@phdthesis{MartinekEvans2023Clinical,
  author = {Martinek Evans},
  title = {Clinical Social Workers’ Perceptions and Experiences of Parental Alienation},
  publisher = {Walden University - Minneapolis, Minnesota.},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2023},
  month = {February},
  isbn = {9798363523205},
  keywords = {Alienation; Clinical social work; Clinical social worker; Parental alienation syndrome; Social worker; Qualitative Research; Dissertation},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtawINyCAtU8QpFBq51Bw?e=0BAlyp},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Rowlands2023Abused,
  author = {Rowlands, Gena A. and Warshak, Richard A. and Jennifer J. Harman},
  title = {Abused and Rejected: The Link Between Intimate Partner Violence and Parental Alienation},
  journal = {Partner Abuse},
  publisher = {Springer Publishing Company},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2023},
  volume = {14},
  number = {1},
  pages = {37--58},
  isbn = {ISSN (print):  1946-6560 ISSN (online):  1946-6579},
  abstract = {Previous studies have demonstrated a connection between intimate partner violence (IPV) and a child’s alienation from the abused parent, but little is known about the relationships between the type of IPV, aspects, and severity of a child’s alienation, and the target parent’s gender. This study assessed the presence of an IPV history (verbal and physical aspects) among parents who identify as targets of their children’s unreasonable rejection. Also investigated were associations between the form of IPV and manifestations of a child’s alienated behavior, parent’s gender and type of IPV, and parents’ gender and degree of the child’s alienation. Self-identified alienated parents (n = 842) completed an online survey that included an IPV screening measurement (Hurts, Insults, Screams, Threatens screening tool) and a measure of the parent’s perception of their child’s alienated behaviors (Rowlands Parental Alienation Scale). The majority identified as IPV victims and reported a higher level of verbal than physical abuse. More mothers than fathers identified themselves as IPV victims. As a group, IPV victims rated their child as more severely alienated than did non-IPV alienated parents. Mothers were more likely than fathers to report physical aggression by the other parent and more likely than fathers to assess their child’s alienated behaviors as more severe. Victims of physical violence reported their children were less likely to withhold positive affection from them. This knowledge may assist in earlier identification of the alienation process and greater recognition, legitimacy, funding, and opportunities for enhanced collaboration among stakeholders. This, in turn, may lead to improvements in prevention, intervention, and accountability, thus helping to interrupt alienation processes.},
  keywords = {parental alienation; divorce; child abuse; domestic violence; family violence; Etiology; Management},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav_l3t1zanT6yharExg?e=taJTib},
  language = {English}
}

Previous studies have demonstrated a connection between intimate partner violence (IPV) and a child’s alienation from the abused parent, but little is known about the relationships between the type of IPV, aspects, and severity of a child’s alienation, and the target parent’s gender. This study assessed the presence of an IPV history (verbal and physical aspects) among parents who identify as targets of their children’s unreasonable rejection. Also investigated were associations between the form of IPV and manifestations of a child’s alienated behavior, parent’s gender and type of IPV, and parents’ gender and degree of the child’s alienation. Self-identified alienated parents (n = 842) completed an online survey that included an IPV screening measurement (Hurts, Insults, Screams, Threatens screening tool) and a measure of the parent’s perception of their child’s alienated behaviors (Rowlands Parental Alienation Scale). The majority identified as IPV victims and reported a higher level of verbal than physical abuse. More mothers than fathers identified themselves as IPV victims. As a group, IPV victims rated their child as more severely alienated than did non-IPV alienated parents. Mothers were more likely than fathers to report physical aggression by the other parent and more likely than fathers to assess their child’s alienated behaviors as more severe. Victims of physical violence reported their children were less likely to withhold positive affection from them. This knowledge may assist in earlier identification of the alienation process and greater recognition, legitimacy, funding, and opportunities for enhanced collaboration among stakeholders. This, in turn, may lead to improvements in prevention, intervention, and accountability, thus helping to interrupt alienation processes.

@article{Pruett2023The,
  author = {Pruett, Marsha Kline and Johnston, Janet R. and Saini, Michael and Sullivan, Matt and Salem, Peter},
  title = {The use of parental alienation constructs by family justice system professionals: A survey of belief systems and practice implications},
  journal = {Family Court Review},
  publisher = {Wiley Online},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2023},
  volume = {61},
  number = {2},
  pages = {372--394},
  isbn = {Online ISSN:1744-1617},
  abstract = {Parent-child contact problems (PCCP) after separation and divorce are the focus of heated debate in academia and the popular media as to how best to identify, assess and respond to children who resist or refuse time with a parent. Practitioners disagree about the extent to which parental alienation (PA) is a valid and widespread phenomenon versus a legal strategy to counter IPV and child abuse allegations. This study sheds light on prevailing attitudes by surveying the opinions and beliefs of 1049 interdisciplinary family law professionals who deal directly with these matters in practice. These experienced practitioners were confident about their understanding of PCCPs despite little formal instruction on relevant issues. They were less clear about the differentiation between similarly used terms, research evidence, and interventions to address the problems. Emergent themes provide insight into practitioners' beliefs about the harm caused by a parent's alienating behaviors, the extent to which PA is a real phenomenon vs. a litigation strategy, the quality of social science empirical evidence, views of the child in PA cases, and recommended interventions. Responses demonstrate practitioners taking moderate positions that balance competing interests, struggling with ambiguities and contradictions rife in PA cases and PA-related practice in family law.},
  keywords = {child custody disputes; family law; parental alienation; parent–child contact; problems; resist-refusal dynamics; Evaluation; Legal},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtawJRrx7-a_RjSmOy8eA},
  language = {English}
}

Parent-child contact problems (PCCP) after separation and divorce are the focus of heated debate in academia and the popular media as to how best to identify, assess and respond to children who resist or refuse time with a parent. Practitioners disagree about the extent to which parental alienation (PA) is a valid and widespread phenomenon versus a legal strategy to counter IPV and child abuse allegations. This study sheds light on prevailing attitudes by surveying the opinions and beliefs of 1049 interdisciplinary family law professionals who deal directly with these matters in practice. These experienced practitioners were confident about their understanding of PCCPs despite little formal instruction on relevant issues. They were less clear about the differentiation between similarly used terms, research evidence, and interventions to address the problems. Emergent themes provide insight into practitioners' beliefs about the harm caused by a parent's alienating behaviors, the extent to which PA is a real phenomenon vs. a litigation strategy, the quality of social science empirical evidence, views of the child in PA cases, and recommended interventions. Responses demonstrate practitioners taking moderate positions that balance competing interests, struggling with ambiguities and contradictions rife in PA cases and PA-related practice in family law.

@article{Fares2023Parental,
  author = {Fares, Rabih and Najem, Roudna and Hallit, Souheil and Pelissolo, Antoine and Haddad, Georges and Naja, Wadih J.},
  title = {Parental alienation in Lebanon: a case report.},
  journal = {Journal of Medical Case Reports},
  publisher = {BioMed Central Springer Nature},
  year = {2023},
  volume = {17},
  number = {164},
  pages = {1--7},
  isbn = {ISSN: 1752-1947},
  abstract = {Background: Parental alienation is a relatively newly described disorder, with a growing prevalence, as divorce and custody battles are becoming more and more complex with increased difficulty of joint custody. In parental alienation, one parent, the alienating parent, forms an alliance with the child involved in the custody dispute and manages to effectively alienate the targeted parent completely. The child and the alienating parent manifest a form of folie a deux and, hence, are in complete synchrony in the hatred and denigration of the targeted parent. Issues, such as potentially false allegations of sexual, physical, and emotional abuse of the},
  keywords = {Parental alienation; Alienating parent; Child custody disputes; Case report; Long-term Consequences; Qualitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtawJRsxNTVoE5OFZpZ9Q},
  language = {English}
}

Background: Parental alienation is a relatively newly described disorder, with a growing prevalence, as divorce and custody battles are becoming more and more complex with increased difficulty of joint custody. In parental alienation, one parent, the alienating parent, forms an alliance with the child involved in the custody dispute and manages to effectively alienate the targeted parent completely. The child and the alienating parent manifest a form of folie a deux and, hence, are in complete synchrony in the hatred and denigration of the targeted parent. Issues, such as potentially false allegations of sexual, physical, and emotional abuse of the

@article{Meland2023Parental,
  author = {Meland, Eivind and Dag Furuholmen and Jahanlu, David},
  title = {Parental alienation – a valid experience?},
  journal = {Scandinavian Journal of Public Health},
  publisher = {Sage Journals - Associations of Public Health in the Nordic},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2023},
  volume = {1-9},
  number = {1-9},
  pages = {1--20},
  isbn = {ISSN 1403-4948 EISSN 1651-1905},
  abstract = {Background: The phenomenon of ‘parental alienation’ is controversial and little explored in the Nordic countries. We wanted to investigate whether parental alienation is a valid concept and how it is perceived in a Nordic context.},
  keywords = {: Parental alienation; domestic violence; depression; impaired well-being; Evaluation; Quantitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtawJRnhUeu5TTle6U6Sw},
  language = {English}
}

Background: The phenomenon of ‘parental alienation’ is controversial and little explored in the Nordic countries. We wanted to investigate whether parental alienation is a valid concept and how it is perceived in a Nordic context.

@article{Nambiar2023Parental,
  author = {Nambiar, Priyanka P. and Jangam, Kavita V. and Seshadri, Shekhar P.},
  title = {Parental Alienation: Case Series from India},
  journal = {Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine},
  publisher = {SAGE},
  address = {India},
  year = {2023},
  volume = {45},
  number = {3},
  pages = {304--306},
  isbn = {ISSN:  0253-7176},
  abstract = {Over the last two decades in India, the issue of marital breakdown has become a common social phenomenon. Researchers have studied its impact on a child’s mental health and found issues related to emotional, social, and academic functioning. Besides these, an emerging phenomenon that mental health professionals (MHPs) have observed in these families is that following the parental separation, the child spitefully rejects and disparages one of the parents with whom they previously shared a healthy relationship. Though from a child-centric stance one may conclude that the child’s preference must be considered, there is a need to explore the underlying reasons for the child’s abrupt hostility towards the vilified parent.},
  keywords = {Mental Health; Case Studies; Children; Qualitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtawKIo3n9_SsDLw87lZA?e=SFmTV0},
  language = {English}
}

Over the last two decades in India, the issue of marital breakdown has become a common social phenomenon. Researchers have studied its impact on a child’s mental health and found issues related to emotional, social, and academic functioning. Besides these, an emerging phenomenon that mental health professionals (MHPs) have observed in these families is that following the parental separation, the child spitefully rejects and disparages one of the parents with whom they previously shared a healthy relationship. Though from a child-centric stance one may conclude that the child’s preference must be considered, there is a need to explore the underlying reasons for the child’s abrupt hostility towards the vilified parent.

@article{Aranguri2023Derecho,
  author = {Aranguri, Diego Manuel Zavaleta and Gamarra, Ana Carolina Rivera},
  title = {Derecho humano al bienestar: alienación parental en los processos judiciales de tenencia},
  journal = {Revista de Filosofía},
  publisher = {Universidad del Zulia. Maracaibo-Venezuela},
  year = {2023},
  volume = {40},
  number = {104},
  pages = {310--322},
  isbn = {ISSN: 0798-1171 / e-ISSN: 2477-9598},
  abstract = {The present investigation has the objective of analyzing the human right to well-being. Therefore, it considers the parenteral alienation syndrome in the judicial processes of possession. It is a bibliographical study of a diachronic nature from the deductive rationalist inquiry approach. Reflect on the consequent aggressions of coexistence where selfishness prevails; accordingly, it promotes legal and pedagogical actions that dismantle the violence characteristic of emotional manipulation. By virtue, it promotes the ethical commitments that provide solidarity as a strength of collective relations to lead to the healthy psychic and material development of infants. It concludes that guaranteeing the best socio-affective context for minors guarantees livable societies by fostering ethically sustained interrelationships.},
  keywords = {Human Right to Well-being; Parenteral Alienation Syndrome; Guardianship; Healthy Socio-affective Development; Legal; Prevention},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtawKIpoNqCzGS47yuPyw?e=EOYmKc},
  language = {Spanish}
}

The present investigation has the objective of analyzing the human right to well-being. Therefore, it considers the parenteral alienation syndrome in the judicial processes of possession. It is a bibliographical study of a diachronic nature from the deductive rationalist inquiry approach. Reflect on the consequent aggressions of coexistence where selfishness prevails; accordingly, it promotes legal and pedagogical actions that dismantle the violence characteristic of emotional manipulation. By virtue, it promotes the ethical commitments that provide solidarity as a strength of collective relations to lead to the healthy psychic and material development of infants. It concludes that guaranteeing the best socio-affective context for minors guarantees livable societies by fostering ethically sustained interrelationships.

@article{Matthewson2023A,
  author = {Matthewson, Mandy Louise and Bowring, Jessica and Hickey, Jacinta and Sophie Ward and Diercke, Peta and Niekerk, Leesa Van},
  title = {A qualitative exploration of reunification post alienation from the perspective of adult alienated children and targeted parents},
  journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation},
  address = {Switzerland},
  year = {2023},
  volume = {14},
  number = {1189840},
  pages = {13 pgs},
  isbn = {ISSN: 1664-1078 (Print) ;},
  abstract = {Introduction: The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of voluntary reunification from the perspectives of adult alienated children and targeted parents.},
  keywords = {alienated child/children; parental alienating behaviors; parental alienation (PA); targeted parents; trauma informed approach; Management; Qualitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtawLAY8Vaqs0KLtCQyCQ?e=sIGdL2},
  language = {English}
}

Introduction: The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of voluntary reunification from the perspectives of adult alienated children and targeted parents.

@article{Blotcky2023A,
  author = {Blotcky, Alan D.},
  title = {A Framework of Motivational Beliefs Behind Parental Alienation: Initial Descriptive Data},
  journal = {European journal of parental alienation practice},
  address = {Ireland},
  year = {2023},
  pages = {5 pgs},
  isbn = {ISSN: 2990-8094},
  abstract = {Based on 38 alienating parents, 82 motivational beliefs were identified via a review of their clinical interviews. A motivational belief was defined as a verbatim quote that was negative about or toward the other parent. All quotes were assessed as negative, neutral, or positive by two raters. Only negative quotes that had agreement between the two raters were selected. The 82 motivational beliefs were organised into six categories: Vindictiveness, Fear, Jealousy, Excessive Overprotectiveness of the Child, Re-Enactment of Family of Origin Issues, and Parent’s Psychopathology. The highest raw number of beliefs were in Vindictiveness, Fear, and Excessive Overprotectiveness of the Child. On average, each alienating parent produced 2.27 motivational beliefs, suggesting that the motivation for alienation is complex rather than simple. The interaction between beliefs and overt behaviour needs further scientific inquiry. The goal is to understand the intricacies of parental alienation so that treatment will be more effective and efficient. These qualitative data point to a general framework of motivational beliefs in parental alienation.},
  keywords = {FMBPA; Alienating Parent; Etiology; Qualitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtawLBT-QQpvl5vXpi8lQ?e=LaTgbU},
  language = {English}
}

Based on 38 alienating parents, 82 motivational beliefs were identified via a review of their clinical interviews. A motivational belief was defined as a verbatim quote that was negative about or toward the other parent. All quotes were assessed as negative, neutral, or positive by two raters. Only negative quotes that had agreement between the two raters were selected. The 82 motivational beliefs were organised into six categories: Vindictiveness, Fear, Jealousy, Excessive Overprotectiveness of the Child, Re-Enactment of Family of Origin Issues, and Parent’s Psychopathology. The highest raw number of beliefs were in Vindictiveness, Fear, and Excessive Overprotectiveness of the Child. On average, each alienating parent produced 2.27 motivational beliefs, suggesting that the motivation for alienation is complex rather than simple. The interaction between beliefs and overt behaviour needs further scientific inquiry. The goal is to understand the intricacies of parental alienation so that treatment will be more effective and efficient. These qualitative data point to a general framework of motivational beliefs in parental alienation.

@phdthesis{Cain2023Anxiety,
  author = {Cain, Anna},
  title = {Anxiety and Depression Among Target Parents of Parental Alienation},
  publisher = {Walden University Department of Psychology},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2023},
  month = {November},
  isbn = {ISBN :  9798380610742},
  keywords = {Psychology; Individual & family studies; Mental health; Anxiety; Custody battles; Depression; Parental alienation; Quantitative Research; Dissertation},
  url = {https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/anxiety-depression-among-target-parents-parental/docview/2881589915/se-2?accountid=14553},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Grubb2023The,
  author = {Grubb, Caitlyn and Saunders, Luke and Harman, Jennifer J.},
  title = {The Recognition of Power Dynamics in Cases of Family Conflict and Violence},
  journal = {Feedback   Journal of the Family Therapy Association of Ireland},
  publisher = {Family Therapy Association of Ireland},
  address = {Ireland},
  year = {2023},
  month = {Summer},
  pages = {24--38},
  isbn = {ISSN: 2009.7050},
  abstract = {Legal and mental health professionals are often charged with the unfortunate task of investigating family violence. Some scholars have argued that custody evaluators are sometimes unable to differentiate between conflict and control based intimate partner violence (IPV; Hans et al., 2014), which can lead to misdiagnoses of the type of family violence the parties are experiencing. Previous research has not, however, tested theoretically based features of relationship interactions that contribute to power differentials inherent in different forms of family violence. Using interdependence theory, the current set of studies tested whether individuals, even those without advanced education in family dynamics, are able to differentiate power imbalances in vignettes depicting different forms of family conflict and violence. Results indicate that people are able to accurately appraise differing power dynamics in interpersonal conflicts that vary in predictable ways according to interdependence theory. It may be useful for professionals working with families to receive training on this theoretical approach to understanding power dynamics in relationships to make more accurate assessments.},
  keywords = {Family Violence; Intimate Partner Violence; IPV; Interdependence Theory; Power Dynamics; Parental Alienation; Management; Qualitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtawLtVlwnfqdnGj2bXYw?e=rP4KXQ},
  language = {English}
}

Legal and mental health professionals are often charged with the unfortunate task of investigating family violence. Some scholars have argued that custody evaluators are sometimes unable to differentiate between conflict and control based intimate partner violence (IPV; Hans et al., 2014), which can lead to misdiagnoses of the type of family violence the parties are experiencing. Previous research has not, however, tested theoretically based features of relationship interactions that contribute to power differentials inherent in different forms of family violence. Using interdependence theory, the current set of studies tested whether individuals, even those without advanced education in family dynamics, are able to differentiate power imbalances in vignettes depicting different forms of family conflict and violence. Results indicate that people are able to accurately appraise differing power dynamics in interpersonal conflicts that vary in predictable ways according to interdependence theory. It may be useful for professionals working with families to receive training on this theoretical approach to understanding power dynamics in relationships to make more accurate assessments.

@techreport{Whitcombe2023Family,
  author = {Whitcombe, Sue},
  title = {Family Justice Council consultation: draft guidance on responding to allegations of alienating behaviour},
  address = {United Kingdom},
  year = {2023},
  month = {October 16},
  keywords = {Parental Alienation; Consultation Response; Family Justice Council; Evaluation; Management},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtawLsSI-2_of9uwnD5ag?e=celrnL},
  language = {English}
}

@techreport{Sammut20222022,
  author = {Sammut, Ivan},
  title = {2022 Proposals for a Discussion on amendments in the Law and improvements to the Family Court procedures},
  address = {Malta},
  year = {2022},
  keywords = {Happy Parenting – Malta (for Happier Children); Legal; Shared Parenting; Legal; Prevention},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav5pBuWhqmdyD-TbAxw?e=viQ6aL},
  language = {English}
}

@article{AlanD.Blotcky2022A,
  author = {Alan D. Blotcky, PhD and William Bernet, MD and Jennifer J. Harman, PhD},
  title = {A Roadmap for the Treatment of Parental Alienation},
  journal = {Michigan Family Law Journal},
  publisher = {State Bar of Michigan},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {52},
  number = {1},
  pages = {15--18},
  abstract = {Parental alienation is a pathological phenomenon that sometimes occurs in families who are experiencing a high-conflict divorce. Alienating behaviors are the means whereby one parent intentionally and purposefully alienates a child from the other parent by using a variety of tactics and maneuvers to poison the child’s thinking and beliefs. The goal is for the child to reject the targeted parent and to perceive that parent as unloving, undeserving, and even dangerous. If convinced, the child develops the mental condition of parental alienation. The child’s alienation condition can be classified as mild, moderate, or severe in intensity. Each level of severity has a unique treatment approach.},
  keywords = {Parental Alienation; Treatment; High-Conflict Divorce; Three Severities of Parental Alienation; Classification; Management; Prevention},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav5p8duxj9LY5MA3V3g?e=cuIt0O},
  language = {English}
}

Parental alienation is a pathological phenomenon that sometimes occurs in families who are experiencing a high-conflict divorce. Alienating behaviors are the means whereby one parent intentionally and purposefully alienates a child from the other parent by using a variety of tactics and maneuvers to poison the child’s thinking and beliefs. The goal is for the child to reject the targeted parent and to perceive that parent as unloving, undeserving, and even dangerous. If convinced, the child develops the mental condition of parental alienation. The child’s alienation condition can be classified as mild, moderate, or severe in intensity. Each level of severity has a unique treatment approach.

@article{Verhaar2022The,
  author = {Verhaar, Suzanne and Matthewson, Mandy Louise and Bentley, Caitlin},
  title = {The Impact of Parental Alienating Behaviours on the Mental Health of Adults Alienated in Childhood},
  journal = {Children},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address = {Switzerland},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {475},
  isbn = {ISSN:  2227-9067},
  abstract = {This study qualitatively investigated the mental health of adults exposed to parental alienating behaviours in childhood. Research suggests that exposure to parental alienating behaviours in childhood can have a profound impact on the mental health of those children later in life, including experiencing anxiety disorders and trauma reactions. An international sample of 20 adults exposed to parental alienating behaviours in childhood participated in semi‐structured interviews on their experience and its impact. Four themes were identified: mental health difficulties, including anxiety disorders and trauma reactions, emotional pain, addiction, and substance use, and coping and resilience. Intergenerational transmission of parental alienation was found. Confusion in understanding their experience of alienation, the mental health sequelae, and elevated levels of suicidal ideation were found. This study demonstrated the insidious nature of parental alienation and parental alienating behaviours and provided further evidence of these behaviours as a form of emotional abuse.},
  keywords = {parental alienation; alienating parent/s; targeted parent/s; alienated child/ren; mental health; intergenerational transmission; child abuse; Long-term Consequences; Qualitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav7lH3UQUGG5HyG7F-g?e=DaETz1},
  language = {English}
}

This study qualitatively investigated the mental health of adults exposed to parental alienating behaviours in childhood. Research suggests that exposure to parental alienating behaviours in childhood can have a profound impact on the mental health of those children later in life, including experiencing anxiety disorders and trauma reactions. An international sample of 20 adults exposed to parental alienating behaviours in childhood participated in semi‐structured interviews on their experience and its impact. Four themes were identified: mental health difficulties, including anxiety disorders and trauma reactions, emotional pain, addiction, and substance use, and coping and resilience. Intergenerational transmission of parental alienation was found. Confusion in understanding their experience of alienation, the mental health sequelae, and elevated levels of suicidal ideation were found. This study demonstrated the insidious nature of parental alienation and parental alienating behaviours and provided further evidence of these behaviours as a form of emotional abuse.

@article{Harman2022Developmental,
  author = {Harman, Jennifer J. and Warshak, Richard A. and Lorandos, Demosthenes and Florian, Matthew J.},
  title = {Developmental Psychology and the Scientific Status of Parental Alienation},
  journal = {Developmental Psychology},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2022},
  pages = {42p.},
  isbn = {ISSN: 0012-1649},
  abstract = {Theory and research have described developmental processes leading to damaged parent–child relationships, such as those that occur during a divorce. However, scholars dispute the scientific status of the literature on children who form unhealthy alliances with one parent against the other—termed parental alienation (PA). This comprehensive literature review tests competing descriptions of the PA literature. Accessing four electronic databases, we identified 213 documents with empirical data on PA published in 10 languages through December 2020. The results confirmed that the current state of PA scholarship meets three criteria of a maturing field of scientific inquiry: an expanding literature, a shift toward quantitative studies, and a growing body of research that tests theory-generated hypotheses. Nearly 40% of the PA literature has been published since 2016, establishing that PA research has moved beyond an early stage of scientific development and has produced a scientifically trustworthy knowledge base. This literature review documents the value of multiple research methodologies to this knowledge base. In addition, the growing body of research described in this review enhances our understanding of the association between interparental conflict and the breakdown of parent–child relationships in families where conflict differentially affects children’s relationship with and behavior toward each parent.},
  keywords = {systematic review; parental alienation; research synthesis; child abuse; parental conflict; Long-term Consequences; Quantitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav895W8M7EBKBc4L0HA?e=LKKyXO},
  language = {English}
}

Theory and research have described developmental processes leading to damaged parent–child relationships, such as those that occur during a divorce. However, scholars dispute the scientific status of the literature on children who form unhealthy alliances with one parent against the other—termed parental alienation (PA). This comprehensive literature review tests competing descriptions of the PA literature. Accessing four electronic databases, we identified 213 documents with empirical data on PA published in 10 languages through December 2020. The results confirmed that the current state of PA scholarship meets three criteria of a maturing field of scientific inquiry: an expanding literature, a shift toward quantitative studies, and a growing body of research that tests theory-generated hypotheses. Nearly 40% of the PA literature has been published since 2016, establishing that PA research has moved beyond an early stage of scientific development and has produced a scientifically trustworthy knowledge base. This literature review documents the value of multiple research methodologies to this knowledge base. In addition, the growing body of research described in this review enhances our understanding of the association between interparental conflict and the breakdown of parent–child relationships in families where conflict differentially affects children’s relationship with and behavior toward each parent.

@phdthesis{R.DavidWeisskopf2022Quantitative,
  author = {R. David Weisskopf},
  title = {Quantitative Analysis of Parental Alienation in Israeli Court Cases},
  publisher = {Touro University Worldwide},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/quantitative-analysis-parental-alienation-israeli/docview/2680184884/se-2?accountid=14553},
  isbn = {ISBN 9798834046455},
  keywords = {Israel; Parental Alienation; Court decisions; Legal; Dissertation},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav9c2AlYh4FWUlNsnxA?e=abw4Ga},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Bernet20223.71,
  author = {Bernet, William and Xu, Shenmeng},
  title = {3.71 Citation Analysis of Misinformation Regarding Parental Alienation Theory},
  journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry},
  publisher = {American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2022},
  month = {Supplement},
  volume = {61},
  number = {10S},
  pages = {S251--S251},
  isbn = {ISSN: 08908567},
  abstract = {Misinformation regarding parental alienation (PA) frequently occurs in journals, books, and presentations. The purpose of this study was to identify recurrent publication of the same misinformation, that is, variations of the statement: “Parental alienation theory assumes that the favored parent has caused parental alienation in the child simply because the child refuses to have a relationship with the rejected parent, without identifying or proving alienating behaviors by the favored parent.” The recurrent misinformation reported here is not trivial; these statements are significant misrepresentations of PA theory. Instead, PA theory states that PA is only one of several possible causes of contact refusal, that is, not all children who refuse contact with Parent B were influenced by Parent A to reject a relationship with Parent B.},
  keywords = {Citation Analysis; Bias; Misinformation; Evaluation; Qualitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav9xE4k6JSZQJO_eRKw?e=bHpsfC},
  language = {English}
}

Misinformation regarding parental alienation (PA) frequently occurs in journals, books, and presentations. The purpose of this study was to identify recurrent publication of the same misinformation, that is, variations of the statement: “Parental alienation theory assumes that the favored parent has caused parental alienation in the child simply because the child refuses to have a relationship with the rejected parent, without identifying or proving alienating behaviors by the favored parent.” The recurrent misinformation reported here is not trivial; these statements are significant misrepresentations of PA theory. Instead, PA theory states that PA is only one of several possible causes of contact refusal, that is, not all children who refuse contact with Parent B were influenced by Parent A to reject a relationship with Parent B.

@article{Pilan2022Parental,
  author = {Pilan, Birsen Senturk and Akkas, Oyku and Er, Gokul and Bayturan, Ali Fuat and Akdas, Gizem and Bildik, Tezan},
  title = {Parental alienation syndrome: A case alienated from the mother},
  journal = {Turkish J Clinical Psychiatry (Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi)},
  publisher = {Turkish Journal of Clinical Psychiatry},
  address = {Turkey},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {25},
  number = {3},
  pages = {332--337},
  isbn = {ISSN 1302-0099 | e-ISSN 2146-7153},
  abstract = {Parental alienation syndrome is a clinical condition in which the child is consciously and programmatically alienated from one parent by the other parent, constantly subjected to an unfair defamation campaign against the target parent. Despite the definition of clinical features, there is serious debate about the validity and reliability of this syndrome. Therefore, it is not included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 (DSM 5) and International Classification of Diseases 11 (ICD 11). With the increase in divorce and custody cases, this syndrome is encountered more and more, but it is not sufficiently recognized and often overlooked by mental health professionals, forensic experts, judges and prosecutors. In this case report, an 8-year-old girl who was alienated from her mother by her father is presented and parental alienation syndrome is discussed.},
  keywords = {Child; Divorce; Parent; Parental Alienation Syndrome; Çocuk; Boşanma; Ebeveyn; Ebeveyn Yabancılaştırma Sendromu; Classification; DSM; ICD},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav9xIR2jzpd6VM8AUeg?e=tBzvEI},
  language = {Turkish}
}

Parental alienation syndrome is a clinical condition in which the child is consciously and programmatically alienated from one parent by the other parent, constantly subjected to an unfair defamation campaign against the target parent. Despite the definition of clinical features, there is serious debate about the validity and reliability of this syndrome. Therefore, it is not included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 (DSM 5) and International Classification of Diseases 11 (ICD 11). With the increase in divorce and custody cases, this syndrome is encountered more and more, but it is not sufficiently recognized and often overlooked by mental health professionals, forensic experts, judges and prosecutors. In this case report, an 8-year-old girl who was alienated from her mother by her father is presented and parental alienation syndrome is discussed.

@article{Torun2022Targeted,
  author = {Torun, Fuat and Torun, Sebahat Dilek and Matthewson, Mandy},
  title = {Targeted Fathers’ Beliefs in a Just World},
  journal = {Journal of Family Issues},
  publisher = {Sage Pub},
  address = {Turkey},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {0},
  number = {0},
  pages = {1--14},
  isbn = {ISSN: 0192-513X. Online ISSN: 1552-5481},
  abstract = {This study compares targeted fathers’ beliefs in a just world with the beliefs of fathers who were divorced but not alienated from their children. Forty-two targeted fathers and 38 non-targeted fathers completed an online survey consisting of sociodemographic questions, the General Belief in a Just World Scale and Personal Belief in a Just World Scale. Targeted fathers reported lower beliefs in a just world than non-targeted fathers. Targeted fathers who reported that mental health and legal professionals have sufficient knowledge of parental alienation had higher belief in a just world scores than targeted parents who believed professionals have insufficient knowledge.},
  keywords = {parental alienation; targeted parent; targeted father; alienated father; belief in a just world; Long-term Consequences; Qualitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav9xGwnEl0zntrDJZSw?e=rCAzyP},
  language = {English}
}

This study compares targeted fathers’ beliefs in a just world with the beliefs of fathers who were divorced but not alienated from their children. Forty-two targeted fathers and 38 non-targeted fathers completed an online survey consisting of sociodemographic questions, the General Belief in a Just World Scale and Personal Belief in a Just World Scale. Targeted fathers reported lower beliefs in a just world than non-targeted fathers. Targeted fathers who reported that mental health and legal professionals have sufficient knowledge of parental alienation had higher belief in a just world scores than targeted parents who believed professionals have insufficient knowledge.

@article{Bounds2022Parental,
  author = {Bounds, Olivia and Matthewson, Mandy},
  title = {Parental Alienating Behaviours Experienced by Alienated Grandparents},
  journal = {Journal of Family Issues},
  publisher = {Sage Pub},
  address = {Australia},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {0},
  number = {0},
  pages = {1--23},
  isbn = {0192-513X (print) 1552-5481 (web)},
  abstract = {This study explored parental alienating behaviours experienced by grandparents with limited or no contact with their grandchildren. Twelve alienated grandparents participated in semi-structured interviews investigating their experience of alienation. The data were analysed using an inductive thematic analysis approach. Alienated grandparents reported being exposed to 13 parental alienating behaviours used by the alienating parent. These behaviours are consistent with those reported by targeted parents and adult alienated children in other studies. This study showed that parental alienating behaviours also affects grandparent-child relationships. Further research is needed to better understand the impact of parental alienation on grandparents and the wider family system.},
  keywords = {grandparents; parental alienation; parental alienating behaviours; grandchildren; family relationships; Long-term Consequences; Qualitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav9xHrql40hseIntsKg?e=FJ2N8D},
  language = {English}
}

This study explored parental alienating behaviours experienced by grandparents with limited or no contact with their grandchildren. Twelve alienated grandparents participated in semi-structured interviews investigating their experience of alienation. The data were analysed using an inductive thematic analysis approach. Alienated grandparents reported being exposed to 13 parental alienating behaviours used by the alienating parent. These behaviours are consistent with those reported by targeted parents and adult alienated children in other studies. This study showed that parental alienating behaviours also affects grandparent-child relationships. Further research is needed to better understand the impact of parental alienation on grandparents and the wider family system.

@article{Bernet2022Important,
  author = {Bernet, William},
  title = {Important Collaboration Between Organizations Created Document Related to Parental Alienation},
  journal = {Comment on draft joint statement issued by the Association of Family and Conciliation Courts (AFCC) with the National Conference of Juvenile and Family Court Judges (NCJFCJ) regarding parent-child contact problems.},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2022},
  month = {Fall},
  volume = {Contemporary Family Magazine},
  number = {www.contemporaryfamilymagazine.com},
  pages = {p. 16},
  keywords = {Parental alienation; AFCC; NCJFCJ; Endorsed by Professional Association; Legal},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav9xSfkYUYOejGFLxJg?e=Iljaks},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Steinberg2022California,
  author = {Steinberg, Lynn and Berglas, Ron and Doran, Clint},
  title = {California Fights Parental Alienation - Interview with Dr. Lynn Steinberg, author of “You’re Not Crazy” and Professor Ron Berglas, with Clint Doran, Co-Host of CF DIGITAL},
  journal = {Transcript of CF Digital podcast.  Interview discusses how Steinberg and Berglas became involved in legislation and parental alienation.  They talk of their collaboration in forming the Parental Alienation Legislative Group.},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2022},
  month = {Fall},
  volume = {Contemporary Family Magazine},
  number = {www.contemporaryfamilymagazine.com},
  pages = {pgs. 24--25},
  keywords = {Parental Alienation; Parental Alienation Legislative Group; CF Digital podcast; Legal},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav9xTfHQ0VlqVsFfwPQ?e=zQuOMN},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Ochoa2022From,
  author = {Ochoa, Luis Bueno},
  title = {From Parental Alienation Syndrome To Therapeutic Jurisprudence},
  journal = {Revista Vox Juris -  Lima, Perú},
  publisher = {Editorial Fund of the University of San Martín de Porres -  Lima, Perú},
  address = {Spain},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {40},
  number = {2},
  pages = {13--29},
  isbn = {1812-6804},
  abstract = {This paper offers a review of the literature on Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) in Spain during the last ten years (2010-2020) and it distinguishes between supporters and detractors of the construct. The polarized positions around the construct have revealed a conflict between Psychology and Law. At stake is how diagnostics and judicial pronouncements are related. A collaboration, in an interdisciplinary key, between the clinical perspective and the forensic perspective is missed. The system of custody of minors has played a very important role in the judicial invocation of PAS construct. This situation has changed with the adoption of the jurisprudential criterion favorable to Shared custody, as a general rule, as of 2013. The latest judicial resolutions use terminology far from PAS. The Therapeutic Justice new legal paradigm can serve to articulate new forms of relationship between Psychology and Law.},
  keywords = {Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS); Psychology; Law; Therapeutic Jurisprudence; Síndrome de Alienación Parental (SAP); Psicología; Derecho; Justicia Terapéutica; Classification; Etiology; Evaluation},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav9c11KTUvBQD21u0CA?e=fqcVpm},
  language = {Spanish}
}

This paper offers a review of the literature on Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) in Spain during the last ten years (2010-2020) and it distinguishes between supporters and detractors of the construct. The polarized positions around the construct have revealed a conflict between Psychology and Law. At stake is how diagnostics and judicial pronouncements are related. A collaboration, in an interdisciplinary key, between the clinical perspective and the forensic perspective is missed. The system of custody of minors has played a very important role in the judicial invocation of PAS construct. This situation has changed with the adoption of the jurisprudential criterion favorable to Shared custody, as a general rule, as of 2013. The latest judicial resolutions use terminology far from PAS. The Therapeutic Justice new legal paradigm can serve to articulate new forms of relationship between Psychology and Law.

@article{Marques2022How,
  author = {Marques, Telma M. and Narciso, Isabel and Ferreira, Luana C.},
  title = {How Do Family Court Judges Theorize about Parental Alienation? A Qualitative Exploration of the Territory},
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health)},
  publisher = {MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.  https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph},
  address = {Portugal},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {19},
  number = {7555},
  pages = {1--20},
  isbn = {1660-4601},
  abstract = {Parental alienation (PA) and its conceptualization or understanding of the process underlying this dynamic has long been controversial, but it has also been frequently brought to courtrooms. This study provides an account of how legal professionals conceptualize “parental alienation” and how they describe the characteristics of the phenomenon. Using a qualitative design, 21 family court judges (range 33–60 years; 11 men and 10 women), working with child custody cases, participated in an individual in-depth interview. A qualitative analysis based on Grounded Theory basic procedures revealed a complex picture of alienation dynamics with five interconnected results. First, PA contexts and landscapes, which included the judges’ perceptions on the PA nurturing contexts, its strategic behavior patterns and functions, portraits of PA and clues for its identification; second, considerations on PA severity; third, the influential factors, including those related to the emergence of PA; fourth, individual and relational impact of being exposed to PA; and fifth, perceived signs of change. The results also allowed for the complexification of the judges’ theories, revealing six properties of the PA concept: elasticity, intentionality and camouflage, power asymmetries, multifactorial nature, and destructiveness. Directions for future research are expanded from these results and pragmatic contributions of knowledge on judges’ critical thinking on PA issues and its manifestations in legal practice are discussed.},
  keywords = {Parental Alienation; Family Psychology; Family Court; Custody Issues; Qualitative Research; Legal; Qualitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav9czUkeLyLOAGAJBGQ?e=IAhV9X},
  language = {English}
}

Parental alienation (PA) and its conceptualization or understanding of the process underlying this dynamic has long been controversial, but it has also been frequently brought to courtrooms. This study provides an account of how legal professionals conceptualize “parental alienation” and how they describe the characteristics of the phenomenon. Using a qualitative design, 21 family court judges (range 33–60 years; 11 men and 10 women), working with child custody cases, participated in an individual in-depth interview. A qualitative analysis based on Grounded Theory basic procedures revealed a complex picture of alienation dynamics with five interconnected results. First, PA contexts and landscapes, which included the judges’ perceptions on the PA nurturing contexts, its strategic behavior patterns and functions, portraits of PA and clues for its identification; second, considerations on PA severity; third, the influential factors, including those related to the emergence of PA; fourth, individual and relational impact of being exposed to PA; and fifth, perceived signs of change. The results also allowed for the complexification of the judges’ theories, revealing six properties of the PA concept: elasticity, intentionality and camouflage, power asymmetries, multifactorial nature, and destructiveness. Directions for future research are expanded from these results and pragmatic contributions of knowledge on judges’ critical thinking on PA issues and its manifestations in legal practice are discussed.

@article{Oliveira2022The,
  author = {Oliveira, Grace Baêta de and Leal, Pastora do Socorro Teixeira},
  title = {The Abuse of Family Power and The Importance of the Recognition of Existential Damage in Cases of Parental Alienation},
  journal = {Revista Brasileira de Direito Civil em Perspectiva},
  publisher = {Tutor Desenvolvimento e Publicacoes Ltda},
  address = {Brazil},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  pages = {76--96},
  isbn = {e-ISSN: 2526-0243},
  abstract = {The article aims to demonstrate the importance of dialogue between Civil Liability and Family Law through the recognition of existential damage in endo-family relationships, especially in cases of litigious divorces, in which abusive behaviors are observed, such as the impediment of the children's coexistence with one of the parents, configuring the practice of parental alienation. In conclusive lines, the research validates the importance of recognizing another type of damage, aiming to refine the reasoning of decisions regarding the violated legal asset, such as life relationships, which will reflect on the conception of the dichotomous view of the judgments on damages. ---------  O artigo visademonstrar a importância do diálogo entre a Responsabilidade Civil e  o  Direito  de  Família  por  meio  doreconhecimento  do  dano  existencial  nas  relações endofamiliares,  especialmente,  nos  casos  de  divórcios  litigiosos,  em  que  se  observam condutas  abusivas,  como  o  impedimento  da  convivência  dos  filhos  com  um  dos  genitores, configurando  prática  de  alienação  parental.  Em  linhas  conclusivas,  a  pesquisa  convalida  a importância   do   reconhecimento   de   outra   modalidade   de   dano,   objetivandolapidar   afundamentação  das  decisões  referentes  ao  bem  jurídico  violado, como  as  relações  de  vida, o que,  certamente,refletirá  na  concepção  da  visão  dicotômica  dos  julgadossobre  danos extrapatrimoniais.},
  keywords = {Civil Responsibility; Family Right; Existential Damage; Coexistence; Parental Alienation; Responsabilidade  Civil; Direito  de  Família.; Dano  Existencial; Convivência; Alienação Parental; Legal; Management},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav_A362je0E2_O8roaw?e=N3P6wn},
  language = {Portuguese}
}

The article aims to demonstrate the importance of dialogue between Civil Liability and Family Law through the recognition of existential damage in endo-family relationships, especially in cases of litigious divorces, in which abusive behaviors are observed, such as the impediment of the children's coexistence with one of the parents, configuring the practice of parental alienation. In conclusive lines, the research validates the importance of recognizing another type of damage, aiming to refine the reasoning of decisions regarding the violated legal asset, such as life relationships, which will reflect on the conception of the dichotomous view of the judgments on damages. ——— O artigo visademonstrar a importância do diálogo entre a Responsabilidade Civil e o Direito de Família por meio doreconhecimento do dano existencial nas relações endofamiliares, especialmente, nos casos de divórcios litigiosos, em que se observam condutas abusivas, como o impedimento da convivência dos filhos com um dos genitores, configurando prática de alienação parental. Em linhas conclusivas, a pesquisa convalida a importância do reconhecimento de outra modalidade de dano, objetivandolapidar afundamentação das decisões referentes ao bem jurídico violado, como as relações de vida, o que, certamente,refletirá na concepção da visão dicotômica dos julgadossobre danos extrapatrimoniais.

@article{Qin2022Life-Events,
  author = {Qin, Xuemei and Sun, Xiaoxiao and Zhang, Mengjia and Chen, Beijing and Xie, Fei and Chen, Zhaohua and Shen, Sitong and Wen, Chong and Ren, Xiaomei and Dai, Qin},
  title = {Life-Events Mediate the Prediction of Parental Alienation on Depression in Rural Left-Behind Children: A Longitudinal Study},
  journal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry (Front. Psychiatry).  www.frontiersin.org},
  publisher = {Frontiers Media S.A.  (China)},
  year = {2022},
  month = {June},
  volume = {13},
  number = {864751},
  pages = {1--10},
  isbn = {1664-0640},
  abstract = {OBJECTIVES:   Long-time separation with parents during early life, such as left-behind children (LBC, one or both of whose parents are leaving for work for at least a period of 6 months), may contribute to high alienation toward parents and endanger their mental health (e.g., depression). However, the dynamic status of depression and potential prediction of alienation on depression in LBC remained largely unknown. This study aimed to examine the dynamic status of depression, prediction of alienation toward parents on later depression in rural LBC, and a potential mediation of life-events.},
  keywords = {Alienation Toward Parents; Depression; Hierarchical Linear Model; Left-Behind Children; Life-Events; Long-term Consequences; Quantitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav_BF1Wn28nXHogYEfQ?e=E4203I},
  language = {English}
}

OBJECTIVES: Long-time separation with parents during early life, such as left-behind children (LBC, one or both of whose parents are leaving for work for at least a period of 6 months), may contribute to high alienation toward parents and endanger their mental health (e.g., depression). However, the dynamic status of depression and potential prediction of alienation on depression in LBC remained largely unknown. This study aimed to examine the dynamic status of depression, prediction of alienation toward parents on later depression in rural LBC, and a potential mediation of life-events.

@article{Paquelet2022Parental,
  author = {Paquelet, Dawn R and Brown, Kristina S.},
  title = {Parental Alienating Behaviors in Noah Baumbach’s High-Conflict Divorce Films, The Squid and The Whale And Marriage Story: A Cinematherapy Tool for (Training) Mental Health Providers},
  journal = {Contemporary Family Therapy: An International Journal},
  publisher = {Springer (Germany)},
  address = {Germany},
  year = {2022},
  month = {November 28},
  pages = {13 pgs},
  isbn = {ISSN 0892-2764   eISSN 1573-3335},
  abstract = {In this assessment of Noah Baumbach’s films, The Squid and the Whale and Marriage Story, the use of parental alienating behaviors is examined. Examples are organized according to Darnall’s (Darnall, D. (1998). Divorce casualties: Protecting your children from parental alienation. Taylor Trade Publishing.) types of alienators – naive, active, or obsessed – and across Baker and Fine’s (Baker, A. J. L., & Fine, P. R. (2014). Co-parenting with a toxic ex: What to do when your ex-spouse tries to turn the kids against you. New Harbinger Publications.) categories: (a) poisonous messages, (b) interfering with contact and communication, (c) erasing or replacing the targeted parent, (d) enlisting the child to betray the targeted parent, and (e) undermining the targeted parent’s authority and fostering dependence in the child. Implications of this review are two-fold - examples across categories and types of alienating behaviors can be utilized in mental health training programs to help identify and understand the dynamics of parental alienation. Early detection of alienating behaviors is imperative to safeguard children and foster the overall relational health of divorcing families. Secondly, mental health providers may find these films useful as cinematherapy to facilitate growth and healing in families affected by parental alienation.},
  keywords = {Alienating behaviors; Parental alienation; Alienating parent; Targeted parent; High-conflict divorce; The Squid and the Whale; Marriage Story; Cinematherapy; Evaluation; Management; Prevention},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtawINzaxuHPQCq1raCvg?e=30o3XX},
  language = {English}
}

In this assessment of Noah Baumbach’s films, The Squid and the Whale and Marriage Story, the use of parental alienating behaviors is examined. Examples are organized according to Darnall’s (Darnall, D. (1998). Divorce casualties: Protecting your children from parental alienation. Taylor Trade Publishing.) types of alienators – naive, active, or obsessed – and across Baker and Fine’s (Baker, A. J. L., & Fine, P. R. (2014). Co-parenting with a toxic ex: What to do when your ex-spouse tries to turn the kids against you. New Harbinger Publications.) categories: (a) poisonous messages, (b) interfering with contact and communication, (c) erasing or replacing the targeted parent, (d) enlisting the child to betray the targeted parent, and (e) undermining the targeted parent’s authority and fostering dependence in the child. Implications of this review are two-fold - examples across categories and types of alienating behaviors can be utilized in mental health training programs to help identify and understand the dynamics of parental alienation. Early detection of alienating behaviors is imperative to safeguard children and foster the overall relational health of divorcing families. Secondly, mental health providers may find these films useful as cinematherapy to facilitate growth and healing in families affected by parental alienation.

@article{Joshi2021Cases,
  author = {Joshi, Ashish},
  title = {Cases of Parental Alienation in Pennsylvania Courts},
  journal = {Pennsylvania courts have intervened to protect children from abuse.},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2021},
  month = {March/April},
  pages = {46--52},
  keywords = {Pennsylvania Courts; Parental Alienation; Estrangement; DSM-5; Classification; Legal},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtavcNDWEwNLEBtGmGw-g?e=FnRiIk},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Torun2021Parental,
  author = {Torun, Fuat and Torun, Sebahat Dilek and Matthewson, Mandy},
  title = {Parental Alienation: Targeted Parent Experience in Turkey},
  journal = {The American Journal of Family Therapy},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group},
  address = {United Kingdom},
  year = {2021},
  pages = {1--10},
  isbn = {Print ISSN: 0192-6187 Online ISSN: 1521-0383},
  abstract = {This study aimed to investigate Turkish targeted parents’ experience of alienating tactics used in the process of being alienated from their child. The study also aimed to explore targeted parents’ thoughts on the services they have received from mental health and legal professionals that they encountered during the process of family separation. Eighty-four targeted parents completed an online survey. The survey consisted of questions pertaining to sociodemographic information, questions developed by the researchers asking about the targeted parents’ experiences, and questions regarding 13 alienation tactics described in the literature. The majority of participants were male (94%), with an average age of 42years. Participants reported they had been exposed to many alienating tactics and almost half of the participants had not seen their child despite the existence of court ordered visitation. Half of the participants had been referred to mental health professionals during the divorce process, with the majority of these participants of the opinion that these professionals had insufficient knowledge of parental alienation. Further, most participants thought that the legal professionals they encountered had insufficient knowledge of parental alienation. Participants also reported feeling hopeless, desperate, lonely, anxious, and unable to enjoy life. These findings are consistent with research with participants from other countries.},
  keywords = {Parental Alienation; divorce; targeted parent; alienation tactics; Qualitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtavcNQA12XoUiMVzU74Q?e=118MsF},
  language = {English}
}

This study aimed to investigate Turkish targeted parents’ experience of alienating tactics used in the process of being alienated from their child. The study also aimed to explore targeted parents’ thoughts on the services they have received from mental health and legal professionals that they encountered during the process of family separation. Eighty-four targeted parents completed an online survey. The survey consisted of questions pertaining to sociodemographic information, questions developed by the researchers asking about the targeted parents’ experiences, and questions regarding 13 alienation tactics described in the literature. The majority of participants were male (94%), with an average age of 42years. Participants reported they had been exposed to many alienating tactics and almost half of the participants had not seen their child despite the existence of court ordered visitation. Half of the participants had been referred to mental health professionals during the divorce process, with the majority of these participants of the opinion that these professionals had insufficient knowledge of parental alienation. Further, most participants thought that the legal professionals they encountered had insufficient knowledge of parental alienation. Participants also reported feeling hopeless, desperate, lonely, anxious, and unable to enjoy life. These findings are consistent with research with participants from other countries.

@article{Marcus2021The,
  author = {Marcus, Philip},
  title = {The Role of the Social Worker in Preventing Child-Parent Contact Failure},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {CONTEMPORARY FAMILY MAGAZINE},
  number = {Spring 2021},
  pages = {18--19},
  keywords = {Parental Alienation; Contact failure; prevention; Social Worker; Prevention},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtavpEpeVR_7gk7DNaBFA?e=MaVfpH},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Fersch2021Parental,
  author = {Fersch, Patricia},
  title = {Parental Alienation As A Defense To Allegations Of Domestic Violence And Allegations Of Child Sexual Abuse},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {Forbes Magazine},
  number = {March 29, 2021},
  pages = {1--6},
  keywords = {Parental Alienation; Domestic Violence; Child Sexual Abuse; Critics},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtavfl39Z3B2xSfuKztCQ?e=3g4ihp},
  language = {English}
}

@book{Joshi2021Litigating,
  author = {Joshi, Ashish},
  title = {Litigating parental alienation : evaluating and presenting an effective case in court},
  publisher = {American Bar Association},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2021},
  isbn = {9781641058285 (Print) 1641058285 (e-book)},
  abstract = {How to evaluate and present an effective case in family court.  There is no doubt that parental alienation exists and that U.S. courts have acknowledged the concept, although the theory can sometimes be misused. This practitioner's manual provides an overview of the concept of parental alienation and explains how to correctly handle it in court. "Hands-on" practice pointers and sample materials on litigating parental alienation make this an essential resource for the family lawyer.},
  keywords = {Parent and Child Law; Guardians ad litem; Parental Alienation Syndrome; Legal},
  url = {https://www.americanbar.org/products/inv/book/409061453/},
  language = {English}
}

How to evaluate and present an effective case in family court. There is no doubt that parental alienation exists and that U.S. courts have acknowledged the concept, although the theory can sometimes be misused. This practitioner's manual provides an overview of the concept of parental alienation and explains how to correctly handle it in court. "Hands-on" practice pointers and sample materials on litigating parental alienation make this an essential resource for the family lawyer.

@incollection{Boch-Galhau2021A,
  author = {Boch-Galhau, Wilfrid von},
  title = {A Worldwide Health Problem: Parental Alienation},
  booktitle = {Highlights on Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 3},
  publisher = {B. P. International},
  address = {India},
  year = {2021},
  pages = {83--91},
  isbn = {ISBN 978-93-91215-46-0 (Print)  978-93-91215-54-5 (eBook)},
  abstract = {Parental Alienation is a serious mental condition that professionals who work with children, adolescents and adults should know. Parental Alienation is to be found mainly in situations of high conflict separation and divorce, however it exists also in some other contexts. In this article two case examples are presented. The first case example shows parental alienation in a high conflict divorce situation, the second demonstrates institutionally induced parental alienation as a consequence of wrong child sexual abuse accusations by a mentally ill neighbour. Although about thousand three hundred professional articles, book chapters and books, and also empirical studies, exist meanwhile (see website https://ckm. vumc.org/pasg) from all over the world there is still not enough awareness of Parental Alienation in professional practise. Parental Alienation is a child protection issue and the child protection authorities and the courts have to act accordingly.},
  keywords = {Child psychological abuse; false accusations of child sexual abuse; family violence; high conflict separation and divorce; parental alienation; ICD; Long-term Consequences; Short-term Consequences},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtavuROkrKmy5YCJiZdhw?e=DakIEk},
  language = {English}
}

Parental Alienation is a serious mental condition that professionals who work with children, adolescents and adults should know. Parental Alienation is to be found mainly in situations of high conflict separation and divorce, however it exists also in some other contexts. In this article two case examples are presented. The first case example shows parental alienation in a high conflict divorce situation, the second demonstrates institutionally induced parental alienation as a consequence of wrong child sexual abuse accusations by a mentally ill neighbour. Although about thousand three hundred professional articles, book chapters and books, and also empirical studies, exist meanwhile (see website https://ckm. vumc.org/pasg) from all over the world there is still not enough awareness of Parental Alienation in professional practise. Parental Alienation is a child protection issue and the child protection authorities and the courts have to act accordingly.

@incollection{Boch-Galhau2021Parental,
  author = {Boch-Galhau, Wilfrid von},
  title = {Parental Alienation: A Serious Form of Child Psychological Abuse That Affects Children All Over the World},
  booktitle = {Highlights on Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 3},
  publisher = {B. P. International},
  address = {India},
  year = {2021},
  pages = {127--137},
  isbn = {ISBN 978-93-91215-46-0 (Print) 978-93-91215-54-5 (eBook)},
  abstract = {Parental alienation is a significant mental illness that professionals working with children, adolescents, and adults should be aware of. Parental alienation is most common in high-conflict separations and divorces, but it can also occur in other circumstances. One case study involving two siblings is described in this article. It depicts parental alienation in the context of a high-conflict divorce, which could be overcome with a concerted intervention by child protective services and the family court, in collaboration with a trained psychologist. Despite the existence of over a thousand professional articles, book chapters, and books, as well as empirical research from all over the world (see website https://ckm.vumc.org/pasg), there is still a lack of awareness or even denial of parental alienation in professional practise. Stopping parental alienating behaviours is imperative for the promotion of the best interests of children and the health of families.},
  keywords = {Child psychological abuse; family violence; high conflict separation/divorce; Parental Alienation; ICD; Long-term Consequences; Short-term Consequences},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtavuRP62f_agT15aaKIA?e=ShCG7u},
  language = {English}
}

Parental alienation is a significant mental illness that professionals working with children, adolescents, and adults should be aware of. Parental alienation is most common in high-conflict separations and divorces, but it can also occur in other circumstances. One case study involving two siblings is described in this article. It depicts parental alienation in the context of a high-conflict divorce, which could be overcome with a concerted intervention by child protective services and the family court, in collaboration with a trained psychologist. Despite the existence of over a thousand professional articles, book chapters, and books, as well as empirical research from all over the world (see website https://ckm.vumc.org/pasg), there is still a lack of awareness or even denial of parental alienation in professional practise. Stopping parental alienating behaviours is imperative for the promotion of the best interests of children and the health of families.

@article{Harman2021Losses,
  author = {Harman, Jennifer J. and Matthewson, Mandy L. and Baker, Amy J. L.},
  title = {Losses experienced by children alienated from a parent},
  journal = {Current Opinion in Psychology},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {43},
  pages = {7--12},
  isbn = {ISSN:  2352-250X},
  abstract = {Parental alienation occurs when a child aligns with one parent and unjustifiably rejects the other as a result of parental alienating behaviors. This article provides an overview of current research and theory regarding the losses alienated children endure. Parental alienating behaviors alter the child’s beliefs, perceptions, and memories of the alienated parent, triggering a cascade of profound losses for the child. These losses include loss of individual self, childhood experiences, extended family, community, and activities and relationships essential for healthy development. Consequently, alienated children often experience ongoing and ambiguous losses and thereby suffer disenfranchised grief in isolation.  This review comes from a themed issue on Separation, Social Isolation, and Loss; Edited by Gery C. Karantzas and Jeffry A. Simpson},
  keywords = {Parental alienation; Parental alienating behaviors; Grief; Loss; Isolation; Evaluation},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtavus8nBmFwtQlU8Y2yg?e=n1qVtY},
  language = {English}
}

Parental alienation occurs when a child aligns with one parent and unjustifiably rejects the other as a result of parental alienating behaviors. This article provides an overview of current research and theory regarding the losses alienated children endure. Parental alienating behaviors alter the child’s beliefs, perceptions, and memories of the alienated parent, triggering a cascade of profound losses for the child. These losses include loss of individual self, childhood experiences, extended family, community, and activities and relationships essential for healthy development. Consequently, alienated children often experience ongoing and ambiguous losses and thereby suffer disenfranchised grief in isolation. This review comes from a themed issue on Separation, Social Isolation, and Loss; Edited by Gery C. Karantzas and Jeffry A. Simpson

@article{Bernet2021Definitions,
  author = {Bernet, William and Baker, Amy J. L. and II, Kevin Lee Adkins},
  title = {Definitions and terminology regarding child alignments, estrangement, and alienation: A survey of custody evaluators},
  journal = {Journal of Forensic Sciences},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2021},
  number = {00},
  pages = {1--9},
  isbn = {ISSN: 1556-4029},
  abstract = {Parental alienation (PA) is a highly consequential family dynamic that causes harm to children and parents. While many mental health and legal professionals agree that PA is common and potentially very harmful to children, there is still the appearance that there is controversy and discord in the field. The purpose of this study was to test the extent of consensus in the field regarding the basic tenets of PA theory. Specifically, 11 key terms related to PA were identified through expert input and preliminary field-testing. An on-line survey was created specifically for the study to assess level of agreement with these key terms among custody evaluators. This profession was selected because of their high degree of training and experience with a variety of family conflict situations; 119 child custody evaluators selected as members of a professional custody evaluator listing (88% response rate) rated their endorsement of these 11 key definitions with response options including: strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, and strongly disagree. Results revealed that roughly 80% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed with each of the 11 definitions. These results demonstrate a high degree of consensus and should guide future trainings of legal and mental health professionals to ensure a common language and understanding of this phenomenon.},
  keywords = {Contact Refusal; DSM-5; Estrangement; Five-Factor Model; Parental Alienation; Classification; DSM; Evaluation},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtavutFuyEl37mKz7U5VA?e=cHBRaW},
  language = {English}
}

Parental alienation (PA) is a highly consequential family dynamic that causes harm to children and parents. While many mental health and legal professionals agree that PA is common and potentially very harmful to children, there is still the appearance that there is controversy and discord in the field. The purpose of this study was to test the extent of consensus in the field regarding the basic tenets of PA theory. Specifically, 11 key terms related to PA were identified through expert input and preliminary field-testing. An on-line survey was created specifically for the study to assess level of agreement with these key terms among custody evaluators. This profession was selected because of their high degree of training and experience with a variety of family conflict situations; 119 child custody evaluators selected as members of a professional custody evaluator listing (88% response rate) rated their endorsement of these 11 key definitions with response options including: strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, and strongly disagree. Results revealed that roughly 80% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed with each of the 11 definitions. These results demonstrate a high degree of consensus and should guide future trainings of legal and mental health professionals to ensure a common language and understanding of this phenomenon.

@article{Sun2021Prediction,
  author = {Sun, Xiaoxiao and Qin, Xuemei and Zhang, Mengjia and Yang, Aigang and Ren, Xiaomei and Dai, Qin},
  title = {Prediction of parental alienation on depression in left-behind children: A 12-month follow-up investigation.},
  journal = {Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  address = {United Kingdom},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {30},
  number = {e44},
  pages = {1--8},
  isbn = {2045-7960 (Print), 2045-7979 (Online)},
  abstract = {Aims},
  keywords = {Alienation towards parents; depression; leftbehind children; longitudinal study; Quantitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtavutIyXenOQ5fGkMz1g?e=KfBS4y},
  language = {English}
}

Aims

@article{Saini2021Book,
  author = {Saini, Michael and Drozd, Leslie},
  title = {Book review: Parental alienation: Science and law. By demosthenes lorandos and william bernet},
  journal = {Family Court Review},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd.},
  address = {United Kingdom},
  year = {2021},
  pages = {1--3},
  isbn = {ISSN: 1047-5699},
  abstract = {Parental Alienation: Science and Law is a book that brings together known supporters of parental alienation theory to review the definitions, prevalence, consequences and interventions for treating cases where parental alienation has been identified as the dominant cause of parent‐child contact problems. The book provides a review of published literature that favors parental alienation theory and highlights topics and issues that are central to the promotion of parental alienation in the family courts. The book is purposely written with the aim to educate about parental alienation and to debunk the detractors (including sections that specifically refute opposing claims).},
  keywords = {Book Review; High Conflict; Parental Alienation; Parent-Child Contact Problems; Resist Refuse Dynamics; Separation and Divorce; Book Review},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtavutLVEpwMju_3B-NoQ?e=Y160Ly},
  language = {English}
}

Parental Alienation: Science and Law is a book that brings together known supporters of parental alienation theory to review the definitions, prevalence, consequences and interventions for treating cases where parental alienation has been identified as the dominant cause of parent‐child contact problems. The book provides a review of published literature that favors parental alienation theory and highlights topics and issues that are central to the promotion of parental alienation in the family courts. The book is purposely written with the aim to educate about parental alienation and to debunk the detractors (including sections that specifically refute opposing claims).

@article{Harman2021Evaluation,
  author = {Harman, Jennifer J. and Saunders, Luke and Afifi, Tamara},
  title = {Evaluation of the Turning Points for Families (TPFF) program for severely alienated children},
  journal = {Journal of Family Therapy},
  publisher = {The Association for Family Therapy and Systemic Practice.  Wiley Online Library},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2021},
  pages = {1--20},
  isbn = {ISSN:1467-6427},
  abstract = {The Turning Points for Families (TPFF) therapeutic intervention program for severely alienated children and their alienated parent was evaluated to determine whether it was safe, did not cause harm, and led to positive changes in the alienated parent– alienated child relationship. Court orders and video recordings of the 4- day intervention were reviewed for indications of improvements over the course of the intervention in relational communication, social support and communal coping, which refers to the family members jointly ‘owning’ a problem and proactively taking responsibility for it together. Improvements in the parent–child relationships were noted, and the TPFF helped to improve family members’ communal coping scores. Participation did not lead to negative changes on any measure. This preliminary evidence indicates that TPFF, similar to other therapeutic structural interventions, is a safe and effective treatment option for severely alienated children.},
  keywords = {Family therapy; Parental Alienation; Reunification therapy; Evaluation},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtavvsrEAkQz5QdArp5PA?e=tQyD8v},
  language = {English}
}

The Turning Points for Families (TPFF) therapeutic intervention program for severely alienated children and their alienated parent was evaluated to determine whether it was safe, did not cause harm, and led to positive changes in the alienated parent– alienated child relationship. Court orders and video recordings of the 4- day intervention were reviewed for indications of improvements over the course of the intervention in relational communication, social support and communal coping, which refers to the family members jointly ‘owning’ a problem and proactively taking responsibility for it together. Improvements in the parent–child relationships were noted, and the TPFF helped to improve family members’ communal coping scores. Participation did not lead to negative changes on any measure. This preliminary evidence indicates that TPFF, similar to other therapeutic structural interventions, is a safe and effective treatment option for severely alienated children.

@article{Lee-Maturana2021Ten,
  author = {Lee-Maturana, Sau-Lyn and Matthewson, Mandy L. and Dwan, Corinna},
  title = {Ten Key Findings on Targeted Parents’ Experiences: Towards a Broader Definition of Parental Alienation},
  journal = {Journal of Family Issues},
  publisher = {Sage Journals},
  address = {Australia},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {0},
  number = {0},
  pages = {1--29},
  isbn = {ISSN: 0192-513X (print); 1552-5481 (web)},
  abstract = {The Top 10 Key Findings is the result of a 4-year research study on the targeted parents’ experiences of parental alienation. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted on 54 targeted parents alienated from their children. The data were analysed thematically following a qualitative descriptive design. This article contributes to a greater understanding of the targeted parents’ experiences and needs. The Top 10 Key Findings are based on the own perspective of targeted parents and are created with the aim to assist in the development of future appropriate support services and intervention programmes for them.},
  keywords = {Parental alienation; targeted parents; alienated parents; family violence; Qualitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtavvs18-11kplDogO71w?e=bOlCxc},
  language = {English}
}

The Top 10 Key Findings is the result of a 4-year research study on the targeted parents’ experiences of parental alienation. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted on 54 targeted parents alienated from their children. The data were analysed thematically following a qualitative descriptive design. This article contributes to a greater understanding of the targeted parents’ experiences and needs. The Top 10 Key Findings are based on the own perspective of targeted parents and are created with the aim to assist in the development of future appropriate support services and intervention programmes for them.

@article{Bernet2021Recurrent,
  author = {Bernet, William},
  title = {Recurrent Misinformation Regarding Parental Alienation Theory},
  journal = {The American Journal of Family Therapy},
  publisher = {Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, LLC},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2021},
  pages = {1--22},
  isbn = {ISSN:  1521-0383 (online)  	0192-6187 (print)},
  abstract = {Misinformation regarding parental alienation theory has been published many times in journals and books since the 1980s. This article discusses a specific example of misinformation, i.e., variations of the statement: Parental alienation theory assumes that the favored parent has caused parental alienation in the child simply because the child refuses to have a relationship with the rejected parent, without identifying or proving alienating behaviors by the preferred parent. This is an unusual phenomenon, i.e., the same misinformation was found in journal articles, books, and presentations by critics of parental alienation 40 times between 1994 and 2020. This trail of recurrent misinformation is not trivial; it is a major misrepresentation of basic tenets of parental alienation theory. The article concludes with action items, including the proposal that these false statements should be corrected and/or the journal articles should be withdrawn from publication.},
  keywords = {Parental Alienation; parental alienation theory; misinformation; disinformation; Richard Gardner; Critics; Qualitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav4secF5jYV0oj9rGDg?e=wZqiRA},
  language = {English}
}

Misinformation regarding parental alienation theory has been published many times in journals and books since the 1980s. This article discusses a specific example of misinformation, i.e., variations of the statement: Parental alienation theory assumes that the favored parent has caused parental alienation in the child simply because the child refuses to have a relationship with the rejected parent, without identifying or proving alienating behaviors by the preferred parent. This is an unusual phenomenon, i.e., the same misinformation was found in journal articles, books, and presentations by critics of parental alienation 40 times between 1994 and 2020. This trail of recurrent misinformation is not trivial; it is a major misrepresentation of basic tenets of parental alienation theory. The article concludes with action items, including the proposal that these false statements should be corrected and/or the journal articles should be withdrawn from publication.

@article{Waquim2021A,
  author = {Waquim, Bruna Barbieri and Machado, Bruno Amaral},
  title = {A ALIENAÇÃO PARENTAL COMO COSMOLOGIA VIOLENTA},
  journal = {Revista Opinião Jurídica},
  address = {Brazil},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {19},
  number = {32},
  pages = {202--227},
  isbn = {ISSN:  1806-0420   2447-6641},
  abstract = {Goal:},
  keywords = {Parental Alienation; Child and teenager; Symbolic interactionism; Violentization; Evaluation; Qualitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav40nUQgGlXYimZkZpQ?e=DoLdIt},
  language = {Portuguese}
}

Goal:

@article{Tavares2021What,
  author = {Tavares, Ana and Crespo, Carla and Ribeiro, Maria Teresa},
  title = {What Does it Mean to be a Targeted Parent? Parents’ Experiences in the Context of Parental Alienation},
  journal = {Journal of Child and Family Studies},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address = {Portugal},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {30},
  pages = {1370--1380},
  isbn = {ISSN:  1062-1024 (print) 1573-2843 (web)},
  abstract = {The term parental alienation refers to the negative influence of one parent over a child’s perception of the other parent (targeted parent). The aim of this research was to gain further understanding of targeted parents’ experience of parental alienation from their own perspectives. For this qualitative study, a thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with eight participants aged between 33 and 51 years was conducted. The data from individual semi-structured interviews enabled the identification of four main themes: perception of personal impact, coping strategies, family relationships and support network. Parents identified a serious impairment of their physical and emotional well-being and mainly identified emotion focused coping strategies to deal with this adverse ongoing situation. Furthermore, they reported changes in key relationships, with emphasis on difficulties in family and social contexts. The contribution of the findings to research and interventions with parents and families experiencing parental alienation are discussed.},
  keywords = {Targeted parent; Parental Alienation; Coping; Family relationships; Support network; Long-term Consequences; Qualitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav40oP5TwK8ydChGMcg?e=BGv4m9},
  language = {English}
}

The term parental alienation refers to the negative influence of one parent over a child’s perception of the other parent (targeted parent). The aim of this research was to gain further understanding of targeted parents’ experience of parental alienation from their own perspectives. For this qualitative study, a thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with eight participants aged between 33 and 51 years was conducted. The data from individual semi-structured interviews enabled the identification of four main themes: perception of personal impact, coping strategies, family relationships and support network. Parents identified a serious impairment of their physical and emotional well-being and mainly identified emotion focused coping strategies to deal with this adverse ongoing situation. Furthermore, they reported changes in key relationships, with emphasis on difficulties in family and social contexts. The contribution of the findings to research and interventions with parents and families experiencing parental alienation are discussed.

@article{Roma2021MMPI-2,
  author = {Roma, Paolo and Marchetti, Daniela and Mazza, Cristina and Burla, Franco and Verrocchio, Maria Cristina},
  title = {MMPI-2 Profiles of Mothers Engaged in Parental Alienation},
  journal = {Journal of Family Issues},
  publisher = {Sage Journals},
  address = {Italy},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {42},
  number = {4},
  pages = {722--740},
  isbn = {ISSN: 15525481 (Online), 0192513X (Print)},
  abstract = {Parental alienation (PA) describes a family dynamic in which a parent engages in behaviors that are likely to foster a child’s unjustified rejection of the other parent. PA is considered a particular form of child psychological maltreatment with both short- and long-term negative consequences. Parents who attempt to turn a child against the other parent in cases of separation/divorce can be difficult to identify. Increasing our understanding of the personality features of these parents via psychological assessment may enable us to identify PA more quickly following the onset of abuse. In the present study, the personality characteristics of mothers engaging in PA were examined through a comparative analysis of MMPI-2 profiles. The results indicated that alienating mothers presented higher moral virtue and extroversion. They were more vulnerable to interpersonal stress and they demonstrated unsuccessful self representation. The findings provide a preliminary model for understanding the profile of mothers who engage in PA.},
  keywords = {Parental Alienation; MMPI-2; preferred parent; alienating parent; child custody disputes; personality features; Long-term Consequences; Qualitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav40pi7wP6QDHOdk2YQ?e=HmM1YW},
  language = {English}
}

Parental alienation (PA) describes a family dynamic in which a parent engages in behaviors that are likely to foster a child’s unjustified rejection of the other parent. PA is considered a particular form of child psychological maltreatment with both short- and long-term negative consequences. Parents who attempt to turn a child against the other parent in cases of separation/divorce can be difficult to identify. Increasing our understanding of the personality features of these parents via psychological assessment may enable us to identify PA more quickly following the onset of abuse. In the present study, the personality characteristics of mothers engaging in PA were examined through a comparative analysis of MMPI-2 profiles. The results indicated that alienating mothers presented higher moral virtue and extroversion. They were more vulnerable to interpersonal stress and they demonstrated unsuccessful self representation. The findings provide a preliminary model for understanding the profile of mothers who engage in PA.

@article{Roma2021A,
  author = {Roma, Paolo and Marchetti, Daniela and Mazza, Cristina and Ricci, Eleonora and Fontanesi, Lilybeth and Verrocchio, Maria Cristina},
  title = {A Comparison of MMPI-2 Profiles Between Parental Alienation Cases and Custody Cases},
  journal = {Journal of Child and Family Studies},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address = {Italy},
  year = {2021},
  pages = {1--11},
  isbn = {ISSN: 1062-1024 (print) 1573-2843 (web)},
  abstract = {The present study aimed at understanding the personality features of mothers and fathers engaged in parental alienation—a family dynamic in which one parent behaves in a way that foments a child’s unfounded emotional rejection of the other parent. The process is considered a complex form of child psychological maltreatment, with significant negative consequences. In cases of conflictual separation and divorce, parental alienation can be difficult—yet important—to identify. In this context, use of psychological assessment to understand parents’ personality characteristics may facilitate the early identification of parental alienation and related abuses. A comparative analysis of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 profiles of 41 couples engaged in parental alienation and 39 control couples (i.e., not involved in parental alienation) was used to assess the personality characteristics of mothers and fathers engaged in parental alienation. The results indicated that mothers who were classified as alienating presented a faking-good defensive profile, denied hostile and negative impulses, blamed others for their problems, and displayed excessive sensitivity. On the other side, fathers who were classified as targets of alienating behaviors were adapted to chronic depressive states, social isolation, and interpersonal conflict. The results suggest that the personality profile of parents involved in parental alienation may provide useful insight for custodial cases, prevent further abuse, and contribute to improving psychological and rehabilitative programs. Clinical and forensic implications are discussed.},
  keywords = {Parental Alienation; Alienating behaviors; Child custody disputes; Divorced parents; MMPI-2; Long-term Consequences; Qualitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav40lE_Ye-hx3dvBuWQ?e=xcpQ0z},
  language = {English}
}

The present study aimed at understanding the personality features of mothers and fathers engaged in parental alienation—a family dynamic in which one parent behaves in a way that foments a child’s unfounded emotional rejection of the other parent. The process is considered a complex form of child psychological maltreatment, with significant negative consequences. In cases of conflictual separation and divorce, parental alienation can be difficult—yet important—to identify. In this context, use of psychological assessment to understand parents’ personality characteristics may facilitate the early identification of parental alienation and related abuses. A comparative analysis of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 profiles of 41 couples engaged in parental alienation and 39 control couples (i.e., not involved in parental alienation) was used to assess the personality characteristics of mothers and fathers engaged in parental alienation. The results indicated that mothers who were classified as alienating presented a faking-good defensive profile, denied hostile and negative impulses, blamed others for their problems, and displayed excessive sensitivity. On the other side, fathers who were classified as targets of alienating behaviors were adapted to chronic depressive states, social isolation, and interpersonal conflict. The results suggest that the personality profile of parents involved in parental alienation may provide useful insight for custodial cases, prevent further abuse, and contribute to improving psychological and rehabilitative programs. Clinical and forensic implications are discussed.

@article{Rao2021REJECTING,
  author = {Rao, Alyssa G.},
  title = {REJECTING 'UNJUSTIFIED' REJECTION: WHY FAMILY COURTS SHOULD EXCLUDE PARENTAL ALIENATION EXPERTS},
  journal = {Boston College Law Review},
  publisher = {Boston College Law School},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {62},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1759--1796},
  isbn = {ISSN:  0161-6587},
  abstract = {Parental alienation is a controversial and disputed proposed mental disorder whereby children unjustifiably reject one parent because of the other parent's influence. One parent often raises parental alienation in family court when the other parent makes an accusation of domestic abuse. Despite appearing in the legal discourse, no professional organization officially recognizes either parental alienation or the related concept of parental alienation syndrome, the original anti-feminist theory from which parental alienation derives. Domestic violence advocates staunchly criticize both "disorders" because the theories can undercut legitimate and concerning abuse allegations. Nonetheless, courts invite such experts into the courtroom to aid in making custody determinations. This Note argues that parental alienation expert testimony does not meet state evidentiary standards for admissibility. This Note also suggests that courts should be cautious when considering abuse allegations, as the consequences of a mistaken court decision can be dangerous for children and survivors of domestic violence.},
  keywords = {Parental alienation syndrome; Syndromes in children; Family law courts; Domestic violence; Legal status of children; Critics; Legal},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav5A26-6mmdp3yXHcjQ?e=jCWEqI},
  language = {English}
}

Parental alienation is a controversial and disputed proposed mental disorder whereby children unjustifiably reject one parent because of the other parent's influence. One parent often raises parental alienation in family court when the other parent makes an accusation of domestic abuse. Despite appearing in the legal discourse, no professional organization officially recognizes either parental alienation or the related concept of parental alienation syndrome, the original anti-feminist theory from which parental alienation derives. Domestic violence advocates staunchly criticize both "disorders" because the theories can undercut legitimate and concerning abuse allegations. Nonetheless, courts invite such experts into the courtroom to aid in making custody determinations. This Note argues that parental alienation expert testimony does not meet state evidentiary standards for admissibility. This Note also suggests that courts should be cautious when considering abuse allegations, as the consequences of a mistaken court decision can be dangerous for children and survivors of domestic violence.

@article{Clemente2021Obey,
  author = {Clemente, Miguel and Padilla-Racero, Dolores},
  title = {Obey the justice system or protect children? The moral dilemma posed by false parental alienation syndrome},
  journal = {Children and Youth Services Review},
  publisher = {PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD},
  address = {England},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {120},
  number = {105728},
  pages = {1--11},
  isbn = {ISSN: 0190-7409   eISSN: 1873-7765},
  abstract = {This work focuses on the ethical dilemma involving whether to defend children and obey the law when a judge determines that a parent should deliver the child to the other parent although the parent is aware that the child is being abused by the other parent, which could not be determined by the justice system. A study was conducted based on the Milgram Experiment regarding obedience to authority. The participants comprised 480 adult mothers who had not experienced having had custody of their children revoked by the justice system. An ad hoc questionnaire was created to gather socio-demographic data to present a fictitious situation extracted from real legal cases in which a mother's custody of her daughter was revoked, and the SCL-90-R scale. The results demonstrate how women who are separated from their children display the same behavior that would be displayed by any mother defending her children. Milgram's paradigm of Obedience to Authority (OTA) would not work, and the results are more consistent with the so-called Relationship Condition. Taking children away from their mothers causes serious psychological damage and unscientific theories should not be used to address child abuse.},
  keywords = {Child abuse; Child protection; Milgram paradigm; Moral dilemmas; Parental alienation; Parental Alienation Syndrome; Critics},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav5A6rljd8NoAnAXcQw?e=yGhrQu},
  language = {English}
}

This work focuses on the ethical dilemma involving whether to defend children and obey the law when a judge determines that a parent should deliver the child to the other parent although the parent is aware that the child is being abused by the other parent, which could not be determined by the justice system. A study was conducted based on the Milgram Experiment regarding obedience to authority. The participants comprised 480 adult mothers who had not experienced having had custody of their children revoked by the justice system. An ad hoc questionnaire was created to gather socio-demographic data to present a fictitious situation extracted from real legal cases in which a mother's custody of her daughter was revoked, and the SCL-90-R scale. The results demonstrate how women who are separated from their children display the same behavior that would be displayed by any mother defending her children. Milgram's paradigm of Obedience to Authority (OTA) would not work, and the results are more consistent with the so-called Relationship Condition. Taking children away from their mothers causes serious psychological damage and unscientific theories should not be used to address child abuse.

@article{StephenLeeMorrison2021Reliability,
  author = {Stephen Lee Morrison and Ring, Robyn},
  title = {Reliability of the Five-Factor Model for Determining Parental Alienation},
  journal = {The American Journal of Family Therapy},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2021},
  pages = {1--20},
  isbn = {Electronic ISSN: 1521-0383; Print ISSN: 0192-6187},
  abstract = {Mental health practitioners (MHPs) need a reliable assessment tool for parental alienation (PA). This study assesses the reliability of the Five-Factor Model (FFM) asserted to test for PA. The FFM contains five criteria; Yes, responses to each of the five criterion is asserted to indicate PA is occurring. Six vignettes were presented to respondents, who provided a response for each of the five criteria. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient indicated reliability with an average of 0.923 for all vignettes. The Cronbach Alpha values indicate consistency, with an average of 0.926. FFM was determined to be a reliable assessment tool for PA.},
  keywords = {Parental Alienation; reliability; child abuse; Domestic violence; Five-Factor Model; Evaluation; Quantitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav5MhBpIsPTPp1POXzg?e=iZZ80d},
  language = {English}
}

Mental health practitioners (MHPs) need a reliable assessment tool for parental alienation (PA). This study assesses the reliability of the Five-Factor Model (FFM) asserted to test for PA. The FFM contains five criteria; Yes, responses to each of the five criterion is asserted to indicate PA is occurring. Six vignettes were presented to respondents, who provided a response for each of the five criteria. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient indicated reliability with an average of 0.923 for all vignettes. The Cronbach Alpha values indicate consistency, with an average of 0.926. FFM was determined to be a reliable assessment tool for PA.

@incollection{JenniferJ.Harman2021Parental,
  author = {Jennifer J. Harman, PhD and Edward Kruk, PhD},
  title = {Parental Alienation: Causes, Controversies and Solutions},
  booktitle = {Beyond the Gender Paradigm},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  address = {United Kingdom},
  year = {2021},
  pages = {1--47},
  isbn = {ISBN: 9780197564028},
  abstract = {The gender paradigm that has affected intimate partner violence (IPV) research and theory has also strongly influenced scholarly and professional work on parental alienation. This},
  keywords = {Domestic Violence; Gender Paradigm; Parental Alienation; Etiology; Evaluation; Qualitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav89dz5Gvd1xUmKa6ew?e=vVYbGw},
  language = {English}
}

The gender paradigm that has affected intimate partner violence (IPV) research and theory has also strongly influenced scholarly and professional work on parental alienation. This

@incollection{EdwardKruk2021Shared,
  author = {Edward Kruk, Ph.D.},
  title = {Shared Parenting as Preventative of Parental Alienation},
  booktitle = {Part III, Shared Parenting and Parental Alienation},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  address = {United Kingdom},
  year = {2021},
  isbn = {ISBN: 0367691442},
  abstract = {This multidisciplinary volume offers an essential, comprehensive study of perspectives on the scope and application of the best interests of the child and focuses mainly on its application in relation to child custody.},
  keywords = {Shared Parenting; Parental Alienation; Prevention; Legal; Prevention},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav89bIIa_y9TMM305zw?e=7ryhRj},
  language = {English}
}

This multidisciplinary volume offers an essential, comprehensive study of perspectives on the scope and application of the best interests of the child and focuses mainly on its application in relation to child custody.

@phdthesis{Bennett2021Phenomenological,
  author = {Bennett, Stefanie},
  title = {Phenomenological Study on Noncustodial Mothers Suffering Complex Trauma due to Parental Alienation Pre and Post Distant Healing Intention},
  publisher = {Sofia University},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/phenomenological-study-on-noncustodial-mothers/docview/2640052318/se-2?accountid=14553},
  isbn = {ISBN  979-8-209-88019-6},
  keywords = {Distant healing intention; Noncustodial mothers; Parental Alienation; Phenomenological study; PTSD; Qualitative Research; Dissertation},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav9c4fMv0M1jr5UundA?e=xEVKHK},
  language = {English}
}

@phdthesis{Saunders2021Parental,
  author = {Saunders, Luke},
  title = {Parental Alienation, Authoritarian Parenting, and Their Effects on Attitudes in Alienated Children},
  publisher = {Colorado State University},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/parental-alienation-authoritarian-parenting-their/docview/2622581314/se-2?accountid=14553},
  isbn = {9798762180238},
  keywords = {Authoritarian parenting; Authoritarianism; Parental Alienation; Parenting styles; Political psychology; Social psychology; Evaluation; Dissertation},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav9c6Mdfz-jj1pgUddQ?e=MXhYbA},
  language = {English}
}

@phdthesis{Thomas2021African,
  author = {Thomas, Fatima},
  title = {African American Fathers’ Experiences of Alienation from Their Children Due to Texas Family Code},
  publisher = {Walden University},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/african-american-fathers-experiences-alienation/docview/2551708345/se-2?accountid=14553},
  isbn = {ISBN 9798516073755},
  keywords = {Best interest of child; BIC; Coparenting; Family law; Father child relationship; Parental Alienation; Parental involvement; Legal; Personal Experience; Qualitative Research; Dissertation},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav9dIc4u_XFCboN7_TQ?e=AuiPAu},
  language = {English}
}

@phdthesis{Grubb2021Using,
  author = {Grubb, Caitlyn},
  title = {Using Power Imbalances to Differentiate between Forms of Family Violence},
  publisher = {Colorado State University},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/using-power-imbalances-differentiate-between/docview/2552114589/se-2?accountid=14553},
  isbn = {ISBN 9798516077753},
  keywords = {Assessment; Domestic violence; Parental Alienation; Abuse; Classification; Labels; Classification; Evaluation; Dissertation},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav9dWdyLzXIqpSRuWxA?e=k6UavP},
  language = {English}
}

@phdthesis{Rowen2021Summer,
  author = {Rowen, Kevin D.},
  title = {Summer Camp Experiences of Children from Divorced Families: An Exploratory Study on Camp Staff Perspectives},
  publisher = {Alliant International University},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/summer-camp-experiences-children-divorced/docview/2478782205/se-2?accountid=14553},
  isbn = {ISBN 9798557058735},
  keywords = {Divorce; Positive youth development; Summer camp; Management; Personal Experience; Dissertation},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav9dYn39EB8f_dfdRsA?e=UIanJk},
  language = {English}
}

@phdthesis{McCormack2021Parental,
  author = {McCormack, Mairead},
  title = {Parental Alienation : an Exploratory Study of Legal Professionals' Views and Experiences in Northern Ireland},
  publisher = {Queen's University},
  address = {United Kingdom},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/parental-alienation},
  keywords = {Parental alienation; divorce/separation; Legal professionals; coercive control; Stockholm Syndrome; power and control; estrangement; feminist theory; Belfast; Northern Ireland; United Kingdom; Legal; Dissertation},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav9dZyPiZw540bDKTJQ?e=MT5Dj3},
  language = {English}
}

@article{AdrienneBarnett2020A,
  author = {Adrienne Barnett},
  title = {A genealogy of hostility: parental alienation in England and Wales},
  journal = {Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group},
  address = {United Kingdom},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {1--12},
  abstract = {This article explores the emergence and development of parental alienation (PA) in England and Wales. It considers the background into which PA first appeared in private law proceedings concerning children in England and Wales, and examines how it progressed in the case law through the changing political and discursive context of private family law from 2000 to the end of March 2019. A clear pattern emerged of, initially, parental alienation syndrome and subsequently PA being raised in family proceedings and in political and popular arenas in response to concerns about and measures to address domestic abuse. The case law revealed a high incidence of domestic abuse perpetrated by parents (principally fathers) who were claiming that the resident parents (principally mothers) had alienated the children against them, which raises questions about the purpose of PA. More recently, a PA ‘industry’ appears to have amassed comprising experts, therapists and lawyers, advocating transfers of children’s care from ‘alienating’ mothers to nonresident fathers, as well as PA therapy for children and parents. While PA has had a chequered history and is not without its critics, it has become part of the discursive repertoire of current family law, with increasingly harsh consequences for women and children.},
  keywords = {Parental alienation; domestic abuse; child arrangement proceedings; Critics},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtas5g-qzpIujiIidmk-w?e=0xQElI},
  language = {English}
}

This article explores the emergence and development of parental alienation (PA) in England and Wales. It considers the background into which PA first appeared in private law proceedings concerning children in England and Wales, and examines how it progressed in the case law through the changing political and discursive context of private family law from 2000 to the end of March 2019. A clear pattern emerged of, initially, parental alienation syndrome and subsequently PA being raised in family proceedings and in political and popular arenas in response to concerns about and measures to address domestic abuse. The case law revealed a high incidence of domestic abuse perpetrated by parents (principally fathers) who were claiming that the resident parents (principally mothers) had alienated the children against them, which raises questions about the purpose of PA. More recently, a PA ‘industry’ appears to have amassed comprising experts, therapists and lawyers, advocating transfers of children’s care from ‘alienating’ mothers to nonresident fathers, as well as PA therapy for children and parents. While PA has had a chequered history and is not without its critics, it has become part of the discursive repertoire of current family law, with increasingly harsh consequences for women and children.

@article{Lorandos2020Parental,
  author = {Lorandos, Demosthenes},
  title = {Parental Alienation, Traditional Therapy and Family Bridges: What Works, What Doesn't and Why: Part I of II},
  journal = {American Journal of Family Law},
  publisher = {Aspen Publishers (www.aspenpublishers.com)},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2020},
  month = {Winter},
  volume = {33},
  number = {4},
  pages = {p. 415--423},
  isbn = {0891-6330},
  abstract = {The article offers information related to Family Bridges, an innovative educational and experiential program, aimed to provide precisely the kind of rigorous and disciplined intervention necessary to repair such a severely derailed parent–child relationship. It discusses how alienated children show remarkable, unjustified biases against their target parent, and in favor of the alienating parent.  Part 1 provides background information.  Part 2 will cover Family Bridges program.},
  keywords = {FAMILY mediation; PRACTICE of law; CUSTODY of children; GUARDIAN & ward; BEST interests of the child (Law); Management},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtasvUmTvVOXPYTdfxcGA?e=uaF6ci},
  language = {English}
}

The article offers information related to Family Bridges, an innovative educational and experiential program, aimed to provide precisely the kind of rigorous and disciplined intervention necessary to repair such a severely derailed parent–child relationship. It discusses how alienated children show remarkable, unjustified biases against their target parent, and in favor of the alienating parent. Part 1 provides background information. Part 2 will cover Family Bridges program.

@article{Lorandos2020Parental,
  author = {Lorandos, Demosthenes},
  title = {Parental Alienation, Traditional Therapy, and Family Bridges: What Works, What Doesn't, and Why: Part II of II},
  journal = {American Journal of Family Law},
  publisher = {Aspen Publishers (www.aspenpublishers.com)},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2020},
  month = {Spring},
  volume = {34},
  number = {1},
  pages = {p. 9--17},
  isbn = {0891-6330},
  abstract = {The article focuses on parental alienation, traditional therapy and family bridges and evidence-based instruction principles to maximize learning and create a safe atmosphere. It mentions Family Bridges educational workshop rejects procedures that bypass critical thinking, such as repetitive lectures, suggestions, one-sided portraits of parent that attempt to persuade, influence, or program children. It also mentions conflict management for developmental and cognitive abilities.  Part 1 provided background information.  Part 2 covers Family Bridges program.},
  keywords = {PARENTAL alienation syndrome; CRITICAL thinking; CONFLICT management; COGNITIVE ability; COGNITIVE development; Management},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtatYYq1e3-xJdYBa7nNw?e=XhoVak},
  language = {English}
}

The article focuses on parental alienation, traditional therapy and family bridges and evidence-based instruction principles to maximize learning and create a safe atmosphere. It mentions Family Bridges educational workshop rejects procedures that bypass critical thinking, such as repetitive lectures, suggestions, one-sided portraits of parent that attempt to persuade, influence, or program children. It also mentions conflict management for developmental and cognitive abilities. Part 1 provided background information. Part 2 covers Family Bridges program.

@article{Pena2020Forensic,
  author = {Pena, Roberta and Lauar, Hélio and Barros, Alcina},
  title = {Forensic psychiatry assessment during parental alienation claims: two cases with different outcomes.},
  journal = {Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry},
  publisher = {Brazilian Psychiatric Association},
  address = {Brazil},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {000--000},
  isbn = {Print version ISSN 1516-4446.  On-line version ISSN 1809-452X},
  abstract = {When a forensic psychiatrist is appointed to assess parental alienation in child custody cases, the implications of this duty must be recognized. Firstly, parental alienation is not a diagnosis, but a legal term (described, in the Brazilian context, in Law 12,318/10).  The expert should focus on evaluating the child’s functionality within family relationships and to investigate if any mental disorder is present. This brief communication discusses the underlying forensic logic involved in two claims of parental alienation in divorce litigation.},
  keywords = {parental alienation; forensic psychiatry; child custody; Brazilian Law; Legal},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtataVuKj2H5eIltfyBQg?e=C9U93N},
  language = {English}
}

When a forensic psychiatrist is appointed to assess parental alienation in child custody cases, the implications of this duty must be recognized. Firstly, parental alienation is not a diagnosis, but a legal term (described, in the Brazilian context, in Law 12,318/10). The expert should focus on evaluating the child’s functionality within family relationships and to investigate if any mental disorder is present. This brief communication discusses the underlying forensic logic involved in two claims of parental alienation in divorce litigation.

@article{JanetR.Johnston2020PARENTAL,
  author = {Janet R. Johnston and Sullivan, Matthew J.},
  title = {PARENTAL ALIENATION: IN SEARCH OF COMMON GROUND FOR A MORE DIFFERENTIATED THEORY},
  journal = {Family Court Review},
  publisher = {Association of Family and Conciliation Courts - Wiley Blackwell},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {58},
  number = {2},
  pages = {270--292},
  isbn = {ISSN: 1531-2445 (print); 1744-1617 (online)},
  abstract = {The concept of parental alienation (PA) has expanded in popular usage at the same time that it remains mired in controversy about its scientific integrity and its use as a legal strategy in response to an increasing range of issues in family court. In this paper we describe how competing advocacy movements (for mothers, fathers and children) in the family justice field have, over time, helped shape the shifting definitions and widening focal concerns of PA- from children who make false allegations of abuse, to those who resist or refuse contact with a parent, to parent relocation, and to the emotional abuse wrecked upon children who are victims of a manipulative parent. In search of common ground for a sound approach to using PA concepts, we argue that the Single Factor model of PA (asserting that an alienating preferred parent is primarily the source of the problem) is inadequate, overly simplistic and misleading. A Single Factor model rests on the fallacy that abuse or poor parenting on the part of either parent have been, or are able to be, ruled out as sufficient reason for the child’s rejecting stance. By contrast, multi-factor models of PA make more useful, valid, differentiated clinical predictions of children’s rejection of a parent, informed by basic and applied research on children and families. However, multi-factor models are complex and difficult to argue in court and to use in assessment and interventions. Suggestions are made for developing intervention-focused prediction models that reduce the number of factors involved and are applicable across different types of interventions.},
  keywords = {Alienation; Estrangement; High-Conflict Divorce; Intimate Partner Violence; Parent–Child Contact Problems; Parental Alienation; Resistance-Refusal Dynamics; Endorsed by Professional Association; Evaluation},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtatfU3Sf7FY819ilaCHg?e=NZPnBx},
  language = {English}
}

The concept of parental alienation (PA) has expanded in popular usage at the same time that it remains mired in controversy about its scientific integrity and its use as a legal strategy in response to an increasing range of issues in family court. In this paper we describe how competing advocacy movements (for mothers, fathers and children) in the family justice field have, over time, helped shape the shifting definitions and widening focal concerns of PA- from children who make false allegations of abuse, to those who resist or refuse contact with a parent, to parent relocation, and to the emotional abuse wrecked upon children who are victims of a manipulative parent. In search of common ground for a sound approach to using PA concepts, we argue that the Single Factor model of PA (asserting that an alienating preferred parent is primarily the source of the problem) is inadequate, overly simplistic and misleading. A Single Factor model rests on the fallacy that abuse or poor parenting on the part of either parent have been, or are able to be, ruled out as sufficient reason for the child’s rejecting stance. By contrast, multi-factor models of PA make more useful, valid, differentiated clinical predictions of children’s rejection of a parent, informed by basic and applied research on children and families. However, multi-factor models are complex and difficult to argue in court and to use in assessment and interventions. Suggestions are made for developing intervention-focused prediction models that reduce the number of factors involved and are applicable across different types of interventions.

@article{Bernet2020PARENTAL,
  author = {Bernet, William},
  title = {PARENTAL ALIENATION AND MISINFORMATION PROLIFERATION},
  journal = {Family Court Review},
  publisher = {Association of Family and Conciliation Courts - Wiley Blackwell},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {58},
  number = {2},
  pages = {293--307},
  isbn = {ISSN: 1531-2445 (print); 1744-1617 (online)},
  abstract = {Since parental alienation syndrome (PAS) was identified in the 1980’s, there has been a remarkable amount of misinformation regarding both PAS and parental alienation (PA). These falsehoods were published in professional journals, presented at conferences, and distributed through internet websites and blogs. This article summarizes five examples of published misinformation regarding PAS/PA. Each case study includes: the false statements that were published in the medical, psychological, or legal professional literature; the names of the individuals who made the false statements; and the steps taken to refute the falsehoods and correct the record. The writers of the misinformation were from Sweden, Tunisia, Spain, and the United States, which illustrates the international scope of PAS/PA. In one example, the misinformation reached the U.S. House of Representatives and was almost included in a formal resolution adopted by that body. The article discusses various underlying causes of the high level of polarization in PAS/PA scholarship. The article also proposes steps that both mental health and legal writers can adopt to reduce the destructive polarization that has occurred. In general, however, clinicians, forensic practitioners, and legal professionals should remain vigilant when they read articles or listen to presentations about topics that might be considered controversial.},
  keywords = {Cognitive Dissonance; Disinformation; Misinformation; Parental Alienation; Parental Alienation Syndrome; Partisanship; U.S. House of Representatives; Endorsed by Professional Association; Evaluation},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtatfU4FKnXGfoq9G7KEA?e=88B5jv},
  language = {English}
}

Since parental alienation syndrome (PAS) was identified in the 1980’s, there has been a remarkable amount of misinformation regarding both PAS and parental alienation (PA). These falsehoods were published in professional journals, presented at conferences, and distributed through internet websites and blogs. This article summarizes five examples of published misinformation regarding PAS/PA. Each case study includes: the false statements that were published in the medical, psychological, or legal professional literature; the names of the individuals who made the false statements; and the steps taken to refute the falsehoods and correct the record. The writers of the misinformation were from Sweden, Tunisia, Spain, and the United States, which illustrates the international scope of PAS/PA. In one example, the misinformation reached the U.S. House of Representatives and was almost included in a formal resolution adopted by that body. The article discusses various underlying causes of the high level of polarization in PAS/PA scholarship. The article also proposes steps that both mental health and legal writers can adopt to reduce the destructive polarization that has occurred. In general, however, clinicians, forensic practitioners, and legal professionals should remain vigilant when they read articles or listen to presentations about topics that might be considered controversial.

@article{Robb2020METHODOLOGICAL,
  author = {Robb, Aaron},
  title = {METHODOLOGICAL CHALLENGES IN SOCIAL SCIENCE: MAKING SENSE OF POLARIZED AND COMPETING RESEARCH CLAIMS},
  journal = {Family Court Review},
  publisher = {Association of Family and Conciliation Courts - Wiley Blackwell},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {58},
  number = {2},
  pages = {308--321},
  isbn = {ISSN: 1531-2445 (print); 1744-1617 (online)},
  abstract = {Legal and mental health professionals face significant challenges when addressing situations in which children resist contact with a parent. There remains only limited empirical research on the differentiation of types and severity of contact problems, the resulting impacts on children and adolescents, and the outcomes of interventions. Often, family justice professionals encounter conflicting information that presents wildly diverging views on the scientific knowledge base used to guide understandings of human interaction. In cases involving resist-refuse dynamics (“RRD”), the polarized claims, characterized by dichotomous thinking, often assert abuse by the rejected parent, on the one hand, or alienating behavior by the favored parent, on the other hand. When presented with conflicting social science research, understanding basic experimental design methodology is critical to resolving questions of the reliability and utility of the information presented. Equally important, is an understanding of cognitive bias and the human tendency to experience difficulty in modifying belief systems when presented with updated information; this understanding includes changing conceptual frameworks for decision making in family law cases. While polarized and often acrimonious debate in the field may be reflective of larger societal strife, recognizing strengths and weaknesses in the ideas presented in research literature allows for an integrative approach to bring more light, and less heat, to the larger conceptualization of human interactions we have to address in the family court setting.},
  keywords = {Cognitive Bias; Polarization; Resist-Refuse Dynamics; Social Science Research; Endorsed by Professional Association; Evaluation},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtatf0MjFHZIV13ZcKUqg?e=789H4m},
  language = {English}
}

Legal and mental health professionals face significant challenges when addressing situations in which children resist contact with a parent. There remains only limited empirical research on the differentiation of types and severity of contact problems, the resulting impacts on children and adolescents, and the outcomes of interventions. Often, family justice professionals encounter conflicting information that presents wildly diverging views on the scientific knowledge base used to guide understandings of human interaction. In cases involving resist-refuse dynamics (“RRD”), the polarized claims, characterized by dichotomous thinking, often assert abuse by the rejected parent, on the one hand, or alienating behavior by the favored parent, on the other hand. When presented with conflicting social science research, understanding basic experimental design methodology is critical to resolving questions of the reliability and utility of the information presented. Equally important, is an understanding of cognitive bias and the human tendency to experience difficulty in modifying belief systems when presented with updated information; this understanding includes changing conceptual frameworks for decision making in family law cases. While polarized and often acrimonious debate in the field may be reflective of larger societal strife, recognizing strengths and weaknesses in the ideas presented in research literature allows for an integrative approach to bring more light, and less heat, to the larger conceptualization of human interactions we have to address in the family court setting.

@article{Lorandos2020PARENTAL,
  author = {Lorandos, Demosthenes},
  title = {PARENTAL ALIENATION IN U.S. COURTS, 1985 TO 2018},
  journal = {Family Court Review},
  publisher = {Association of Family and Conciliation Courts - Wiley Blackwell},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {58},
  number = {2},
  pages = {322--339},
  isbn = {ISSN: 1531-2445 (print); 1744-1617 (online)},
  abstract = {Courts have been dealing with alienating behaviors in high conflict family litigation for hundreds of years. Experts in the behavioral sciences have been writing about mothers and fathers manipulating their children to disparage the other parent for more than seventy years. But in the last two decades some social scientists and legal professionals have questioned the legitimacy of parental alienation as a concept and its admissibility in child abuse and child custody litigation. This study was designed to examine the extent to which courts in the United States have found the concept of parental alienation material, probative, relevant and admissible. Thirty-four years of cases were found with a WESTLAW query and analyzed. Cases were selected for study only if the record reflected that a judge or an independent expert found the concept of parental alienation to be of value in the litigation. Results illustrate increasing awareness of the concept and document its admissibility in every one of the United States. The numbers, sex of the alienating parent and prevalence of significant custody changes are discussed. Limitations inherent in this form of quantitative analysis are also discussed with recommendations for future research.},
  keywords = {alienation; children; courts; custody; evidence; parent; Endorsed by Professional Association; Evaluation; Legal},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtatfU5pJD-b7M_AFA2mQ?e=0Ad22v},
  language = {English}
}

Courts have been dealing with alienating behaviors in high conflict family litigation for hundreds of years. Experts in the behavioral sciences have been writing about mothers and fathers manipulating their children to disparage the other parent for more than seventy years. But in the last two decades some social scientists and legal professionals have questioned the legitimacy of parental alienation as a concept and its admissibility in child abuse and child custody litigation. This study was designed to examine the extent to which courts in the United States have found the concept of parental alienation material, probative, relevant and admissible. Thirty-four years of cases were found with a WESTLAW query and analyzed. Cases were selected for study only if the record reflected that a judge or an independent expert found the concept of parental alienation to be of value in the litigation. Results illustrate increasing awareness of the concept and document its admissibility in every one of the United States. The numbers, sex of the alienating parent and prevalence of significant custody changes are discussed. Limitations inherent in this form of quantitative analysis are also discussed with recommendations for future research.

@article{Milchman2020IDEOLOGY,
  author = {Milchman, Madelyn S. and Geffner, Robert and Meier, Joan S.},
  title = {IDEOLOGY AND RHETORIC REPLACE SCIENCE AND REASON IN SOME PARENTAL ALIENATION LITERATURE AND ADVOCACY: A CRITIQUE},
  journal = {Family Court Review},
  publisher = {Association of Family and Conciliation Courts - Wiley Blackwell},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {58},
  number = {2},
  pages = {340--361},
  isbn = {ISSN: 1531-2445 (print); 1744-1617 (online)},
  abstract = {This article analyzes rhetorical strategies that are often used to legitimize classifying children’s parent rejection as “alienation,” conceived as a mental disorder or diagnosis. Use of evaluative labels or diagnoses instead of descriptions of behavioral functioning is problematic in child custody evaluations. We address Distorted Claims of consensus, Alienation Labeling, Renaming, Proof by Assertion, Misrepresenting Endorsement by Authorities, Reduction Ad Absurdum, and Ad Personam Attacks. Rhetoric distracts from the evidence and observable behaviors required to accurately classify mistreated/alienated children and protective/alienating parents. It creates an ideology that obfuscates the absence of and need for scientific validity studies; reliable prevalence data; non-conclusory assessment of parent–child relationship quality; empirical evidence testing the coaching hypothesis; and valid, objective evaluations of treatment programs. The article concludes with suggestions to improve dialogue between scholars in order to advance research and custody evaluations.},
  keywords = {Child custody; Child maltreatment; Domestic violence; False allegations; Parental alienation; Parent–child relationship; Rhetoric; Critics; Endorsed by Professional Association},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtatf0LsJvTwTzydIzygg?e=BrHpoF},
  language = {English}
}

This article analyzes rhetorical strategies that are often used to legitimize classifying children’s parent rejection as “alienation,” conceived as a mental disorder or diagnosis. Use of evaluative labels or diagnoses instead of descriptions of behavioral functioning is problematic in child custody evaluations. We address Distorted Claims of consensus, Alienation Labeling, Renaming, Proof by Assertion, Misrepresenting Endorsement by Authorities, Reduction Ad Absurdum, and Ad Personam Attacks. Rhetoric distracts from the evidence and observable behaviors required to accurately classify mistreated/alienated children and protective/alienating parents. It creates an ideology that obfuscates the absence of and need for scientific validity studies; reliable prevalence data; non-conclusory assessment of parent–child relationship quality; empirical evidence testing the coaching hypothesis; and valid, objective evaluations of treatment programs. The article concludes with suggestions to improve dialogue between scholars in order to advance research and custody evaluations.

@article{Bernet2020RESPONSE,
  author = {Bernet, William},
  title = {RESPONSE TO “IDEOLOGY AND RHETORIC REPLACE SCIENCE AND REASON IN SOME PARENTAL ALIENATION LITERATURE AND ADVOCACY: A CRITIQUE,” BY MILCHMAN, GEFFNER, AND MEIER},
  journal = {Family Court Review},
  publisher = {Association of Family and Conciliation Courts - Wiley Blackwell},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {58},
  number = {2},
  pages = {362--367},
  isbn = {ISSN: 1531-2445 (print); 1744-1617 (online)},
  abstract = {The author wrote an article, “Parental Alienation and Misinformation Proliferation,” for this Special Issue of Family Court Review, which is devoted to various aspects of parental alienation (PA). This short article is a response to the article by Milchman, Geffner, and Meier, which discussed my article and other contributions to the Special Issue. All of these articles represent an attempt by the Editors of the Special Issue to promote “dialogue” among writers who have different perspectives regarding parental alienation. In my view, this is a misguided endeavor, since the publication of cascading criminations, recriminations, and re-recriminations simply creates confusion and consternation for the readers of Family Court Review. This new article offers an alternative approach for creating constructive dialogue among PA-promoters and PA-detractors, that is, convene a face-to-face discussion of these individuals and encourage them to write an article together in which they jointly explain their various perspectives regarding PA.},
  keywords = {Misinformation; Parental Alienation; Critics; Endorsed by Professional Association},
  language = {English}
}

The author wrote an article, “Parental Alienation and Misinformation Proliferation,” for this Special Issue of Family Court Review, which is devoted to various aspects of parental alienation (PA). This short article is a response to the article by Milchman, Geffner, and Meier, which discussed my article and other contributions to the Special Issue. All of these articles represent an attempt by the Editors of the Special Issue to promote “dialogue” among writers who have different perspectives regarding parental alienation. In my view, this is a misguided endeavor, since the publication of cascading criminations, recriminations, and re-recriminations simply creates confusion and consternation for the readers of Family Court Review. This new article offers an alternative approach for creating constructive dialogue among PA-promoters and PA-detractors, that is, convene a face-to-face discussion of these individuals and encourage them to write an article together in which they jointly explain their various perspectives regarding PA.

@article{Lorandos2020RESPONSE,
  author = {Lorandos, Demosthenes},
  title = {RESPONSE TO MILCHMAN, GEFFNER, AND MEIER IDEOLOGY AND RHETORIC REPLACE SCIENCE AND REASON IN SOME PARENTAL ALIENATION LITERATURE AND ADVOCACY: A CRITIQUE},
  journal = {Family Court Review},
  publisher = {Association of Family and Conciliation Courts - Wiley Blackwell},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {58},
  number = {2},
  pages = {371--372},
  isbn = {ISSN: 1531-2445 (print); 1744-1617 (online)},
  keywords = {Critics; Endorsed by Professional Association},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtatf0VQzAD-3qwLu5OQA?e=AYkboc},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Robb2020MISDIRECTION,
  author = {Robb, Aaron},
  title = {MISDIRECTION AND DOUBLE STANDARDS FAIL TO CLARIFY CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES IN SOCIAL SCIENCE},
  journal = {Family Court Review},
  publisher = {Association of Family and Conciliation Courts - Wiley Blackwell},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {58},
  number = {2},
  pages = {373--374},
  isbn = {ISSN: 1531-2445 (print); 1744-1617 (online)},
  keywords = {Critics; Endorsed by Professional Association},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtatf0WrivyIC8BTy3yRw?e=TBZE0c},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Milchman2020PUTTING,
  author = {Milchman, Madelyn S. and Geffner, Robert and Meier, Joan S.},
  title = {PUTTING SCIENCE AND REASONING BACK INTO THE “PARENTAL ALIENATION” DISCUSSION: REPLY TO BERNET, ROBB, LORANDOS, AND GARBER},
  journal = {Family Court Review},
  publisher = {Association of Family and Conciliation Courts - Wiley Blackwell},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {58},
  number = {2},
  pages = {375--385},
  isbn = {ISSN: 1531-2445 (print); 1744-1617 (online)},
  abstract = {This article presents our Reply to the Responses that Lorandos, Garber, Bernet, and Robb wrote to our Critique article in the Family Court Review Special Issue. Our Reply focuses on the repetition of the rhetoric that some of these authors used to distract from the issues we raised. The principal concern in our Critique article was the lack of adequate research methodology to support claims that parental alienation is a diagnosis, a condition, or a phenomenon that is directly observable rather than an inference that requires detailed behavioral descriptions, factual analysis, logical and scientific reasoning. In our Reply, we show how this concern was not properly addressed in the Responses, which does not facilitate meaningful dialog. However, we also recognize that some of the Responses facilitate improved dialog between the parental alienation and child abuse/ domestic violence communities and we welcome that.},
  keywords = {Abuse; Alienation; Child Custody; Child Maltreatment; Family Court; Research Methodology; Rhetoric; Critics; Endorsed by Professional Association},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtatf0Oy1AyCKUXeg3Emw?e=UbFkft},
  language = {English}
}

This article presents our Reply to the Responses that Lorandos, Garber, Bernet, and Robb wrote to our Critique article in the Family Court Review Special Issue. Our Reply focuses on the repetition of the rhetoric that some of these authors used to distract from the issues we raised. The principal concern in our Critique article was the lack of adequate research methodology to support claims that parental alienation is a diagnosis, a condition, or a phenomenon that is directly observable rather than an inference that requires detailed behavioral descriptions, factual analysis, logical and scientific reasoning. In our Reply, we show how this concern was not properly addressed in the Responses, which does not facilitate meaningful dialog. However, we also recognize that some of the Responses facilitate improved dialog between the parental alienation and child abuse/ domestic violence communities and we welcome that.

@article{Bentley2020The,
  author = {Bentley, Caitlin and Mandy Matthewson},
  title = {The Not-Forgotten Child: Alienated Adult Children’s Experience of Parental Alienation},
  journal = {The American Journal of Family Therapy},
  publisher = {Routledge Taylor & Francis Group},
  address = {United Kingdom},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {1--21},
  isbn = {0192-6187 (Print) 1521-0383 (Online)},
  abstract = {This study explored the experience of adults who had experienced parental alienation during childhood. Ten alienated adult children participated in 60 to 90-minute semi-structured interviews about their experience of parental alienation. Using Braun and Clarke (2006) thematic analysis framework, seven themes were identified. Participants described experiencing abuse perpetrated by the alienating parent. They described experiencing anxiety, depression, low self-worth, guilt, attachment problems, difficulty in other relationships, and reduced or delayed educational and career attainment that they attributed to their experience of parental alienation. These results demonstrated that children’s exposure to parental alienation may have lifelong ramifications for their psychological well-being.},
  keywords = {Parental Alienation; Alienated Adult Child/Children; Alienated Child/Children; Targeted Parent; Alienating Parent; Child Abuse; Long-term Consequences; Quantitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtats8uCEgvZE5gdLzuyQ?e=oaTBAi},
  language = {English}
}

This study explored the experience of adults who had experienced parental alienation during childhood. Ten alienated adult children participated in 60 to 90-minute semi-structured interviews about their experience of parental alienation. Using Braun and Clarke (2006) thematic analysis framework, seven themes were identified. Participants described experiencing abuse perpetrated by the alienating parent. They described experiencing anxiety, depression, low self-worth, guilt, attachment problems, difficulty in other relationships, and reduced or delayed educational and career attainment that they attributed to their experience of parental alienation. These results demonstrated that children’s exposure to parental alienation may have lifelong ramifications for their psychological well-being.

@article{Lee-Maturana2020Targeted,
  author = {Lee-Maturana, Saulyn},
  title = {Targeted Parents Surviving Parental Alienation: Consequences of the Alienation and Coping Strategies},
  journal = {Journal of Child and Family Studies},
  publisher = {Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {1--13},
  isbn = {15732843, 10621024},
  abstract = {The aim of this study was to describe the consequences of being alienated from a child and to identify the coping strategies used by targeted parents to deal with the alienation. Using a qualitative descriptive design, 54 self-referred targeted parents alienated from their children participated in an in-depth interview. Narratives were analyzed through thematic analysis and commonalities in targeted parents’ consequences and coping strategies were identified. Six subthemes emerged describing different consequences experienced by targeted parents due to parental alienation: emotional, behavioral, finances-work, cognitive, physical, and social. Also, eight different types of coping strategies were identified and classified according to the activities reported by the targeted parents. Parental alienation has serious consequences for targeted parents affecting various aspects of their lives. Targeted parents need more understanding, support and orientation to cope with their experience.},
  keywords = {Targeted parents; Alienated parents; Consequences of parental alienation; Qualitative description; Coping strategies; Long-term Consequences; Qualitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtats8vuPnFwaAvejPHKA?e=kuroIz},
  language = {English}
}

The aim of this study was to describe the consequences of being alienated from a child and to identify the coping strategies used by targeted parents to deal with the alienation. Using a qualitative descriptive design, 54 self-referred targeted parents alienated from their children participated in an in-depth interview. Narratives were analyzed through thematic analysis and commonalities in targeted parents’ consequences and coping strategies were identified. Six subthemes emerged describing different consequences experienced by targeted parents due to parental alienation: emotional, behavioral, finances-work, cognitive, physical, and social. Also, eight different types of coping strategies were identified and classified according to the activities reported by the targeted parents. Parental alienation has serious consequences for targeted parents affecting various aspects of their lives. Targeted parents need more understanding, support and orientation to cope with their experience.

@article{Garber2020SHERLOCK,
  author = {Garber, Benjamin D.},
  title = {SHERLOCK HOLMES AND THE CASE OF RESIST/REFUSE DYNAMICS: CONFIRMATORY BIAS AND ABDUCTIVE INFERENCE IN CHILD CUSTODY EVALUATIONS},
  journal = {Family Court Review},
  publisher = {Association of Family and Conciliation Courts - Wiley Blackwell},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {58},
  number = {2},
  pages = {386--402},
  isbn = {ISSN: 1531-2445 (print); 1744-1617 (online)},
  abstract = {Had Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s fictional detective, the great Sherlock Holmes, actually engaged in deductive reasoning, he would have solved many fewer crimes. In fact, Holmes’ logical progression from astute observation to hypotheses is a model of a type of inductive reasoning. This paper argues that mental health professionals tasked to evaluate why a child is resisting/refusing contact with one parent must approach each family the way that Holmes approached each case, without a presumed suspect, moving systematically from detail to hypothesis, well-versed in the full range of dynamics that may be at play, and erring in favor of parsimony rather than pathology. By contrast, the custody evaluator who approaches these matters through a deductive process, seeking data that support an a priori theory, is vulnerable to confirmatory bias and doing harm to the child whose interests are paramount. The literature concerned with resist/refuse dynamics is reviewed, yielding 13 non-mutually exclusive variables that evaluators must consider so as to more fully identify why a particular child is resisting or refusing contact with one parent. On this basis, the hybrid model is expanded to include the full spectrum of contributing dynamics. Specific recommendations are made for judicial officers in the interest of writing orders for custody evaluations that minimize the risk of confirmatory bias.},
  keywords = {Alienation; Child Custody; Confirmatory Bias; Co-parenting; divorce; Enmeshment; Estrangement; Polarization; Resist/Refuse; Triangulation; Endorsed by Professional Association; Evaluation},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtatf0NGkLGbQ7oWZ0Q3g?e=6KReq9},
  language = {English}
}

Had Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s fictional detective, the great Sherlock Holmes, actually engaged in deductive reasoning, he would have solved many fewer crimes. In fact, Holmes’ logical progression from astute observation to hypotheses is a model of a type of inductive reasoning. This paper argues that mental health professionals tasked to evaluate why a child is resisting/refusing contact with one parent must approach each family the way that Holmes approached each case, without a presumed suspect, moving systematically from detail to hypothesis, well-versed in the full range of dynamics that may be at play, and erring in favor of parsimony rather than pathology. By contrast, the custody evaluator who approaches these matters through a deductive process, seeking data that support an a priori theory, is vulnerable to confirmatory bias and doing harm to the child whose interests are paramount. The literature concerned with resist/refuse dynamics is reviewed, yielding 13 non-mutually exclusive variables that evaluators must consider so as to more fully identify why a particular child is resisting or refusing contact with one parent. On this basis, the hybrid model is expanded to include the full spectrum of contributing dynamics. Specific recommendations are made for judicial officers in the interest of writing orders for custody evaluations that minimize the risk of confirmatory bias.

@article{Saini2020GATEKEEPING,
  author = {Saini, Michael and Laajasalo, Taina and Platt, Stacey},
  title = {GATEKEEPING BY ALLEGATIONS: AN EXAMINATION OF VERIFIED, UNFOUNDED, AND FABRICATED ALLEGATIONS OF CHILD MALTREATMENT WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF RESIST AND REFUSAL DYNAMICS},
  journal = {Family Court Review},
  publisher = {Association of Family and Conciliation Courts - Wiley Blackwell},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {58},
  number = {2},
  pages = {417--431},
  isbn = {ISSN: 1531-2445 (print); 1744-1617 (online)},
  abstract = {Allegations of child maltreatment and neglect, including child sexual abuse, in the context of child custody disputes pose particular challenges for child protection services, family law professionals and the courts to identify children at risk of harm, as well as children impacted and exposed to other risk factors. Accurately identifying child maltreatment requires assessing the background, the history and the context of the allegations in order to differentiate confirmed, unfounded, and fabricated allegations. The paper provides a review of the history and current understanding of allegations within the context of child custody disputes by considering the connections of fabricated allegations to the theory of alienation and the role of gatekeeping. The paper then examines the social science literature regarding allegations within child protection investigations (the prevalence, types of maltreatment, reporter of allegations, and case outcomes) and explores the factors that have contributed to the challenges faced by child protection services to investigate and make determinations regarding allegations within the context of child custody disputes. We argue for early assessment protocols for child protection services to screen child custody cases, to differentiate allegations of alienation from other types of harm, to enhance role clarity in these volatile situations, to refrain from “taking sides” and to work collaboratively with the family law community. Lastly, we offer legal implications to improve collaboration between child protection services and the family law field to better respond to these complex cases.},
  keywords = {Alienation; Allegations; Child Custody; Child Welfare; Gatekeeping; Critics; Endorsed by Professional Association; Evaluation},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtat6d06KAvOjEgXBKdCA?e=gnP7Rd},
  language = {English}
}

Allegations of child maltreatment and neglect, including child sexual abuse, in the context of child custody disputes pose particular challenges for child protection services, family law professionals and the courts to identify children at risk of harm, as well as children impacted and exposed to other risk factors. Accurately identifying child maltreatment requires assessing the background, the history and the context of the allegations in order to differentiate confirmed, unfounded, and fabricated allegations. The paper provides a review of the history and current understanding of allegations within the context of child custody disputes by considering the connections of fabricated allegations to the theory of alienation and the role of gatekeeping. The paper then examines the social science literature regarding allegations within child protection investigations (the prevalence, types of maltreatment, reporter of allegations, and case outcomes) and explores the factors that have contributed to the challenges faced by child protection services to investigate and make determinations regarding allegations within the context of child custody disputes. We argue for early assessment protocols for child protection services to screen child custody cases, to differentiate allegations of alienation from other types of harm, to enhance role clarity in these volatile situations, to refrain from “taking sides” and to work collaboratively with the family law community. Lastly, we offer legal implications to improve collaboration between child protection services and the family law field to better respond to these complex cases.

@article{Warshak2020RISKS,
  author = {Warshak, Richard A.},
  title = {RISKS AND REALITIES OF WORKING WITH ALIENATED CHILDREN},
  journal = {Family Court Review},
  publisher = {Association of Family and Conciliation Courts - Wiley Blackwell},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {58},
  number = {2},
  pages = {432--455},
  isbn = {ISSN: 1531-2445 (print); 1744-1617 (online)},
  abstract = {Involvement in custody cases that include accusations of parental alienation—whether as an evaluator, expert witness, lawyer, judge, therapist, provider of a specialized intervention, or researcher—incurs both professional and personal risks. Some risks relate to false negative or false positive identifications of parental alienation that can lead to regulatory agency complaints and public condemnation by the parent who feels wronged by the case outcome. Other risks stem from providing services in an emerging area of practice and working with children who overtly oppose repairing the relationship with their rejected parent. These risks include: unfounded accusations of mistreating children; negatively biased commentary and sensationalist attacks in the media and in social media, professional conferences and journals, and in courtroom testimony; harassment, vilification, and invasion of privacy; threats of violence and public humiliation; shunning and rumor spreading by colleagues; and complaints to regulatory agencies. This article examines circumstances, beliefs, and dynamics that give rise to these risks, suggests precautions to reduce the risk of false accusations against professionals, and offers recommendations for dealing with regulatory agencies. Criticisms that a court or service provider has mistreated a child merit careful scrutiny in the context of the case evidence and empirical data. While some interventions for alienated children raise legitimate concerns, others have been maligned by anecdotal complaints that studies show do not represent the experience of most participants.},
  keywords = {Parental Alienation; Custody Reversal; High-Conflict Divorce; Reunification; Endorsed by Professional Association; Evaluation; Management},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtatf0PwRcLyNwF5rGACQ?e=H0ijeN},
  language = {English}
}

Involvement in custody cases that include accusations of parental alienation—whether as an evaluator, expert witness, lawyer, judge, therapist, provider of a specialized intervention, or researcher—incurs both professional and personal risks. Some risks relate to false negative or false positive identifications of parental alienation that can lead to regulatory agency complaints and public condemnation by the parent who feels wronged by the case outcome. Other risks stem from providing services in an emerging area of practice and working with children who overtly oppose repairing the relationship with their rejected parent. These risks include: unfounded accusations of mistreating children; negatively biased commentary and sensationalist attacks in the media and in social media, professional conferences and journals, and in courtroom testimony; harassment, vilification, and invasion of privacy; threats of violence and public humiliation; shunning and rumor spreading by colleagues; and complaints to regulatory agencies. This article examines circumstances, beliefs, and dynamics that give rise to these risks, suggests precautions to reduce the risk of false accusations against professionals, and offers recommendations for dealing with regulatory agencies. Criticisms that a court or service provider has mistreated a child merit careful scrutiny in the context of the case evidence and empirical data. While some interventions for alienated children raise legitimate concerns, others have been maligned by anecdotal complaints that studies show do not represent the experience of most participants.

@article{Campbell2020CHILDREN,
  author = {Campbell, Jacqueline},
  title = {CHILDREN RESISTING CONTACT WITH A PARENT DUE TO ABUSE, ALIENATION, OR OTHER CAUSES: CAN A PROACTIVE ROLE FOR LAWYERS CONTRIBUTE TO BETTER OUTCOMES?},
  journal = {Family Court Review},
  publisher = {Association of Family and Conciliation Courts - Wiley Blackwell},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {58},
  number = {2},
  pages = {456--469},
  isbn = {ISSN: 1531-2445 (print); 1744-1617 (online)},
  abstract = {Lawyers have a significant role to play in cases where children are resisting contact with a parent, or the family appears to be going down that path, in the context of parental alienation, family violence or other factors. These cases pose great challenges for lawyers dealing with parents, as their clients are often anxiety-ridden, angry, scared, and may have difficulty focusing on the long-term interests of their children or themselves. A lawyer may be one of the first professionals encountered by the parents; lawyers for parents are advocates, but they are also in a position to provide wise counsel, to help triage the situation, provide practical advice, and early, helpful solutions. This article sets out practical suggestions for lawyers acting for parents. What can and should lawyers do to ensure they are part of the solution, not part of the problem? Lawyers need to be able to identify the potential problems and provide practical help to the family – whether they are acting for the “preferred” parent, the “rejected” parent, or the involved children.},
  keywords = {Family Law; Family Violence; Parental Alienation; Endorsed by Professional Association; Evaluation; Legal},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtatf0QXbug4lwzxyoJ2w?e=DYYejc},
  language = {English}
}

Lawyers have a significant role to play in cases where children are resisting contact with a parent, or the family appears to be going down that path, in the context of parental alienation, family violence or other factors. These cases pose great challenges for lawyers dealing with parents, as their clients are often anxiety-ridden, angry, scared, and may have difficulty focusing on the long-term interests of their children or themselves. A lawyer may be one of the first professionals encountered by the parents; lawyers for parents are advocates, but they are also in a position to provide wise counsel, to help triage the situation, provide practical advice, and early, helpful solutions. This article sets out practical suggestions for lawyers acting for parents. What can and should lawyers do to ensure they are part of the solution, not part of the problem? Lawyers need to be able to identify the potential problems and provide practical help to the family – whether they are acting for the “preferred” parent, the “rejected” parent, or the involved children.

@misc{Berger2020Parental,
  author = {Berger, Shona},
  title = {Parental alienation leads to devastating human tragedy},
  address = {Malta},
  year = {2020},
  month = {Sunday, July 26},
  keywords = {Personal Experience; Happy Parenting – Malta (for Happier Children); NGO; Personal Experience},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtat6gpR52ncI1lxm2UOA?e=z9dGua},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Borg2020What,
  author = {Borg, Coryse},
  title = {What is parental alienation?},
  publisher = {Newsbook.  Beacon Media Group},
  address = {Malta},
  year = {2020},
  month = {April 24},
  keywords = {Parental Alienation Awareness Day; NGO; Happy Parenting – Malta (for Happier Children); Classification; Newsletter},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtat6gqtiOcOgAmckKoLw?e=WHbqMB},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Bailey2020THE,
  author = {Bailey, Rebecca and Dana, Deborah and Bailey, Elizabeth and Davis, Frank},
  title = {THE APPLICATION OF THE POLYVAGAL THEORY TO HIGH CONFLICT CO-PARENTING CASES},
  journal = {Family Court Review},
  publisher = {Association of Family and Conciliation Courts - Wiley Blackwell},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {58},
  number = {2},
  pages = {525--543},
  isbn = {ISSN: 1531-2445 (print); 1744-1617 (online)},
  abstract = {Families, litigants, lawyers, advisors embroiled in cases of complex divorce with child contact issues, manage many stressors at once. Participants involved with these types of cases are often exhausted and burned-out from the long-term battles of prolonged litigation. The inability to problem-solve or even communicate effectively reflects the chaos and traumatic stress of the experience and can be seen as a hallmark of this population. When people are consistently stressed, there is a breakdown of communication skills that can create an immunity to receiving help from any direction. Often all parties involved appear to be both hyper-alert to potential threat, and hyper-reactive to one another: no one feels safe. Stephen Porges’ Polyvagal Theory is premised on the idea that neuroception plays a key role in the nervous system’s ability to assess danger in the environment. Neuroception is a neurophysiological response that does not involve cognitive processing. When cognitive processing is not involved, the result may lead to misinterpretation of, and an inability to accurately assess situations: executive functioning including rational thinking and communication skills are lost to physiological response. Rather than evaluating families and individuals involved in the aforementioned complex divorce cases through the lens of pathology, Polyvagal Theory explains their behavior as an adaptive stress reaction. Utilizing Polyvagal Theory offers a promising path to treatment with these families and diminishing the poor communication and the heightened emotion, assisting practitioners in understanding the impact of neurobiological response in managing stress and trauma. Applying Polyvagal Theory to court involved populations can help both litigants and practitioners recognize the role of the autonomic nervous system, providing the opportunity to understand, to self-regulate, and to improve communication and decision making.},
  keywords = {Autonomic Regulation; Dysregulation; Favored Parent; High Conflict Divorce; Neuroception; Parent Child Contact Problems; Parental Alienation; Polyvagal Theory; Rejected Parent; Management},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtatfU67nJcIF1qj6TNMA?e=tRIgYH},
  language = {English}
}

Families, litigants, lawyers, advisors embroiled in cases of complex divorce with child contact issues, manage many stressors at once. Participants involved with these types of cases are often exhausted and burned-out from the long-term battles of prolonged litigation. The inability to problem-solve or even communicate effectively reflects the chaos and traumatic stress of the experience and can be seen as a hallmark of this population. When people are consistently stressed, there is a breakdown of communication skills that can create an immunity to receiving help from any direction. Often all parties involved appear to be both hyper-alert to potential threat, and hyper-reactive to one another: no one feels safe. Stephen Porges’ Polyvagal Theory is premised on the idea that neuroception plays a key role in the nervous system’s ability to assess danger in the environment. Neuroception is a neurophysiological response that does not involve cognitive processing. When cognitive processing is not involved, the result may lead to misinterpretation of, and an inability to accurately assess situations: executive functioning including rational thinking and communication skills are lost to physiological response. Rather than evaluating families and individuals involved in the aforementioned complex divorce cases through the lens of pathology, Polyvagal Theory explains their behavior as an adaptive stress reaction. Utilizing Polyvagal Theory offers a promising path to treatment with these families and diminishing the poor communication and the heightened emotion, assisting practitioners in understanding the impact of neurobiological response in managing stress and trauma. Applying Polyvagal Theory to court involved populations can help both litigants and practitioners recognize the role of the autonomic nervous system, providing the opportunity to understand, to self-regulate, and to improve communication and decision making.

@article{Marcus2020INNOVATIVE,
  author = {Marcus, Philip},
  title = {INNOVATIVE PROGRAMS IN ISRAEL FOR PREVENTION & RESPONDING TO PARENTAL ALIENATION: EDUCATION, EARLY IDENTIFICATION AND TIMELY, EFFECTIVE INTERVENTION},
  journal = {Family Court Review},
  publisher = {Association of Family and Conciliation Courts - Wiley Blackwell},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {58},
  number = {2},
  pages = {544--559},
  isbn = {ISSN: 1531-2445 (print); 1744-1617 (online)},
  abstract = {There is substantial research and documentation showing that behavior of a parent which alienates a child against the other parent (PA) and other family members may cause serious, and sometimes permanent, damage to the child. Building on the work that defines maladaptive parental gatekeeping (MG) and PA, and on identifying typologies of behavior, and their effects on the alienated child, the need for prevention of children in these cases is well established. This paper describes programs and responses in Israel, some already in place and others under development, almost all of which require multidisciplinary collaboration between professionals. The programs include: primary prevention; early identification, so as to allow prompt secondary intervention by advice and treatment of parents and child; and immediate tertiary intervention when alienation has led to contact failure or is about to do so. Prevention and early intervention can reduce the need for the massive investment of resources needed for attempts to restore contact, and also for treatment of those affected by PA.},
  keywords = {Maladaptive Gatekeeping; Multidisciplinary; Parental Alienation; Prevention; Public Awareness; Management; Prevention},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtatf0RkdfxTIeLN_3mvQ?e=mT7d4D},
  language = {English}
}

There is substantial research and documentation showing that behavior of a parent which alienates a child against the other parent (PA) and other family members may cause serious, and sometimes permanent, damage to the child. Building on the work that defines maladaptive parental gatekeeping (MG) and PA, and on identifying typologies of behavior, and their effects on the alienated child, the need for prevention of children in these cases is well established. This paper describes programs and responses in Israel, some already in place and others under development, almost all of which require multidisciplinary collaboration between professionals. The programs include: primary prevention; early identification, so as to allow prompt secondary intervention by advice and treatment of parents and child; and immediate tertiary intervention when alienation has led to contact failure or is about to do so. Prevention and early intervention can reduce the need for the massive investment of resources needed for attempts to restore contact, and also for treatment of those affected by PA.

@article{Lewis2020Parental,
  author = {Lewis, Ken},
  title = {Parental Alienation Can Be Emotional Child Abuse},
  journal = {Trends in State Courts 2020 (C. Campbell and J. Holtzclaw, eds.)},
  publisher = {National Center for State Courts.  Williamsburg, VA.  www.ncsc.org},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {46--51},
  isbn = {ISBN: 978-0-89656-319-3},
  abstract = {What is and is not parental alienation? Here are some of its descriptors, possible effects on children, and tips for custody evaluators and family court judges.},
  keywords = {Parental Alienation; Child Abuse; Classification; Long-term Consequences; Management},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtat6cvojc5M0mLFgxN0A?e=Id6UL4},
  language = {English}
}

What is and is not parental alienation? Here are some of its descriptors, possible effects on children, and tips for custody evaluators and family court judges.

@article{DeanaS.Goldin2020Parental,
  author = {Deana S. Goldin, PhD, PMHNP-BC and Debra Salani, DNP, PMHNP-BC},
  title = {Parental Alienation Syndrome: What Health Care Providers Need to Know},
  journal = {The Journal for Nurse Practitioners},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {16},
  number = {5},
  pages = {344--348},
  isbn = {1555-4155},
  abstract = {The consequence of emotional strain on children has been documented along with the connection between deleterious life experiences and undesirable future health trajectories. The emotional maltreatment of children may be the most difficult to identify in clinical practice and is thus underrecognized. With a fundamental mission to promote child health, pediatric and family practitioners are in an ideal position during well-child visits to screen for parent alienation syndrome (PAS), a type of emotional mistreatment experienced by children of divorce or high-conflict parent separation. The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of the PAS construct to providers who are unfamiliar with this syndrome. Additionally, this report aims to alert health care professionals to the features of PAS and support them in identifying children who may require further mental health support services from other members of the health care team.},
  keywords = {adverse childhood event; child emotional mistreatment; divorce parent alienation; parent separation; Classification; DSM; ICD; Long-term Consequences},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtat6cwu68vWrs1MeSdXA?e=zlbWHZ},
  language = {English}
}

The consequence of emotional strain on children has been documented along with the connection between deleterious life experiences and undesirable future health trajectories. The emotional maltreatment of children may be the most difficult to identify in clinical practice and is thus underrecognized. With a fundamental mission to promote child health, pediatric and family practitioners are in an ideal position during well-child visits to screen for parent alienation syndrome (PAS), a type of emotional mistreatment experienced by children of divorce or high-conflict parent separation. The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of the PAS construct to providers who are unfamiliar with this syndrome. Additionally, this report aims to alert health care professionals to the features of PAS and support them in identifying children who may require further mental health support services from other members of the health care team.

@article{Boch-Galhau2020Parental,
  author = {Boch-Galhau, Wilfrid von},
  title = {Parental Alienation-A Worldwide Health Problem},
  journal = {Journal of Case Reports & Imaging},
  publisher = {Henry Publishing Groups},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {4},
  number = {026},
  pages = {1--5},
  isbn = {ISSN: 2565-6082},
  abstract = {Parental Alienation is a serious mental condition that professionals who work with children, adolescents and adults should know. Parental Alienation is to be found mainly in situations of high conflict separation and divorce, however it exists also in some other contexts. In this article two case examples are presented. The first case example shows parental alienation in a high conflict divorce situation, the second demonstrates institutionally induced parental alienation as a consequence of wrong child sexual abuse accusations by a mentally ill neighbour. Although about thousand three hundred professional articles, book chapters and books, and also empirical studies, exist meanwhile (see website https://ckm.vumc.org/pasg) from all over the world there is still not enough awareness of Parental Alienation in professional practise.},
  keywords = {Child psychological abuse; False accusations of child sexual abuse; Family violence; High conflict separation/divorce; Parental alienation; ICD; Qualitative Research; Short-term Consequences},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtauO9hC30uY46Wlo8T-A?e=9ipkLY},
  language = {English}
}

Parental Alienation is a serious mental condition that professionals who work with children, adolescents and adults should know. Parental Alienation is to be found mainly in situations of high conflict separation and divorce, however it exists also in some other contexts. In this article two case examples are presented. The first case example shows parental alienation in a high conflict divorce situation, the second demonstrates institutionally induced parental alienation as a consequence of wrong child sexual abuse accusations by a mentally ill neighbour. Although about thousand three hundred professional articles, book chapters and books, and also empirical studies, exist meanwhile (see website https://ckm.vumc.org/pasg) from all over the world there is still not enough awareness of Parental Alienation in professional practise.

@article{Joshi2020Parental,
  author = {Joshi, Ashish S},
  title = {Parental Alienation:  India Joins Family Courts Around the World to Fight Child Emotional Abuse},
  journal = {Legal Era (www.legaleraonline.com)},
  publisher = {Legal Media Group (Indonesia)},
  address = {India},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {11},
  number = {5},
  pages = {34--38},
  isbn = {ISSN 2502-6143 (Online)  ISSN 2502-6135 (Print)},
  abstract = {Parental Alienation is a scourge that indoctrinates, brainwashes, and manipulates a child into rejecting a parent. Courts around the world have acknowledged PA as child psychological abuse and have intervened to not only save children from this horrific abuse but also to save the parent-child relationship.},
  keywords = {Parental Alienation; India; Child Psychological Abuse; Legal Issues; Legal},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtauaM1EGmNhSYEmay6Bw?e=QgTqIV},
  language = {English}
}

Parental Alienation is a scourge that indoctrinates, brainwashes, and manipulates a child into rejecting a parent. Courts around the world have acknowledged PA as child psychological abuse and have intervened to not only save children from this horrific abuse but also to save the parent-child relationship.

@article{Boch-Galhau2020Parental,
  author = {Boch-Galhau, Wilfrid von},
  title = {Parental Alienation: A Serious Form of Child Psychological Abuse - A Worldwide Health Problem},
  publisher = {Gavin Publishers},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {14},
  number = {7},
  pages = {Annals of Case Reports},
  isbn = {2574-7754},
  abstract = {Parental alienation is a serious mental condition that professionals in the field who work with children, adolescents and adults should know. Parental alienation is to be found mainly in situations of high conflict separations and divorce, however it exists also in some other contexts. In this article one case example with two siblings is presented. It shows parental alienation in a high conflict divorce situation, which could be overcome through a determined intervention by the child protection services and the family court in cooperation with a specialized psychologist. Although about thou¬sand three hundred professional articles, book chapters and books, and also empirical studies exist in the meantime (see website https://ckm.vumc.org/pasg) from all over the world, there is still not enough awareness or even denial of parental alienation in professional practice.},
  keywords = {Child psychological abuse; Family violence; High conflict separation/divorce; Parental Alienation; Classification; ICD; Qualitative Research; Short-term Consequences},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtaueZVWO9bHJZJropIdQ?e=K7K5yZ},
  language = {English}
}

Parental alienation is a serious mental condition that professionals in the field who work with children, adolescents and adults should know. Parental alienation is to be found mainly in situations of high conflict separations and divorce, however it exists also in some other contexts. In this article one case example with two siblings is presented. It shows parental alienation in a high conflict divorce situation, which could be overcome through a determined intervention by the child protection services and the family court in cooperation with a specialized psychologist. Although about thou¬sand three hundred professional articles, book chapters and books, and also empirical studies exist in the meantime (see website https://ckm.vumc.org/pasg) from all over the world, there is still not enough awareness or even denial of parental alienation in professional practice.

@article{Lee-Maturana2020Understanding,
  author = {Lee-Maturana, Saulyn and Matthewson, Mandy and Dwan, Corinna},
  title = {Understanding Targeted Parents’ Experience of Parental Alienation: A Qualitative Description from Their Own Perspective},
  journal = {The American Journal of Family Therapy},
  publisher = {Routledge Taylor & Francis Group},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {48},
  pages = {1--18},
  isbn = {ISSN  0192-6187},
  abstract = {The aim of this study was to identify, synthetize and describe targeted parents’ experiences of being alienated from their children. Fifty-four self-referred targeted parents were interviewed. Two relevant themes emerged in regard to their experiences: targeted parents experiencing family violence before the alienation and what they experienced during the alienation. Mental health and legal practitioners need to be aware that targeted parents have suffered the significant loss of their children. Importantly, many parents experienced family violence before family separation and continue to experience coercion and control post family separation.},
  keywords = {Targeted parent; alienated parent; Parental Alienation; divorce conflict; rejected parent; qualitative description; family violence; Qualitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtaueZU7pSDgyEsppJbig?e=dGp3Fa},
  language = {English}
}

The aim of this study was to identify, synthetize and describe targeted parents’ experiences of being alienated from their children. Fifty-four self-referred targeted parents were interviewed. Two relevant themes emerged in regard to their experiences: targeted parents experiencing family violence before the alienation and what they experienced during the alienation. Mental health and legal practitioners need to be aware that targeted parents have suffered the significant loss of their children. Importantly, many parents experienced family violence before family separation and continue to experience coercion and control post family separation.

@article{Ngaosuvan2020IMPROVING,
  author = {Ngaosuvan, Leonard and Andreas Öien and McLean, Bruce and Loo, Kim van},
  title = {IMPROVING CUSTODY DISPUTE NEGOTIATION: EMPIRICAL TESTING OF THE EQUALITY PRINCIPLE},
  journal = {Family Court Review},
  publisher = {Association of Family and Conciliation Courts - Wiley Blackwell},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {58},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1049--1060},
  isbn = {ISSN: 1531-2445 (print); 1744-1617 (online)},
  abstract = {The Equality Principle (EP) is a novel idea to motivate parents litigating in custody disputes to negotiate. The EP is designed for a special but common case in which both parents are individually fit, there are no decisive differences between the two households that the parents live in, but the conflict between the parents is so infected that the children’s well-being is threatened and shared custody must be ruled out. The present paper empirically tested the Equality Principle in its higher bidder version. In this version, both parents are first told that the conditions for the EP are met. Then, both parents are asked how much visitation they would allow the other parent, assuming that they would win sole custody and living. The most generous parent is awarded custody and living, along with a dictum to facilitate the promised amount of visitation. In the present model (PM), the offered amount of visitation has no functional effect on the custody dispute because the judges and jurors award custody as well as the amount of visitation. A within-subjects vignette experiment measured 52 participants’ levels of visitation generosity in the EP and the PM. Participants showed significantly higher visitation generosity in the EP compared to the PM. The results are discussed in terms of representation of the present model, an equal amount of visitation offered, ecological validity, child perspective, and appellant’s rights. In conclusion, the present paper showed that the EP is a promising strategy to resolve seemingly unresolvable custody disputes.},
  keywords = {Custody disputes; Equality principle; Negotiation; Vignette study; Visitation generosity; Evaluation; Legal},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtauslNFng5nkVWNI49cg?e=gL2Il9},
  language = {English}
}

The Equality Principle (EP) is a novel idea to motivate parents litigating in custody disputes to negotiate. The EP is designed for a special but common case in which both parents are individually fit, there are no decisive differences between the two households that the parents live in, but the conflict between the parents is so infected that the children’s well-being is threatened and shared custody must be ruled out. The present paper empirically tested the Equality Principle in its higher bidder version. In this version, both parents are first told that the conditions for the EP are met. Then, both parents are asked how much visitation they would allow the other parent, assuming that they would win sole custody and living. The most generous parent is awarded custody and living, along with a dictum to facilitate the promised amount of visitation. In the present model (PM), the offered amount of visitation has no functional effect on the custody dispute because the judges and jurors award custody as well as the amount of visitation. A within-subjects vignette experiment measured 52 participants’ levels of visitation generosity in the EP and the PM. Participants showed significantly higher visitation generosity in the EP compared to the PM. The results are discussed in terms of representation of the present model, an equal amount of visitation offered, ecological validity, child perspective, and appellant’s rights. In conclusion, the present paper showed that the EP is a promising strategy to resolve seemingly unresolvable custody disputes.

@article{Bernet2020The,
  author = {Bernet, William},
  title = {The Five-Factor Model for the Diagnosis of Parental Alienation},
  journal = {Feedback: Journal of the Family Therapy Association of Ireland},
  publisher = {Family Therapy Association of Ireland (FTAI)},
  address = {Ireland},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {6},
  number = {Summer},
  pages = {pgs. 3--15},
  abstract = {The Five-Factor Model is a method for diagnosing parental alienation by understanding and identifying the components of this mental condition. The Five-Factor Model includes the following criteria: Factor One, the child manifests contact resistance or refusal, i.e., avoids a relationship with one of the parents. Factor Two, the presence of a prior positive relationship between the child and the now-rejected parent. Factor Three, the absence of abuse, neglect, or seriously deficient parenting on the part of the now-rejected parent. Factor Four, the use of multiple alienating behaviors on the part of the favored parent. Factor Five, the child exhibits many of the eight behavioral manifestations of alienation. This article presents the historical background of the Five-Factor Model and summarizes the research basis for Factor Four and Factor Five.},
  keywords = {Five-Factor Model; Diagnosis; Evaluation; Management},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav5pAprU6KszvzDB2DQ?e=ue7pvZ},
  language = {English}
}

The Five-Factor Model is a method for diagnosing parental alienation by understanding and identifying the components of this mental condition. The Five-Factor Model includes the following criteria: Factor One, the child manifests contact resistance or refusal, i.e., avoids a relationship with one of the parents. Factor Two, the presence of a prior positive relationship between the child and the now-rejected parent. Factor Three, the absence of abuse, neglect, or seriously deficient parenting on the part of the now-rejected parent. Factor Four, the use of multiple alienating behaviors on the part of the favored parent. Factor Five, the child exhibits many of the eight behavioral manifestations of alienation. This article presents the historical background of the Five-Factor Model and summarizes the research basis for Factor Four and Factor Five.

@article{ShawnA.Wygant2020Resolving,
  author = {Shawn A.Wygant},
  title = {Resolving issues of diagnosis when working with alienated children and families},
  journal = {Feedback: Journal of the Family Therapy Association of Ireland},
  publisher = {Family Therapy Association of Ireland (FTAI)},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {6},
  number = {Summer},
  pages = {pgs. 28--42},
  abstract = {Despite a growing awareness of the harmful effects of parental alienation ( Kruk, 2018 ), diagnosis and treatment remain a significant challenge (Butz & Evans, 2019). Overcoming this challenge requires an understanding of how to ( 1 ) measure and document a child ’s exposure to alienating behaviors, (2) diagnose symptoms of parental alienation within the family system , and (3 ) implement effective treatment strategies. The following is a brief guide to help clinicians resolve some of the most common diagnostic issues encountered when working with alienated children and families.},
  keywords = {Diagnosis; Treatment; Etiology; Management},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav5Jyf4b8m_T7q_0cvw?e=h4swhG},
  language = {English}
}

Despite a growing awareness of the harmful effects of parental alienation ( Kruk, 2018 ), diagnosis and treatment remain a significant challenge (Butz & Evans, 2019). Overcoming this challenge requires an understanding of how to ( 1 ) measure and document a child ’s exposure to alienating behaviors, (2) diagnose symptoms of parental alienation within the family system , and (3 ) implement effective treatment strategies. The following is a brief guide to help clinicians resolve some of the most common diagnostic issues encountered when working with alienated children and families.

@article{Verrocchio2019Depression,
  author = {Verrocchio, M. C. and Marchetti, D. and Carrozzino, D. and Compare, A. and Fulcheri, M.},
  title = {Depression and quality of life in adults perceiving exposure to parental alienation behaviors},
  journal = {Health and Quality of Life Outcomes},
  publisher = {BMC},
  address = {Italy},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {17},
  number = {14},
  pages = {1--9},
  abstract = {Background: The current study is aimed at examining the relationship between exposure to parental alienation (PA) behaviors, depression, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in Italian adults.},
  keywords = {Parental alienation; Adverse outcomes; Health-related quality of life; Depression; Quantitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtastNyohW3aRiKfWdo6g},
  language = {English}
}

Background: The current study is aimed at examining the relationship between exposure to parental alienation (PA) behaviors, depression, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in Italian adults.

@article{Mercer2019Are,
  author = {Mercer, Jean},
  title = {Are intensive parental alienation treatments effective and safe for children and adolescents?},
  journal = {Journal of Child Custody},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2019},
  pages = {1--49},
  isbn = {ISSN: 1537-9418 (Print) 1537-940X (Online)},
  abstract = {Strong claims have been made for the possibility of diagnostic discrimination between children who refuse contact with a nonpreferred divorced parent due to parental alienation (PA) created by the preferred parent and those who refuse for other reasons such as abuse. PA proponents have also argued that interventions, which include custody changes, can alter the alienated children’s attitudes and create positive behavior toward the nonpreferred parent. This article examines the plausibility of PA diagnostic and treatment claims and relevant empirical evidence. It is concluded that PA advocates have failed to provide empirical support for the safety and effectiveness of their methods and that custody proceedings should take these facts into consideration. Future research directions based on established understanding of child development are suggested.},
  keywords = {Attachment; Child Custody; Evaluation; Interventions; Parental Alienation; Critics},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtasttKfghVQGRNFahKOQ},
  language = {English}
}

Strong claims have been made for the possibility of diagnostic discrimination between children who refuse contact with a nonpreferred divorced parent due to parental alienation (PA) created by the preferred parent and those who refuse for other reasons such as abuse. PA proponents have also argued that interventions, which include custody changes, can alter the alienated children’s attitudes and create positive behavior toward the nonpreferred parent. This article examines the plausibility of PA diagnostic and treatment claims and relevant empirical evidence. It is concluded that PA advocates have failed to provide empirical support for the safety and effectiveness of their methods and that custody proceedings should take these facts into consideration. Future research directions based on established understanding of child development are suggested.

@article{Boch-Galhau2019Book,
  author = {Boch-Galhau, Wilfird von and Forster, Christiane and Gonzalez, Jorge Guerra},
  title = {Book Review - Parental Alienation:  Handbook for Mental Health and Legal Professionals},
  journal = {Austrian Journal Neuropsychiatrie},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {2019},
  number = {1},
  pages = {A13--A14},
  abstract = {Book Review of:  Demosthenes Lorandos, William Bernet, Richard Sauber.  Parental ALienation Handbook for Mental Health and Legal Professonals.  Charles C Thomas, Publisher, Springfield, IL, USA.  2013},
  keywords = {Book Review},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtasttWAQeJWZVTb_y0Aw},
  language = {German}
}

Book Review of: Demosthenes Lorandos, William Bernet, Richard Sauber. Parental ALienation Handbook for Mental Health and Legal Professonals. Charles C Thomas, Publisher, Springfield, IL, USA. 2013

@article{Meland2019Parenting,
  author = {Meland, Eivind and Lena Hellblom Sjögren and Thuen, Frode},
  title = {Parenting as a health risk},
  journal = {Tidsskr Nor Legeforen},
  address = {Norway},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {2019},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1--5},
  abstract = {Parental education is little recognized in Norwegian academic environments and in legal administration. What is it, why is it difficult to recognize and how can it be handled? We highlight these issues through a constructed case study based on our meetings with a number of different patients.},
  keywords = {Parenting; Health; Abuse; Long-term Consequences; Qualitative Research},
  url = {https://tidsskriftet.no/2019/03/kronikk/foreldrefremmedgjoring-som-helserisiko},
  language = {Norwegian}
}

Parental education is little recognized in Norwegian academic environments and in legal administration. What is it, why is it difficult to recognize and how can it be handled? We highlight these issues through a constructed case study based on our meetings with a number of different patients.

@article{Harman2019Parental,
  author = {Harman, Jennifer J. and Bernet, William and Harman, Joseph},
  title = {Parental Alienation: The Blossoming of a Field of Study},
  journal = {Current Directions in Psychological Science},
  publisher = {APS},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {28},
  number = {2},
  pages = {212--217},
  isbn = {ISSN: 0963-7214  Online ISSN: 1467-8721},
  abstract = {Parental alienation has been an unacknowledged and poorly understood form of family violence. Research on parental alienation and the behaviors that cause it has evolved out of decades of legal and clinical work documenting this phenomenon, leading to what could be considered a “greening,” or growth, of the field. Today, there is consensus among researchers as to what parental alienating behaviors are and how they affect children and the family system. We review the literature to detail what parental alienation is, how it is different from other parent–child problems such as estrangement and loyalty conflicts, and how it is perpetuated within and across different social systems. We conclude by highlighting research areas that need further investigation to develop and test effective solutions for ameliorating the devastating effects of parental alienation that, we posit, should be considered and understood not only as abusive to the child but also as a form of family violence directed toward both the child and the alienated parent.},
  keywords = {:  parental alienation; separation; family violence; child abuse; Classification; Evaluation},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtastt6bfD3qVzZJ-8G3Q},
  language = {English}
}

Parental alienation has been an unacknowledged and poorly understood form of family violence. Research on parental alienation and the behaviors that cause it has evolved out of decades of legal and clinical work documenting this phenomenon, leading to what could be considered a “greening,” or growth, of the field. Today, there is consensus among researchers as to what parental alienating behaviors are and how they affect children and the family system. We review the literature to detail what parental alienation is, how it is different from other parent–child problems such as estrangement and loyalty conflicts, and how it is perpetuated within and across different social systems. We conclude by highlighting research areas that need further investigation to develop and test effective solutions for ameliorating the devastating effects of parental alienation that, we posit, should be considered and understood not only as abusive to the child but also as a form of family violence directed toward both the child and the alienated parent.

@article{Marcus2019The,
  author = {Marcus, Philip},
  title = {The Israel Family Court – Therapeutic jurisprudence and jurisprudential therapy from the start},
  journal = {International Journal of Law and Psychiatry},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address = {Netherlands},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {63},
  pages = {68--75},
  isbn = {ISSN: 0160-2527 (print); 1873-6386 (online)},
  abstract = {Based on the recommendations of a commission set up to review the handling of Family Law cases in Israel, the Family Courts Law 5755–1995 included a revolutionary provision – that a Social Services Unit, staffed by senior social workers, would be an integral part of each Family Court.  Their mandate includes giving assessment, advice and assistance services to litigants and to the court, and this provision has been broadly interpreted, to include mediation and referrals for therapy. The activities of the Unit are confidential and free of charge to the parties. More recently the Units were given the task of seeing children whose future is the subject of litigation, to find out their needs and views; and also to serve as the agency which parties who want to start proceedings are required to attend, in order to receive information about the effect of proceedings on their children and advice about alternative dispute resolution to avoid litigation. The resulting synergy between the social workers and the Judges ensures that the needs of all those involved are met in a therapeutic fashion where this is necessary and possible, alongside the judicial powers to make orders as needed. Thus, unnecessary suffering can be mitigated.},
  keywords = {Therapeutic jurisprudence; Family court; Support unit; Jurisprudential therapy; Legal; Management; Prevention},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtasuAgJFlO7gZE96R62Q},
  language = {English}
}

Based on the recommendations of a commission set up to review the handling of Family Law cases in Israel, the Family Courts Law 5755–1995 included a revolutionary provision – that a Social Services Unit, staffed by senior social workers, would be an integral part of each Family Court. Their mandate includes giving assessment, advice and assistance services to litigants and to the court, and this provision has been broadly interpreted, to include mediation and referrals for therapy. The activities of the Unit are confidential and free of charge to the parties. More recently the Units were given the task of seeing children whose future is the subject of litigation, to find out their needs and views; and also to serve as the agency which parties who want to start proceedings are required to attend, in order to receive information about the effect of proceedings on their children and advice about alternative dispute resolution to avoid litigation. The resulting synergy between the social workers and the Judges ensures that the needs of all those involved are met in a therapeutic fashion where this is necessary and possible, alongside the judicial powers to make orders as needed. Thus, unnecessary suffering can be mitigated.

@article{Bruna2019Forced,
  author = {Bruna, Barbieri Waquim},
  title = {Forced family alienation: new data and new opinions on alienation from parents. Part I},
  journal = {. Psychology and Law},
  publisher = {Moscow State Psychological and Pedagogical University},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {96--110},
  isbn = {ISSN: 2222-5196 (online)},
  abstract = {The article publishes the results of a virtual survey of children divorced parents conducted by the author in Brazil to study alienation of children from their parents. The starting point of the study was the work Richard Gardner on parental alien syndrome, as well as Amy Baker and Douglas Darnall. The author has compiled a questionnaire designed for children. divorced parents, published on legal sites, on social},
  keywords = {alienation from parents; alienation syndrome from parents; family relationships; psychological integrity; child and teenager; Evaluation; Qualitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtasuA1yALoAkk-bwyHkQ},
  language = {English}
}

The article publishes the results of a virtual survey of children divorced parents conducted by the author in Brazil to study alienation of children from their parents. The starting point of the study was the work Richard Gardner on parental alien syndrome, as well as Amy Baker and Douglas Darnall. The author has compiled a questionnaire designed for children. divorced parents, published on legal sites, on social

@article{Rowen2019Parental,
  author = {Rowen, Jenna and Emery, Robert E.},
  title = {Parental Denigration Boomerangs Versus Alienates: Parent–Child Closeness, Reciprocity, and Well-Being Using Multiple Informants},
  journal = {Family Relations},
  publisher = {Ncfr – National Council on Family Relations},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {68},
  pages = {119--134},
  isbn = {ISSN: 0197-6664 (print); 1741-3729 (online)},
  abstract = {Objective: To assess parental denigration, parents demeaning each other to or in front of their children, and whether denigration is one-sided or reciprocal, related to distance or closeness between parents and children, and associated with measures of children’s well-being.},
  keywords = {parental alienation; ; parental denigration; interparental conflict; parental denigration scale; divorce; Critics; Quantitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtasuAtMY-A6BPxuGdFVw},
  language = {English}
}

Objective: To assess parental denigration, parents demeaning each other to or in front of their children, and whether denigration is one-sided or reciprocal, related to distance or closeness between parents and children, and associated with measures of children’s well-being.

@article{Kapur2019Family,
  author = {Kapur, Rakesh},
  title = {Family Court System Abets Child Abuse},
  journal = {India Legal, ENC’s flagship product is a credible news magazine with a pan-India presence. Packed with in-depth reports, analyses, breaking stories, thought-inspiring features, views and insights on politico-legal issues, the fortnightly empowers and enlightens the citizens on several issues that touch their lives.  ENC Network is part of ENC Private Ltd.},
  address = {India Legal:  Opinion on News (http://www.indialegallive.com/viewpoint/family-court-system-abets-child-abuse-64859  - Online)},
  year = {2019},
  month = {April 30},
  pages = {p. 1--5},
  keywords = {Family Court System; Parental Alienation; India Family Law; child abuse; Family Law Reform; Case Study; Legal; Long-term Consequences; Management},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtasuA-p3fO1GWVgenhkA},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Bruna2019Forced,
  author = {Bruna, Barbieri Waquim},
  title = {Forced family alienation: new data and new opinions on alienation from parents. Part II},
  journal = {Psychology and Law},
  publisher = {Moscow State Psychological and Pedagogical University},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  pages = {296--308},
  isbn = {ISSN: 2222-5196 (online)},
  abstract = {The article is a continuation of the study conducted by the author in Brazil during the implementation of the master's thesis in law, the object of which was the study of the phenomenon of parental alienation. In a previous article published in this journal, we summarized the most important concepts developed in the writings of Richard Gardner, Douglas Darnall, Amy Baker, Mary Lund and other psychologists on the problem of parental exclusion. The first article also analyzes the questions contained in the questionnaire and answers to them using an important and innovative approach, according to which forced family exclusion is not a practice related only to female audiences, in Brazil it is a legal custom that custody children should preferably follow a one-way model and be aimed at mothers, because mothers are most often alienated. Cases have also been identified where the non-custodial parent or relatives who are not legal guardians were responsible for the practice of forced exclusion. In continuation of the publication of the results of the study, this article will analyze other questions of the questionnaire, which include an assessment of the degree of awareness of the survey participants about the phenomenon of parental exclusion, as well as a study of specific situations of living in recreated families, such as the relationship of parents and children with stepfathers, stepmothers, brothers and sisters in a new relationship.},
  keywords = {alienation from parents; alienation syndrome from parents; family relationships; psychological integrity; child and teenager; Juvenile Legal Psychology; Evaluation; Quantitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtasucMwc2r3CIHbCuHmQ?e=JlZsC8},
  language = {English}
}

The article is a continuation of the study conducted by the author in Brazil during the implementation of the master's thesis in law, the object of which was the study of the phenomenon of parental alienation. In a previous article published in this journal, we summarized the most important concepts developed in the writings of Richard Gardner, Douglas Darnall, Amy Baker, Mary Lund and other psychologists on the problem of parental exclusion. The first article also analyzes the questions contained in the questionnaire and answers to them using an important and innovative approach, according to which forced family exclusion is not a practice related only to female audiences, in Brazil it is a legal custom that custody children should preferably follow a one-way model and be aimed at mothers, because mothers are most often alienated. Cases have also been identified where the non-custodial parent or relatives who are not legal guardians were responsible for the practice of forced exclusion. In continuation of the publication of the results of the study, this article will analyze other questions of the questionnaire, which include an assessment of the degree of awareness of the survey participants about the phenomenon of parental exclusion, as well as a study of specific situations of living in recreated families, such as the relationship of parents and children with stepfathers, stepmothers, brothers and sisters in a new relationship.

@article{Death2019Parental,
  author = {Death, Jodi and Ferguson, Claire and Burgess, Kylie},
  title = {Parental alienation, coaching and the best interests of the child:  Allegations of child sexual abuse in the Family Court of Australia},
  journal = {Child Abuse & Neglect},
  publisher = {Elsevier Ltd.},
  address = {Australia},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {94},
  number = {104045},
  pages = {1--10},
  isbn = {ISSN:  0145-2134},
  abstract = {Background: Allegations of child sexual abuse provide complex challenges to family court systems.},
  keywords = {Family Law; Parental Alienation; Child Sexual Abuse; Separation; Critics; Legal; Quantitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtasucO_EXBEtfN7mmvMw?e=skUxMs},
  language = {English}
}

Background: Allegations of child sexual abuse provide complex challenges to family court systems.

@article{Mercer2019Examining,
  author = {Mercer, Jean},
  title = {Examining Parental Alienation Treatments: Problems of Principles and Practices},
  journal = {Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal},
  publisher = {Springer Nature},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {36},
  pages = {351–363},
  isbn = {ISSN: 0738-0151 (Print) 1573-2797 (Online)},
  abstract = {When children of high-conflict divorced parents prefer one parent and resist or refuse visitation with the other parent, some authors have spoken of this situation as parental alienation (PA). PA refers to cases of avoidance of a parent in which the preferred parent is alleged to have manipulated the child’s thinking and created antagonism toward the non-preferred parent, and in which neither abuse nor neglect has been substantiated. Advocates of the PA concept have offered treatment methods that entail court-ordered separation of the child from the preferred parent, followed by intensive treatment and aftercare through specialized counseling, with separation and treatment sometimes lasting years. This paper examines the published evidence and other material related to the safety and effectiveness of PA treatments, and concludes that the treatments have not been shown to be effective, but are in fact potentially harmful. Suggestions are made for research approaches that could help to explain avoidance of a parent and that could yield effective treatment for such avoidance.},
  keywords = {Parental alienation; Divorce; High-conflict families; Visitation; Reunification; Critics; Management; Quantitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtasucPVPMacUlzpFIS1g?e=dOum36},
  language = {English}
}

When children of high-conflict divorced parents prefer one parent and resist or refuse visitation with the other parent, some authors have spoken of this situation as parental alienation (PA). PA refers to cases of avoidance of a parent in which the preferred parent is alleged to have manipulated the child’s thinking and created antagonism toward the non-preferred parent, and in which neither abuse nor neglect has been substantiated. Advocates of the PA concept have offered treatment methods that entail court-ordered separation of the child from the preferred parent, followed by intensive treatment and aftercare through specialized counseling, with separation and treatment sometimes lasting years. This paper examines the published evidence and other material related to the safety and effectiveness of PA treatments, and concludes that the treatments have not been shown to be effective, but are in fact potentially harmful. Suggestions are made for research approaches that could help to explain avoidance of a parent and that could yield effective treatment for such avoidance.

@article{Connors2019Advocating,
  author = {Connors, Jaya L.},
  title = {Advocating for Child Clients in Custody Cases Involving Parental Alienation Issues},
  journal = {Widener Law Journal},
  publisher = {Widener Univ. Commonwealth Law Review},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {28},
  number = {1},
  pages = {5--21},
  isbn = {ISSN:  1548-4076},
  abstract = {The article discusses the role of children's advocates in the field of child custody within parental alienation allegations. Also cited are the national and international standards of child representation, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Children's (CRC) principle on child focused representation, and the parents' rights to custody of their child.},
  keywords = {Custody of Children; Lawyers; Parent-child relationship; Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989); Forensic Evaluator; Children Advocates; Law; Critics; Legal},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtasucS6xS9TUAnNXOo_A?e=G1UJ8Q},
  language = {English}
}

The article discusses the role of children's advocates in the field of child custody within parental alienation allegations. Also cited are the national and international standards of child representation, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Children's (CRC) principle on child focused representation, and the parents' rights to custody of their child.

@misc{Calleja2019Righting,
  author = {Calleja, Laura},
  title = {Righting Wrongs: One Man Sets Out to Fight Parental Alienation},
  address = {San Gwann, Malta},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {MaltaToday, SyndiGate Media Inc},
  number = {06 July 2019},
  pages = {1--3},
  keywords = {Parents; Parenting; Child custody; Psychologists; Personal Experience},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtasucRfYVPug8irUihZA?e=P1sS97},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Harman2019Prevalence,
  author = {Harman, Jennifer J. and Leder-Elder, Sadie and Biringen, Zeynep},
  title = {Prevalence of adults who are the targets of parental alienating behaviors and their impact},
  journal = {Children and Youth Services Review},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {106},
  number = {104471},
  pages = {1--13},
  isbn = {0190-7409},
  abstract = {Estimating the prevalence of parental alienation is challenging because not all children who are exposed to parental alienating behaviors become alienated (Harman, Bernet, & Harman, 2019). The purpose of the current study was to determine whether the proportion of adults who indicate being alienated from a child will be similar to results from a previous poll of North Carolina adults (Harman, Leder-Elder, & Biringen, 2016) using three nationally representative on-line survey panels from United States and Canada, and to determine the mental health impact of parental alienating behaviors. Results from the first two polls indicate that the prevalence of parents who feel they are being alienated from their children is higher than originally estimated: 35.5% (of 273) in the U.S. and 32% (of 397) in Canada. Using another means of assessment for the third poll, 39.1% (of 594) of parents in the US are the non-reciprocating targets of parental alienating behaviors, which is over 22 million parents and confirms previous estimates that did not differentiate between reciprocating and non-reciprocating parents (Harman et al., 2016). Of these, 6.7% of the parents had children who were moderately to severely alienated, which is at least 1.3% of the US population. Alienated parents also had high levels of depression, trauma symptoms, and risk for suicide. Ramifications of these findings for researchers and practitioners are discussed.},
  keywords = {Targeted Parents; Parental Alienating Behaviors; Alienated Parents; Prevalence; Prevalence; Quantitative Research},
  url = {https://onedrive.live.com/?authkey=%21AKXaCbRNnWAtvrE&cid=5AEB04086749DEA9&id=5AEB04086749DEA9%21832965&parId=5AEB04086749DEA9%2121415&o=OneUp},
  language = {English}
}

Estimating the prevalence of parental alienation is challenging because not all children who are exposed to parental alienating behaviors become alienated (Harman, Bernet, & Harman, 2019). The purpose of the current study was to determine whether the proportion of adults who indicate being alienated from a child will be similar to results from a previous poll of North Carolina adults (Harman, Leder-Elder, & Biringen, 2016) using three nationally representative on-line survey panels from United States and Canada, and to determine the mental health impact of parental alienating behaviors. Results from the first two polls indicate that the prevalence of parents who feel they are being alienated from their children is higher than originally estimated: 35.5% (of 273) in the U.S. and 32% (of 397) in Canada. Using another means of assessment for the third poll, 39.1% (of 594) of parents in the US are the non-reciprocating targets of parental alienating behaviors, which is over 22 million parents and confirms previous estimates that did not differentiate between reciprocating and non-reciprocating parents (Harman et al., 2016). Of these, 6.7% of the parents had children who were moderately to severely alienated, which is at least 1.3% of the US population. Alienated parents also had high levels of depression, trauma symptoms, and risk for suicide. Ramifications of these findings for researchers and practitioners are discussed.

@article{S.A.Hassan2019The,
  author = {S.A. Hassan and Shah, M.J.},
  title = {The anatomy of undue influence used by terrorist cults and traffickers to induce helplessness and trauma, so creating false identities},
  journal = {Ethics, Medicine and Public Health},
  publisher = {Elsevier Masson SAS},
  address = {France},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {97--109},
  isbn = {2352-5525},
  abstract = {There is a need to update the legal system to recognize the use of hypnosis and undue influence occurring throughout the world. Extremist groups are deceptively recruiting and indoctrinating people to do terrorist attacks. Human traffickers are grooming and using hypnosis and social influence techniques to create labor and sex slaves. In this paper, a number of key concepts and models will be used to more fully define DSM-5’s Dissociative Disorder 300.15: Festinger’s Cognitive Dissonance Theory, along with Robert Jay Lifton and Margaret Singer’s work (1995) are the foundation of the BITE model of mind control (Hassan, 1988). Behavior, Information, Thought, and Emotional Control are the four overlapping components through which destructive groups bring people to be obedient and compliant to authority. A programmed cult identity is created through a complex social influence process. That false identity dominates real identity. The ethics and morality of undue influence are understood differently. In this paper, we analyze the techniques of breaking down the existing personality and creating a false or pseudo-identity. The Influence Continuum and BITE mind control model and Lifton’s eight criteria for Thought Reform are discussed; Scheflin’s Social Influence Model (2015) is presented as one tool for analyzing undue influence in a forensic and juridical context.},
  keywords = {BITE model; Brainwashing; Dissociative identity disorder; Influence continuum; Mind control; Thought reform; Undue influence; Quantitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtasvAheXOTfL6ijobQVA?e=TKWt8a},
  language = {English}
}

There is a need to update the legal system to recognize the use of hypnosis and undue influence occurring throughout the world. Extremist groups are deceptively recruiting and indoctrinating people to do terrorist attacks. Human traffickers are grooming and using hypnosis and social influence techniques to create labor and sex slaves. In this paper, a number of key concepts and models will be used to more fully define DSM-5’s Dissociative Disorder 300.15: Festinger’s Cognitive Dissonance Theory, along with Robert Jay Lifton and Margaret Singer’s work (1995) are the foundation of the BITE model of mind control (Hassan, 1988). Behavior, Information, Thought, and Emotional Control are the four overlapping components through which destructive groups bring people to be obedient and compliant to authority. A programmed cult identity is created through a complex social influence process. That false identity dominates real identity. The ethics and morality of undue influence are understood differently. In this paper, we analyze the techniques of breaking down the existing personality and creating a false or pseudo-identity. The Influence Continuum and BITE mind control model and Lifton’s eight criteria for Thought Reform are discussed; Scheflin’s Social Influence Model (2015) is presented as one tool for analyzing undue influence in a forensic and juridical context.

@article{Warshak2019When,
  author = {Warshak, :  Richard A.},
  title = {When Evaluators Get It Wrong: False Positive IDs and Parental Alienation},
  journal = {Psychology, Public Policy, and Law},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2019},
  pages = {1--15},
  isbn = {1076-8971},
  abstract = {Allegations that a parent has manipulated a child to turn against the other parent raise complex issues challenging child custody evaluators, expert witnesses, and courts. A key issue relates to false positive identifications of parental alienation— concluding that parental alienation exists in cases where it really does not. Such mistaken conclusions fuel concerns about the application of parental alienation in family law cases and contribute to skepticism about the concept. This article discusses mistaken conclusions that a child is alienated and that a parent has engaged in a campaign of alienating behavior. The article emphasizes that evaluators should thoroughly investigate reasonable alternative explanations of the children’s and parents’ behaviors, including attention to seven criteria that distinguish irrationally alienated children from children whose negative or rejecting behaviors do not constitute parental alienation. Evaluators should also investigate various reasons for a child’s preference for one parent. Further, alienating behavior—seen in different degrees of intensity, frequency, and duration—can reflect different motivations. Evaluators, experts, and judges who do not attend to the nuances of alienating behaviors are likely to reach false conclusions about the significance of the behaviors and make recommendations that do not serve children’s best interests. Finally, evaluators should attend to their overt and covert judgment biases and to the complexity of parental alienation issues in order to reduce the likelihood of faulty opinions that a child is alienated, or that a parent has engaged in alienating behaviors.},
  keywords = {parental alienation; sex abuse allegations; Child custody; estrangement; divorce; Endorsed by Professional Association; Evaluation; Management},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtasvAvbePYUfB2L9jB9g?e=Jt672D},
  language = {English}
}

Allegations that a parent has manipulated a child to turn against the other parent raise complex issues challenging child custody evaluators, expert witnesses, and courts. A key issue relates to false positive identifications of parental alienation— concluding that parental alienation exists in cases where it really does not. Such mistaken conclusions fuel concerns about the application of parental alienation in family law cases and contribute to skepticism about the concept. This article discusses mistaken conclusions that a child is alienated and that a parent has engaged in a campaign of alienating behavior. The article emphasizes that evaluators should thoroughly investigate reasonable alternative explanations of the children’s and parents’ behaviors, including attention to seven criteria that distinguish irrationally alienated children from children whose negative or rejecting behaviors do not constitute parental alienation. Evaluators should also investigate various reasons for a child’s preference for one parent. Further, alienating behavior—seen in different degrees of intensity, frequency, and duration—can reflect different motivations. Evaluators, experts, and judges who do not attend to the nuances of alienating behaviors are likely to reach false conclusions about the significance of the behaviors and make recommendations that do not serve children’s best interests. Finally, evaluators should attend to their overt and covert judgment biases and to the complexity of parental alienation issues in order to reduce the likelihood of faulty opinions that a child is alienated, or that a parent has engaged in alienating behaviors.

@article{Baker2019The,
  author = {Baker, Amy J. L. and Miller, Steven and Bernet, William and Adebayo, Trinae},
  title = {The Assessment of the Attitudes and Behaviors about Physically Abused Children: A Survey of Mental Health Professionals},
  journal = {Journal of Child and Family Studies},
  publisher = {pringer Science+Business Media, LLC},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {28},
  pages = {3401--3411},
  isbn = {Online ISSN 1573-2843.  Print ISSN 1062-1024},
  abstract = {Objectives: The purpose of the current study was to assess clinician reports of behaviors and attitudes of physically abused children in order to determine whether they generally behaved in a manner designed to maintain the attachment to the caregiver rather than disrupt the attachment.},
  keywords = {Child abuse; Attitudes; Foster care; Quantitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtasvBvqcDvl-Gl-z9uTQ?e=JuU8WK},
  language = {English}
}

Objectives: The purpose of the current study was to assess clinician reports of behaviors and attitudes of physically abused children in order to determine whether they generally behaved in a manner designed to maintain the attachment to the caregiver rather than disrupt the attachment.

@article{Harman2019Gender,
  author = {Harman, Jennifer J. and Lorandos, Demosthenes and Biringen, Zeynep and Grubb, Caitlyn},
  title = {Gender Differences in the Use of Parental Alienating Behaviors},
  journal = {Journal of Family Violence},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2019},
  pages = {1--11},
  isbn = {Online ISSN 1573-2851   Print ISSN 0885-7482},
  abstract = {:  Past research indicates females prefer the use of indirect over direct forms of aggression, whereas the opposite pattern has been found for males. We investigated a specific form of aggression: parental alienating behaviors. Parents who alienate their children from another parent utilize both direct and indirect forms of aggression. We examined whether there are gender differences in the use of these behaviors by analyzing data from two samples: interviews with parents who have been the target of parental alienating behaviors, and family law appellate court rulings in which parental alienation was found. In both studies, mothers used significantly more indirect than direct parental alienating strategies. In contrast, fathers tended to use similar levels of both indirect and direct parental alienating strategies. Further, fathers did not use more direct forms of this type of aggression than mothers. Better standards of practice for the assessment of parental alienation must be developed to prevent misdiagnoses and gender biases.},
  keywords = {Parental alienating behaviors; Aggression; Gender differences; Parental alienation; Family law; Assessment; Evaluation; Legal; Quantitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtasvEOGKi7mLiut_8c0Q?e=0EAI7w},
  language = {English}
}

: Past research indicates females prefer the use of indirect over direct forms of aggression, whereas the opposite pattern has been found for males. We investigated a specific form of aggression: parental alienating behaviors. Parents who alienate their children from another parent utilize both direct and indirect forms of aggression. We examined whether there are gender differences in the use of these behaviors by analyzing data from two samples: interviews with parents who have been the target of parental alienating behaviors, and family law appellate court rulings in which parental alienation was found. In both studies, mothers used significantly more indirect than direct parental alienating strategies. In contrast, fathers tended to use similar levels of both indirect and direct parental alienating strategies. Further, fathers did not use more direct forms of this type of aggression than mothers. Better standards of practice for the assessment of parental alienation must be developed to prevent misdiagnoses and gender biases.

@article{WilfridvonBoch-Galhau2019International,
  author = {Wilfrid von Boch-Galhau},
  title = {International Classification of Diseases-Parental Alienation},
  journal = {International Journal for Case Reports},
  publisher = {iMedPub Journals},
  address = {United Kingdom},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {3},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1--3},
  abstract = {Parental Alienation is an important mental condition that professionals in the field, especially those who work with children, adolescents and adults from divorced families should know. Although about thousand three hundred professional articles, book chapters and books, and also empirical studies, exist meanwhile (see website www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/pasg) from all over the world there is still not enough awareness of Parental Alienation in professional practice.},
  keywords = {Adolescents; Parental alienation; Psychotherapeutic practice; ICD},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtasvEVsmH1M1gTfyg82g?e=HwT407},
  language = {English}
}

Parental Alienation is an important mental condition that professionals in the field, especially those who work with children, adolescents and adults from divorced families should know. Although about thousand three hundred professional articles, book chapters and books, and also empirical studies, exist meanwhile (see website www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/pasg) from all over the world there is still not enough awareness of Parental Alienation in professional practice.

@article{Joyce2019Under,
  author = {Joyce, K. J.},
  title = {Under the microscope: The admissibility of parental alienation syndrome},
  journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers},
  publisher = {American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {32},
  number = {1},
  pages = {53--88},
  isbn = {ISSN: 0882-6714},
  abstract = {Call it the Theory of A-B-C: a controversial model of parental alienation which has at its center a very specific causal relationship between systematic programming by a “favored” parent (the “A”) and manifestations of that programming in a child’s behaviors (the “B”), with a judicially-imposedremedy (the “C”) of transferring custody from the “targeted” parent and isolating the child from the “favored” parent. The argument that parental alienation has a direct "cause and effect" [A-B-C] is a tactical weapon with a devastating impact in the world of child custody litigation. One serious consequence of this A-B-C model, as it is argued by proponents, is the ability to confuse lawyers and judges by claiming that this causation is a series of direct connections easily explained as true by the observing "expert" without reference to any of the limits that scientists must ethically draw in social science research.},
  keywords = {A-B-C Model; Critics},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtasvRn4VOsmLkTR4FJ7Q?e=dRkNDf},
  language = {English}
}

Call it the Theory of A-B-C: a controversial model of parental alienation which has at its center a very specific causal relationship between systematic programming by a “favored” parent (the “A”) and manifestations of that programming in a child’s behaviors (the “B”), with a judicially-imposedremedy (the “C”) of transferring custody from the “targeted” parent and isolating the child from the “favored” parent. The argument that parental alienation has a direct "cause and effect" [A-B-C] is a tactical weapon with a devastating impact in the world of child custody litigation. One serious consequence of this A-B-C model, as it is argued by proponents, is the ability to confuse lawyers and judges by claiming that this causation is a series of direct connections easily explained as true by the observing "expert" without reference to any of the limits that scientists must ethically draw in social science research.

@article{Vila2019Parental,
  author = {Vila, Glòria Casas},
  title = {Parental Alienation Syndrome in Spain: opposed by the Government but accepted in the Courts},
  journal = {Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law},
  publisher = {Taylor and Francis Online},
  address = {England},
  year = {2019},
  pages = {1--11},
  isbn = {09649069},
  abstract = {For over fifteen years, Spain has seen the promulgation of feminist inspired legal frameworks to combat male violence against women and, as a result, Spanish law contains a variety of mechanisms that target male violence. However, the parallel dissemination of the pseudo-scientific concept of Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS), especially since 2004, has become a tool to stall the enforcement of gender equality legislation. Specifically, PAS is causing severe harm in legal procedures related to marital breakdown. Both the government and the General Council of the Judiciary have taken a stand against the deployment of PAS in the legal system, but the notion of parental alienation is still widely used in family courts. This article analyses the contemporary significance of PAS in Spain. It grounds itself in an examination of key government reports and law cases, and draws on qualitative survey data from interviews with 20 women who have been either formally accused, or threatened with accusations of parental alienation.},
  keywords = {Parental alienation; gender violence; child sexual abuse; Constitutional Act 1/2004; Spain; Critics; Qualitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtasvU_2IuZrAm-vVVOhw?e=uRU6IZ},
  language = {English}
}

For over fifteen years, Spain has seen the promulgation of feminist inspired legal frameworks to combat male violence against women and, as a result, Spanish law contains a variety of mechanisms that target male violence. However, the parallel dissemination of the pseudo-scientific concept of Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS), especially since 2004, has become a tool to stall the enforcement of gender equality legislation. Specifically, PAS is causing severe harm in legal procedures related to marital breakdown. Both the government and the General Council of the Judiciary have taken a stand against the deployment of PAS in the legal system, but the notion of parental alienation is still widely used in family courts. This article analyses the contemporary significance of PAS in Spain. It grounds itself in an examination of key government reports and law cases, and draws on qualitative survey data from interviews with 20 women who have been either formally accused, or threatened with accusations of parental alienation.

@article{Meier2019Child,
  author = {Meier, Joan S. and Sean Dickson, JD, MPh and Chris O’Sullivan, PhD and Leora Rosen, PhD and Jeffrey Hayes, PhD},
  title = {Child Custody Outcomes in Cases Involving Parental Alienation and Abuse Allegations},
  journal = {GWU Law School Public Law Research Paper No. 2019-56},
  publisher = {SSRN´s eLibrary - Elsevier},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2019},
  pages = {1--30},
  abstract = {Arguably the most troubling aspect of justice system response to intimate partner violence is custody courts' failure to protect children when mothers allege the father is abusive. Family courts' errors in assessing adult and child abuse, and punitive responses to abuse allegations, have been widely documented.},
  keywords = {Child Custody; Parental Alienation Syndrome; Abuse; Allegations; Gender; Critics},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtasvBuGevGuDhfd6EvwQ?e=AjZCkc},
  language = {English}
}

Arguably the most troubling aspect of justice system response to intimate partner violence is custody courts' failure to protect children when mothers allege the father is abusive. Family courts' errors in assessing adult and child abuse, and punitive responses to abuse allegations, have been widely documented.

@article{Gani2019PARENTAL,
  author = {Gani, Rina Krismiati and Kalalo, Royke Tony},
  title = {PARENTAL ALIENATION SYNDROME (FOCUS ON MANAGEMENT)},
  journal = {JURNAL PSIKIATRI SURABAYA},
  publisher = {Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Airlangga},
  address = {Indonesia},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {8},
  number = {2},
  pages = {32--38},
  isbn = {e-ISSN: 2716-358X, p-ISSN: 2355-2409},
  abstract = {Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) is a process in which one parent (Aligned Parent) teaches his children to reject or antagonize other parents (Rejected Parent) which results in disruption to the relationship between children and parents. PAS can be a central issue in child custody disputes and is a form of emotional abuse to children that can disrupt the process of growth and development of children and cause mental disorders in the children's future. Although there are differences of opinion about PAS, the impact can already be seen in children who are in the PAS situation. In severe PAS conditions, disorders in children can occur in the dimensions of behavior, emotions, and cognitive. In the long run, someone who has been exposed to PAS in childhood has a greater likelihood of experiencing depression, anxiety, and decreased quality of life in the future. Given the magnitude of the impact caused by PAS, it is necessary to do the management carried out simultaneously by mental health practitioners, legal professionals and the court. Therapeutic interventions that can be carried out include Multi Model Family Intervention (MMFI), Family Reflections Reunification Program (FRRP), Overcoming Barriers Family Camp (OBFC), Parallel Group Therapy, and Family Bridges Workshop. There is no conclusion which intervention is the best. Ultimately, the goal of family therapy is to achieve and maintain healthy parent-child relationships.},
  keywords = {Parental Alienation Syndrome; Impact; Management; Long-term Consequences; Management; Short-term Consequences},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtat5hqWPIujV0-EJT1NA?e=ZQJCBq},
  language = {Indonesian}
}

Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) is a process in which one parent (Aligned Parent) teaches his children to reject or antagonize other parents (Rejected Parent) which results in disruption to the relationship between children and parents. PAS can be a central issue in child custody disputes and is a form of emotional abuse to children that can disrupt the process of growth and development of children and cause mental disorders in the children's future. Although there are differences of opinion about PAS, the impact can already be seen in children who are in the PAS situation. In severe PAS conditions, disorders in children can occur in the dimensions of behavior, emotions, and cognitive. In the long run, someone who has been exposed to PAS in childhood has a greater likelihood of experiencing depression, anxiety, and decreased quality of life in the future. Given the magnitude of the impact caused by PAS, it is necessary to do the management carried out simultaneously by mental health practitioners, legal professionals and the court. Therapeutic interventions that can be carried out include Multi Model Family Intervention (MMFI), Family Reflections Reunification Program (FRRP), Overcoming Barriers Family Camp (OBFC), Parallel Group Therapy, and Family Bridges Workshop. There is no conclusion which intervention is the best. Ultimately, the goal of family therapy is to achieve and maintain healthy parent-child relationships.

@article{Albuquerque2019Parental,
  author = {Albuquerque, Luiz Carlos Cavalcanti de and Beatriz Johnson Avelino and Neto, Leonardo Severo da Luz and Almeida, Helio Franklin Rodrigues de and Queiroga, Fátima Maia},
  title = {Parental Alienation: Psychological and Legal Implications},
  journal = {International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS)},
  publisher = {AI Publications (India)},
  address = {Brazil},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {6},
  number = {8},
  pages = {282--288},
  isbn = {ISSN: 2349-6495(P) | 2456-1908(O)},
  abstract = {Analyze parental alienation and their emotional and legal implications is of fundamental importance for understanding the family dynamics and a possible appearance of complications. This study is a qualitative type of research literature review. It can be said that one of the major consequences of parental alienation is the emergence of the syndrome, as occurred compromise the child's healthy development. One of the study objectives is to assist families that pass in some way by a separation process in an attempt to prevent the installation of parental alienation; Whereas once implemented, the distance and the breakdown of the relationship between the alienated parent and child, the reconstruction of these family ties will require a long time. At work we try to clarify some key points in the process as differences between the sale and the syndrome; its stages; consequences; his guard and modalities of the Brazilian Law.},
  keywords = {Parental Alienation; mental health; legal planning; Legal; Long-term Consequences},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtauYB7SMn8cR6aMd1cKQ?e=DOIfzq},
  language = {English}
}

Analyze parental alienation and their emotional and legal implications is of fundamental importance for understanding the family dynamics and a possible appearance of complications. This study is a qualitative type of research literature review. It can be said that one of the major consequences of parental alienation is the emergence of the syndrome, as occurred compromise the child's healthy development. One of the study objectives is to assist families that pass in some way by a separation process in an attempt to prevent the installation of parental alienation; Whereas once implemented, the distance and the breakdown of the relationship between the alienated parent and child, the reconstruction of these family ties will require a long time. At work we try to clarify some key points in the process as differences between the sale and the syndrome; its stages; consequences; his guard and modalities of the Brazilian Law.

@article{Rohner2019Psychological,
  author = {Rohner, Ronald P. and Filus, Ania and Melendez-Rhodes, Tatiana and Kuyumcu, Behire and Machado, Francisco and et al.},
  title = {Psychological Maladjustment Mediates the Relation Between Remembrances of Parental Rejection in Childhood and Adults’ Fear of Intimacy: A Multicultural Study},
  journal = {Cross-Cultural Research},
  publisher = {SAGE Publications},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {53},
  number = {5},
  pages = {508--542},
  isbn = {ISSN: 1069-3971 (print) 1552-3578 (online)},
  abstract = {This study assesses interpersonal acceptance-rejection theory’s (IPARTheory’s) prediction that adults’ (both men’s and women’s) remembrances of parental (both maternal and paternal) rejection in childhood are likely to be associated with adults’ fear of intimacy, as mediated by adults’ psychological maladjustment and relationship anxiety. The study also assesses the prediction that these associations will not vary significantly by gender, ethnicity, language, culture, or other such defining conditions. To test these predictions a sample of 3,483 young adults in 13 nations responded to the mother and father versions of the Adult Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (short forms), Adult Personality Assessment Questionnaire (short form), the Interpersonal Relationship Anxiety Questionnaire, the Fear of Intimacy Scale, and the Revised Personal Information Form. Results of multigroup analyses showed that adults’ remembrances of both maternal and paternal rejection in childhood independently predicted men’s and women’s fear of intimacy in all 13 countries.},
  keywords = {parental rejection; fear of intimacy; psychological maladjustment; interpersonal anxiety; interpersonal acceptance-rejection theory (IPARTheory); gender; Quantitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtavZ92kk_I2RIkkQ-o5g?e=UwfYte},
  language = {English}
}

This study assesses interpersonal acceptance-rejection theory’s (IPARTheory’s) prediction that adults’ (both men’s and women’s) remembrances of parental (both maternal and paternal) rejection in childhood are likely to be associated with adults’ fear of intimacy, as mediated by adults’ psychological maladjustment and relationship anxiety. The study also assesses the prediction that these associations will not vary significantly by gender, ethnicity, language, culture, or other such defining conditions. To test these predictions a sample of 3,483 young adults in 13 nations responded to the mother and father versions of the Adult Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (short forms), Adult Personality Assessment Questionnaire (short form), the Interpersonal Relationship Anxiety Questionnaire, the Fear of Intimacy Scale, and the Revised Personal Information Form. Results of multigroup analyses showed that adults’ remembrances of both maternal and paternal rejection in childhood independently predicted men’s and women’s fear of intimacy in all 13 countries.

@misc{Berkovic2018Family,
  author = {Berkovic, Nicola},
  title = {Family Court psychologist brought before tribunal},
  address = {Australia},
  year = {2018},
  month = {12:00AM May 4},
  keywords = {Legal; Family Court},
  url = {https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/legal-affairs/family-court-psychiatrist-brought-before-tribunal/news-story/23fad9d34f34f131b0d3930da08730ea},
  language = {English}
}

@inproceedings{PhilipMarcus2018Workshop,
  author = {Philip Marcus, Judge (Retired) Jerusalem Family Court.  philipmarcusjurist@gmail.com and Tirtsa Joels PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Haifa},
  title = {Workshop 6:  Preventing Contact Failure and Alienation: A Multidisciplinary Program},
  address = {Israel},
  year = {2018},
  month = {June},
  keywords = {Prevention; Intervention},
  url = {http://www.philip-marcus.com},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Anon2018Parental,
  title = {Parental Alienation (Syndrome) – Eine ernst zu nehmende Form von psychischer Kindesmisshandlung},
  journal = {Neuropsychiatrie (2018)},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address = {Germany},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {32:},
  pages = {133--148},
  abstract = {Induced parental alienation is a specific form of psychological child abuse, which is listed in DSM-5, the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (APA), under diagnostic code V 995.51 "child psychological abuse". Untreated induced pa-rental alienation can lead to long-term traumatic psychological and physical effects in the children concerned. This fact is still not given sufficient attention in family court cases. The article gives a condensed overview of parental alienation, summarising its definition, the symptoms and the various levels of severity. It also describes some major alienation techniques and possible psychosomatic and psychiatric effects of induced parental alienation. Finally, attention is drawn to programmes of prevention and intervention now used and evaluated in some countries. The article concludes with two real-life examples from psychiatric practice, and a comprehensive list of international references.},
  keywords = {Induced parent-child-alienation; High conflict separation/divorce; Child psychological abuse; Psychotraumatic long term consequences; Intervention programs; DSM; Etiology; Long-term Consequences},
  url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40211-018-0267-0},
  language = {German}
}

Induced parental alienation is a specific form of psychological child abuse, which is listed in DSM-5, the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (APA), under diagnostic code V 995.51 "child psychological abuse". Untreated induced pa-rental alienation can lead to long-term traumatic psychological and physical effects in the children concerned. This fact is still not given sufficient attention in family court cases. The article gives a condensed overview of parental alienation, summarising its definition, the symptoms and the various levels of severity. It also describes some major alienation techniques and possible psychosomatic and psychiatric effects of induced parental alienation. Finally, attention is drawn to programmes of prevention and intervention now used and evaluated in some countries. The article concludes with two real-life examples from psychiatric practice, and a comprehensive list of international references.

@article{Poustie2018The,
  author = {Poustie, Clare and Matthewson, Mandy and Balmer, Sian},
  title = {The Forgotten Parent: The Targeted Parent Perspective of Parental Alienation},
  journal = {Journal of Family Issues},
  publisher = {Sage},
  address = {Australia},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {39},
  number = {12},
  pages = {3298--3323},
  abstract = {This study investigated the targeted parent experience of parental alienation and alienating behaviors. One hundred and twenty-six targeted parents},
  keywords = {parental alienation; targeted parent; alienated parent; family violence; alienated family; Qualitative Research; Quantitative Research},
  url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0192513X18777867},
  language = {English}
}

This study investigated the targeted parent experience of parental alienation and alienating behaviors. One hundred and twenty-six targeted parents

@article{Maturana2018Characteristics,
  author = {Maturana, Sau‐lyn Lee and Matthewson,  Mandy and Dwan,  Corinna and Norris,  Kimberley},
  title = {Characteristics and experiences of targeted parents of parental alienation from their own perspective: A systematic literature review},
  journal = {Australian Journal of Psychology},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
  address = {Australia},
  year = {2018},
  month = {19 September},
  pages = {1--9},
  abstract = {Objective:},
  keywords = {alienated parent; family conflict; family separation; parental alienation; systematic literature review; targeted parent; Personal Experience},
  url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ajpy.12226},
  language = {English}
}

Objective:

@article{Anon2018Parental,
  title = {Parental Alienation International Newsletter},
  publisher = {PASG},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2018},
  month = {July},
  volume = {3},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1--35},
  keywords = {Newsletter},
  url = {https://pasg.us9.list-manage.com/track/click?u=0668c4d20b328c817016932bc&id=6c2674d936&e=06a166b02d},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Bernet2018An,
  author = {Bernet, William and Gregory, Nilgun and Reay, Kathleen M. and Rohner, Ronald P.},
  title = {An Objective Measure of Splitting in Parental Alienation: The Parental Acceptance–Rejection Questionnaire},
  journal = {Journal of Forensic Sciences},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2018},
  month = {May},
  volume = {63},
  number = {3},
  pages = {776--783},
  isbn = {0022-1198},
  abstract = {Both clinicians and forensic practitioners should distinguish parental alienation (rejection of a parent without legitimate justification) from other reasons for contact refusal. Alienated children—who were not abused—often engage in splitting and lack ambivalence with respect to the rejected parent; children who were maltreated usually perceive the abusive parent in an ambivalent manner. The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of the Parental Acceptance–Rejection Questionnaire (PARQ) in identifying and quantifying the degree of splitting, which may assist in diagnosing parental alienation. Results showed that severely alienated children engaged in a high level of splitting, by perceiving the preferred parent in extremely positive terms and the rejected parent in extremely negative terms. Splitting was not manifested by the children in other family groups. The PARQ may be useful for both clinicians and forensic practitioners in evaluating children of divorced parents when there is a concern about the possible diagnosis of parental alienation.},
  keywords = {child psychiatry; children of divorce; forensic science; parental acceptance–rejection questionnaire; parental alienation; splitting; Quantitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

Both clinicians and forensic practitioners should distinguish parental alienation (rejection of a parent without legitimate justification) from other reasons for contact refusal. Alienated children—who were not abused—often engage in splitting and lack ambivalence with respect to the rejected parent; children who were maltreated usually perceive the abusive parent in an ambivalent manner. The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of the Parental Acceptance–Rejection Questionnaire (PARQ) in identifying and quantifying the degree of splitting, which may assist in diagnosing parental alienation. Results showed that severely alienated children engaged in a high level of splitting, by perceiving the preferred parent in extremely positive terms and the rejected parent in extremely negative terms. Splitting was not manifested by the children in other family groups. The PARQ may be useful for both clinicians and forensic practitioners in evaluating children of divorced parents when there is a concern about the possible diagnosis of parental alienation.

@article{Balmer2018Parental,
  author = {Balmer, Sian and Matthewson, Mandy and Haines, Janet},
  title = {Parental alienation: Targeted parent perspective},
  journal = {Australian Journal of Psychology},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address = {Australia},
  year = {2018},
  month = {March},
  volume = {70},
  number = {1},
  pages = {91--99},
  isbn = {0004-9530},
  abstract = {Objectives: The aims of the study were to determine targeted parent experiences of parental alienation post‐separation from the alienating parent, and to investigate common targeted parent characteristics. Method: A total of 225 targeted parents completed an online survey. Results: Targeted parents reported experiencing high severity of exposure to parental alienation tactics. Targeted parent sex and targeted child age significantly predicted variance in exposure to parental alienation. Targeted mothers experienced significantly higher severity of exposure to parental alienation than targeted fathers. Severity of exposure to parental alienation tactics significantly predicted increases in the appraisal of the parental alienation situation as threatening. Conclusions: The findings offered new insights into targeted parent appraisals of their parental alienation experience. The results signified the seriousness of the impact of exposure to parental alienation for targeted parents, and highlighted a need for empirical research into the effectiveness of interventions and support services to assist targeted parents},
  keywords = {alienated parent; targeted parent; Parenting; Qualitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

Objectives: The aims of the study were to determine targeted parent experiences of parental alienation post‐separation from the alienating parent, and to investigate common targeted parent characteristics. Method: A total of 225 targeted parents completed an online survey. Results: Targeted parents reported experiencing high severity of exposure to parental alienation tactics. Targeted parent sex and targeted child age significantly predicted variance in exposure to parental alienation. Targeted mothers experienced significantly higher severity of exposure to parental alienation than targeted fathers. Severity of exposure to parental alienation tactics significantly predicted increases in the appraisal of the parental alienation situation as threatening. Conclusions: The findings offered new insights into targeted parent appraisals of their parental alienation experience. The results signified the seriousness of the impact of exposure to parental alienation for targeted parents, and highlighted a need for empirical research into the effectiveness of interventions and support services to assist targeted parents

@phdthesis{James2018Parental,
  author = {James, Lee A.},
  title = {Parental Alienation: The New Zealand Approach},
  publisher = {University of Otago},
  address = {Dunedin, New Zealand},
  year = {2018},
  month = {April},
  keywords = {Parental Alienation; New Zealand; Law; Legal},
  url = {https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10523/8035/JamesLeeA2018LLM.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Warshak2018Reclaiming,
  author = {Warshak, Richard A.},
  title = {Reclaiming Parent–Child Relationships: Outcomes of Family Bridges with Alienated Children},
  journal = {Journal of Divorce & Remarriage},
  publisher = {Routledge Taylor & Francis Online},
  year = {2018},
  month = {11 October},
  abstract = {A sample of 83 severely alienated children and adolescents were enrolled with the parents whom they had rejected in a 4-day Family Bridges educational workshop. The program was conducted after court orders had placed the children in the custody of their rejected parent. The parents who participated with the children in the workshop, and the professional workshop leaders, reported large improvements in the children’s alienated behavior, changes that reflected statistically significant and large effects. The children’s contact refusal with the rejected parent dropped from a pre-workshop rate of 85% to a post-workshop rate of 6%. Depending on the outcome measure, between 75% and 96% of the children overcame their alienation. The parents and children credited the workshop with improving their relationships and teaching them better relationship skills. Despite the children’s negative initial expectations, most children felt positively about their workshop experience, regarded the workshop more like education than counseling, and reported that the professionals who led the program treated them with kindness and respect. All the parent participants and two-thirds of the children rated the workshop as excellent or good, but 8% of children retained their initial negative attitudes about the workshop and rated the workshop as poor. In sum, a significant number of intractable and severely alienated children and adolescents who participated in the Family Bridges workshop repaired their damaged relationship with a parent whom they had previously rejected for an average of 3–4 years.},
  keywords = {alienation; Custody Reversal; high-conflict divorce; parental alienation; reunification; Evaluation; Quantitative Research},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2018.1529505},
  language = {English}
}

A sample of 83 severely alienated children and adolescents were enrolled with the parents whom they had rejected in a 4-day Family Bridges educational workshop. The program was conducted after court orders had placed the children in the custody of their rejected parent. The parents who participated with the children in the workshop, and the professional workshop leaders, reported large improvements in the children’s alienated behavior, changes that reflected statistically significant and large effects. The children’s contact refusal with the rejected parent dropped from a pre-workshop rate of 85% to a post-workshop rate of 6%. Depending on the outcome measure, between 75% and 96% of the children overcame their alienation. The parents and children credited the workshop with improving their relationships and teaching them better relationship skills. Despite the children’s negative initial expectations, most children felt positively about their workshop experience, regarded the workshop more like education than counseling, and reported that the professionals who led the program treated them with kindness and respect. All the parent participants and two-thirds of the children rated the workshop as excellent or good, but 8% of children retained their initial negative attitudes about the workshop and rated the workshop as poor. In sum, a significant number of intractable and severely alienated children and adolescents who participated in the Family Bridges workshop repaired their damaged relationship with a parent whom they had previously rejected for an average of 3–4 years.

@article{Ngaosuvan2018THE,
  author = {Ngaosuvan, Leonard S.},
  title = {THE EQUALITY PRINCIPLE: SPLITTING THE DIFFERENCE IN CUSTODY DISPUTES},
  journal = {FAMILY COURT REVIEW},
  publisher = {Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2018},
  month = {October},
  volume = {56},
  number = {4},
  pages = {583--596},
  isbn = {1744-1617},
  abstract = {In some custody disputes parents are equally fit, other factors are not decisive, shared custody is ruled out, and the parental conflict is the only threat to children's well‐being. There are no systematic principles to resolve these disputes. To fill this gap, I introduce the equality principle. Following splitting the difference and goal‐setting theory, parents renegotiate under threat of randomization. If renegotiation fails, their chances of winning are equal. This principle may improve children's well‐being, parental behavior, court efficiency, and custody investigations. The principle is discussed in terms of child perspective, appellate rights, applicability, irrationality, and attorney effects on negotiations.},
  keywords = {Custody Disputes; Equality Principle; Goal-Setting Theory; High-Conflict Parents; Splitting the Difference; Qualitative Research},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/fcre.12377},
  language = {English}
}

In some custody disputes parents are equally fit, other factors are not decisive, shared custody is ruled out, and the parental conflict is the only threat to children's well‐being. There are no systematic principles to resolve these disputes. To fill this gap, I introduce the equality principle. Following splitting the difference and goal‐setting theory, parents renegotiate under threat of randomization. If renegotiation fails, their chances of winning are equal. This principle may improve children's well‐being, parental behavior, court efficiency, and custody investigations. The principle is discussed in terms of child perspective, appellate rights, applicability, irrationality, and attorney effects on negotiations.

@article{Boch-Galhau2018Demosthenes,
  author = {Boch-Galhau, Wilfrid Von and Christiane Förster and Jorge Guerra González},
  title = {Demosthenes Lorandos, William Bernet, and SR Sauber (2013) Parental Alienation: Handbook for Mental Health and Legal Professionals},
  journal = {EC Pediatrics},
  publisher = {E-Cronicon Open Access},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {7},
  number = {8},
  pages = {820--822},
  keywords = {Book Review},
  url = {https://www.ecronicon.com/ecpe/pdf/ECPE-07-00320.pdf},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Boch-Galhau2018Parental,
  author = {Boch-Galhau, Wilfrid von},
  title = {Parental Alienation (Syndrome) – A serious form of psychological child abuse},
  journal = {Mental Health and Family Medicine},
  publisher = {Mental Health and Family Medicine Ltd},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {14:},
  pages = {725--739},
  isbn = {1756-8358},
  abstract = {Induced parental alienation is a specific form of psychological child abuse, which is listed in DSM-5, the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (APA), under diagnostic code V 995.51 “child psychological abuse”. Untreated induced parental alienation can lead to},
  keywords = {Induced parent-child-alienation; High conflict separation/divorce; Child psychological abuse; Psychotraumatic long term consequences; Intervention programs; Classification; Legal; Long-term Consequences},
  url = {http://mhfmjournal.com/pdf/MHFM-117.pdf},
  language = {English}
}

Induced parental alienation is a specific form of psychological child abuse, which is listed in DSM-5, the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (APA), under diagnostic code V 995.51 “child psychological abuse”. Untreated induced parental alienation can lead to

@article{Harman2018Parental,
  author = {Harman, Jennifer J. and Kruk, Edward and Hines, Denise A.},
  title = {Parental Alienating Behaviors: An Unacknowledged Form of Family Violence},
  journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
  publisher = {PsycNet},
  year = {2018},
  month = {Dec.},
  volume = {144},
  number = {12},
  pages = {1275--1299},
  isbn = {0033-2909},
  abstract = {Despite affecting millions of families around the world, parental alienation has been largely unacknowledged or denied by legal and health professionals as a form of family violence. This complex form of aggression entails a parental figure engaging in the long-term use of a variety of aggressive behaviors to harm the relationship between their child and another parental figure, and/or to hurt the other parental figure directly because of their relationship with their child. Like other forms of family violence, parental alienation has serious and negative consequences for family members, yet victims are often blamed for their experience. In order to be recognized as a form of family violence and to secure protection for victims under law and social policies, a formal review and comparison of parental alienating behaviors and outcomes to child abuse and intimate partner violence has been sorely needed. The result of this review highlights how the societal denial of parental alienation has been like the historical social and political denial or other forms of abuse in many parts of the world (e.g., child abuse a century ago). Reframing parental alienating behaviors as a form of family violence also serves as a desperate call to action for social scientists to focus more theoretical and empirical attention to this topic.},
  keywords = {Parental Alienation; child abuse; intimate partner violence; family violence; domestic violence; Long-term Consequences; Management},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/bul0000175},
  language = {English}
}

Despite affecting millions of families around the world, parental alienation has been largely unacknowledged or denied by legal and health professionals as a form of family violence. This complex form of aggression entails a parental figure engaging in the long-term use of a variety of aggressive behaviors to harm the relationship between their child and another parental figure, and/or to hurt the other parental figure directly because of their relationship with their child. Like other forms of family violence, parental alienation has serious and negative consequences for family members, yet victims are often blamed for their experience. In order to be recognized as a form of family violence and to secure protection for victims under law and social policies, a formal review and comparison of parental alienating behaviors and outcomes to child abuse and intimate partner violence has been sorely needed. The result of this review highlights how the societal denial of parental alienation has been like the historical social and political denial or other forms of abuse in many parts of the world (e.g., child abuse a century ago). Reframing parental alienating behaviors as a form of family violence also serves as a desperate call to action for social scientists to focus more theoretical and empirical attention to this topic.

@article{Alfredo2018EL,
  author = {Alfredo, José and Gonzales, Pineda},
  title = {EL SÍNDROME DE ALIENACIÓN PARENTAL EN LA LEGISLACIÓN Y JURISPRUDENCIA NACIONAL},
  journal = {Revista Vox Juris},
  publisher = {VOX JURIS, Lima (Perú)},
  year = {2018},
  month = {July 1},
  volume = {36},
  number = {2},
  pages = {107--120},
  isbn = {2521-5280},
  abstract = {The Parental Alienation Syndrome in the field of psychology and law is a phenomenon that affects the family, the parental and maternal filial relationship, communication between parents of children. The lack of existing literature on the subject thus confirms it, however, there are also studies that detract from the scientific validity of the Parental Alienation Syndrome. In the field of legislation, jurisprudence and casuistry, the phenomenon also addresses uneven considerations. The objectives that were outlined were: to analyze the Parental Alienation Syndrome in the national legislation and jurisprudence, verifying if it constitutes a pathology that affects the communication of parents of children, generating affectation to the rights of the children; and if it is appropriate to regulate and sanction the Parental Alienation Syndrome in order to make the best interests of the children prevail. The methodology used was verified through the collection and study of legislation and national jurisprudence on the pathology of the Parental Alienation Syndrome, for which the hermeneutical method was applied. The conclusion reached, after the legislation on the Parental Alienation Syndrome was analyzed, both at the constitutional and legal levels, as well as the national jurisprudence, is that there is no specific legislation that prevents and sanctions said pathology, however in the national jurisprudence it is considered as a justiciable case, since it affects the communication and interrelation between the children with the father or mother who does not exercise the possession, and with it the rights of said minors. However, due to its effects, parental alienation constitutes a case of psychological violence, and therefore it is possible to dictate protection measures and sanctions through the procedure established in Law N° 30364.},
  keywords = {Parental alienation; filial parental relationship; rights of children; Legal},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtass9imoRCgWEQn_0PJA},
  language = {Spanish}
}

The Parental Alienation Syndrome in the field of psychology and law is a phenomenon that affects the family, the parental and maternal filial relationship, communication between parents of children. The lack of existing literature on the subject thus confirms it, however, there are also studies that detract from the scientific validity of the Parental Alienation Syndrome. In the field of legislation, jurisprudence and casuistry, the phenomenon also addresses uneven considerations. The objectives that were outlined were: to analyze the Parental Alienation Syndrome in the national legislation and jurisprudence, verifying if it constitutes a pathology that affects the communication of parents of children, generating affectation to the rights of the children; and if it is appropriate to regulate and sanction the Parental Alienation Syndrome in order to make the best interests of the children prevail. The methodology used was verified through the collection and study of legislation and national jurisprudence on the pathology of the Parental Alienation Syndrome, for which the hermeneutical method was applied. The conclusion reached, after the legislation on the Parental Alienation Syndrome was analyzed, both at the constitutional and legal levels, as well as the national jurisprudence, is that there is no specific legislation that prevents and sanctions said pathology, however in the national jurisprudence it is considered as a justiciable case, since it affects the communication and interrelation between the children with the father or mother who does not exercise the possession, and with it the rights of said minors. However, due to its effects, parental alienation constitutes a case of psychological violence, and therefore it is possible to dictate protection measures and sanctions through the procedure established in Law N° 30364.

@article{EdwardKruk2018Parental,
  author = {Edward Kruk, Ph.D.},
  title = {Parental Alienation as a Form of Emotional Child Abuse: Current State of Knowledge and Future Directions for Research},
  journal = {Family Science Review},
  publisher = {Family Science Association},
  address = {Canada},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {22},
  number = {4},
  pages = {141--164},
  isbn = {2331-6780},
  abstract = {This article examines the current state of research on parental alienation, which reveals that alienation is far more common and debilitating for children and parents than was previously believed. In extreme cases, one can make the argument that parental alienation is a serious form of emotional child abuse. Careful scrutiny of key elements of parental alienation in the research literature consistently identifies two core elements of child abuse: parental alienation as a significant form of harm to children that is attributable to human action. As a form of individual child abuse, parental alienation calls for a child protection response. As a form of collective abuse, parental alienation warrants fundamental reform of the family law system in the direction of shared parenting as the foundation of family law. There is an emerging scientific consensus on prevalence, effects, and professional recognition of parental alienation as a form of child abuse. In response, the authors discuss the need for research on effectiveness of parental alienation interventions, particularly in more extreme cases. This paper argues for more quantitative and qualitative research focused on four pillars of intervention at micro and macro levels, with specific recommendations for further study of child protection responses, reunification programs, and other therapeutic approaches.},
  keywords = {parental alienation; child abuse; family intervention; Classification; Evaluation},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtastNxgD-HCJoBsHFYrA},
  language = {English}
}

This article examines the current state of research on parental alienation, which reveals that alienation is far more common and debilitating for children and parents than was previously believed. In extreme cases, one can make the argument that parental alienation is a serious form of emotional child abuse. Careful scrutiny of key elements of parental alienation in the research literature consistently identifies two core elements of child abuse: parental alienation as a significant form of harm to children that is attributable to human action. As a form of individual child abuse, parental alienation calls for a child protection response. As a form of collective abuse, parental alienation warrants fundamental reform of the family law system in the direction of shared parenting as the foundation of family law. There is an emerging scientific consensus on prevalence, effects, and professional recognition of parental alienation as a form of child abuse. In response, the authors discuss the need for research on effectiveness of parental alienation interventions, particularly in more extreme cases. This paper argues for more quantitative and qualitative research focused on four pillars of intervention at micro and macro levels, with specific recommendations for further study of child protection responses, reunification programs, and other therapeutic approaches.

@article{Smith2018Parenting,
  author = {Smith, Amy and Biringen and Harman, Jennifer J.},
  title = {Parenting Time and Child Coping: The Context of Parental Alienation},
  journal = {Family Science Review},
  publisher = {Family Science Association},
  address = {Canada},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {22},
  number = {4},
  pages = {118--140},
  isbn = {2331-6780},
  abstract = {This study examined whether discrepancies in reported court ordered parenting time and actual parenting time among families that had dissolved (i.e., divorced) was associated with the degree to which children are reported to demonstrate negative coping behaviors. It was hypothesized that (a) parents who were targets of alienating behaviors by the other parent would report having less parenting time than what the courts ordered and (b) children would engage in negative behavioral coping strategies when there were larger discrepancies between parenting time in the divorce decree versus reported parenting time. Data were gathered from surveys and audio-recorded interviews from 70 parents who reported being the targets of parental alienating behaviors. A content analysis was conducted on the interview transcripts to code for the child’s behavioral outcomes, as reported by the targeted parent. Results from this study provide information on the extent to which parenting time awarded by family courts can be in conflict with what occurs, and in reality, whether such discrepancies are associated with parent-reported child functioning.},
  keywords = {Parental alienation; gatekeeping; child coping; Evaluation; Quantitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtastN_VfX8a2bl7tm1Hg},
  language = {English}
}

This study examined whether discrepancies in reported court ordered parenting time and actual parenting time among families that had dissolved (i.e., divorced) was associated with the degree to which children are reported to demonstrate negative coping behaviors. It was hypothesized that (a) parents who were targets of alienating behaviors by the other parent would report having less parenting time than what the courts ordered and (b) children would engage in negative behavioral coping strategies when there were larger discrepancies between parenting time in the divorce decree versus reported parenting time. Data were gathered from surveys and audio-recorded interviews from 70 parents who reported being the targets of parental alienating behaviors. A content analysis was conducted on the interview transcripts to code for the child’s behavioral outcomes, as reported by the targeted parent. Results from this study provide information on the extent to which parenting time awarded by family courts can be in conflict with what occurs, and in reality, whether such discrepancies are associated with parent-reported child functioning.

@article{NigelBlagg2018Exploring,
  author = {Nigel Blagg and Godfrey, Eva},
  title = {Exploring Parent–Child Relationships in Alienated versus Neglected/ Emotionally Abused Children using the Bene-Anthony Family Relations Test},
  journal = {Child Abuse Review},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
  address = {United Kingdom},
  year = {2018},
  month = {21 August},
  abstract = {Children subject to parental alienation dynamics often present with psychological splitting and lack the ambivalence towards their parents which can be observed in other groups of children, even those who are emotionally abused and neglected. This paper used the Bene-Anthony Family Relations Test to explore differences between alienated and neglected/emotionally abused children's views and feelings towards their mothers and fathers. Results confirmed that alienated children engaged in splitting, idealising their preferred parent and demonising their target parent without legitimate justification. Conversely, neglected/emotionally abused children presented with greater ambivalence, sending both positive and negative messages to their mothers and fathers; although overall in this study, they displayed a tendency to idealise their parents despite the maltreatment that they had suffered. The results highlight the importance of not taking children's expressed wishes at face value and the need for in-depth multimodal psychological assessments to establish children's ascertainable rather than expressed wishes.},
  keywords = {Bene-Anthony Family Relations Test; parental alienation; emotional abuse; neglect; Quantitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtastUEu6WridVvVTFkEw},
  language = {English}
}

Children subject to parental alienation dynamics often present with psychological splitting and lack the ambivalence towards their parents which can be observed in other groups of children, even those who are emotionally abused and neglected. This paper used the Bene-Anthony Family Relations Test to explore differences between alienated and neglected/emotionally abused children's views and feelings towards their mothers and fathers. Results confirmed that alienated children engaged in splitting, idealising their preferred parent and demonising their target parent without legitimate justification. Conversely, neglected/emotionally abused children presented with greater ambivalence, sending both positive and negative messages to their mothers and fathers; although overall in this study, they displayed a tendency to idealise their parents despite the maltreatment that they had suffered. The results highlight the importance of not taking children's expressed wishes at face value and the need for in-depth multimodal psychological assessments to establish children's ascertainable rather than expressed wishes.

@article{Baker2018Reliability,
  author = {Baker, Amy J. L.},
  title = {Reliability and validity of the four-factor model of parental alienation},
  journal = {Journal of Family Therapy (2020)},
  publisher = {The Association for Family Therapy and Systemic Practice},
  address = {United Kingdom},
  year = {2018},
  number = {42},
  pages = {100--118},
  isbn = {1467-6427 (Online)},
  abstract = {According to the four-factor model of parental alienation, in order for alienation to be present there must be: (1) a prior positive relationship between the child and the now rejected parent; (2) absence of maltreatment by the rejected parent; (3) use of alienating behaviours by the favoured parent; and (4) presence of behavioural manifestations of alienation in the child. The purpose of the current study was to determine the reliability and validity of the four-factor model as a model of parental alienation. The study tested the reliability and validity of the four-factor model by having mental health professionals code vignettes representing a combination of presence and absence of the factors. Reliability was quite high across the vignettes, coders and factors. There was agreement that when all four factors are present the case is alienation and when one or no factor are present it is not alienation. These data support the four-factor model and suggest avenues for continuing to study the interplay among the factors deemed relevant by mental health professionals in the field of children’s relationships with their divorced parents.},
  keywords = {parental alienation; reliability; validity; Qualitative Research; Quantitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtastlgvQVGzhOUCS0P9Q},
  language = {English}
}

According to the four-factor model of parental alienation, in order for alienation to be present there must be: (1) a prior positive relationship between the child and the now rejected parent; (2) absence of maltreatment by the rejected parent; (3) use of alienating behaviours by the favoured parent; and (4) presence of behavioural manifestations of alienation in the child. The purpose of the current study was to determine the reliability and validity of the four-factor model as a model of parental alienation. The study tested the reliability and validity of the four-factor model by having mental health professionals code vignettes representing a combination of presence and absence of the factors. Reliability was quite high across the vignettes, coders and factors. There was agreement that when all four factors are present the case is alienation and when one or no factor are present it is not alienation. These data support the four-factor model and suggest avenues for continuing to study the interplay among the factors deemed relevant by mental health professionals in the field of children’s relationships with their divorced parents.

@article{Joshi2018Parental,
  author = {Joshi, Ashish},
  title = {Parental Alienation and the Role of GALs and LGALs (Part One of Two)},
  journal = {Michigan Family Law Journal},
  publisher = {State Bar of Michigan},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2018},
  month = {August/September},
  volume = {48},
  number = {7},
  pages = {20--25},
  abstract = {Role of GALs and LGALs in Parental Alienation cases is discussed.  Reviews the requisite knowledge, skill and experience the professional must possess in dealing with cases involving parental alienation.  Part 1 of 2.},
  keywords = {Lawyer-Guardian ad litem; Guardian ad litem; LGAL; GAL; Legal},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtatOImIuHVc_xjU6PNvQ?e=AOSkSj},
  language = {English}
}

Role of GALs and LGALs in Parental Alienation cases is discussed. Reviews the requisite knowledge, skill and experience the professional must possess in dealing with cases involving parental alienation. Part 1 of 2.

@article{Joshi2018Parental,
  author = {Joshi, Ashish},
  title = {Parental Alienation and the Role of GALs and LGALs (Part Two of Two)},
  journal = {Michigan Family Law Journal},
  publisher = {State Bar of Michigan},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2018},
  month = {October},
  volume = {48},
  number = {8},
  pages = {17--22},
  abstract = {Role of GALs and LGALs in Parental Alienation cases is discussed.  Offers a checklist of best practices.  Part 2 of 2.},
  keywords = {Lawyer-Guardian ad litem; Guardian ad litem; LGAL; GAL; Legal},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtatOInl183sy0ZmcMnGA?e=ID10Yv},
  language = {English}
}

Role of GALs and LGALs in Parental Alienation cases is discussed. Offers a checklist of best practices. Part 2 of 2.

@article{Pretell2018El,
  author = {Pretell, Bruno Fernando Avalos},
  title = {El síndrome de alienación parental como causal para variar la tenencia},
  journal = {GACETA CIVIL & PROCESAL CIVIL (Lima, Peru)},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {65},
  number = {0},
  pages = {255--270},
  isbn = {ISSN 2305-3259},
  abstract = {In this article, the author analyzes, from the national and comparative doctrine and jurisprudence, the treatment that the parental alienation syndrome receives as a cause to vary the exclusive possession in favor of the rejected parent. Likewise, it proposes to interrelate the levels of intensity of the aforementioned psychological disorder with the way in which the change of ownership of the possession is carried out, since it affirms that only in this way will it be possible to emotionally relink the alienated minor with his rejected father and guarantee the child's superior interest.},
  keywords = {Parental alienation syndrome; Variation of custody; Levels of intensity; Parental relationship; Alienated minors; Best interest of the child; Peru; Legal; Management},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav5sGLpUfo2Oop86HNQ?e=wxsWQg},
  language = {Spanish}
}

In this article, the author analyzes, from the national and comparative doctrine and jurisprudence, the treatment that the parental alienation syndrome receives as a cause to vary the exclusive possession in favor of the rejected parent. Likewise, it proposes to interrelate the levels of intensity of the aforementioned psychological disorder with the way in which the change of ownership of the possession is carried out, since it affirms that only in this way will it be possible to emotionally relink the alienated minor with his rejected father and guarantee the child's superior interest.

@article{EdwardKruk2018Parental,
  author = {Edward Kruk, Ph.D.},
  title = {Parental Alienation as a Form of Emotional Child Abuse:  Current State of Knowledge and Future Directions for Research},
  journal = {Family Science Review},
  publisher = {Family Science Association},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {22},
  number = {4},
  pages = {141--164},
  isbn = {1084-0524 (Print)},
  abstract = {This article examines the current state of research on parental alienation, which reveals that alienation is far more common and debilitating for children and parents than was previously believed. In extreme cases, one can make the argument that parental alienation is a serious form of emotional child abuse. Careful scrutiny of key elements of parental alienation in the research literature consistently identifies two core elements of child abuse: parental alienation as a significant form of harm to children that is attributable to human action. As a form of individual child abuse, parental alienation calls for a child protection response. As a form of collective abuse, parental alienation warrants fundamental reform of the family law system in the direction of shared parenting as the foundation of family law. There is an emerging scientific consensus on prevalence, effects, and professional recognition of parental alienation as a form of child abuse. In response, the authors discuss the need for research on effectiveness of parental alienation interventions, particularly in more extreme cases. This paper argues for more quantitative and qualitative research focused on four pillars of intervention at micro and macro levels, with specific recommendations for further study of child protection responses, reunification programs, and other therapeutic approaches.},
  keywords = {parental alienation; child abuse; family intervention; Evaluation; Long-term Consequences},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav89VcmzEqLqbzJM8oA?e=7DpWay},
  language = {English}
}

This article examines the current state of research on parental alienation, which reveals that alienation is far more common and debilitating for children and parents than was previously believed. In extreme cases, one can make the argument that parental alienation is a serious form of emotional child abuse. Careful scrutiny of key elements of parental alienation in the research literature consistently identifies two core elements of child abuse: parental alienation as a significant form of harm to children that is attributable to human action. As a form of individual child abuse, parental alienation calls for a child protection response. As a form of collective abuse, parental alienation warrants fundamental reform of the family law system in the direction of shared parenting as the foundation of family law. There is an emerging scientific consensus on prevalence, effects, and professional recognition of parental alienation as a form of child abuse. In response, the authors discuss the need for research on effectiveness of parental alienation interventions, particularly in more extreme cases. This paper argues for more quantitative and qualitative research focused on four pillars of intervention at micro and macro levels, with specific recommendations for further study of child protection responses, reunification programs, and other therapeutic approaches.

@book{Judge2017Overcoming,
  author = {Judge, A.M. and Deutsch, R.M.},
  title = {Overcoming Parent-Child Contact Problems},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2017},
  isbn = {9780190235208},
  abstract = {In recent years there has been heightened interest in the clinical and legal management of families in which children resist contact with one parent and become aligned with the other following divorce. Families affected by these dynamics require disproportionate resources and time from mental health and legal professionals, and cases require a specialized clinical approach. Traditional models of individual and family therapy are not designed to address these issues, and strategies and resources for mental health and legal professionals have been extremely limited.},
  keywords = {2017; Evaluation; Prevention},
  language = {English}
}

In recent years there has been heightened interest in the clinical and legal management of families in which children resist contact with one parent and become aligned with the other following divorce. Families affected by these dynamics require disproportionate resources and time from mental health and legal professionals, and cases require a specialized clinical approach. Traditional models of individual and family therapy are not designed to address these issues, and strategies and resources for mental health and legal professionals have been extremely limited.

@book{Hopkins2017Chameleon,
  author = {Hopkins, E.},
  title = {Chameleon},
  year = {2017},
  abstract = {Arielle Pearson has moved around a lot—mostly because her father can’t keep a job.  Her father, who is ex-military, constantly reminds Arielle of her absent mother and after a few drinks he’s happy to offer ugly details, claiming her lesbian mother chose another woman over her family. After a little more than a year living in Sonora, Arielle is hopeful that she’ll be able to finish her junior year without pulling up stakes. She has an ally in Monica Torres and as Arielle will discover that closeness is evolving into love. Then, Arielle’s mother arrives and Arielle discovers a painful truth—her mother didn’t leave her. Her father kidnapped her and her mom has been searching for her ever since. She wants to take Arielle home with her, but Arielle feels no connection and despite what her dad did, she loves him. She pushes her mother away, devastating both of them, and once she’s gone (again) Arielle is torn. Monica’s devotion sees her through, and with her help Arielle makes some tough decisions.},
  language = {English}
}

Arielle Pearson has moved around a lot—mostly because her father can’t keep a job. Her father, who is ex-military, constantly reminds Arielle of her absent mother and after a few drinks he’s happy to offer ugly details, claiming her lesbian mother chose another woman over her family. After a little more than a year living in Sonora, Arielle is hopeful that she’ll be able to finish her junior year without pulling up stakes. She has an ally in Monica Torres and as Arielle will discover that closeness is evolving into love. Then, Arielle’s mother arrives and Arielle discovers a painful truth—her mother didn’t leave her. Her father kidnapped her and her mom has been searching for her ever since. She wants to take Arielle home with her, but Arielle feels no connection and despite what her dad did, she loves him. She pushes her mother away, devastating both of them, and once she’s gone (again) Arielle is torn. Monica’s devotion sees her through, and with her help Arielle makes some tough decisions.

@article{Bernet2017Understanding,
  author = {Bernet, W.},
  title = {Understanding the reality of parental alienation},
  journal = {L’Encéphale},
  address = {France},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {43},
  number = {6},
  pages = {507--509},
  abstract = {In recent years, there have been several passionate controversies pertaining to child psychology and psychiatry, such as the claim that practitioners of satanism abuse and murder children, whether recovered memories of adults reliably describe past child maltreatment, whether facilitated communication helps autistic children disclose sexual abuse and whether children always tell the truth when reporting sexual abuse. One of the most important controversies involving children in a legal context has pertained to parental alienation (PA), which some practitioners misunderstand through ignorance or through purposeful denial. The author of this essay believes that parental alienation exists and damages thousands of children and families in the U.S., in France, and in many other countries every year. Thus, it is important to understand that some mental health professionals object to the concept of parental alienation or even deny the reality of parental alienation.},
  keywords = {Editorial; Critics; Critics},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2017.11.002},
  language = {English}
}

In recent years, there have been several passionate controversies pertaining to child psychology and psychiatry, such as the claim that practitioners of satanism abuse and murder children, whether recovered memories of adults reliably describe past child maltreatment, whether facilitated communication helps autistic children disclose sexual abuse and whether children always tell the truth when reporting sexual abuse. One of the most important controversies involving children in a legal context has pertained to parental alienation (PA), which some practitioners misunderstand through ignorance or through purposeful denial. The author of this essay believes that parental alienation exists and damages thousands of children and families in the U.S., in France, and in many other countries every year. Thus, it is important to understand that some mental health professionals object to the concept of parental alienation or even deny the reality of parental alienation.

@article{Fabricius2017Should,
  author = {Fabricius, William V. and Suh, Go Woon},
  title = {Should Infants and Toddlers Have Frequent Overnight Parenting Time With Fathers? The Policy Debate and New Data},
  journal = {Psychology, Public Policy, and Law},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {23},
  number = {1},
  pages = {68--84},
  isbn = {1076-8971},
  abstract = {Whether children of separated parents 2 years of age and younger should have frequent overnight parenting time with noncustodial fathers has been the subject of much debate but little data. Contrary to some previous findings, the current study found benefits to both parent-child relationships associated with overnights (a) up to and including equal numbers of overnights at both parents’ homes, (b) for both the long-term mother-child and father-child relationships, and (c) both when children were 2 years old, as well as when they were under 1 year of age. These benefits held after controlling for subsequent parenting time with fathers in childhood and adolescence, parent education and conflict up to 5 years after the separation, and children’s sex and age at separation. While the findings do not establish causality they provide strong support for policies to encourage frequent overnight parenting time for infants and toddlers, because the benefits associated with overnights also held for parents who initially agreed about overnights as well as for those who disagreed and had the overnight parenting plan imposed over 1 parent’s objections. The observed benefits for the long-term father-child relationship are consistent with findings from intervention studies showing that fathers who are more involved with infants and toddlers develop better parenting skills and relationships with their children.},
  keywords = {shared parenting time; parent-child relationships; infants; parent conflict; child custody policy; Evaluation; Legal; Long-term Consequences; Qualitative Research; Quantitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtass8dZKm7E_YRiQpeEA},
  language = {English}
}

Whether children of separated parents 2 years of age and younger should have frequent overnight parenting time with noncustodial fathers has been the subject of much debate but little data. Contrary to some previous findings, the current study found benefits to both parent-child relationships associated with overnights (a) up to and including equal numbers of overnights at both parents’ homes, (b) for both the long-term mother-child and father-child relationships, and (c) both when children were 2 years old, as well as when they were under 1 year of age. These benefits held after controlling for subsequent parenting time with fathers in childhood and adolescence, parent education and conflict up to 5 years after the separation, and children’s sex and age at separation. While the findings do not establish causality they provide strong support for policies to encourage frequent overnight parenting time for infants and toddlers, because the benefits associated with overnights also held for parents who initially agreed about overnights as well as for those who disagreed and had the overnight parenting plan imposed over 1 parent’s objections. The observed benefits for the long-term father-child relationship are consistent with findings from intervention studies showing that fathers who are more involved with infants and toddlers develop better parenting skills and relationships with their children.

@article{Jaffe2017Denial,
  author = {Jaffe, Alan M. and Thakkar, Melanie J. and Piron, Pascale},
  title = {Denial of ambivalence as a hallmark of parental alienation},
  journal = {Cogent Psychology},
  publisher = {Cogent OA, part of Taylor & Francis Group},
  address = {United Kingdom},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {4},
  number = {1327144},
  pages = {1--15},
  isbn = {ISSN: 2331-1908},
  abstract = {Parental alienation is a construct which describes a campaign of disenfranchisement from children on the part of one parent against another, particularly during divorce. It has been at the forefront of child custody research aimed at explaining its short- and long-term effects on the children affected by it. During a time when tension between parents is at its highest and conflict regarding parenting responsibilities and parenting time arises, parents resort to parental alienation in an effort to control and hinder the emotional relationship the children would otherwise forge with the other parent. This paper is a review and integration of established ambivalence and parental alienation theory incorporating clinical examples. The clinical examples are cited from real interviews conducted by the authors from 2010 to 2016. The purpose and diagnostic utility of the examination of this subject matter is to exemplify the need for making a fine grain clinical analysis of ambivalence in order to most accurately assess the existence of parental alienation in a clinical situation with children. Specifically, the expressed lack of ambivalence as manifested by the alienated child serves as an observable defining characteristic of the presence of parental alienation. The understanding of this phenomenon provides predictive criteria for clinicians and forensic experts to establish or rule out the existence of parental alienation in clinical and forensic settings with implications for treatment and custody recommendations.},
  keywords = {parental alienation; ambivalence; divorce; family; child custody; identifying parental alienation; alienated parent; denial of ambivalence; Qualitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtasvVJY-xfs8g1jhWjEg?e=EvAQ2j},
  language = {English}
}

Parental alienation is a construct which describes a campaign of disenfranchisement from children on the part of one parent against another, particularly during divorce. It has been at the forefront of child custody research aimed at explaining its short- and long-term effects on the children affected by it. During a time when tension between parents is at its highest and conflict regarding parenting responsibilities and parenting time arises, parents resort to parental alienation in an effort to control and hinder the emotional relationship the children would otherwise forge with the other parent. This paper is a review and integration of established ambivalence and parental alienation theory incorporating clinical examples. The clinical examples are cited from real interviews conducted by the authors from 2010 to 2016. The purpose and diagnostic utility of the examination of this subject matter is to exemplify the need for making a fine grain clinical analysis of ambivalence in order to most accurately assess the existence of parental alienation in a clinical situation with children. Specifically, the expressed lack of ambivalence as manifested by the alienated child serves as an observable defining characteristic of the presence of parental alienation. The understanding of this phenomenon provides predictive criteria for clinicians and forensic experts to establish or rule out the existence of parental alienation in clinical and forensic settings with implications for treatment and custody recommendations.

@article{DouglasL.Romberg2017Parental,
  author = {Douglas L. Romberg, Ph. D.},
  title = {Parental Alienation: Origins, Controversies and A New Paradigm},
  publisher = {DC Psychological Association  (https://www.dcpsychology.org/)},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2017},
  month = {Fall},
  pages = {1--10},
  keywords = {origins; family theorists; treatment; diagnosis; Etiology; Management; Newsletter},
  url = {https://dcpsychologicalassociation.tumblr.com/post/167259040293/parental-alienation-origins-controversies-and-a},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Whitcombe2017Powerless,
  author = {Whitcombe, Sue},
  title = {Powerless to parent; powerless to protect: The experiences of alienated parents in the UK},
  journal = {Maltrattamento e abuso all’infanzia},
  publisher = {FrancoAngeli (Italy)},
  address = {United Kingdom},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {19},
  number = {1},
  pages = {47--66},
  isbn = {ISSN 1591-4267, ISSNe 1972-5140},
  abstract = {Parental alienation is the unwarranted denigration or rejection of a parent where there was a previous loving relationship. Despite thirty years of study establishing its aetiology, prevalence, appropriate interventions and outcomes for children, parental alienation remains a highly contentious concept in the UK. Additionally, there has been minimal exploration of the experiences of alienated parents across the globe. A recent Q analysis uncovered the subjective and intersubjective experiences of British alienated parents. An unexpected consensus became apparent which merited further analysis of the data. Through this phenomenological exploration of the participants’ narratives, a pervasive sense of “powerlessness” emerged. The source of this felt sense of powerlessness is considered and recommendations for policy and practice are suggested.},
  keywords = {Parental Alienation; family conflict; psychological harm; family law; parent; DSM},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtauaM2cJYDCtcU9iU76A?e=0jVwih},
  language = {English}
}

Parental alienation is the unwarranted denigration or rejection of a parent where there was a previous loving relationship. Despite thirty years of study establishing its aetiology, prevalence, appropriate interventions and outcomes for children, parental alienation remains a highly contentious concept in the UK. Additionally, there has been minimal exploration of the experiences of alienated parents across the globe. A recent Q analysis uncovered the subjective and intersubjective experiences of British alienated parents. An unexpected consensus became apparent which merited further analysis of the data. Through this phenomenological exploration of the participants’ narratives, a pervasive sense of “powerlessness” emerged. The source of this felt sense of powerlessness is considered and recommendations for policy and practice are suggested.

@article{Whitcombe2017Parental,
  author = {Whitcombe, Sue},
  title = {Parental alienation or justifiable estrangement? Assessing a child’s resistance to a parent in the UK.},
  journal = {Seen and Heard},
  publisher = {NAGALRO (Esher, England)},
  address = {United Kingdom},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {27},
  number = {3},
  pages = {31--47},
  isbn = {ISSN print:1744-1072},
  abstract = {The author looks at characteristics of parental alienation and the impact it has on their children's behaviour. Themes in the article cover: symptomatic behaviours in the child; normal child behaviours and child abuse; parental and contextual factors; alienating behaviours; estrangement or alienation?; assessment; case management and intervention.},
  keywords = {parents; parent-child relations; children; child abuse; assessment; intervention; behaviour; case management; DSM},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtauaM3wznrJruQ2i-_Hw?e=kUrAQD},
  language = {English}
}

The author looks at characteristics of parental alienation and the impact it has on their children's behaviour. Themes in the article cover: symptomatic behaviours in the child; normal child behaviours and child abuse; parental and contextual factors; alienating behaviours; estrangement or alienation?; assessment; case management and intervention.

@techreport{Whitcombe2017Parental,
  author = {Whitcombe, Sue},
  title = {Parental alienation: Reading and resources for practitioners and professionals},
  address = {United Kingdom},
  year = {2017},
  month = {April},
  keywords = {Bibliography; Resources; Family Psychology Solutions CIC; DSM},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtauaM55f_hpzlZP956Iw?e=fz2rqG},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Milchman2017Misogynistic,
  author = {Milchman, M. S.},
  title = {Misogynistic cultural argument in parental alienation versus child sexual abuse cases},
  journal = {Journal of Child Custody: Research, Issues, and Practices},
  publisher = {Taylor Francis Online},
  address = {United Kingdom},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {14},
  number = {4},
  pages = {211--233},
  isbn = {ISSN: 1537-940X},
  abstract = {This article argues that major advances in parental alienation (PA) theory, since its inception as the Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS), have not consistently been applied in custody litigation practice, because they do not serve advocacy needs; whereas, the misogynistic cultural argument in PAS, when relied on implicitly but not stated explicitly, can win cases. It first discusses advances in modern PA theory that eliminate misogyny. It then reviews feminist advances (1960s to 1980s) to show the threat to patriarchal power, and the fathers’ rights backlash, to explain their demand for legal redress. The hypothesis that a misogynistic cultural framework undermines evidence-based reasoning in child custody cases is supported with studies associating misogynistic beliefs with irrational thinking in multiple scientific areas, including child custody; and documents that show misogyny is a serious concern in the U.S. legal system. The article concludes by stating the need for evidence of misogynistic bias in custody decisions. Special thanks to Richard Warshak, Ph.D. for his detailed critique of this manuscript.},
  keywords = {child custody; misogyny; bias; cultural argument; social framework; Critics},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav89xwcxfxtXJNH2nSA?e=NLD9RD},
  language = {English}
}

This article argues that major advances in parental alienation (PA) theory, since its inception as the Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS), have not consistently been applied in custody litigation practice, because they do not serve advocacy needs; whereas, the misogynistic cultural argument in PAS, when relied on implicitly but not stated explicitly, can win cases. It first discusses advances in modern PA theory that eliminate misogyny. It then reviews feminist advances (1960s to 1980s) to show the threat to patriarchal power, and the fathers’ rights backlash, to explain their demand for legal redress. The hypothesis that a misogynistic cultural framework undermines evidence-based reasoning in child custody cases is supported with studies associating misogynistic beliefs with irrational thinking in multiple scientific areas, including child custody; and documents that show misogyny is a serious concern in the U.S. legal system. The article concludes by stating the need for evidence of misogynistic bias in custody decisions. Special thanks to Richard Warshak, Ph.D. for his detailed critique of this manuscript.

@article{Verrocchio2016Associations,
  author = {Verrocchio, MC and Baker, AJL and Bernet, W},
  title = {Associations between Exposure to Alienating Behaviors, Anxiety, and Depression in an Italian Sample of Adults},
  journal = {Journal of Forensic Sciences},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {61},
  number = {3},
  pages = {692--698},
  abstract = {The aim of this study was to examine associations between exposure to alienating behaviors (ABs) and anxiety and depression as mediated through psychological maltreatment and parental bonding in a sample of Italian adults in the community. Five hundred and nine adults were given a measure of exposure to ABs, the Baker Strategy Questionnaire; the Psychological Maltreatment Measure; the Parental Bonding Instrument; the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Y; and the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Exposure to ABs was associated with psychological maltreatment, which was associated with parental bonding, which was associated with each of the three mental health outcomes: depression, state anxiety, and trait anxiety. The authors conclude that exposure to ABs in childhood represents a risk factor for subsequent poor mental health.},
  keywords = {alienating behaviors; baker strategy questionnaire; beck depression inventory; child psychological abuse; forensic science; parental alienation; state-trait anxiety inventory; Long-term Consequences; Quantitative Research},
  url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27122408},
  language = {English}
}

The aim of this study was to examine associations between exposure to alienating behaviors (ABs) and anxiety and depression as mediated through psychological maltreatment and parental bonding in a sample of Italian adults in the community. Five hundred and nine adults were given a measure of exposure to ABs, the Baker Strategy Questionnaire; the Psychological Maltreatment Measure; the Parental Bonding Instrument; the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Y; and the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Exposure to ABs was associated with psychological maltreatment, which was associated with parental bonding, which was associated with each of the three mental health outcomes: depression, state anxiety, and trait anxiety. The authors conclude that exposure to ABs in childhood represents a risk factor for subsequent poor mental health.

@book{Drozd2016Parenting,
  author = {Drozd, L and Saini, M and Olesen, N},
  title = {Parenting Plan Evaluations: Applied Research for the Family Court},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2016},
  isbn = {978-0-19-939658-0},
  keywords = {children of divorce; parenting plans; child custody evaluations; Evaluation; Legal; Management; Quantitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

@incollection{Saini2016Empirical,
  author = {Saini, M and Johnston, JR and Fidler, BJ and Bala, N},
  title = {Empirical Studies of Alienation},
  booktitle = {Parenting Plan Evaluations: Applied Research for the Family Court},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2016},
  pages = {374--430},
  isbn = {978-0-19-939658-0},
  keywords = {parental alienation; quantitative research; Evaluation; Long-term Consequences; Management; Prevalence; Quantitative Research; Short-term Consequences},
  language = {English}
}

@book{Harman2016Parents,
  author = {Harman, JJ and Biringen, Z},
  title = {Parents Acting Badly: How Institutions and Societies Promote the Alienation of Children from Loving Parents},
  publisher = {CreateSpace},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2016},
  isbn = {1519675526},
  abstract = {Parental alienation affects as many as 22 million intact, separated, and divorced families in the U.S., and millions more worldwide. It is associated with severe trauma across multiple generations, including the destruction of healthy parent-child relationships, the larger family system, and social networks. Despite the sheer number of families and communities affected by this problem, many people (including professionals) either do not know what it is, actively deny its existence if they have heard of it, or passively serve as bystanders while children become increasingly alienated from loving and adequate families. In Parents Acting Badly, Drs. Jennifer Jill Harman and Zeynep Biringen provide a thorough analysis of how and why this family dynamic can insidiously gain momentum over the years, and how parenting stereotypes, gender inequality, and social institutions (such as family courts) all sanction and even promote the problem. Parents Acting Badly represents a paradigm shift in thinking about parental alienation—from a private issue to a public concern. The authors suggest new approaches to addressing this controversial problem that encompasses individual change, as well as social and institutional reforms. The understanding and prevention of parental alienation can help families, societies, and institutions protect the best interests of the child.},
  keywords = {Parental Alienation; Etiology; Evaluation; Qualitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

Parental alienation affects as many as 22 million intact, separated, and divorced families in the U.S., and millions more worldwide. It is associated with severe trauma across multiple generations, including the destruction of healthy parent-child relationships, the larger family system, and social networks. Despite the sheer number of families and communities affected by this problem, many people (including professionals) either do not know what it is, actively deny its existence if they have heard of it, or passively serve as bystanders while children become increasingly alienated from loving and adequate families. In Parents Acting Badly, Drs. Jennifer Jill Harman and Zeynep Biringen provide a thorough analysis of how and why this family dynamic can insidiously gain momentum over the years, and how parenting stereotypes, gender inequality, and social institutions (such as family courts) all sanction and even promote the problem. Parents Acting Badly represents a paradigm shift in thinking about parental alienation—from a private issue to a public concern. The authors suggest new approaches to addressing this controversial problem that encompasses individual change, as well as social and institutional reforms. The understanding and prevention of parental alienation can help families, societies, and institutions protect the best interests of the child.

@article{Harman2016Prevalence,
  author = {Harman, JJ and Leder-Elder, S and Biringen, Z},
  title = {Prevalence of parental alienation drawn from a representative poll},
  journal = {Children and Youth Services Review},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {66},
  pages = {62--66},
  abstract = {The current work is the first known representative poll of adults (N = 610) aimed at determining the prevalence of parental alienation. Parental alienation describes actions that a parent takes to intentionally, or unintentionally, distance a child (or children) from the other parent (Darnell, 1998). Results revealed that 13.4% of parents (or 9.03% of the entire sample) have been alienated from one or more of their children. Our findings suggest that tens of millions of adults and their children may be impacted by parental alienation, which is much higher than previous estimates. Furthermore, findings show evidence of parental alienation across all socio-economic and demographic indicators. However, when compared to Census estimates of different demographic groups in the U.S. population, targeted parents were over-represented among Blacks/African Americans and Native Americans, and those with only a high school diploma level education. The sheer magnitude of parental alienation uncovered in this study indicates the need for more attention to be paid to this important and pervasive problem.},
  keywords = {Parental alienation; Prevalence; Random sampling; Methods; Prevalence; Quantitative Research},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.04.021},
  language = {English}
}

The current work is the first known representative poll of adults (N = 610) aimed at determining the prevalence of parental alienation. Parental alienation describes actions that a parent takes to intentionally, or unintentionally, distance a child (or children) from the other parent (Darnell, 1998). Results revealed that 13.4% of parents (or 9.03% of the entire sample) have been alienated from one or more of their children. Our findings suggest that tens of millions of adults and their children may be impacted by parental alienation, which is much higher than previous estimates. Furthermore, findings show evidence of parental alienation across all socio-economic and demographic indicators. However, when compared to Census estimates of different demographic groups in the U.S. population, targeted parents were over-represented among Blacks/African Americans and Native Americans, and those with only a high school diploma level education. The sheer magnitude of parental alienation uncovered in this study indicates the need for more attention to be paid to this important and pervasive problem.

@article{Lapierre2016Abused,
  author = {Lapierre, S and Côté, I},
  title = {Abused women and the threat of parental alienation: Shelter workers' perspectives},
  journal = {Children and Youth Services Review},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {65},
  pages = {120--126},
  abstract = {Based on quantitative and qualitative data collected in 30 domestic violence shelters in the Province of Québec (Canada), the research findings reveal a noticeable increase in the perceived number of women being accused or threatened to be accused of parental alienation; the accusations or threats of accusations reported in the last year by respondents represented 45% of all the accusations reported in the last 5 years (Last year: 4.27, SD = 3.80. Last 5 years: 9.47, SD = 10.04). A large majority of respondents (86.7%) stated that this phenomenon had had an impact on their practices in shelters, and more than half (53.3%) expressed that this issue had been either a priority for their shelters or one of their main concerns. Based on the research findings, the authors argue that domestic violence perpetrators use “parental alienation” as a tactic to discredit reports of abuse by women and children. By embracing this discourse, child protection services and the family court system reproduce the perpetrators' accounts and discredit reports of abuse by women and children, and therefore undermine their core mandate},
  keywords = {domestic violence; Parental alienation; Family court; Child protection services; Post-separation violence; Critics; Qualitative Research; Quantitative Research},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.03.022},
  language = {English}
}

Based on quantitative and qualitative data collected in 30 domestic violence shelters in the Province of Québec (Canada), the research findings reveal a noticeable increase in the perceived number of women being accused or threatened to be accused of parental alienation; the accusations or threats of accusations reported in the last year by respondents represented 45% of all the accusations reported in the last 5 years (Last year: 4.27, SD = 3.80. Last 5 years: 9.47, SD = 10.04). A large majority of respondents (86.7%) stated that this phenomenon had had an impact on their practices in shelters, and more than half (53.3%) expressed that this issue had been either a priority for their shelters or one of their main concerns. Based on the research findings, the authors argue that domestic violence perpetrators use “parental alienation” as a tactic to discredit reports of abuse by women and children. By embracing this discourse, child protection services and the family court system reproduce the perpetrators' accounts and discredit reports of abuse by women and children, and therefore undermine their core mandate

@article{Bernet2016Child,
  author = {Bernet, W and Wamboldt, MZ and Narrow, WE},
  title = {Child Affected by Parental Relationship Distress},
  journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {55},
  number = {7},
  pages = {571--579},
  abstract = {Objective:},
  keywords = {child affected by parental relationship distress; intimate partner distress; intimate partner violence; loyalty conflict; parental alienation; Classification; DSM; Qualitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtasvIDTXUMZH-4xWKBVw?e=Llz0DT},
  language = {English}
}

Objective:

@article{Eaton2016Parental,
  author = {Eaton, D and Jarmain, S and Lustigman, LF and Ruths, F},
  title = {Parental alienation: surely the time has come to effect change?},
  journal = {Family Law},
  address = {United Kingdom},
  year = {2016},
  abstract = {Dealing with the causes and consequences of parental alienation is one of the most difficult asks faced by the Family Court. This article precedes a special conference on the issue, involving a distinguished panel of family lawyers and professionals, which takes place at Withers LLP on 24 May 2016.},
  keywords = {implacable hostility; parental alienation; Legal; Long-term Consequences; Short-term Consequences},
  language = {English}
}

Dealing with the causes and consequences of parental alienation is one of the most difficult asks faced by the Family Court. This article precedes a special conference on the issue, involving a distinguished panel of family lawyers and professionals, which takes place at Withers LLP on 24 May 2016.

@book{Woodall2016Understanding,
  author = {Woodall, K and Woodall, N},
  title = {Understanding Parental Alienation: Learning to Cope and Helping to Heal},
  publisher = {Charles C Thomas},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2016},
  abstract = {Based on case studies of work with alienated children, Understanding Parental Alienation contains practical information and easy to understand approaches to dealing with children's rejecting behaviours and alienation.  Written by leading alienation practitioners, Karen and Nick Woodall, this book will help you to understand what alienation is and how to recognise the signs in children, evaluate the unique dynamics of your case and begin thinking about strategies for dealing with it.  This book contains practical strategies for managing alienation, including managing children's behaviours, taking court action and healing both yourself and your child.  Understanding Parental Alienation  is an invaluable tool for parents dealing with alienation.},
  keywords = {Parental alienation; coping strategies; managing alienation; Management},
  language = {English}
}

Based on case studies of work with alienated children, Understanding Parental Alienation contains practical information and easy to understand approaches to dealing with children's rejecting behaviours and alienation. Written by leading alienation practitioners, Karen and Nick Woodall, this book will help you to understand what alienation is and how to recognise the signs in children, evaluate the unique dynamics of your case and begin thinking about strategies for dealing with it. This book contains practical strategies for managing alienation, including managing children's behaviours, taking court action and healing both yourself and your child. Understanding Parental Alienation is an invaluable tool for parents dealing with alienation.

@book{Myers2016Tears,
  author = {Myers, FL},
  title = {Tears in the Rain},
  publisher = {CreateSpace Independent Publishing},
  year = {2016},
  isbn = {1530177553},
  abstract = {“Tears In The Rain” is a story of the tragic impact of the silent and little understood epidemic of narcissistic revenge and parental alienation. It is a story experienced by thousands of innocent children and targeted parents caught at the destructive intersection of pathological narcissism and toxic divorce.},
  keywords = {Parental alienation; fiction; Personal Experience; Short-term Consequences},
  language = {English}
}

“Tears In The Rain” is a story of the tragic impact of the silent and little understood epidemic of narcissistic revenge and parental alienation. It is a story experienced by thousands of innocent children and targeted parents caught at the destructive intersection of pathological narcissism and toxic divorce.

@book{Cambefort2016Famille,
  author = {Cambefort, J},
  title = {Famille éclatée, enfants manipulés: L'aliénation parentale},
  publisher = {Albin Michel},
  address = {France},
  year = {2016},
  isbn = {2226316825},
  abstract = {In the context of a conflicted separation, it can happen that a parent tries to indoctrinate or manipulate the child (or siblings) against the other parent. This parent is "alienating" the children, using all means to keep the "target parent" away from the child. Under its influence, the child calls its alienated parent "insane" and often comes to reject and hate the parent it has always loved. This "strategy of parental alienation," conscious or unconscious, leads to dramatic situations with toxic impacts on child development, especially in adolescence. Relying primarily on a representative case followed throughout several years, Jean-Pierre Cambefort, psychologist, identifies warning signs of manipulation and decrypts the process. It helps the alienated parent understand the situation, respond to the child and his ex-partner, and preserve the link with the child so that growing up, the child is free to love again both parents.},
  keywords = {Parental alienation; high-conflict divorce; signs of parental alienation; Long-term Consequences; Management; Personal Experience},
  language = {French}
}

In the context of a conflicted separation, it can happen that a parent tries to indoctrinate or manipulate the child (or siblings) against the other parent. This parent is "alienating" the children, using all means to keep the "target parent" away from the child. Under its influence, the child calls its alienated parent "insane" and often comes to reject and hate the parent it has always loved. This "strategy of parental alienation," conscious or unconscious, leads to dramatic situations with toxic impacts on child development, especially in adolescence. Relying primarily on a representative case followed throughout several years, Jean-Pierre Cambefort, psychologist, identifies warning signs of manipulation and decrypts the process. It helps the alienated parent understand the situation, respond to the child and his ex-partner, and preserve the link with the child so that growing up, the child is free to love again both parents.

@incollection{Coutanceau2016Syndrome,
  author = {Coutanceau, R},
  title = {Syndrome D'Aliénation Parentale, ou Logiques D'Influence},
  booktitle = {La parole de l'enfant},
  publisher = {Dunod Editeur},
  address = {France},
  year = {2016},
  pages = {185--194},
  isbn = {9782100747078},
  abstract = {The purpose of this chapter is to shed some light into the debate on the validity of parental alienation.},
  keywords = {Evaluation},
  language = {French}
}

The purpose of this chapter is to shed some light into the debate on the validity of parental alienation.

@article{Harman2016Parents,
  author = {Harman, JJ and Biringen, Z and Ratajack, EM and Outland, PL and Kraus, A},
  title = {Parents behaving badly: Gender biases in the perception of parental alienating behaviors},
  journal = {Journal of Family Psychology},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2016},
  pages = {1--9},
  abstract = {According to gender role theory, individuals who confirm expectations associated with their gender roles are rewarded and judged against these expectations when they deviate. Parental roles are strongly tied to gender, and there are very different expectations for behaviors of mothers and fathers. This study examined how mothers’ and fathers’ behaviors that support or discourage a positive relationship with the other parent are perceived in terms of their acceptability. Two-hundred twent-eight parents completed an online survey assessing perceptions of acceptability of negative (parental alienating) and positive coparenting behaviors. Results provided support for our hypothesis: Although parental alienating behaviors were rated unacceptable, they were more acceptable for mothers than fathers. Expectancy violation theory can explain why parental alienating behaviors are not viewed as negatively when mothers exhibit them than fathers.},
  keywords = {divorce; gender roles; parenting; parental alienation; stereotypes; Etiology; Quantitative Research},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/fam0000232},
  language = {English}
}

According to gender role theory, individuals who confirm expectations associated with their gender roles are rewarded and judged against these expectations when they deviate. Parental roles are strongly tied to gender, and there are very different expectations for behaviors of mothers and fathers. This study examined how mothers’ and fathers’ behaviors that support or discourage a positive relationship with the other parent are perceived in terms of their acceptability. Two-hundred twent-eight parents completed an online survey assessing perceptions of acceptability of negative (parental alienating) and positive coparenting behaviors. Results provided support for our hypothesis: Although parental alienating behaviors were rated unacceptable, they were more acceptable for mothers than fathers. Expectancy violation theory can explain why parental alienating behaviors are not viewed as negatively when mothers exhibit them than fathers.

@book{Slatton2016The,
  author = {Slatton, Traci L.},
  title = {The Year of Loving},
  publisher = {Parvati Press},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2016},
  isbn = {978-1942523062},
  abstract = {This novel involves parental alienation in its story line.  Art gallerist Sarah Paige’s world is crumbling. One daughter barely speaks to her and the other is off the rails. Sarah is struggling to keep her gallery afloat in a tough market when she learns that her most beloved friend has cancer. In the midst of her second divorce, two men come into her life: an older man who offers companionship and stability and an exciting younger man whose life is as chaotic as hers. Sarah’s courage, humor, and spirit strengthen her, but how much can she bear, and what sustains her when all else falls away?},
  keywords = {parental alienation; novel; Quantitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

This novel involves parental alienation in its story line. Art gallerist Sarah Paige’s world is crumbling. One daughter barely speaks to her and the other is off the rails. Sarah is struggling to keep her gallery afloat in a tough market when she learns that her most beloved friend has cancer. In the midst of her second divorce, two men come into her life: an older man who offers companionship and stability and an exciting younger man whose life is as chaotic as hers. Sarah’s courage, humor, and spirit strengthen her, but how much can she bear, and what sustains her when all else falls away?

@book{Camerini2016Alienazione,
  author = {Camerini, G. B. and Pingitore, M. and Lopez, J.},
  title = {Alienazione Parentale: Innovazioni Cliniche e Giuridiche},
  publisher = {FrancoAngeli},
  address = {Italy},
  year = {2016},
  isbn = {9788891743848},
  abstract = {Parental alienation is one of the most debated issues in recent years in separation/divorce and child custody. This book offers a scientific and methodological comparison (even with different points of view) on the clinical and the legal level, and provides all the insiders thoughtful insights and practical work on a controversial issue in the courts of Italy.},
  keywords = {clinical management; legal management; Management},
  language = {Italian}
}

Parental alienation is one of the most debated issues in recent years in separation/divorce and child custody. This book offers a scientific and methodological comparison (even with different points of view) on the clinical and the legal level, and provides all the insiders thoughtful insights and practical work on a controversial issue in the courts of Italy.

@article{Camerini2016Alienazione,
  author = {Camerini, G. B. and Pingitore, M.},
  title = {Alienazione parentale: ostacolo alla bigenitorialità},
  journal = {il Familiarista},
  address = {Italy},
  year = {2016},
  abstract = {Parental alienation is a psychological phenomenon that arises during the separation step involving all family members. The authors dwell on the definition of the concept of parental alienation, briefly describing the profiles of the actors involved: father, mother and son.},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research},
  url = {http://ilfamiliarista.it/articoli/focus/alienazione-parentale-ostacolo-alla-bigenitorialit},
  language = {Italian}
}

Parental alienation is a psychological phenomenon that arises during the separation step involving all family members. The authors dwell on the definition of the concept of parental alienation, briefly describing the profiles of the actors involved: father, mother and son.

@incollection{Boch-Galhau2016Parental,
  author = {Boch-Galhau, W. von},
  title = {Parental Alienation (Syndrome): Eine ernst zu nehmende Form von psychischer Kindesmisshandlung},
  booktitle = {Praxisleitfaden Kinderschutz in Kita und Grundschule [Introduction into Child Protection in Nursery and Elementary Schools]},
  publisher = {Wolter Kluwer / Carl Link Verlag},
  address = {Germany},
  year = {2016},
  pages = {79--84},
  isbn = {978-3-556-07104-5},
  keywords = {child psychological abuse; Qualitative Research},
  language = {German}
}

@book{Zicavo2016Parentalidad,
  author = {Zicavo, N. (editor)},
  title = {Parentalidad y Divorcio: (Des)encuentros en la Familia Latinoamericana},
  publisher = {ALFEPSI Editorial},
  year = {2016},
  isbn = {978-607-96454-4-1},
  abstract = {This book is the result of the joint work of a group of professionals, specialists in the area of ​the family, who have been working tirelessly to try to unravel the progress, conflicts, and limitations of this social unit of particular importance.  It is within the family in which people develop and which also can limit and violate them, especially the most vulnerable, the children. The main mission of this book is to address the problem of domestic violence and in particular the mistreatment suffered by those children that often get caught up in conflicts that do not belong to them, conflicts of parents who put aside consensus and aspire to win a battle in which all will come out losers.},
  keywords = {parenting; divorce; Qualitative Research},
  language = {Spanish}
}

This book is the result of the joint work of a group of professionals, specialists in the area of ​the family, who have been working tirelessly to try to unravel the progress, conflicts, and limitations of this social unit of particular importance. It is within the family in which people develop and which also can limit and violate them, especially the most vulnerable, the children. The main mission of this book is to address the problem of domestic violence and in particular the mistreatment suffered by those children that often get caught up in conflicts that do not belong to them, conflicts of parents who put aside consensus and aspire to win a battle in which all will come out losers.

@article{Baker2016The,
  author = {Baker, A. J. L. and Eichler, A.},
  title = {The linkage between parental alienation behaviors and child alienation},
  journal = {Journal of Divorce & Remarriage},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {57},
  number = {7},
  pages = {475--484},
  abstract = {One hundred and nine college students completed an anonymous and confidential survey regarding their childhood exposure to parental alienation strategies by each parent as well as their own actions and attitudes toward each parent. Results revealed statistically significant associations between parental alienation behaviors and behaviors of an alienated child, even after controlling for the quality of parenting of the rejected parent. The findings are discussed in light of attachment theory, social learning theory, and family systems theory.},
  keywords = {child alienation; college students; parental alienation; Quantitative Research},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2016.1220285},
  language = {English}
}

One hundred and nine college students completed an anonymous and confidential survey regarding their childhood exposure to parental alienation strategies by each parent as well as their own actions and attitudes toward each parent. Results revealed statistically significant associations between parental alienation behaviors and behaviors of an alienated child, even after controlling for the quality of parenting of the rejected parent. The findings are discussed in light of attachment theory, social learning theory, and family systems theory.

@book{James2016The,
  author = {James, C.},
  title = {The Child Who Hates Her Father and the Mother Who Caused It!},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2016},
  isbn = {9781520140865},
  abstract = {This book discusses the personal biography of a U.S. Marine, who has fought the system and a mother who has caused parental alienation syndrome against him, resulting in adult child estrangement with her father. Cleland, due to parental alienation syndrome, no longer has any relationship at all with his child, who is now an adult, due to the false allegations intended to drive a wedge between father and child. The PAS that has taken place, clearly child abuse in itself, has caused a situation where the child hates the alienated parent. Thus, she no longer has any will to continue or try any relationship at all.},
  keywords = {personal experience; Personal Experience},
  language = {English}
}

This book discusses the personal biography of a U.S. Marine, who has fought the system and a mother who has caused parental alienation syndrome against him, resulting in adult child estrangement with her father. Cleland, due to parental alienation syndrome, no longer has any relationship at all with his child, who is now an adult, due to the false allegations intended to drive a wedge between father and child. The PAS that has taken place, clearly child abuse in itself, has caused a situation where the child hates the alienated parent. Thus, she no longer has any will to continue or try any relationship at all.

@article{Clemente2016When,
  author = {Clemente, M. and Padilla-Racero, D.},
  title = {When courts accept what science rejects: Custody issues concerning the alleged "parental alienation syndrome"},
  journal = {Journal of Child Custody},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {13},
  number = {2-3},
  pages = {126--133},
  abstract = {"Parental alienation syndrome" (PAS) is unscientific and is an affront to children, women who hold the custody of children of separated couples, science, human rights, and the justice system itself. Justice, to be just, should be based on scientifically proven theories and evidence. This article describes investigations carried out to show that two of the principles that underpin PAS are false: That children lie when pressed (alienated in the terminology of PAS), and that the principle that should guide judges' actions for the good of the child should be that for the child to always be in contact with both parents. The results of these investigations show that these two principles are false and advocates the use of truly scientific proceedings for judges to grant custody in case of dispute between parents, as well as for determining the visitation for the noncustodial parent.},
  keywords = {child protection; custody; forensic psychology; parental alienation; legal psychology; parental alienation syndrome; Critics},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15379418.2016.1219245},
  language = {English}
}

"Parental alienation syndrome" (PAS) is unscientific and is an affront to children, women who hold the custody of children of separated couples, science, human rights, and the justice system itself. Justice, to be just, should be based on scientifically proven theories and evidence. This article describes investigations carried out to show that two of the principles that underpin PAS are false: That children lie when pressed (alienated in the terminology of PAS), and that the principle that should guide judges' actions for the good of the child should be that for the child to always be in contact with both parents. The results of these investigations show that these two principles are false and advocates the use of truly scientific proceedings for judges to grant custody in case of dispute between parents, as well as for determining the visitation for the noncustodial parent.

@article{Dallam2016Recommended,
  author = {Dallam, S. and Silberg, J.L.},
  title = {Recommended treatments for "parental alienation syndrome" (PAS) may cause children foreseeable and lasting psychological harm},
  journal = {Journal of Child Custody},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {13},
  number = {2-3},
  pages = {134--143},
  abstract = {The coercive and punitive "therapies" recommended for children diagnosed with parental alienation constitute an ethical minefield and are especially inappropriate when used on children who have already been traumatized. Forced reunification against a child's will and without taking into consideration the child's point of view and emotional well-being, can be expected to reinforce a sense of helplessness and powerlessness in an already vulnerable child. Such "treatment" can be expected to do more harm than good, and rather than helping their well-being, could cause lasting psychological harm, particularly when imposed upon children who claim the parent they are being forced to reunify with is abusive.},
  keywords = {child abuse; parental alienation; reunification; treatment; Critics},
  language = {English}
}

The coercive and punitive "therapies" recommended for children diagnosed with parental alienation constitute an ethical minefield and are especially inappropriate when used on children who have already been traumatized. Forced reunification against a child's will and without taking into consideration the child's point of view and emotional well-being, can be expected to reinforce a sense of helplessness and powerlessness in an already vulnerable child. Such "treatment" can be expected to do more harm than good, and rather than helping their well-being, could cause lasting psychological harm, particularly when imposed upon children who claim the parent they are being forced to reunify with is abusive.

@article{Shaw2016Commentary,
  author = {Shaw, M.},
  title = {Commentary for "Examining the use of 'parental alienation syndrome'"},
  journal = {Journal of Child Custody},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {13},
  number = {2-3},
  pages = {144--146},
  abstract = {This commentary is in response to the article, "Examining the use of 'parental alienation syndrome,'" and provides useful information to individuals and institutions within both the mental health and legal fields. Further exploration of the concepts within Richard Gardner's parental alienation syndrome (PAS) is important given the fact that PAS has no methodologically sound, peer-reviewed research and yet legal systems and mental health professionals continue to rely on it greatly in making very important legal decisions that affect the lives of many. While attorneys,judges, or clinicians may not say a child is suffering from PAS, or may never even use the term "alienating," they still base their opinions and subsequent recommendations on Gardner's concepts and ideology. Articles like this one hopefully bring light to these important areas and bring the focus back on what is in the best interest of the children.},
  keywords = {child custody; family court; parental alienation; Richard Gardner; Critics},
  language = {English}
}

This commentary is in response to the article, "Examining the use of 'parental alienation syndrome,'" and provides useful information to individuals and institutions within both the mental health and legal fields. Further exploration of the concepts within Richard Gardner's parental alienation syndrome (PAS) is important given the fact that PAS has no methodologically sound, peer-reviewed research and yet legal systems and mental health professionals continue to rely on it greatly in making very important legal decisions that affect the lives of many. While attorneys,judges, or clinicians may not say a child is suffering from PAS, or may never even use the term "alienating," they still base their opinions and subsequent recommendations on Gardner's concepts and ideology. Articles like this one hopefully bring light to these important areas and bring the focus back on what is in the best interest of the children.

@article{Kleinman2016Ethics,
  author = {Kleinman, T.G.},
  title = {Ethics on trial: A comment},
  journal = {Journal of Child Custody},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {13},
  number = {2-3},
  pages = {147--153},
  abstract = {This comment reviews attorney and mental health duties to the court and their profession and discusses  ways to have an impact on how information, known to be considered without scientific basis, "junk science" is put forth to courts and what can possibly be done to stop that.},
  keywords = {ethics; custody; Daubert; attorney; Evidence Rule 702; expert; Frye; GArdner; parental alienation syndrome (PAS); Critics},
  language = {English}
}

This comment reviews attorney and mental health duties to the court and their profession and discusses ways to have an impact on how information, known to be considered without scientific basis, "junk science" is put forth to courts and what can possibly be done to stop that.

@article{Joshi2016Parental,
  author = {Joshi, A.S.},
  title = {Parental Alienation: The Problem},
  journal = {Michigan Family Law Journal},
  publisher = {State Bar of Michigan},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {46},
  number = {8},
  pages = {7--10},
  abstract = {Ideally, a divorcing couple aspires for a healthy closure of a marriage. Yet when a marriage has produced children, a post-divorce parent-child relationship continues to exist and necessitates that the parents, despite their divorce, continue to co-parent the child. At the healthiest end of this spectrum, a child has positive relationships with both parents and desires time with each of his or her parents. The majority of post-divorce children fit into this category. At the other end of this spectrum is an unhealthy, pathological situation wherein a child rejects a parent. Where the rejection is unequivocal, strident, without guilt or ambivalence, absolute and without justification, we encounter the phenomenon known as "parental alienation."},
  keywords = {parental alienation; parental alienation syndrome; estrangement; DSM-5; Qualitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtasvQmmvRBeqbjfCaoGA?e=fL9UE8},
  language = {English}
}

Ideally, a divorcing couple aspires for a healthy closure of a marriage. Yet when a marriage has produced children, a post-divorce parent-child relationship continues to exist and necessitates that the parents, despite their divorce, continue to co-parent the child. At the healthiest end of this spectrum, a child has positive relationships with both parents and desires time with each of his or her parents. The majority of post-divorce children fit into this category. At the other end of this spectrum is an unhealthy, pathological situation wherein a child rejects a parent. Where the rejection is unequivocal, strident, without guilt or ambivalence, absolute and without justification, we encounter the phenomenon known as "parental alienation."

@article{Vezzetti2016New,
  author = {Vezzetti, V.C.},
  title = {New approaches to divorce with children: A problem of public health},
  journal = {Health Psychology Open},
  publisher = {Sage},
  address = {Italy},
  year = {2016},
  pages = {1--13},
  abstract = {This broad review elaborates on the most up-to-date knowledge on biochemical and psychobiological aspects of parental loss and other childhood adversities during divorce involving minor children. So far, divorce involving minor children was unfortunately considered by authorities only as a purely juridical problem, and this approach has often allowed a completely different approach according to the Courts. Now, scientific research, also making use of animal models, is demonstrating the biological basis of the problem and the indisputable consequences on the well-being and health of children. The innovative conclusion of this review is that this argument (because of its frequency and gravity) is primarily a question of public health and that it is necessary to further harmonize practices in this area.},
  keywords = {biological effects; psychobiological effects; shared parenting; divorce; sole parenting; Qualitative Research; Quantitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

This broad review elaborates on the most up-to-date knowledge on biochemical and psychobiological aspects of parental loss and other childhood adversities during divorce involving minor children. So far, divorce involving minor children was unfortunately considered by authorities only as a purely juridical problem, and this approach has often allowed a completely different approach according to the Courts. Now, scientific research, also making use of animal models, is demonstrating the biological basis of the problem and the indisputable consequences on the well-being and health of children. The innovative conclusion of this review is that this argument (because of its frequency and gravity) is primarily a question of public health and that it is necessary to further harmonize practices in this area.

@article{Templer2016Recommendations,
  author = {Templer, K. and Matthewson, M. and Haines, J. and Cox, G.},
  title = {Recommendations for best practice in response to parental alienation: findings from a systematic review},
  journal = {Journal of Family Therapy},
  publisher = {The Association of Family Therapy and Systemic Practice},
  address = {Australia},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {39},
  number = {1},
  pages = {103--122},
  abstract = {This study aimed to systematically review the literature pertaining to parental alienation to determine best practice for therapists and legal practitioners. Medicine, Embase, and PsycINFO academic databases, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and conference abstracts were searched. Included articles were peer reviewed journal articles or books published in English pertaining to a psychological or legal intervention for parental alienation. Ten articles were included in the review. It was found that changes in custodial or residential arrangements in favour of the targeted parent are effective in ameliorating parental alienation. Specialized family therapy addressing the alienation is effective in restoring family relationships and family functioning. A coordinated approach from therapists and legal practitioners is important in resolving parental alienation.},
  keywords = {parental alienation; custody; residency; alienated parent; intervention; restorative; Qualitative Research},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-6427.12137/epdf},
  language = {English}
}

This study aimed to systematically review the literature pertaining to parental alienation to determine best practice for therapists and legal practitioners. Medicine, Embase, and PsycINFO academic databases, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and conference abstracts were searched. Included articles were peer reviewed journal articles or books published in English pertaining to a psychological or legal intervention for parental alienation. Ten articles were included in the review. It was found that changes in custodial or residential arrangements in favour of the targeted parent are effective in ameliorating parental alienation. Specialized family therapy addressing the alienation is effective in restoring family relationships and family functioning. A coordinated approach from therapists and legal practitioners is important in resolving parental alienation.

@book{Snow2016The,
  author = {Snow, K.H.},
  title = {The Worst Interests of the Child},
  publisher = {Burning Sage},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2016},
  isbn = {9780981611488},
  abstract = {“Keith Harmon Snow’s meticulously documented investigation into sex-trafficking of children by American judges is not to be missed. This scandal is one of the most important censored stories in our country today. I might not believe what Mr. Snow has written if I had not independently investigated two dozen cases not discussed in his article, and found ample evidence of the precise dynamics he lays out for us here. Anyone who says they care about child welfare needs to learn what is happening in family courts and take action until it is stopped. Once you start reading this exposé, you won’t be able to put it down.” —Lundy Bancroft},
  keywords = {family law; trafficking; Critics},
  language = {English}
}

“Keith Harmon Snow’s meticulously documented investigation into sex-trafficking of children by American judges is not to be missed. This scandal is one of the most important censored stories in our country today. I might not believe what Mr. Snow has written if I had not independently investigated two dozen cases not discussed in his article, and found ample evidence of the precise dynamics he lays out for us here. Anyone who says they care about child welfare needs to learn what is happening in family courts and take action until it is stopped. Once you start reading this exposé, you won’t be able to put it down.” —Lundy Bancroft

@article{Wiley2016Serious,
  author = {Wiley, F.},
  title = {Serious Parental Alienation - The Approach of the Courts and Practitioners in 2016},
  journal = {Family Law Week},
  address = {United Kingdom},
  year = {2016},
  abstract = {This article advises court practitioners how to respond and react to parental alienation cases in the United Kingdom family law system. It also discusses how the UK courts currently handle such cases.},
  keywords = {parental alienation; family law; Legal},
  url = {http://www.familylawweek.co.uk/site.aspx?i=ed161124},
  language = {English}
}

This article advises court practitioners how to respond and react to parental alienation cases in the United Kingdom family law system. It also discusses how the UK courts currently handle such cases.

@article{Wiener2016Court,
  author = {Wiener, E. and Schaul, B.},
  title = {Court Intervention in Child Alienation Cases},
  journal = {New York Law Journal},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2016},
  abstract = {This article highlights the psychological issues involved in alienation, the remedies recommended by the mental health community, and the case law establishing the legal authority for court orders to address this critical problem in families.},
  keywords = {parental alienation; intervention; Legal; Management},
  language = {English}
}

This article highlights the psychological issues involved in alienation, the remedies recommended by the mental health community, and the case law establishing the legal authority for court orders to address this critical problem in families.

@book{Pivniceru2016Interesul,
  author = {Pivniceru, M. and Luca, C.},
  title = {Interesul superior al copilului. Expertiza psihologica in caz de separarea/divortul parintilor},
  publisher = {Hamangiu},
  address = {Romania},
  year = {2016},
  isbn = {9786062707279},
  abstract = {The book analyzes the legal criteria of what is considered the best interests of children in divorce cases. This book also psychologically analyzes the needs of the children in such cases and examines the methodology of providing psychological expertise in determining the best interests of the children.},
  keywords = {best interests; Evaluation; Legal},
  url = {http://www.hamangiu.ro/interesul-superior-al-copilului-expertiza-psihologica-in-caz-de-separarea-divortul-parintilor},
  language = {Romanian}
}

The book analyzes the legal criteria of what is considered the best interests of children in divorce cases. This book also psychologically analyzes the needs of the children in such cases and examines the methodology of providing psychological expertise in determining the best interests of the children.

@book{Montecchi2016I,
  author = {Montecchi, F.},
  title = {I figli nelle separazioni conflittuali e nella (cosiddetta) PAS. Massacro psicologico e possibilità di riparazione},
  publisher = {FrancoAngeli},
  address = {Italy},
  year = {2016},
  isbn = {9788891729101},
  abstract = {This book offers a careful and original clinical observation of the emotional functioning of children involved in high conflict separation and the so-called PAS; implicitly has a complaint about how these children psychologically massacred by their parents, continue to be so because obtuseness of some legal and social paths. The book is addressed to both childhood professionals in the medical area, both legal and psychological social, lawyers and judges, engaged in marital separations, as well as those wishing to understand the complex and painful reality of these children. It proposes a clinical reinterpretation according to a child-centric vision of an alternative to the adult-centric dominant in our society.  It examines the psychodynamic and psychopathological aspects, aimed at the psychological recovery. It analyzes the strategies for clinical intervention, compared with criminal trails and conservation initiatives and identifies the variables that expose them to a bankruptcy action. Lastly, the book Indicates the strategies of the therapy, giving ample space to innovative psychotherapeutic methods, family and individual, in particular to "play sand" Dora Kalff (Sand play therapy) when the child, through images, expresses in a very transparent her psychopathological functioning.},
  keywords = {analytical psychology; psychopathology; rehabilitation; clinical intervention; Evaluation; Management},
  language = {Italian}
}

This book offers a careful and original clinical observation of the emotional functioning of children involved in high conflict separation and the so-called PAS; implicitly has a complaint about how these children psychologically massacred by their parents, continue to be so because obtuseness of some legal and social paths. The book is addressed to both childhood professionals in the medical area, both legal and psychological social, lawyers and judges, engaged in marital separations, as well as those wishing to understand the complex and painful reality of these children. It proposes a clinical reinterpretation according to a child-centric vision of an alternative to the adult-centric dominant in our society. It examines the psychodynamic and psychopathological aspects, aimed at the psychological recovery. It analyzes the strategies for clinical intervention, compared with criminal trails and conservation initiatives and identifies the variables that expose them to a bankruptcy action. Lastly, the book Indicates the strategies of the therapy, giving ample space to innovative psychotherapeutic methods, family and individual, in particular to "play sand" Dora Kalff (Sand play therapy) when the child, through images, expresses in a very transparent her psychopathological functioning.

@article{Warshak2016Risks,
  author = {Warshak, R.A.},
  title = {Risks to Professionals Who Work with Troubled and Alienated Parent-Child Relationships},
  journal = {The American Journal of Family Therapy},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {44},
  number = {3},
  pages = {111--128},
  abstract = {Working with children who have irrationally rejected a parent is},
  keywords = {irrational hatred; protective measures; Management},
  url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01926187.2016.1145084},
  language = {English}
}

Working with children who have irrationally rejected a parent is

@article{Matic2016Specific,
  author = {Matic, A.E. and Mirica, S.C.},
  title = {Specific Deontological/Ethical Regulations Concerning the Involvement, Duties and the Active Role of Certain Categories of Civil Servants Regarding the Protection of Family Relationshipt against Parental Alienation Syndrome},
  journal = {Perspectives of Business Law Journal},
  publisher = {Societatea de Stiinte Juridice si Administrative},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {5},
  number = {1},
  pages = {94--100},
  abstract = {The present paper aims to analyze the manner in which parental alienation syndrome (acknowledged as a},
  keywords = {parental alienation syndrome; deontological rules; ethical rules; judge; social assistant; child welfare; Qualitative Research},
  url = {http://businesslawconference.ro/revista/articole/an5nr1/Art.%2014%20Matic,%20Mirica.pdf},
  language = {English}
}

The present paper aims to analyze the manner in which parental alienation syndrome (acknowledged as a

@article{Walters2016When,
  author = {Walters, M.G. and Friedlander, S.},
  title = {When a child rejects a parent: Working with the intractable Resist/Refuse dynamic},
  journal = {Family Court Review},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {54},
  number = {3},
  pages = {424--445},
  abstract = {A subgroup of intractable families, in which a child refuses postseparation contact with a parent, perplexes and frustrates professionals who work with them. This article discusses the underlying forces that drive the family's intractability. as well as guidelines for working with the family. The guidelines include specific court orders developed from the very beginning of the case that elaborate the court's stance about goals and expectations for the family, along with specialized individual and family therapies that are undertaken within a framework of planned collaboration with the court. The collaborative team of legal and mental health professionals works in an innovative and active way to structure, support, and monitor the family's progress in resolving the resist/refuse dynamic.},
  keywords = {child rejection of a parent; court-ordered therapy; favored parent; multi modal family intervention; parental alienation; reconnection therapy; reintegration therapy; rejected parent; Resist/Refuse Dynamic; reunification; reunification therapy; Management; Qualitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

A subgroup of intractable families, in which a child refuses postseparation contact with a parent, perplexes and frustrates professionals who work with them. This article discusses the underlying forces that drive the family's intractability. as well as guidelines for working with the family. The guidelines include specific court orders developed from the very beginning of the case that elaborate the court's stance about goals and expectations for the family, along with specialized individual and family therapies that are undertaken within a framework of planned collaboration with the court. The collaborative team of legal and mental health professionals works in an innovative and active way to structure, support, and monitor the family's progress in resolving the resist/refuse dynamic.

@article{Joshi2016Parental,
  author = {Joshi, A.S.},
  title = {Parental Alienation: Remedies},
  journal = {Michigan Family Law Journal},
  publisher = {State Bar of Michigan},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {46},
  number = {9},
  pages = {6--12},
  abstract = {Parental  alienation  is  a  declaration  of  war  by  one  parent  against the other.  e goal is clear: complete and utter annihilation of the target parent’s relationship with the child. This article discusses common myths and misconceptions of parental alienation in court.. This article discusses common myths and misconceptions of parental alienation in court.},
  keywords = {parental alienation; myths; Legal; Qualitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtasvQlKsHaYZw1rVurRQ?e=Ese23y},
  language = {English}
}

Parental alienation is a declaration of war by one parent against the other. e goal is clear: complete and utter annihilation of the target parent’s relationship with the child. This article discusses common myths and misconceptions of parental alienation in court.. This article discusses common myths and misconceptions of parental alienation in court.

@book{Royale2016Remembering,
  author = {Royale, L.L.},
  title = {Remembering the Raspberries},
  publisher = {Xlibris},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2016},
  isbn = {9781514439906},
  abstract = {Janet Robbins has the perfect life, or so she thought. She has the best job ever as a stay-at-home mom. She keeps extremely busy with her children, Sarah and Michael, chauffeuring them to school and activities, volunteering in their classrooms and school, and helping them with homework. Her children tell her she is the best mom ever. Janet runs the household without her husband Brad's help, as he is a busy school executive. She meticulously irons and coordinates his clothes and keeps him on schedule. Janet is supportive to Brad in every way imaginable with his demanding career. She slips into the world of a single parent without realizing it while she sees less and less of her husband.},
  keywords = {fiction; parental alienation; Personal Experience},
  language = {English}
}

Janet Robbins has the perfect life, or so she thought. She has the best job ever as a stay-at-home mom. She keeps extremely busy with her children, Sarah and Michael, chauffeuring them to school and activities, volunteering in their classrooms and school, and helping them with homework. Her children tell her she is the best mom ever. Janet runs the household without her husband Brad's help, as he is a busy school executive. She meticulously irons and coordinates his clothes and keeps him on schedule. Janet is supportive to Brad in every way imaginable with his demanding career. She slips into the world of a single parent without realizing it while she sees less and less of her husband.

@article{Laing2016Secondary,
  author = {Laing, L.},
  title = {Secondary Victimization: Domestic Violence Survivors Navigating the Family Law System},
  journal = {Violence Against Women},
  year = {2016},
  abstract = {This qualitative study explored the experiences of 22 domestic violence survivors attempting to negotiate safe post-separation parenting arrangements through the Australian family law system. Their allegations of violence put them at odds with a system that values mediated settlements and shared parenting. Skeptical responses, accusations of parental alienation, and pressure to agree to unsafe arrangements exacerbated the effects of post-separation violence. Core themes in the women’s narratives of engagement with the family law system—silencing, control, and undermining the mother–child relationship—mirrored domestic violence dynamics, suggesting the concept of secondary victimization as a useful lens for understanding their experiences.},
  keywords = {domestic violence; family law; Legal; Qualitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

This qualitative study explored the experiences of 22 domestic violence survivors attempting to negotiate safe post-separation parenting arrangements through the Australian family law system. Their allegations of violence put them at odds with a system that values mediated settlements and shared parenting. Skeptical responses, accusations of parental alienation, and pressure to agree to unsafe arrangements exacerbated the effects of post-separation violence. Core themes in the women’s narratives of engagement with the family law system—silencing, control, and undermining the mother–child relationship—mirrored domestic violence dynamics, suggesting the concept of secondary victimization as a useful lens for understanding their experiences.

@article{Baker2016Best,
  author = {Baker, A.J. and Asayan, M. and LaCheen-Baker, A.},
  title = {Best Interest of the Child and Parental Alienation: A Survey of State Statutes},
  journal = {Journal of Forensic Sciences},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {61},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1011--1016},
  abstract = {State statutes regarding the best interests of the child (BIC) in deciding disputed custody were reviewed and independently},
  keywords = {forensic science; BIC; parental alienation; statutes; psychological maltreatment; child's preferences; Qualitative Research; Quantitative Research},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1556-4029.13100/pdf},
  language = {English}
}

State statutes regarding the best interests of the child (BIC) in deciding disputed custody were reviewed and independently

@article{Smith2016Family-Based,
  author = {Smith, L.S.},
  title = {Family-Based Therapy for Parent-Child Reunification},
  journal = {Journal of Clinical Psychology},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {72},
  number = {5},
  pages = {498--512},
  abstract = {Children in highly conflicted, divorced families can become triangulated and polarized in their relationships with their parents. In time, this can lead to a child refusing to have a relationship with a parent, refusing for example, to see or talk to him or her. This access refusal can sometimes become extended, lasting months to years. When this occurs, the courts may request professional involvement to help facilitate parent-child reunification. This article outlines a family-based treatment model for parent-child reunification cases. This family-based treatment incorporates treatment goals for each family member and each family member is asked to be a part of the solution in resolving the family's problems. I provide a case illustration as well as helpful tips for treating these families.},
  keywords = {access refusal; high-conflict divorce; parent child reunification; parental alienation; visitation refusal; Management; Qualitative Research},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jclp.22259/full},
  language = {English}
}

Children in highly conflicted, divorced families can become triangulated and polarized in their relationships with their parents. In time, this can lead to a child refusing to have a relationship with a parent, refusing for example, to see or talk to him or her. This access refusal can sometimes become extended, lasting months to years. When this occurs, the courts may request professional involvement to help facilitate parent-child reunification. This article outlines a family-based treatment model for parent-child reunification cases. This family-based treatment incorporates treatment goals for each family member and each family member is asked to be a part of the solution in resolving the family's problems. I provide a case illustration as well as helpful tips for treating these families.

@article{Matic2016Specific,
  author = {Matic, Andreea Elena and Ştefania Cristina Mirică},
  title = {Specific Deontological/Ethical Regulations Concerning the Involvement, Duties and the Active Role of Certain Categories of Civil Servants Regarding the Protection of Family Relationship Against Parental Alienation Syndrome},
  journal = {Perspectives of Business Law Journal},
  publisher = {Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies},
  year = {2016},
  month = {November},
  volume = {5},
  number = {1},
  pages = {94--100},
  isbn = {2286-0649 (Online)},
  abstract = {The present paper aims to analyze the manner in which the parental alienation syndrome (acknowledged as a form of severe psychological abuse against children by the Directive No. 2/2016 for recognition of parental alienation phenomenon) is identified, prevented and treated and by Romanian state authorities. The parental alienation syndrome emerged and started to spread in Romanian society due to the increasing rate of divorce and the larger number of single parent families. According to the definition found in the first article of the Directive no. 2/2016, this form of abuse consists of the "systematic denigration work of one parent by the other parent, with the intention of alienating the child from the other parent." In the article, we will analyze the legal and deontological duties of officials from the Child Welfare and Protection which operates locally and, also, how the civil courts exercise their active role in solving the cases in which is claimed the existence of this form of severe psychological abuse. We will also describe specific cases. From our point of view, the formal recognition of the parental alienation is a progress in the actual achievement of the welfare and best interests of children in Romanian society. This matter must be treated seriously as the emotional abuse committed against minors impede their harmonious and balanced development, with dramatic effects on medium and long term.},
  keywords = {parental alienation syndrome; deontological rules; judge; social assistant; child welfare; Classification; Long-term Consequences; Short-term Consequences},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtastkbPi63CqLkAw-UeA},
  language = {English}
}

The present paper aims to analyze the manner in which the parental alienation syndrome (acknowledged as a form of severe psychological abuse against children by the Directive No. 2/2016 for recognition of parental alienation phenomenon) is identified, prevented and treated and by Romanian state authorities. The parental alienation syndrome emerged and started to spread in Romanian society due to the increasing rate of divorce and the larger number of single parent families. According to the definition found in the first article of the Directive no. 2/2016, this form of abuse consists of the "systematic denigration work of one parent by the other parent, with the intention of alienating the child from the other parent." In the article, we will analyze the legal and deontological duties of officials from the Child Welfare and Protection which operates locally and, also, how the civil courts exercise their active role in solving the cases in which is claimed the existence of this form of severe psychological abuse. We will also describe specific cases. From our point of view, the formal recognition of the parental alienation is a progress in the actual achievement of the welfare and best interests of children in Romanian society. This matter must be treated seriously as the emotional abuse committed against minors impede their harmonious and balanced development, with dramatic effects on medium and long term.

@article{Mendes2016PSYCHO-LEGAL,
  author = {Mendes, Josimar Antônio de Alcântara and Bucher-Maluschke, Julia Sursis Nobre Ferro and Vasconcelos, Danielle Ferreira and Fernandes, Gabriela Assumpção and Costa, Paulo Victor Madureira Nunes},
  title = {PSYCHO-LEGAL PUBLICATIONS ABOUT PARENTAL ALIENATION: AN  INTEGRATIVE REVIEW OF LITERATURE IN PORTUGUESE},
  journal = {Psicologia em Estudo, Maringá},
  publisher = {Department of Psychology of the State University of Maringá},
  address = {Brazil},
  year = {2016},
  month = {jan./mar.},
  volume = {21},
  number = {1},
  pages = {161--174},
  isbn = {ISSN 1413-7372 (printed) and ISSN 1807-0329 (online)},
  abstract = {After the enactment of Law No. 12,318 in 2010, awareness and discussion of Parental Alienation - AP increased not only in the psycho-legal context, but also social. This phenomenon also reflected in academic publications on the subject. This article analysed the publications on Parental Alienation, in Portuguese, between the years 2008 and 2014 in order to investigate the scientific quality of journals - based on the Qualis CAPES system, and the issues associated with the theme. 816 results were found with the descriptor "parental alienation" with a significant increase after 2010. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 29 articles followed for further analysis. Of these, 80% were publications of law, only 6.7% were empirical, 86% corroborated with the postulates of AP and ¾ were among the strata B4 and C. The most associated issues were slopes memories and / or sexual abuse allegations (42%) and shared custody (12%). The study concluded that there are many publications on the subject, but there are also publications in Portuguese, a deficit in term structure, methodology and scientific rigor.},
  keywords = {Parental Alienation Syndrome; Forensic Psychology; Child custody; Critics; Evaluation},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtastoj6G2IHG3K5jX2gA},
  language = {English}
}

After the enactment of Law No. 12,318 in 2010, awareness and discussion of Parental Alienation - AP increased not only in the psycho-legal context, but also social. This phenomenon also reflected in academic publications on the subject. This article analysed the publications on Parental Alienation, in Portuguese, between the years 2008 and 2014 in order to investigate the scientific quality of journals - based on the Qualis CAPES system, and the issues associated with the theme. 816 results were found with the descriptor "parental alienation" with a significant increase after 2010. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 29 articles followed for further analysis. Of these, 80% were publications of law, only 6.7% were empirical, 86% corroborated with the postulates of AP and ¾ were among the strata B4 and C. The most associated issues were slopes memories and / or sexual abuse allegations (42%) and shared custody (12%). The study concluded that there are many publications on the subject, but there are also publications in Portuguese, a deficit in term structure, methodology and scientific rigor.

@incollection{Hirigoyen2016Parental,
  author = {Hirigoyen, Marie-France},
  title = {Parental alienation as abuse of weakness},
  booktitle = {High Conflict Separation and Parental Alienation:  Children in Danger},
  publisher = {Chronique sociale.  www.chroniquesociale.com},
  address = {France},
  year = {2016},
  month = {February},
  pages = {102--117},
  isbn = {ISBN : 978-2-36717-165-4},
  abstract = {After separation, a number of parents go to war against their ex-spouse using the children as a weapon to hurt each other. Generally it starts before the separation by child blackmailing: "If you leave me, you will not see the children anymore! ". Then, the conflict is exacerbated around the question of their residence. It happens then that the one who feels betrayed by his ex-partner tries, consciously or not, to disqualify the other parent in the eyes of the child to the point sometimes to cause him to reject this parent or even to refuse to see him.},
  keywords = {Evaluation},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtasvEm-f2foaaQvhwNaQ?e=jknw4B},
  language = {English}
}

After separation, a number of parents go to war against their ex-spouse using the children as a weapon to hurt each other. Generally it starts before the separation by child blackmailing: "If you leave me, you will not see the children anymore! ". Then, the conflict is exacerbated around the question of their residence. It happens then that the one who feels betrayed by his ex-partner tries, consciously or not, to disqualify the other parent in the eyes of the child to the point sometimes to cause him to reject this parent or even to refuse to see him.

@phdthesis{Orosco2016La,
  author = {Orosco, Paulina Elizabeth Castañeda},
  title = {La inclusión del síndrome de Alienación Parental como un tipo de maltrato psicológico en el Art. 67 del Código de la Niñez y Adolescencia frente a la Figura Jurídica de Tenencia de menores y Régimen de Visitas en el D.M. de Quito},
  publisher = {UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR},
  address = {ECUADOR},
  year = {2016},
  month = {May},
  keywords = {PARENTAL ALIENATION SYNDROME; PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE CHILDREN AND TEENS; POSSESSION OF CHILD; VISITATION; PRINCIPLE OF CHILDREN BEST INTERESTS; MINORS; Evaluation; Legal; Dissertation},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav5o5k_OZbeeYge1PJg?e=UaZ8t5},
  language = {Spanish}
}

@book{TejedorHuerta2015El,
  author = {Tejedor Huerta, Asunción},
  title = {El Síndrome de Alienación Parental una forma de maltrato},
  publisher = {EOS},
  address = {Spain},
  year = {2015},
  isbn = {8497276124},
  abstract = {Recounting two cases of parental alienation in the Familiar Meeting Point Service of Seville, an organization that facilitates the measures agreed upon by Spanish family courts with divorced families, Tejedor Huerta exposes this syndrome as a form of child abuse with detrimental psychological consequences. Tejedor Huerta also suggests methods of intervention to prevent further psychological strain on the children.},
  keywords = {Evaluation; Qualitative Research},
  language = {Spanish}
}

Recounting two cases of parental alienation in the Familiar Meeting Point Service of Seville, an organization that facilitates the measures agreed upon by Spanish family courts with divorced families, Tejedor Huerta exposes this syndrome as a form of child abuse with detrimental psychological consequences. Tejedor Huerta also suggests methods of intervention to prevent further psychological strain on the children.

@article{Bernet2015Symptom-Checklist-90-Revised,
  author = {Bernet, W and Baker, AJL and Verrocchio, MC},
  title = {Symptom-Checklist-90-Revised Scores in Adult Children Exposed to Alienating Behaviors: An Italian Sample},
  journal = {Journal of Forensic Sciences},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {60},
  number = {2},
  pages = {357--362},
  abstract = {This study addresses a particular form of child psychological maltreatment, exposing a child to alienating behaviors in the context of a high degree of conflict between the parents. The objective of this research was to identify retrospectively the alienating behaviors that occurred in an Italian sample of children and the reported associated psychosocial symptoms. Seven hundred and thirty-nine adults in Chieti, Italy, completed an anonymous and confidential survey regarding their childhood exposure to parental alienating behaviors and measures of current symptomatology. About 75% of the sample reported some exposure to parental alienating behaviors; 15% of the sample endorsed the item, "tried to turn me against the other parent." The results revealed strong and statistically significant associations between reported exposure to parental alienating behaviors and reports of current symptomatology.},
  keywords = {alienating behaviors; baker strategy questionnaire; child psychological maltreatment; forensic science; loyalty conflicts; parental alienation; symptom checklist-90-revised; Long-term Consequences; Quantitative Research},
  url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25613416},
  language = {English}
}

This study addresses a particular form of child psychological maltreatment, exposing a child to alienating behaviors in the context of a high degree of conflict between the parents. The objective of this research was to identify retrospectively the alienating behaviors that occurred in an Italian sample of children and the reported associated psychosocial symptoms. Seven hundred and thirty-nine adults in Chieti, Italy, completed an anonymous and confidential survey regarding their childhood exposure to parental alienating behaviors and measures of current symptomatology. About 75% of the sample reported some exposure to parental alienating behaviors; 15% of the sample endorsed the item, "tried to turn me against the other parent." The results revealed strong and statistically significant associations between reported exposure to parental alienating behaviors and reports of current symptomatology.

@article{Bernet2015Children,
  author = {Bernet, W},
  title = {Children of High-Conflict Divorce Face Many Challenges},
  journal = {Psychiatric Times},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {32},
  number = {10},
  pages = {9, 12--15},
  keywords = {parental alienation; parental estrangement; loyalty conflict; DSM-5; Classification; Qualitative Research; Short-term Consequences},
  url = {http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA431722033&v=2.1&u=tel_a_vanderbilt&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&asid=683a04da18820ef3461814491fd04830},
  language = {English}
}

@incollection{Bernet2015Parental,
  author = {Bernet, W},
  title = {Parental alienation, child psychological abuse, and Parental Acceptance-Rejection Theory},
  booktitle = {New Paths for Acceptance: Opening Awareness in Interpersonal Acceptance-Rejection},
  publisher = {BrownWalker Press},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2015},
  pages = {15--23},
  isbn = {978-1-62734-556-9},
  abstract = {Parental alienation is a serious mental condition that affects many children whose parents are embroiled in a high-conflict divorce.  Most cases of severe parental alienation are caused by an alienating parent, who purposefully indoctrinates the child to dislike, fear, and reject a relationship with the rejected parent.  It is generally accepted that causing parental alienation in a child is a form of psychological abuse.  Parental Acceptance-Rejection Theory may be a very useful framework for evaluating cases of possible parental alienation.},
  keywords = {parental alienation; child psychological abuse; interpersonal acceptance-rejection theory; Evaluation; Quantitative Research; Short-term Consequences},
  language = {English}
}

Parental alienation is a serious mental condition that affects many children whose parents are embroiled in a high-conflict divorce. Most cases of severe parental alienation are caused by an alienating parent, who purposefully indoctrinates the child to dislike, fear, and reject a relationship with the rejected parent. It is generally accepted that causing parental alienation in a child is a form of psychological abuse. Parental Acceptance-Rejection Theory may be a very useful framework for evaluating cases of possible parental alienation.

@article{Giancarlo2015Kids,
  author = {Giancarlo, C and Rottmann, K},
  title = {Kids come last: The effect of family law involvement in parental alienation},
  journal = {International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences: Annual Review},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {27--42},
  abstract = {Abstract: Parental alienation following separation or divorce, in which one parent denigrates the other in order to turn their children against that parent, is a well-documented but poorly recognized form of child abuse in Canada and globally. Children without access to both parents are more likely to be truant, drop out of school, suffer poor health, and engage in at-risk, antisocial behaviours. Though maintenance enforcement programs in western Canada address the issue of noncompliant “debtors” (i.e., payors of child maintenance), there is no organization that addresses the issue of noncompliant “creditors” (i.e., receivers of child maintenance) in providing child access. This study identifies the effect of family law when invoked by the targeted parent in parental alienation cases. The primary investigator recruited},
  keywords = {parental alienation; parental alienation syndrome; child abuse; children of divorce; family law; Legal; Long-term Consequences; Quantitative Research; Short-term Consequences},
  language = {English}
}

Abstract: Parental alienation following separation or divorce, in which one parent denigrates the other in order to turn their children against that parent, is a well-documented but poorly recognized form of child abuse in Canada and globally. Children without access to both parents are more likely to be truant, drop out of school, suffer poor health, and engage in at-risk, antisocial behaviours. Though maintenance enforcement programs in western Canada address the issue of noncompliant “debtors” (i.e., payors of child maintenance), there is no organization that addresses the issue of noncompliant “creditors” (i.e., receivers of child maintenance) in providing child access. This study identifies the effect of family law when invoked by the targeted parent in parental alienation cases. The primary investigator recruited

@article{Reay2015Family,
  author = {Reay, K. M.},
  title = {Family reflections:  A promising therapeutic program designed to treat severely alienated children and their family system.},
  journal = {American Journal of Family Therapy},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {43},
  number = {2},
  pages = {197--207},
  keywords = {parental alienation},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Siracusano2015Parental,
  author = {Siracusano, A and Barone, Y and Lisi, G and Niolu, C},
  title = {Parental alienation syndrome or alienation parental relational behavior disorder: a critical overview},
  journal = {Journal of Psychopathology},
  address = {Italy},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {21},
  pages = {231--238},
  abstract = {Objective:},
  keywords = {alienation; parental alienation; denigration; parent-child relational problems; Classification; Evaluation; Qualitative Research},
  url = {http://www.jpsychopathol.it/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/03_Art_ORIGINALE_Siracusano1.pdf},
  language = {English}
}

Objective:

@book{Baker2015Getting,
  author = {Baker, AJL and Andre, KC},
  title = {Getting Through My Parents' Divorce},
  publisher = {Instant Help},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2015},
  isbn = {1626251363},
  abstract = {This workbook, specifically designed for children, guides kids amid divorce and parental conflict on how to healthily understand, identify, and deal with the different difficulties that arise when parents divorce or conflict with each other. Some scenarios and topics include what to do when one parent tries to turn the children against the other parent, what to do when one parent seeks another spouse, and how to deal with the emotional hardships during a divorce.},
  keywords = {workbook; guide for children; divorce and children; Management},
  language = {English}
}

This workbook, specifically designed for children, guides kids amid divorce and parental conflict on how to healthily understand, identify, and deal with the different difficulties that arise when parents divorce or conflict with each other. Some scenarios and topics include what to do when one parent tries to turn the children against the other parent, what to do when one parent seeks another spouse, and how to deal with the emotional hardships during a divorce.

@book{Childress2015An,
  author = {Childress, C},
  title = {An Attachment-Based Model of Parental Alienation: Foundations},
  publisher = {Oaksong Press},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2015},
  isbn = {0996114505},
  abstract = {An attachment-based model of “parental alienation” uses established constructs and principles of professional psychology to fully describe the psychological and interpersonal processes that create the symptom features of “parental alienation.” By defining “parental alienation” within standard and established psychological principles and constructs, an attachment-based model identifies a set of specific diagnostic indicators that can reliably identify “parental alienation” while differentiating “parental alienation” from other sources of parent-child conflict. Children deserve a childhood free from the stress of their parents’ conflict, and parents deserve to love and be loved by their children. An attachment-based model of “parental alienation” represents an important step in creating a solution to the family tragedy of “parental alienation” in high-conflict divorce.},
  keywords = {parental alienation; diagnosis; causes; Etiology; Evaluation},
  language = {English}
}

An attachment-based model of “parental alienation” uses established constructs and principles of professional psychology to fully describe the psychological and interpersonal processes that create the symptom features of “parental alienation.” By defining “parental alienation” within standard and established psychological principles and constructs, an attachment-based model identifies a set of specific diagnostic indicators that can reliably identify “parental alienation” while differentiating “parental alienation” from other sources of parent-child conflict. Children deserve a childhood free from the stress of their parents’ conflict, and parents deserve to love and be loved by their children. An attachment-based model of “parental alienation” represents an important step in creating a solution to the family tragedy of “parental alienation” in high-conflict divorce.

@article{Warshak2015Ten,
  author = {Warshak, RA},
  title = {Ten parental alienation fallacies that compromise decisions in court and in therapy},
  journal = {Professional Psychology: Research and Practice},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2015},
  pages = {1--15},
  isbn = {0735-7028/15/$12.00    http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pro0000031},
  abstract = {False beliefs about the genesis of parental alienation and about appropriate remedies shape opinions and decisions},
  keywords = {alienation; custody reversal; high-conflict divorce; parental alienation; reunification; Evaluation},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtavuQeT10g1-GDVCnZfQ?e=Yh6EXM},
  language = {English}
}

False beliefs about the genesis of parental alienation and about appropriate remedies shape opinions and decisions

@article{Clemente2015Are,
  author = {Clemente, M and Padilla-Racero, D},
  title = {Are children susceptible to manipulation? The best interest of children and their testimony},
  journal = {Children and Youth Services Review},
  address = {Spain},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {51},
  pages = {101--107},
  abstract = {In Richard Gardner's proposed parental alienation syndrome, children reject contact with the noncustodial parent due to manipulation from the custodial parent. We investigated whether children are, in fact, easily manipulated, and how. Half of a sample of children ages 6 to 12 witnessed an incident of verbal aggression, while the other half did not. All were asked to report what happened. Half were then subjected to high pressure, stating that the aggressor would be their future teacher. Subjects were furthermore told that the perpetrator was either a good person or a bad person. After these two manipulations they reported again what they had witnessed. The results indicate that children rarely lie, and that although 40% of those who witnessed nothing created a false memory of an aggressive incident, this outcome was not influenced by the degree of pressure or positive or negative manipulation. We found no significant differences based on gender or age. We conclude that Gardner's ideas about parental alienation syndrome, and in particular the ease of parental manipulation of children, were not empirically verified. We recommend that this concept not be used in the legal system.},
  keywords = {Parental alienation syndrome; False memory; Testimony; Forensic psychology; Children; Critics},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740915000614},
  language = {English}
}

In Richard Gardner's proposed parental alienation syndrome, children reject contact with the noncustodial parent due to manipulation from the custodial parent. We investigated whether children are, in fact, easily manipulated, and how. Half of a sample of children ages 6 to 12 witnessed an incident of verbal aggression, while the other half did not. All were asked to report what happened. Half were then subjected to high pressure, stating that the aggressor would be their future teacher. Subjects were furthermore told that the perpetrator was either a good person or a bad person. After these two manipulations they reported again what they had witnessed. The results indicate that children rarely lie, and that although 40% of those who witnessed nothing created a false memory of an aggressive incident, this outcome was not influenced by the degree of pressure or positive or negative manipulation. We found no significant differences based on gender or age. We conclude that Gardner's ideas about parental alienation syndrome, and in particular the ease of parental manipulation of children, were not empirically verified. We recommend that this concept not be used in the legal system.

@incollection{Ackerman2015Child,
  author = {Ackerman, MJ and Gould, JW},
  title = {Child Custody and Access},
  booktitle = {APA Handbook of Forensic Psychology},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {425--469},
  abstract = {This reference book, published and endorsed by the American Psychological Association, has a chapter on "Child Custody and Access," which discusses child alienation in detail.},
  keywords = {Endorsed by Professional Association; Evaluation; Qualitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

This reference book, published and endorsed by the American Psychological Association, has a chapter on "Child Custody and Access," which discusses child alienation in detail.

@book{Gac2015Parental,
  author = {Gac, D},
  title = {Parental Alienation Syndrome and Fathers' Rights},
  publisher = {Dennis Gac},
  year = {2015},
  abstract = {At one time or another most Fathers’ rights contested cases face some form of alienation of the children against the Father. The term Parental Alienation Syndrome was a phrase coined by Dr. Richard Gardner who categorized this syndrome as a consistent pattern of alienation against one or the other parent; mostly against Fathers who are normally not the custodial parents. This important book, which includes Gac's personal experiences, teaches you about the syndrome and what you can do.},
  keywords = {Parental alienation syndrome; Alienated fathers; Personal Experience; Qualitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

At one time or another most Fathers’ rights contested cases face some form of alienation of the children against the Father. The term Parental Alienation Syndrome was a phrase coined by Dr. Richard Gardner who categorized this syndrome as a consistent pattern of alienation against one or the other parent; mostly against Fathers who are normally not the custodial parents. This important book, which includes Gac's personal experiences, teaches you about the syndrome and what you can do.

@article{Lowenstein2015How,
  author = {Lowenstein, LF},
  title = {How can the process of parental alienation and the alienator be effectively treated?},
  journal = {Journal of Divorce and Remarriage},
  publisher = {Taylor & Francis Group},
  address = {United Kingdom},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {56},
  number = {8},
  pages = {657--662},
  abstract = {This article discusses primarily approaches or methods in dealing with a parent who alienates a child against another parent due to the hostility developed following divorce and separation. The basic vision or aims for combating parents in conflict are delineated. This is followed by the importance of being aware of the problems resulting in parental alienation (PA). To overcome PA an orderly set of stages from soft options to severe strategies are presented, with reasons for the use of the more severe method being provided. Finally, there is an appeal to the family courts and its judges to consider seriously the conclusions reached by one expert witness in how to combat PA by considering first and foremost the short- and long-term needs of the child and secondarily the alienated parent.},
  keywords = {Parental alienation; effective treatment; Long-term Consequences; Management; Qualitative Research; Short-term Consequences},
  url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10502556.2015.1060821},
  language = {English}
}

This article discusses primarily approaches or methods in dealing with a parent who alienates a child against another parent due to the hostility developed following divorce and separation. The basic vision or aims for combating parents in conflict are delineated. This is followed by the importance of being aware of the problems resulting in parental alienation (PA). To overcome PA an orderly set of stages from soft options to severe strategies are presented, with reasons for the use of the more severe method being provided. Finally, there is an appeal to the family courts and its judges to consider seriously the conclusions reached by one expert witness in how to combat PA by considering first and foremost the short- and long-term needs of the child and secondarily the alienated parent.

@book{Dias2015Manual,
  author = {Dias, MB},
  title = {Manual de Direito das Famílias},
  publisher = {Editora Revista Dos Tribunais},
  address = {Brazil},
  year = {2015},
  isbn = {9788520360019},
  abstract = {This book asserts that everyone lives in the pursuit of happiness and that, no matter how hard they try, the legal system can not impose models of behavior. People, their dreams, their lives -- everything changes, and the law keeps up with these changes. It is difficult to say whether it is society that brings evolution in family relationships or it is the changes in the family that lead to the evolution of society. But no one doubts that there was a significant evolution -- even a revolution. Family is cherished -- so much that its maintenance was imposed by law. Just remember that marriage was indissoluble.},
  keywords = {family law; Legal},
  language = {Portuguese}
}

This book asserts that everyone lives in the pursuit of happiness and that, no matter how hard they try, the legal system can not impose models of behavior. People, their dreams, their lives – everything changes, and the law keeps up with these changes. It is difficult to say whether it is society that brings evolution in family relationships or it is the changes in the family that lead to the evolution of society. But no one doubts that there was a significant evolution – even a revolution. Family is cherished – so much that its maintenance was imposed by law. Just remember that marriage was indissoluble.

@article{Duarte2015O,
  author = {Duarte, LP},
  title = {O que se espera com a guarda compartilhada nos casos de alienação parental},
  journal = {Revista IBDFAM: Família e Sucessões},
  address = {Brazil},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {23--49},
  keywords = {joint custody; parental alienation},
  language = {Portuguese}
}

@article{Duarte2015Os,
  author = {Duarte, LP},
  title = {Os Sintomas da Criança nas Relações Parentais Conflituosas},
  journal = {Revista Digital Lusobrasileira Alienação Parental},
  publisher = {Sandra Inês},
  address = {Portugal},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {6},
  pages = {76--84},
  abstract = {This article describes the long-term psychological consequences of parental conflict in children, especially in cases of parental alienation.},
  keywords = {parental alienation; parental conflict; Long-term Consequences},
  url = {https://issuu.com/sandraines3/docs/6.___edi____o_revista_ap},
  language = {Portuguese}
}

This article describes the long-term psychological consequences of parental conflict in children, especially in cases of parental alienation.

@book{Brooks2015The,
  author = {Brooks, J.},
  title = {The Alienated Mother},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2015},
  isbn = {9781519763099},
  abstract = {The Alienated Mother is a coaching session within a handbook, designed to help mothers find their way to live a meaningful life in spite of the pain of being alienated from their children. The book reminds these mothers that they still have a job to do for their children: to love them, teach them, and live an exemplary life for their children to follow.},
  keywords = {personal experience; maternal alienation; Management; Personal Experience},
  language = {English}
}

The Alienated Mother is a coaching session within a handbook, designed to help mothers find their way to live a meaningful life in spite of the pain of being alienated from their children. The book reminds these mothers that they still have a job to do for their children: to love them, teach them, and live an exemplary life for their children to follow.

@article{Togliatti2015Ascolto,
  author = {Togliatti, M.M. and Lavadera, A.L. and Imbellone, A.},
  title = {Ascolto de minori, rifiuti e procedure},
  journal = {Psicologia & Giustizia},
  address = {Italy},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {16},
  number = {2},
  pages = {1--21},
  abstract = {In recent years in Italy, the enforcement of the different international Laws and Conventions have established the right of children to be heard directly by the judge in all legal procedures involving them provided they are at least age twelve, or even younger with able discernment or if heard by an expert in developmental psychotherapy/psychology and family relationships.},
  keywords = {minors; listening; separation; child custody; parents; rejection; consulting; Management},
  url = {https://www.academia.edu/20726698/ASCOLTO_DEI_MINORI_RIFIUTI_E_PROCEDURE},
  language = {Italian}
}

In recent years in Italy, the enforcement of the different international Laws and Conventions have established the right of children to be heard directly by the judge in all legal procedures involving them provided they are at least age twelve, or even younger with able discernment or if heard by an expert in developmental psychotherapy/psychology and family relationships.

@article{Warshak2015Parental,
  author = {Warshak, R.A.},
  title = {Parental Alienation: Overview, Management, Intervention, and Practice Tips},
  journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {28},
  pages = {181--248},
  abstract = {This article is about children who do not crave more time},
  keywords = {parental alienation; management; professional; Classification; Long-term Consequences; Management},
  url = {http://www.aaml.org/sites/default/files/MAT107_7.pdf},
  language = {English}
}

This article is about children who do not crave more time

@article{Warshak2015Poisoning,
  author = {Warshak, R.A.},
  title = {Poisoning Parent-Child Relationships Through the Manipulation of Names},
  journal = {The American Journal of Family Therapy},
  publisher = {Taylor & Francis},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {43},
  number = {1},
  pages = {4--15},
  abstract = {Manipulating names can change the way children relate to and identify with their parents. Some parents use pejorative labels to refer to the target of alienation, encourage the children to refer to a parent by first name, or refer to the children by new names that mask their relationship to the other parent. This article describes how such practices influence children to align with one parent against the other, how parents' responses mediate the harmful impact of such practices, and how professionals can assist parents to help prevent name manipulation from contributing to the entrenchment of parental alienation. This article presents the forms and dynamics of name manipulations, and management strategies that can increase or decrease the likelihood that such manipulations will influence children's alienation from a parent.},
  keywords = {parental alienation; manipulation; Management; Qualitative Research},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01926187.2014.968066},
  language = {English}
}

Manipulating names can change the way children relate to and identify with their parents. Some parents use pejorative labels to refer to the target of alienation, encourage the children to refer to a parent by first name, or refer to the children by new names that mask their relationship to the other parent. This article describes how such practices influence children to align with one parent against the other, how parents' responses mediate the harmful impact of such practices, and how professionals can assist parents to help prevent name manipulation from contributing to the entrenchment of parental alienation. This article presents the forms and dynamics of name manipulations, and management strategies that can increase or decrease the likelihood that such manipulations will influence children's alienation from a parent.

@article{Verrocchio2015Perceived,
  author = {Verrocchio, M.C. and Marchetti, D. and Fulcheri, M.},
  title = {Perceived Parental Functioning, Self-Esteem, and Psychological Distress in Adults Whose Parents are Separated/Divorced},
  journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {6},
  pages = {1--9},
  abstract = {The objective of this article was to identify retrospectively the alienating behaviors and the parental bonding that occurred in an Italian sample of adults who had parents separated or divorced and their associations with self-esteem and psychological distress.},
  keywords = {Quantitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

The objective of this article was to identify retrospectively the alienating behaviors and the parental bonding that occurred in an Italian sample of adults who had parents separated or divorced and their associations with self-esteem and psychological distress.

@book{Sbrochi2015Nasty,
  author = {Sbrochi, M.},
  title = {Nasty Divorce: A Kid's Eye View},
  publisher = {Marina Spriggs},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2015},
  isbn = {9780578171487},
  abstract = {Meredith’s parents divorced when her older sister was three and her mother was pregnant with her. She had been told varying stories of why her father hadn’t been in their lives. It began with her mother telling her from as early as she can remember that her father denied fathering her and wanted nothing to do with them. The story would have varying themes on the original, but also included cheating and physical abuse. They were also told he was a “pervert” and liked little girls. The message sent to Meredith by her mother was this, “your father is a very bad man and a loser.”},
  keywords = {Personal Experience},
  language = {English}
}

Meredith’s parents divorced when her older sister was three and her mother was pregnant with her. She had been told varying stories of why her father hadn’t been in their lives. It began with her mother telling her from as early as she can remember that her father denied fathering her and wanted nothing to do with them. The story would have varying themes on the original, but also included cheating and physical abuse. They were also told he was a “pervert” and liked little girls. The message sent to Meredith by her mother was this, “your father is a very bad man and a loser.”

@book{Crawford2015Rebel,
  author = {Crawford, R.},
  title = {Rebel Without a Clue, The Jester's Tale},
  publisher = {New Generation},
  address = {United Kingdom},
  year = {2015},
  isbn = {9781785073892},
  abstract = {Roger was born in 1948 and adopted at birth. He was brought up in the north-west London suburbs and enjoyed a carefree childhood in a world totally different to that of today. Sent to a private Grammar School because his socialist parents were so concerned at his lack of academic ability, he was the only pupil in the history of the School to become a Farm apprentice. Embracing the free-thinking of the late sixties and early seventies, and concerned that many city children did not know anything of rural life, he founded a charitable society which gave country holidays for free to disadvantaged city children and for a time lived a bohemian type of life in a converted coach. He also founded and ran a successful Youth Club and ran Gardening classes for the London Borough of Harrow. After happily living with a lady twenty years older than himself for thirteen years he then fell in love with and had a daughter by a married lady his own age. His battle to be a part of his daughter's life is vividly recorded in his story, and the prejudice and sheer inhumanity of the Family Court system is described in detail. Protests on roofs followed, plus standing for election in Oxford East in 2010. Roger has also battled the Planning system to enable him to stay on his smallholding in Bedfordshire. This is an entertaining journey through his life with many laugh-out-loud moments as well as the pathos surrounding the loss of his only child. Roger has been married for twenty years to Rosa and lives and works on his smallholding as well as driving a local school bus. He still works for parents and children's rights and is a vocal campaigner against child abuse in all its forms.},
  keywords = {Personal Experience},
  language = {English}
}

Roger was born in 1948 and adopted at birth. He was brought up in the north-west London suburbs and enjoyed a carefree childhood in a world totally different to that of today. Sent to a private Grammar School because his socialist parents were so concerned at his lack of academic ability, he was the only pupil in the history of the School to become a Farm apprentice. Embracing the free-thinking of the late sixties and early seventies, and concerned that many city children did not know anything of rural life, he founded a charitable society which gave country holidays for free to disadvantaged city children and for a time lived a bohemian type of life in a converted coach. He also founded and ran a successful Youth Club and ran Gardening classes for the London Borough of Harrow. After happily living with a lady twenty years older than himself for thirteen years he then fell in love with and had a daughter by a married lady his own age. His battle to be a part of his daughter's life is vividly recorded in his story, and the prejudice and sheer inhumanity of the Family Court system is described in detail. Protests on roofs followed, plus standing for election in Oxford East in 2010. Roger has also battled the Planning system to enable him to stay on his smallholding in Bedfordshire. This is an entertaining journey through his life with many laugh-out-loud moments as well as the pathos surrounding the loss of his only child. Roger has been married for twenty years to Rosa and lives and works on his smallholding as well as driving a local school bus. He still works for parents and children's rights and is a vocal campaigner against child abuse in all its forms.

@phdthesis{Huff2015Expanding,
  author = {Huff, S.C.},
  title = {Expanding the Relationship between Parental Alienating Behaviors and Children's Contact Refusal Following Divorce: Testing Additional Factors and Long-Term Outcomes},
  publisher = {University of Connecticut},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {contact refusal; divorce; Contact Refusal Scale; factor analysis; predictive modeling; Quantitative Research; Dissertation},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Lowenstein2015Contrasting,
  author = {Lowenstein, L.},
  title = {Contrasting Complex with Highly Complex Contact Disputes Between Parents},
  journal = {Journal of Divorce & Remarriage},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {56},
  number = {7},
  pages = {590--594},
  abstract = {This article discusses the complexity of seeking a solution to problems associated at times with parental alienation. Two scenarios are presented. Both cases involve a child who does not wish to have contact with an absent parent after the separation of the parents due to implacable hostility between them. In the first case, the child had a good relationship with the now absent parent. In the second case the child never had a close relationship with the absent parent. Each case needs to be assessed on its own merits. Conclusions are drawn and recommendations are made as to how to deal with such issues.},
  keywords = {parental alienation; Management},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2015.1060820},
  language = {English}
}

This article discusses the complexity of seeking a solution to problems associated at times with parental alienation. Two scenarios are presented. Both cases involve a child who does not wish to have contact with an absent parent after the separation of the parents due to implacable hostility between them. In the first case, the child had a good relationship with the now absent parent. In the second case the child never had a close relationship with the absent parent. Each case needs to be assessed on its own merits. Conclusions are drawn and recommendations are made as to how to deal with such issues.

@article{Sanders2015A,
  author = {Sanders, L. and Geffner, R. and Bucky, S. and Ribner, N. and Patino, A.J.},
  title = {A Qualitative Study of Child Custody Evaluators’ Beliefs and Opinions},
  journal = {Journal of Child Custody},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {12},
  number = {3-4},
  pages = {205--230},
  abstract = {Practices in child custody evaluations have created controversy and debate among professionals. Semi-structured interviews of 10 highly experienced child custody evaluators were analyzed to gain an understanding of the evaluation process, changes in the field, and evaluators’ opinions and beliefs, especially concerning intimate partner violence (IPV) and parental alienation. Although a small qualitative sample, multiple evaluators had extreme beliefs and opinions about the prevalence of IPV in child custody cases, the belief that there is no such thing as parental alienation syndrome (PAS), and the need to differentiate between alienation and estrangement. Evaluators continue to value the ability of parents to co-parent as a top variable for making custody recommendations, seemingly regardless of alleged or substantiated IPV. Other concerning themes were identified and theoretical problem areas are discussed.},
  keywords = {alienation; assessment; child custody; intimate partner violence; Evaluation; Qualitative Research},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15379418.2015.1120476},
  language = {English}
}

Practices in child custody evaluations have created controversy and debate among professionals. Semi-structured interviews of 10 highly experienced child custody evaluators were analyzed to gain an understanding of the evaluation process, changes in the field, and evaluators’ opinions and beliefs, especially concerning intimate partner violence (IPV) and parental alienation. Although a small qualitative sample, multiple evaluators had extreme beliefs and opinions about the prevalence of IPV in child custody cases, the belief that there is no such thing as parental alienation syndrome (PAS), and the need to differentiate between alienation and estrangement. Evaluators continue to value the ability of parents to co-parent as a top variable for making custody recommendations, seemingly regardless of alleged or substantiated IPV. Other concerning themes were identified and theoretical problem areas are discussed.

@article{Francia2015Mastery,
  author = {Francia, L. and Millear, P.},
  title = {Mastery or misery: Conflict between separated parents a psychological burden for children},
  journal = {Journal of Divorce & Remarriage},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {56},
  number = {7},
  pages = {551--568},
  abstract = {This qualitative research examined parenting, parental conflict,},
  keywords = {child; divorce; parental conflict; parent-child relationship; shared parenting; Qualitative Research},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2015.1080090},
  language = {English}
}

This qualitative research examined parenting, parental conflict,

@article{Sher2015Parental,
  author = {Sher, L.},
  title = {Parental alienation: The impact on men's mental health},
  journal = {International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health},
  publisher = {De Gruyter},
  year = {2015},
  abstract = {Parental alienation is defined as a mental state in which a child, usually one whose parents are engaged in a high-conflict separation or divorce, allies himself strongly with one parent (the preferred parent) and rejects a relationship with the other parent (the alienated parent) without legitimate justification. Parental alienation may affect men's mental health: a) parental alienation negatively influences mental health of male children and adolescents who are victims of parental alienation. Alienated children/adolescents display guilt, sadness, and depressed mood; low self-esteem and lack of self-confidence; distress and frustration; lack of impulse control, substance abuse and delinquent behavior; separation anxiety, fears and phobias; hypochondria and increased tendency to develop psychosomatic illness; suicidal ideation and suicide attempt; sleep and eating disorders; educational problems; enuresis and encopresis; b) parental alienation negatively affects the mental health of adult men who were victims of parental alienation when they were children and/or adolescents. Long-term effects of parental alienation include low self-esteem, depression, drug/alcohol abuse, lack of trust, alienation from own children, divorce, problems with identity and not having a sense of belonging or roots, choosing not to have children to avoid being rejected by them, low achievement, anger and bitterness over the time lost with the alienated parent; c) parental alienation negatively influences mental health of men who are alienated from their children. Fathers who have lost some or all contact with their children for months or years following separation or divorce may be depressed and suicidal.},
  keywords = {parental alienation; men's mental health; Long-term Consequences; Qualitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

Parental alienation is defined as a mental state in which a child, usually one whose parents are engaged in a high-conflict separation or divorce, allies himself strongly with one parent (the preferred parent) and rejects a relationship with the other parent (the alienated parent) without legitimate justification. Parental alienation may affect men's mental health: a) parental alienation negatively influences mental health of male children and adolescents who are victims of parental alienation. Alienated children/adolescents display guilt, sadness, and depressed mood; low self-esteem and lack of self-confidence; distress and frustration; lack of impulse control, substance abuse and delinquent behavior; separation anxiety, fears and phobias; hypochondria and increased tendency to develop psychosomatic illness; suicidal ideation and suicide attempt; sleep and eating disorders; educational problems; enuresis and encopresis; b) parental alienation negatively affects the mental health of adult men who were victims of parental alienation when they were children and/or adolescents. Long-term effects of parental alienation include low self-esteem, depression, drug/alcohol abuse, lack of trust, alienation from own children, divorce, problems with identity and not having a sense of belonging or roots, choosing not to have children to avoid being rejected by them, low achievement, anger and bitterness over the time lost with the alienated parent; c) parental alienation negatively influences mental health of men who are alienated from their children. Fathers who have lost some or all contact with their children for months or years following separation or divorce may be depressed and suicidal.

@article{Sher2015Parental,
  author = {Sher, L.},
  title = {Parental alienation and suicide in men},
  journal = {Psychiatria Danubina},
  address = {Croatia},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {27},
  number = {3},
  pages = {288--289},
  abstract = {This article discusses how parental alienation may be associated with men's suicide rates in Western countries.},
  keywords = {suicide in men; Long-term Consequences; Qualitative Research},
  url = {http://www.hdbp.org/psychiatria_danubina/pdf/dnb_vol27_no3/dnb_vol27_no3_288.pdf},
  language = {English}
}

This article discusses how parental alienation may be associated with men's suicide rates in Western countries.

@article{Verrocchio2015Italian,
  author = {Verrocchio, Maria Cristina and Baker, Amy J. L.},
  title = {Italian Adults’ Recall of Childhood Exposure to Parental Loyalty Conflicts},
  journal = {Journal of Child and Family Studies},
  publisher = {Springer Science+Business Media},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {25},
  pages = {95--105},
  isbn = {1062-1024 (print version) 1573-2843 (electronic version)},
  abstract = {Seven hundred and thirty nine adults in Chieti, Italy completed an anonymous and confidential paper and pencil survey regarding their childhood exposure to 20 parental loyalty conflict behaviors (one parent made untrue and negative statements about the other parent, one parent asked the child to keep secrets from the other parent, and the like), psychological maltreatment (spurning, terrorizing, and},
  keywords = {Divorce; Loyalty conflicts; Psychological maltreatment; Quantitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtastlip2U8-V18tTXikQ},
  language = {English}
}

Seven hundred and thirty nine adults in Chieti, Italy completed an anonymous and confidential paper and pencil survey regarding their childhood exposure to 20 parental loyalty conflict behaviors (one parent made untrue and negative statements about the other parent, one parent asked the child to keep secrets from the other parent, and the like), psychological maltreatment (spurning, terrorizing, and

@article{Schwartz2015The,
  author = {Schwartz, Kelly},
  title = {The Kids Are Not All Right: Using the Best Interest Standard to Prevent Parental Alienation and a Therapeutic Intervention Approach to Provide Relief},
  journal = {Boston College Law Review},
  publisher = {http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/bclr},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {56},
  number = {2},
  pages = {803--840},
  abstract = {Parental alienation, when one parent engages in behaviors to turn a child against the other parent, is a serious problem. Such behavior can manifest following a parents’ divorce or separation and can have long-lasting and damaging effects on children. Although both family law and tort law offer various remedies for parental alienation, this Note argues that parental alienation is best handled through family law. Accordingly, the best interest of the child standard should be modified to include parental alienation to prevent it from occurring in the first place. Additionally, courts should utilize the therapeutic intervention approach to mitigate the harms of parental alienation when it has already occurred instead of automatically modifying custody.},
  keywords = {Therapeutic Intervention; Best Interest Standard; Legal; Management; Prevention},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtasvRfL9irAjqKJc1EJw?e=i2WqeW},
  language = {English}
}

Parental alienation, when one parent engages in behaviors to turn a child against the other parent, is a serious problem. Such behavior can manifest following a parents’ divorce or separation and can have long-lasting and damaging effects on children. Although both family law and tort law offer various remedies for parental alienation, this Note argues that parental alienation is best handled through family law. Accordingly, the best interest of the child standard should be modified to include parental alienation to prevent it from occurring in the first place. Additionally, courts should utilize the therapeutic intervention approach to mitigate the harms of parental alienation when it has already occurred instead of automatically modifying custody.

@phdthesis{MikangSong2015The,
  author = {Mikang Song, Ph.D.},
  title = {The study of 'Parental Alienation Syndrome’ in the divorced family},
  publisher = {Vonsei University},
  address = {Korea},
  year = {2015},
  month = {June},
  keywords = {Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS); High conflict divorce; Alienated child; The right of Access; Splitting; Idolatry; Projective identification; Moral defense; Narcissistic defense; Counseling jurisprudence; Case study; Methodology of Don Browning; Legal; Management; Dissertation},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtaurQdokI3DqABL9BWTA?e=sXEwX3},
  language = {Korean}
}

@book{Owusu-Bempah2014Children,
  author = {Owusu-Bempah, Kwame},
  title = {Children and separation: Socio-genealogical connectedness perspective},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2014},
  isbn = {1317603192},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

@book{Monge2014Hijos,
  author = {Monge, G},
  title = {Hijos Perdidos: Alienación Parental Es Abuso Infantil},
  publisher = {CreateSpace Independent Publishing},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2014},
  isbn = {1-61887-303-3},
  abstract = {This is an easy-to-understand guide for divorced and separated parents, as well as for mental health professionals, legal professionals, and the general public. This book explains how to understand and recognize parental alienation, which is a form of child abuse that is occurring worldwide. Parental alienation occurs when a parent, motivated by revenge or defiance, manipulates a child to reject or hate the other parent. The intention of the alienating parent is to prevent, hinder, or destroy the child’s links with the other parent. The author of the book, Gladys Monge, reflects on her personal experience when she lost two sons through divorce and her struggle in the courts. Gladys Monge is a survivor of parental alienation.},
  keywords = {parental alienation; personal experience; Personal Experience},
  language = {Spanish}
}

This is an easy-to-understand guide for divorced and separated parents, as well as for mental health professionals, legal professionals, and the general public. This book explains how to understand and recognize parental alienation, which is a form of child abuse that is occurring worldwide. Parental alienation occurs when a parent, motivated by revenge or defiance, manipulates a child to reject or hate the other parent. The intention of the alienating parent is to prevent, hinder, or destroy the child’s links with the other parent. The author of the book, Gladys Monge, reflects on her personal experience when she lost two sons through divorce and her struggle in the courts. Gladys Monge is a survivor of parental alienation.

@book{Baker2014Co-parenting,
  author = {Baker, AJL and Fine, PR},
  title = {Co-parenting with a Toxic Ex: What to Do When Your Ex-Spouse Tries to Turn the Kids Against You},
  publisher = {New Harbinger Publications},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2014},
  isbn = {978-1-60882-958-3},
  abstract = {There’s no question about it: your children are the most important thing in your life. But if you have gone through a messy divorce, your relationship with your children may become strained if you have to deal with a toxic ex. Your ex may bad-mouth you in front of the kids, accuse you of being a bad parent, and even attempt to replace you in the children’s lives with a new partner. As a result, your children may become confused, conflicted, angry, anxious, or depressed—and you may feel powerless.},
  keywords = {parental alienation; prevention; co-parenting; Management; Prevention},
  language = {English}
}

There’s no question about it: your children are the most important thing in your life. But if you have gone through a messy divorce, your relationship with your children may become strained if you have to deal with a toxic ex. Your ex may bad-mouth you in front of the kids, accuse you of being a bad parent, and even attempt to replace you in the children’s lives with a new partner. As a result, your children may become confused, conflicted, angry, anxious, or depressed—and you may feel powerless.

@article{Ceccarelli2014Rottura,
  author = {Ceccarelli, A},
  title = {Rottura del legame amoroso e violenza che ricade sui figli: Infanticidio e dorme di alienazione parentale},
  journal = {Archivi di Psicologia Giuridica},
  address = {Italy},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {41--65},
  isbn = {978-884674181-3},
  abstract = {The article examines the different forms of violence that may fall upon the children when the bond of love between their parents is broken.  Inspired by the tragedy of Medea, the author analyzes the psychological dynamics that underlie the killing of children within the clinical picture of depression and paranoia.  Besides the "real" infanticide represented by the physical suppression of the child, there are other forms of "symbolic" infanticides that are manifested as attachment to the link of the child with one parent. Based on the description of the Parental Alienation Syndrome carried out by R. Gardner, and in reference to the recent classification of "Parental Alienation Disorder" proposed by W. Bernet, three main types of Parental Alienation are identified: Traumatic, Relational and Induced.},
  keywords = {parental alienation sydrome; parental alienation disorder; infanticide; traumatic parental alienation; parental alienation relational; parental alienation induced; divorce; Medea; Classification; Etiology; Evaluation; Qualitative Research; Short-term Consequences},
  language = {Italian}
}

The article examines the different forms of violence that may fall upon the children when the bond of love between their parents is broken. Inspired by the tragedy of Medea, the author analyzes the psychological dynamics that underlie the killing of children within the clinical picture of depression and paranoia. Besides the "real" infanticide represented by the physical suppression of the child, there are other forms of "symbolic" infanticides that are manifested as attachment to the link of the child with one parent. Based on the description of the Parental Alienation Syndrome carried out by R. Gardner, and in reference to the recent classification of "Parental Alienation Disorder" proposed by W. Bernet, three main types of Parental Alienation are identified: Traumatic, Relational and Induced.

@article{Bernet2014Parental,
  author = {Bernet, W},
  title = {Parental alienation disorder and DSM-V},
  journal = {Archivi di Psicologia Giuridica},
  address = {Italy},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {67--85},
  isbn = {978-884674181-3},
  abstract = {Although parental alienation disorder (PAD) is a serious mental condition affecting many children and their families, it is not an official diagnosis or even mentioned in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.  This article presents arguments for considering PAD a diagnosis: PAD is a prototypical example of a relational disorder; the phenomenon of PAD is almost universally accepted by mental health professionals; PAD is a valid and reliable construct; adopting criteria for PAD will promote systematic research; adopting criteria will reduce the misuse of the concept of PAD; and adopting criteria will improve the treatment of children with this disorder.},
  keywords = {parental alienation disorder; parental alienation syndrome; DSM-V; divorce; Classification; DSM; Qualitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

Although parental alienation disorder (PAD) is a serious mental condition affecting many children and their families, it is not an official diagnosis or even mentioned in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. This article presents arguments for considering PAD a diagnosis: PAD is a prototypical example of a relational disorder; the phenomenon of PAD is almost universally accepted by mental health professionals; PAD is a valid and reliable construct; adopting criteria for PAD will promote systematic research; adopting criteria will reduce the misuse of the concept of PAD; and adopting criteria will improve the treatment of children with this disorder.

@article{Lopez2014Parental,
  author = {Lopez, T. J. and Inglesias, V. E. N. and Garcia, P. F.},
  title = {Parental alienation gradient:  Strategies for a syndrome},
  journal = {American Journal of Family Therapy},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {42},
  number = {3},
  pages = {217--231},
  abstract = {Two factors were analyzed in 72 divorced couples: the fact of having custody of the children or not, and the sex of the parent granted the custody. These factors influence the use of 27 different alienation strategies selected for study by the authors. The results show that the fact of having custody or not affects the number and type of alienation strategies used, whereas sex of the parent with custody only appears to affect the kinds of strategies used. This marks a qualitative difference between custody-holding men and women in relation to the way they exercise alienation.},
  keywords = {parental alienation; Quantitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

Two factors were analyzed in 72 divorced couples: the fact of having custody of the children or not, and the sex of the parent granted the custody. These factors influence the use of 27 different alienation strategies selected for study by the authors. The results show that the fact of having custody or not affects the number and type of alienation strategies used, whereas sex of the parent with custody only appears to affect the kinds of strategies used. This marks a qualitative difference between custody-holding men and women in relation to the way they exercise alienation.

@article{Rowen2014Examining,
  author = {Rowen, J. and Emery, R.},
  title = {Examining parental denigration behaviors of co-parents as reported by young adults and their association with parent-child closeness.},
  journal = {Couple and Family Psychology:  Research and Practice},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {3},
  number = {3},
  pages = {165--177},
  abstract = {Over the past 30 years, number researchers have documented that interparental conflict predicts (predicts) adjustment difficulties among children from divorced and married families, as well as strained parent–child relationships. The conflict literature, reports of “parental alienation” behaviors, and clinical experience make it clear that some parents make disparaging comments about their coparent in front of their children. Very little empirical research has been conducted on the actual behaviors involved in what we term “parental denigration.” Basic information is needed on how often denigration occurs, whether it is practiced by only one parent or both parents, and whether denigration adversely affects parent–child relationships. In the present study, 648 undergraduates completed a new, internally consistent measure of denigration as well as questionnaires about parent–child relationships. Results indicate that denigration (a) occurs infrequently but more often in divorced families, (b) is almost always practiced by both parents, and (c) is associated with less close parent–child relationships, especially with the denigrator parent. These initial findings underscore the need for more research on a construct that is studied rarely but frequently raised in custody proceedings and seen often in clinical work. This information will help bring awareness of these behaviors to courts, parents, and mental health professionals to best protect children from adverse psychological effects and help families function better in the midst of conflict.},
  keywords = {parental alienation; Critics; Quantitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

Over the past 30 years, number researchers have documented that interparental conflict predicts (predicts) adjustment difficulties among children from divorced and married families, as well as strained parent–child relationships. The conflict literature, reports of “parental alienation” behaviors, and clinical experience make it clear that some parents make disparaging comments about their coparent in front of their children. Very little empirical research has been conducted on the actual behaviors involved in what we term “parental denigration.” Basic information is needed on how often denigration occurs, whether it is practiced by only one parent or both parents, and whether denigration adversely affects parent–child relationships. In the present study, 648 undergraduates completed a new, internally consistent measure of denigration as well as questionnaires about parent–child relationships. Results indicate that denigration (a) occurs infrequently but more often in divorced families, (b) is almost always practiced by both parents, and (c) is associated with less close parent–child relationships, especially with the denigrator parent. These initial findings underscore the need for more research on a construct that is studied rarely but frequently raised in custody proceedings and seen often in clinical work. This information will help bring awareness of these behaviors to courts, parents, and mental health professionals to best protect children from adverse psychological effects and help families function better in the midst of conflict.

@article{Viljoen2014Exploring,
  author = {Viljoen, M. and van Rensburg, E.},
  title = {Exploring the lived experiences of psychologists working with parental alienation syndrome.},
  journal = {Journal of Divorce and Remarriage},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {55},
  number = {4},
  pages = {253--275},
  abstract = {Divorce is a common modern phenomenon. Changes in legislation to support the best-interest-of-the-child principle are argued to have escalated conflict between parents during custody disputes. Parental alienation syndrome (PAS) is a controversial concept in high-conflict divorces and has received both praise and criticism over the past 2 decades. This study explores the experiences of psychologists working with PAS in private practice. A snowball sample (n = 8) of psychologists willingly participated in the study. Data collection took place by means of in-depth interviews. Transcribed data were analyzed by means of thematic analysis, and themes and subthemes were derived. The 2 main categories that emerged were the participants’ general understanding of PAS and the operational and practical experiences working with PAS. The participants working with PAS referred to it as complex and destructive. The involvement of lawyers, parental pathology, and legislation all contribute to the complex task of intervening in cases where PAS is present. The impact of working with such a complex phenomenon has emotional effects like self-doubt, disappointment, and anxiety. In some cases, this resulted in an active decision on the part of the psychologist not to work with forensic cases any more.},
  keywords = {divorce; subjective experience; psychologist; parental alienation syndrome; Qualitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

Divorce is a common modern phenomenon. Changes in legislation to support the best-interest-of-the-child principle are argued to have escalated conflict between parents during custody disputes. Parental alienation syndrome (PAS) is a controversial concept in high-conflict divorces and has received both praise and criticism over the past 2 decades. This study explores the experiences of psychologists working with PAS in private practice. A snowball sample (n = 8) of psychologists willingly participated in the study. Data collection took place by means of in-depth interviews. Transcribed data were analyzed by means of thematic analysis, and themes and subthemes were derived. The 2 main categories that emerged were the participants’ general understanding of PAS and the operational and practical experiences working with PAS. The participants working with PAS referred to it as complex and destructive. The involvement of lawyers, parental pathology, and legislation all contribute to the complex task of intervening in cases where PAS is present. The impact of working with such a complex phenomenon has emotional effects like self-doubt, disappointment, and anxiety. In some cases, this resulted in an active decision on the part of the psychologist not to work with forensic cases any more.

@phdthesis{Whitecombe2014Powerless:,
  author = {Whitecombe, S.},
  title = {Powerless:  The lived experience of alienated parents in the UK.},
  publisher = {Teesside University},
  address = {United Kingdom},
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {parental alienation; Qualitative Research; Dissertation},
  language = {English}
}

@phdthesis{Hachenberg2014Diplomarbeit:,
  author = {Hachenberg, M},
  title = {Diplomarbeit: Elterliche Entfremdung - Diagnose und mögliche Folgen},
  address = {Germany},
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {denigration and rejection; lack of ambivalence; fabrications; doubt and guilt; questionnaire; Quantitative Research; Short-term Consequences},
  language = {German}
}

@book{Xiong2014The,
  author = {Xiong, B},
  title = {The Year of the Brave Bear: Speak Up. Stand Out. Change Your World.},
  publisher = {Brave Bear Media},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2014},
  abstract = {Xiong said, "The Year of the Brave Bear is about the year I chose writing as my therapy to overcome depression after being alienated from my adult son...the year I helped spread hope for depression and suicide prevention...the year I helped build a windmill in Africa...the year I helped build the first philanthropic coffee roaster in Laos...the year I launched a web show and podcast featuring brave entrepreneurs to inspire and support other brave entrepreneurs."},
  keywords = {self-improvement; alienation; personal transformation; personal goals; Personal Experience},
  url = {https://www.amazon.com/Year-Brave-Bear-Change-World-ebook/dp/B00M99U27G},
  language = {English}
}

Xiong said, "The Year of the Brave Bear is about the year I chose writing as my therapy to overcome depression after being alienated from my adult son...the year I helped spread hope for depression and suicide prevention...the year I helped build a windmill in Africa...the year I helped build the first philanthropic coffee roaster in Laos...the year I launched a web show and podcast featuring brave entrepreneurs to inspire and support other brave entrepreneurs."

@book{Baker2014The,
  author = {Baker, AJL and Bone, M and Ludmer, B},
  title = {The High-Conflict Custody Battle: Protect Yourself and Your Kids from a Toxic Divorce, False, Accusations, and Parental Alienation},
  publisher = {New Harbinger Publications},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2014},
  isbn = {1626250731},
  abstract = {In The High-Conflict Custody Battle, a team of legal and psychology experts present a practical guidebook for people like you who are engaged in a high-conflict custody battle. If you are dealing with an overtly hostile, inflammatory, deceitful, or manipulative ex-spouse, you will learn how to find and work with an attorney and prepare for a custody evaluation. The book also provides helpful tips you can use to defend yourself against false accusations, and gives a realistic portrayal of what to expect during a legal fight},
  keywords = {custody; court; Parental alienation; Legal; Prevention},
  language = {English}
}

In The High-Conflict Custody Battle, a team of legal and psychology experts present a practical guidebook for people like you who are engaged in a high-conflict custody battle. If you are dealing with an overtly hostile, inflammatory, deceitful, or manipulative ex-spouse, you will learn how to find and work with an attorney and prepare for a custody evaluation. The book also provides helpful tips you can use to defend yourself against false accusations, and gives a realistic portrayal of what to expect during a legal fight

@book{Baker2014Surviving,
  author = {Baker, AJL and Fine, P},
  title = {Surviving Parental Alienation: A Journey of Hope and Healing},
  publisher = {Rowman & Littlefield Publishers},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2014},
  isbn = {1442226773},
  abstract = {Half of all marriages end, and, when they do, most parents hope to achieve a “good divorce” in which they can amicably raise their children with their former spouse. Unfortunately, about 20% of divorces are high-conflict, involving frequent visits to court, allegations of abuse, and chronic disagreements regarding parenting schedules. In response to this conflict, some children become aligned with one parent against the other – even a parent who has done nothing to warrant the hostile rejection of their formerly loving children. These “targeted” parents suffer from the loss of time with their children, the pain of watching their children become distant, even cruel, and the uncertainty of not knowing if and when their children will come back to them. These parents are on a painful journey with an uncertain outcome. Surviving Parental Alienation fills the tremendous need for concrete help for these parents. Surviving Parental Alienation provides true stories and information about parents who have reconnected with their lost and stolen children, and offers better insight and understanding into what exactly parental alienation is and how to handle it.},
  keywords = {personal stories; reconnecting; parental alienation; divorced parents; Long-term Consequences; Personal Experience; Prevalence},
  language = {English}
}

Half of all marriages end, and, when they do, most parents hope to achieve a “good divorce” in which they can amicably raise their children with their former spouse. Unfortunately, about 20% of divorces are high-conflict, involving frequent visits to court, allegations of abuse, and chronic disagreements regarding parenting schedules. In response to this conflict, some children become aligned with one parent against the other – even a parent who has done nothing to warrant the hostile rejection of their formerly loving children. These “targeted” parents suffer from the loss of time with their children, the pain of watching their children become distant, even cruel, and the uncertainty of not knowing if and when their children will come back to them. These parents are on a painful journey with an uncertain outcome. Surviving Parental Alienation fills the tremendous need for concrete help for these parents. Surviving Parental Alienation provides true stories and information about parents who have reconnected with their lost and stolen children, and offers better insight and understanding into what exactly parental alienation is and how to handle it.

@book{Joseph2014Abuse,
  author = {Joseph, R},
  title = {Abuse and Betrayal: The Cautionary True Story of Divorce, Mistakes, Lies, and Legal Abuse},
  publisher = {CreateSpace},
  year = {2014},
  abstract = {Abuse & Betrayal is author Richard Joseph’s deeply personal autobiographical account of his experiences with marriage, divorce, and the effects of his ex-wife’s behavior. Sure to strike a chord with anyone who has ever been in a dysfunctional relationship or divorce situation, it follows the couple from happy beginnings to their tumultuous divorce, and describes the abuse and alienation Richard faced during and after the marriage.},
  keywords = {Parental alienation; divorce process; fairness; Long-term Consequences; Personal Experience},
  language = {English}
}

Abuse & Betrayal is author Richard Joseph’s deeply personal autobiographical account of his experiences with marriage, divorce, and the effects of his ex-wife’s behavior. Sure to strike a chord with anyone who has ever been in a dysfunctional relationship or divorce situation, it follows the couple from happy beginnings to their tumultuous divorce, and describes the abuse and alienation Richard faced during and after the marriage.

@book{Roche2014Broken,
  author = {Roche, P and Allen, M},
  title = {Broken Lives Broken Minds},
  publisher = {CreateSpace Independent Publishing},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2014},
  isbn = {149488853X},
  abstract = {This is about parental abduction and parental alienation (PAS). It was written to expose the flaws and loopholes in the Hague Convention and the dramatic rise in parental abduction in the last 10 years. This book exposes the phenomenon of PAS which is too poorly recognized in the family courts today. It is devastating the lives of young children and target parents. These effects often are long-term on the children which extends into adulthood. It is about the injustices that are endemic in the family law system which involves judges, lawyers, psychologists, and court-appointed therapists. It shows how the legal system is fundamentally flawed, and the costs of all this are crippling.},
  keywords = {legal system flaws; parental alienation; parental abduction; Legal; Long-term Consequences; Qualitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

This is about parental abduction and parental alienation (PAS). It was written to expose the flaws and loopholes in the Hague Convention and the dramatic rise in parental abduction in the last 10 years. This book exposes the phenomenon of PAS which is too poorly recognized in the family courts today. It is devastating the lives of young children and target parents. These effects often are long-term on the children which extends into adulthood. It is about the injustices that are endemic in the family law system which involves judges, lawyers, psychologists, and court-appointed therapists. It shows how the legal system is fundamentally flawed, and the costs of all this are crippling.

@article{Camerini2014La,
  author = {Camerini, GB and Magro, T and Sabatello, U and Volpini, L},
  title = {La parental alienation: considerazioni cliniche, nosografiche e psicologico-giuridiche alla luce del DSM-5},
  journal = {Gior Neuropsich Età Evol},
  address = {Italy},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {34},
  pages = {39--48},
  abstract = {After the recent case of the Cittadella's child, a large number of discussions about "Parental Alienation Syndrome" have arisen. The often confused use of this term makes necessary a clear review of the international literature, and an important work planning on protection of rights and on psychosocial help interventions. This review aims to bring back international considerations on the term "Parental Alienation Syndrome" and on nosographic elements of family relationship problems after the DSM-V presentation, wit ht the presentation of a diagnostic algorithms, and finally open to psychosocial and legal interventions.},
  keywords = {Parental Alienation; Diagnostic algorithm; Psychosocial and legal interventions; Classification; Qualitative Research},
  url = {http://www.psicologiagiuridica.eu/files/documenti/pas_dsm5_camerini.pdf},
  language = {Italian}
}

After the recent case of the Cittadella's child, a large number of discussions about "Parental Alienation Syndrome" have arisen. The often confused use of this term makes necessary a clear review of the international literature, and an important work planning on protection of rights and on psychosocial help interventions. This review aims to bring back international considerations on the term "Parental Alienation Syndrome" and on nosographic elements of family relationship problems after the DSM-V presentation, wit ht the presentation of a diagnostic algorithms, and finally open to psychosocial and legal interventions.

@incollection{Stahl2014Conducting,
  author = {Stahl, PM},
  title = {Conducting Child Custody and Parenting Evaluations},
  booktitle = {The Handbook of Forensic Psychology},
  publisher = {Wiley & Sons},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2014},
  pages = {137--169},
  abstract = {This comprehensive book has a chapter of child custody evaluations, which includes a section of parental alienation.},
  keywords = {Evaluation; Qualitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

This comprehensive book has a chapter of child custody evaluations, which includes a section of parental alienation.

@phdthesis{Kadkhodaey2014Das,
  author = {Kadkhodaey, Y},
  title = {Das Parental Alienation Syndrome nach Richard Gardner},
  address = {Germany},
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {high-conflict divorce; parental alienation; Quantitative Research},
  language = {German}
}

@article{Duarte2014A,
  author = {Duarte, LP},
  title = {A guarda dos filhos na família em conflito},
  journal = {Alienação Parental Revista Digital Lusobrasileira},
  publisher = {Sandra Inês},
  address = {Portugal},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {154--179},
  abstract = {Brazil's new law grants joint custody of children among divorces. What this new law overlooks, however, is the subjectivity of these families that undergo divorce, especially in cases that lead to Parental Alienation, where one parent manipulates the children to distance themselves from the other parent. Duarte illustrates the long-term psychological effects of Parental Alienation in children and how psychological analysts can effectively mediate between the family members of divorce by describing the case of "The Princes and the Eagle Shattered Stress," the case about a young girl who was the victim of acts of Parental Alienation by her mother.},
  keywords = {family; custody dispute; Legal Psychology; Management; Qualitative Research},
  url = {https://issuu.com/sandraines3/docs/sem_t__tulo-4.___edi____o},
  language = {Portuguese}
}

Brazil's new law grants joint custody of children among divorces. What this new law overlooks, however, is the subjectivity of these families that undergo divorce, especially in cases that lead to Parental Alienation, where one parent manipulates the children to distance themselves from the other parent. Duarte illustrates the long-term psychological effects of Parental Alienation in children and how psychological analysts can effectively mediate between the family members of divorce by describing the case of "The Princes and the Eagle Shattered Stress," the case about a young girl who was the victim of acts of Parental Alienation by her mother.

@incollection{Lorandos2014Parental,
  author = {Lorandos, D},
  title = {Parental Alienation},
  booktitle = {Handbook of Forensic Sociology and Psychology},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2014},
  pages = {323--344},
  isbn = {978-1-4614-7177-6},
  abstract = {This chapter utilizes the peer-reviewed literature to define alienation as a parent/child relational difficulty assessed by the presentation in the child’s behavior. Twenty-seven years of published research on the validity and reliability of the parental alienation construct is summarized and it is noted that the phenomenon has passed both the Fyre and Daubert tests in the U SA and the Mohan test in Canada. The research into incident and prevalence in PA is discussed and conservative data utilized to document that approximately 25 % of children involved in custody disputes manifest parental alienation. The differential diagnosis of PA is illustrated with an explication of the presenting symptoms in the alienated child, target parent, and alienating parent. Longitudinal research is summarized describing the sequelae of PA in child victims. The role of mental health professionals as assessors, parenting coordinators, therapists, and reunification workers is discussed. Court intervention in Canada and the USA is illustrated with published data from those courts themselves. More than 150 citations to the literature of science and law are provided.},
  keywords = {parental alienation; Long-term Consequences; Qualitative Research; Quantitative Research; Short-term Consequences},
  url = {10.1007/978-1-4614-7178-3},
  language = {English}
}

This chapter utilizes the peer-reviewed literature to define alienation as a parent/child relational difficulty assessed by the presentation in the child’s behavior. Twenty-seven years of published research on the validity and reliability of the parental alienation construct is summarized and it is noted that the phenomenon has passed both the Fyre and Daubert tests in the U SA and the Mohan test in Canada. The research into incident and prevalence in PA is discussed and conservative data utilized to document that approximately 25 % of children involved in custody disputes manifest parental alienation. The differential diagnosis of PA is illustrated with an explication of the presenting symptoms in the alienated child, target parent, and alienating parent. Longitudinal research is summarized describing the sequelae of PA in child victims. The role of mental health professionals as assessors, parenting coordinators, therapists, and reunification workers is discussed. Court intervention in Canada and the USA is illustrated with published data from those courts themselves. More than 150 citations to the literature of science and law are provided.

@article{WoodallK.2014Understanding,
  author = {Woodall K.},
  title = {Understanding and working with the alienated child},
  journal = {Seen and Heard},
  publisher = {NAGALRO},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {24},
  number = {2},
  pages = {37--48},
  abstract = {Children who refuse or resist a relationship with a parent after separation is a problem which takes up a great deal of practitioner time and understanding. Considers the situation from the perspective of practitioners in relation to meeting the alienated child, risk, assessment, working with the child and treatment methods.},
  keywords = {Management},
  url = {http://www.familyseparationclinic.co.uk/articles/},
  language = {English}
}

Children who refuse or resist a relationship with a parent after separation is a problem which takes up a great deal of practitioner time and understanding. Considers the situation from the perspective of practitioners in relation to meeting the alienated child, risk, assessment, working with the child and treatment methods.

@book{Hedlesky2014Letters,
  author = {Hedlesky, S.},
  title = {Letters to Chloe: A Well Documented Case of Parental Alienation Syndrome},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2014},
  isbn = {9781500217686},
  abstract = {This book recounts how Steven Hedlesky, M.D. lost the relationship with his only daughter who had developed PAS. The book contains a chronology of annotated excerpts from 780 emails and thousands of pages of court transcripts, discovery documents, consultant reports, and court rulings that reveal exactly how and why his ex-wife systematically destroyed his relationship with his daughter. The book also contains letters the author wrote to his daughter, a history of PAS, explanations of how PAS is induced in a child, advice on resisting PAS induction, and advice on approaching a custody battle in court when PAS is involved.},
  keywords = {personal experience; PAS cases; Personal Experience},
  language = {English}
}

This book recounts how Steven Hedlesky, M.D. lost the relationship with his only daughter who had developed PAS. The book contains a chronology of annotated excerpts from 780 emails and thousands of pages of court transcripts, discovery documents, consultant reports, and court rulings that reveal exactly how and why his ex-wife systematically destroyed his relationship with his daughter. The book also contains letters the author wrote to his daughter, a history of PAS, explanations of how PAS is induced in a child, advice on resisting PAS induction, and advice on approaching a custody battle in court when PAS is involved.

@book{Curci2014Figli,
  author = {Curci, A. and De Michele, V. and Bianco, A.},
  title = {Figli Contesi e Alienazione Genitoriale. Dalla Sindrome alla Patologia Relazionale},
  publisher = {Mimesis},
  address = {Italy},
  year = {2014},
  abstract = {This book is the result of a study meeting held in Bari in 2011, during which academics and legal practitioners of psychology met to discuss the issue of the parental alienation syndrome, defined for the first time by Gardner in 1985. It was the controversial subject of a debate to more rumors about the complexity of the conflict and the need for separation contexts and for properly hearing the children involved.},
  keywords = {parental alienation; parental alienation syndrome; pathological; Evaluation; Qualitative Research},
  language = {Italian}
}

This book is the result of a study meeting held in Bari in 2011, during which academics and legal practitioners of psychology met to discuss the issue of the parental alienation syndrome, defined for the first time by Gardner in 1985. It was the controversial subject of a debate to more rumors about the complexity of the conflict and the need for separation contexts and for properly hearing the children involved.

@article{Mazzoni2014Dalla,
  author = {Mazzoni, S. and Nassisi, V.},
  title = {Dalla Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) allo studio delle diverse forme di Alienazione Genitorial},
  journal = {Infanzia e Adolescenza},
  address = {Italy},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {13},
  number = {1},
  pages = {44--54},
  abstract = {Theoretical background : In the last two decades, the scientific debate on parental alienation syndrome (PAS) has raised controversies about the inherent consistency of the construct. Specifically, based on Gardner's first formulations, PAS diagnosis reveals the presence of a unique etiopathogenetic factor, the alienating parent. Such a parent has the power of "programming" alienated children by enlisting them in his or her ''campaign of denigration'' and ''vilification'' of the other parent that children are forced to refuse. On different grounds, the concept of parental alienation appears to show a complex psychological-relational dynamic in which all family members are implied.},
  keywords = {parental alienation syndrome; multifactoriality; psychodynamic features; Classification; Etiology; Qualitative Research},
  language = {Italian}
}

Theoretical background : In the last two decades, the scientific debate on parental alienation syndrome (PAS) has raised controversies about the inherent consistency of the construct. Specifically, based on Gardner's first formulations, PAS diagnosis reveals the presence of a unique etiopathogenetic factor, the alienating parent. Such a parent has the power of "programming" alienated children by enlisting them in his or her ''campaign of denigration'' and ''vilification'' of the other parent that children are forced to refuse. On different grounds, the concept of parental alienation appears to show a complex psychological-relational dynamic in which all family members are implied.

@article{Verrocchio2014Il,
  author = {Verrocchio, M.C.},
  title = {Il maltrattamento psicologico: caratteristiche e conseguenze},
  journal = {Maltrattamento e Abuso All'infanzia},
  address = {Italy},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {16},
  number = {1},
  pages = {11--35},
  abstract = {Psychological maltreatment involves a repeated pattern of caregiver behavior or a serious incidence that transmits to the child that he or she is worthless, flawed, unloved, unwanted, endangered, or only of value in meeting others' needs. It is defined as both acts of commission (emotional abuse) and omission (emotional neglect). The aims of this review are to compare conceptual definitions of psychological maltreatment and to examine negative outcomes in adulthood. Maladaptive schemas, emotional dysregulation, and insecure attachment styles were analyzed as potential mediators of the relationship between  psychological maltreatment and later psychological difficulties.},
  keywords = {psychological maltreatment; emotional neglect; dysfunctional parenting; psychological outcomes in adulthood; Classification; Long-term Consequences},
  language = {Italian}
}

Psychological maltreatment involves a repeated pattern of caregiver behavior or a serious incidence that transmits to the child that he or she is worthless, flawed, unloved, unwanted, endangered, or only of value in meeting others' needs. It is defined as both acts of commission (emotional abuse) and omission (emotional neglect). The aims of this review are to compare conceptual definitions of psychological maltreatment and to examine negative outcomes in adulthood. Maladaptive schemas, emotional dysregulation, and insecure attachment styles were analyzed as potential mediators of the relationship between psychological maltreatment and later psychological difficulties.

@article{Warshak2014Securing,
  author = {Warshak, R.A.},
  title = {Securing Children’s Best Interests While Resisting the Lure of Simple Solutions},
  journal = {Journal of Divorce & Remarriage},
  publisher = {Taylor & Francis},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {56},
  number = {1},
  pages = {57--79},
  abstract = {The best-interest-of-the-child standard for child custody policy and decisions has benefits and hazards, the latter related to the exercise of judicial discretion in custody disputes. This article examines alternatives to the status quo, including the primary parent presumption, the approximation rule, shared parenting, an exact even split of custodial time, sole custody for couples labeled as in high conflict or those with young children, the friendly parent presumption, and decisions that defer to children’s stated preferences. Each alternative promises simpler paths to securing children’s welfare, but some have more support than others in the social science literature.},
  keywords = {approximation rule; child custody; children's best interests; friendly parent presumption; joint custody; overnights; shared parenting; Management},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2014.972186},
  language = {English}
}

The best-interest-of-the-child standard for child custody policy and decisions has benefits and hazards, the latter related to the exercise of judicial discretion in custody disputes. This article examines alternatives to the status quo, including the primary parent presumption, the approximation rule, shared parenting, an exact even split of custodial time, sole custody for couples labeled as in high conflict or those with young children, the friendly parent presumption, and decisions that defer to children’s stated preferences. Each alternative promises simpler paths to securing children’s welfare, but some have more support than others in the social science literature.

@phdthesis{Kadkhodaey2014Das,
  author = {Kadkhodaey, Y.},
  title = {Das Parental Alienation Syndrome nach Richard Gardner - Eine qualitative Unstersuchung hochkonflikthafer Scheidungsfamilien zur Analyse von Hinweisen auf kindliche Entfremdungssymptome und entfremdende elterliche Verhalten sweisen},
  address = {Germany},
  year = {2014},
  language = {German}
}

@article{Sweeney2014Reviews,
  author = {Sweeney, L.G.},
  title = {Reviews of "The Parental Alienation Syndrome: A Family Therapy and Collaborative System Approach to Amelioration," by Linda J. Gottlieb and "Parental Alienation Syndrome-Disorder: A Serious Form of Psychological Child Abuse With Case Examples," by Wilfrid},
  journal = {American Journal of Family Therapy},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {42},
  pages = {92--94},
  keywords = {Book Review},
  url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01926187.2013.804759},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Menz2014Ein,
  author = {Menz, W.},
  title = {Ein Fall von Eltern-Kind Entfremdung},
  journal = {Neuropsychiatrie},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {28},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27--32},
  abstract = {In the context of divorce and divorce situations, Richard Gardner, an American psychiatrist, described a special disorder in children in 1984, which he called "Parental Alienation Syndrome" (PAS). A child suddenly turns away completely and incomprehensibly from the separated parent while exclusively to the supervising parent. In the context of a massive emotional injury, one parent tries to turn the child against the other parent. This could reach the level of emotional abuse.},
  keywords = {parental alienation syndrome; parental alienation; emotional child abuse; Qualitative Research},
  url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40211-013-0092-4},
  language = {German}
}

In the context of divorce and divorce situations, Richard Gardner, an American psychiatrist, described a special disorder in children in 1984, which he called "Parental Alienation Syndrome" (PAS). A child suddenly turns away completely and incomprehensibly from the separated parent while exclusively to the supervising parent. In the context of a massive emotional injury, one parent tries to turn the child against the other parent. This could reach the level of emotional abuse.

@article{Child2014Keeping,
  author = {Child, N.},
  title = {Keeping one eye on family abuse is not enough},
  address = {United Kingdom},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {134},
  pages = {2--5},
  keywords = {domestic violence; parental alienation; Qualitative Research},
  url = {https://www.dropbox.com/s/wxhxoiavruujb6l/KeepingOneEye.pdf},
  language = {English}
}

@phdthesis{Koppejan-Luitze2014Pathway,
  author = {Koppejan-Luitze, H.S.},
  title = {Pathway to Parental Alienation or Estrangement},
  publisher = {Open Universiteit},
  address = {Netherlands},
  year = {2014},
  url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262536068_Pathway_to_Parental_Alienation_or_Estrangement},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Garber2014The,
  author = {Garber, B.},
  title = {The chameleon child: Children as actors in the high conflict divorce drama},
  journal = {Journal of Child Custody},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {25--40},
  abstract = {Contemporary theory asserts that children become triangulated into their parents' conflicts due to alienation, estrangement, and enmeshment. These dynamics account for some children's alliance with one parent and rejection of the other. The present article suggests that the child's innate need to adapt and the caregivers' corresponding needs for confirmation together create an additional dynamic that must be considered as part of any family system evaluation. The “chameleon child” engages in necessary and natural short-term adaptive behaviors at unknown developmental costs. An observational protocol is described with which evaluators can begin to distinguish among these dynamics. Case illustrations are provided.},
  keywords = {divorce; custody; alienation; estrangement; enmeshment; adaptation; attachment; Qualitative Research; Short-term Consequences},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15379418.2014.892805},
  language = {English}
}

Contemporary theory asserts that children become triangulated into their parents' conflicts due to alienation, estrangement, and enmeshment. These dynamics account for some children's alliance with one parent and rejection of the other. The present article suggests that the child's innate need to adapt and the caregivers' corresponding needs for confirmation together create an additional dynamic that must be considered as part of any family system evaluation. The “chameleon child” engages in necessary and natural short-term adaptive behaviors at unknown developmental costs. An observational protocol is described with which evaluators can begin to distinguish among these dynamics. Case illustrations are provided.

@article{Baker2014Parental,
  author = {Baker, A.J.L. and Verrocchio, M.C.},
  title = {Parental bonding and parental alienation as correlates of psychological maltreatment in adults in intact and non-intact families},
  journal = {Journal of Child and Family Studies},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {24},
  number = {10},
  abstract = {Seven hundred and thirty nine (739) Italian adults completed a survey about (A) the extent to which each parent engaged in parental alienation behaviors (B) the extent to which each parent engaged in psychological maltreatment and (C) a measure of parental bonding for each parent. Associations between these variables were examined for each parent and separately for participants whose parents remained married and those who divorced/separated. Results revealed that across the board, parental alienation was associated with psychological maltreatment over and above the effects of parental bonding. These data are understood in the context of a relationship-specific model of psychological maltreatment in which the child experiences parental acceptance of the self as distinct from parental acceptance of the child’s relationship with the other parent.},
  keywords = {parental alienation; statistical analysis; Quantitative Research},
  url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271014063_Parental_Bonding_and_Parental_Alienation_as_Correlates_of_Psychological_Maltreatment_in_Adults_in_Intact_and_Non-intact_Families},
  language = {English}
}

Seven hundred and thirty nine (739) Italian adults completed a survey about (A) the extent to which each parent engaged in parental alienation behaviors (B) the extent to which each parent engaged in psychological maltreatment and (C) a measure of parental bonding for each parent. Associations between these variables were examined for each parent and separately for participants whose parents remained married and those who divorced/separated. Results revealed that across the board, parental alienation was associated with psychological maltreatment over and above the effects of parental bonding. These data are understood in the context of a relationship-specific model of psychological maltreatment in which the child experiences parental acceptance of the self as distinct from parental acceptance of the child’s relationship with the other parent.

@article{Haroche2014Prendre,
  author = {Haroche, A.},
  title = {Prendre soin des enfants face à l'aliénation parentale},
  journal = {Soins. Pediatrie, Puericulture},
  address = {France},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {35},
  number = {280},
  pages = {8},
  keywords = {parental alienation; Qualitative Research},
  language = {French}
}

@article{Golse2014Divorce,
  author = {Golse, B.},
  title = {Divorce : résidence alternée de l’enfant},
  journal = {Archives de Pédiatrie: Organe Officiel de la Societe Francaise de Pediatrie},
  publisher = {Elsevier SAS},
  address = {France},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {21},
  number = {4},
  pages = {441--443},
  abstract = {This work first recalls the definition of joint physical custody, as well as the current legal procedure for obtaining it, its practical implementation, the financial implications for parents, and finally some statistics. Some psychological and psychopathological reflections on the impact of divorce on children are then presented before considering the question of joint physically custody with regard to attachment theory and depending on the age of the child (a great caution seems to be required before three years). The article concludes with a brief discussion of parental alienation syndrome.},
  keywords = {Critics},
  url = {http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0929693X14000165/1-s2.0-S0929693X14000165-main.pdf?_tid=e33b1372-23b3-11e7-b79c-00000aacb35f&acdnat=1492464297_1f19a6414750249ca2f5f7b6617f2846},
  language = {French}
}

This work first recalls the definition of joint physical custody, as well as the current legal procedure for obtaining it, its practical implementation, the financial implications for parents, and finally some statistics. Some psychological and psychopathological reflections on the impact of divorce on children are then presented before considering the question of joint physically custody with regard to attachment theory and depending on the age of the child (a great caution seems to be required before three years). The article concludes with a brief discussion of parental alienation syndrome.

@article{Nichols2014Toward,
  author = {Nichols, A.M.},
  title = {Toward a Child-Centered Approach to Evaluating Claims of Alienation in High-Conflict Custody Disputes},
  journal = {Michigan Law Review},
  publisher = {University of Michigan Law School},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {112},
  number = {4},
  pages = {663--688},
  abstract = {Theories of parental alienation abound in high-conflict custody cases. The image},
  keywords = {alienation; child custody; high-conflict divorce; Critics},
  url = {http://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1031&context=mlr},
  language = {English}
}

Theories of parental alienation abound in high-conflict custody cases. The image

@article{Warshak2014Social,
  author = {Warshak, Richard A.},
  title = {Social Science and Parenting Plans for Young Children: A Consensus Report},
  journal = {Psychology, Public Policy, and Law},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {20},
  number = {1},
  pages = {46--67},
  isbn = {1076-8971},
  abstract = {Two central issues addressed in this article are the extent to which young children’s time should be spent predominantly in the care of the same parent or divided more evenly between both parents, and whether children under the age of 4 should sleep in the same home every night or spend overnights in both parents’ homes. A broad consensus of accomplished researchers and practitioners agree that, in normal circumstances, the evidence supports shared residential arrangements for children under 4 years of age whose parents live apart from each other. Because of the well-documented vulnerability of father– child relationships among never-married and divorced parents, the studies that identify overnights as a protective factor associated with increased father commitment to child rearing and reduced incidence of father drop-out, and the absence of studies that demonstrate any net risk of overnights, policymakers and decision makers should recognize that depriving young children of overnights with their fathers could compromise the quality of developing father-child relationships. Sufficient evidence does not exist to support postponing the introduction of regular and frequent involvement, including overnights, of both parents with their babies and toddlers. The theoretical and practical considerations favoring overnights for most young children are more compelling than concerns that overnights might jeopardize children’s development.},
  keywords = {Child Custody; Children's Best Interests; Joint Custody; Overnights; Shared Parenting; Evaluation; Long-term Consequences; Qualitative Research; Quantitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtass8cW3YyvsPkc7Kcug},
  language = {English}
}

Two central issues addressed in this article are the extent to which young children’s time should be spent predominantly in the care of the same parent or divided more evenly between both parents, and whether children under the age of 4 should sleep in the same home every night or spend overnights in both parents’ homes. A broad consensus of accomplished researchers and practitioners agree that, in normal circumstances, the evidence supports shared residential arrangements for children under 4 years of age whose parents live apart from each other. Because of the well-documented vulnerability of father– child relationships among never-married and divorced parents, the studies that identify overnights as a protective factor associated with increased father commitment to child rearing and reduced incidence of father drop-out, and the absence of studies that demonstrate any net risk of overnights, policymakers and decision makers should recognize that depriving young children of overnights with their fathers could compromise the quality of developing father-child relationships. Sufficient evidence does not exist to support postponing the introduction of regular and frequent involvement, including overnights, of both parents with their babies and toddlers. The theoretical and practical considerations favoring overnights for most young children are more compelling than concerns that overnights might jeopardize children’s development.

@article{Baker2014Parental,
  author = {Baker, A.J.L.},
  title = {Parental alienation as a form of psychological maltreatment},
  journal = {(Maltrattamento e Abuso all'Infanzia},
  publisher = {Information: Franco Angeli Edizioni},
  address = {Italy},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {16},
  number = {1},
  pages = {37--55},
  isbn = {1591-4267},
  abstract = {Parental alienation behaviors are defined as parental acts and attitudes that create pressure in the child to reject his or her other parent. Two strands of research are reviewed that support consideration of parental alienation (PA) as a form of psychological maltreatment (PM). The first is a set of studies on the negative effects of children's involvement in their parents' marital and divorce conflict and the second is a set of studies specifically examining associations between reports of parental use of 19 specific PA behaviors and parental engagement in PM. These first generation studies lay the groundwork for future research examining mediators of these relationships as well as highlight the importance of training for mental health professionals in recognizing and addressing children's exposure to parental alienation.},
  keywords = {Divorce; Parental alienation; Parental conflict; Psychological maltreatment; Classification; Etiology; Evaluation; Long-term Consequences},
  url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274014544_Parental_alienation_as_a_form_of_psychological_maltreatment_Review_of_theory_and_research},
  language = {English}
}

Parental alienation behaviors are defined as parental acts and attitudes that create pressure in the child to reject his or her other parent. Two strands of research are reviewed that support consideration of parental alienation (PA) as a form of psychological maltreatment (PM). The first is a set of studies on the negative effects of children's involvement in their parents' marital and divorce conflict and the second is a set of studies specifically examining associations between reports of parental use of 19 specific PA behaviors and parental engagement in PM. These first generation studies lay the groundwork for future research examining mediators of these relationships as well as highlight the importance of training for mental health professionals in recognizing and addressing children's exposure to parental alienation.

@phdthesis{Whitcombe2014Powerless:,
  author = {Whitcombe, Sue},
  title = {Powerless: the lived experience of alienated parents in the UK},
  publisher = {Teesside University},
  address = {United Kingdom},
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {Parental Alienation; High conflict separation/divorce; parent; powerlessness; DSM; Qualitative Research; Dissertation},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtauaM4RjqqMyvSWMyRYA?e=2ilTzt},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Whitcombe2014New,
  author = {Whitcombe, Sue},
  title = {New Voices: Parental alienation – time to notice, time to intervene},
  journal = {Sue Whitcombe looks at broken child–parent relationships and the damage they can cause, in the latest in our series for budding writers.},
  address = {United Kingdom},
  year = {2014},
  month = {January},
  volume = {27},
  pages = {23--35},
  keywords = {Parental Alienation; child-parent relationship; DSM; Etiology},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtauaM6QwZwfjSlHizB4Q?e=yz93lW},
  language = {English}
}

@phdthesis{LinCollazoCarro2014Maltrato,
  author = {Lin Collazo Carro, MA},
  title = {Maltrato Por Alienación Parental: Un Análisis De Las Consecuencias Penales Del Desarrollo Jurídico Del Síndrome De Alienación Parental En Estados Unidos, España, Argentina Y Puerto Rico},
  publisher = {Legal Magazine:  Inter-American University of Puerto Rico Law School},
  address = {Puerto Rico},
  year = {2014},
  month = {May},
  keywords = {Parental Alienation; Parental Alienation Syndrome; Puerto Rico; Legislation; Legal; Dissertation},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav5sH8-E6LIAHH31zEQ?e=LqZxZG},
  language = {Spanish}
}

@incollection{Baker2013Research,
  author = {Baker, Amy JL},
  title = {Research that supports the validity and reliability of parental alienation.},
  booktitle = {PARENTAL ALIENATION: The Handbook for Mental Health and Legal Professionals},
  publisher = {Charles C Thomas},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {322--347},
  keywords = {Quantitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

@incollection{Barden2013Protecting,
  author = {Barden, R.C.},
  title = {Protecting the integrity of the family law system: Multidisciplinary processes and family law reform},
  booktitle = {PARENTAL ALIENATION: The Handbook for Mental Health and Legal Professionals},
  publisher = {Charles C Thomas},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {263--288},
  keywords = {Legal},
  language = {English}
}

@incollection{Bernet2013Parental,
  author = {Bernet, W},
  title = {Parental alienation, DSM-5, and ICD-11},
  booktitle = {PARENTAL ALIENATION: The Handbook for Mental Health and Legal Professionals},
  publisher = {Charles C Thomas},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {485--501},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; DSM; ICD},
  language = {English}
}

@incollection{Bernet2013The,
  author = {Bernet, W and Freeman, B.},
  title = {The psychosocial assessment of contact refusal},
  booktitle = {PARENTAL ALIENATION: The Handbook for Mental Health and Legal Professionals},
  publisher = {Charles C Thomas},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {47--73},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Evaluation},
  language = {English}
}

@incollection{Brockhausen2013Parental,
  author = {Brockhausen, Tamara},
  title = {Parental alienation and the new Brazilian law},
  booktitle = {PARENTAL ALIENATION: The Handbook for Mental Health and Legal Professionals},
  publisher = {Charles C Thomas},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {Legal},
  language = {English}
}

@incollection{Campbell2013Sexual,
  author = {Campbell, Terence W},
  title = {Sexual abuse allegations in the context of custody and visitation disputes.},
  booktitle = {PARENTAL ALIENATION: The Handbook for Mental Health and Legal Professionals},
  publisher = {Charles C Thomas},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Evaluation},
  language = {English}
}

@incollection{Darnall2013Mild,
  author = {Darnall, D.},
  title = {Mild cases of parental alienation},
  booktitle = {PARENTAL ALIENATION: The Handbook for Mental Health and Legal Professionals},
  publisher = {Charles C Thomas},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Evaluation; Management},
  language = {English}
}

@incollection{Dum2013Parental,
  author = {Dum, C.T.},
  title = {Parental alienation initiatives around the world},
  booktitle = {PARENTAL ALIENATION: The Handbook for Mental Health and Legal Professionals},
  publisher = {Charles C Thomas},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

@incollection{Lorandos2013Legal,
  author = {Lorandos, D},
  title = {Legal interventions in cases of parental alienation},
  booktitle = {PARENTAL ALIENATION: The Handbook for Mental Health and Legal Professionals},
  publisher = {Charles C Thomas},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {232--262},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Legal},
  language = {English}
}

@incollection{Lorandos2013Parental,
  author = {Lorandos, D},
  title = {Parental alienation and North American law},
  booktitle = {PARENTAL ALIENATION: The Handbook for Mental Health and Legal Professionals},
  publisher = {Charles C Thomas},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {348--424},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Legal},
  language = {English}
}

@incollection{Lorandos2013Overview,
  author = {Lorandos, D and Bernet, W and Sauber, SR},
  title = {Overview of parental alienation.},
  booktitle = {PARENTAL ALIENATION: The Handbook for Mental Health and Legal Professionals},
  publisher = {Charles C Thomas},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {5--46},
  keywords = {Evaluation; Qualitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

@incollection{Lowrance2013A,
  author = {Lowrance, M.},
  title = {A judge's perspective on parental alienation},
  booktitle = {PARENTAL ALIENATION: The Handbook for Mental Health and Legal Professionals},
  publisher = {Charles C Thomas},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {502--519},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Management; Legal},
  language = {English}
}

@incollection{Rand2013The,
  author = {Rand, D. C.},
  title = {The history of parental alienation from early days to modern times},
  booktitle = {PARENTAL ALIENATION: The Handbook for Mental Health and Legal Professionals},
  publisher = {Charles C Thomas},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {291--321},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Evaluation},
  language = {English}
}

@incollection{Sauber2013Reunification,
  author = {Sauber, S Richard},
  title = {Reunification planning and therapy},
  booktitle = {PARENTAL ALIENATION: The Handbook for Mental Health and Legal Professionals},
  publisher = {Charles C Thomas},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {190--231},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Management},
  language = {English}
}

@incollection{Warshak2013Severe,
  author = {Warshak, Richard A},
  title = {Severe cases of parental alienation},
  booktitle = {PARENTAL ALIENATION: The Handbook for Mental Health and Legal Professionals},
  publisher = {Charles C Thomas},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {125--162},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Management},
  language = {English}
}

@incollection{Worenklein2013Moderate,
  author = {Worenklein, A},
  title = {Moderate cases of parental alienation},
  booktitle = {PARENTAL ALIENATION: The Handbook for Mental Health and Legal Professionals},
  publisher = {Charles C Thomas},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {97--124},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Management},
  language = {English}
}

@book{AguilarCuenca2013S.A.P.:,
  author = {Aguilar Cuenca, José Manuel},
  title = {S.A.P.: Síndrome de aliénation parental},
  publisher = {Almuzara},
  address = {Spain},
  year = {2013},
  abstract = {This book describes how professionals handle parental alienation technically and analytically. It reveals the perverse communication strategies and emotional blackmail used by one parent to alienate the child from the other parent; as a result, professionals and parents alike can exercise therapeutic methods to fight against the effects of parental alienation.},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research},
  language = {Spanish}
}

This book describes how professionals handle parental alienation technically and analytically. It reveals the perverse communication strategies and emotional blackmail used by one parent to alienate the child from the other parent; as a result, professionals and parents alike can exercise therapeutic methods to fight against the effects of parental alienation.

@book{Boch-Galhau2013Parental,
  author = {Boch-Galhau, W. von},
  title = {Parental alienation and parental alienation syndrome – A serious form of psychological child abuse. With case examples},
  publisher = {Verlag für Wissenschaft und Bildung},
  address = {Germany},
  year = {2013},
  isbn = {9783861353263},
  abstract = {Starting with the ‘Case of Effi Briest,’ as a depiction of PAS in the conditions of 19th century society, the author elaborates the pathogenic consequences of parental alienation, drawing extensively on case studies. He describes this particular form of emotional abuse with its effects both on the children concerned and on the alienated parent. This book can raise the awareness of psychiatrists and psychotherapists to the pathogenesis of adults affected by divorce or separation in their childhood, who exhibit problems relating to self-esteem, identity and relationships, and of parents who sometimes suffer from psychosomatic symptoms or suicidal crises after their children have been induced by abusive programming to break off relations with them.},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

Starting with the ‘Case of Effi Briest,’ as a depiction of PAS in the conditions of 19th century society, the author elaborates the pathogenic consequences of parental alienation, drawing extensively on case studies. He describes this particular form of emotional abuse with its effects both on the children concerned and on the alienated parent. This book can raise the awareness of psychiatrists and psychotherapists to the pathogenesis of adults affected by divorce or separation in their childhood, who exhibit problems relating to self-esteem, identity and relationships, and of parents who sometimes suffer from psychosomatic symptoms or suicidal crises after their children have been induced by abusive programming to break off relations with them.

@book{Lorandos2013Parental,
  author = {Lorandos, Demosthenes and Bernet, William and Sauber, S Richard},
  title = {Parental alienation: The handbook for mental health and legal professionals},
  publisher = {Charles C Thomas},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2013},
  isbn = {9780398088811},
  abstract = {Parental Alienation: The Handbook for Mental Health and Legal Professionals is the essential how to manual in this important and ever increasing area of behavioral science and law. Busy mental health professionals need a reference guide to aid them in developing data sources to support their positions in reports and testimony. They also need to know where to go to find the latest material on a topic. Having this material within arm’s reach will avoid lengthy and time-consuming online research. For legal professionals who must ground their arguments in well thought out motions and repeated citations to case precedent, ready access to state or province specific legal citations spanning thirty-five years of parental alienation cases is provided here for the first time in one place.},
  keywords = {Evaluation; Legal; Management; Qualitative Research; Quantitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

Parental Alienation: The Handbook for Mental Health and Legal Professionals is the essential how to manual in this important and ever increasing area of behavioral science and law. Busy mental health professionals need a reference guide to aid them in developing data sources to support their positions in reports and testimony. They also need to know where to go to find the latest material on a topic. Having this material within arm’s reach will avoid lengthy and time-consuming online research. For legal professionals who must ground their arguments in well thought out motions and repeated citations to case precedent, ready access to state or province specific legal citations spanning thirty-five years of parental alienation cases is provided here for the first time in one place.

@book{Lowenstein2013Families,
  author = {Lowenstein, L. F.},
  title = {Families in turmoil},
  publisher = {Pavilion Press},
  address = {United Kingdom},
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Evaluation},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Bernet2013Parental,
  author = {Bernet, W. and Baker, A. J.},
  title = {Parental alienation, DSM-5, and ICD-11: response to critics},
  journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {41},
  number = {1},
  pages = {98--104},
  isbn = {1943-3662 (Electronic) 1093-6793 (Linking)},
  abstract = {There has been considerable interest among forensic practitioners in the proposals that parental alienation be included in the next editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Diseases (DSM) and The International Classification of Diseases (ICD). However, there has also been a great deal of misunderstanding about the proposals, and misinformation has been expressed in professional meetings, on websites, and in journal articles. In this article we address four common misunderstandings regarding parental alienation: that there is a lack of research to support it as a diagnosis; that adopting parental alienation as a diagnosis will lead to serious adverse consequences; that the advocates of parental alienation are driven by self-serving or malevolent motives; and that Richard Gardner should be criticized for self-publishing his description of parental alienation syndrome.},
  keywords = {Child Reactive Disorders; Child, Preschool; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Humans; International Classification of Diseases; Mental Disorders/diagnosis; Object Attachment; Parent-Child Relations; Qualitative Research; Critics; Qualitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

There has been considerable interest among forensic practitioners in the proposals that parental alienation be included in the next editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Diseases (DSM) and The International Classification of Diseases (ICD). However, there has also been a great deal of misunderstanding about the proposals, and misinformation has been expressed in professional meetings, on websites, and in journal articles. In this article we address four common misunderstandings regarding parental alienation: that there is a lack of research to support it as a diagnosis; that adopting parental alienation as a diagnosis will lead to serious adverse consequences; that the advocates of parental alienation are driven by self-serving or malevolent motives; and that Richard Gardner should be criticized for self-publishing his description of parental alienation syndrome.

@misc{Kloth-Zanard2013Where,
  author = {Kloth-Zanard, J.},
  title = {Where did I go wrong? How did I miss the signs? Dealing with hostile parenting and parental alienation},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {Management; Prevention; Qualitative Research},
  url = {www.lulu.com},
  language = {English}
}

@book{Baker2013Working,
  author = {Baker, AJL and Sauber, SR},
  title = {Working with Alienated Children and Families: A Clinical Guidebook},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2013},
  isbn = {0415518032},
  abstract = {This edited volume is written by and for mental health professionals who work directly with alienated children and their parents. The chapters are written by leaders in the field, all of whom know how vexing parental alienation can be for mental health professionals.},
  keywords = {parental alienation; treatment; Long-term Consequences; Management; Qualitative Research; Short-term Consequences},
  language = {English}
}

This edited volume is written by and for mental health professionals who work directly with alienated children and their parents. The chapters are written by leaders in the field, all of whom know how vexing parental alienation can be for mental health professionals.

@book{Clawar2013Children,
  author = {Clawar, SS and Rivlin, BV},
  title = {Children Held Hostage: Identifying Brainwashed Children, Presenting a Case, and Crafting Solutions},
  publisher = {American Bar Association},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2013},
  isbn = {1627221557},
  abstract = {In Children Held Hostage, Stanley Clawar and Brynne Rivlin use important new research involving over 1,000 families to demonstrate that children can and are being used by parents in the divorce battle. Their research shows how negative actions by parents toward their children show up in court proceedings where children testify or are questioned by mental health professionals. The major issue in confronting this problem of programmed and brainwashed children has been identification of a child alienated by one parent against the other; proving it in court; and then finding a solution that not only works, but that a court will buy into. The updated edition of Children Held Hostage explains these issues in detail, with practice-focused explanations on every step in the process. The authors offer further insights into gender issues and differences. Other new material includes a social-psychological profile of programmers and brainwashers; identification of the most commonly asked questions by judges, target parents, lawyers and children; an expanded social explanation to the causes, impact, and interventions; development of an abductor profile; charts to visualize key findings and processes; and much more.},
  keywords = {children of divorce; brainwashing; programming; Classification; Endorsed by Professional Association; Etiology; Evaluation; Management; Quantitative Research; Short-term Consequences},
  language = {English}
}

In Children Held Hostage, Stanley Clawar and Brynne Rivlin use important new research involving over 1,000 families to demonstrate that children can and are being used by parents in the divorce battle. Their research shows how negative actions by parents toward their children show up in court proceedings where children testify or are questioned by mental health professionals. The major issue in confronting this problem of programmed and brainwashed children has been identification of a child alienated by one parent against the other; proving it in court; and then finding a solution that not only works, but that a court will buy into. The updated edition of Children Held Hostage explains these issues in detail, with practice-focused explanations on every step in the process. The authors offer further insights into gender issues and differences. Other new material includes a social-psychological profile of programmers and brainwashers; identification of the most commonly asked questions by judges, target parents, lawyers and children; an expanded social explanation to the causes, impact, and interventions; development of an abductor profile; charts to visualize key findings and processes; and much more.

@book{Foran2013Family,
  author = {Foran, HM and Beach, SRH and Smith Slep, AM and Heyman, RE and Wamboldt, MZ},
  title = {Family Problems and Family Violence: Reliable Assessment and the ICD-11},
  publisher = {Springer Publishing},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2013},
  isbn = {978-0-8261-0910-1},
  abstract = {Family problems and family violence are major global concerns that have a vast impact on both psychological and physical health, as well as economic well-being.  This text, the only book of its kind, describes recent innovations in defining and assessing family problems and family violence.  It provides a framework for improving global assessment of relational processes as addressed in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11).},
  keywords = {diagnosis; DSM-5; ICD-11; Classification; DSM; Evaluation; ICD; Quantitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

Family problems and family violence are major global concerns that have a vast impact on both psychological and physical health, as well as economic well-being. This text, the only book of its kind, describes recent innovations in defining and assessing family problems and family violence. It provides a framework for improving global assessment of relational processes as addressed in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11).

@article{Baker2013Italian,
  author = {Baker, A. J. L. and Verrocchio, M. C.},
  title = {Italian college student-reported childhood exposure to parental alienation:  Correlates with well-being.},
  journal = {Journal of Divorce and Remarriage},
  publisher = {Routledge Informa Ltd},
  address = {England},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {54},
  number = {8},
  pages = {609--628},
  isbn = {ISSN: 1050-2556 print/1540-4811 online},
  abstract = {Two hundred and fifty-seven undergraduate psychology students in Chieti, Italy completed an anonymous and confidential survey regarding their childhood exposure to parental alienation, psychological maltreatment, and measures of current functioning. Results revealed high levels of reported exposure to parental alienation behaviors by those whose parents divorced or separated and by those who reported that—regardless of marital status—their parents’ relationship was “very bad.” Those with any exposure to parental alienation reported higher rates of parental psychological maltreatment, lower rates of parental caring, as well as poor functioning with respect to self-esteem, depression, adult attachment styles, alcohol abuse, self-direction, and cooperation. These findings support the theory that parental alienation represents a risk factor for compromised outcomes across the life span.},
  keywords = {divorce; young adults; parental alienation; Long-term Consequences; Quantitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtasvAyv-aQ4yCgHFcxVg?e=4MsOaM},
  language = {English}
}

Two hundred and fifty-seven undergraduate psychology students in Chieti, Italy completed an anonymous and confidential survey regarding their childhood exposure to parental alienation, psychological maltreatment, and measures of current functioning. Results revealed high levels of reported exposure to parental alienation behaviors by those whose parents divorced or separated and by those who reported that—regardless of marital status—their parents’ relationship was “very bad.” Those with any exposure to parental alienation reported higher rates of parental psychological maltreatment, lower rates of parental caring, as well as poor functioning with respect to self-esteem, depression, adult attachment styles, alcohol abuse, self-direction, and cooperation. These findings support the theory that parental alienation represents a risk factor for compromised outcomes across the life span.

@book{Fidler2013Children,
  author = {Fidler, B. J. and Bala, N. and Saini, M. A.},
  title = {Children who resist postseparation parental contact:  A differential approach for legal and mental health professionals.},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {parental alienation},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Toren2013Sixteen-session,
  author = {Toren, P. and Bregman, B. and Zohar-Reich, E. and Ben-Amitay, G. and Wolmer, L. and Laor, N.},
  title = {Sixteen-session group treatment for children and adolescents with parental alienation and their parents.},
  journal = {American Journal of Family Therapy},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {41},
  number = {3},
  pages = {187--197},
  keywords = {parental alienation},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Payrhuber2013Das,
  author = {Payrhuber, D},
  title = {Das Eltern-Entfremdungs-syndrom PAS},
  journal = {Salzburger Ärztekammer},
  publisher = {Ärztekammer für Salzburg},
  address = {Austria},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {22--28},
  keywords = {Parental Alienation; Austria; Salzburg; Evaluation; Qualitative Research},
  url = {http://www.aeksbg.at/documents/10682/3869170/AK_15+medium-11%2B12_WEB.pdf/ac59379d-e8e9-4c0f-9ef0-c4ed864c1772?version=1.0&t=1449735703000},
  language = {German}
}

@book{Kloth-Zanard2013Broken,
  author = {Kloth-Zanard, J},
  title = {Broken Family Bonds: Poems and Stories from Victims of Parental Alienation},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2013},
  isbn = {9781304113184},
  abstract = {This book provides a collection of poems and stories written by real victims of parental alienation that show the psychological pain and damage caused by parental alienation.},
  keywords = {poems; Personal Experience},
  language = {English}
}

This book provides a collection of poems and stories written by real victims of parental alienation that show the psychological pain and damage caused by parental alienation.

@book{Kruk2013The,
  author = {Kruk, E},
  title = {The Equal Parent Presumption: Social Justice in the Legal Determination of Parenting After Divorce},
  publisher = {McGill-Queen's},
  address = {Canada},
  year = {2013},
  isbn = {9780773542914},
  abstract = {In custody battles over the children of separated parents, the prevailing standard of evaluating what is in the “best interests of the child” has been scrutinized because of the discretionary nature of what is “best” and because of the bias in favor of the child’s residing in one “primary residence.” In response, a consensus is beginning to emerge that it is vitally important that children maintain meaningful relationships with both parents after divorce. In The Equal Parenting Presumption, Edward Kruk proposes a child-focused approach based on a standard that considers the best interests of the child from the perspective of the child and a responsibility-to-needs orientation to social justice for children and families. Challenging previous research and received ideas, Kruk presents an evidence-based framework of equal parental responsibility as the most effective means of ensuring the protection of family relationships following divorce, and shielding children from ongoing parental conflict and family violence.},
  keywords = {best interests of child; child's perspective; Evaluation; Qualitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

In custody battles over the children of separated parents, the prevailing standard of evaluating what is in the “best interests of the child” has been scrutinized because of the discretionary nature of what is “best” and because of the bias in favor of the child’s residing in one “primary residence.” In response, a consensus is beginning to emerge that it is vitally important that children maintain meaningful relationships with both parents after divorce. In The Equal Parenting Presumption, Edward Kruk proposes a child-focused approach based on a standard that considers the best interests of the child from the perspective of the child and a responsibility-to-needs orientation to social justice for children and families. Challenging previous research and received ideas, Kruk presents an evidence-based framework of equal parental responsibility as the most effective means of ensuring the protection of family relationships following divorce, and shielding children from ongoing parental conflict and family violence.

@book{Monge2013Madre,
  author = {Monge, G},
  title = {Madre sin Hijos, Hijos sin Madre [Childless Mother, Motherless Children]},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2013},
  isbn = {9781618873033},
  abstract = {The concept of parental alienation has often been misunderstood.  It continues to be necessary to educate mental health professionals, legal practitioners, and the general public about parental alienation, which is a great hardship for many children, teenagers, and their parents.  Gladys Monge advocates in Puerto Rico on behalf of families that have been affected by parental alienation.  Her book, Madre sin Hijos, Hijos sin Madre, will help readers who want to learn about this important topic.},
  keywords = {Parental Alienation; Classification},
  language = {Spanish}
}

The concept of parental alienation has often been misunderstood. It continues to be necessary to educate mental health professionals, legal practitioners, and the general public about parental alienation, which is a great hardship for many children, teenagers, and their parents. Gladys Monge advocates in Puerto Rico on behalf of families that have been affected by parental alienation. Her book, Madre sin Hijos, Hijos sin Madre, will help readers who want to learn about this important topic.

@book{Huerta2013Programa,
  author = {Huerta, AT},
  title = {Programa de Intervención para Victimas de Interferencias Parentales},
  publisher = {Instituto de Orientación Psicológica Asociados},
  address = {Spain},
  year = {2013},
  isbn = {8497274970},
  abstract = {This program provides measures and support material for children, victimized by parental alienation, and their parents in order to facilitate communication and expression between them and ultimately remedy the adverse consequences of parental alienation. Some content includes information that raises awareness to parents about how their conflicts psychologically and behaviorally stunt their children, as well as methods to improve their parenting strategies in order to prevent further damages on the children.},
  keywords = {Parental alienation; family intervention; Management},
  language = {Spanish}
}

This program provides measures and support material for children, victimized by parental alienation, and their parents in order to facilitate communication and expression between them and ultimately remedy the adverse consequences of parental alienation. Some content includes information that raises awareness to parents about how their conflicts psychologically and behaviorally stunt their children, as well as methods to improve their parenting strategies in order to prevent further damages on the children.

@article{Anon2013Dibattito,
  title = {Dibattito sulla validità e affidabilità scientifica della Sindrome da Alienazione Parentale (PAS)},
  journal = {Psicologia Clinica dello Sviluppo},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {315--316},
  url = {https://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10.1449/74827},
  language = {Italian}
}

@article{Verrocchio2013Italian,
  author = {Verrocchio, MC and Baker, AJL},
  title = {Italian Adults’ Recall of Childhood Exposure to Parental Loyalty Conflicts},
  journal = {Journal of Child and Family Studies},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {24},
  number = {1},
  pages = {95--105},
  abstract = {Seven hundred and thirty nine adults in Chieti, Italy completed an anonymous and confidential paper and pencil survey regarding their childhood exposure to 20 parental loyalty conflict behaviors (one parent made untrue and negative statements about the other parent, one parent asked the child to keep secrets from the other parent, and the like), psychological maltreatment (spurning, terrorizing, and the like), and measures of current functioning (self-esteem, attachment, character, and symptoms). Results revealed high levels of reported exposure to parental loyalty conflict behaviors, with elevated levels in those whose parents divorced/separated and those who reported that—regardless of marital status—their parents’ relationship at its worst was “very bad.” Rates of 19 specific loyalty conflict behaviors were higher in those who reported that one parent tried to turn them against the other parent. Overall rates of reported exposure to parental loyalty conflict behaviors were statistically significantly associated with exposure to psychological maltreatment as well as the four measures of current well-being and functioning. The pattern of findings supports the theory that children’s exposure to parental conflict has detrimental effects on their long-term functioning and poses a significant risk factor for adult well-being. Implications for primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention are discussed.},
  keywords = {Divorce; Loyalty conflicts; Psychological maltreatment; Long-term Consequences; Prevention; Qualitative Research; Quantitative Research},
  url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10826-013-9816-0#aboutarticle},
  language = {English}
}

Seven hundred and thirty nine adults in Chieti, Italy completed an anonymous and confidential paper and pencil survey regarding their childhood exposure to 20 parental loyalty conflict behaviors (one parent made untrue and negative statements about the other parent, one parent asked the child to keep secrets from the other parent, and the like), psychological maltreatment (spurning, terrorizing, and the like), and measures of current functioning (self-esteem, attachment, character, and symptoms). Results revealed high levels of reported exposure to parental loyalty conflict behaviors, with elevated levels in those whose parents divorced/separated and those who reported that—regardless of marital status—their parents’ relationship at its worst was “very bad.” Rates of 19 specific loyalty conflict behaviors were higher in those who reported that one parent tried to turn them against the other parent. Overall rates of reported exposure to parental loyalty conflict behaviors were statistically significantly associated with exposure to psychological maltreatment as well as the four measures of current well-being and functioning. The pattern of findings supports the theory that children’s exposure to parental conflict has detrimental effects on their long-term functioning and poses a significant risk factor for adult well-being. Implications for primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention are discussed.

@book{Moore2013Please,
  author = {Moore, T.},
  title = {Please ... Let me see my son},
  publisher = {Grosvenor House Publishing},
  address = {United Kingdom},
  year = {2013},
  abstract = {A page turning drama exposing one of the biggest social scandals of our time. One father's fight against parental alienation, failings of the UK Family Law process, and the apathy of the system we entrust with a duty of care to our children. A story of our time, a story of divorce, separation and the way fathers are faced with almost insurmountable barriers to having ongoing relationships with their children when the parents separate. In many ways this is every father's story. But it is also a story that will resonate with some mothers who, like Thomas in this book, also face being eradicated from their children's lives.},
  keywords = {Personal Experience},
  language = {English}
}

A page turning drama exposing one of the biggest social scandals of our time. One father's fight against parental alienation, failings of the UK Family Law process, and the apathy of the system we entrust with a duty of care to our children. A story of our time, a story of divorce, separation and the way fathers are faced with almost insurmountable barriers to having ongoing relationships with their children when the parents separate. In many ways this is every father's story. But it is also a story that will resonate with some mothers who, like Thomas in this book, also face being eradicated from their children's lives.

@incollection{Gulotta2013Luci,
  author = {Gulotta, G. and Rossetti, I.},
  title = {Luci e Ombre sulla Sindrome da Alienazione Parentale (PAS)},
  booktitle = {Separazione, Divorzio, e Affidamento: Linee Guida per la Tutela e il Supporto dei Figli Nella Famiglia Divisa},
  publisher = {FrancoAngeli},
  address = {Italy},
  year = {2013},
  isbn = {9788820449872},
  abstract = {Looking at the various professionals and practitioners involved in cases of separation and custody of children, this manual aims to explore in detail one of the most important and complex issues of forensic psychology: divorce and affected children.},
  keywords = {parental alienation; divorce; Legal; Qualitative Research},
  language = {Italian}
}

Looking at the various professionals and practitioners involved in cases of separation and custody of children, this manual aims to explore in detail one of the most important and complex issues of forensic psychology: divorce and affected children.

@misc{Prodomo2013La,
  author = {Prodomo, F.},
  title = {La PAS innanzi alla Corte di Cassazione},
  address = {Italy},
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {child custody; cassation; parental alienation syndrome; Legal},
  url = {http://www.questionegiustizia.it/articolo/la-pas-innanzi-alla-corte-di-cassazione_10-04-2013.php},
  language = {Italian}
}

@article{Santos2013O,
  author = {Santos, V.M.},
  title = {O Abuso Do Direito nas Relações Existenciais Familiares},
  journal = {Revista IBDFAM Famílias e Sucessões},
  publisher = {IBDFAM},
  address = {Brazil},
  year = {2013},
  abstract = {The development of society, which advocated the attainment of the},
  keywords = {Legal; Qualitative Research},
  url = {https://www.academia.edu/26374416/O_ABUSO_DO_DIREITO_NAS_RELA%C3%87%C3%95ES_EXISTENCIAIS_FAMILIARES},
  language = {Portuguese}
}

The development of society, which advocated the attainment of the

@incollection{Paricard2013Le,
  author = {Paricard, S.},
  title = {Le syndrome d'aliénation parentale, catalyseur d'un conflit de droits de l'enfant},
  booktitle = {La Convention Internationale des Droits de l'Enfant, une Convention Particuliére},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {71--89},
  url = {http://jm2p.e-monsite.com/medias/files/le-sap-catalyseur-d-un-conflit-des-droits-de-l-enfant.pdf},
  language = {French}
}

@book{TejedorHuerta2013PIVIP,
  author = {Tejedor Huerta, A. and Molina Bartumeus, A. and Vazquez Orellana, N.},
  title = {PIVIP - Programa de Intervención para Victimas de Interferencias Parentales},
  publisher = {EOS},
  address = {Spain},
  year = {2013},
  isbn = {9788497274975},
  abstract = {The PIVIP aims to preserve children from conflict and parental interference by offering them adaptive and protective strategies, while helping parents become aware of the harm they can do to their children by offering them resources to improve their parental role .. The program includes a support material in the case of children under 12 years old where different family situations are posed to facilitate the expression of their emotions, experiences and / or experiences.},
  keywords = {parental interference; strategies; child therapy; Management},
  language = {Spanish}
}

The PIVIP aims to preserve children from conflict and parental interference by offering them adaptive and protective strategies, while helping parents become aware of the harm they can do to their children by offering them resources to improve their parental role .. The program includes a support material in the case of children under 12 years old where different family situations are posed to facilitate the expression of their emotions, experiences and / or experiences.

@article{Whitcombe2013Psychopathology,
  author = {Whitcombe, S.},
  title = {Psychopathology and the conceptualisation of mental disorder: The debate around the inclusion of Parental Alienation in DSM-5},
  journal = {Counselling Psychology Review},
  address = {United Kingdom},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {28},
  number = {3},
  pages = {6--18},
  abstract = {Content and focus: This paper will briefly consider the general conceptualisation of mental disorder before focusing on the specific case of parental alienation (PA), variously termed a disorder or a syndrome.  By virtue of the recent debate surrounding its potential inclusion in the newest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM5, this is a topical example.  A critical analysis of the petition for its inclusion within DSM5 will both highlight the range of professionals’ views, and also consider ethical and practical issues inherent in the conceptualisation of a mental disorder and its classification within the evolving DSM.  Following this general and specific conceptualisation of mental disorder, the tensions that diagnosis raises for counselling psychology will be briefly deliberated.  The positive aspects of classification and diagnosis will be acknowledged, whilst highlighting the focus on the subjective experience of individual clients.},
  keywords = {parental alienation; DSM-5; psychopathology; diagnosis; mental disorder; DSM; Evaluation},
  url = {https://www.academia.edu/4552589/Psychopathology_and_the_conceptualisation_of_mental_disorder_The_debate_around_the_inclusion_of_Parental_Alienation_in_DSM-5},
  language = {English}
}

Content and focus: This paper will briefly consider the general conceptualisation of mental disorder before focusing on the specific case of parental alienation (PA), variously termed a disorder or a syndrome. By virtue of the recent debate surrounding its potential inclusion in the newest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM5, this is a topical example. A critical analysis of the petition for its inclusion within DSM5 will both highlight the range of professionals’ views, and also consider ethical and practical issues inherent in the conceptualisation of a mental disorder and its classification within the evolving DSM. Following this general and specific conceptualisation of mental disorder, the tensions that diagnosis raises for counselling psychology will be briefly deliberated. The positive aspects of classification and diagnosis will be acknowledged, whilst highlighting the focus on the subjective experience of individual clients.

@book{Kaslow2013Divorced,
  author = {Kaslow, F.W.},
  title = {Divorced Fathers and Their Families: Legal, Economic, and Emotional Dilemmas},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2013},
  isbn = {9781461455349},
  abstract = {This book focuses on the experience of father's lives after a divorce, and how mental health professionals can help them create a healthy transition. Through the use of case examples critical issues are highlighted and discussed with supportive empirical findings and clinical insights.  Traditionally, the marital legal sessions as well as the ultimate marriage settlement focus on the issues confronted by the ex-wife and mother and on the custody and visitation plan for the children.   This is actually supported by law in some places.  This can remove the father from important qualitative issues such as what it is like to have children in two households, relationships with two sets of grandparents, where holidays will be spent, fair rotations of responsibility and how continuing parental discord can be resolved. The issues examined in this volume are relevant to a range of professionals who deal with divorcing couples from psychologists and family therapists to legal advisors and judges.​},
  keywords = {Legal},
  language = {English}
}

This book focuses on the experience of father's lives after a divorce, and how mental health professionals can help them create a healthy transition. Through the use of case examples critical issues are highlighted and discussed with supportive empirical findings and clinical insights. Traditionally, the marital legal sessions as well as the ultimate marriage settlement focus on the issues confronted by the ex-wife and mother and on the custody and visitation plan for the children. This is actually supported by law in some places. This can remove the father from important qualitative issues such as what it is like to have children in two households, relationships with two sets of grandparents, where holidays will be spent, fair rotations of responsibility and how continuing parental discord can be resolved. The issues examined in this volume are relevant to a range of professionals who deal with divorcing couples from psychologists and family therapists to legal advisors and judges.​

@article{Lowenstein2013Is,
  author = {Lowenstein, L.},
  title = {Is the concept of parental alienation a meaningful one?},
  journal = {Journal of Divorce & Remarriage},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {54},
  number = {8},
  pages = {658--667},
  abstract = {Many members of the judiciary do not yet accept the concept of},
  keywords = {parental alienation; serious conflict; separation; incidence; symptoms; diagnosis; Classification; Qualitative Research},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2013.810980},
  language = {English}
}

Many members of the judiciary do not yet accept the concept of

@article{Trinder2013Enforcing,
  author = {Trinder, L. and Macleod, A. and Pearce, J. and Woodward, H. and Hunt, J.},
  title = {Enforcing child contact orders: Are the family courts getting it right?},
  journal = {Family Law},
  address = {United Kingdom},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {43},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1145--1149},
  abstract = {There are long-standing concerns that courts fail to enforce their own orders in child contact cases following parental separation. Part of the problem has been that the available sanctions -- fines, imprisonment or change of the child's residence -- may be impractical or contrary to the child's welfare. The Children and Adoption Act 2006 sought to address this by introducing a new sanction of unpaid work (community service) for a defaulting parent. This new sanction has been rarely used. The Coalition government is now considering other policy options. To date, however, there has been no research on enforcement to inform policy-makers about the nature of the cases or the approach of the family courts. This article summarises findings from the first ever empirical study of enforcement in England based on analysis of 215 enforcement cases. It finds that most enforcement cases are about mutual conflict, risk and child refusal of contact rather than implacable hostility of resident parent. The courts generally take an appropriately problem-solving rather than a punitive approach to these cases. There is no evidence that further punitive sanctions would be more widely used or more appropriate or more effective.},
  keywords = {enforcement; child contact; Legal; Qualitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

There are long-standing concerns that courts fail to enforce their own orders in child contact cases following parental separation. Part of the problem has been that the available sanctions – fines, imprisonment or change of the child's residence – may be impractical or contrary to the child's welfare. The Children and Adoption Act 2006 sought to address this by introducing a new sanction of unpaid work (community service) for a defaulting parent. This new sanction has been rarely used. The Coalition government is now considering other policy options. To date, however, there has been no research on enforcement to inform policy-makers about the nature of the cases or the approach of the family courts. This article summarises findings from the first ever empirical study of enforcement in England based on analysis of 215 enforcement cases. It finds that most enforcement cases are about mutual conflict, risk and child refusal of contact rather than implacable hostility of resident parent. The courts generally take an appropriately problem-solving rather than a punitive approach to these cases. There is no evidence that further punitive sanctions would be more widely used or more appropriate or more effective.

@article{Gith2013The,
  author = {Gith, E.},
  title = {The attitude of the shari'a courts to parental alienation syndrome: Understanding the dynamics of the syndrome in arab society},
  journal = {Journal of Divorce & Remarriage},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {54},
  number = {7},
  pages = {537--549},
  abstract = {In addition to the many factors leading to parental alienation syndrome (PAS), including the narcissistic injury felt by the abandoned parent, or the custodial parent's personal difficulty, there are further factors unique to Arab society—including strong influence by the extended family on the child. Although all the components of PAS exist and are well known to the shari'a courts, no parallel concept is found in the Arab legal lexicon. This article presents 1 case of a shari'a court hearing that illustrates this phenomenon. The conclusions indicate that the shari'a court considers this a serious phenomenon and sees coping with the situation as an essential and preliminary condition to the custody hearing.},
  keywords = {best interests of the child; child custody; divorce; parental alienation syndrome; shari'a; shari'a courts; Legal; Qualitative Research},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2013.828982},
  language = {English}
}

In addition to the many factors leading to parental alienation syndrome (PAS), including the narcissistic injury felt by the abandoned parent, or the custodial parent's personal difficulty, there are further factors unique to Arab society—including strong influence by the extended family on the child. Although all the components of PAS exist and are well known to the shari'a courts, no parallel concept is found in the Arab legal lexicon. This article presents 1 case of a shari'a court hearing that illustrates this phenomenon. The conclusions indicate that the shari'a court considers this a serious phenomenon and sees coping with the situation as an essential and preliminary condition to the custody hearing.

@article{Nielsen2013Shared,
  author = {Nielsen, L.},
  title = {Shared residential custody: Review of the research (Part 1 of 2)},
  journal = {American Journal of Family Law},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {27},
  pages = {61--71},
  abstract = {Part I of this two-part article focuses on major concerns},
  keywords = {joint custody; parenting plans; shared parenting; shared residential custody; joint physical custody; shared care; Qualitative Research; Quantitative Research},
  url = {http://sharedparentingworks.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Shared-Residential-Custody-Review-of-the-Research-Part-I-of-II.pdf},
  language = {English}
}

Part I of this two-part article focuses on major concerns

@article{Nielsen2013Shared,
  author = {Nielsen, L.},
  title = {Shared residential custody: Review of the research (Part 2 of 2)},
  journal = {American Journal of Family Law},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {27},
  pages = {123--137},
  abstract = {Part II discusses characteristics of fathers, outcomes for children},
  keywords = {Management; Short-term Consequences},
  url = {https://www.bcba.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/2013-Nielsen.SharedResidentialPart2.AJFL_.pdf},
  language = {English}
}

Part II discusses characteristics of fathers, outcomes for children

@article{Pignotti2013La,
  author = {Pignotti, M.S.},
  title = {La sindrome di alienazione parentale: sconosciuta negli ospedali, endemica nei tribunali},
  journal = {Recenti Progressi in Medicina},
  address = {Italy},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {104},
  number = {2},
  pages = {54--58},
  abstract = {A purposed syndrome of so-called parental alienation (PAS), unsupported by any evidence-based data, unknown in medical settings, unquoted in medical books, absent in DSM and ICD, never demonstrated by controlled studies published in high scientific level journals, is rampant in Courts where it can lead to loose parental custody. During a divorce trial, almost always the mothers and the children, become joint in a sort of folie au deux, in a denigration campaign of ex-husband/father. From a review on this issue it seems evident its theoretical roots lie on a theory that justify gender violence and children sexual abuse. The bias that both of them are layers and that he children have not autonomy block their possibility of any defence in front of a Court. In severe cases, PAS becomes a new and efficient tool of intra-familiar violence. The treatment of severe cases is to stop any contact between mother and children. The resort to PAS in Courts must be strongly rejected.},
  keywords = {parental alienation syndrome; gender violence; intra-family violence; Critics},
  url = {http://www.recentiprogressi.it/articoli.php?archivio=yes&vol_id=1241&id=13704},
  language = {Italian}
}

A purposed syndrome of so-called parental alienation (PAS), unsupported by any evidence-based data, unknown in medical settings, unquoted in medical books, absent in DSM and ICD, never demonstrated by controlled studies published in high scientific level journals, is rampant in Courts where it can lead to loose parental custody. During a divorce trial, almost always the mothers and the children, become joint in a sort of folie au deux, in a denigration campaign of ex-husband/father. From a review on this issue it seems evident its theoretical roots lie on a theory that justify gender violence and children sexual abuse. The bias that both of them are layers and that he children have not autonomy block their possibility of any defence in front of a Court. In severe cases, PAS becomes a new and efficient tool of intra-familiar violence. The treatment of severe cases is to stop any contact between mother and children. The resort to PAS in Courts must be strongly rejected.

@article{Reiter2013Impact,
  author = {Reiter, Simone Frizell and Hjorleifsson, Stefan and Breidablik, Hans-Johan and Meland, Eivind},
  title = {Impact of divorce and loss of parental contact on health complaints among adolescents},
  journal = {Journal of Public Health},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2013},
  month = {4 January},
  volume = {35},
  number = {2},
  pages = {278--285},
  abstract = {Background:   Mental health consequences related to divorce have been documented, but might be caused by concomitant factors such as},
  keywords = {divorce; parental contact; adolescent; health complaint; Qualitative Research; Quantitative Research},
  url = {https://academic.oup.com/jpubhealth/article-abstract/35/2/278/1546009},
  language = {English}
}

Background: Mental health consequences related to divorce have been documented, but might be caused by concomitant factors such as

@article{Areskoug2013Parental,
  author = {Areskoug, Nils-Göran},
  title = {Parental Alienation: A Swedish Perspective: Introduction to a Transgenerational Case Study with Policy Recommendations: Towards a resolution of the Controversy in Science and Society on Parental Alienation, Book I},
  journal = {Are Akademi Transdisciplinary Observatory, working papers},
  publisher = {Are Akademi},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {1--49},
  isbn = {978--91-981300-1-0},
  abstract = {Modern society is expected to offer a favourable framework for the developing child. One way for public governance to ensuring psychosocial conditions for families in Sweden has been to launch policies meant to promote the mental health of the child and youth during the course of their socialization. Despite legislation and congruent consensus children of divorce face risks of losing support and involvement of one of their parents and suffer compromised access to opportunities of developing full adult societal functionality. However, despite the prevailing policy trend towards ‘equality’ between parents across all political positions the rate of children’s loss of their father contact after separation or divorce is skyrocketing along with the increasing proportion of solitary households. The continuous involvement of both noncohabiting parents to care for their growing child is disrupted due to a lack of policy measures to target real world problems of alienation occurring epidemically in a society that has embraced new patterns of family structure and working life. This social problem is a truly interdisciplinary challenge involving law, social sciences and medicine. Navigating towards effective solutions to such complex problems must rely on several steps of acquiring necessary knowledge, the first of which is a mapping of the deficiencies of the social system. This requires a comprehensive societal diagnosis. The widening gap between professional knowledge and the required competence in decision making among politicians to apply this knowledge is one problem. The slow or absent interest in assimilation of new knowledge among the personnel, and the lack of incentives among responsible officers at public social agencies, is another. The need for international measures of legal integration and social surveillance on a European and global scale is evident, but administrative obstacles and political disinterest still delay the organization of efficient remedies and preventive measures - in Sweden and other Nordic countries of the Western cultural sphere.},
  keywords = {Social policy; Family system; Child Health; Parenting; Fathering model; Parental Alienaton; Legal; Long-term Consequences},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010573134},
  language = {English}
}

Modern society is expected to offer a favourable framework for the developing child. One way for public governance to ensuring psychosocial conditions for families in Sweden has been to launch policies meant to promote the mental health of the child and youth during the course of their socialization. Despite legislation and congruent consensus children of divorce face risks of losing support and involvement of one of their parents and suffer compromised access to opportunities of developing full adult societal functionality. However, despite the prevailing policy trend towards ‘equality’ between parents across all political positions the rate of children’s loss of their father contact after separation or divorce is skyrocketing along with the increasing proportion of solitary households. The continuous involvement of both noncohabiting parents to care for their growing child is disrupted due to a lack of policy measures to target real world problems of alienation occurring epidemically in a society that has embraced new patterns of family structure and working life. This social problem is a truly interdisciplinary challenge involving law, social sciences and medicine. Navigating towards effective solutions to such complex problems must rely on several steps of acquiring necessary knowledge, the first of which is a mapping of the deficiencies of the social system. This requires a comprehensive societal diagnosis. The widening gap between professional knowledge and the required competence in decision making among politicians to apply this knowledge is one problem. The slow or absent interest in assimilation of new knowledge among the personnel, and the lack of incentives among responsible officers at public social agencies, is another. The need for international measures of legal integration and social surveillance on a European and global scale is evident, but administrative obstacles and political disinterest still delay the organization of efficient remedies and preventive measures - in Sweden and other Nordic countries of the Western cultural sphere.

@article{Baker2013Adolescents,
  author = {Baker, Amy J. L. and Brassard, Marla R.},
  title = {Adolescents Caught in Parental Loyalty Conflicts},
  journal = {Journal of Divorce & Remarriage},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {54},
  number = {5},
  pages = {393--413},
  isbn = {1050-2556 (Print) 1540-4811 (Online)},
  abstract = {A group of 220 13- to 16-year old Catholic high school boys were administered a questionnaire regarding their exposure to parental loyalty conflict behaviors, physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological maltreatment, depression, and rule-breaking behaviors. Results revealed high rates of exposure to parental loyalty conflict—especially in divorced families—as well as statistically significant associations with psychological maltreatment and depression. These data build on and extend earlier findings documenting the prevalence of children’s involvement in parental conflict and the negative effects of that experience.},
  keywords = {conflict; divorce; loyalty; well-being; Qualitative Research; Quantitative Research},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtastlh4AinyPUI4zOiQA},
  language = {English}
}

A group of 220 13- to 16-year old Catholic high school boys were administered a questionnaire regarding their exposure to parental loyalty conflict behaviors, physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological maltreatment, depression, and rule-breaking behaviors. Results revealed high rates of exposure to parental loyalty conflict—especially in divorced families—as well as statistically significant associations with psychological maltreatment and depression. These data build on and extend earlier findings documenting the prevalence of children’s involvement in parental conflict and the negative effects of that experience.

@article{Tejero-Acevedo2013El,
  author = {Tejero - Acevedo, Roberto and González - Trijueque, David},
  title = {El fenómeno denominado Alienación Parental (AP) y sus implicaciones forenses en la jurisdicción civil en España},
  journal = {Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación e Avaliaçao Psicológica (Rev Iberoam Diagn Ev)},
  publisher = {Ibero-American Association of Diagnosis and Psychological Assessment},
  address = {Portugal},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {183--208},
  isbn = {1135-3848},
  abstract = {This paper reviews the course of phenomenon called Parental Alienation (PA) and controversy it has generated, describing known data about its nosological entity, assessment, clinical course or treatment. It analyzes the legal and forensic implications on the basis of case law that it has been generated. Is conducted a bibliometric study, which analyzes judgments issued by appellate civil courts in Spain during 2010 and 2011 (N = 58). PA was credited in 17.2% of judgments and led to the presence of forensic reports in 89.7%. All of judgments (100%) were related to custody proceedings, in which the mother was figure most accused as alienating (65.5%), followed by the father (32.5%), and were applied different forms of treatment. It reflects on the need to improve knowledge of the phenomenon more effectively to assist the lawyer.},
  keywords = {Parental Alienation; Forensic Psychology; Child Custody; Bibliometric Study; Classification; Legal},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtav5MFSNE43m2taeql2w?e=iGVhub},
  language = {Spanish}
}

This paper reviews the course of phenomenon called Parental Alienation (PA) and controversy it has generated, describing known data about its nosological entity, assessment, clinical course or treatment. It analyzes the legal and forensic implications on the basis of case law that it has been generated. Is conducted a bibliometric study, which analyzes judgments issued by appellate civil courts in Spain during 2010 and 2011 (N = 58). PA was credited in 17.2% of judgments and led to the presence of forensic reports in 89.7%. All of judgments (100%) were related to custody proceedings, in which the mother was figure most accused as alienating (65.5%), followed by the father (32.5%), and were applied different forms of treatment. It reflects on the need to improve knowledge of the phenomenon more effectively to assist the lawyer.

@incollection{Albertson-Kelly2012Family,
  author = {Albertson-Kelly, J and Burkhard, B.},
  title = {Family reunification in a forensic setting},
  booktitle = {Working with alienated children and families: a clinical guidebook},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2012},
  pages = {232--251},
  isbn = {0415518032},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Management},
  language = {English}
}

@incollection{Baker2012Psycho-educational,
  author = {Baker, A. J. L. and Andre, K.},
  title = {Psycho-educational work with children in loyalty conflict: The I Don't Want to Choose Program},
  booktitle = {Working with alienated children and families: a clinical guidebook},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2012},
  isbn = {0415518032},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Prevention},
  language = {English}
}

@incollection{Baker2012Educating,
  author = {Baker, A. J. L. and Fine, P. R.},
  title = {Educating divorcing parents: Taking them beyond the high road.},
  booktitle = {Working with alienated children and families: a clinical guidebook},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2012},
  pages = {90--107},
  isbn = {0415518032},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Prevention},
  language = {English}
}

@incollection{Bone2012The,
  author = {Bone, J.M. and Sauber, S Richard},
  title = {The essential role of the mental health consultant in parental alienation cases},
  booktitle = {Working with alienated children and families: A clinical guidebook},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2012},
  pages = {71--89},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Evaluation},
  language = {English}
}

@incollection{Garber2012Providing,
  author = {Garber, B.D.},
  title = {Providing effective, systemically informed, child-centered psychotherapies for children of divorce: Walking on thin ice},
  booktitle = {Working with alienated children and families: a clinical guidebook},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2012},
  pages = {166--187},
  isbn = {0415518032},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Management},
  language = {English}
}

@incollection{Goldberg2012Psychotherapy,
  author = {Goldberg, W. and Goldberg, L.},
  title = {Psychotherapy with targeted parents},
  booktitle = {Working with alienated children and families: a clinical guidebook},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2012},
  pages = {108--128},
  isbn = {0415518032},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Management},
  language = {English}
}

@incollection{Gottlieb2012The,
  author = {Gottlieb, L.J.},
  title = {The application of structural family therapy to the treatment of parental alienation syndrome},
  booktitle = {Working with alienated children and families: a clinical guidebook},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2012},
  isbn = {0415518032},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Management},
  language = {English}
}

@incollection{Lebow2012Suporting,
  author = {Lebow, K.},
  title = {Suporting targeted parents: The International Support Network for Alienated Parents},
  booktitle = {Working with alienated children and families: a clinical guidebook},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2012},
  pages = {129--148},
  isbn = {0415518032},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Management},
  language = {English}
}

@incollection{Miller2012Clinical,
  author = {Miller, S. G.},
  title = {Clinical reasoning and decision-making in cases of child alignment: Diagnostic and therapeutic issues},
  booktitle = {Working with alienated children and families: a clinical guidebook},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2012},
  pages = {8--46},
  isbn = {0415518032},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Evaluation; Quantitative Research; Management},
  language = {English}
}

@incollection{Rabiega2012Working,
  author = {Rabiega, J. and Baker, A. J. L.},
  title = {Working with adult children of parental alienation},
  booktitle = {Working with alienated children and families: a clinical guidebook},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2012},
  pages = {252--273},
  isbn = {0415518032},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Long-term Consequences; Management},
  language = {English}
}

@incollection{Sauber2012Custody,
  author = {Sauber, S. R. and Worenklein, A.},
  title = {Custody evaluations in alienation cases.},
  booktitle = {Working with alienated children and families: a clinical guidebook},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2012},
  pages = {47--70},
  isbn = {0415518032},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

@incollection{Wamboldt2012Practical,
  author = {Wamboldt, M. Z. and Cordaro¸ A. R.},
  title = {Practical tools for assessing caregiver-child relationship problems.},
  booktitle = {Family problems and family violence: Reliable assessment and the ICD-11},
  publisher = {Springer Publishing},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2012},
  pages = {217--228},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Quantitative Research; Classification},
  language = {English}
}

@incollection{Weitzman2012Reunification,
  author = {Weitzman, J.},
  title = {Reunification and the one-way mirror},
  booktitle = {Working with alienated children and families: A clinical guidebook},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2012},
  pages = {188--208},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Management},
  language = {English}
}

@book{Boch-Galhau2012Parental,
  author = {Boch-Galhau, W. von},
  title = {Parental Alienation und Parental Alienation Syndrom – Eine ernstzunehmende Form von psychischer Kindesmisshandlung -- mit Fallbeispielen},
  publisher = {Verlag für Wissenschaft und Bildung},
  address = {Germany},
  year = {2012},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research},
  language = {German}
}

@book{Ferrari2012Padres,
  author = {Ferrari, J. and Zicavo, N.},
  title = {Padres separados: Cómo criar juntos a sus hijos},
  publisher = {Editorial Trillas},
  address = {Mexico},
  year = {2012},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research},
  language = {Spanish}
}

@book{Fidler2012Children,
  author = {Fidler, Barbara Jo and Bala, Nicholas and Saini, Michael A},
  title = {Children who resist post-separation parental contact: A differential approach for legal and mental health professionals},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2012},
  isbn = {019989549X},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Evaluation; Management},
  language = {English}
}

@book{Foran2012Family,
  author = {Foran, HM and Beach, Steven RH and Slep A.M.S. and Heyman R.E. and Wamboldt, M.Z.},
  title = {Family problems and family violence: Reliable assessment and the ICD-11},
  publisher = {Springer Publishing Company},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2012},
  isbn = {0826109101},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Quantitative Research; Classification; Evaluation},
  language = {English}
}

@book{Gottlieb2012The,
  author = {Gottlieb, Linda J},
  title = {The parental alienation syndrome: A family therapy and collaborative systems approach to amelioration},
  publisher = {Charles C Thomas},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2012},
  isbn = {0398087369},
  abstract = {In this thought-provoking book, Ms. Gottlieb attempts to resolve the controversies surrounding parental alienation syndrome (PAS) by providing substantial empirical evidence from her treatment cases in support of the eight symptoms which child psychiatrist, Richard Gardner, had identified as occurring in the PAS child, and she further exemplifies the commonality of the alienating maneuvers among the alienating parents. Numerous case examples are explored: horrific tales of manufactured child abuse; referrals to child protective services (CPS) resulting in suspension of visits between targeted parents and their children; meritless reports to police alleging domestic violence in support of orders of protection; and exclusionary tactics preventing targeted parents’ involvement in their children’s medical, educational, social lives and activities. Ms. Gottlieb methodically documents that PAS is a form of emotional child abuse of the severest kind. The author provides an unprecedented number of treatment summaries, which demonstrate the effectiveness of structural family therapy in treating the PAS family. This book will be an excellent resource for: parents who are divorcing or are in conflict, adult victims of PAS, judges, law guardians, matrimonial attorneys, therapists, child protective personnel, law enforcement — and for the professional rescuer who believes that a child must be saved from a parent.},
  keywords = {Management; Qualitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

In this thought-provoking book, Ms. Gottlieb attempts to resolve the controversies surrounding parental alienation syndrome (PAS) by providing substantial empirical evidence from her treatment cases in support of the eight symptoms which child psychiatrist, Richard Gardner, had identified as occurring in the PAS child, and she further exemplifies the commonality of the alienating maneuvers among the alienating parents. Numerous case examples are explored: horrific tales of manufactured child abuse; referrals to child protective services (CPS) resulting in suspension of visits between targeted parents and their children; meritless reports to police alleging domestic violence in support of orders of protection; and exclusionary tactics preventing targeted parents’ involvement in their children’s medical, educational, social lives and activities. Ms. Gottlieb methodically documents that PAS is a form of emotional child abuse of the severest kind. The author provides an unprecedented number of treatment summaries, which demonstrate the effectiveness of structural family therapy in treating the PAS family. This book will be an excellent resource for: parents who are divorcing or are in conflict, adult victims of PAS, judges, law guardians, matrimonial attorneys, therapists, child protective personnel, law enforcement — and for the professional rescuer who believes that a child must be saved from a parent.

@book{Hirigoyen2012Abus,
  author = {Hirigoyen, Marie-France},
  title = {Abus de faiblesse et autres manipulations},
  publisher = {Éditions JC Lattès},
  address = {France},
  year = {2012},
  isbn = {2709639998},
  abstract = {People influence each other every day, but manipulation is the abuse of influence over another person, the targeting and exploiting of another’s emotional and mental weaknesses. Hirigoyen analyzes scenarios of manipulation as she explores complex distinctions between “appropriate” and “inappropriate” influence. One of the vignettes in the book pertains to parental alienation.},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research},
  language = {French}
}

People influence each other every day, but manipulation is the abuse of influence over another person, the targeting and exploiting of another’s emotional and mental weaknesses. Hirigoyen analyzes scenarios of manipulation as she explores complex distinctions between “appropriate” and “inappropriate” influence. One of the vignettes in the book pertains to parental alienation.

@book{McBride2012Childless,
  author = {McBride, J.},
  title = {Childless parent: Snapshots of parental alienation},
  publisher = {CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2012},
  isbn = {9781466493827},
  abstract = {Child Less Parent: "Snapshots" of Parental Alienation provides vital information, education, and support to divorced/divorcing parents and their extended families. Parental Alienation causes children to reject one parent after a divorce or separation and is often considered a form of child abuse because of the negative psychological impact it has on kids. Many "targeted" parents don't seek help because they are fearful of losing their children permanently or are ashamed of their situations. Child Less Parent: "Snapshots" of Parental Alienation breaks down the barriers preventing parents from seeking help by providing clear and easily understood information. Accompanied by vivid photographs, Child Less Parent affirms the value of the targeted parent and offers hope to struggling families.},
  keywords = {Personal Experience; Qualitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

Child Less Parent: "Snapshots" of Parental Alienation provides vital information, education, and support to divorced/divorcing parents and their extended families. Parental Alienation causes children to reject one parent after a divorce or separation and is often considered a form of child abuse because of the negative psychological impact it has on kids. Many "targeted" parents don't seek help because they are fearful of losing their children permanently or are ashamed of their situations. Child Less Parent: "Snapshots" of Parental Alienation breaks down the barriers preventing parents from seeking help by providing clear and easily understood information. Accompanied by vivid photographs, Child Less Parent affirms the value of the targeted parent and offers hope to struggling families.

@book{Warshak2012Eromyrkky,
  author = {Warshak, Richard A},
  title = {Eromyrkky - kuinka suojella lasta avioerotilanteessa},
  publisher = {Gummerus Kustannus},
  address = {Finland},
  year = {2012},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Evaluation; Prevention},
  language = {Finnish}
}

@article{Andritzky2012Parental,
  author = {Andritzky, W},
  title = {Parental Alienation: Keine geringfügige Störung},
  journal = {Deutsches Ärzteblatt},
  address = {Germany},
  year = {2012},
  month = {February},
  pages = {84},
  language = {German}
}

@article{Baker2012Differentiating,
  author = {Baker, Amy JL and Burkhard, Barbara and Albertson-Kelly, Jane},
  title = {Differentiating alienated from not alienated children: a pilot study},
  journal = {Journal of Divorce & Remarriage},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {53},
  number = {3},
  pages = {178--193},
  isbn = {1050-2556},
  keywords = {Quantitative Research; Evaluation},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Ben-Ami2012The,
  author = {Ben-Ami, Naomi and Baker, Amy JL},
  title = {The long-term correlates of childhood exposure to parental alienation on adult self-sufficiency and well-being},
  journal = {American Journal of Family Therapy},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {40},
  number = {2},
  pages = {169--183},
  isbn = {0192-6187},
  keywords = {Quantitative Research; Long-term Consequences},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Fondren-Happel2012Effects,
  author = {Fondren-Happel, Rachel N and Fanetti, Matthew N and Visio, Michelle E},
  title = {Effects of Gender on Rate of Disclosure in the Forensic Interviews of Children},
  journal = {American Journal of Forensic Psychology},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {30},
  number = {1},
  pages = {45--57},
  isbn = {0733-1290},
  keywords = {Quantitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Houchin2012The,
  author = {Houchin, T. M. and Ranseen, J. and Hash, P. A. and Bartnicki, D. J.},
  title = {The parental alienation debate belongs in the courtroom, not in DSM-5},
  journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {40},
  number = {1},
  pages = {127--31},
  isbn = {1943-3662 (Electronic) 1093-6793 (Linking)},
  abstract = {The DSM-5 Task Force is presently considering whether to adopt parental alienation disorder (PAD) as a mental illness. Although controversy has surrounded PAD since its inception in 1985, pro-PAD groups and individuals have breathed new life into the push to establish it as a mental health diagnosis. In this analysis, we argue that it would be a serious mistake to adopt parental alienation disorder as a formal mental illness in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5).},
  keywords = {Adult; Child; Child Custody/ legislation & jurisprudence; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Expert Testimony/ legislation & jurisprudence; Humans; Mental Disorders/ diagnosis/psychology; Parents/ psychology; Persuasive Communication; Reactive Attachment Disorder/ diagnosis/psychology; Reproducibility of Results; Social Alienation/ psychology; Syndrome; Classification; Critics},
  language = {English}
}

The DSM-5 Task Force is presently considering whether to adopt parental alienation disorder (PAD) as a mental illness. Although controversy has surrounded PAD since its inception in 1985, pro-PAD groups and individuals have breathed new life into the push to establish it as a mental health diagnosis. In this analysis, we argue that it would be a serious mistake to adopt parental alienation disorder as a formal mental illness in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5).

@article{Pepiton2012Is,
  author = {Pepiton, M Brianna and Alvis, Lindsey J and Allen, Kenneth and Logid, Gregory},
  title = {Is parental alienation disorder a valid concept? Not according to scientific evidence. A review of parental alienation, DSM-5 and ICD-11 by William Bernet},
  journal = {Journal of Child Sexual Abuse},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {21},
  number = {2},
  pages = {244--253},
  isbn = {1053-8712},
  keywords = {Critics},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Zander2012Parental,
  author = {Zander, Joep},
  title = {Parental Alienation as an Outcome of Paternal Discrimination},
  journal = {New Male Studies},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {1},
  number = {2},
  pages = {19--62},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Evaluation},
  language = {English}
}

@misc{Crary2012Parental,
  author = {Crary, D.},
  title = {Parental alienation not a mental disorder, American Psychiatric Association says},
  publisher = {Huffington Post},
  year = {2012},
  month = {September 21},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Classification},
  url = {http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/21/parental-alienation-is-no_n_1904310.html},
  language = {English}
}

@misc{Egizii2012Parental,
  author = {Egizii, J. and Lowrance, M.},
  title = {Parental alienation 911 workbook},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2012},
  keywords = {Management; Qualitative Research},
  url = {www.parentalalienation911.net},
  language = {English}
}

@book{VanMansfeld2012Alienated:,
  author = {Van Mansfeld, GT},
  title = {Alienated: The Seven Deadly Emotions of Parental Alienation Syndrome},
  publisher = {Impact Media Group},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2012},
  isbn = {9781481155540},
  keywords = {parental alienation syndrome; Personal Experience},
  language = {English}
}

@phdthesis{Berk2012Qualitative,
  author = {Berk, D. W.},
  title = {Qualitative research exploring fathers' experience of alienation and court interventions in the process of divorce involving child custody},
  publisher = {ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global. (1013829249)},
  year = {2012},
  keywords = {parental alienation; Qualitative Research; Dissertation},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Godbout2012The,
  author = {Godbout, E. and Parent, C.},
  title = {The life paths and lived experiences of adults who have experienced parental alienation:  A retrospective study},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {53},
  number = {1},
  pages = {34--54},
  abstract = {This qualitative study concerns the life paths and lived experiences of 6 adults who have been alienated from a parent in the past. The results suggest several hypotheses concerning the factors that might place children at risk of being alienated from a parent. The presence of postseparation conflict and, in some cases, domestic violence, as well as the triangulation of the child appear to be elements that favor the emergence of parental alienation. Moreover, this study supports a multifactorial explanation of parental alienation. In the scope of lived experience, respondents associated alienation with difficulties at school, internal and external behavior problems, and a search for identity after reaching adulthood. Finally, overcoming the state of alienation involves issues surrounding the establishment of boundaries with the alienating parent and the rebuilding of a relationship with the alienated parent.},
  keywords = {parental alienation; triangulation; postseparation conflict; Quantitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

This qualitative study concerns the life paths and lived experiences of 6 adults who have been alienated from a parent in the past. The results suggest several hypotheses concerning the factors that might place children at risk of being alienated from a parent. The presence of postseparation conflict and, in some cases, domestic violence, as well as the triangulation of the child appear to be elements that favor the emergence of parental alienation. Moreover, this study supports a multifactorial explanation of parental alienation. In the scope of lived experience, respondents associated alienation with difficulties at school, internal and external behavior problems, and a search for identity after reaching adulthood. Finally, overcoming the state of alienation involves issues surrounding the establishment of boundaries with the alienating parent and the rebuilding of a relationship with the alienated parent.

@article{Lavadera2012Parental,
  author = {Lavadera, A. L. and Ferracuti, S. and Togliatti, M. M.},
  title = {Parental alienation syndrome in Italian legal judgments:  An exploratory study.},
  journal = {International Journal of Law and Psychiatry},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {35},
  number = {4},
  pages = {334--342},
  abstract = {The present study highlights the characteristics of separated families in Italy for whom Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) has been diagnosed during court custody evaluations.},
  keywords = {parental alienation syndrome; marital conflict; divorce; child adjustment; clinical treatment; Quantitative Research},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2012.04.005},
  language = {English}
}

The present study highlights the characteristics of separated families in Italy for whom Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) has been diagnosed during court custody evaluations.

@article{Naso2012Parental,
  author = {Naso, RC},
  title = {Parental alienation: The relevance of psychoanalytic thinking},
  journal = {Other/Wise},
  publisher = {International Forum for Psychoanalytic Education},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {92--122},
  abstract = {Few divorces are finalized without conflict. Immured in scenarios of disappointment and anger, the parties are frequently critical of each other.  Ten to fifteen percent of parents are so thoroughly embroiled in conflict that they provoke significant loyalty conflicts with the children.  They cannot agree on the most elemental issues or communicate without rancor (Stahl, 2011).  Years before physically separating, they traumatize, sometimes abuse, their children.  Rather than creating a safe psychological space for the child, they recruit him or her as an ally, undermining attachments to the nonaligned parent—all in the name of love.   The term parental alienation describes the final common pathway for negative parental influences and their intersection with the personality and dynamics of the child.},
  keywords = {Parental Alienation; psychoanalysis; Legal; Qualitative Research},
  url = {https://ifpe.wordpress.com/2012/12/01/parental-alienation/},
  language = {English}
}

Few divorces are finalized without conflict. Immured in scenarios of disappointment and anger, the parties are frequently critical of each other. Ten to fifteen percent of parents are so thoroughly embroiled in conflict that they provoke significant loyalty conflicts with the children. They cannot agree on the most elemental issues or communicate without rancor (Stahl, 2011). Years before physically separating, they traumatize, sometimes abuse, their children. Rather than creating a safe psychological space for the child, they recruit him or her as an ally, undermining attachments to the nonaligned parent—all in the name of love. The term parental alienation describes the final common pathway for negative parental influences and their intersection with the personality and dynamics of the child.

@article{Lavadera2012Parental,
  author = {Lavadera, AL and Ferracuti, S and Togliatti, MM},
  title = {Parental Alienation Syndrome in Italian legal judgments: an exploratory study},
  journal = {International Journal of Law and Psychiatry},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {35},
  pages = {334--342},
  abstract = {The present study highlights the characteristics of separated families in Italy for whom Parental Alienation},
  keywords = {Marital conflict; Divorce; Parental Alienation Syndrome; Child adjustment; Clinical treatment; Evaluation; Legal; Management; Qualitative Research; Quantitative Research},
  url = {http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0160252712000477/1-s2.0-S0160252712000477-main.pdf?_tid=5a1c8e34-3a45-11e6-8587-00000aab0f02&acdnat=1466798202_b40989dc98636c6757f7fc387be2384e},
  language = {English}
}

The present study highlights the characteristics of separated families in Italy for whom Parental Alienation

@book{Feitor2012A,
  author = {Feitor, S.I.},
  title = {A Síndrome de Alienação Parental e o seu Tratamento à Luz do Direito de Menores},
  publisher = {Coimbra},
  address = {Portugal},
  year = {2012},
  isbn = {9789723220483},
  abstract = {The treatment of the topic of Parental Alienation is based on the juridical concept of primary interest of the child as a guideline of the litigious decisions about the exercise of parental responsibilities.},
  keywords = {parental alienation; legal context; Classification; Legal; Long-term Consequences},
  language = {Portuguese}
}

The treatment of the topic of Parental Alienation is based on the juridical concept of primary interest of the child as a guideline of the litigious decisions about the exercise of parental responsibilities.

@article{Finzi-Dottan2012The,
  author = {Finzi-Dottan, R. and Goldblatt, H. and Cohen-Masica, O.},
  title = {The experience of motherhood for alienated motherscfs_782 316..325},
  journal = {Child & Family Social Work},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {17},
  number = {3},
  pages = {316--325},
  abstract = {This qualitative study examined the alienated mothers’ experience of},
  keywords = {divorce; motherhood; parental alienation syndrome; qualitative study; Qualitative Research},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2206.2011.00782.x/pdf},
  language = {English}
}

This qualitative study examined the alienated mothers’ experience of

@article{Lowenstein2012Child,
  author = {Lowenstein, L.},
  title = {Child contact disputes between parents and allegations of sex abuse: What does the research say?},
  journal = {Journal of Divorce & Remarriage},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {53},
  number = {3},
  pages = {194--203},
  abstract = {This article is written by a psychologist practicing in the area of clinical and forensic},
  keywords = {sexual abuse allegations; false accusations; Evaluation},
  language = {English}
}

This article is written by a psychologist practicing in the area of clinical and forensic

@article{Klenner2012Szenarien,
  author = {Klenner, W.},
  title = {Szenarien der entfremdung im elterlichen trennungsprozess: Entwurf eines handlungskonzepts zur prävention und intervention},
  journal = {Papa-Ya},
  address = {Germany},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {2012},
  number = {1},
  pages = {6--15},
  keywords = {parental alienation; prevention; intervention; Management; Prevention},
  language = {German}
}

@article{vonBoch-Galhau2012Parental,
  author = {von Boch-Galhau, W.},
  title = {Parental alienation und parental alienation syndrome/disorder: Eine ernst zu nehmende form von psychischer kindesmisshandlung},
  journal = {Papa-Ya},
  address = {Germany},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {2012},
  number = {1},
  pages = {18--19},
  keywords = {parental alienation; parental alienation syndrome; child abuse},
  language = {German}
}

@article{Ennen2012Das,
  author = {Ennen, J.},
  title = {Das parental alienation syndrom: Eine form des psychischen missbrauches},
  journal = {Papa-Ya},
  address = {Germany},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {2012},
  number = {1},
  pages = {22--23},
  keywords = {parental alienation syndrome; Classification; Qualitative Research},
  language = {German}
}

@article{Klenner2012Vom,
  author = {Klenner, W.},
  title = {Vom urvertrauen (Erikson) zur entfremdung (Gardner)},
  journal = {Papa-Ya},
  address = {Germany},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {2012},
  number = {1},
  pages = {24--27},
  keywords = {alienation},
  language = {German}
}

@article{Andritzky2012Kindesentfremdung,
  author = {Andritzky, W.},
  title = {Kindesentfremdung nach trennung/scheidung: Das elterliche entfremdungssyndrom bei sorgerechts - und umgangsstreitigkeiten},
  journal = {Papa-Ya},
  address = {Germany},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {2012},
  number = {1},
  pages = {46--48},
  keywords = {parental alienation syndrome},
  language = {German}
}

@article{Kaufhold2012Umgangsverweigerung,
  author = {Kaufhold, B.},
  title = {Umgangsverweigerung bei kindern: Der gute und der böse elternteil},
  journal = {Papa-Ya},
  address = {Germany},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {2012},
  number = {1},
  pages = {49--51},
  language = {German}
}

@article{Anon2012Das,
  title = {Das elterliche Entfremdungssyndrom: Anregungen für gerichtliche Sorge- und Umgangsregelungen},
  journal = {Papa-Ya},
  address = {Germany},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {2012},
  number = {1},
  pages = {56},
  keywords = {Book Review},
  language = {German}
}

@article{Ngaosuvan2012The,
  author = {Ngaosuvan, Leonard},
  title = {The Two-Step Procedure: Using Gaming Insights to Improve Custody Evaluation Risk Assessment},
  journal = {Sociology Study},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2012},
  month = {October},
  volume = {2},
  number = {10},
  pages = {757--766},
  isbn = {2159‐5526},
  abstract = {Some children are maltreated and societies must protect them. This is done either at child protective services or when parents litigate over child custody, living, or visitation. Custody disputes provide difficult challenges for custody evaluators, particularly because information is often insufficient for high‐precision decision‐making. These challenges are present in both risk assessments (RAs) and investigations for the children’s best interest (ICBIs). Insights from gaming and signal‐detection theory show that thinking several steps ahead leads to statistical advantage which improves},
  keywords = {Gaming; signal‐detection theory; custody evaluations; risk assessments (RAs); Evaluation},
  url = {http://www.davidpublisher.org/index.php/Home/Article/index?id=3516.html},
  language = {English}
}

Some children are maltreated and societies must protect them. This is done either at child protective services or when parents litigate over child custody, living, or visitation. Custody disputes provide difficult challenges for custody evaluators, particularly because information is often insufficient for high‐precision decision‐making. These challenges are present in both risk assessments (RAs) and investigations for the children’s best interest (ICBIs). Insights from gaming and signal‐detection theory show that thinking several steps ahead leads to statistical advantage which improves

@book{Carter2011Family,
  author = {Carter, S.},
  title = {Family restructuring therapy: Interventions for high conflict divorce.},
  publisher = {HCI Press},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2011},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Management},
  language = {English}
}

@book{Evans2011The,
  author = {Evans, R.A. and Bone, J Michael},
  title = {The essentials of parental alienation syndrome (PAS): It's real, it's here, and it hurts},
  publisher = {The Center for Human Potential of America},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2011},
  isbn = {1466435194},
  abstract = {We are seeing an increase in high conflict, adversarial divorce cases in mental health practices and in the courtrooms around the country. These cases present with a significant amount of parental conflict and, as a consequence, represent a threat to the children caught in the middle of these conflicts. Curiously, there is a great commonality among these cases in terms of the tactics alienators use to separate a parent from his or her children. It is almost as if they, the favored parent, were reading from a published playbook. Parental alienation syndrome (PAS) is acknowledged as being controversial within the mental health profession and equally controversial within the legal profession. It is important for professionals to get a sense of both sides of the PAS issue. Whether one uses PAS as a term, the problems brought by these cases are very real. Whether or not it is the appropriate diagnosis or description of behavior in a case must be determined by facts of that case and supported by evidence and data from multiple sources. An appropriate diagnosis and identification of PAS, along with a description of the severity, can make the difference between timely and effective interventions or allowing parents and children to be scarred for the rest of their lives.},
  keywords = {Evaluation; Management},
  language = {English}
}

We are seeing an increase in high conflict, adversarial divorce cases in mental health practices and in the courtrooms around the country. These cases present with a significant amount of parental conflict and, as a consequence, represent a threat to the children caught in the middle of these conflicts. Curiously, there is a great commonality among these cases in terms of the tactics alienators use to separate a parent from his or her children. It is almost as if they, the favored parent, were reading from a published playbook. Parental alienation syndrome (PAS) is acknowledged as being controversial within the mental health profession and equally controversial within the legal profession. It is important for professionals to get a sense of both sides of the PAS issue. Whether one uses PAS as a term, the problems brought by these cases are very real. Whether or not it is the appropriate diagnosis or description of behavior in a case must be determined by facts of that case and supported by evidence and data from multiple sources. An appropriate diagnosis and identification of PAS, along with a description of the severity, can make the difference between timely and effective interventions or allowing parents and children to be scarred for the rest of their lives.

@book{Lowrance2011The,
  author = {Lowrance, Michele},
  title = {The Good Karma Divorce: Avoid Litigation, Turn Negative Emotions Into Positive Actions, and Get on with the Rest of Your Life},
  publisher = {Harper Collins},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2011},
  isbn = {0061840718},
  abstract = {The Good Karma Divorce is that rare guidebook that offers a concrete path to transforming painful experience into positive action. Family Judge Michele Lowrance, who experienced her parents’ divorce and two of her own, has developed what Karen Mathis, past president of the American Bar Association, describes as an “inspired and uplifting alternative to the agonizing divorce process.” Over the past four years, Judge Lowrance has seen literally one hundred percent of divorcing couples who applied the practices described in The Good Karma Divorce avoid trial. Firmly entrenched in real-world applicability, The Good Karma Divorce is a must-read not only for people in any phase of a divorce, but for psychologists, psychiatrists, attorneys, judges, and social workers, as well.},
  keywords = {Evaluation; Legal; Management; Qualitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

The Good Karma Divorce is that rare guidebook that offers a concrete path to transforming painful experience into positive action. Family Judge Michele Lowrance, who experienced her parents’ divorce and two of her own, has developed what Karen Mathis, past president of the American Bar Association, describes as an “inspired and uplifting alternative to the agonizing divorce process.” Over the past four years, Judge Lowrance has seen literally one hundred percent of divorcing couples who applied the practices described in The Good Karma Divorce avoid trial. Firmly entrenched in real-world applicability, The Good Karma Divorce is a must-read not only for people in any phase of a divorce, but for psychologists, psychiatrists, attorneys, judges, and social workers, as well.

@book{Reay2011Toxic,
  author = {Reay, Kathleen M},
  title = {Toxic divorce: A workbook for alienated parents},
  publisher = {Author},
  address = {Canada},
  year = {2011},
  isbn = {0986917826},
  abstract = {In the 1980s, Dr. Richard A. Gardner, a child and forensic psychiatrist, championed a child custody litigation phenomenon called Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS). Since that time, the PAS phenomenon has gained increased recognition in both the mental health and legal fields. For well over four decades, parental divorce has been determined as the cause of a variety of significant physical, emotional, academic, and social difficulties in children and adolescents. Moreover, high-conflict between divorcing or divorced parents, including the PAS phenomenon, is a noteworthy risk factor for children and adolescents. This workbook is the first of its kind for alienated parents and is divided into three parts. Part One will provide the knowledge and understanding you need to personally deal with the ramifications of PAS or to help those who do. Thus, from a broad perspective this book is written for a wide array of readers including those directly affected by PAS as well as for extended family members, significant others, counselors, social workers, psychologists, psychiatrists, child custody evaluators, family mediators, general practitioners, pediatricians, family law lawyers, judiciary, police officers, school administrators, school teachers, and policy makers.},
  keywords = {Management; Qualitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

In the 1980s, Dr. Richard A. Gardner, a child and forensic psychiatrist, championed a child custody litigation phenomenon called Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS). Since that time, the PAS phenomenon has gained increased recognition in both the mental health and legal fields. For well over four decades, parental divorce has been determined as the cause of a variety of significant physical, emotional, academic, and social difficulties in children and adolescents. Moreover, high-conflict between divorcing or divorced parents, including the PAS phenomenon, is a noteworthy risk factor for children and adolescents. This workbook is the first of its kind for alienated parents and is divided into three parts. Part One will provide the knowledge and understanding you need to personally deal with the ramifications of PAS or to help those who do. Thus, from a broad perspective this book is written for a wide array of readers including those directly affected by PAS as well as for extended family members, significant others, counselors, social workers, psychologists, psychiatrists, child custody evaluators, family mediators, general practitioners, pediatricians, family law lawyers, judiciary, police officers, school administrators, school teachers, and policy makers.

@book{Stahl2011Conducting,
  author = {Stahl, Philip M},
  title = {Conducting child custody evaluations},
  publisher = {Sage},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2011},
  isbn = {1412974348},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Evaluation},
  language = {English}
}

@misc{Steinbeck2011Brainwashing,
  author = {Steinbeck, J.T.},
  title = {Brainwashing children},
  publisher = {Available at Amazon Digital Services},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2011},
  keywords = {Personal Experience},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Baker2011To,
  author = {Baker, Amy JL and Ben-Ami, Naomi},
  title = {To turn a child against a parent is to turn a child against himself: The direct and indirect effects of exposure to parental alienation strategies on self-esteem and well-being},
  journal = {Journal of Divorce & Remarriage},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {52},
  number = {7},
  pages = {472--489},
  isbn = {1050-2556},
  keywords = {Quantitative Research; Short-term Consequences},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Baker2011Adult,
  author = {Baker, Amy JL and Chambers, Jaclyn},
  title = {Adult recall of childhood exposure to parental conflict: Unpacking the black box of parental alienation},
  journal = {Journal of Divorce & Remarriage},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {52},
  number = {1},
  pages = {55--76},
  isbn = {1050-2556},
  keywords = {Quantitative Research; Long-term Consequences},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Bowers2011A,
  author = {Bowers, Jill R and Mitchell, Elissa Thomann and Hardesty, Jennifer L and Hughes Jr, Robert},
  title = {A review of online divorce education programs},
  journal = {Family Court Review},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {49},
  number = {4},
  pages = {776--787},
  isbn = {1744-1617},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Prevention},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Cookston2011The,
  author = {Cookston, Jeffrey T and Fung, Wenson W},
  title = {The kids' turn program evaluation: Probing change within a community-based intervention for separating families},
  journal = {Family Court Review},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {49},
  number = {2},
  pages = {348--363},
  isbn = {1744-1617},
  keywords = {Quantitative Research; Prevention},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Darnall2011The,
  author = {Darnall, D.},
  title = {The psychosocial treatment of parental alienation},
  journal = {Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {20},
  number = {3},
  pages = {479--94},
  isbn = {1558-0490 (Electronic) 1056-4993 (Linking)},
  abstract = {Parental alienation occurs in divorces when one parent indoctrinates the child to dislike, fear, and avoid contact with the other parent. Mental health professionals who treat children and adolescents are likely to encounter victims of parental alienation in clinical practice, and it is important to identify and treat these youngsters earlier, when the condition is mild, rather than later, when the parental alienation is almost intractable. This article presents an overview of the treatment of parental alienation, which is called reunification therapy. All the parties involved in the case have a role in the prevention and treatment of parental alienation.},
  keywords = {Adolescent; Anger; Child; Child Abuse/legislation & jurisprudence/psychology; Child Custody/ legislation & jurisprudence; Cooperative Behavior; Culture; Divorce/ legislation & jurisprudence/ psychology; Family Conflict/psychology; Family Therapy/ legislation & jurisprudence; Fear; Female; Humans; Intergenerational Relations; Internal-External Control; Male; Motivation; Parent-Child Relations; Parents/ psychology; Psychotherapy/ legislation & jurisprudence; Refusal to Participate/ legislation & jurisprudence/ psychology; Rejection (Psychology); Social Alienation/ psychology; Qualitative Research; Evaluation; Management},
  language = {English}
}

Parental alienation occurs in divorces when one parent indoctrinates the child to dislike, fear, and avoid contact with the other parent. Mental health professionals who treat children and adolescents are likely to encounter victims of parental alienation in clinical practice, and it is important to identify and treat these youngsters earlier, when the condition is mild, rather than later, when the parental alienation is almost intractable. This article presents an overview of the treatment of parental alienation, which is called reunification therapy. All the parties involved in the case have a role in the prevention and treatment of parental alienation.

@article{Freeman2011Children,
  author = {Freeman, B. W.},
  title = {Children of divorce: the differential diagnosis of contact refusal},
  journal = {Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {20},
  number = {3},
  pages = {467--77},
  isbn = {1558-0490 (Electronic) 1056-4993 (Linking)},
  abstract = {Contact refusal is a common phenomenon that can occur during the course of, or after, divorce, which affects the relationship between a child and the parent. This article defines the concept of contact refusal and discusses the importance of its recognition. The concept is further narrowed to focus on the child as the one refusing contact, not the parent, which can happen as well. Various types of contact refusals are illustrated in the article through clinical vignettes, and an approach to categorizing the various types of contact refusal is presented.},
  keywords = {Adolescent; Child; Child Abuse/diagnosis/legislation & jurisprudence/psychology; Child Custody/ legislation & jurisprudence; Diagnosis, Differential; Divorce/ legislation & jurisprudence; Family Conflict/legislation & jurisprudence/psychology; Female; Humans; Male; Parent-Child Relations; Refusal to Participate/ legislation & jurisprudence/ psychology; Rejection (Psychology); Social Environment; Truth Disclosure; United States; Qualitative Research; Evaluation},
  language = {English}
}

Contact refusal is a common phenomenon that can occur during the course of, or after, divorce, which affects the relationship between a child and the parent. This article defines the concept of contact refusal and discusses the importance of its recognition. The concept is further narrowed to focus on the child as the one refusing contact, not the parent, which can happen as well. Various types of contact refusals are illustrated in the article through clinical vignettes, and an approach to categorizing the various types of contact refusal is presented.

@article{Garber2011Parental,
  author = {Garber, Benjamin D},
  title = {Parental alienation and the dynamics of the enmeshed parent–child dyad: Adultification, parentification, and infantilization},
  journal = {Family Court Review},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {49},
  number = {2},
  pages = {322--335},
  isbn = {1744-1617},
  abstract = {When caregivers conflict, systemic alliances shift and healthy parent-child roles can be corrupted. The present paper describes three forms of role corruption which can occur within the enmeshed dyad and as the common complement of alienation and estrangement. These include the child who is prematurely promoted to serve as a parent's ally and partner, the child who is inducted into service as the parent's caregiver, and the child whose development is inhibited by a parent who needs to be needed. These dynamics—adultification, parentification and infantilization, respectively—are each illustrated with brief case material. Family law professionals and clinicians alike are encouraged to conceptualize these dynamics as they occur within an imbalanced family system and thereby to craft interventions which intend to re-establish healthy roles. Some such interventions are reviewed and presented as one part of the constellation of services necessary for the triangulated child.},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1744-1617.2011.01374.x/abstract},
  language = {English}
}

When caregivers conflict, systemic alliances shift and healthy parent-child roles can be corrupted. The present paper describes three forms of role corruption which can occur within the enmeshed dyad and as the common complement of alienation and estrangement. These include the child who is prematurely promoted to serve as a parent's ally and partner, the child who is inducted into service as the parent's caregiver, and the child whose development is inhibited by a parent who needs to be needed. These dynamics—adultification, parentification and infantilization, respectively—are each illustrated with brief case material. Family law professionals and clinicians alike are encouraged to conceptualize these dynamics as they occur within an imbalanced family system and thereby to craft interventions which intend to re-establish healthy roles. Some such interventions are reviewed and presented as one part of the constellation of services necessary for the triangulated child.

@article{Gray2011Review,
  author = {Gray, S.M. and Billick, S.B.},
  title = {Review of: Parental alienation syndrome [sic], DSM-5, and ICD-11 [Review of the book, by W. Bernet]},
  journal = {Journal of Forensic Sciences},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {56},
  pages = {1079--1080},
  keywords = {Book Review},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Hands2011Parental,
  author = {Hands, Aaron J and Warshak, Richard A},
  title = {Parental alienation among college students},
  journal = {American Journal of Family Therapy},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {39},
  number = {5},
  pages = {431--443},
  isbn = {0192-6187},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Quantitative Research; Evaluation; Long-term Consequences},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Kaslow2011A,
  author = {Kaslow, Florence W},
  title = {A Review of "Parental Alienation: DSM-5 and ICD-11" William Bernet (Ed).(2010). Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Ltd., 240 pp},
  journal = {American Journal of Family Therapy},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {39},
  number = {3},
  pages = {274--276},
  isbn = {0192-6187},
  keywords = {Book Review},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Kierstead2011Parent,
  author = {Kierstead, Shelley},
  title = {Parent education programs in family courts: Balancing autonomy and state intervention},
  journal = {Family Court Review},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {49},
  number = {1},
  pages = {140--154},
  isbn = {1744-1617},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Prevention},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Levy2011Review,
  author = {Levy, D. L. and Sauber, S Richard},
  title = {Review of the DVD Welcome back, Pluto: Understanding, preventing, and overcoming parental alienation, by R. A. Warshak and M. R. Otis.]},
  journal = {American Journal of Family Therapy},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {39},
  pages = {77--85},
  keywords = {Book Review},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Lorandos2011Saving,
  author = {Lorandos, D},
  title = {Saving Tonya Craft: An integration of science and law},
  journal = {Champion},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2011},
  month = {January/February},
  volume = {35},
  pages = {24--29},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Legal},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Lowenstein2011What,
  author = {Lowenstein, Ludwig F},
  title = {What if the Custodial Parent Refuses to Cooperate With Child Contact Decisions?},
  journal = {Journal of Divorce & Remarriage},
  address = {United Kingdom},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {52},
  number = {2},
  pages = {322--325},
  isbn = {1050-2556},
  keywords = {Management; Qualitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Mustonen2011Long-term,
  author = {Mustonen, U. and Huurre, T. and Kiviruusu, O. and Haukkala, A. and Aro, H.},
  title = {Long-term impact of parental divorce on intimate relationship quality in adulthood and the mediating role of psychosocial resources},
  journal = {Journal of Family Psychology},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {25},
  number = {4},
  pages = {615--9},
  isbn = {1939-1293 (Electronic) 0893-3200 (Linking)},
  abstract = {The purpose of this 16-year prospective follow-up study was to investigate the association between parental divorce in childhood and intimate relationship quality in adulthood. The mediating role of psychosocial resources (parent-child relationships at 16 years, self-esteem and social support at 32 years) in this association was also studied. All 16 year olds of one Finnish city completed questionnaires at school and were followed up by postal questionnaires at 32 years of age (n = 1,471). Results showed that women and men from divorced families were more often divorced or separated at the age of 32 years than those from nondivorced families. However, parental divorce was associated with poorer intimate relationship quality only among women. Women from divorced families also had poorer relationships with their father and mother in adolescence, and they had lower self-esteem and satisfaction with social support in adulthood than women from intact families. No such associations were found among men. The impact of parental divorce on intimate relationship quality among women was partially mediated by mother-daughter relationship, self-esteem, and satisfaction with social support. The mediating role of mother-daughter relationship was not direct, however, but was mediated via self-esteem and satisfaction with social support. Our findings indicate that parental divorce affects daughters more than sons. In the context of parental divorce, the mother-daughter relationship in adolescence is important for the development of later psychosocial resources and, via them, for intimate relationship quality.},
  keywords = {Adolescent; Adult; Divorce/ psychology; Father-Child Relations; Female; Finland; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Male; Mother-Child Relations; Self Concept; Sex Factors; Social Support; Surveys and Questionnaires; Quantitative Research; Long-term Consequences},
  language = {English}
}

The purpose of this 16-year prospective follow-up study was to investigate the association between parental divorce in childhood and intimate relationship quality in adulthood. The mediating role of psychosocial resources (parent-child relationships at 16 years, self-esteem and social support at 32 years) in this association was also studied. All 16 year olds of one Finnish city completed questionnaires at school and were followed up by postal questionnaires at 32 years of age (n = 1,471). Results showed that women and men from divorced families were more often divorced or separated at the age of 32 years than those from nondivorced families. However, parental divorce was associated with poorer intimate relationship quality only among women. Women from divorced families also had poorer relationships with their father and mother in adolescence, and they had lower self-esteem and satisfaction with social support in adulthood than women from intact families. No such associations were found among men. The impact of parental divorce on intimate relationship quality among women was partially mediated by mother-daughter relationship, self-esteem, and satisfaction with social support. The mediating role of mother-daughter relationship was not direct, however, but was mediated via self-esteem and satisfaction with social support. Our findings indicate that parental divorce affects daughters more than sons. In the context of parental divorce, the mother-daughter relationship in adolescence is important for the development of later psychosocial resources and, via them, for intimate relationship quality.

@article{Schore2011Family,
  author = {Schore, Allan and McIntosh, Jennifer},
  title = {Family law and the neuroscience of attachment, part I},
  journal = {Family Court Review},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {49},
  number = {3},
  pages = {501--512},
  isbn = {1744-1617},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Evaluation; Legal},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Siegel2011Family,
  author = {Siegel, Daniel and McIntosh, Jennifer},
  title = {Family law and the neuroscience of attachment, part II},
  journal = {Family Court Review},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {49},
  number = {3},
  pages = {513--520},
  isbn = {1744-1617},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Evaluation},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Sigal2011Do,
  author = {Sigal, A. and Sandler, I. and Wolchik, S. and Braver, S.},
  title = {Do Parent Education Programs Promote Healthy Post-Divorce Parenting? Critical Distinctions and a Review of the Evidence},
  journal = {Family Court Review},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {49},
  number = {1},
  pages = {120--139},
  isbn = {1531-2445 (Print) 1531-2445 (Linking)},
  abstract = {Most parent education programs are designed to improve child well-being following divorce by changing some aspect of parenting. However, there has been relatively little discussion of what aspects of parenting are most critical and the effectiveness of programs to change different aspects of parenting. This paper addresses these issues by: 1. Distinguishing three aspects of post-divorce parenting that have been targeted in parent education programs; 2. Reviewing evidence of the relations between each aspect of parenting and the well-being of children and; 3. Critically reviewing evidence that parent education programs have been successful in changing each aspect of post-divorce parenting.},
  keywords = {Quantitative Research; Management},
  language = {English}
}

Most parent education programs are designed to improve child well-being following divorce by changing some aspect of parenting. However, there has been relatively little discussion of what aspects of parenting are most critical and the effectiveness of programs to change different aspects of parenting. This paper addresses these issues by: 1. Distinguishing three aspects of post-divorce parenting that have been targeted in parent education programs; 2. Reviewing evidence of the relations between each aspect of parenting and the well-being of children and; 3. Critically reviewing evidence that parent education programs have been successful in changing each aspect of post-divorce parenting.

@article{VanDieren2011Le,
  author = {Van Dieren, B., and de Hemptinne, M., and Renchon, J.-L.},
  title = {Le risque de rupture du lien parent-enfant et l'expertise axée sur la collaboration parentale},
  journal = {Revue Trimestrielle de Droit Familial},
  address = {France},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {261--298},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Prevention; Management},
  language = {French}
}

@article{Warshak2011Parenting,
  author = {Warshak, Richard A},
  title = {Parenting by the clock: The best-interest-of-the-child standard, judicial discretion, and the American Law Institute's Approximation Rule},
  journal = {University of Baltimore Law Review},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {41},
  pages = {83--163},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Legal},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Zander2011Forumbijdrage:,
  author = {Zander, Joep},
  title = {Forumbijdrage: Ouderlijke onderwerping is geen wijsheid. Repliek Joep Zander op Forumbijdrage Ed Spruijt},
  journal = {Pedagogiek},
  address = {Netherlands},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {31},
  pages = {230--233},
  isbn = {1567-7109},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research},
  language = {Dutch}
}

@article{Zander2011Ouderverstoting,
  author = {Zander, Joep},
  title = {Ouderverstoting en de vergeten vaderlijke opvoedingsverantwoordelijkheid},
  journal = {Pedagogiek},
  address = {Netherlands},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {31},
  pages = {103--113},
  isbn = {1567-7109},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Evaluation},
  language = {Dutch}
}

@misc{Prades2011El,
  author = {Prades, J.},
  title = {El Gobierno insta a los jueces a no esgrimir una patología inexistente},
  address = {Spain},
  year = {2011},
  month = {January 10},
  keywords = {Critics},
  url = {www.elpais.com/articulo/sociedad/Gobierno/insta/jueces/esgrimir/patologia/inexistente/elpepisoc/20110110elpepisoc_3/Tes},
  language = {Spanish}
}

@phdthesis{Brockhausen2011SAP,
  author = {Brockhausen, Tamara},
  title = {SAP e psicanálise no campo psicojurídico: de um amorexaltadoaodom do amor},
  publisher = {University of São Paulo},
  address = {Brazil},
  year = {2011},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research},
  language = {Portuguese}
}

@misc{Anon2011Propone,
  title = {Propone PAN incorporar al código civil la figura de alienación parental},
  address = {Mexico},
  year = {2011},
  keywords = {Legal},
  url = {http://tl.diputadospanchihuahua.org/?p=816},
  language = {Spanish}
}

@misc{Anon2011Bambini,
  title = {Bambini privati dei loro genitori. Approfondimento di due tematiche emergenti: alienazione genitoriale e allontanamenti istituzionali},
  address = {Italy},
  year = {2011},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research},
  url = {http://www.ordineastaa.it/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=537&Itemid=26},
  language = {Italian}
}

@misc{Fichtenbauer2011Schaffung,
  author = {Fichtenbauer, P.},
  title = {Schaffung eines Gesetzes zum Elternentfremdungssyndrom = Parental Alienation Syndrom (PAS)},
  address = {Germany},
  year = {2011},
  keywords = {Legal},
  url = {http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/A/A_01805/index.shtml},
  language = {German}
}

@misc{Oviedo2011El,
  author = {Oviedo, M.S.N.},
  title = {El Gobierno insta a los jueces a descartar el síndrome de manipulación de los progenitores.},
  publisher = {La Nueva Espana},
  address = {Spain},
  year = {2011},
  month = {January 11},
  keywords = {Critics},
  url = {www.lne.es/sociedad-cultura/2011/01/11/gobierno-insta-jueces-descartar-sindrome-manipulacion-progenitores/1017998.html},
  language = {Spanish}
}

@article{Mone2011Family,
  author = {Mone, J. G. and MacPhee, D. and Anderson, S. K. and Banning, J. H.},
  title = {Family members' narratives of divorce and interparental conflict:  Implications for parental alienation},
  journal = {Journal of Divorce and Remarriage},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {52},
  number = {8},
  pages = {642--667},
  abstract = {This study focused on the internal dynamics of family members who experience divorce and interparental conflict. Interparental conflict and triangulating children increase the likelihood of alienating children from a parent. Narrative interviews with members of three families were used to explore meaning structures. Results showed how parents and children thought, felt, and created meaning about their experiences; how family members responded to conflict and behaviors associated with parental alienation; and how they viewed family relationships. Metalevel findings suggested each family member held dichotomous views and used cognitive and behavioral control response strategies. Thus, parental alienation stems from a relational dynamic and needs to be addressed from a family systems perspective.},
  keywords = {parental divorce; parent–child relationships; narrative; family conflict; parental alienation; Qualitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

This study focused on the internal dynamics of family members who experience divorce and interparental conflict. Interparental conflict and triangulating children increase the likelihood of alienating children from a parent. Narrative interviews with members of three families were used to explore meaning structures. Results showed how parents and children thought, felt, and created meaning about their experiences; how family members responded to conflict and behaviors associated with parental alienation; and how they viewed family relationships. Metalevel findings suggested each family member held dichotomous views and used cognitive and behavioral control response strategies. Thus, parental alienation stems from a relational dynamic and needs to be addressed from a family systems perspective.

@book{Kruk2011Divorced,
  author = {Kruk, E},
  title = {Divorced Fathers: Children’s Needs and Parental Responsibilities},
  publisher = {Fernwood Publishing},
  address = {Canada},
  year = {2011},
  isbn = {9781552664087},
  abstract = {Once mainly breadwinners and disciplinarians, fathers are becoming increasingly involved and invested in their children’s lives. Examining how this changing role has affected fathers’ experiences of divorce and the loss of guardianship that too often follows, this exploration offers a glimpse into the emotional state and perspectives of fathers during the divorce transition. Ultimately, this account states that children benefit most from the love and support of both parents and argues for active parenting following divorce.},
  keywords = {father's perspective; divorce transition; Personal Experience},
  language = {English}
}

Once mainly breadwinners and disciplinarians, fathers are becoming increasingly involved and invested in their children’s lives. Examining how this changing role has affected fathers’ experiences of divorce and the loss of guardianship that too often follows, this exploration offers a glimpse into the emotional state and perspectives of fathers during the divorce transition. Ultimately, this account states that children benefit most from the love and support of both parents and argues for active parenting following divorce.

@book{Lopez2011Manuale,
  author = {Lopez, G and Volpini, L and Camerini, GB},
  title = {Manuale di valutazione delle capacità genitoriali: APS-I, Assessment of Parental Skills Interview},
  publisher = {Maggioli Editore},
  address = {Italy},
  year = {2011},
  isbn = {9788838767616},
  abstract = {The evaluation of the parenting is a multidisciplinary activity, with contributions from clinical psychology, child development, neuropsychiatry, family psychology, social psychology, and forensic psychiatry. There are operational applications that can result in different levels of psychosocial intervention. The authors have developed a tool called APS-I (Assessment of Parental Skills-Interview), aimed at evaluating specific behaviors (current and “visible”) that define the basic functions related to the exercise of actual parenting. This tool serves to steer the evaluator toward the most significant areas in the interview with the parent. The answers to the questions are analyzed according to two distinct criteria: firstly, evaluating the behaviors that the parent has described; secondly, using quality parameters to explore the degree of understanding that the subject has about the importance of that area.},
  keywords = {parenting assessment; parental skills; psychometric; Qualitative Research; Quantitative Research},
  language = {Italian}
}

The evaluation of the parenting is a multidisciplinary activity, with contributions from clinical psychology, child development, neuropsychiatry, family psychology, social psychology, and forensic psychiatry. There are operational applications that can result in different levels of psychosocial intervention. The authors have developed a tool called APS-I (Assessment of Parental Skills-Interview), aimed at evaluating specific behaviors (current and “visible”) that define the basic functions related to the exercise of actual parenting. This tool serves to steer the evaluator toward the most significant areas in the interview with the parent. The answers to the questions are analyzed according to two distinct criteria: firstly, evaluating the behaviors that the parent has described; secondly, using quality parameters to explore the degree of understanding that the subject has about the importance of that area.

@article{Baker2011Brief,
  author = {Baker, AJL and Jaffee, PG and Bernet, W and Johnston, JR},
  title = {Brief report on parental alienation survey},
  publisher = {The Association of Family and Conciliation Courts eNEWS},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {30},
  keywords = {parental alienation; survey; professional organization; Evaluation; Quantitative Research; Newsletter},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Fialho2011Algumas,
  author = {Fialho, AJ},
  title = {Algumas questões sobre o novo regime juridico do divórcio},
  journal = {Revista CEJ},
  publisher = {Centro de Estudos Judiciários Edição},
  address = {Portugal},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {1--472},
  keywords = {Legal},
  language = {Portuguese}
}

@article{Varnado2011Inappropriate,
  author = {Varnado, S.},
  title = {Inappropriate Parental Influence: A New App for Tort Law and Upgraded Relief for Alienated Parents},
  journal = {DePaul Law Review},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {113},
  abstract = {The Article first explores the concept of parental alienation, providing an overview of it, discussing how and why an alienator parent alienates, and reviewing its deleterious effects upon alienated parents. It then considers two sources of law - family law and tort law - under which parental alienation could be attacked. Although many jurists, scholars, and lawyers favor one area of law over the other, the Article posits that neither can wholly remedy the harms suffered by alienated parents, given that each focuses on different harms and offers different remedies. Instead, both family law and tort law have an important role to play for alienated parents. That said, given the inadequacy of existing tort law claims, the Article urges for a revamping of tort law to recognize a new cause of action specifically tailored to parental alienation: "inappropriate parental influence." Additionally, it develops this proposed new tort claim, suggesting the elements of it and addressing the valid concerns surrounding the creation such a tort, ultimately concluding that the policy of protecting the parent-child relationship should trump those concerns.},
  keywords = {intra-parent competition; parent-child relationship; Legal; Qualitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

The Article first explores the concept of parental alienation, providing an overview of it, discussing how and why an alienator parent alienates, and reviewing its deleterious effects upon alienated parents. It then considers two sources of law - family law and tort law - under which parental alienation could be attacked. Although many jurists, scholars, and lawyers favor one area of law over the other, the Article posits that neither can wholly remedy the harms suffered by alienated parents, given that each focuses on different harms and offers different remedies. Instead, both family law and tort law have an important role to play for alienated parents. That said, given the inadequacy of existing tort law claims, the Article urges for a revamping of tort law to recognize a new cause of action specifically tailored to parental alienation: "inappropriate parental influence." Additionally, it develops this proposed new tort claim, suggesting the elements of it and addressing the valid concerns surrounding the creation such a tort, ultimately concluding that the policy of protecting the parent-child relationship should trump those concerns.

@article{Farkas2011An,
  author = {Farkas, M.M.},
  title = {An Introduction to Parental Alienation Syndrome},
  journal = {Journal of Psychosocial Nursing},
  publisher = {Slack},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {49},
  number = {4},
  pages = {20--26},
  abstract = {Parental alienation syndrome (PAS) can occur during a tumultuous divorce between embattled parents involved in a bitter child custody dispute. During parental warfare, a child is used as a weapon by one parent (alienating parent) against the other parent (alienated/targeted parent). The targeted parent-child relationship once encased with unconditional love is transformed by an unrelenting campaign of denigration, criticism, and hatred. Since nursing literature on PAS is almost nonexistent, the purpose of this article is to increase nursing awareness and provide basic information. Awareness of PAS symptoms and interpersonal dynamics is important to prompt nurses in recommending treatment for families. Nurses should collaboratively join other professionals in their quest to provide the best treatment possible.},
  keywords = {parental alienation syndrome; nursing; Classification; Management},
  language = {English}
}

Parental alienation syndrome (PAS) can occur during a tumultuous divorce between embattled parents involved in a bitter child custody dispute. During parental warfare, a child is used as a weapon by one parent (alienating parent) against the other parent (alienated/targeted parent). The targeted parent-child relationship once encased with unconditional love is transformed by an unrelenting campaign of denigration, criticism, and hatred. Since nursing literature on PAS is almost nonexistent, the purpose of this article is to increase nursing awareness and provide basic information. Awareness of PAS symptoms and interpersonal dynamics is important to prompt nurses in recommending treatment for families. Nurses should collaboratively join other professionals in their quest to provide the best treatment possible.

@article{Gray2011Review,
  author = {Gray, S.M. and Billick, S.B.},
  title = {Review of Parental Alienation, DSM-5 and ICD-11},
  journal = {Journal of Forensic Sciences},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {56},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1079--1080},
  keywords = {Book Review},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Shapiro2011Review,
  author = {Shapiro, G.},
  title = {Review of Parental Alienation, DSM-5, and ICD-11},
  journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {50},
  number = {10},
  pages = {1078--1079},
  keywords = {Book Review},
  url = {http://www.jaacap.com/article/S0890-8567(11)00742-8/pdf},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Zimnitzky2011Review,
  author = {Zimnitzky, B.},
  title = {Review of A Family's Heartbreak: A Parent's Introduction to Parental Alienation},
  journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {50},
  number = {10},
  pages = {1079--1080},
  keywords = {Book Review},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2011.08.008},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Rodriguez2011Review,
  author = {Rodriguez, R.},
  title = {Review of The Look of Love},
  journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {50},
  number = {10},
  pages = {1080--1081},
  keywords = {Book Review},
  url = {http://www.jaacap.com/article/S0890-8567(11)00744-1/pdf},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Weir2011High-conflict,
  author = {Weir, K.},
  title = {High-conflict contact disputes: evidence of the extreme unreliability of some children's ascertainable wishes and feelings},
  journal = {Family Court Review},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {49},
  number = {4},
  pages = {788--800},
  abstract = {This article challenges an increasing orthodoxy regarding the weight which courts might place upon the expressed views of children in a specific situation—high-conflict contact disputes. I am a child psychiatrist who acts as an expert witness within the family courts of England & Wales. I have conducted a statistical analysis of cases in which I have conducted assessments of children caught in such disputes between their separated parents. Fifty-eight children met the criteria for inclusion in the study—the child's consistent opposition to contact with the non resident parent (NRP), despite the court having determined that there was no good reason to constrain contact. My assessment routinely included attempted observation of the child at a visit with the NRP. Despite their stated views most children had a positive experience in those visits that took place, and despite the fact that most had not seen the NRP for a long time. Overall there was a statistical association between increased resistance to contact and the greater age of the child and the longer the time during which no contact had occurred. However, the responses of children and young people were unpredictable and it was impossible to conclude that apparent maturity or intelligence was a guide to the reliability of their expressed resistance. The possible reasons for this unreliability are discussed. I emphasize that my sample of children is unusual as many of the cases had involved serious, though unfounded, allegations of abuse. In addition most of the children showed indications of having become “alienated” from the NRP. I conclude that courts might exercise caution when evaluating the views of children and young people in this situation, and emphasises that assessors should consider including at least one observation of the child at a prolonged visit to the NRP. Because of the new orthodoxy some parents may be tempted to misuse their child's right to a “voice” in court in order to achieve their own ends. Practitioners who advise courts may need to be more aware of these difficulties.},
  keywords = {statistical analysis; resistance to contact; alienated; Quantitative Research},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1744-1617.2011.01414.x/full},
  language = {English}
}

This article challenges an increasing orthodoxy regarding the weight which courts might place upon the expressed views of children in a specific situation—high-conflict contact disputes. I am a child psychiatrist who acts as an expert witness within the family courts of England & Wales. I have conducted a statistical analysis of cases in which I have conducted assessments of children caught in such disputes between their separated parents. Fifty-eight children met the criteria for inclusion in the study—the child's consistent opposition to contact with the non resident parent (NRP), despite the court having determined that there was no good reason to constrain contact. My assessment routinely included attempted observation of the child at a visit with the NRP. Despite their stated views most children had a positive experience in those visits that took place, and despite the fact that most had not seen the NRP for a long time. Overall there was a statistical association between increased resistance to contact and the greater age of the child and the longer the time during which no contact had occurred. However, the responses of children and young people were unpredictable and it was impossible to conclude that apparent maturity or intelligence was a guide to the reliability of their expressed resistance. The possible reasons for this unreliability are discussed. I emphasize that my sample of children is unusual as many of the cases had involved serious, though unfounded, allegations of abuse. In addition most of the children showed indications of having become “alienated” from the NRP. I conclude that courts might exercise caution when evaluating the views of children and young people in this situation, and emphasises that assessors should consider including at least one observation of the child at a prolonged visit to the NRP. Because of the new orthodoxy some parents may be tempted to misuse their child's right to a “voice” in court in order to achieve their own ends. Practitioners who advise courts may need to be more aware of these difficulties.

@article{Carrey2011Coasting,
  author = {Carrey, N.},
  title = {Coasting to DSM-5 - Parental Alienation Syndrome and Child Psychiatric Syndromes: We are what and who we define},
  journal = {Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry},
  address = {Canada},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {20},
  number = {3},
  pages = {163},
  url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3143687/},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Torun2011Parental,
  author = {Torun, Fuat},
  title = {Parental Alienation Syndrome},
  journal = {Current Approaches in Psychiatry},
  publisher = {cappsy.org},
  address = {Croatia},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {3},
  number = {3},
  pages = {466--482},
  isbn = {ISSN:1309-0674 (online) ISSN:1309-0658 (print)},
  abstract = {Children who have been programmed by one parent to be alienated from the other parent are commonly seen in the context of child-custody disputes. Its primary manifestation is the child’s campaign of denigration against a parent, a campaign that has no justification. It is said to result from a combination of a programming (brainwashing) parent’s indoctrinations and the child’s own contributions to the vilification of the targeted parent. Many evaluators use the term parental alienation syndrome to refer to the disorder engendered in such children. However, there is significant controversy going on about the validity of parental alienation syndrome. The purpose of this article has been to describe and help to differentiate parental alienation syndrome and abuse for mental health professionals working in the field and discuss the arguments about the validity of this syndrome.},
  keywords = {alienation; parental; abuse; children; Evaluation},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtasvEpPPS6xhpoPi_DAw?e=Fg2gPc},
  language = {Croatian}
}

Children who have been programmed by one parent to be alienated from the other parent are commonly seen in the context of child-custody disputes. Its primary manifestation is the child’s campaign of denigration against a parent, a campaign that has no justification. It is said to result from a combination of a programming (brainwashing) parent’s indoctrinations and the child’s own contributions to the vilification of the targeted parent. Many evaluators use the term parental alienation syndrome to refer to the disorder engendered in such children. However, there is significant controversy going on about the validity of parental alienation syndrome. The purpose of this article has been to describe and help to differentiate parental alienation syndrome and abuse for mental health professionals working in the field and discuss the arguments about the validity of this syndrome.

@article{Torun2011Bir,
  author = {Torun, Fuat},
  title = {Bir olgu üzerinden ebeveyn yabancılaştırma sendromu},
  publisher = {Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg (Anatolian Psychiatry Journal)},
  address = {Croatia},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {12},
  pages = {167--168},
  keywords = {Letter to the Editor; Evaluation; Newsletter},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtasvEoV-Wl8sfnxxCKSQ?e=Hi5WII},
  language = {Croatian}
}

@article{Rusakovskaya2011Factors,
  author = {Rusakovskaya, O.A. and Safuanov, F.S. and Kharitonova, N.K.},
  title = {Factors to be Established During CFPPE in Disputes about Parenting by Estranged Parents},
  journal = {Psychological - Educational Studies},
  publisher = {Moscow State University of Psychology and Education (www.psyedu.ru)},
  address = {Russia},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {2011},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--12},
  isbn = {ISSN: 2074-5885 (Online)},
  abstract = {The article presents the analysis of legal expertise in disputes on parenting when parents live separately (65 children and 78 parents). The clinical and psychological factors are discussed that have expert value when inspecting parents for a complex psychological and psychiatric conclusion on the harm done to the mental health and mental development of a child due to his/her stay (communication) with one of the parents. These are the following factors: mental illness, individual psychological characteristics, behavior against a minor, parenting style and parental position. The differentiated approach to assessing the impact of pathopsychological and individual psychological characteristics of a parent on child’s mental state and development in cases of joint and separate residence of a child with a parent is justified. The necessity of an expert examination of a child to assess the parenting capability in parents with a mental disorder is discussed.},
  keywords = {Juridicial Psychology; child-parent relationship; family conflict; forensic psychological and psychiatric examination; mental disorder of a parent; Legal},
  url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AqneSWcIBOtaubNRHly7b8ukp-pHyA?e=cdj7E4},
  language = {Russian}
}

The article presents the analysis of legal expertise in disputes on parenting when parents live separately (65 children and 78 parents). The clinical and psychological factors are discussed that have expert value when inspecting parents for a complex psychological and psychiatric conclusion on the harm done to the mental health and mental development of a child due to his/her stay (communication) with one of the parents. These are the following factors: mental illness, individual psychological characteristics, behavior against a minor, parenting style and parental position. The differentiated approach to assessing the impact of pathopsychological and individual psychological characteristics of a parent on child’s mental state and development in cases of joint and separate residence of a child with a parent is justified. The necessity of an expert examination of a child to assess the parenting capability in parents with a mental disorder is discussed.

@misc{Warshak2010Welcome,
  author = {Warshak, Richard Ades and Otis, Mark R.},
  title = {Welcome back, Pluto understanding, preventing, and overcoming parental alienation [DVD]},
  publisher = {WBP Media},
  address = {Dallas, TX},
  year = {2010},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Evaluation; Prevention; Management},
  language = {English}
}

@incollection{Norton2010Reinventing,
  author = {Norton, Christine Lynn},
  title = {Reinventing the wheel: From talk therapy to innovative interventions},
  booktitle = {Innovative interventions in child and adolescent mental health},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2010},
  isbn = {1136924132},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Management},
  language = {English}
}

@incollection{Perez2010Breves,
  author = {Perez, E.L.},
  title = {Breves comentários acerca da lei de alienação parental},
  booktitle = {Incesto e alienação parental: Realidades que a justiça insiste em nãover [Incest and parental alienation: Realities that the justice refuses to see]},
  publisher = {Editora Revista dos Tribunais},
  address = {Brazil},
  year = {2010},
  pages = {61--94},
  keywords = {Legal},
  language = {Portuguese}
}

@book{Baker2010Figli,
  author = {Baker, Amy JL},
  title = {Figli divisi: storie di manipolazione emotiva dei genitori nei confronti dei figli},
  publisher = {Giunti Edizioni},
  address = {Italy},
  year = {2010},
  isbn = {8809752236},
  abstract = {This is the Italian version of Dr. Baker’s book, Children Divided: Stories of Emotional Manipulation of Parents Toward Their Children. The consequences of parental alienation syndrome can be long-lasting and detrimental. Baker addresses these adverse effects through a series of interviews with adult victims of PAS. These victims recall their experiences as manipulated children and give retrospective insight to the damages wrought by PAS.},
  keywords = {Long-term Consequences; Quantitative Research},
  language = {Italian}
}

This is the Italian version of Dr. Baker’s book, Children Divided: Stories of Emotional Manipulation of Parents Toward Their Children. The consequences of parental alienation syndrome can be long-lasting and detrimental. Baker addresses these adverse effects through a series of interviews with adult victims of PAS. These victims recall their experiences as manipulated children and give retrospective insight to the damages wrought by PAS.

@book{Bernet2010Parental,
  author = {Bernet, William (Ed.)},
  title = {Parental alienation, DSM-5, and ICD-11},
  publisher = {Charles C Thomas},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2010},
  isbn = {0398084491},
  abstract = {Parental alienation is an important phenomenon that mental health professionals should know about and thoroughly understand, especially those who work with children, adolescents, divorced adults, and adults whose parents divorced when they were children. In this book, the authors define parental alienation as a mental condition in which a child – usually one whose parents are engaged in a high-conflict divorce – allies himself or herself strongly with one parent (the preferred parent) and rejects a relationship with the other parent (the alienated parent) without legitimate justification. This process leads to a tragic outcome when the child and the alienated parent, who previously had a loving and mutually satisfying relationship, lose the nurture and joy of that relationship for many years and perhaps for their lifetimes. The authors of this book believe that parental alienation is not simply a minor aberration in the life of a family, but a serious mental condition. Because of the false belief that the alienated parent is a dangerous or unworthy person, the child loses one of the most important relationships in his or her life. This book includes a comprehensive international bibliography regarding parental alienation with more than 600 citations.},
  keywords = {DSM; bibliography; DSM; ICD; Qualitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

Parental alienation is an important phenomenon that mental health professionals should know about and thoroughly understand, especially those who work with children, adolescents, divorced adults, and adults whose parents divorced when they were children. In this book, the authors define parental alienation as a mental condition in which a child – usually one whose parents are engaged in a high-conflict divorce – allies himself or herself strongly with one parent (the preferred parent) and rejects a relationship with the other parent (the alienated parent) without legitimate justification. This process leads to a tragic outcome when the child and the alienated parent, who previously had a loving and mutually satisfying relationship, lose the nurture and joy of that relationship for many years and perhaps for their lifetimes. The authors of this book believe that parental alienation is not simply a minor aberration in the life of a family, but a serious mental condition. Because of the false belief that the alienated parent is a dangerous or unworthy person, the child loses one of the most important relationships in his or her life. This book includes a comprehensive international bibliography regarding parental alienation with more than 600 citations.

@book{Cavedon2010Dalla,
  author = {Cavedon, Adele and Magro, Tiziana},
  title = {Dalla separazione all'alienazione parentale: come giungere a una valutazione peritale},
  publisher = {FrancoAngelli},
  address = {Italy},
  year = {2010},
  isbn = {8856823535},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Evaluation},
  language = {Italian}
}

@book{Courts2010Guidelines,
  author = {Courts, Association of Family and Conciliation},
  title = {Guidelines for court-ordered therapy},
  publisher = {AFCC},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2010},
  keywords = {Management; Endorsed by Professional Association},
  language = {English}
}

@book{Cummings2010Marital,
  author = {Cummings, E Mark and Davies, Patrick T},
  title = {Marital conflict and children: An emotional security perspective},
  publisher = {Guilford Press},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2010},
  isbn = {1462503292},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Quantitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

@book{Darnall2010Beyond,
  author = {Darnall, Douglas},
  title = {Beyond divorce casualties: Reunifying the alienated family},
  publisher = {Taylor Trade Publishing},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2010},
  isbn = {1461623448},
  abstract = {The companion to Darnall’s bestselling Divorce Casualties, Beyond Divorce Casualties is a workbook for severely alienated children and their parents. The book describes the how and why of unification therapy, how to prepare for reunification, how to effectively work with attorneys, mediators, parent coordinators and counselors, and even how to say “goodbye” if reunification is not possible. This book also provides many real life examples of alienating behavior, exercises, and specific instructions for how to change your feelings and behavior. Importantly, the book’s underlying assumption is that you have the power to change even if you have no power to change the other parent.},
  keywords = {reunification; unification therapy; Evaluation; Management; Qualitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

The companion to Darnall’s bestselling Divorce Casualties, Beyond Divorce Casualties is a workbook for severely alienated children and their parents. The book describes the how and why of unification therapy, how to prepare for reunification, how to effectively work with attorneys, mediators, parent coordinators and counselors, and even how to say “goodbye” if reunification is not possible. This book also provides many real life examples of alienating behavior, exercises, and specific instructions for how to change your feelings and behavior. Importantly, the book’s underlying assumption is that you have the power to change even if you have no power to change the other parent.

@book{Egizii2010The,
  author = {Egizii, J.},
  title = {The Look of Love},
  publisher = {Brown Books},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2010},
  isbn = {1934812544},
  abstract = {Anna, the wife of a prominent local attorney, has decided enough is enough. After nearly twenty years of marriage, she realizes she must get free from her controlling spouse. In the process, she loses the only thing that made escaping worthwhile-her children. Despite their joint custody agreement, her ex uses his wiles, wealth, and legal experience to exile Anna from the family. Her once “normal” relationships with her son and daughter mysteriously sour. The system, the law, and her faith in herself all seem to fail her at the same time. While facing the fight of her life, Anna realizes the true meaning of friendship and love.},
  keywords = {Personal Experience},
  language = {English}
}

Anna, the wife of a prominent local attorney, has decided enough is enough. After nearly twenty years of marriage, she realizes she must get free from her controlling spouse. In the process, she loses the only thing that made escaping worthwhile-her children. Despite their joint custody agreement, her ex uses his wiles, wealth, and legal experience to exile Anna from the family. Her once “normal” relationships with her son and daughter mysteriously sour. The system, the law, and her faith in herself all seem to fail her at the same time. While facing the fight of her life, Anna realizes the true meaning of friendship and love.

@book{Warshak2010Divorce,
  author = {Warshak, Richard A},
  title = {Divorce poison: How to protect your family from badmouthing and brainwashing},
  publisher = {Harper Paperbacks},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2010},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Evaluation; Prevention},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Bala2010Parental,
  author = {Bala, Nicholas and Hunt, Suzanne and McCarney, Carolyn},
  title = {Parental alienation: Canadian court cases 1989–2008},
  journal = {Family Court Review},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {48},
  number = {1},
  pages = {164--179},
  isbn = {1744-1617},
  keywords = {Legal},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Bernet2010Parental,
  author = {Bernet, W. and Boch-Galhau, W. von and Baker, A. J. L. and Morrison, S. L.},
  title = {Parental alienation, DSM-V, and ICD-11},
  journal = {American Journal of Family Therapy},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {38},
  number = {2},
  pages = {76--187},
  isbn = {0192-6187},
  keywords = {DSM; ICD; Qualitative Research},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Block2010Abused,
  author = {Block, S. D. and Oran, H. and Oran, D. and Baumrind, N. and Goodman, G. S.},
  title = {Abused and neglected children in court: knowledge and attitudes},
  journal = {Child Abuse & Neglect},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {34},
  number = {9},
  pages = {659--70},
  isbn = {1873-7757 (Electronic) 0145-2134 (Linking)},
  abstract = {OBJECTIVE: After maltreated children are taken into protective custody, dependency courts determine the children's placements. Many, if not most, maltreated children never attend their dependency court hearings. We had the rare opportunity to interview children in a jurisdiction where children regularly attend their detention hearings in dependency court. Our main goals were to assess maltreated children's knowledge and attitudes about their court experiences and identify predictors thereof. We also examined if the maltreated children desired greater participation in dependency court decisions. METHODS: Immediately after attending their dependency court hearings, 7- to 10-year-olds were interviewed about their knowledge of, attitudes concerning, and participation in dependency court. Information was also extracted from the children's dependency court files. RESULTS: Lack of understanding and negative attitudes were common. Age predicted court knowledge, and age, anxiety, court knowledge, abuse type, and criminal court referral predicted attitudes. Qualitative findings included that a substantial minority of children did not feel believed or listened to, and most children wanted to return home. CONCLUSIONS: This research is relevant to current debates about the extent to which children should be involved in legal decisions. The results suggest that maltreated children may profit from greater understanding of dependency court. Moreover, the findings indicate that children often wish to have greater influence in dependency court decisions. POLICY IMPLICATIONS: Professionals should consider providing children involved in dependency court hearings with age-appropriate information about the legal proceedings. Children may also benefit in dependency hearings from the opportunity, directly or indirectly (through their attorneys), to give voice to their wishes and needs.},
  keywords = {Child; Child Abuse/ legislation & jurisprudence; Crime Victims/ psychology; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Legal},
  language = {English}
}

OBJECTIVE: After maltreated children are taken into protective custody, dependency courts determine the children's placements. Many, if not most, maltreated children never attend their dependency court hearings. We had the rare opportunity to interview children in a jurisdiction where children regularly attend their detention hearings in dependency court. Our main goals were to assess maltreated children's knowledge and attitudes about their court experiences and identify predictors thereof. We also examined if the maltreated children desired greater participation in dependency court decisions. METHODS: Immediately after attending their dependency court hearings, 7- to 10-year-olds were interviewed about their knowledge of, attitudes concerning, and participation in dependency court. Information was also extracted from the children's dependency court files. RESULTS: Lack of understanding and negative attitudes were common. Age predicted court knowledge, and age, anxiety, court knowledge, abuse type, and criminal court referral predicted attitudes. Qualitative findings included that a substantial minority of children did not feel believed or listened to, and most children wanted to return home. CONCLUSIONS: This research is relevant to current debates about the extent to which children should be involved in legal decisions. The results suggest that maltreated children may profit from greater understanding of dependency court. Moreover, the findings indicate that children often wish to have greater influence in dependency court decisions. POLICY IMPLICATIONS: Professionals should consider providing children involved in dependency court hearings with age-appropriate information about the legal proceedings. Children may also benefit in dependency hearings from the opportunity, directly or indirectly (through their attorneys), to give voice to their wishes and needs.

@article{Ellis2010Intervention,
  author = {Ellis, Elizabeth M and Boyan, Susan},
  title = {Intervention strategies for parent coordinators in parental alienation cases},
  journal = {American Journal of Family Therapy},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {38},
  number = {3},
  pages = {218--236},
  isbn = {0192-6187},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Management},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Fidler2010Children,
  author = {Fidler, Barbara Jo and Bala, Nicholas},
  title = {Children resisting postseparation contact with a parent: Concepts, controversies, and conundrums},
  journal = {Family Court Review},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {48},
  number = {1},
  pages = {10--47},
  isbn = {1744-1617},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Evaluation},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Fidler2010Guest,
  author = {Fidler, Barbara Jo and Bala, Nicholas},
  title = {Guest editors' introduction to special issue on alienated children in divorce and separation: Emerging approaches for families and courts.},
  journal = {Family Court Review},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {48},
  number = {1},
  pages = {6--9},
  isbn = {1744-1617},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Management},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Fidler2010Special,
  author = {Fidler, Barbara J and Bala, Nicholas},
  title = {Special issue – Parental alienation},
  journal = {Family Court Review},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {48},
  number = {1},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Quantitative Research; Evaluation; Management},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Fink2010Letter,
  author = {Fink, P. J.},
  title = {Letter to the editor: Dr. Fink replies},
  journal = {Clinical Psychiatry News},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2010},
  month = {May},
  pages = {10},
  keywords = {Critics},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Friedlander2010When,
  author = {Friedlander, Steven and Walters, Marjorie Gans},
  title = {When a child rejects a parent: Tailoring the intervention to fit the problem},
  journal = {Family Court Review},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {48},
  number = {1},
  pages = {98--111},
  isbn = {1744-1617},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Management},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Jaffe2010Early,
  author = {Jaffe, Peter G and Ashbourne, Dan and Mamo, Alfred A},
  title = {Early identification and prevention of parent–child alienation: A framework for balancing risks and benefits of intervention},
  journal = {Family Court Review},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {48},
  number = {1},
  pages = {136--152},
  isbn = {1744-1617},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Prevention},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Johnston2010Outcomes,
  author = {Johnston, Janet R and Goldman, Judith Roth},
  title = {Outcomes of family counseling interventions with children who resist visitation: An addendum to Friedlander and Walters (2010)},
  journal = {Family Court Review},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {48},
  number = {1},
  pages = {112--115},
  isbn = {1744-1617},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Quantitative Research; Management},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Kelly2010Commentary,
  author = {Kelly, Joan B},
  title = {Commentary on "Family Bridges: Using insights from social science to reconnect parents and alienated children"(Warshak, 2010)},
  journal = {Family Court Review},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {48},
  number = {1},
  pages = {81--90},
  isbn = {1744-1617},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Management},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Kruk2010Collateral,
  author = {Kruk, Edward},
  title = {Collateral damage: The lived experiences of divorced mothers without custody},
  journal = {Journal of Divorce & Remarriage},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {51},
  number = {8},
  pages = {526--543},
  isbn = {1050-2556},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Short-term Consequences},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Mart2010Common,
  author = {Mart, Eric G},
  title = {Common errors in the assessment of allegations of child sexual abuse},
  journal = {The Journal of Psychiatry & Law},
  address = {USA},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {38},
  number = {3},
  pages = {325--343},
  isbn = {0093-1853},
  keywords = {Qualitative Research; Evaluation},
  language = {English}
}