships},
	author = {Cohen, Erik},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {163--177},
}

@book{dashper_rural_2015,
	title = {Rural tourism: {An} international perspective},
	shorttitle = {Rural tourism},
	publisher = {Cambridge Scholars Publishing},
	author = {Dashper, Katherine},
	year = {2015},
}

@book{hughes_practice_2015,
	title = {The practice of sustainable tourism: resolving the paradox},
	shorttitle = {The practice of sustainable tourism},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Hughes, Michael and Weaver, David and Pforr, Christof},
	year = {2015},
}

@article{pabel_highlighting_2015,
	title = {Highlighting the benefits of tourism humour: {The} views of tourists},
	volume = {16},
	shorttitle = {Highlighting the benefits of tourism humour},
	journal = {Tourism Management Perspectives},
	author = {Pabel, Anja and Pearce, Philip L.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {357--364},
}

@incollection{jones_exploitation_2015,
	title = {From exploitation to ownership: wildlife-based tourism and communal area conservancies in {Namibia}},
	shorttitle = {From exploitation to ownership},
	booktitle = {Institutional arrangements for conservation, development and tourism in eastern and southern {Africa}},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Jones, Brian TB and Diggle, Richard W. and Thouless, Chris},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {17--37},
}

@article{amare_wildlife_2015,
	title = {Wildlife resources of {Ethiopia}: {Opportunities}, challenges and future directions: {From} ecotourism perspective: {A} review paper},
	volume = {6},
	shorttitle = {Wildlife resources of {Ethiopia}},
	number = {06},
	journal = {Natural Resources},
	author = {Amare, Alemneh},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {405},
}

@article{humavindu_community-based_2015,
	title = {Community-based wildlife management failing to link conservation and financial viability},
	volume = {18},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Animal Conservation},
	author = {Humavindu, Michael Nokokure and Stage, Jesper},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {4--13},
}

@article{richards_sharks_2015,
	title = {Sharks and people: insight into the global practices of tourism operators and their attitudes to shark behaviour},
	volume = {91},
	shorttitle = {Sharks and people},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Marine pollution bulletin},
	author = {Richards, Kirsty and O’Leary, Bethan C. and Roberts, Callum M. and Ormond, Rupert and Gore, Mauvis and Hawkins, Julie P.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {200--210},
}

@article{willemen_using_2015,
	title = {Using social media to measure the contribution of red list species to the nature-based tourism potential of {African} protected areas},
	volume = {10},
	number = {6},
	journal = {PloS one},
	author = {Willemen, Louise and Cottam, Andrew J. and Drakou, Evangelia G. and Burgess, Neil D.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {e0129785},
}

@article{gurung_developing_2015,
	title = {Developing {Linkage} between {Wildlife} {Tourism} and {Handicraft} for {Local} {Economic} {Development}: {A} {Case} {Study} of {Kaziranga} {National} {Park}},
	shorttitle = {Developing {Linkage} between {Wildlife} {Tourism} and {Handicraft} for {Local} {Economic} {Development}},
	author = {Gurung, Deep J. and Goswami, Chandan},
	year = {2015},
}

@book{musa_mountaineering_2015,
	title = {Mountaineering tourism},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Musa, Ghazali and Higham, James and Thompson-Carr, Anna},
	year = {2015},
}

@article{western_finding_2015,
	title = {Finding space for wildlife beyond national parks and reducing conflict through community-based conservation: the {Kenya} experience},
	volume = {21},
	shorttitle = {Finding space for wildlife beyond national parks and reducing conflict through community-based conservation},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Parks},
	author = {Western, David and Waithaka, John and Kamanga, John},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {51--62},
}

@article{lemelin_tangible_2015,
	title = {Tangible and intangible indicators of successful aboriginal tourism initiatives: {A} case study of two successful aboriginal tourism lodges in {Northern} {Canada}},
	volume = {47},
	shorttitle = {Tangible and intangible indicators of successful aboriginal tourism initiatives},
	journal = {Tourism Management},
	author = {Lemelin, Raynald Harvey and Koster, Rhonda and Youroukos, Nicholina},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {318--328},
}

@article{anderson_cultural_2015,
	title = {Cultural tourism and poverty alleviation in rural {Kilimanjaro}, {Tanzania}},
	volume = {13},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change},
	author = {Anderson, Wineaster},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {208--224},
}

@article{green_green_2015,
	title = {Green grabbing and the dynamics of local-level engagement with neoliberalization in {Tanzania}'s wildlife management areas},
	volume = {42},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Peasant Studies},
	author = {Green, Kathryn E. and Adams, William M.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {97--117},
}

@article{schofield_quantifying_2015,
	title = {Quantifying wildlife-watching ecotourism intensity on an endangered marine vertebrate},
	volume = {18},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Animal conservation},
	author = {Schofield, G. and Scott, Rebecca and Katselidis, K. A. and Mazaris, A. D. and Hays, G. C.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {517--528},
}

@article{mariki_elephants_2015,
	title = {Elephants over the cliff: explaining wildlife killings in {Tanzania}},
	volume = {44},
	shorttitle = {Elephants over the cliff},
	journal = {Land Use Policy},
	author = {Mariki, Sayuni B. and Svarstad, Hanne and Benjaminsen, Tor A.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {19--30},
}

@article{christiansen_linking_2015,
	title = {Linking behavior to vital rates to measure the effects of non-lethal disturbance on wildlife},
	volume = {8},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Conservation Letters},
	author = {Christiansen, Fredrik and Lusseau, David},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {424--431},
}

@article{skibins_ambassadors_2015,
	title = {Ambassadors or attractions? {Disentangling} the role of flagship species in wildlife tourism},
	shorttitle = {Ambassadors or attractions?},
	journal = {Animals and tourism: Understanding diverse relationships},
	author = {Skibins, Jeffrey C.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {256--273},
}

@article{markwell_birds_2015,
	title = {Birds, beasts and tourists: human-animal relationships in tourism},
	shorttitle = {Birds, beasts and tourists},
	journal = {Animals and tourism: understanding diverse relationships. Channel View, Bristol},
	author = {Markwell, Kevin},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {1--23},
}

@article{ngonidzashe_mutanga_community_2015,
	title = {Community perceptions of wildlife conservation and tourism: {A} case study of communities adjacent to four protected areas in {Zimbabwe}},
	volume = {8},
	shorttitle = {Community perceptions of wildlife conservation and tourism},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Tropical Conservation Science},
	author = {Ngonidzashe Mutanga, Chiedza and Vengesayi, Sebastian and Gandiwa, Edson and Muboko, Never},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {564--582},
}

@article{fennell_status_2015,
	title = {The status of animal ethics research in tourism: {A} review of theory},
	volume = {67},
	shorttitle = {The status of animal ethics research in tourism},
	journal = {Animals and tourism: Understanding diverse relationships},
	author = {Fennell, David A.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {27},
}

@article{gallagher_biological_2015,
	title = {Biological effects, conservation potential, and research priorities of shark diving tourism},
	volume = {184},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	author = {Gallagher, Austin J. and Vianna, Gabriel MS and Papastamatiou, Yannis P. and Macdonald, Catherine and Guttridge, Tristan L. and Hammerschlag, Neil},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {365--379},
}

@article{obour_poaching_2015,
	title = {Poaching and its {Potential} to {Impact} {Wildlife} {Tourism}: {An} {Assessment} of {Poaching} {Trends} in the {Mole} {National} {Park} in {Ghana}},
	volume = {3},
	shorttitle = {Poaching and its {Potential} to {Impact} {Wildlife} {Tourism}},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Athens Journal of Tourism},
	author = {Obour, Richard and Asare, Richard and Ankomah, Paul and Larson, Trent},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {169--192},
}

@article{duffy_nature-based_2015,
	title = {Nature-based tourism and neoliberalism: {Concealing} contradictions},
	volume = {17},
	shorttitle = {Nature-based tourism and neoliberalism},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Tourism Geographies},
	author = {Duffy, Rosaleen},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {529--543},
}

@article{benur_tourism_2015,
	title = {Tourism product development and product diversification in destinations},
	volume = {50},
	journal = {Tourism Management},
	author = {Benur, Abdelati M. and Bramwell, Bill},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {213--224},
}

@article{higham_wildlife_2015,
	title = {Wildlife tourism},
	journal = {Need ebooks? Visit www. pdfbook. co. ke today and download thousands of ebooks in pdf format...},
	author = {Higham, James and Hopkins, Debbie},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {280},
}

@book{mowforth_tourism_2015,
	title = {Tourism and sustainability: {Development}, globalisation and new tourism in the third world},
	shorttitle = {Tourism and sustainability},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Mowforth, Martin and Munt, Ian},
	year = {2015},
}

@book{slocum_scientific_2015,
	title = {Scientific tourism: researchers as travellers},
	shorttitle = {Scientific tourism},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Slocum, Susan and Kline, Carol and Holden, Andrew},
	year = {2015},
}

@article{pirotta_managing_2015,
	title = {Managing the wildlife tourism commons},
	volume = {25},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Ecological Applications},
	author = {Pirotta, Enrico and Lusseau, David},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {729--741},
}

@book{markwell_animals_2015,
	title = {Animals and {Tourism}: {Understanding} {Diverse} {Relationships}},
	isbn = {978-1-84541-504-4},
	shorttitle = {Animals and {Tourism}},
	abstract = {This book is the first to critically examine the many ways in which tourism and animals intersect, whether as tourist attractions, wildlife conservation tools, as travel companions or as meat to be eaten. It aims to make a meaningful contribution to the growing body of knowledge concerning the relationships between animals, tourists and the tourism industry. The chapters are organised into three themes: ethics and welfare; conflict, contradiction and contestation; and shifting relationships. Theoretically informed and empirically rich, the chapters examine topics such as whale watching, animal performances, the objectification and commodification of animals and stakeholder conflict among a range of others. It is hoped that the book will help to highlight key research questions and stimulate other researchers and students to reflect critically on the place of animals within tourism spaces, experiences, practices and structures.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Channel View Publications},
	author = {Markwell, Kevin},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: ppjlCAAAQBAJ},
	keywords = {Business \& Economics / Industries / Hospitality, Travel \& Tourism, Nature / Animal Rights},
}

This book is the first to critically examine the many ways in which tourism and animals intersect, whether as tourist attractions, wildlife conservation tools, as travel companions or as meat to be eaten. It aims to make a meaningful contribution to the growing body of knowledge concerning the relationships between animals, tourists and the tourism industry. The chapters are organised into three themes: ethics and welfare; conflict, contradiction and contestation; and shifting relationships. Theoretically informed and empirically rich, the chapters examine topics such as whale watching, animal performances, the objectification and commodification of animals and stakeholder conflict among a range of others. It is hoped that the book will help to highlight key research questions and stimulate other researchers and students to reflect critically on the place of animals within tourism spaces, experiences, practices and structures.

@article{moorhouse_customer_2015,
	title = {The customer isn't always right—conservation and animal welfare implications of the increasing demand for wildlife tourism},
	volume = {10},
	number = {10},
	journal = {PloS one},
	author = {Moorhouse, Tom P. and Dahlsjö, Cecilia AL and Baker, Sandra E. and D'Cruze, Neil C. and Macdonald, David W.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {e0138939},
}

@book{tisdell_introduction_2015,
	address = {Cheltenham},
	title = {An {Introduction} to the {Economic} {Issues} {Involved} in {Sustaining} {Biodiversity} and {Ecosystem} {Functions}},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing Limited},
	author = {Tisdell, C.},
	year = {2015},
}

@article{kozlowski_reproductive_2015,
	title = {Reproductive behaviour of the great hornbill ({Buceros} bicornis)},
	volume = {34},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Zoo Biol},
	author = {Kozlowski, C. and Bauman, K. and Asa, C.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {328--334},
}

@phdthesis{roper_captive_2015,
	address = {Exeter, UK},
	title = {Do captive wildfowl with restrained flight alter their behavior patterns compared to wild species of wildfowl? {Unpublished} thesis},
	language = {en},
	school = {Psychology, University of Exeter},
	author = {Roper, A.},
	year = {2015},
}

@article{rose_potential_2015,
	title = {The potential of {Social} {Network} {Analysis} as a tool for the management of zoo animals},
	volume = {24},
	language = {en},
	journal = {‎Anim. Welf},
	author = {Rose, P. and Croft, D.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {123--138},
}

@article{roe_zoo_2015,
	title = {Do zoo visitors come to learn? an internationally comparative, mixed-methods study.},
	volume = {21},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Environmental Education Research},
	author = {Roe, K. and McConney, A.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {865--884},
}

@article{polverino_stereotypic_2015,
	title = {Stereotypic behaviours in {Melopsittacus} undulatus: {Behavioural} consequences of social and spatial limitations},
	volume = {165},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci},
	author = {Polverino, G. and Manciocco, A. and Vitale, A. and Alleva, E.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {143--155},
}

@article{pereboom_applied_2015,
	title = {Applied animal welfare research in zoos: the more the better},
	volume = {16},
	language = {en},
	journal = {WAZA Magazine},
	author = {Pereboom, Z. and Stevens, J.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {22--25},
}

@article{mellor_extending_2015,
	title = {Extending the ‘{Five} {Domains}’ model for animal welfare assessment to incorporate positive welfare states},
	volume = {24},
	language = {pt},
	journal = {Animal Welfare},
	author = {Mellor, D.J. and Beausoleil, N.J.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {241--253},
}

@article{mendyk_life_2015,
	title = {Life expectancy and longevity of varanid lizards ({Reptilia}: {Squamata}: {Varanidae}) in {North} {American} zoos},
	volume = {34},
	language = {es},
	journal = {Zoo Biol},
	author = {Mendyk, R.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {139--152},
}

@article{mason_using_2015,
	title = {Using species differences in health and well-being to identify intrinsic risk and protective factors},
	volume = {16},
	language = {en},
	journal = {WAZA Magazine},
	author = {Mason, G.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {2--5},
}

@article{maple_four_2015,
	title = {Four decades of psychological research on zoo animal welfare},
	volume = {16},
	language = {en},
	journal = {WAZA Magazine},
	author = {Maple, T.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {41--44},
}

@article{macdonald_quantifying_2015,
	title = {Quantifying the impact of {Wellington} {Zoo}’s persuasive communication campaign on post-visit behaviour.},
	volume = {34},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Zoo Biology},
	author = {MacDonald, E.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {163--169},
}

@article{clements_behavioural_2015,
	title = {A behavioural measure of environmental decision-making for social surveys.},
	volume = {1},
	language = {pt},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Environmental Sociology},
	author = {Clements, J.M. and McCright, A.M. and Dietz, T. and Marquart-Pyatt, S.T.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {27--37},
}

@article{cless_defining_2015,
	title = {Defining pacing quantitatively: a comparison of gait characteristics between pacing and non-repetitive locomotion in zoo-housed polar bears},
	volume = {169},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci},
	author = {Cless, I. and Voss-Hoynes, H. and Ritzmann, R. and Lukas, K.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {78--85},
}

@article{byrne_what_2015,
	title = {The what as well as the why of animal fun},
	volume = {25},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	author = {Byrne, R.W.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {2--4},
}

@article{burgin_effects_2015,
	title = {Effects of non-consumptive wildlife-oriented tourism on marine species and prospects for their sustainable management},
	volume = {151},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Journal of Environmental Management},
	author = {Burgin, S. and Hardiman, N.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {210--220},
}

@article{brand_hair_2015,
	title = {Hair plucking in captive bonobos ({Pan} paniscus)},
	volume = {171},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci},
	author = {Brand, C. and Marchant, L.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {192--196},
}

@article{birenboim_high-resolution_2015,
	title = {High-resolution measurement and analysis of visitor experiences in time and space: {The} case of {Aalborg} zoo in {Denmark}},
	volume = {67},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	journal = {The Professional Geographer},
	author = {Birenboim, A. and Reinau, K.H. and Shoval, N. and Harder, H.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {620--629},
}

@book{a.b.t.a._global_2015,
	title = {Global {Welfare} {Guidance} for {Animals} in {Tourism}},
	language = {fr},
	publisher = {ABTA, UK},
	author = {{A.B.T.A.}},
	year = {2015},
}

@article{seress_quantifying_2014,
	title = {Quantifying the urban gradient: {A} practical method for broad measurements},
	volume = {131},
	issn = {0169-2046},
	shorttitle = {Quantifying the urban gradient},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016920461400173X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.07.010},
	abstract = {The process of habitat urbanization has intense and manifold effects on the biota that we need to better understand. The urbanization gradient approach is increasingly used in ecological research to study the responses of communities and populations of plants and animals to different degrees of landscape urbanization. However, the methods used for quantifying the urbanization gradient are heterogeneous. Here, first we validate a manual method designed for broad measures of landscape urbanization, based on major land-cover characteristics calculated from aerial images, that has been applied in former studies, and compare its results to measurements taken with a widely accepted geoinformatics software. Second, on the basis of this manual scoring method we introduce a recently developed, easily feasible, semi-automated method of measuring degree of urbanization, which uses only freely and worldwide accessible satellite imagery. Finally, we compare the results obtained by the three methods and the conclusions they yield within the framework of an ecological study conducted on birds. Our results show that the three methods quantify the urbanization gradient similarly, as the ‘urbanization scores’ they provide are strongly correlated and the results of the ecological analyses are highly repeatable across the three approaches. Since the semi-automated method grants this performance at far the lowest cost of time, we propose it as a useful tool for broad measurements of urbanization and its application can promote greater integrity between studies of urbanization effects on wildlife around the world. We also provide a download link to the free application of our semi-automated method.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-05-01},
	journal = {Landscape and Urban Planning},
	author = {Seress, Gábor and Lipovits, Ágnes and Bókony, Veronika and Czúni, László},
	month = nov,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Aerial images, Landscape metrics, Measuring urbanization, Urban–rural gradient},
	pages = {42--50},
}

The process of habitat urbanization has intense and manifold effects on the biota that we need to better understand. The urbanization gradient approach is increasingly used in ecological research to study the responses of communities and populations of plants and animals to different degrees of landscape urbanization. However, the methods used for quantifying the urbanization gradient are heterogeneous. Here, first we validate a manual method designed for broad measures of landscape urbanization, based on major land-cover characteristics calculated from aerial images, that has been applied in former studies, and compare its results to measurements taken with a widely accepted geoinformatics software. Second, on the basis of this manual scoring method we introduce a recently developed, easily feasible, semi-automated method of measuring degree of urbanization, which uses only freely and worldwide accessible satellite imagery. Finally, we compare the results obtained by the three methods and the conclusions they yield within the framework of an ecological study conducted on birds. Our results show that the three methods quantify the urbanization gradient similarly, as the ‘urbanization scores’ they provide are strongly correlated and the results of the ecological analyses are highly repeatable across the three approaches. Since the semi-automated method grants this performance at far the lowest cost of time, we propose it as a useful tool for broad measurements of urbanization and its application can promote greater integrity between studies of urbanization effects on wildlife around the world. We also provide a download link to the free application of our semi-automated method.

@article{balestri_habitat_2014,
	title = {Habitat {Degradation} and {Seasonality} {Affect} {Physiological} {Stress} {Levels} of {Eulemur} collaris in {Littoral} {Forest} {Fragments}},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0107698},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0107698},
	abstract = {The littoral forest on sandy soil is among the most threatened habitats in Madagascar and, as such, it represents a hot-spot within a conservation hot-spot. Assessing the health of the resident lemur fauna is not only critical for the long-term viability of these populations, but also necessary for the future re-habilitation of this unique habitat. Since the Endangered collared brown lemur, Eulemur collaris, is the largest seed disperser of the Malagasy south-eastern littoral forest its survival in this habitat is crucial. In this study we compared fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) levels, a measure of physiological stress and potential early indicator of population health, between groups of collared brown lemurs living in a degraded forest fragment and groups occurring in a more preserved area. For this, we analysed 279 fecal samples collected year-round from 4 groups of collared brown lemurs using a validated 11-oxoetiocholanolone enzyme immunoassay and tested if fGCM levels were influenced by reproductive stages, phenological seasons, sex, and habitat degradation. The lemurs living in the degraded forest had significantly higher fGCM levels than those living in the more preserved area. In particular, the highest fGCM levels were found during the mating season in all animals and in females during gestation in the degraded forest. Since mating and gestation are both occurring during the lean season in the littoral forest, these results likely reflect a combination of ecological and reproductive pressures. Our findings provide a clear indication that habitat degradation has additive effects to the challenges found in the natural habitat. Since increased stress hormone output may have long-term negative effects on population health and reproduction, our data emphasize the need for and may add to the development of effective conservation plans for the species.},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2022-08-15},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	author = {Balestri, Michela and Barresi, Marta and Campera, Marco and Serra, Valentina and Ramanamanjato, Jean Baptiste and Heistermann, Michael and Donati, Giuseppe},
	month = sep,
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},
	keywords = {Forest ecology, Forests, Habitats, Lactation, Lemurs, Mating seasons, Metabolites, Primates},
	pages = {e107698},
}

The littoral forest on sandy soil is among the most threatened habitats in Madagascar and, as such, it represents a hot-spot within a conservation hot-spot. Assessing the health of the resident lemur fauna is not only critical for the long-term viability of these populations, but also necessary for the future re-habilitation of this unique habitat. Since the Endangered collared brown lemur, Eulemur collaris, is the largest seed disperser of the Malagasy south-eastern littoral forest its survival in this habitat is crucial. In this study we compared fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) levels, a measure of physiological stress and potential early indicator of population health, between groups of collared brown lemurs living in a degraded forest fragment and groups occurring in a more preserved area. For this, we analysed 279 fecal samples collected year-round from 4 groups of collared brown lemurs using a validated 11-oxoetiocholanolone enzyme immunoassay and tested if fGCM levels were influenced by reproductive stages, phenological seasons, sex, and habitat degradation. The lemurs living in the degraded forest had significantly higher fGCM levels than those living in the more preserved area. In particular, the highest fGCM levels were found during the mating season in all animals and in females during gestation in the degraded forest. Since mating and gestation are both occurring during the lean season in the littoral forest, these results likely reflect a combination of ecological and reproductive pressures. Our findings provide a clear indication that habitat degradation has additive effects to the challenges found in the natural habitat. Since increased stress hormone output may have long-term negative effects on population health and reproduction, our data emphasize the need for and may add to the development of effective conservation plans for the species.

@article{pennay_day_2014,
	title = {Day roost of {Little} {Pied} {Bat} {Chalinolobus} picatus ({Gould}) ({Microchiroptera}: {Vespertilionidae}) in north inland {New} {South} {Wales}, {Australia}},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {0067-2238},
	shorttitle = {Day roost of {Little} {Pied} {Bat} {Chalinolobus} picatus ({Gould}) ({Microchiroptera}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.7882/AZ.2005.012},
	doi = {10.7882/AZ.2005.012},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-08-15},
	journal = {Australian Zoologist},
	author = {Pennay, Michael and Freeman, Jade},
	month = mar,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {166--167},
}

@article{mering_thinking_2014,
	title = {Thinking outside the box: {A} review of artificial roosts for bats},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {1938-5463},
	shorttitle = {Thinking outside the box},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wsb.461},
	doi = {10.1002/wsb.461},
	abstract = {Artificial roosts designed to attract bats have been used to increase populations, aid seed dispersal, and control insects. More important from a conservation perspective, artificial roosts provide habitat where natural roosts have been lost. Although artificial roosts have been widely used, much of the information on species that use artificial roosts, roost design, and placement is anecdotal and poorly reported. We reviewed the existing literature on artificial roosts to summarize current research and inform research and management decisions. From 47 publications and reports, we identified 48 types of structures used by 59 species. Roosts were constructed from wood (66.7\%), concrete (8.3\%), or other materials (25.0\%) and varied in size and shape from small-volume wood boxes (0.002 m3) to large (6 m tall) free-standing structures. Variables most often considered in the context of attracting bats were aspect, substrate, and mount location; few studies measured height or microclimate. Colonization rates ranged from 7\% to 100\%. Bats commonly used structures as solitary (21 species) or social (breeding or maternity; 21 species) roosts. Most species documented to use artificial roosts are vespertilionids (73\%), have the International Union for Conservation of Nature's designation of least concern (93\%), and roost in tree cavities or buildings. Three species are designated as endangered (Myotis sodalis) or near threatened (M. bechsteinii, M. dasycneme). Artificial roosts should be constructed and installed to mimic natural roosts, emphasize requirements of target species, and exclude non-target species. Monitoring species composition and identifying effects of roost density will help determine conservation impacts of artificial roosts. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2022-07-27},
	journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
	author = {Mering, Elisabeth D. and Chambers, Carol L.},
	year = {2014},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/wsb.461},
	keywords = {Chiroptera, Europe, North America, artificial roosts, bat barks, bat boxes, forest bats, maternity roosts},
	pages = {741--751},
}

Artificial roosts designed to attract bats have been used to increase populations, aid seed dispersal, and control insects. More important from a conservation perspective, artificial roosts provide habitat where natural roosts have been lost. Although artificial roosts have been widely used, much of the information on species that use artificial roosts, roost design, and placement is anecdotal and poorly reported. We reviewed the existing literature on artificial roosts to summarize current research and inform research and management decisions. From 47 publications and reports, we identified 48 types of structures used by 59 species. Roosts were constructed from wood (66.7%), concrete (8.3%), or other materials (25.0%) and varied in size and shape from small-volume wood boxes (0.002 m3) to large (6 m tall) free-standing structures. Variables most often considered in the context of attracting bats were aspect, substrate, and mount location; few studies measured height or microclimate. Colonization rates ranged from 7% to 100%. Bats commonly used structures as solitary (21 species) or social (breeding or maternity; 21 species) roosts. Most species documented to use artificial roosts are vespertilionids (73%), have the International Union for Conservation of Nature's designation of least concern (93%), and roost in tree cavities or buildings. Three species are designated as endangered (Myotis sodalis) or near threatened (M. bechsteinii, M. dasycneme). Artificial roosts should be constructed and installed to mimic natural roosts, emphasize requirements of target species, and exclude non-target species. Monitoring species composition and identifying effects of roost density will help determine conservation impacts of artificial roosts. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.

@article{johnson_effects_2014,
	title = {Effects of reproductive condition, roost microclimate, and weather patterns on summer torpor use by a vespertilionid bat},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2045-7758},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ece3.913},
	doi = {10.1002/ece3.913},
	abstract = {A growing number of mammal species are recognized as heterothermic, capable of maintaining a high-core body temperature or entering a state of metabolic suppression known as torpor. Small mammals can achieve large energetic savings when torpid, but they are also subject to ecological costs. Studying torpor use in an ecological and physiological context can help elucidate relative costs and benefits of torpor to different groups within a population. We measured skin temperatures of 46 adult Rafinesque's big-eared bats (Corynorhinus rafinesquii) to evaluate thermoregulatory strategies of a heterothermic small mammal during the reproductive season. We compared daily average and minimum skin temperatures as well as the frequency, duration, and depth of torpor bouts of sex and reproductive classes of bats inhabiting day-roosts with different thermal characteristics. We evaluated roosts with microclimates colder (caves) and warmer (buildings) than ambient air temperatures, as well as roosts with intermediate conditions (trees and rock crevices). Using Akaike's information criterion (AIC), we found that different statistical models best predicted various characteristics of torpor bouts. While the type of day-roost best predicted the average number of torpor bouts that bats used each day, current weather variables best predicted daily average and minimum skin temperatures of bats, and reproductive condition best predicted average torpor bout depth and the average amount of time spent torpid each day by bats. Finding that different models best explain varying aspects of heterothermy illustrates the importance of torpor to both reproductive and nonreproductive small mammals and emphasizes the multifaceted nature of heterothermy and the need to collect data on numerous heterothermic response variables within an ecophysiological context.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-07-21},
	journal = {Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Johnson, Joseph S. and Lacki, Michael J.},
	year = {2014},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ece3.913},
	keywords = {Chiroptera, Corynorhinus rafinesquii, day-roosts, ecophysiology, heterothermy, microclimates, roosting ecology, thermoregulation},
	pages = {157--166},
}

A growing number of mammal species are recognized as heterothermic, capable of maintaining a high-core body temperature or entering a state of metabolic suppression known as torpor. Small mammals can achieve large energetic savings when torpid, but they are also subject to ecological costs. Studying torpor use in an ecological and physiological context can help elucidate relative costs and benefits of torpor to different groups within a population. We measured skin temperatures of 46 adult Rafinesque's big-eared bats (Corynorhinus rafinesquii) to evaluate thermoregulatory strategies of a heterothermic small mammal during the reproductive season. We compared daily average and minimum skin temperatures as well as the frequency, duration, and depth of torpor bouts of sex and reproductive classes of bats inhabiting day-roosts with different thermal characteristics. We evaluated roosts with microclimates colder (caves) and warmer (buildings) than ambient air temperatures, as well as roosts with intermediate conditions (trees and rock crevices). Using Akaike's information criterion (AIC), we found that different statistical models best predicted various characteristics of torpor bouts. While the type of day-roost best predicted the average number of torpor bouts that bats used each day, current weather variables best predicted daily average and minimum skin temperatures of bats, and reproductive condition best predicted average torpor bout depth and the average amount of time spent torpid each day by bats. Finding that different models best explain varying aspects of heterothermy illustrates the importance of torpor to both reproductive and nonreproductive small mammals and emphasizes the multifaceted nature of heterothermy and the need to collect data on numerous heterothermic response variables within an ecophysiological context.

@article{johnson_effects_2014-1,
	title = {Effects of reproductive condition, roost microclimate, and weather patterns on summer torpor use by a vespertilionid bat},
	volume = {4},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Johnson, Joseph S. and Lacki, Michael J.},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	pages = {157--166},
}

@article{mering_thinking_2014,
	title = {Thinking outside the box: {A} review of artificial roosts for bats},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {1938-5463},
	shorttitle = {Thinking outside the box},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wsb.461},
	doi = {10.1002/wsb.461},
	abstract = {Artificial roosts designed to attract bats have been used to increase populations, aid seed dispersal, and control insects. More important from a conservation perspective, artificial roosts provide habitat where natural roosts have been lost. Although artificial roosts have been widely used, much of the information on species that use artificial roosts, roost design, and placement is anecdotal and poorly reported. We reviewed the existing literature on artificial roosts to summarize current research and inform research and management decisions. From 47 publications and reports, we identified 48 types of structures used by 59 species. Roosts were constructed from wood (66.7\%), concrete (8.3\%), or other materials (25.0\%) and varied in size and shape from small-volume wood boxes (0.002 m3) to large (6 m tall) free-standing structures. Variables most often considered in the context of attracting bats were aspect, substrate, and mount location; few studies measured height or microclimate. Colonization rates ranged from 7\% to 100\%. Bats commonly used structures as solitary (21 species) or social (breeding or maternity; 21 species) roosts. Most species documented to use artificial roosts are vespertilionids (73\%), have the International Union for Conservation of Nature's designation of least concern (93\%), and roost in tree cavities or buildings. Three species are designated as endangered (Myotis sodalis) or near threatened (M. bechsteinii, M. dasycneme). Artificial roosts should be constructed and installed to mimic natural roosts, emphasize requirements of target species, and exclude non-target species. Monitoring species composition and identifying effects of roost density will help determine conservation impacts of artificial roosts. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2022-07-21},
	journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
	author = {Mering, Elisabeth D. and Chambers, Carol L.},
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Chiroptera, Europe, North America, artificial roosts, bat barks, bat boxes, forest bats, maternity roosts},
	pages = {741--751},
}

Artificial roosts designed to attract bats have been used to increase populations, aid seed dispersal, and control insects. More important from a conservation perspective, artificial roosts provide habitat where natural roosts have been lost. Although artificial roosts have been widely used, much of the information on species that use artificial roosts, roost design, and placement is anecdotal and poorly reported. We reviewed the existing literature on artificial roosts to summarize current research and inform research and management decisions. From 47 publications and reports, we identified 48 types of structures used by 59 species. Roosts were constructed from wood (66.7%), concrete (8.3%), or other materials (25.0%) and varied in size and shape from small-volume wood boxes (0.002 m3) to large (6 m tall) free-standing structures. Variables most often considered in the context of attracting bats were aspect, substrate, and mount location; few studies measured height or microclimate. Colonization rates ranged from 7% to 100%. Bats commonly used structures as solitary (21 species) or social (breeding or maternity; 21 species) roosts. Most species documented to use artificial roosts are vespertilionids (73%), have the International Union for Conservation of Nature's designation of least concern (93%), and roost in tree cavities or buildings. Three species are designated as endangered (Myotis sodalis) or near threatened (M. bechsteinii, M. dasycneme). Artificial roosts should be constructed and installed to mimic natural roosts, emphasize requirements of target species, and exclude non-target species. Monitoring species composition and identifying effects of roost density will help determine conservation impacts of artificial roosts. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.

@article{johnson_effects_2014,
	title = {Effects of reproductive condition, roost microclimate, and weather patterns on summer torpor use by a vespertilionid bat},
	volume = {4},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Johnson, Joseph S. and Lacki, Michael J.},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	pages = {157--166},
}

@article{tomassini_cranial_2014,
	title = {Cranial size has increased over 133 years in a common bat, {Pipistrellus} kuhlii: a response to changing climate or urbanization?},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {1365-2699},
	shorttitle = {Cranial size has increased over 133 years in a common bat, {Pipistrellus} kuhlii},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jbi.12248},
	doi = {10.1111/jbi.12248},
	abstract = {Aim Bats are promising candidates for studying morphometric responses to anthropogenic climate or land-use changes. We assessed whether the cranial size of a common bat (Pipistrellus kuhlii) had changed between 1875 and 2007. We formulated the following hypotheses: (1) if heat loss is an important reaction to climate change, body size will have decreased in response to the increased temperatures, because small bats have a larger surface-to-volume ratio and dissipate heat more effectively; (2) if water loss is the main driver, body size will have increased in response to the temperature increase, because larger bats will lose water more slowly through a reduced surface-to-volume ratio; (3) the energetic benefits provided by urbanization (food concentration at street lamps, warmer maternity roosts in buildings) will lead to a general body size increase in P. kuhlii; and (4) because street lamps impair moth antipredatory manoeuvres, cranial size may have selectively increased as an adaptive response to handle larger prey (moths) in artificially illuminated sites. Ours is the first study to assess temporal trends in bat body size over more than a century and to relate them to urbanization. Location Mainland Italy. Methods We used traditional morphometrics to compare seven variables of skull size in 117 museum specimens (75 female, 42 male). Results Cranial size increased after 1950, but this change was not paralleled by an increase in body size, measured as forearm length. This selective increase matched a rapid increase in electric public illumination in Italy. Main conclusions Street lights are crucial foraging sites for P. kuhlii. The directional change that we found in cranial size might represent microevolutionary adaptive tracking of a sudden shift in food size, making more profitable prey available.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2022-06-28},
	journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
	author = {Tomassini, Alessandra and Colangelo, Paolo and Agnelli, Paolo and Jones, Gareth and Russo, Danilo},
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Bergmann's rule, Italy, Mediterranean, body size, climate change, historical ecological factors, microevolutionary change, pipistrelle, skull morphometrics},
	pages = {944--953},
}

Aim Bats are promising candidates for studying morphometric responses to anthropogenic climate or land-use changes. We assessed whether the cranial size of a common bat (Pipistrellus kuhlii) had changed between 1875 and 2007. We formulated the following hypotheses: (1) if heat loss is an important reaction to climate change, body size will have decreased in response to the increased temperatures, because small bats have a larger surface-to-volume ratio and dissipate heat more effectively; (2) if water loss is the main driver, body size will have increased in response to the temperature increase, because larger bats will lose water more slowly through a reduced surface-to-volume ratio; (3) the energetic benefits provided by urbanization (food concentration at street lamps, warmer maternity roosts in buildings) will lead to a general body size increase in P. kuhlii; and (4) because street lamps impair moth antipredatory manoeuvres, cranial size may have selectively increased as an adaptive response to handle larger prey (moths) in artificially illuminated sites. Ours is the first study to assess temporal trends in bat body size over more than a century and to relate them to urbanization. Location Mainland Italy. Methods We used traditional morphometrics to compare seven variables of skull size in 117 museum specimens (75 female, 42 male). Results Cranial size increased after 1950, but this change was not paralleled by an increase in body size, measured as forearm length. This selective increase matched a rapid increase in electric public illumination in Italy. Main conclusions Street lights are crucial foraging sites for P. kuhlii. The directional change that we found in cranial size might represent microevolutionary adaptive tracking of a sudden shift in food size, making more profitable prey available.

@article{rhind_koalas_2014,
	title = {Do koalas {Phascolarctos} cinereus use trees planted on farms? {A} case study from north-west {New} {South} {Wales}, {Australia}.},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {2204-4604},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Pacific Conservation Biology},
	author = {Rhind, Susan G and Ellis, Murray V and Smith, Martin and Lunney, Daniel},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: CSIRO},
	pages = {302--312},
}

@incollection{tisdell_changed_2014,
	title = {Changed {Values} and {Increased} {Support} for {Wildlife} {Conservation} as a {Result} of {Ecotourism}: {A} {Sea} {Turtle} {Study}},
	language = {en},
	booktitle = {Summary of {Chapter} 3 in {Human} {Values} and {Biodiversity} {Conservation}: {The} {Survival} of {Wild} {Species}},
	publisher = {Publishing Limited, USA},
	author = {Tisdell, C.},
	editor = {Edward, E},
	year = {2014},
}

@article{wijeratne_rules_2014,
	title = {Rules of engagement: {The} role of emotional display rules in delivering conservation interpretation in a zoo- based tourism context.},
	volume = {42},
	language = {fr},
	journal = {Tourism Management},
	author = {Wijeratne, A.J. and Van Dijk, P.A. and Kirk-Brown, A. and Frost, L.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {149--156},
}

@article{watters_searching_2014,
	title = {Searching for behavioral indicators of welfare in zoos: uncovering anticipatory behavior},
	volume = {33},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Zoo Biol},
	author = {Watters, J.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {251--256},
}

@article{jacobs_influence_2014,
	title = {Influence of interpretation on conservation intentions of whale tourists.},
	volume = {42},
	language = {fr},
	journal = {Tourism Management},
	author = {Jacobs, M.H. and Harms, M.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {123--131},
}

@article{curtin_wildlife_2014,
	title = {Wildlife {Tourism}: {Reconnecting} {People} with {Nature}},
	volume = {19},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Human Dimensions of Wildlife},
	author = {Curtin, S. and Kragh, G.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {545--554},
}

@article{cong_analysis_2014,
	title = {Analysis of {Wildlife} {Tourism} {Experiences} with {Endangered} {Species}: {An} {Exploratory} {Study} of {Encounters} with {Giant} {Pandas} in {Chengdu}, {China}},
	volume = {40},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Tourism Management},
	author = {Cong, L. and Bihu, W. and Morrison, A.M. and Hua, S. and Wang, M.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {300--10},
}

@article{pintavongs_domestic_2014,
	title = {Domestic elephant population structure and health status in {Thailand}},
	volume = {24},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Vet},
	author = {Pintavongs, W. and Chueplaivej, P. and Boonyasart, B. and Kidyhoo, S. and Pravai, W. and Rattanakunuprakarn, J.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {16--24},
}

@article{rose_evidence-basing_2014,
	title = {Evidence-basing exhibition of reptiles and amphibians using student-lead research: three species-specific case studies},
	volume = {2},
	language = {en},
	journal = {JZAR},
	author = {Rose, P. and Evans, C. and Coffin, R. and Miller, R. and Nash, S.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {25--32},
}

@article{rose_review_2014,
	title = {A review of captive flamingo ({Phoenicopteridae}) welfare: a synthesis of current knowledge and future directions},
	volume = {48},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Int. Zoo Yearb},
	author = {Rose, P. and Croft, D. and Lee, R.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {139--155},
}

@article{roe_role_2014,
	title = {The role of zoos in modern society. {A} comparison of zoos’ reported priorities and what visitors believe they should be.},
	volume = {27},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Anthrozoös},
	author = {Roe, K. and McConney, A. and Mansfield, C.F.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {529--541},
}

@article{powell_evaluation_2014,
	title = {Evaluation of factors affecting emotional responses in zoo visitors and the impact of emotion on conservation mindedness.},
	volume = {27},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Anthro- zoös},
	author = {Powell, D.M. and Bullock, E.V.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {389--405},
}

@article{pirotta_activities_2014,
	title = {Activities, motivations and disturbance: {An} agent-based model of bottlenose dolphin behavioral dynamics and interactions with tourism in {Doubtful} {Sound}, {New} {Zealand}},
	volume = {282},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Ecological Modelling},
	author = {Pirotta, E. and New, L. and Harwood, J. and Lusseau, D.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {44--58},
}

@book{nijman_assessment_2014,
	address = {Cambridge},
	title = {An assessment of the live elephant trade in {Thailand}},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {TRAFFIC},
	author = {Nijman, V.},
	year = {2014},
}

@article{mohapatra_study_2014,
	title = {Study on activity pattern and incidence of stereotypic behavior in captive tigers},
	volume = {9},
	language = {en},
	journal = {J. Vet. Behav},
	author = {Mohapatra, R. and Panda, S. and Acharya, U.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {172--176},
}

@article{michaels_importance_2014,
	title = {The importance of natural history and species-specific approaches in amphibian ex-situ conservation},
	volume = {24},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Herpetol. J},
	author = {Michaels, C. and Gini, B. and Preziosi, R.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {135--145},
}

@article{michaels_importance_2014-1,
	title = {The importance of enrichment for advancing amphibian welfare and conservation goals: a review of a neglected topic},
	volume = {8},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Amphibian \& Reptile Conservation},
	author = {Michaels, C. and Downie, J. and Campbell-Palmer, R.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {7--23},
}

@article{maple_elevating_2014,
	title = {Elevating the priority of zoo animal welfare: the chief executive as an agent of reform},
	volume = {33},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Zoo Biol},
	author = {Maple, T.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1--7},
}

@book{lummaa_posthumanism_2014,
	address = {Turku},
	title = {Posthumanism},
	language = {pt},
	publisher = {Eetos},
	author = {Lummaa, K. and Rojola, L.},
	year = {2014},
}

@article{lukas_naturalistic_2014,
	title = {Naturalistic exhibits may be more effective than traditional exhibits at improving zoo-visitor attitudes toward african apes.},
	volume = {27},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Anthro- zoös},
	author = {Lukas, K.E. and Ross, S.R.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {435--455},
}

@book{duim_institutional_2014,
	address = {Dordrecht},
	title = {Institutional arrangements for conservation, development and tourism in {Eastern} and {Southern} {Africa} : {A} dynamic perspective},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Duim, R. and Lamers, M. and Wijk, J.},
	year = {2014},
}

@incollection{cong_wildlife_2014,
	title = {Wildlife tourism in {China}: {A} review of the {Chinese} research literature},
	language = {en},
	booktitle = {Current {Issues} in {Tourism}},
	author = {Cong, L. and Newsome, D. and Wu, B. and Morrison, A.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1--24},
}

@article{collar_conservation_2014,
	title = {Conservation breeding and avian diversity: chances and challenges},
	volume = {48},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Int. Zoo. Yearb},
	author = {Collar, N. and Butchart, S.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {7--28},
}

@article{cagua_whale_2014,
	title = {Whale shark economics: {A} valuation of wildlife tourism in {South} {Ari} {Atoll}},
	volume = {2},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Maldives. PeerJ, Vol},
	author = {Cagua, E.F. and Collins, N. and Hancock, J. and Rees, R.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {515},
}

@article{breton_influence_2014,
	title = {Influence of enclosure size on the distances covered and paced by captive tigers ({Panthera} tigris)},
	volume = {154},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci},
	author = {Breton, G. and Barrot, S.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {66--75},
}

@article{ballen_effects_2014,
	title = {Effects of early social isolation on the behaviour and performance of juvenile lizards, {Chamaeleo} calyptratus},
	volume = {88},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Ballen, C. and Shine, R. and Olsson, M.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1--6},
}

@article{lucan_contrasting_2013,
	title = {Contrasting effects of climate change on the timing of reproduction and reproductive success of a temperate insectivorous bat},
	volume = {290},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Zoology},
	author = {Lučan, R. K. and Weiser, M. and Hanák, V.},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	pages = {151--159},
}

@article{boonstra_reality_2013,
	title = {Reality as the leading cause of stress: rethinking the impact of chronic stress in nature},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {1365-2435},
	shorttitle = {Reality as the leading cause of stress},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1365-2435.12008},
	doi = {10.1111/1365-2435.12008},
	abstract = {Chronic activation of the stress axis caused by long-term uncontrollable and unpredictable factors in the environment has been regarded as causing maladaptive and/or pathological effects, both by those studying animals in the laboratory and in nature. While pathology may apply to the former, I argue that it does not apply to the latter. Our thinking on the role of chronic stress in animals in nature has been heavily influenced by biomedical research, but much less so by the ecological and evolutionary context within which animals actually function. I argue that when such stressors occur (e.g. periods of high predation risk, food limitation, prolonged severe weather, social conflict, etc.), although the animal may be chronically stressed, its responses are adaptive and continue to promote fitness. Chronic stressors in nature can be subdivided into whether they are reactive (direct physiological challenges threatening homeostasis and not requiring cognitive processing – for example, food limitation) or anticipatory (perceived to be threatening and requiring cognitive processing – for example, high predation risk). For anticipatory stressors, their impact on the animal should not be based on their absolute duration (they may be acute), but rather by the duration of their physiological consequences. The anticipatory stressor of persistent high predation risk does not elicit chronic stress in all prey classes. Cyclic snowshoe hare and arctic ground squirrels exhibit evidence of chronic stress when predator numbers are high, but cyclic vole and noncyclic elk populations do not. I suggest that chronic stress has evolved to benefit the fitness of the former and not the later, with the key factors being lifespan and life history. I propose that chronic stress evolves in a species only if it is adaptive.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-08-31},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Boonstra, Rudy},
	year = {2013},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1365-2435.12008},
	keywords = {acute and chronic stress, fitness, general adaptation syndrome, homeostasis, pathology, predation risk, reactive and anticipatory stress},
	pages = {11--23},
}

Chronic activation of the stress axis caused by long-term uncontrollable and unpredictable factors in the environment has been regarded as causing maladaptive and/or pathological effects, both by those studying animals in the laboratory and in nature. While pathology may apply to the former, I argue that it does not apply to the latter. Our thinking on the role of chronic stress in animals in nature has been heavily influenced by biomedical research, but much less so by the ecological and evolutionary context within which animals actually function. I argue that when such stressors occur (e.g. periods of high predation risk, food limitation, prolonged severe weather, social conflict, etc.), although the animal may be chronically stressed, its responses are adaptive and continue to promote fitness. Chronic stressors in nature can be subdivided into whether they are reactive (direct physiological challenges threatening homeostasis and not requiring cognitive processing – for example, food limitation) or anticipatory (perceived to be threatening and requiring cognitive processing – for example, high predation risk). For anticipatory stressors, their impact on the animal should not be based on their absolute duration (they may be acute), but rather by the duration of their physiological consequences. The anticipatory stressor of persistent high predation risk does not elicit chronic stress in all prey classes. Cyclic snowshoe hare and arctic ground squirrels exhibit evidence of chronic stress when predator numbers are high, but cyclic vole and noncyclic elk populations do not. I suggest that chronic stress has evolved to benefit the fitness of the former and not the later, with the key factors being lifespan and life history. I propose that chronic stress evolves in a species only if it is adaptive.

@misc{baker_review_2013,
	title = {Review of factors influencing stress hormones in fish and wildlife},
	abstract = {Conservation efforts to better understand how wildlife populations respond to environmental change and anthropogenic disturbance has led to a proliferation of research examining physiological indicators of stress response in wildlife. Glucocorticoid stress hormones (GCs), typically cortisol and corticosterone, are among the most frequently measured indicators of the vertebrate stress response. To review the current state of research on stress physiology of free-ranging animals and its application to conservation, we canvassed more than 1000 articles on GC measures in wildlife published since 1969. For 454 studies published since 1990, we assessed the most commonly analysed correlates and disturbances and conducted a meta-analysis on commonly studied species. We noted a prominent divide in the legacies of fish-related analyses and those of higher order vertebrates and the need and opportunity to transfer knowledge between fields. Fish studies most frequently measured physiological indicators, condition, and the relationship between stress and mortality, whereas other vertebrate studies most frequently measured reproduction, condition, and environmental correlates. Correlates that significantly influenced GC levels across all vertebrate groups and are thus important to control for in study design and analyses include density and dispersal of conspecifics, season, reproductive status, and social status. Consistent trends across commonly studied species included positive GC response to capture and handling, reduced GC response related to acclimation, and a lack of correlation between condition and baseline GC levels. Our synthesis within and across diverse taxonomic orders reveals substantial research coverage but a lack of depth in multivariate analyses and a disparity in how correlates are controlled. This paper provides a comprehensive assessment of correlates and disturbances that influence GC measures and, as such, has useful applications to assist conservation physiologists in study design, analysis, and interpretation.},
	author = {Baker, Matthew and Gobush, Kathleen and Vynne, Carly},
	month = nov,
	year = {2013},
	note = {Journal Abbreviation: Journal for Nature Conservation
Publication Title: Journal for Nature Conservation
Volume: 21},
}

Conservation efforts to better understand how wildlife populations respond to environmental change and anthropogenic disturbance has led to a proliferation of research examining physiological indicators of stress response in wildlife. Glucocorticoid stress hormones (GCs), typically cortisol and corticosterone, are among the most frequently measured indicators of the vertebrate stress response. To review the current state of research on stress physiology of free-ranging animals and its application to conservation, we canvassed more than 1000 articles on GC measures in wildlife published since 1969. For 454 studies published since 1990, we assessed the most commonly analysed correlates and disturbances and conducted a meta-analysis on commonly studied species. We noted a prominent divide in the legacies of fish-related analyses and those of higher order vertebrates and the need and opportunity to transfer knowledge between fields. Fish studies most frequently measured physiological indicators, condition, and the relationship between stress and mortality, whereas other vertebrate studies most frequently measured reproduction, condition, and environmental correlates. Correlates that significantly influenced GC levels across all vertebrate groups and are thus important to control for in study design and analyses include density and dispersal of conspecifics, season, reproductive status, and social status. Consistent trends across commonly studied species included positive GC response to capture and handling, reduced GC response related to acclimation, and a lack of correlation between condition and baseline GC levels. Our synthesis within and across diverse taxonomic orders reveals substantial research coverage but a lack of depth in multivariate analyses and a disparity in how correlates are controlled. This paper provides a comprehensive assessment of correlates and disturbances that influence GC measures and, as such, has useful applications to assist conservation physiologists in study design, analysis, and interpretation.

@article{lima_predators_2013,
	title = {Do predators influence the behaviour of bats?},
	volume = {88},
	issn = {1469-185X},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/brv.12021},
	doi = {10.1111/brv.12021},
	abstract = {Many aspects of animal behaviour are affected by real-time changes in the risk of predation. This conclusion holds for virtually all taxa and ecological systems studied, but does it hold for bats? Bats are poorly represented in the literature on anti-predator behaviour, which may reflect a lack of nocturnal predators specialized on bats. If bats actually experience a world with minimal anti-predator concerns, then they will provide a unique contrast within the realm of vertebrate ecology. Alternatively, such predator-driven behaviour in bats may not yet be fully understood, given the difficulties in working with these highly mobile and nocturnal animals. We provide a wide-ranging exploration of these issues in bat behaviour. We first cover the basic predator-prey information available on bats, both on potential predators and the ways in which bats might perceive predators and respond to attacks. We then cover work relevant to key aspects of bat behaviour, such as choice of daytime roosts, the nature of sleep and torpor, evening roost departures, moonlight avoidance, landscape-related movement patterns, and habitat selection. Overall, the evidence in favour of a strong influence of predators on bat behaviour is equivocal, with the picture clouded by contradictory results and a lack of information on potential predators and the perception of risk by bats. It seems clear that day-active bats run a considerable risk of being killed by diurnal raptors, which are able to capture bats with relative ease. Thus, bats taking advantage of a pulse of insects just prior to sunset are likely taking risks to gain much-needed energy. Further, the choice of daytime roosts by bats is probably strongly influenced by roost safety. Few studies, however, have directly addressed either of these topics. As a group, insectivorous temperate-zone bats show no clear tendency to avoid apparently risky situations, such as activity on moonlit nights. However, some observations are consistent with the idea that predation risk affects choice of movement paths and feeding areas by temperate-zone bats, as well as the timing of roost departures. The behaviour of tropical bats, on the other hand, seems more generally influenced by predators; this is especially true for tropical nectarivores and frugivores, but also for insectivorous bats. Presumably there are more serious predators on bats in the tropics (e.g. specialized raptors or carnivorous bats), but the identity of these predators is unclear. More information is needed to assess fully the influence of predators on bat behaviour. There is much need for work on the ways in which bats perceive predators via auditory, visual, and olfactory cues, and whether bats have some knowledge of the risks posed by different predators. Also needed is information on how predators attack bats and how bats react to attacking predators. Difficult to obtain, but of critical value, will be information on the nature of the predation risk experienced by bats while away from roosts and during the full darkness of night.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-08-23},
	journal = {Biological Reviews},
	author = {Lima, Steven L. and O'Keefe, Joy M.},
	year = {2013},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/brv.12021},
	keywords = {anti-predator behaviour, bats, foraging behaviour, habitat use, moonlight avoidance, predation risk, risk perception, roost choice, roost departure, torpor},
	pages = {626--644},
}

Many aspects of animal behaviour are affected by real-time changes in the risk of predation. This conclusion holds for virtually all taxa and ecological systems studied, but does it hold for bats? Bats are poorly represented in the literature on anti-predator behaviour, which may reflect a lack of nocturnal predators specialized on bats. If bats actually experience a world with minimal anti-predator concerns, then they will provide a unique contrast within the realm of vertebrate ecology. Alternatively, such predator-driven behaviour in bats may not yet be fully understood, given the difficulties in working with these highly mobile and nocturnal animals. We provide a wide-ranging exploration of these issues in bat behaviour. We first cover the basic predator-prey information available on bats, both on potential predators and the ways in which bats might perceive predators and respond to attacks. We then cover work relevant to key aspects of bat behaviour, such as choice of daytime roosts, the nature of sleep and torpor, evening roost departures, moonlight avoidance, landscape-related movement patterns, and habitat selection. Overall, the evidence in favour of a strong influence of predators on bat behaviour is equivocal, with the picture clouded by contradictory results and a lack of information on potential predators and the perception of risk by bats. It seems clear that day-active bats run a considerable risk of being killed by diurnal raptors, which are able to capture bats with relative ease. Thus, bats taking advantage of a pulse of insects just prior to sunset are likely taking risks to gain much-needed energy. Further, the choice of daytime roosts by bats is probably strongly influenced by roost safety. Few studies, however, have directly addressed either of these topics. As a group, insectivorous temperate-zone bats show no clear tendency to avoid apparently risky situations, such as activity on moonlit nights. However, some observations are consistent with the idea that predation risk affects choice of movement paths and feeding areas by temperate-zone bats, as well as the timing of roost departures. The behaviour of tropical bats, on the other hand, seems more generally influenced by predators; this is especially true for tropical nectarivores and frugivores, but also for insectivorous bats. Presumably there are more serious predators on bats in the tropics (e.g. specialized raptors or carnivorous bats), but the identity of these predators is unclear. More information is needed to assess fully the influence of predators on bat behaviour. There is much need for work on the ways in which bats perceive predators via auditory, visual, and olfactory cues, and whether bats have some knowledge of the risks posed by different predators. Also needed is information on how predators attack bats and how bats react to attacking predators. Difficult to obtain, but of critical value, will be information on the nature of the predation risk experienced by bats while away from roosts and during the full darkness of night.

@article{dzal_tradeoff_2013,
	title = {The tradeoff between torpor use and reproduction in little brown bats ({Myotis} lucifugus)},
	volume = {183},
	issn = {0174-1578, 1432-136X},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00360-012-0705-4},
	doi = {10.1007/s00360-012-0705-4},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-07-21},
	journal = {Journal of Comparative Physiology B},
	author = {Dzal, Yvonne A. and Brigham, R. Mark},
	month = feb,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {279--288},
}

@article{basil_expedition_2013,
	title = {Expedition with {Bat} {Detector} at {Mundanthurai} {Plateau} of {KMTR}, {India}},
	author = {Basil, Gladrene Sheena},
	year = {2013},
}

@article{bartonicka_recolonization_2013,
	title = {Recolonization of bat roost by bat bugs ({Cimex} pipistrelli): could parasite load be a cause of bat roost switching?},
	volume = {112},
	shorttitle = {Recolonization of bat roost by bat bugs ({Cimex} pipistrelli)},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Parasitology Research},
	author = {Bartonička, Tomáš and R{\textbackslash}uužičková, Lucie},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	pages = {1615--1622},
}

@article{reid_artificial_2013,
	title = {Artificial bat roosts did not accelerate forest regeneration in abandoned pastures in southern {Costa} {Rica}},
	volume = {167},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	author = {Reid, J. Leighton and Holste, Ellen K. and Zahawi, Rakan A.},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	pages = {9--16},
}

@article{threlfall_urban_2013,
	title = {The urban matrix and artificial light restricts the nightly ranging behaviour of {G} ould's long-eared bat ({N} yctophilus gouldi)},
	volume = {38},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Austral Ecology},
	author = {Threlfall, C. G. and Law, B. and Banks, P. B.},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	pages = {921--930},
}

@article{nygren_significance_2013,
	title = {Significance of affect and ethics in applying conservation standards: {The} practices of flying squirrel surveyors.},
	volume = {46},
	language = {en},
	number = {0},
	journal = {Geoforum},
	author = {Nygren, N.V. and Jokinen, A.},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {79--90},
}

@article{skibins_charisma_2013,
	title = {Charisma and conservation: {Charismatic} megafauna’s influence on safari and zoo tourists’ pro-conservation behaviors},
	volume = {22},
	language = {fr},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
	author = {Skibins, J. and Powell, C. and Hallo, R.},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {959--982},
}

@article{whitham_new_2013,
	title = {New directions for zoo animal welfare science},
	volume = {147},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Applied Animal Behaviour Science},
	author = {Whitham, J.C. and Wielebnowski, N.},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {247--260},
}

@article{powell_conservation_2013,
	title = {Conservation caring: measuring the influence of zoo visitors’ connection to wildlife on pro-conservation behaviours.},
	volume = {32},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Zoo Biology},
	author = {Powell, R.B. and Skibins, J.C.},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {528--40},
}

@article{wu_which_2013,
	title = {Which factors help visitors convert their short-term pro-environmental intentions to long-term behaviours?},
	volume = {13},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	journal = {International Journal of Tourism Sciences},
	author = {Wu, J. and Huang, D. and Liu, J. and Law, R.},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {33--56},
}

@incollection{warwick_assessing_2013,
	title = {Assessing reptile welfare using behavioural criteria},
	volume = {35},
	language = {en},
	booktitle = {Practice},
	author = {Warwick, C. and Arena, P. and Lindley, S. and Jessop, M. and Steedman, C.},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {123--131},
}

@book{tisdell_handbook_2013,
	title = {Handbook of {Tourism} {Economics}: {Analysis}, {New} {Applications} and {Case} {Studies}},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {World Scientific},
	editor = {Tisdell, C.},
	year = {2013},
}

@article{tan_influence_2013,
	title = {The influence of enclosure design on diurnal activity and stereotypic behaviour in captive {Malayan} {Sun} bears ({Helarctos} malayanus)},
	volume = {94},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Res. Vet. Sci},
	author = {Tan, H. and Ong, S. and Langat, G. and Bahaman, A. and Sharma, R. and Sumita, S.},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {228--239},
}

@article{shepherdson_individual_2013,
	title = {Individual and environmental factors associated with stereotypic behavior and fecal glucocorticoid metabolite levels in zoo housed polar bears},
	volume = {147},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci},
	author = {Shepherdson, D. and Lewis, K. and Carlstead, K. and Bauman, J. and Perrin, N.},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {268--277},
}

@article{laatu_development_2013,
	title = {The development of animal welfare in {Finland} and how people perceive animal welfare: {Case} study: {Animals} in tourism: {Zoos}.},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Vaasa University of Applied Sciences},
	author = {Laatu, S.},
	year = {2013},
}

@book{birdlife_international_buceros_2013,
	title = {Buceros bicornis, {The} {IUCN} {Red} {List} of {Threatened} {Species} ver 3.1. {Available}},
	language = {en},
	author = {Birdlife International},
	year = {2013},
}

@article{reading_value_2013,
	title = {The {Value} of {Enrichment} to {Reintroduction} {Success}},
	volume = {9999},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Zoo Biology},
	author = {Reading, R.P. and Shepherdson, B.D. and Miller, B},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {1--10},
}

@article{rose_evaluating_2013,
	title = {Evaluating the activity patterns and enclosure usage of a little-studied zoo species, the sitatunga ({Tragelaphus} spekii)},
	volume = {1},
	language = {en},
	journal = {JZAR},
	author = {Rose, P. and Robert, R.},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {14--19},
}

@article{pomerantz_socio-ecological_2013,
	title = {Socio-ecological factors correlate with levels of stereotypic behavior in zoo-housed primates},
	volume = {98},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Behav. Process},
	author = {Pomerantz, O. and Meiri, S. and Terkel, J.},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {85--91},
}

@article{mustika_human_2013,
	title = {The {Human} {Dimensions} of {Wildlife} {Tourism} in a {Developing} {Country}: {Watching} {Spinner} {Dolphins} at {Lovina}},
	volume = {21},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Sustainable Tourism},
	author = {Mustika, P. and Kusuma, L. and Birtles, A. and Everingham, Y. and Marsh, H.},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {229--251},
}

@article{moss_educational_2013,
	title = {The educational claims of zoos: {Where} do we go from here?},
	volume = {32},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Zoo Biology},
	author = {Moss, A. and Esson, M.},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {13--18},
}

@article{minteer_ecological_2013,
	title = {Ecological ethics in captivity: {Balancing} values and responsibilities in zoo and aquarium research under rapid global change.},
	volume = {54},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Ilar Journal},
	author = {Minteer, B.A. and Collins, J.P.},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {41--51},
}

@article{miller_dolphin_2013,
	title = {Dolphin shows and interaction programmes: {Benefits} for conservation education?},
	volume = {32},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Zoo Biology},
	author = {Miller, L. and Zeigler-Hill, V. and Mellen, J. and Koeppel, J. and Greer, T. and Kuczaj, S.},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {45--53},
}

@book{miller_nature_2013,
	title = {The nature of the beasts: {Empire} and exhibition at the {Tokyo} {Imperial} {Zoo}},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {University of California Press},
	author = {Miller, I.J.},
	year = {2013},
}

@article{mason_plastic_2013,
	title = {Plastic animals in cages: behavioural flexibility and responses to captivity},
	volume = {85},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Anim. Behav},
	author = {Mason, G. and Burn, C. and Dallaire, J. and Kroshko, J. and McDonald Kinkaid, H. and Jeschke, J.},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {1113--1126},
}

@article{maslak_aspects_2013,
	title = {Some aspects of locomotory stereotypies in spectacled bears ({Tremarctos} ornatus) and changes in behavior after relocation and dental treatment},
	volume = {8},
	language = {en},
	journal = {J. Vet. Behav},
	author = {Maslak, R. and Sergiel, A. and Hill, S.},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {335--341},
}

@incollection{lyles_zoos_2013,
	address = {Waltham, USA},
	edition = {2},
	title = {Zoos and zoological parks},
	language = {en},
	booktitle = {Encyclopedia of {Biodiversity}},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	author = {Lyles, A. and Wharton, D.},
	editor = {Simon, A.},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {470--479},
}

@article{luebke_exploratory_2013,
	title = {An exploratory study of zoo visitors’ exhibit experiences and reactions.},
	volume = {32},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Zoo Biology},
	author = {Luebke, J.F. and Matiasek, J.},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {407--416},
}

@article{hvenegaard_wildlife_2013,
	title = {Wildlife festivals in {Australia}: {Characteristics}, purposes and conservation potential},
	volume = {16},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Australasian Parks and Leisure},
	author = {Hvenegaard, G.T.},
	year = {2013},
}

@book{huveneers_effects_2013,
	title = {The {Effects} of {Cage}-diving {Activities} on the {Fine}-scale {Swimming} {Behaviour} and {Space} {Use} of {White} {Sharks}},
	language = {en},
	author = {Huveneers, C. and Rogers, P. and Beckmann, C. and Semmens, B.B. and Seuront, L.},
	year = {2013},
}

@article{hughes_measuring_2013,
	title = {Measuring the impact of viewing wildlife: {Do} positive intentions equate to long-term changes in conservation behaviour?},
	volume = {21},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Sustainable Tourism},
	author = {Hughes, K.},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {42--60},
}

@book{holden_routledge_2013,
	address = {Routledge, New York},
	title = {The {Routledge} {Handbook} of {Tourism} and the {Environment}},
	language = {en},
	editor = {Holden, A. and Fennell, D.},
	year = {2013},
}

@book{benckendorff_international_2013,
	title = {International cases in sustainable travel \& tourism},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Goodfellow Publishers, Oxford},
	editor = {Benckendorff, P and Lund-Durlacher, D},
	year = {2013},
}

@article{burghardt_environmental_2013,
	title = {Environmental enrichment and cognitive complexity in reptiles and amphibians: concepts, review, and implications for captive populations},
	volume = {147},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci},
	author = {Burghardt, G.},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {286--298},
}

@article{arbuckle_folklore_2013,
	title = {Folklore husbandry and a philosophical model for the design of captive management regimes},
	volume = {44},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Herpetol. Rev},
	author = {Arbuckle, K.},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {448--452},
}

@article{roswag_inter-_2012,
	title = {Inter- and intraspecific comparisons of retention time in insectivorous bat species ({Vespertilionidae})},
	volume = {288},
	issn = {1469-7998},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2012.00927.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1469-7998.2012.00927.x},
	abstract = {Like other small terrestrial mammals, bats have a high mass-specific energetic demand because of the fact that they have an unfavorable surface area to volume ratio. Furthermore, bats have a very energy-expensive mode of locomotion: flight. This high energetic demand has to be covered by food intake. The retention time of the digestive tract is one factor affecting the energy intake of bat species. Factors like energy demand, gut volume and dietary specialization influence retention time in mammals. However, maximum retention time for only Myotis myotis and transit time only for M. lucifugus, Nyctophilius gloudi and Nyctalus noctula is known. This study investigated the maximum retention times and transit times of 10 Central European bat species. It was hypothesized that the level of specialization of the digestive tract, energy-demanding processes and intestine length would affect the retention time of bats. Fluorescence-marked mealworms Tenebrio molitor were used to measure the time between the first ingested mealworm and the first appearance of the marker or the last fluorescing feces, respectively. For the first time, the retention time of 10 insectivorous bat species was measured to determine interspecific differences. Additionally, we measured the retention time of post-lactating female and spermatogenically active male Pipistrellus pipistrellus to determine intraspecific differences. The retention time of bats differed significantly between species and is probably influenced by the level of specialization of the digestive tract. High-level specialization of the digestive tract resulted in short retention times. Furthermore, significant intraspecific differences between post-lactating and spermatogenically active individuals of P. pipistrellus showed that the retention time within a single species might be influenced by energy-demanding processes (e.g. reproduction).},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2023-05-08},
	journal = {Journal of Zoology},
	author = {Roswag, A. and Becker, N. I. and Encarnação, J. A.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {\_eprint: https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2012.00927.x},
	keywords = {Bats, digestion, ecophysiology, energy demand, intestine, physiology},
	pages = {85--92},
}

Like other small terrestrial mammals, bats have a high mass-specific energetic demand because of the fact that they have an unfavorable surface area to volume ratio. Furthermore, bats have a very energy-expensive mode of locomotion: flight. This high energetic demand has to be covered by food intake. The retention time of the digestive tract is one factor affecting the energy intake of bat species. Factors like energy demand, gut volume and dietary specialization influence retention time in mammals. However, maximum retention time for only Myotis myotis and transit time only for M. lucifugus, Nyctophilius gloudi and Nyctalus noctula is known. This study investigated the maximum retention times and transit times of 10 Central European bat species. It was hypothesized that the level of specialization of the digestive tract, energy-demanding processes and intestine length would affect the retention time of bats. Fluorescence-marked mealworms Tenebrio molitor were used to measure the time between the first ingested mealworm and the first appearance of the marker or the last fluorescing feces, respectively. For the first time, the retention time of 10 insectivorous bat species was measured to determine interspecific differences. Additionally, we measured the retention time of post-lactating female and spermatogenically active male Pipistrellus pipistrellus to determine intraspecific differences. The retention time of bats differed significantly between species and is probably influenced by the level of specialization of the digestive tract. High-level specialization of the digestive tract resulted in short retention times. Furthermore, significant intraspecific differences between post-lactating and spermatogenically active individuals of P. pipistrellus showed that the retention time within a single species might be influenced by energy-demanding processes (e.g. reproduction).

@article{threlfall_sensitivity_2012,
	title = {Sensitivity of insectivorous bats to urbanization: {Implications} for suburban conservation planning},
	volume = {146},
	issn = {0006-3207},
	shorttitle = {Sensitivity of insectivorous bats to urbanization},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320711004459},
	doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2011.11.026},
	abstract = {Effective conservation planning requires an understanding of species–habitat relationships across a diverse array of taxa, yet many studies typically focus on conspicuous fauna. Using systematic acoustic surveys, we examine the response of insectivorous bat species to urbanization and quantify species–habitat relationships to classify species in terms of their tolerance or sensitivity. Surveys were conducted in Sydney, Australia, during spring–summer of 2008 in 29 defined 25km2 landscapes, across various land uses. We quantified bat–habitat relationships using local and landscape scale variables. We recorded 17 taxa across the urban gradient, with substantial variation in the tolerance and sensitivity of each species. The density of houses, landscape geology, the amount of bushland (ha) exclusively on fertile geologies and moth biomass were the most frequent predictors of individual activity, explaining more than 60\% of variation in activity for some species. Importantly, the area of bushland on poorer soils was not a good predictor, highlighting the need for caution when interpreting results of large scale studies which do not account for variations in habitat productivity. Species-specific differences existed, although the majority of the assemblage was considered to be urban-sensitive. Many of these sensitive species were most active in fertile suburban habitats, with an average of 12–28\% bushland cover within 5km. Our study demonstrates the necessity to elucidate species-specific habitat relationships, and suggests bats would benefit from the conservation of productive suburban bushland remnants and riparian habitats, while improving connectivity to these areas via the maintenance of tree cover across the matrix.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-08-03},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	author = {Threlfall, Caragh G. and Law, Bradley and Banks, Peter B.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Community ecology, Insectivorous bat, Species–habitat models, Urban ecology},
	pages = {41--52},
}

Effective conservation planning requires an understanding of species–habitat relationships across a diverse array of taxa, yet many studies typically focus on conspicuous fauna. Using systematic acoustic surveys, we examine the response of insectivorous bat species to urbanization and quantify species–habitat relationships to classify species in terms of their tolerance or sensitivity. Surveys were conducted in Sydney, Australia, during spring–summer of 2008 in 29 defined 25km2 landscapes, across various land uses. We quantified bat–habitat relationships using local and landscape scale variables. We recorded 17 taxa across the urban gradient, with substantial variation in the tolerance and sensitivity of each species. The density of houses, landscape geology, the amount of bushland (ha) exclusively on fertile geologies and moth biomass were the most frequent predictors of individual activity, explaining more than 60% of variation in activity for some species. Importantly, the area of bushland on poorer soils was not a good predictor, highlighting the need for caution when interpreting results of large scale studies which do not account for variations in habitat productivity. Species-specific differences existed, although the majority of the assemblage was considered to be urban-sensitive. Many of these sensitive species were most active in fertile suburban habitats, with an average of 12–28% bushland cover within 5km. Our study demonstrates the necessity to elucidate species-specific habitat relationships, and suggests bats would benefit from the conservation of productive suburban bushland remnants and riparian habitats, while improving connectivity to these areas via the maintenance of tree cover across the matrix.

@article{mering_artificial_2012,
	title = {Artificial roosts for tree-roosting bats in northern {Arizona}},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {1938-5463},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wsb.214},
	doi = {10.1002/wsb.214},
	abstract = {Bats use large (69 cm mean diameter) ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) snags for maternity roosts in northern Arizona. Anthropogenic causes have altered forest structure, decreasing density of large snags. To examine use of artificial roosts for bats in these forests, we selected 26 sites and 2 treatments (clustered, single) using 1 type of roost (resin or wood) per site. At each site, we installed 4 roosts on ponderosa pine trees with a cluster of 3 roosts (south-, east-, or west-facing; {\textless}20 m apart) and a single roost (south-facing) 250–350 m away. We checked roosts every 2 weeks for use (guano or bats) and monitored internal temperatures every 2 hours from May through September in 2009 and 2010. Bats used 52\% of roosts (19 roosts in 2009, 49 in 2010) at least once and colonized resin roosts sooner than wood roosts. Sites with clustered resin roosts were used more than single roosts. Bats used south- and east-facing resin roosts more and these had warmer average temperatures than west-facing roosts. We captured 47 bats of 5 species using artificial roosts. We only captured male bats from roosts in 2009, juveniles and females were also captured in 2010 but no maternity roosts were documented. We recommend that resin roosts placed in clusters on live trees be used to supplement natural roosts in ponderosa pine forests. Because use increased with time we suspect artificial roosts may be used for several years before establishment of maternity colonies. Artificial roosts require annual maintenance (e.g., waterproofing) to maintain function and can be expensive to install and maintain. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2022-07-27},
	journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
	author = {Mering, Elisabeth D. and Chambers, Carol L.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/wsb.214},
	keywords = {Chiroptera, artificial roosts, bat barks, bat boxes, bats, forest bats, maternity roost, northern Arizona, ponderosa pine forests},
	pages = {765--772},
}

Bats use large (69 cm mean diameter) ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) snags for maternity roosts in northern Arizona. Anthropogenic causes have altered forest structure, decreasing density of large snags. To examine use of artificial roosts for bats in these forests, we selected 26 sites and 2 treatments (clustered, single) using 1 type of roost (resin or wood) per site. At each site, we installed 4 roosts on ponderosa pine trees with a cluster of 3 roosts (south-, east-, or west-facing; \textless20 m apart) and a single roost (south-facing) 250–350 m away. We checked roosts every 2 weeks for use (guano or bats) and monitored internal temperatures every 2 hours from May through September in 2009 and 2010. Bats used 52% of roosts (19 roosts in 2009, 49 in 2010) at least once and colonized resin roosts sooner than wood roosts. Sites with clustered resin roosts were used more than single roosts. Bats used south- and east-facing resin roosts more and these had warmer average temperatures than west-facing roosts. We captured 47 bats of 5 species using artificial roosts. We only captured male bats from roosts in 2009, juveniles and females were also captured in 2010 but no maternity roosts were documented. We recommend that resin roosts placed in clusters on live trees be used to supplement natural roosts in ponderosa pine forests. Because use increased with time we suspect artificial roosts may be used for several years before establishment of maternity colonies. Artificial roosts require annual maintenance (e.g., waterproofing) to maintain function and can be expensive to install and maintain. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.

@article{phillips_microbiome_2012,
	title = {Microbiome analysis among bats describes influences of host phylogeny, life history, physiology and geography},
	volume = {21},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Molecular ecology},
	author = {Phillips, Caleb D. and Phelan, Georgina and Dowd, Scot E. and McDONOUGH, MOLLY M. and Ferguson, Adam W. and DELTON HANSON, John and Siles, Lizette and ORDÓÑEZ-GARZA, NICTÉ and San Francisco, Michael and Baker, Robert J.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	pages = {2617--2627},
}

@article{mering_artificial_2012,
	title = {Artificial roosts for tree-roosting bats in northern {Arizona}},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {1938-5463},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wsb.214},
	doi = {10.1002/wsb.214},
	abstract = {Bats use large (69 cm mean diameter) ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) snags for maternity roosts in northern Arizona. Anthropogenic causes have altered forest structure, decreasing density of large snags. To examine use of artificial roosts for bats in these forests, we selected 26 sites and 2 treatments (clustered, single) using 1 type of roost (resin or wood) per site. At each site, we installed 4 roosts on ponderosa pine trees with a cluster of 3 roosts (south-, east-, or west-facing; {\textless}20 m apart) and a single roost (south-facing) 250–350 m away. We checked roosts every 2 weeks for use (guano or bats) and monitored internal temperatures every 2 hours from May through September in 2009 and 2010. Bats used 52\% of roosts (19 roosts in 2009, 49 in 2010) at least once and colonized resin roosts sooner than wood roosts. Sites with clustered resin roosts were used more than single roosts. Bats used south- and east-facing resin roosts more and these had warmer average temperatures than west-facing roosts. We captured 47 bats of 5 species using artificial roosts. We only captured male bats from roosts in 2009, juveniles and females were also captured in 2010 but no maternity roosts were documented. We recommend that resin roosts placed in clusters on live trees be used to supplement natural roosts in ponderosa pine forests. Because use increased with time we suspect artificial roosts may be used for several years before establishment of maternity colonies. Artificial roosts require annual maintenance (e.g., waterproofing) to maintain function and can be expensive to install and maintain. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2022-07-21},
	journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
	author = {Mering, Elisabeth D. and Chambers, Carol L.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/wsb.214},
	keywords = {Chiroptera, artificial roosts, bat barks, bat boxes, bats, forest bats, maternity roost, northern Arizona, ponderosa pine forests},
	pages = {765--772},
}

Bats use large (69 cm mean diameter) ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) snags for maternity roosts in northern Arizona. Anthropogenic causes have altered forest structure, decreasing density of large snags. To examine use of artificial roosts for bats in these forests, we selected 26 sites and 2 treatments (clustered, single) using 1 type of roost (resin or wood) per site. At each site, we installed 4 roosts on ponderosa pine trees with a cluster of 3 roosts (south-, east-, or west-facing; \textless20 m apart) and a single roost (south-facing) 250–350 m away. We checked roosts every 2 weeks for use (guano or bats) and monitored internal temperatures every 2 hours from May through September in 2009 and 2010. Bats used 52% of roosts (19 roosts in 2009, 49 in 2010) at least once and colonized resin roosts sooner than wood roosts. Sites with clustered resin roosts were used more than single roosts. Bats used south- and east-facing resin roosts more and these had warmer average temperatures than west-facing roosts. We captured 47 bats of 5 species using artificial roosts. We only captured male bats from roosts in 2009, juveniles and females were also captured in 2010 but no maternity roosts were documented. We recommend that resin roosts placed in clusters on live trees be used to supplement natural roosts in ponderosa pine forests. Because use increased with time we suspect artificial roosts may be used for several years before establishment of maternity colonies. Artificial roosts require annual maintenance (e.g., waterproofing) to maintain function and can be expensive to install and maintain. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.

@article{coleman_urbanization_2012,
	title = {Urbanization and the abundance and diversity of {Prairie} bats},
	volume = {15},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Urban Ecosystems},
	author = {Coleman, Joanna L. and Barclay, Robert MR},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	pages = {87--102},
}

@article{ballesteros_c_urban_2012,
	title = {Urban bats from the city of {Montería}, {Córdoba}-{Colombia}},
	volume = {17},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Revista MVZ Córdoba},
	author = {Ballesteros C, Jesús and Racero-Casarrubia, Javier},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {3193--3199},
}

@techreport{food__rural_affairs_secretary_2012,
	title = {Secretary of {State}’s standards of modern zoo practice},
	language = {en},
	author = {{Food \& Rural Affairs}},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012},
}

@article{packer_comparing_2012,
	title = {Comparing captive and non-captive wildlife tourism},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {0160-7383},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Annals of tourism research},
	author = {Packer, Jan and Ballantyne, Roy},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: Pergamon},
	pages = {1242--1245},
}

@book{yu_biodiversity_2012,
	title = {Biodiversity {Soup}. {Metabarcoding} of arthropods for rapid biodiversity assessment and biomonitoring. {Methods} in {Ecology} and {Evolution}},
	volume = {3},
	language = {en},
	author = {Yu, D.W. and Ji, Y. and Emerson, B.C. and Ye, C. and Yang, C and Ding, Z},
	year = {2012},
}

@book{tisdell_nature-based_2012,
	address = {Cheltenham},
	title = {Nature-based {Tourism} and {Conservation}: {New} {Economic} {Insights} and {Case} {Studies}},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Edward Elgar},
	author = {Tisdell, C. and Wilson, C.},
	year = {2012},
}

@book{wolfe_before_2012,
	title = {Before the law: {Humans} and other animals in a biopolitical frame},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	author = {Wolfe, Cary},
	year = {2012},
}

@incollection{wilkinson_cold-blooded_2012,
	address = {New York, USA},
	title = {Cold-blooded cognition: reptilian cognitive abilities},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press Inc},
	author = {Wilkinson, A. and Huber, L.},
	editor = {Vonk, J. and Shackleford, T.},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {129--143},
}

@article{wilkes_does_2012,
	title = {Does structural enrichment for toxicology studies improve zebrafish welfare?},
	volume = {139},
	language = {pt},
	journal = {Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci},
	author = {Wilkes, L. and Owen, S. and Readman, G. and Sloman, K. and Wilson, R.},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {143--150},
}

@book{tisdell_growing_2012,
	address = {Northampton, USA},
	title = {The {Growing} {Importance} of {Nature}-based {Tourism}: {Its} {Evolution} and {Significant} {Policy} {Issues}},
	language = {en},
	author = {Tisdell, C.},
	editor = {Elgar, Edward},
	year = {2012},
}

@article{tisdell_economic_2012,
	title = {Economic benefits, conservation and wildlife tourism},
	volume = {4},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Acta Turistica},
	author = {Tisdell, C.},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {127--148},
}

@incollection{smith_requests_2012,
	title = {Requests for zoo visitors to undertake pro-wildlife behaviour: {How} many is too many?},
	language = {en},
	booktitle = {Tourism {Management}},
	author = {Smith, L.D.G. and J., Curtis and J., Mair and and van Dijk, P.A.},
	year = {2012},
}

@article{higham_wildlife_2012,
	title = {Wildlife social learning should inform sustainable tourism management},
	volume = {15},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Animal Conservation},
	author = {Higham, J.E.S.},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {438--439},
}

@article{rose_welfare_2012,
	title = {Welfare integration into conservation biology: evaluation of enclosure suitability for endangered pheasants},
	volume = {21},
	language = {en},
	journal = {‎Anim. Welf},
	author = {Rose, P. and Cameron, L.},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {185},
}

@article{quirke_factors_2012,
	title = {Factors influencing the prevalence of stereotypical behaviour in captive cheetahs ({Acinonyx} jubatus)},
	volume = {142},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci},
	author = {Quirke, T. and O’Riordan, R. and Zuur, A.},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {189--197},
}

@article{prescott_laboratory_2012,
	title = {Laboratory macaques: when to wean?},
	volume = {137},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci},
	author = {Prescott, M. and Nixon, M. and Farningham, D. and Naiken, S. and Griffiths, M.-A.},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {194--207},
}

@article{polverino_effects_2012,
	title = {Effects of spatial and social restrictions on the presence of stereotypies in the budgerigar ({Melopsittacus} undulatus): a pilot study},
	volume = {24},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Ethol. Ecol. Evol},
	author = {Polverino, G. and Manciocco, A. and Alleva, E.},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {39--53},
}

@article{packer_comparing_2012,
	title = {Comparing captive and non-captive wildlife tourism.},
	volume = {39},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Annals of Tourism Research},
	author = {Packer, J. and Ballantyne, R.},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1242--1245},
}

@article{marseille_experiencing_2012,
	title = {Experiencing {Polar} {Bears} in the {Zoo}: {Feelings} and {Cognitions} in {Relation} to a {Visitor}’s {Conservation} {Attitude}.},
	volume = {17},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Human Dimensions of Wildlife},
	author = {Marseille, M. and Elands, B. and H., M. and Brink, M.L. van den},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {29--43},
}

@article{makagon_how_2012,
	title = {How can social network analysis contribute to social behavior research in applied ethology?},
	volume = {138},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci},
	author = {Makagon, M. and McCowan, B. and Mench, J.},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {152--161},
}

@techreport{curtis_queenslands_2012,
	title = {Queensland’s {Threatened} {Animals}},
	language = {en},
	institution = {CSIRO Publishing},
	author = {Curtis, L.K. and Dennis, A.J. and McDonald, K.R. and Kyne, P.M. and Debus, S.S.},
	year = {2012},
}

@article{dallaire_individual_2012,
	title = {Individual differences in stereotypic behaviour predict individual differences in the nature and degree of enrichment use in caged {American} mink},
	volume = {142},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci},
	author = {Dallaire, J. and Meagher, R. and Mason, G.},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {98--108},
}

@article{catlin_valuing_2012,
	title = {Valuing individual animals through tourism: {Science} or speculation?},
	volume = {157},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	author = {Catlin, J. and Hughes, M. and Jones, T. and Jones, R. and Campbell, R.},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {93--98},
}

@article{buckley_population_2012,
	title = {A population accounting approach to assess tourism contributions to conservation of {IUCN}-redlisted mammal species},
	volume = {7},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	journal = {PloS},
	author = {Buckley, R.C. and Castley, J.G. and de Vasconcellos Pegas, F. and Mossaz, A.C. and Steven, R.},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {44134},
}

@book{braverman_zooland:_2012,
	title = {Zooland: {The} {Institution} of {Captivity}},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Stanford University Press},
	author = {Braverman, I.},
	year = {2012},
}

@book{birkhead_bird_2012,
	address = {London},
	title = {Bird {Sense}},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Bloomsbury Publishing},
	author = {Birkhead, T.},
	year = {2012},
}

@article{bayma_rational_2012,
	title = {Rational myth making and environment shaping: {The} transformation of the zoo},
	volume = {53},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	journal = {The Sociological Quarterly},
	author = {Bayma, T.},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {116--141},
}

@book{law_biology_2011,
	address = {P.O. Box 20, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia},
	title = {The {Biology} and {Conservation} of {Australasian} {Bats}},
	isbn = {978-0-9803272-4-3},
	url = {http://publications.rzsnsw.org.au/doi/book/10.7882/9780980327243},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-08-03},
	publisher = {Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales},
	editor = {Law, Bradley and Eby, Peggy and Lunney, Daniel and Lumsden, Lindy},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	doi = {10.7882/9780980327243},
}

@article{basham_microbats_2011,
	title = {Microbats in a ‘leafy’ urban landscape: are they persisting, and what factors influence their presence?},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {1442-9993},
	shorttitle = {Microbats in a ‘leafy’ urban landscape},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2010.02202.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1442-9993.2010.02202.x},
	abstract = {Urbanization is an extreme form of habitat modification, but retention of native vegetation in bushland reserves may improve the ecological sustainability of cities. We focused on bats (Microchiroptera) and investigated the use of the urban matrix and surrounding bushland in a region of Sydney, Australia, where remnant bushland persists and gardens often support large trees. Ultrasonic surveys were conducted at 40 sites over one summer season in the backyard matrix, bushland remnants and surrounding National Parks to determine which species were present, and the influence of landscape elements and habitat characteristics on activity, species richness and presence of individual species. In total, 15 of the 17 microbat species known from the Sydney region were recorded in the study area. Yet only three of these species, Chalinolobus gouldii, Mormopterus species 2 and Miniopterus schreibersii were present in more than 40\% of sites. Bat activity was significantly higher in remnant bushland on shale soils and in backyards, compared with sandstone gully and ridge remnants, or reference sites in nearby National Parks. Furthermore, species assemblages in urban areas were different from assemblages in reference sites. Of all the habitat characteristics examined, the amount of bushland within 0.5–3 km surrounding a site and tree density were the most common predictors of individual species presence, particularly rare species. Area of bushland, hollow abundance and average tree diameter were positively correlated with species richness, while tree diameter was the strongest predictor of total microbat activity. The proximity of large areas of bushland and the many trees remaining in residential areas of the northern ‘leafy’ suburbs of Sydney allowed the persistence of a range of bat species. The higher bat activity on fertile shale soils indicated that bushland remnants embedded within cities can have high conservation value for bats. Surveys in more urbanized areas of Sydney are needed to test predictions of the models derived in this study.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2022-07-27},
	journal = {Austral Ecology},
	author = {Basham, Rochelle and Law, Bradley and Banks, Peter},
	year = {2011},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2010.02202.x},
	keywords = {Insectivorous bats, spatial heterogeneity backyards, urbanization},
	pages = {663--678},
}

Urbanization is an extreme form of habitat modification, but retention of native vegetation in bushland reserves may improve the ecological sustainability of cities. We focused on bats (Microchiroptera) and investigated the use of the urban matrix and surrounding bushland in a region of Sydney, Australia, where remnant bushland persists and gardens often support large trees. Ultrasonic surveys were conducted at 40 sites over one summer season in the backyard matrix, bushland remnants and surrounding National Parks to determine which species were present, and the influence of landscape elements and habitat characteristics on activity, species richness and presence of individual species. In total, 15 of the 17 microbat species known from the Sydney region were recorded in the study area. Yet only three of these species, Chalinolobus gouldii, Mormopterus species 2 and Miniopterus schreibersii were present in more than 40% of sites. Bat activity was significantly higher in remnant bushland on shale soils and in backyards, compared with sandstone gully and ridge remnants, or reference sites in nearby National Parks. Furthermore, species assemblages in urban areas were different from assemblages in reference sites. Of all the habitat characteristics examined, the amount of bushland within 0.5–3 km surrounding a site and tree density were the most common predictors of individual species presence, particularly rare species. Area of bushland, hollow abundance and average tree diameter were positively correlated with species richness, while tree diameter was the strongest predictor of total microbat activity. The proximity of large areas of bushland and the many trees remaining in residential areas of the northern ‘leafy’ suburbs of Sydney allowed the persistence of a range of bat species. The higher bat activity on fertile shale soils indicated that bushland remnants embedded within cities can have high conservation value for bats. Surveys in more urbanized areas of Sydney are needed to test predictions of the models derived in this study.

@phdthesis{smith_iv_neutrophil_2011,
	type = {{PhD} {Thesis}},
	title = {Neutrophil: lymphocyte {Ratio} as a possible indicator of chronic anthropogenic stress in {Bats} ({Mammalia}: {Chiroptera})},
	shorttitle = {Neutrophil},
	author = {Smith IV, Lelas Chesley},
	year = {2011},
}

@article{allen_variation_2011,
	title = {Variation in physiological stress between bridge-and cave-roosting {Brazilian} free-tailed bats},
	volume = {25},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	author = {Allen, Louise C. and Turmelle, Amy S. and Widmaier, Eric P. and Hristov, Nickolay I. and McCracken, Gary F. and Kunz, Thomas H.},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	pages = {374--381},
}

@article{lucan_population_2011,
	title = {Population structure of {Daubenton}’s bats is responding to microclimate of anthropogenic roosts},
	volume = {66},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Biologia},
	author = {Lučan, Radek K. and Hanák, Vladimír},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	pages = {690--695},
}

@article{marshall_investigation_2011,
	title = {Investigation of the success of artificial roosts for {Myotis} macropus at {Koala} {Beach} {NSW}},
	url = {https://meridian.allenpress.com/rzsnsw-other-books/book/670/chapter/12070317/Investigation-of-the-success-of-artificial-roosts},
	doi = {10.7882/FS.2011.032},
	abstract = {2012},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-07-21},
	author = {Marshall, Chels},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
}

2012

@incollection{godinho_comparison_2011,
	title = {A comparison of the roosting behaviour of {Gould}'s wattled bats {Chalinolobus} gouldii using bat boxes and tree hollows in suburban {Melbourne}},
	volume = {35},
	isbn = {978-0-9803272-4-3},
	abstract = {Bats in suburban areas face a number of challenges adapting to what is a highly altered landscape. This is particularly true for species that prefer tree hollows for day roosts because the large, old trees that have developed suitable hollows are often removed from suburban areas. In suburban Melbourne,Victoria, Australia, during the last ten years, nest boxes have increasingly been used to provide additional roosts for bats in suburban parkland and remnant forest However, little is known of the relative use of natural hollows and bat boxes, or whether the addition of new roosts may alter roosting behaviour. The types of resources available to bats may influence their roosting behaviour and have consequences for social interactions, predation risk and parasite loads. At Gresswell Nature Conservation Reserve, in the northern suburbs of Melbourne, there are both natural hollows and bat boxes available to a population of Gould's wattled bat Chalinolobus gouldii. This study investigated the relative use of the two roost types to determine if there were intraspecific differences in roost-use. We used radiotelemetry to locate the roost sites of six males and nine females from January until March 2007; all bats were initially caught while roosting in bat boxes. Roosts were subsequently found in 12 bat boxes and 10 tree hollows. Both sexes used tree hollows and bat boxes, and there was no apparent preference by either sex for either roost type. Individuals moved between the two roost types, indicating the boxes had been incorporated into the overall roosting resource available to the bats. Roost fidelity was variable, with some individuals regularly shifting roosts while others continued to use the same roost for up to 14 days. Bats using boxes shifted to new roosts significantly less often than when in hollows.The roost shifting behaviour of individuals using tree hollows in this study was very similar to that shown by C. gouldii using tree hollows in two previous studies in the rural landscape of northern Victoria.},
	booktitle = {Australian {Zoologist}},
	author = {Godinho, Lisa and Lumsden, Linda},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	doi = {10.7882/FS.2011.029},
	note = {Journal Abbreviation: Australian Zoologist},
	pages = {288--296},
}

Bats in suburban areas face a number of challenges adapting to what is a highly altered landscape. This is particularly true for species that prefer tree hollows for day roosts because the large, old trees that have developed suitable hollows are often removed from suburban areas. In suburban Melbourne,Victoria, Australia, during the last ten years, nest boxes have increasingly been used to provide additional roosts for bats in suburban parkland and remnant forest However, little is known of the relative use of natural hollows and bat boxes, or whether the addition of new roosts may alter roosting behaviour. The types of resources available to bats may influence their roosting behaviour and have consequences for social interactions, predation risk and parasite loads. At Gresswell Nature Conservation Reserve, in the northern suburbs of Melbourne, there are both natural hollows and bat boxes available to a population of Gould's wattled bat Chalinolobus gouldii. This study investigated the relative use of the two roost types to determine if there were intraspecific differences in roost-use. We used radiotelemetry to locate the roost sites of six males and nine females from January until March 2007; all bats were initially caught while roosting in bat boxes. Roosts were subsequently found in 12 bat boxes and 10 tree hollows. Both sexes used tree hollows and bat boxes, and there was no apparent preference by either sex for either roost type. Individuals moved between the two roost types, indicating the boxes had been incorporated into the overall roosting resource available to the bats. Roost fidelity was variable, with some individuals regularly shifting roosts while others continued to use the same roost for up to 14 days. Bats using boxes shifted to new roosts significantly less often than when in hollows.The roost shifting behaviour of individuals using tree hollows in this study was very similar to that shown by C. gouldii using tree hollows in two previous studies in the rural landscape of northern Victoria.

@article{bullen_recent_2011,
	title = {Recent developments in studies of the community structure, foraging ecology and conservation of {Western} {Australian} bats},
	volume = {35},
	journal = {Australian Zoologist},
	author = {Bullen, R. and McKenzie, N. L.},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {31--43},
}

@book{law_biology_2011,
	address = {P.O. Box 20, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia},
	title = {The {Biology} and {Conservation} of {Australasian} {Bats}},
	isbn = {978-0-9803272-4-3},
	url = {http://publications.rzsnsw.org.au/doi/book/10.7882/9780980327243},
	abstract = {Bats in suburban areas face a number of challenges adapting to what is a highly altered landscape.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-07-05},
	publisher = {Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales},
	editor = {Law, Bradley and Eby, Peggy and Lunney, Daniel and Lumsden, Lindy},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	doi = {10.7882/9780980327243},
}

Bats in suburban areas face a number of challenges adapting to what is a highly altered landscape.

@article{rhodes_use_2011,
	title = {The use of bat boxes by insectivorous bats and other fauna in the greater {Brisbane} region},
	author = {Rhodes, Monika and Jones, Darryl},
	year = {2011},
}

@article{threlfall_ecological_2011,
	title = {Ecological processes in urban landscapes: mechanisms influencing the distribution and activity of insectivorous bats},
	volume = {34},
	shorttitle = {Ecological processes in urban landscapes},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Ecography},
	author = {Threlfall, Caragh and Law, Bradley and Penman, Trent and Banks, Peter B.},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	pages = {814--826},
}

@article{allen_variation_2011,
	title = {Variation in {Physiological} {Stress} between {Bridge}- and {Cave}-{Roosting} {Brazilian} {Free}-{Tailed} {Bats}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1523-1739},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01624.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01624.x},
	abstract = {Abstract: Since the late 1980s, Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) have increasingly used bridges as roosts in the southern United States. We examined differences in blood cortisol levels, body condition, and parasite load, as measures of physiological stress in bats roosting in bridges and bats roosting in caves. We collected data during three periods, coinciding with female phases of reproduction. For all measures, bats were captured during the nightly emergence from the roost and immediately sampled. Cortisol levels were significantly higher during pregnancy and lactation and in individuals with lower body-condition scores (length of forearm to mass ratio) and significantly higher in bats roosting in caves than in those roosting in bridges. Thus, we concluded that individuals of this species that roost in bridges are not chronically stressed and seem to be unaffected by human activities present at bridges. This is a rare documented instance where a human-dominated environment does not appear to be adversely affecting the physiological health of a free-ranging animal.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-04-18},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	author = {Allen, Louise C. and Turmelle, Amy S. and Widmaier, Eric P. and Hristov, Nickolay I. and Mccracken, Gary F. and Kunz, Thomas H.},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {artificial roosts, bats, conservation physiology, cortisol, disturbance, estrés, fisiología de la conservación, perchas artificiales, perturbación, stress},
	pages = {374--381},
}

Abstract: Since the late 1980s, Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) have increasingly used bridges as roosts in the southern United States. We examined differences in blood cortisol levels, body condition, and parasite load, as measures of physiological stress in bats roosting in bridges and bats roosting in caves. We collected data during three periods, coinciding with female phases of reproduction. For all measures, bats were captured during the nightly emergence from the roost and immediately sampled. Cortisol levels were significantly higher during pregnancy and lactation and in individuals with lower body-condition scores (length of forearm to mass ratio) and significantly higher in bats roosting in caves than in those roosting in bridges. Thus, we concluded that individuals of this species that roost in bridges are not chronically stressed and seem to be unaffected by human activities present at bridges. This is a rare documented instance where a human-dominated environment does not appear to be adversely affecting the physiological health of a free-ranging animal.

@article{scarpa_exploring_2011,
	title = {Exploring scale efforts of best/worst rank ordered choice data to estimate benefits of tourism in alpine grazing commons.},
	volume = {93},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	journal = {American Journal of Agricultural Economics},
	author = {Scarpa, R. and Notaro, S. and Louviere, J. and Raffaelli, R},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {813--828},
}

@article{chienmu_conceptual_2011,
	title = {A conceptual model of knowledge sharing and market orientation in the tourism sector.},
	volume = {8},
	language = {en},
	journal = {American Journal of Applied Sciences},
	author = {ChienMu, Yeh and HanNing, Hu and ShuHsien, Tsai},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {4--343},
}

@article{wilms_living_2011,
	title = {Living on the edge? {On} the thermobiology and activity pattern of the large herbivorous desert lizard, {Uromastyx} aegyptia microlepis},
	volume = {75},
	language = {en},
	journal = {J. Arid Environ},
	author = {Wilms, T. and Wagner, P. and Shobrak, M. and Rödder, D. and Böhme, W.},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {636--647},
}

@article{vandeleest_early_2011,
	title = {Early rearing interacts with temperament and housing to influence the risk for motor stereotypy in rhesus monkeys ({Macaca} mulatta)},
	volume = {132},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci},
	author = {Vandeleest, J. and McCowan, B. and Capitanio, J.},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {81--89},
}

@article{liggett_frozen_2011,
	title = {From frozen continent to tourism hotspot? {Five} decades of {Antarctic} tourism development and management, and a glimpse into the future.},
	volume = {32},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Tourism Management},
	author = {Liggett, D. and McIntosh, A. and Thompson, A. and Gilbert, N. and Storey, R},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {357--366},
}

@book{knight_herding_2011,
	address = {Boston},
	title = {Herding {Monkeys} to {Paradise} {How} {Macaque} {Troops} {Are} {Managed} for {Tourism} in {Japan}. {Leiden}},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Brill},
	author = {Knight, J.},
	year = {2011},
}

@article{kistler_preference_2011,
	title = {Preference for structured environment in zebrafish ({Danio} rerio) and checker barbs ({Puntius} oligolepis)},
	volume = {135},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci},
	author = {Kistler, C. and Hegglin, D. and Würbel, H. and König, B.},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {318--327},
}

@article{jones_early_2011,
	title = {Early environmental enrichment protects captive-born striped mice against the later development of stereotypic behaviour},
	volume = {135},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci},
	author = {Jones, M. and Mason, G. and Pillay, N.},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {138--145},
}

@article{rodger_developing_2011,
	title = {Developing and testing an assessment framework to guide the sustainability of the marine wildlife tourism industry},
	volume = {10},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Ecotourism},
	author = {Rodger, K. and Smith, A. and Newsome, D. and Moore, S.A.},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {149--164},
}

@article{rosier_does_2011,
	title = {Does environmental enrichment really matter? {A} case study using the eastern fence lizard, {Sceloporus} undulatus},
	volume = {131},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci},
	author = {Rosier, R. and Langkilde, T.},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {71--76},
}