@article{dellaroccaPossibleLandManagement2015,
  title = {Possible Land Management Uses of Common Cypress to Reduce Wildfire Initiation Risk: A Laboratory Study},
  author = {Della Rocca, G. and Hernando, C. and Madrigal, J. and Danti, R. and Moya, J. and Guijarro, M. and Pecchioli, A. and Moya, B.},
  year = {2015},
  month = aug,
  volume = {159},
  pages = {68--77},
  issn = {0301-4797},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.05.020},
  abstract = {The flammability of Cupressus sempervirens has been fully characterized. Two contrasted bench-scale methodologies have been used to ratify the results. Cypress showed low ignitability and consumability and high sustainability and combustibility. The low ignitability of C.~sempervirens suggests a potential resistance to moderate wildfires. Cypress stands could be a promising land management tool to reduce the wildfire initiation risk. Accurate determination of flammability is required in order to improve knowledge about vegetation fire risk. Study of the flammability of different plant species is essential for the Mediterranean area, where most ecosystems are adapted to natural fire but vulnerable to recurrent human-induced fires, which are the main cause of forest degradation. However, the methods used to evaluate vegetation flammability have not yet been standardized. Cupressus sempervirens is a native or naturalized forest tree species in the Mediterranean area that is able to tolerate prolonged drought and high temperatures. The aim of this study was to characterize the flammability of C.~sempervirens var. horizontalis at particle level by using different bench-scale calorimetry techniques (mass loss calorimeter, epiradiator and oxygen bomb) to determine the main flammability descriptors (ignitability, sustainability, combustibility and consumability) in live crown and litter samples. Our findings indicate that this variety of cypress is relatively resistant to ignition because of the high ash content, the high critical heat flux, the high time to ignition displayed by both crown and litter samples and the ability of the leaves to maintain a high water content during the summer. We also discuss the possibility of exploiting some morphological, functional and ecological traits of the species to construct a barrier system (with selected varieties of cypress) as a promising complementary land management tool to reduce the fire spread and intensity in a Mediterranean context.

[Excerpt: Discussion and conclusions]

[...] The FMC of live C. sempervirens samples was relatively high and stable between April and the middle of August (84-96\%). Furthermore, the low variability in the water content across the crown layers ( Fig. 3) may have important implications for crown fire potential ( Van Wagner, 1977). Madrigal et al. (2013) reported a wider range of FMC for Pinus pinaster needles (95-155\%), whereas Viegas et al. (2001) indicated that the FMC of live Mediterranean forest fuels may be as low as 50-60\,\% during the summer season, much lower than the value detected in the present study in live crown samples of cypress. Ignition and fire occurrence are closely related to the moisture content of live and dead fuel ( Dimitrakopoulos and Papaioannou, 2001) and fresh leaves of Mediterranean species appear to become very flammable when the moisture content decreases below 75\,\% ( Chandler et al., 1983) or below 100\,\% in the case of pine needles ( Van Wagner, 1977). An interaction between the physiological state of a live plant (which determines the moisture content) and the concentration of volatile compounds has also been reported ( Weise et al., 2005 and Alessio et al., 2008). During an intense wildfire, the effect due to accumulation of gasified volatile organic compounds (VOCs) may be stronger than the effect due to a low water content, thus explaining specific occurrences such as extreme rate of fire spread and eruptive fire events ( Viegas and Simeoni, 2011).

[\textbackslash n] The live fresh samples of C. sempervirens did not ignite in MLC tests performed at 25 kW/m2, whereas in a previous study, live P. pinaster needles with similar FMC (95\%) ignited at the same heat flux ( Madrigal et al., 2013) ( Supplementary Fig. 1). Notably, the HRR curve obtained for C. sempervirens at 35 kW/m2 was similar to that obtained by Madrigal et al. (2013) for live P. pinaster needles at a lower heat flux (25 kW/m2). In EPI2, at 25 kW/m2 ( Table 5), the IF of fresh cypress live fuel was as low as 23\,\%, while at 55 kW/m2, the IF was 100\,\%, for both crown fresh samples and litter samples (conditioned and oven-dried). These results are consistent with the CHF values determined in MLC tests.

[\textbackslash n][...] 

[\textbackslash n] The TTI and CHF are the most representative descriptors of ignitability. Both TTI (at 50 kW/m2) and CHF of live cypress fuel obtained with MLC in the present study were significantly higher than those determined by Madrigal et al. (2013) for live P. pinaster needles with the same FMC value (95\%). The ignitability of common cypress was much lower than that of P. pinaster. Live C. sempervirens leaves also displayed the longest TTI in a comparative study of ornamental species Ganteaume et al. (2013a). However, based on TTI, common cypress has been reported to be the most flammable of several Mediterranean species tested ( Liodakis et al., 2002). This discrepancy may be due to different ignition devices used in the two studies.

[\textbackslash n] Heat content is known to be highly dependent upon the chemical composition of a fuel. The GHC values obtained in this study for live C. sempervirens samples in the oxygen bomb test were higher than those obtained for litter ( Table 3). Whereas, in contrast to the findings of Elvira and Hernando (1989), only slight differences in GHC values of live samples were found between spring and summer in the present study ( Table 4). Madrigal et al. (2011) reported a higher GHC for live P. halepensis and P. pinaster needles than for C. sempervirens and Pinus pinea. Even greater differences were observed between species on comparing the GHC of litter samples ( Supplementary Table 2). Liodakis et al. (2002) reported a lower GHC for C. sempervirens leaves that for other Mediterranean species, both conifers and broadleaf species, possibly due to differences in the proportion of chemical components in the leaves and to differences in the residual mass fraction.

[\textbackslash n] [...]

[\textbackslash n] In highly resinous species (i.e. pines) and during the heating phase, the effect of volatile flammable gases (VOCs) is crucial in priming and/or accelerating combustion (Chetehouna et al., 2009). Our findings indicate the natural resistance of live fuel of common cypress to the initial stages of combustion (ignitability). The gases produced by thermal degradation of cypress live fuel did not ignite, irrespective of the heat source (EPI or MLC) or the heat flux to which the samples were subjected. The VOCs stored in cypress leaf glands (Della Rocca, 2012 and Moya and Moya, 2013d) are probably degassed (Greenberg et al., 2006 and Ciccioli et al., 2014) when vegetation is warming up (at 60-150 \textdegree C), and thus will not contribute to ignition. Moreover, cypress is not a resinous species in the strict sense. Neither the xylem or the bark produce resin constitutively, but only as consequence of mechanical wounds or lesions due to pathogens or pests.

[\textbackslash n] In Mediterranean regions characterized by long dry summers, litter appears to play a crucial role in fire risk and transmission (Hogkinson, 2002). Both conditioned and oven-dried C. sempervirens litter samples always ignited (IF 100\%); however, in the present study all flammability parameters (except TTI) measured at 35 kW/m2 were lower than those obtained at 25 kW/m2 for P. pinaster litter with the same FMC (11\%) by Madrigal et al. (2011) ( Supplementary Table 2). Comparing different Mediterranean species, Petriccione (2006) classified the flammability of cypress litter as moderate-high, similar to that of Myrtus communis, Q. ilex, O. europea and P. halepensis, but lower than that of Quercus pubescens, Fraxinus ornus, P. pinaster and Genista aetnensis.

[\textbackslash n] In nature, C. sempervirens litter has a high bulk density ( Ganteaume et al., 2013b), as the small segments accumulate in thick layers, also due to a low mineralisation rate ( Della Rocca et al., 2006). These traits reduce the circulation of air in the litter, which may act like a sponge and retain humidity, thus hampering ignition. A thick litter layer is also known to favour self-extinction of fire ( Orme\~no et al., 2009).

[\textbackslash n] In this study, the RMF at the end of the test was considered as ash content. In the MLC tests, the ash content of cypress fresh fine fuel ranged from 3.5 to 6.8\,\%. This is consistent with the results reported by Dimitrakopoulos and Panov (2001) who obtained higher values of mineral ash for C. sempervirens leaves (4.73\%) than for other Mediterranean species such as Q. ilex (2.9\%) and P. brutia (2.8\%). The heat content of plant material has been demonstrated to be negatively related to ash content. A higher ash content essentially indicates that there is less mass to burn ( Mutch and Philpot, 1970 and Philpot, 1970), thus influencing fire sustainability and consumability. [...]

[Management recommendations and future research]

Common cypress is known to produce a deep dense litter that is difficult to ignite and even prevents the development of understory vegetation due to a presumed allelopathic effect. This species is also often planted as a windbreak to protect valuable crops from prevailing winds in the Mediterranean area. In addition to these traits, the findings of our laboratory trials, which have demonstrated the low ignitability of crown and litter cypress samples, encourage further studies at tree and plantation levels to assess the effectiveness of cypress barriers as a silviculture measure to reduce wildfire initiation risk in sensitive sites (e.g. WUIs). Well designed plantations constructed with suitable varieties of cypress (selected for habit and resistance to pathogens causing severe dieback and resin exudation, e.g. cypress canker) and taking into account topography, flammability risk mapping, land use etc. may be useful for creating buffer zones to hinder or prevent the rapid spread of wildfire, also decreasing the likelihood that a surface fire will become a crown fire. The ability of cypress plantations to slow fire progression is derived from a combination of properties of individual trees. The need of transposing laboratory results and empirical observations to a real scale, lead the Diputaci\'on de Valencia (Spain) and the province of Siena (Italy) to plan the realization of the first experimental plantations of the 'cypress system' as a way to conduct further research aimed at improving prevention against wildfires. Useful information on setting up operational cypress plantations as firewalls is reported in Della Rocca et al. (2014).},
  journal = {Journal of Environmental Management},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745883,~to-add-doi-URL,cupressus-sempervirens,fire-fuel,forest-resources,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745883}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@book{citeulike:13878890,
    abstract = {The Summary for Policy Makers is a brief document based
on information included in the  ” State of Europe's Forests
2015”report. This document off ers a comprehensive
overview of European forests, their current status, trends
and policy responses related to them, as well as an insight
into sustainable forest management ({SFM}) in Europe.

[\n] The State of Europe's Forests 2015 report will, along with other
publications, serve as background information for political
discussions on future opportunities and challenges, and the
associated political responses. This report is focused on the
current status and trends (10-year trends and 25-year trends)
of European forests and sustainable forest management in the
period 1990-2015 and has been prepared for the 7th Ministerial
Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe, held in Madrid
on 20-21 October 2015.

[\n] The State of Europe's Forests 2015 report is organised in two parts.
The first part (Overall Policies, Institutions and Instruments for
Sustainable Forest Management) provides general information
about the way forests are governed in a country through the
policies, institutions and instruments for {SFM}. These aspects are
covered by five Qualitative1 Indicators, and changes reported in
these indicators over time reflect the responses of policy makers
to challenges and opportunities related to forests and {SFM}.
The second part (European Forests: Status, Trends and Policy
Responses) has been prepared following the Advisory Group
recommendations and on the basis of data gleaned from the
35 Quantitative Indicators, which provide information on the
current status and changes in European forests and progress
on {SFM}, and from the 12 Qualitative Indicators, which shed light
on the policies, institutions and instruments used to address
specific policy areas related to the afore mentioned Quantitative
Indicators. This second part is structured according to the
Six Criteria for {SFM} and includes the respective Quantitative
Indicators and Qualitative Indicators directly related to them.

[\n] The Output Tables included in the Annexes display the
information on Quantitative Indicators reported by 34
signatory countries, the information included in the 11
desk studies carried out by {UNECE}/{FAO} Forestry and
Timber Section, and the information reported by the
Russian Federation for the previous edition of the State
of Europe's Forests report. Given the lack of comparable
current data from the Russian Federation and in order
to maintain the internal consistency of the report, the
information provided by the Russian Federation in
2011 is not included in the analysis or the graphs. 

[::State of Europe's Forests 2015] European forests play an important role in environmental functions, crucial for our
wellbeing, as fighting climate change, conserving biological diversity, protecting
soils or preserving water resources. Furthermore, the productive role of European
forests has a relevant value producing also significant socio-economic benefits
[...]

[::Overall policies, institutions and instruments for {SFM}] This chapter provides general information about the way forests are governed
in the {FOREST} {EUROPE} signatories through policies, institutions and
instruments for Sustainable Forest Management ({SFM}). These are covered
by 5 Qualitative Indicators (Part I of {pan-European} Qualitative Indicators).
Changes reported in these indicators over time reflect the responses of policy
makers to challenges and opportunities related to forests and {SFM}. 
[::] A1. National Forest Programme ({NFP}) or similar and related forest policies [...]
[::] A2. Institutional frameworks [...]
[::] A3. Legal/regulatory frameworks and international commitments [...]
[::] A4. Financial instruments and economic policy [...]
[::] A5. Informational means [...]

[::Forest Resources and their Contribution to Global Carbon Cycles]
[::] Forests cover more than one third of Europe`s land surface, and forest
area continues to increase [...]
[::] Growing stock in European forests is above the world average and still
increasing [...]
[::] One third of European forests are uneven-aged [...]
[::] The forest area is expanding according to the defined targets in the
countries with low forest cover [...]
[::] European forests are major carbon sink [...]
[::] Carbon stocks and stock changes in forests as well as climate change
mitigation and adaptation are the most frequently mentioned objectives [...]

[::Forest Ecosystem Health and Vitality]

[::] Depositions of air pollutants have continuously decreased since 1997,
except for N-depositions, which have increased in Southern and Central-
Eastern Europe [...]
[::] Data from forest areas correspond with previous assessments showing
that soil organic carbon concentration levels have increased following a
{South-East} to {North-West} trend in the {EU} [...]
[::] Defoliation remained unchanged on around two thirds of the plots
monitored over the 10-year period [...]
[::] 3.1\% (or 3.7 million hectares) of Europe's forests are affected by forest
damage, most frequently caused by biotic agents [...]
[::] Most countries reported specific objectives related to forest health and
vitality (i.e. improved resistance, monitoring systems and climate change
adaptation) [...]

[::Productive Functions of Forests]
[::] Increments in European forests substantially exceed fellings [...]
[::] Europe remains one of the largest producers of roundwood in the world [...]
[::] The total value of marketed non-wood goods reported was almost €2.3 million [...]
[::] The total reported value for marketed services is around €723 million [...]
[::] Most forests in Europe have a management plan [...]
[::] Few changes were reported concerning the objectives related to the
production and use of wood, with most of such changes connected to
the bioenergy sector. About 30\% of the signatory countries reported
developments in informational means [...]
[::] While 25\% of the reporting signatory countries reported changes
in specific objectives, the majority showed continuity in relation to
mechanisms and instruments [...]

[::Biological Diversity in Forest Ecosystems]

[::] Mixed species stands dominate European forests [...]
[::] Regeneration approaches and natural expansion vary widely across Europe [...]
[::] 4\% of European forests are undisturbed by man [...]
[::] Introduced tree species dominate 4.4\% of European forests [...]
[::] Deadwood is increasing slightly in European forests [...]
[::] The areas managed for conservation of forest genetic resources and for
seed production have increased over the last 25 years [...]
[::] Two thirds of European forests are in a core natural landscape pattern [...]
[::] Forests are an important habitat for threatened species [...]
[::] More than 30 million ha of European forests are protected [...]
[::] A large majority of countries (more than 90\%) have specific objectives
in relation to biodiversity. Almost half have reported legislative
developments and just small changes in other instruments [...]

[::Protective Functions in Forest Management]

[::] Forest fulfill all protective functions [...]
[::] Forests protect infrastructures and managed natural resources from
natural hazards [...]
[::] Long term commitment on protection of water and soil in Europe [...]

[::{Socio-Economic} Functions and Conditions]

[::] The number of private forest holdings is increasing [...]
[::] The forest sector contributed around 0.8\% to {GDP} (Gross Domestic
Product) in the region as a whole [...]
[::] Most parts of the regions in Europe saw an annual increase in net value added [...]
[::] Expenditures for services remain constant, while revenues from services
are increasing [...]
[::] Forest sector still plays an important role in relation to employment [...]
[::] Forest work remains a dangerous occupation [...]
[::] During the 2008-2009 financial crisis, wood consumption decreased in
Europe [...]
[::] Europe has shifted from a net importer to a net exporter of primary wood
and paper products [...]
[::] Energy from wood resources contributes significantly to renewable
energy targets [...]
[::] Most forests in Europe are accessible for recreation [...]
[::] More than 1.25 million cultural sites are located in European forests [...]
[::] Most reporting signatories have specific policy objectives in relation to the economic viability of forests [...]
[::] The majority of reporting signatories have specific objectives related to employment [...]
[::] More countries are promoting participation, with a wide variety of means being used, as was also stated in 2011 [...]
[::] Enhancing research activities, cross-sectoral cooperation, innovation
and technological development, as well as improving the quality and efficiency of forest education and training at all levels is becoming more important [...]
[::] Increased interest has been shown through more countries reporting and a
significant proportion (60\%) of positive developments in cultural and spiritual
values [...]},
    address = {Madrid, Spain},
    author = {Alberdi Asensio, Iciar and Baycheva-Merger, Tanya and Bouvet, Alain and Bozzano, Michele and Caudullo, Giovanni and Cienciala, Emil and Corona, Piermaria and Dom\'{\i}nguez Torres, Gl\`{o}ria and Houston Durrant, Tracy and Edwards, David and Estreguil, Christine and Ferreti, Marco and Fischer, Uwe and Freudenschuss, Alexandra and Gasparini, Patrizia and Godinho Ferreira, Paulo and Hansen, Karin and Hiederer, Roland and Inhaizer, Hubert and Jellesmark Thorsen, Bo and Jonsson, Ragnar and Kastenholz, Edgar and Kleinschmit von Lengefeld, Andreas and K\"{o}hl, Michael and Korhonen, Kari and Koskela, Jarkko and Krumm, Frank and Lanz, Adrian and Lasserre, Bruno and Levet, Anne-Laure and Li, Yanshu and Lier, Markus and Mallarach Carrera, Josep M. and Marchetti, Marco and Mart\'{\i}nez de Arano, Inazio and Michel, Alexa and Moffat, Andy and Nabuurs, Gert-Jan and Oldenburger, Jan and Parviainen, Jari and Pettenella, Davide and Prokofieva, Irina and Quadt, Verena and Rametsteiner, Ewald and Rinaldi, Francesca and Sanders, Tanja and San-Miguel-Ayanz, Jes\'{u}s and Schuck, Andreas and Seidling, Walter and Solberg, Birger and Sotirov, Metodi and St\r{a}hl, G\"{o}ran and Tom\'{e}, Margarida and Toth, Gergely and van Brusselen, Jo and Verkerk, Hans and V\'{\i}tkov\'{a}, Lucie and Weiss, Gerhard and Wildburguer, Christoph and Winkel, Gerorg and Zasada, Michal and Zingg, Andreas},
    citeulike-article-id = {13878890},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/13878890},
    citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://www.webcitation.org/6mG9U2ex9},
    citeulike-linkout-2 = {http://www.webcitation.org/6mGA7hobB},
    citeulike-linkout-3 = {http://foresteurope.org/state-europes-forests-2015-report/},
    citeulike-linkout-4 = {http://www.foresteurope.org/docs/SoeF2015/BIBLIOGRAPHY.pdf},
    citeulike-linkout-5 = {http://www.foresteurope.org/fullsoef2015},
    comment = {== References ==
\# Alberdi, I., Michalak, R., Fischer, C., Gasparini, P., Br\"{a}ndli, U.-B., Tomter, S.M., Kuliesis, A., Snorrason, A., Redmond, J., Hern\'{a}ndez, L., Ca\~{n}ellas, I., Lanz, A., Vidondo, A., Stoyanov, N., Stoyanova, M., Vestman, M., Barreiro, S., Vidal, C. (Submitted). A common FAWS definition is of major importance for the results of any simulation of the European Forest projections. Annals of Forest Science.
\# Berg, A., Ehnstr\"{o}m, B., Gustafsson, L., Hallingb\"{a}ck, T., Jonsell, M., Weslien, J., 1994. Threatened plant, animal, and fungus species in Swedish forests: distributionand habitat associations. Conservation Biology 8, 718–731. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08030718.x .
\# EEA (European Environment Agency), 2006. European forest types – Categories and types for sustainable forest management reporting and policy. EEA Technical Report No. 9/2006. EEA, Copenhagen.
\# EEA (European Environment Agency), 2008. European forests - ecosystem conditions and sustainable use. EEA Report number 3/2008. EEA, Copenhagen.
\# Estreguil, C., Caudullo, G., de Rigo, D., 2014. A proposal for an integrated modelling framework to characterise habitat pattern, Environmental Modelling \& Software 52, 176–191. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2013.10.011 .
\# Estreguil, C., Caudullo, G., de Rigo, D., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., 2013. Forest landscape in Europe: Pattern, fragmentation and connectivity. EUR – Scientific and Technical Research 25717 (JRC 77295), 18 pp.   doi:10.2788/77842 .
\# FAO, 2014. Contribution of the forestry sector to national economies, 1990-2011, by A. Lebedys and Y. Li. Forest Finance Working Paper FSFM/ACC/09. FAO, Rome.
\# FOREST EUROPE, UNECE, FAO, 2011. State of Europe's Forests 2011. Europe's Status \& Trends in Sustainable Forest Management in Europe.
\# Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2010. Global forest resources assessment 2010: Main report. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1757e/i1757e.pdf .
\# Franc, N., 2007. Standing or downed dead trees - does it matter for saproxylic beetles in temperate oak-rich forest? Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37 (12), 2494–2507. doi:10.1139/X07-096 .
\# Grove, S.J., 2002. Saproxylic insect ecology and the sustainable management of forests. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 33, 1–23. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150507 .
\# Harmon, M.E., Franklin, J.F., Swanson, F.J., Sollins, P., Gregory, S.V., Lattin, J.D., Anderson, N.H., Cline, S.P., Aumen, N.G., Sedell, J.R., Lienkaemper, G.W., Cromack,K., Cummins, K.W., 1986. Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems. Advances in Ecological Research 15, 133–302. 
\# Heilmann-Clausen, J., Christensen, M., 2004. Does size matter? On the importance of various dead wood fractions for fungal diversity in Danish beech forests. Forest Ecology and Management 201 (1), 105–117. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2004.07.010 .
\# Jonsell, M., Hansson, J., Wedmo, L., 2007. Diversity of saproxylic beetle species inlogging residues in Sweden - Comparisons between tree species and diameters. Biological Conservation 138 (1-2), 89–99. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.04.003 .
\# Larsson, T.-B., Angelstam, P., Balent, G., Barbati, A., Bijlsma, R.-J., Boncina, A., Bradshaw, R., B\"{u}cking, W., Ciancio, O., Corona, P., Diaci, J., Dias, S., Ellenberg, H., Fernandes, F. M., Fern\'{a}ndez-Gonzalez, F., Ferris, R., Frank, G., M{\o}ller, P. F., Giller, P. S., Gustafsson, L., Halbritter, K., Hall, S., Hansson, L., Innes, J., Jactel, H., Dobbertin, M. K., Klein, M., Marchetti, M., Mohren, F., Niemel\"{a}, P., O'Halloran, J., Rametsteiner, E., Rego, F., Scheidegger, C., Scotti, R., Sj\"{o}berg, K., Spanos, I., Spanos, K., Standov\'{a}r, T., Svensson, L., T{\o}mmer\r{a}s, B., Trakolis, D., Uuttera, J., VanDenMeersschaut, D., Vandekerkhove, K., Walsh, P. M., Watt, A. D., 2001. Biodiversity evaluation tools for European forests. Vol. 50 of Ecological Bulletins. Blackwell Science. 
\# Siitonen, J., 2001. Forest management, coarse woody debris and saproxylic organisms: Fennoscandian boreal forests as an example. Ecological Bulletins 49, 11–41. 
\# Siry, J.P, Cubbage, F.W, Newman, D.H. 2009: Global Forest Ownership: Implications for Forest Production, Management and Protection. In: Proceedings of the XIII World Forestry Congress (18-23 Oct. 2009), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
\# UNECE, 2011. Forest Products Annual Market Review 2010–2011. United Nations, Geneva.
\# Vantomme, P., 2003. What are 'Non-Wood Forest Products' for FAO?, International Forestry Review 5(2), 162.
\# Verkerk, P.J., Lindner, M., Zanchi, G., Zudin, S., 2011. Assessing impacts of intensified biomass removal on deadwood in European forests. Ecological Indicators 11 (1), 27–35. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2009.04.004 .},
    editor = {{Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe}},
    keywords = {europe, featured-publication, forest-resources, integration-techniques, multiauthor, science-policy-interface, scientific-communication},
    posted-at = {2015-12-09 15:33:21},
    priority = {2},
    publisher = {Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe (FOREST EUROPE).},
    title = {{State of Europe's forests 2015}},
    url = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/13878890},
    year = {2015}
}

@article{europeanenvironmentagencyEUNISEuropeanNature2015,
  title = {{{EUNIS}}, the {{European Nature Information System}}},
  author = {{European Environment Agency}},
  year = {2015},
  abstract = {[Excerpt]The European nature information system, EUNIS, brings together European data from several databases and organisations into three interlinked modules on sites, species and habitat types.

[\textbackslash n] The EUNIS information system is part of the European Biodiversity data centre (BDC) and it is a contribution to the knowledge base for implementing the EU and global biodiversity strategies and the 7th Environmental Action Programme.

[\textbackslash n] The EUNIS information system provides access to the publicly available data in the EUNIS database. The information includes:

[::] Data on species, habitat types and designated sites compiled in the framework of Natura 2000 (EU Habitats and Birds Directives); [::] The EUNIS habitat classification; [::] Data from material compiled by the European Topic Centre of Biological Diversity; [::] Information on species, habitat types and designated sites mentioned in relevant international conventions and in the IUCN Red Lists; [::] Specific data collected in the framework of the EEA's reporting activities, which also constitute a core set of data to be updated periodically, e.g. Eionet priority dataflow Nationally designated areas (CDDA).},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13603141,europe,forest-resources,vegetation-composition,vegetation-types},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13603141}
}

@article{ratcliffeTreeNeighbourhoodMatters2015,
  title = {Tree Neighbourhood Matters - {{Tree}} Species Composition Drives Diversity-Productivity Patterns in a near-Natural Beech Forest},
  author = {Ratcliffe, Sophia and Holzwarth, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric and Nadrowski, Karin and Levick, Shaun and Wirth, Christian},
  year = {2015},
  month = jan,
  volume = {335},
  pages = {225--234},
  issn = {0378-1127},
  doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2014.09.032},
  abstract = {[Highlights]

[::] We test tree diversity-productivity relationships in a temperate beech forest. 
[::] Beech and hornbeam trees grew faster in more diverse neighbourhoods. 
[::] Complementarity effects were driven by differences in species' competitive strengths. 
[::] Small scale admixture with patches of different species promotes tree growth.

[Abstract]

European beech forest with a variable admixture is one of the most important forest types in Central Europe. Growing evidence has demonstrated the positive effect of increased biodiversity on vital forest ecosystem functions and services such as productivity and nutrient cycling. Both complementarity in resource use and species identity are known to influence tree productivity but they have received relatively little attention in observational studies. Using a large dataset of repeat inventory trees in a near-natural deciduous forest in Central Germany we test whether tree diversity enhances tree productivity at the tree and the stand level, whilst accounting for tree size, tree vitality, local topography and the potentially confounding effects of spatial autocorrelation and negative growth estimates. Beech and hornbeam individual tree growth was sensitive to their neighbourhood diversity and composition whilst ash trees were only sensitive to the neighbourhood tree density. Neighbourhood complementarity effects were driven by differences in species' competitive strengths, whilst at the stand level productivity gains were primarily attributable to the density of ash and diversity effects were less prominent. We conclude that small-scale admixture with patches of different species promotes tree growth in European beech forest; congruent with current management plans for beech and hardwood forests.},
  journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14070499,~to-add-doi-URL,acer-campestre,acer-platanoides,acer-pseudoplatanus,biodiversity,carpinus-betulus,diversity,fagus-sylvatica,forest-resources,fraxinus-excelsior,germany,species-richness,ulmus-glabra},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14070499}
}

@article{usdanrcsPLANTSDatabase2015,
  title = {The {{PLANTS Database}}},
  author = {{USDA NRCS}},
  year = {2015},
  abstract = {[Excerpt] The PLANTS Database provides standardized information about the vascular plants, mosses, liverworts, hornworts, and lichens of the U.S. and its territories. It includes names, plant symbols, checklists, distributional data, species abstracts, characteristics, images, crop information, automated tools, onward Web links, and references. This information primarily promotes land conservation in the United States and its territories, but academic, educational, and general use is encouraged. PLANTS reduces government spending by minimizing duplication and making information exchange possible across agencies and disciplines.

[] PLANTS is a collaborative effort of the USDA NRCS National Plant Data Team (NPDT), the USDA NRCS Information Technology Center (ITC), The USDA National Information Technology Center (NITC), and many other partners. Much of the PLANTS data and design is developed at NPDT, and the Web application is programmed at ITC and NITC and served through the USDA Web Farm.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13577947,forest-resources,species-description,species-distribution,united-states},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13577947}
}

@article{euforgenDistributionMapWild2014,
  title = {Distribution Map of {{Wild}} Service Tree ({{Sorbus}} Torminalis)},
  author = {{EUFORGEN}},
  year = {2014},
  abstract = {The distribution maps on this page were compiled by experts contributing to EUFORGEN activities, based on existing bibliography and other information sources.

Individuals may use the distribution maps for personal, educational, scientific or other non-commercial purposes without prior permission from the EUFORGEN Secretariat but they must acknowledge EUFORGEN as the source of information.

In case the distribution maps are used for a publication, the EUFORGEN Secretariat would appreciate receiving a notification or a copy of the publication.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13759205,forest-resources,sorbus-torminalis,species-distribution},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13759205}
}

@article{paulsenClimatebasedModelPredict2014,
  title = {A Climate-Based Model to Predict Potential Treeline Position around the Globe},
  author = {Paulsen, Jens and K{\"o}rner, Christian},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {124},
  pages = {1--12},
  issn = {1664-221X},
  doi = {10.1007/s00035-014-0124-0},
  abstract = {In situ temperature measurements revealed that the position of the high-elevation treeline is associated with a minimum seasonal mean air temperature within a temperature-defined minimum season length across latitudes. Here, we build upon this experience and present the results of a global statistical analysis and a predictive model for low temperature treeline positions. We identified 376 natural treelines from satellite images across the globe, and searched for their closest climatic proxies using a climate database. The analysis included a snow and a water balance submodel to account for season length constraints by snow pack and drought. We arrive at thermal treeline criteria almost identical to those that emerged from the earlier in situ measurements: tree growth requires a minimum length of the growing season of 94 days. The model yields best fit when the season is defined as all days with a daily mean temperature {$>$}0.9 \textdegree C, and a mean of 6.4 \textdegree C across all these days. The resultant treeline model 'TREELIM' offers a robust estimation of potential treeline elevation based on climate data only. Error terms include imprecise treeline position in satellite images and climate approximations in mountainous terrain. The algorithm permits constraining low temperature limits of forest growth worldwide (including polar treelines) and also permits a bioclimatic stratification of mountain biota, for instance, for biodiversity assessments. As a side product, the model yields the global potentially forested area. The results support the isotherm theory for natural treeline formation. This completely independent statistical assessment of the climatic drivers of the global treeline phenomenon confirmed the results of a multi-year measurement campaign.

[Excerpt: Basic model assumptions and definition of climatic treeline proxies]

From our earlier works with data loggers (K\"orner and Paulsen 2004), it emerged that only three independent parameters are necessary to model treeline elevation by standardized meteorological data: (a) a threshold temperature DTMIN that constrains the growing season; (b) a minimum mean temperature for all days of the growing season SMT as defined in (a); (c) a minimum length of the growing season LGS. The definition of the growing season is a central issue, because temperatures outside the growing season have no predictive value (K\"orner 2012). The model, thus, needs to select periods suitable for tree growth, which means, warm enough conditions with sufficient soil moisture and no snow cover.

[\textbackslash n] Defining the beginning and end of the growing season by a critical air temperature only (as in K\"orner and Paulsen 2004) turned out to be problematic at a global scale because this procedure does not account for irregular seasonal temperatures at equatorial latitudes, and it does not account for snow pack and drought. Therefore, the TREELIM model presented here uses a LGS representing the sum of days with a daily mean temperature above a defined threshold temperature (DTMIN). The mean temperature of the growing season (SMT) for any site is then calculated by averaging the daily means for all these days. Days during which snow is present or during which soil water is not available do not count for season length [...]

[\textbackslash n] [...]

[::Snowpack] The snow module of TREELIM accounts for the assumption that trees do not exert significant growth as long as there is late-laying snow on the ground. Snow pack may thus constrain the length of the growing period, despite warm air temperatures. It was assumed that all precipitation that falls at daily mean temperatures {$\leq$}0 \textdegree C fall as snow, and snow was assumed to stay and accumulate on the ground as long as daily mean temperatures remained {$<$}0 \textdegree C. If a snow layer is present, snow is assumed to melt whenever daily mean temperatures are {$>$}0 \textdegree C at a rate of 0.84 kg m-2 day-1 for each degree {$>$}0 \textdegree C (the WATFLOOD model; http://www.civil.uwaterloo.ca/watflood/). Sublimation was ignored.

[\textbackslash n] Whenever rain falls on an existing snow layer, this water cools to 0 \textdegree C and the thermal energy (4.186 kJ kg-1 K-1) is used to melt snow (333.5 kJ kg-1 snow). Thus, 1 mm of rain melts 1/80 kg m-2 snow per degree air temperature above 0 \textdegree C. The quantity of snow pack (in kg m-2) was calculated by a simple input-output model with a daily resolution: snow layer at day (i) = snow layer at day (i - 1) + snowfall at day (i) - snow melt at day (i).

[\textbackslash n] [...]

[::Site water balance] [...] The water balance equation was solved by a submodel of TREELIM that accounts for precipitation (liquid and solid), evapotranspiration, and the resulting soil water content. Since climate databases offer only monthly precipitation, we had to approximate actual rainfall regimes, assuming that air temperature determines saturated vapour content of the air. We then adopted a temperature-related stepwise interpolation of mean daily rainfall from annual data with a monthly resolution. This given amount of precipitation water was allocated by plausibility to precipitation events in the following way: The mean per day event was assumed to be 5 mm if the monthly mean T was {$<$}5 \textdegree C, 10 mm for 5-10 \textdegree C, 15 mm for 10-15 \textdegree C, 20 mm for {$>$}15 \textdegree C. For instance, if the monthly mean temperature is 7.3 \textdegree C and the monthly precipitation is 27.4 mm, precipitation events are assumed to be 10 mm each, one on day 7, one on day 14, and the remaining 7.4 mm are assumed to fall on day 21.

[\textbackslash n] This procedure is more realistic than for instance splitting monthly precipitation into 30 events. Since soil moisture is buffering moisture availability, the actual fragmentation of monthly precipitation is not very critical, except for conditions where drought is critical, which is rare at alpine treeline elevations. Errors introduced by this procedure are certainly small compared to the uncertainty of actual precipitation at treeline, based on climatic layers derived from low elevation climate stations.

[::Daily Potential evapotranspiration] (DPET) was estimated using the Hargreaves equation (Hargreaves and Samani 1985) in the FAO-56 form as adopted by Allen et al. (1998), again with a daily resolution. [...]

[::The water balance] for a given day was then calculated with a two-layer bucket model for a given soil water holding capacity as defined by the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP 2000). [...]

[\textbackslash n] [...]},
  journal = {Alpine Botany},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14127697,bioclimatic-predictors,climate,ecological-zones,environmental-modelling,forest-resources,global-scale,landscape-dynamics,precipitation,snow,temperature,tree-line},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14127697},
  number = {1}
}

@article{natureTrickLight2014,
  title = {Trick of the Light},
  author = {{Nature}},
  year = {2014},
  month = feb,
  volume = {506},
  pages = {6},
  issn = {0028-0836},
  doi = {10.1038/506006b},
  abstract = {The Amazon doesn't absorb extra carbon in the dry season after all. It can become a carbon source.},
  journal = {Nature},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12972834,amazonia,carbon-cycle,forest-resources,modelling,modelling-uncertainty,organic-carbon,precipitation,remote-sensing,solar-radiation,uncertainty},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12972834},
  number = {7486}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{citeulike:14276570,
    abstract = {[::] Alpine ecosystems are facing rapid human-induced environmental changes, and so more knowledge about tree adaptive potential is needed. This study investigated the relative role of isolation by distance ({IBD}) versus isolation by adaptation ({IBA}) in explaining population genetic structure in Abies alba and Larix decidua, based on 231 and 233 single nucleotide polymorphisms ({SNPs}) sampled across 36 and 22 natural populations, respectively, in the Alps and Apennines.
[::] Genetic structure was investigated for both geographical and environmental groups, using analysis of molecular variance ({AMOVA}). For each species, nine environmental groups were defined using climate variables selected from a multiple factor analysis. Complementary methods were applied to identify outliers based on these groups, and to test for {IBD} versus {IBA}.
[::] {AMOVA} showed weak but significant genetic structure for both species, with higher values in L. decidua. Among the potential outliers detected, up to two loci were found for geographical groups and up to seven for environmental groups. A stronger effect of {IBD} than {IBA} was found in both species; nevertheless, once spatial effects had been removed, temperature and soil in A. alba, and precipitation in both species, were relevant factors explaining genetic structure.
[::] Based on our findings, in the Alpine region, genetic structure seems to be affected by both geographical isolation and environmental gradients, creating opportunities for local adaptation.},
    author = {Mosca, Elena and Gonz\'{a}lez-Mart\'{\i}nez, Santiago C. and Neale, David B.},
    citeulike-article-id = {14276570},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/14276570},
    citeulike-linkout-1 = {https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=9301164393692797516},
    citeulike-linkout-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.12476},
    doi = {10.1111/nph.12476},
    issn = {0028-646X},
    journal = {New Phytologist},
    keywords = {abies-alba, forest-resources, genetic-variability, larix-decidua, precipitation, soil-resources, soil-vs-vegetation, species-adaptation, temperature},
    month = jan,
    number = {1},
    pages = {180--192},
    posted-at = {2017-02-10 13:47:22},
    priority = {2},
    title = {Environmental versus geographical determinants of genetic structure in two subalpine conifers},
    url = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/14276570},
    volume = {201},
    year = {2014}
}

@incollection{akhaniTamarixTetragynaVersion2014,
  title = {Tamarix Tetragyna - {{Version}} 2014.3},
  booktitle = {The {{IUCN Red List}} of {{Threatened Species}}},
  author = {Akhani, H.},
  year = {2014},
  pages = {19179512/0+},
  abstract = {[Excerpt] This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats. [::Common Name(s)] [::]English - Tamarisk [::Range Description] T. tetragyna (senus Baum 1978) occurs in East Mediterranean countries including Egypt, Palestine, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon and Cyprus. It was also reported from Turkey (Cakan et al. 1995). [::Countries] Native:Cyprus; Egypt; Israel; Jordan; Lebanon; Palestinian Territory, Occupied; Turkey [::Population] Tamarix tetragyna usually occurs as dense thickets along rivers and wetlands usually together with other species such as T. nilotica and~T. arborea. [::Habitat and Ecology] This species occurs on the margins of fresh and salt water rivers, wetlands, ditches, wadis and oases. [::Use and Trade] It is a useful ornamental plants with showy large flowers. [::Major Threat(s)] No present or future threats are known for this species.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13621394,conservation,forest-resources,iucn,iucn-least-concern-lc,tamarix-tetragyna},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13621394}
}

@article{sloanRemainingNaturalVegetation2014,
  title = {Remaining Natural Vegetation in the Global Biodiversity Hotspots},
  author = {Sloan, Sean and Jenkins, Clinton N. and Joppa, Lucas N. and Gaveau, David L. A. and Laurance, William F.},
  year = {2014},
  month = sep,
  volume = {177},
  pages = {12--24},
  issn = {0006-3207},
  doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2014.05.027},
  abstract = {[Highlights]

[::] We estimate the area of natural intact vegetation in the global biodiversity hotspots. [::] Natural intact vegetation spans 3,545,975 km2, or 14.9\,\% of its original extent. [::] Hotspots previously considered most intact suffered greatest downward adjustments. [::] Natural intact vegetation area is critical ({$<$}10\%) in 6 of 12 biomes in the hotspots. [::] Natural intact vegetation is marketed more fragmented when {$<$}10\,\% of hotspot area.

[Abstract]

The biodiversity hotspots are 35 biogeographical regions that have both exceptional endemism and extreme threats to their vegetation integrity, and as such are global conservation priorities. Nonetheless, prior estimates of natural intact vegetation (NIV) in the hotspots are generally imprecise, indirect, coarse, and/or dated. Using moderate- and high-resolution satellite imagery as well as maps of roads, settlements, and fires, we estimate the current extent of NIV for the hotspots. Our analysis indicates that hotspots retain 14.9\,\% of their total area as NIV ({$\sim$}3,546,975 km2). Most hotspots have much less NIV than previously estimated, with half now having {$\leqslant$}10\,\% NIV by area, a threshold beneath which mean NIV patch area declines precipitously below 1000 ha. Hotspots with the greatest previous NIV estimates suffered the greatest apparent losses. The paucity of NIV is most pronounced in biomes dominated by dry forests, open woodlands, and grasslands, reflecting their historic affinities with agriculture, such that NIV tends to concentrate in select biomes. Low and declining levels of NIV in the hotspots underscore the need for an urgent focus of limited conservation resources on these biologically crucial regions.},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13268307,~to-add-doi-URL,biodiversity,biodiversity-hotspot,conservation,forest-resources,global-scale,habitat-conservation,hotspot,vegetation},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13268307}
}

@incollection{farjonTaxusBaccataVersion2013,
  title = {Taxus Baccata - {{Version}} 2014.3},
  booktitle = {The {{IUCN Red List}} of {{Threatened Species}}},
  author = {Farjon, A.},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {42546/0+},
  abstract = {[Excerpt] The Common Yew (Taxus baccata) has a very extensive range throughout Europe and beyond. Exploitation and attempts at eradication are no longer current. Cultivated rather than wild populations are exploited for chemical compounds to produce Taxol\textregistered{} unlike the situation with other yew species. Expansion is observed in many woodlands in recent decades. [::Common Name(s)] [::]English - Common Yew, European Yew [::]French - If [::Range Description] Taxus baccata occurs in all European countries as well as those in the Caucasus, and from Turkey eastwards to northern Iran. In North Africa it occurs in Morocco and Algeria. Consequently its extent of occurrence is well in excess of the Red List thresholds for any threatened category. [::Countries] Native:Albania; Algeria; Andorra; Armenia (Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh); Austria; Azerbaijan (Nakhichevan); Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France (Corsica); Georgia (Abkhaziya, Adzhariya); Germany; Gibraltar; Greece (Kriti); Guernsey; Hungary; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Ireland; Isle of Man; Italy (Sardegna, Sicilia); Jersey; Latvia; Liechtenstein; Luxembourg; Malta; Moldova; Monaco; Montenegro; Morocco; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Portugal (Azores); Romania; Russian Federation (Chechnya, Dagestan, Ingushetiya, Kabardino-Balkariya, Kaliningrad, Karachaevo-Cherkessiya, Krasnodar, Severo-Osetiya, Stavropol); Serbia (Serbia); Spain (Baleares); Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey (Turkey-in-Europe); Ukraine (Krym); United Kingdom [::Population] The global population is increasing due to changed woodland management, which has become less intensified in many parts of Europe. In Scandinavia, it may be expected to expand inland from coastal areas if the warming climate trend continues. [::Habitat and Ecology] Taxus baccata is capable of growing under (not entirely closed) canopy of beech (Fagus spp.) as well as other deciduous broad-leaved trees, but it will only develop to large trees in more open situations. In Switzerland, the richest area of Central Europe for yew, it forms a yew-beech wood on cool, steep marl slopes in the Jura and the foothills of the Alps up to 1,400 m a.s.l. (Ellenberg 1988). Under the evergreen Common Yew, nothing else will grow. In England, T. baccata is best developed on chalk downs - again on steep slopes - and can form extensive stands outside the beech woods invading down grassland. In much of Europe where the climate is less oceanic it survives better in mixed forests, coniferous as well as mixed broad-leaved-conifer forests, again mostly on limestone substrates, and often occupying rocky cliffs and slopes. On acid soils yews perform less well under canopy and usually do not develop beyond a sapling stage in woods. Its northern limits in Scandinavia are determined by its sensitivity to severe frost. Its toxicity (all parts except the red arils around the seeds) prevent browsing by cattle and sheep, but not by rabbits and deer, as these animals have developed a level of immunity to the dangerous alkaloids. Apart from seed germination (dispersed by birds), T. baccata readily regenerates from stumps and roots (suckers); ancient hollow trees may rejuvenate constantly in this way. When planted, e.g. in church yards and cemeteries, soil pH seems unimportant; some of the largest and presumably oldest specimen trees in NW Europe, in particular Brittany (France) and the British Isles, are known from such locations and were planted probably since Celtic times [::Use and Trade] In the Middle Ages the wood of Common Yew was very much in demand for long-bows and cross-bows and was exported from Switzerland to England. Yews were also planted near sacred wells, early Christian churches, monasteries, and castles for symbolic/religious reasons as well as practical (military) ones. It still is one of the obligatory cemetery trees in NW and Central Europe. The hard, slow growing wood is used for gates, furniture, parquet floors, panelling, and is excellent for carving and wood turning as its contorted growth and 'burls' form intricate, vari-coloured patterns. For the same reasons yew does not provide timber suitable for construction. The toxicity to cattle and horses has led to extermination of Taxus baccata from many woodlands in past centuries, when almost all woodland served for grazing animals. Although of lower concentration than in some other species, its alkaloid taxanes, contained mostly in the leaves, yield a semi-synthesized anti-cancer drug similar to Taxol\textregistered{} and yew hedge clippings can still be sold to pharmaceutical companies. As an ornamental shrub or tree it reappeared in the formal gardens of the Baroque period, as it lends itself to clipped hedges and topiary of all shapes. This horticultural interest has in turn led to the development of numerous cultivars, some of which have bright yellow arils around the seeds. [::Major Threat(s)] Although in past centuries Yew has been 'persecuted' in much of Europe and it had become rare in many areas, with the changes in woodland management and use since the nineteenth century the species has made a remarkable come-back and is not in danger of extinction in the wild.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13621296,conservation,forest-resources,iucn,iucn-least-concern-lc,taxus-baccata},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13621296}
}

@incollection{ducciWildCherryBreeding2013,
  title = {Wild Cherry Breeding ({{Prunus}} Avium {{L}}.)},
  booktitle = {Forest {{Tree Breeding}} in {{Europe}}},
  author = {Ducci, Fulvio and De Cuyper, Bart and De Rogatis, Anna and Dufour, Jean and Santi, Fr{\'e}derique},
  editor = {P{\^a}ques, Luc E.},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {25},
  pages = {463--511},
  publisher = {{Springer Netherlands}},
  doi = {10.1007/978-94-007-6146-9\\_10},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13798294,forest-resources,prunus-avium,species-description,tree-breeding},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13798294},
  series = {Managing {{Forest Ecosystems}}}
}

@article{adamsPhylogenyJuniperusUsing2013a,
  title = {Phylogeny of {{Juniperus}} Using {{nrDNA}} and Four {{cpDNA}} Regions},
  author = {Adams, R. P. and Schwarzbach, A. E.},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {95},
  pages = {179--187},
  abstract = {The Phylogeny of Juniperusis presented based on nrDNA (ITS), petN-psbM, trnS-trnG, trnD-trnT, trnL-trnF sequencing (4411 bp) utilizing all currently recognized species. The major clades of the phylogenetic tree were congruent with the previouslypublished phylogenetic tree of Mao et al. (2010) that had a subset of taxa of the current study. The lone species with serrate leaves in the eastern hemisphere, J. phoenicea, was found to be in a clade quite separated from the serrate junipers of North America. Juniperus phoeniceais referred to as 'pseudoserrate' to distinguish it from the semi-arid, serrate leaf junipers of the western hemisphere. Section Sabinais the most derived group and has radiated into niches in both the eastern and western hemispheres with approx. 60 species.},
  journal = {Phytologia},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13699749,forest-resources,juniperus-spp,phylogenetics,taxonomy},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13699749},
  number = {2}
}

@incollection{farjonPinusBrutiaVersion2013,
  title = {Pinus Brutia - {{Version}} 2014.3},
  booktitle = {The {{IUCN Red List}} of {{Threatened Species}}},
  author = {Farjon, A.},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {42347/0+},
  abstract = {[Excerpt] Pinus brutia is assessed as Least Concern as it is widespread and abundant in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin, and actually spreading from plantations. [::Common Name(s)] [::]English - Calabrian Pine, Brutia Pine [::Taxonomic Notes] Four varieties are recognized; the typical variety which is widespread in the eastern Mediterranean, var. eldarica from the Caucasus, Iran and Iraq, var. pendulifolia from Turkey and var. pityusa from the Caucasus and Crimea. Pinus brutia var. eldarica has been separately assessed as Near Threatened while P. brutia var. pityusa has been separately assessed as Vulnerable due to habitat loss in many areas. [::Range Description] Found in the eastern Mediterranean Region; around the Black Sea; Caucasus; Turkey; NW Iran; and N Iraq. The extent of~occurrence~and area of occupancy are both beyond the thresholds for any threatened category. [::Countries] Native:Armenia (Armenia); Azerbaijan; Cyprus; Georgia; Greece (East Aegean Is., Kriti); Lebanon; Syrian Arab Republic; Turkey; Ukraine (Krym) [::Population] The population is thought to be increasing. [::Habitat and Ecology] Pinus brutia can form extensive, relatively open pine forests, either pure or mixed with Cupressus sempervirens and Juniperus excelsa, or mixed open woodland with Quercus coccifera or Q. calliprinos, Pistacio lentiscus and other drought tolerant trees. It regenerates after fire by seed dispersal and can successfully invade maquis vegetation when this does not burn for several years. The near-coastal natural distribution of this pine coincides with the Mediterranean climate characterized by cool, wet winters and hot, dry summers. In contrast with planted forests, natural forests of Pinus brutia have a diverse undergrowth of shrubs and herbs and form important habitat for wildlife. The altitudinal range of this species is from near sea level to 1,500 m. [::Use and Trade] Pinus brutia has been planted extensively in countries around the eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea as it is the easiest pine to grow (with P. halepensis) in the Mediterranean climate. It was originally described from Calabria in Italy, which is probably a planted source. Frequent use of P. halepensis sources from the western Mediterranean threaten to destroy the genetic distinctions between the two species, possibly also in natural stands of P. brutia. The latter species has a 'better' stem shape and growth from a forestry point of view and should therefore be protected. Its timber is used for fencing posts, telephone posts, building timbers, railway sleepers, carpentry, boxes and crates, hardboard and pulp. The resin of both pines has been used from ancient times to flavour white wines known as retsina and is still tapped especially in Turkey, now mainly for the production of turpentine. In horticulture its use is less common, mainly as an occasional amenity tree in villages and towns around the Mediterranean Sea; this species was also tried as a forestry plantation tree in SE Australia. [::Major Threat(s)] No specific threats have been identified for this species.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13621292,conservation,forest-resources,iucn,iucn-least-concern-lc,pinus-brutia},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13621292}
}

@article{soderbergRisingPolicyConflicts2013,
  title = {Rising Policy Conflicts in {{Europe}} over Bioenergy and Forestry},
  author = {S{\"o}derberg, Charlotta and Eckerberg, Katarina},
  year = {2013},
  month = aug,
  volume = {33},
  pages = {112--119},
  issn = {1389-9341},
  doi = {10.1016/j.forpol.2012.09.015},
  abstract = {[Highlights]

[::] EU Bioenergy policy cuts across forest, agriculture, energy and transport sectors. [::] Increased pressure on forest biomass risks putting EU in a wood-deficit situation. [::] Bioenergy conflicts regard land use, biodiversity, climate and sustainability. [::] Conflicts on environmental consequences from bioenergy policy are reconcilable. [::] Conflicts on globally shared rights and responsibilities are not easily reconciled.

[Abstract] Growing concerns over emissions of green-house gases causing climate change as well as energy security concerns have spurred the interest in bioenergy production pushed by EU targets to fulfil the goal of 20~per cent renewable energy in 2020, as well as the goal of 10~per cent renewable fuels in transport by 2020. Increased bioenergy production is also seen to have political and economic benefits for rural areas and farming regions in Europe and in the developing world. There are, however, conflicting views on the potential benefits of large scale bioenergy production, and recent debates have also drawn attention to a range of environmental and socio-economic issues that may arise in this respect. One of these challenges will be that of accommodating forest uses - including wood for energy, and resulting intensification of forest management - with biodiversity protection in order to meet EU policy goals. We note that the use of biomass and biofuels spans over several economic sector policy areas, which calls for assessing and integrating environmental concerns across forest, agriculture, energy and transport sectors. In this paper, we employ frame analysis to identify the arguments for promoting bioenergy and assess the potential policy conflicts in the relevant sectors, through the analytical lens of environmental policy integration. We conclude that while there is considerable leverage of environmental arguments in favour of bioenergy in the studied economic sectors, and potential synergies with other policy goals, environmental interest groups remain sceptical to just how bioenergy is currently being promoted. There is a highly polarised debate particularly relating to biofuel production. Based on our analysis, we discuss the potential for how those issues could be reconciled drawing on the frame conflict theory, distinguishing between policy disagreements and policy controversies.},
  journal = {Forest Policy and Economics},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-11738844,~to-add-doi-URL,bioenergy,biomass,europe,forest-resources,ghg,science-policy-interface,uncertainty},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-11738844}
}

@article{carnicerLargescaleRecruitmentLimitation2013,
  title = {Large-Scale Recruitment Limitation in {{Mediterranean}} Pines: The Role of {{Quercus}} Ilex and Forest Successional Advance as Key Regional Drivers},
  author = {Carnicer, Jofre and Coll, Marta and Pons, Xavier and Ninyerola, Miquel and Vayreda, Jordi and Pe{\~n}uelas, Josep},
  year = {2013},
  month = oct,
  pages = {n/a},
  issn = {1466-8238},
  doi = {10.1111/geb.12111},
  abstract = {Aim Large-scale patterns of limitations in tree recruitment remain poorly described in the Mediterranean Basin, and this information is required to assess the impacts of global warming on forests. Here, we unveil the existence of opposite trends of recruitment limitation between the dominant genera Quercus and Pinus on a large scale and identify the key ecological drivers of these diverging trends. Location Spain Methods We gathered data from the Spanish National Forest inventory to assess recruitment trends for the dominant species (Pinus halepensis, Pinus pinea, Pinus pinaster, Pinus nigra, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus uncinata, Quercus suber, Quercus ilex, Quercus petraea, Quercus robur, Quercus faginea and Quercus pyrenaica). We assessed the direct and indirect drivers of recruitment by applying Bayesian structural equation modelling techniques. Results Severe limitations in recruitment were observed across extensive areas for all Pinus species studied, with recruitment failure affecting 54-71\,\% of the surveyed plots. In striking contrast, Quercus species expanded into 41\,\% of the plots surveyed compared to only 10\,\% for Pinus and had a lower local recruitment failure (29\,\% of Quercus localities compared to 63\,\% for Pinus species). Bayesian structural equation models highlighted the key role of the presence of Q.\,ilex saplings and the increase in the basal area of Q.\,ilex in limiting recruitment in five Pinus species. The recruitment of P.\,sylvestris and P.\,nigra showed the most negative trends and was negatively associated with the impacts of fire. Main conclusions This study identified Q.\,ilex, the most widespread species in this area, as a key driver of recruitment shifts on a large scale, negatively affecting most pine species with the advance of forest succession. These results highlight that the future expansion/contraction of Q.\,ilex stands with ongoing climate change will be a key process indirectly controlling the demographic responses of Pinus species in the Mediterranean Basin.},
  journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12651320,anthropogenic-changes,anthropogenic-unsustainable-species-distribution,climate-change,ecosystem-invasibility,forest-resources,global-warming,invasive-species,mediterranean-region,pinus-halepensis,pinus-nigra,pinus-pinaster,pinus-pinea,pinus-sylvestris,pinus-uncinata,plantation,potential-habitat,quercus-faginea,quercus-ilex,quercus-petraea,quercus-pyrenaica,quercus-robur,quercus-suber,spain,sustainability},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12651320}
}

@article{arzanlouPhenotypicMolecularCharacterisation2013,
  title = {Phenotypic and Molecular Characterisation of {{Colletotrichum}} Acutatum, the Causal Agent of Anthracnose Disease on {{Cornus}} Mas in {{Iran}}},
  author = {Arzanlou, M. and Torbati, M.},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {46},
  pages = {518--525},
  issn = {1477-2906},
  doi = {10.1080/03235408.2012.745056},
  abstract = {Cornus mas L. (Cornaceae), known as European Corneal, is native to south Europe and south-west Asia. This deciduous shrub with edible and medicinal fruits grows wild in Arasbaran forests located in Azerbaijan and Gazvin regions in Northern Iran. A new leaf spot and fruit rot disease have recently been observed on this host in Arasbaran forests located in north-west of Iran. Leaves and fruit samples were collected from heavily infected Cornus mas trees in this region during October 2011. The causal agent of the diseases was identified as Colletotrichum acutatum based on morphological and cultural characteristics. The identity of the species was further confirmed using sequence data from ITS-rDNA region. A phylogeny inferred using sequence data from ITS-rDNA region placed our isolate together with other C. acutatum from host plant species in GenBank. Pathogenicity of C. acutatum was confirmed by the inoculation of C. mas fruits in laboratory condition. The life cycle, distribution and the impact of disease on crop yield remain to be studied.},
  journal = {Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13555162,cornus-mas,forest-resources,iran,plant-pests,plantation},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13555162},
  number = {5}
}

@book{estreguilForestLandscapeEurope2013,
  title = {Forest Landscape in {{Europe}}: Pattern, Fragmentation and Connectivity},
  author = {Estreguil, Christine and Caudullo, Giovanni and {de Rigo}, Daniele and {San-Miguel-Ayanz}, Jes{\'u}s},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {25717},
  publisher = {{Publications Office of the European Union}},
  address = {{Luxembourg}},
  issn = {1831-9424},
  doi = {10.2788/77842},
  abstract = {The JRC demonstrated the feasibility to assess and report in a harmonized manner, forest landscape pattern and fragmentation in Europe, on the basis of an easily reproducible set of indices. Results were used in the Forest EUROPE, UN ECE and FAO joint ministerial reporting process on the protection of forests in Europe where data on forest pattern do not exist from national forest inventories. In the EU, 40\,\% of the forest lands are within a 100m distance from other lands, thus potentially less suitable as interior habitat and more likely to be exposed to invasive species, pests and diseases. Forest edges are also mainly (60\%) along intensive land uses. In Europe, 40\,\% of woodlands have in their 1km2 surroundings a mosaic landscape of other natural/semi-natural lands, agriculture and artificial lands, 15\,\% of woodlands are strongly fragmented by mainly intensive land uses. Landscapes with woodlands poorly connected represent 70\,\% of the European territory and are potentially more vulnerable to further fragmentation in the future. National profiles of forest pattern were also provided. The mitigation of ecosystem fragmentation is also important in new targets of the European Biodiversity strategy to 2020. By affecting ecological processes, fragmentation affects ecosystem services such as habitat provision, pollination, and has also an impact on pest propagation in different ways. Forest area is still increasing in Europe at an annual rate of 0.4\,\% but the JRC assessment showed that new forest areas do not always enhance connectivity. For example, in the Iberian Peninsula, the net forest gain in the 1990-2006 period had no impact on connectivity for nearly 10\,\% of the landscapes. Further, the forest fragmentation processes that were found need to be captured at landscape level. They consist of minor forest losses due to intensive agriculture, transport infrastructures, settlements and fires. These findings support the consideration of forest spatial pattern and fragmentation in sustainable forest management plans for a regional landscape planning of clearings and re/afforestation measures and for habitat provision ecosystem services, particularly in the context of climate change.},
  isbn = {978-92-79-28118-1},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12613694,~to-add-doi-URL,connectivity,europe,european-commission,forest-resources,fragmentation,landscape-modelling,mastrave-modelling-library,spatial-pattern},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12613694},
  series = {{{EUR}} - {{Scientific}} and {{Technical Research}}}
}

@article{seiwaLandslidefacilitatedSpeciesDiversity2013,
  title = {Landslide-Facilitated Species Diversity in a Beech-Dominant Forest},
  author = {Seiwa, Kenji and Miwa, Yoshiko and Akasaka, Shigetoshi and Kanno, Hiroshi and Tomita, Mizuki and Saitoh, Tomoyuki and Ueno, Naoto and Kimura, Megumi and Hasegawa, Yoichi and Konno, Miki and Masaka, Kazuhiko},
  year = {2013},
  month = nov,
  volume = {28},
  pages = {29--41},
  issn = {0912-3814},
  doi = {10.1007/s11284-012-0996-7},
  abstract = {To evaluate the extent to which landslides affect community dynamics and consequent species diversity in a beech-dominated forest, differences in the composition and size structure of tree species were compared between landslide and adjacent stable (control) stands. Demography and changes in size were compared between the two stands over a 5-year period about 60 years after a landslide. In the control stand, replacement occurred even amongst late-successional species, with beech ( Fagus crenata ) -- the most dominant species -- increasing in relative abundance. In the landslide stand, very few large individuals of late-successional species occurred, whereas large individuals of early-successional species occurred only in the landslide stand. The traits indicate that the landslide strongly facilitated species diversity, not only by reducing the dominance of late-successional species, but also by promoting recruitment of early-successional species. However, new recruitment of early-successional species was inhibited in the landslide stand, although we observed succeeding regeneration and subsequent population growth of late-successional species there. As a result, the relative dominance of late-successional species increased with succession after the landslide, thus decreasing future species diversity. In beech-dominant forest landscapes in Japan that include communities with different developmental stages, the mosaic of serial stages may facilitate species diversity after a landslide.},
  journal = {Ecological Research},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-11682676,~to-add-doi-URL,biodiversity,disturbances,diversity,fagus-crenata,forest-resources,forest-succession,japan,landslides,species-richness},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-11682676},
  number = {1}
}

@article{seebachChoiceForestMap2012,
  title = {Choice of Forest Map Has Implications for Policy Analysis: A Case Study on the {{EU}} Biofuel Target},
  author = {Seebach, Lucia and McCallum, Ian and Fritz, Steffen and Kindermann, Georg and Leduc, Sylvain and B{\"o}ttcher, Hannes and Fuss, Sabine},
  year = {2012},
  month = oct,
  volume = {22},
  pages = {13--24},
  issn = {1462-9011},
  doi = {10.1016/j.envsci.2012.04.010},
  abstract = {With the increasing availability of European and global forest maps, users are facing the difficult choice to select the most appropriate map for their purposes. Many of these maps are potential input datasets for forest-related applications for the European Union (EU), due to their spatial extent and harmonised approach at the European level. However, they possess different characteristics in terms of spatial detail or thematic accuracy. Little attention has been paid to the effect of these characteristics on simulation models and the resultant policy implications. In this study we tested whether the choice of a forest map has substantial influence on model output, i.e. if output differences can be related to the input differences. A sensitivity analysis of the spatially explicit Global Forest Model (G4M) was performed using four different forest maps: the pan-European high resolution forest/non-forest map (FMAP), the Corine Land Cover (CLC), the Calibrated European Forest Map (CEFM) and the Global Land Cover (GLC). Finally, the impact of potential differences owing to input datasets on decision-making was tested in a selected case study: reaching the EU 10\,\% biofuel target through enhanced utilization of forest biomass. The sensitivity analysis showed that the choice of the forest cover map has a major influence on the model outputs in particular at the country-level, while having less influence at the EU27 level. Differences between the input datasets are strongly reflected in the outputs. Similarly, depending on the choice of the input alternate options for decision-making were found within the hypothesized biofuel target (case study), demonstrating a substantial value of information. In general, it was demonstrated that input maps are the major driver of decision-making if forest resource outputs of the model are their basis. Improvement of the input forest map would result in immediate benefit for a better decision-making basis. \^a\textordmasculine{} Sensitivity analysis of a simulation model showed strong influence of forest maps. \^a\textordmasculine{} Strongest effect on model outputs at country-level, less influence at EU27 level. \^a\textordmasculine{} An EU biofuel case study found similar effect of forest maps on decision-making. \^a\textordmasculine{} Importance of careful choice of forest input maps for models is highlighted. \^a\textordmasculine{} Map improvement brings immediate benefit to decision-making policy process.},
  journal = {Environmental Science \& Policy},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-10900721,bioenergy,communicating-uncertainty,environmental-modelling,europe,forest-resources,mapping,modelling,science-based-decision-making,science-policy-interface,uncertainty},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-10900721}
}

@incollection{pereira-lorenzoChestnut2012,
  title = {Chestnut},
  booktitle = {Fruit {{Breeding}}},
  author = {{Pereira-Lorenzo}, Santiago and Ballester, Antonio and Corredoira, Elena and Vieitez, AnaM and Agnanostakis, Sandra and Costa, Rita and Bounous, Giancarlo and Botta, Roberto and Beccaro, GabrieleL and Kubisiak, ThomasL and Conedera, Marco and Krebs, Patrik and Yamamoto, Toshiya and Sawamura, Yutaka and Takada, Norio and {Gomes-Laranjo}, Jos{\'e} and {Ramos-Cabrer}, AnaM},
  editor = {Badenes, Marisa L. and Byrne, David H.},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {729--769},
  publisher = {{Springer US}},
  doi = {10.1007/978-1-4419-0763-9\\_19},
  abstract = {The genus Castanea, chestnuts and chinkapins, belongs to the family Fagaceae, which includes other important timber producing genera such as Quercus and Fagus. The genus Castanea is divided into three geographically delimited sections with at least seven consistently recognized interfertile species: 4 species in Asia (C. mollissima, C. henryi, C. seguinii, and C. crenata), two or more species in North America (C. dentata, C. ozarkensis, and C. pumila) and one in Europe and Turkey (C. sativa). The two most important diseases of chestnut are ink disease (Phytophthora) and chestnut blight (Cryphonectria). Resistance to these is the major objective for rootstock breeding in Europe and scion breeding in North America. In both cases, the source of resistance was Asian species. European breeding programs developed resistant hybrid rootstocks, which are propagated by stooling, cuttings, or in vitro culture. A major pest of chestnut is the gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus whose control is based on the spread of parasitoids but also on the selection of resistant cultivars. For nut production, the most important breeding objectives include the following: good horticultural traits, product quality, suitability to storage and processing, and ease of peeling. For timber, important characters include wood quality, rapid growth, and nonchecking of wood (ring-shake). Molecular maps have been developed, which has expanded the genetic knowledge of the chestnut. An efficient genetic transformation protocol for C. sativa through the coculture of somatic embryos with different strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been described.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13608280,castanea-sativa,forest-resources,genetic-variability,monography,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13608280},
  series = {Handbook of {{Plant Breeding}}}
}

@article{merianSizemediatedClimategrowthRelationships2011,
  title = {Size-Mediated Climate-Growth Relationships in Temperate Forests: A Multi-Species Analysis},
  author = {M{\'e}rian, Pierre and Lebourgeois, Fran{\c c}ois},
  year = {2011},
  month = apr,
  volume = {261},
  pages = {1382--1391},
  issn = {0378-1127},
  doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2011.01.019},
  abstract = {In most dendrochronological studies, climate-growth relationships are established on dominant trees to minimize non-climatic signals. However, response to environmental factors may be affected by tree-size, which begs the question of the representativeness of dominant trees on the stand level. To highlight the variations in climate-growth relationships among sizes and species, under a wide range of ecological conditions (climate and soil properties), 61 pure even-aged stands were sampled across France. At each stand, two tree-ring chronologies were established from 10 big- to 10 small-diameter trees. Our objectives were, (1) to assess variations in climate sensitivity between the two size-diameter classes, and (2) to investigate the role of species and ecological conditions on these variations. The climate-growth relationships were evaluated from 122 tree-ring chronologies (1~220 trees) through extreme growth years and correlation function analyses. Sensitivity to climate of shade-intolerant and moderately shade-tolerant species (Picea abies (L.) Karst., Pinus sylvestris L. and Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) remained constant between the size-diameter classes for both temperature and hydric balance, while the shade-tolerant species Abies alba Mill. and Fagus sylvatica L. displayed significant differences, with larger trees being more sensitive to summer drought than smaller trees. This difference increased with increasing climatic xericity. Our results suggest that, for shade-tolerant species, (1) big trees could be more sensitive to climatic change especially under xeric climate, and (2) future tree ring studies should include trees stratified by size to produce unbiased estimation of sensitivity to climate. \^a\textordmasculine{} We investigated the tree-size effect on sensitivity to climate. \^a\textordmasculine{} Study was led on a multi-species network at broad scale. \^a\textordmasculine{} Only shade-tolerant species display changes in sensitivity among size-classes. \^a\textordmasculine{} Increasing local xericity induces increasing differences in sensitivity.},
  journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-8837665,abies-alba,climate-change,drought-tolerance,droughts,fagus-sylvatica,forest-resources,picea-abies,pinus-sylvestris,population-growth,quercus-petraea,shade-tolerance},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-8837665},
  number = {8}
}

@article{nedelchevaTraditionalUsePlants2011,
  title = {The {{Traditional Use}} of {{Plants}} for {{Handicrafts}} in {{Southeastern Europe}}},
  author = {Nedelcheva, Anely and Dogan, Yunus and {Obratov-Petkovic}, Dragica and Padure, IoanaM},
  year = {2011},
  month = dec,
  volume = {39},
  pages = {813--828},
  issn = {0300-7839},
  doi = {10.1007/s10745-011-9432-9},
  journal = {Human Ecology},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-10118338,balkans,forest-resources,handicraft,wooden-artifact,woody-species},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-10118338},
  number = {6}
}

@article{stenlidEmergingDiseasesEuropean2011,
  title = {Emerging Diseases in {{European}} Forest Ecosystems and Responses in Society},
  author = {Stenlid, Jan and Oliva, Jon{\`a}s and Boberg, Johanna B. and Hopkins, Anna J. M.},
  year = {2011},
  month = apr,
  volume = {2},
  pages = {486--504},
  issn = {1999-4907},
  doi = {10.3390/f2020486},
  abstract = {New diseases in forest ecosystems have been reported at an increasing rate over the last century. Some reasons for this include the increased disturbance by humans to forest ecosystems, changed climatic conditions and intensified international trade. Although many of the contributing factors to the changed disease scenarios are anthropogenic, there has been a reluctance to control them by legislation, other forms of government authority or through public involvement. Some of the primary obstacles relate to problems in communicating biological understanding of concepts to the political sphere of society. Relevant response to new disease scenarios is very often associated with a proper understanding of intraspecific variation in the challenging pathogen. Other factors could be technical, based on a lack of understanding of possible countermeasures. There are also philosophical reasons, such as the view that forests are part of the natural ecosystems and should not be managed for natural disturbances such as disease outbreaks. Finally, some of the reasons are economic or political, such as a belief in free trade or reluctance to acknowledge supranational intervention control. Our possibilities to act in response to new disease threats are critically dependent on the timing of efforts. A common recognition of the nature of the problem and adapting vocabulary that describe relevant biological entities would help to facilitate timely and adequate responses in society to emerging diseases in forests.},
  journal = {Forests},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-9105771,diseases,ecosystem,europe,forest-resources,society},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-9105771},
  number = {2}
}

@article{lippkeLifeCycleImpacts2011,
  title = {Life Cycle Impacts of Forest Management and Wood Utilization on Carbon Mitigation: Knowns and Unknowns},
  author = {Lippke, Bruce and Oneil, Elaine and Harrison, Rob and Skog, Kenneth and Gustavsson, Leif and Sathre, Roger},
  year = {2011},
  month = jun,
  volume = {2},
  pages = {303--333},
  issn = {1758-3004},
  doi = {10.4155/cmt.11.24},
  abstract = {This review on research on life cycle carbon accounting examines the complexities in accounting for carbon emissions given the many different ways that wood is used. Recent objectives to increase the use of renewable fuels have raised policy questions, with respect to the sustainability of managing our forests as well as the impacts of how best to use wood from our forests. There has been general support for the benefits of sustainably managing forests for carbon mitigation as expressed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2007. However, there are many integrated carbon pools involved, which have led to conflicting implications for best practices and policy. In particular, sustainable management of forests for products produces substantially different impacts than a focus on a single stand or on specific carbon pools with each contributing to different policy implications. In this article, we review many recent research findings on carbon impacts across all stages of processing from cradle-to-grave, based on life cycle accounting, which is necessary to understand the carbon interactions across many different carbon pools. The focus is on where findings are robust and where uncertainties may be large enough to question key assumptions that impact carbon in the forest and its many uses. Many opportunities for reducing carbon emissions are identified along with unintended consequences of proposed policies.},
  journal = {Carbon Management},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13432192,carbon-mitigation,forest-management,forest-resources,modelling,unknown},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13432192},
  number = {3}
}

@article{shakesbyPostwildfireSoilErosion2011,
  title = {Post-Wildfire Soil Erosion in the {{Mediterranean}}: Review and Future Research Directions},
  author = {Shakesby, R. A.},
  year = {2011},
  month = apr,
  volume = {105},
  pages = {71--100},
  issn = {0012-8252},
  doi = {10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.01.001},
  abstract = {Wildfires increased dramatically in frequency and extent in the European Mediterranean region from the 1960s, aided by a general warming and drying trend, but driven primarily by socio-economic changes, including rural depopulation, land abandonment and afforestation with flammable species. Published research into post-wildfire hydrology and soil erosion, beginning during the 1980s in Spain, has been followed by studies in other European Mediterranean countries together with Israel and has now attained a sufficiently large critical mass to warrant a major review. Although variations in climate, vegetation, soil, topography and fire severity cause differences in Mediterranean post-wildfire erosion, the long history of human landscape impact up to the present day is responsible for some its distinctive characteristics. This paper highlights these characteristics in reviewing wildfire impacts on hydrology, soil properties and soil erosion by water. The 'mosaic' nature of many Mediterranean landscapes (e.g. an intricate land-use pattern, abandoned terraces and tracks interrupting slopes) may explain sometimes conflicting post-fire hydrological and erosional responses at different sites and spatial scales. First-year post-wildfire soil losses at point- (average, 45-56~t~ha-~1) and plot-scales (many {$<~$}1~t~ha-~1 and the majority {$<~$}10~t~ha-~1 in the first year) are similar to or even lower than those reported for fire-affected land elsewhere or other disturbed (e.g. cultivated) and natural poorly-vegetated (e.g. badlands, rangeland) land in the Mediterranean. The few published losses at larger-scales (hillslope and catchment) are variable. Thin soil and high stone content can explain supply-limited erosion preceding significant protection by recovering vegetation. Peak erosion can sometimes be delayed for years, largely through slow vegetation recovery and temporal variability of erosive storms. Preferential removal of organic matter and nutrients in the commonly thin, degraded soils is arguably just as if not more important than the total soil loss. Aspect is important, with more erosion reported for south- than north-facing slopes, which is attributed to greater fire frequency, slower vegetation recovery on the former and with soil characteristics more prone to erosion (e.g. lower aggregate stability). Post-fire wind erosion is a potentially important but largely neglected process. Gauging the degradational significance of wildfires has relied on comparison with unburnt land, but the focus for comparison should be switched to other agents of soil disturbance and/or currently poorly understood soil renewal rates. Human impact on land use and vegetation may alter expected effects (increased fire activity and post-wildfire erosion) arising from future climatic change. Different future wildfire mitigation responses and likely erosional consequences are outlined. Research gaps are identified, and more research effort is suggested to: (1) improve assessment of post-wildfire erosion impact on soil fertility, through further quantification of soil nutrient depletion resulting from single and multiple fire cycles, and on soil longevity; (2) investigate prescribed fire impacts on carbon release, air pollution and nutrient losses as well as on soil loss; (3) isolate hillslope- and catchment-scale impacts of soil water repellency under Mediterranean post-wildfire conditions; (4) test and refine application of cosmogenic radionuclides to post-wildfire hillslope-scale soil redistribution at different temporal scales; (5) use better temporal resolution of sedimentary sequences to understand palaeofire-erosion-sedimentation links; (6) quantify post-wildfire wind erosion; (7) improve the integration of wildfire into an overall assessment of the processes and impacts of land degradation in the Mediterranean; and (8) raise public awareness of wildfire impact on soil degradation.},
  journal = {Earth-Science Reviews},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-8753154,~to-add-doi-URL,aspect,climate-extremes,complexity,erosion,feedback,forest-resources,grasslands,mediterranean-region,non-linearity,postfire-recovery,slope,soil-erosion,soil-resources,solar-radiation,trade-offs,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-8753154},
  number = {3-4}
}

@article{davinClimaticImpactGlobalscale2010,
  title = {Climatic Impact of Global-Scale Deforestation: Radiative versus Nonradiative Processes},
  author = {Davin, Edouard L. and {de Noblet-Ducoudr{\'e}}, Nathalie},
  year = {2010},
  month = jan,
  volume = {23},
  pages = {97--112},
  issn = {1520-0442},
  doi = {10.1175/2009jcli3102.1},
  abstract = {A fully coupled land-ocean-atmosphere GCM is used to explore the biogeophysical impact of large-scale deforestation on surface climate. By analyzing the model sensitivity to global-scale replacement of forests by grassland, it is shown that the surface albedo increase owing to deforestation has a cooling effect of -1.36 K globally. On the other hand, forest removal decreases evapotranspiration efficiency and decreases surface roughness, both leading to a global surface warming of 0.24 and 0.29 K, respectively. The net biogeophysical impact of deforestation results from the competition between these effects. Globally, the albedo effect is dominant because of its wider-scale impact, and the net biogeophysical impact of deforestation is thus a cooling of -1 K. Over land, the balance between the different processes varies with latitude. In temperate and boreal zones of the Northern Hemisphere the albedo effect is stronger and deforestation thus induces a cooling. Conversely, in the tropics the net impact of deforestation is a warming, because evapotranspiration efficiency and surface roughness provide the dominant influence. The authors also explore the importance of the ocean coupling in shaping the climate response to deforestation. First, the temperature over ocean responds to the land cover perturbation. Second, even the temperature change over land is greatly affected by the ocean coupling. By assuming fixed oceanic conditions, the net effect of deforestation, averaged over all land areas, is a warming, whereas taking into account the coupling with the ocean leads, on the contrary, to a net land cooling. Furthermore, it is shown that the main parameter involved in the coupling with the ocean is surface albedo. Indeed, a change in albedo modifies temperature and humidity in the whole troposphere, thus enabling the initially land-confined perturbation to be transferred to the ocean. Finally, the radiative forcing framework is discussed in the context of land cover change impact on climate. The experiments herein illustrate that deforestation triggers two opposite types of forcingmechanisms-radiative forcing (owing to surface albedo change) and nonradiative forcing (owing to change in evapotranspiration efficiency and surface roughness)-that exhibit a similar magnitude globally. However, when applying the radiative forcing concept, nonradiative processes are ignored, which may lead to a misrepresentation of land cover change impact on climate.

[Excerpt: Conclusions]

In this study we addressed the biogeophysical impact of deforestation with a fully coupled land-ocean-atmosphere GCM. We contrasted the climate of a maximally forested earth with the climate resulting from the replacement of forest by grass. Our experimental design allows us to separate the respective roles of surface albedo, evapotranspiration efficiency, and surface roughness in shaping the net biogeophysical effect of deforestation. Whereas our main focus here was on the energy budget and surface temperature, investigations of the response of the hydrological cycle will be conducted in the future.

[\textbackslash n] Increase in surface albedo owing to complete deforestation has a cooling effect on climate (-1.36 K globally). On the other hand, forest removal decreases evapotranspiration efficiency and surface roughness, which warms surface climate (respectively, by 0.24 and 0.29 K globally). The magnitude of these different effects varies regionally. The cooling effect due to albedo change is stronger at high latitudes and affects both land and ocean. Conversely, the warming effect from change in evapotranspiration efficiency and surface roughness is stronger at low latitudes and does not affect the oceans.

[\textbackslash n] The net biogeophysical impact of deforestation results from the competition between these effects. Globally, the albedo effect is dominant and the net biogeophysical impact of deforestation is a cooling of -1 K. This is mainly because the albedo effect spreads over the ocean, whereas the other effects do not. On continents, however, the balance between the different processes changes with latitude. In temperate and boreal zones of the Northern Hemisphere the albedo effect is stronger and deforestation thus induces a cooling, as has already been noticed in previous studies (e.g., Betts 2001; Bounoua et al. 2002). Conversely, in the tropics the net impact of deforestation is a warming because evapotranspiration efficiency and surface roughness provide the dominant influence in these regions.

[\textbackslash n] This study also highlights the importance of the coupling with the ocean. Up to now, most of our knowledge concerning the impact of land cover change on climate comes from atmospheric models not coupled to an ocean model but instead assuming fixed oceanic conditions (e.g., Dickinson and Henderson-Sellers 1988; Nobre et al. 1991; Bonan 1997; Lean and Rowntree 1997; Chase et al. 2000; Gedney and Valdes 2000; Betts 2001; Bounoua et al. 2002; DeFries et al. 2002; Voldoire 2006). Implicitly, this assumption was justified be the fact that the perturbation owing to land cover change is applied to land and not to the ocean. However, our experiments show that taking into account the coupling with the ocean greatly affect the simulated response to deforestation. First, we noted that the ocean surface responds to deforestation by a cooling. Second, even the temperature change over land is strongly affected by the ocean coupling. By not taking into account the coupling with the ocean we would have concluded that the net effect of deforestation, averaged over all land areas, is a warming. By accounting for the ocean coupling, this net effect is of opposite sign. We also further demonstrated that the main parameter involved in the coupling with the ocean is surface albedo. This is because change in albedo modifies temperature and humidity in the whole troposphere, thus enabling the initially land-confined perturbation to be transferred to the ocean.

[\textbackslash n] Finally, the results presented here give some insight concerning the nature of the forcing owing to land cover change. Supporting earlier hypothesis (Pielke et al. 2002; NRC 2005; Davin et al. 2007), we showed that deforestation involves two opposite types of forcing mechanisms: a radiative forcing (owing to surface albedo change) and a nonradiative forcing (owing to change in evapotranspiration efficiency and surface roughness). We quantified the relative importance of these opposite forcings in the context of our complete deforestation experiments and found that, globally, they are of similar magnitude. This result highlights the limitation of the classical radiative forcing framework in which equilibrium temperature change is viewed as a response to a radiative forcing perturbation. Land cover change can also affect equilibrium temperature through nonradiative processes. Historical deforestation took place mostly in temperate regions, and therefore radiative forcing was roughly acceptable in quantifying its effect. Future deforestation, however, is expected to take place in the tropics where nonradiative effects are dominant. Hence, using the radiative forcing framework in the context of future land cover change may lead to a misrepresentation of its impact on climate.},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-6519442,~to-add-doi-URL,albedo,boreal-forests,climate,complexity,deforestation,evapotranspiration,feedback,forest-resources,global-climate-models,humidity,land-cover,large-vs-wide-scale,oceans,off-site-effects,surface-roughness,temperate-forests,temperature,trade-offs,tropical-forests,wide-scale},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-6519442},
  number = {1}
}

@article{tomerMethodsPrioritizePlacement2009,
  title = {Methods to Prioritize Placement of Riparian Buffers for Improved Water Quality},
  author = {Tomer, Mark D. and Dosskey, Michael G. and Burkart, Michael R. and James, David E. and Helmers, Matthew J. and Eisenhauer, Dean E.},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {75},
  pages = {17--25},
  issn = {1572-9680},
  doi = {10.1007/s10457-008-9134-5},
  abstract = {Agroforestry buffers in riparian zones can improve stream water quality, provided they intercept and remove contaminants from surface runoff and/or shallow groundwater. Soils, topography, surficial geology, and hydrology determine the capability of forest buffers to intercept and treat these flows. This paper describes two landscape analysis techniques for identifying and mapping locations where agroforestry buffers can effectively improve water quality. One technique employs soil survey information to rank soil map units for how effectively a buffer, when sited on them, would trap sediment from adjacent cropped fields. Results allow soil map units to be compared for relative effectiveness of buffers for improving water quality and, thereby, to prioritize locations for buffer establishment. A second technique uses topographic and streamflow information to help identify locations where buffers are most likely to intercept water moving towards streams. For example, the topographic wetness index, an indicator of potential soil saturation on given terrain, identifies where buffers can readily intercept surface runoff and/or shallow groundwater flows. Maps based on this index can be useful for site-specific buffer placement at farm and small-watershed scales. A case study utilizing this technique shows that riparian forests likely have the greatest potential to improve water quality along first-order streams, rather than larger streams. The two methods are complementary and could be combined, pending the outcome of future research. Both approaches also use data that are publicly available in the US. The information can guide projects and programs at scales ranging from farm-scale planning to regional policy implementation.},
  journal = {Agroforestry Systems},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13618239,agroforestry,flow-accumulation,forest-resources,integration-techniques,riparian-zones,sediment-transport,soil-erosion,soil-resources,spatial-prioritization,topographic-wetness-index,vegetation-buffer,water-quality,water-resources},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13618239},
  number = {1}
}

@article{euforgenDistributionMapItalian2009,
  title = {Distribution Map of {{Italian}} Alder ({{Alnus}} Cordata)},
  author = {{EUFORGEN}},
  year = {2009},
  abstract = {The distribution maps on this page were compiled by experts contributing to EUFORGEN activities, based on existing bibliography and other information sources.

Individuals may use the distribution maps for personal, educational, scientific or other non-commercial purposes without prior permission from the EUFORGEN Secretariat but they must acknowledge EUFORGEN as the source of information.

In case the distribution maps are used for a publication, the EUFORGEN Secretariat would appreciate receiving a notification or a copy of the publication.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13759182,alnus-cordata,forest-resources,species-distribution},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13759182}
}

@incollection{raddiCupressusAtlantica2009,
  title = {Cupressus Atlantica},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Raddi, P. and Danti, R. and Wahidi, F. E.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {2009},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Cupressus atlantica ist in den Bergen des westlichen Hohen Atlas in Marokko heimisch. C. WATIER entdeckte die hier endemische Baumart an verschiedenen Standorten des Aghbar-Tals im S\"uden des Landes, doch es gelang ihm nicht, zwischen dieser Baumart und C. sempervirens genau zu unterscheiden. Schon 1930 war bekannt, dass das nat\"urliche Verbreitungsgebiet dieser Zypresse, die sp\"ater C. atlantica benannt wurde, mit dem Gebiet des Oued \'NFis-Tals \"ubereinstimmte. 1937-38 entdeckte M. CATELAND mit seiner Expedition die Baumart an vereinzelten Stellen am S\"udhang des Hohen Atlas. Schlie\ss lich fand P. BOULHOP kleinere Best\"ande der Atlas-Zypresse im westlichen Hohen Atlas.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745234,cupressus-atlantica,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745234}
}

@article{mucinaNewValidatedHighrank2009,
  title = {New and Validated High-Rank Syntaxa from {{Europe}}},
  author = {Mucina, Ladislav and Dengler, J{\"u}rgen and Bergmeier, Erwin and Carni, Andra{\v z} and Dimopoulos, Panayotis and Jahn, Ralf and Matevski, Vlado},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {30},
  pages = {267--276},
  abstract = {In the course of the compilation of a checklist of the high-rank syntaxa of Europe, it turned out that for several syntaxa no valid and legitimate names were available. With this contribution, we aim to solve some of the problems by publishing or validating seven syntaxon names (1 order, 5 alliances, 1 association) and by proposing a nomen novum for one illegitimate alliance name. The validations concern the Artemisio albi -Brometalia erecti (Festuco-Brometea; xerophytic basiphilous grasslands in subatlantic-submediterranean Europe), Dictamno albi-Ferulagion galbaniferae (Antherico ramosi-Geranietalia sanguinei, Trifolio-Geranietea sanguinei; xerophytic basiphilous forest-edge communities of the Balkans and the SE Alps), Euphorbio taurinensis-Geranion lucidi (Geranio-Cardaminetalia hirsutae, Stellarietea mediae; short-lived nitrophilous forest edge communities of Macedonia), and Gentianello amarellae-Helictotrichion pratensis (Brometalia erecti, Festuco-Brometea; meso-xerophytic basiphilous grasslands of NW Europe). A new alliance, the Alkanno baeticae-Pinion halepensis (Quercetalia ilicis, Quercetea ilicis; pine forests on ultramafic soils on the island of Euboea), is described to replace the nomen dubium Alyssion euboei. The Alkanno baeticae-Pinetum halepensis is described as a new association to serve as the type of the Alkanno-Pinion. Finally, within the Poterietalia spinosi (Cisto-Micromerietea julianae), the Helichryso barrelieri-Phagnalion graeci (phrygana communities on noncalcareous substrates in the south Aegean region) is described as new to science, and the nomen novum Hyperico olympici-Cistion cretici (phrygana communities on non-calcareous substrates in northern Greece) is proposed to replace the illegitimate Cistion orientale.},
  journal = {Lazaroa},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13805502,europe,forest-resources,phytosociology,plant-communities},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13805502}
}

@incollection{safrielStatusDesertificationMediterranean2009,
  title = {Status of Desertification in the {{Mediterranean}} Region},
  booktitle = {Water {{Scarcity}}, {{Land Degradation}} and {{Desertification}} in the {{Mediterranean Region}}},
  author = {Safriel, Uriel N.},
  editor = {Rubio, Jos{\'e} L. and Safriel, Uriel and Daussa, Raul and Blum, Winfried and Pedrazzini, Fausto},
  year = {2009},
  pages = {33--73},
  publisher = {{Springer Netherlands}},
  doi = {10.1007/978-90-481-2526-5\\_3},
  abstract = {Assessment of the status of Mediterranean desertification requires a robust and agreed upon definition of desertification, which is still lacking, partly due to the widespread use of '' desertification'' either interchangeably or in conjunction with '' land degradation''. By definition desertification is a subset of land degradation confined to drylands, thus adding '' land degradation'' to '' desertification'' implies relevance of the UNCCD to land degradation in both drylands and non-drylands, globally and in the Mediterranean. Another interpretation for pairing '' desertification'' and '' land degradation'' is that desertification is not a globally spatial but a dryland temporal subset of land degradation; namely '' desertification'' represents culmination of the process of land degradation in the drylands. The UNCCD usage of '' desertification'' (to be combated) in conjunction with drought (to be mitigated) and climatic variations (a desertification driver) also confounds understanding and assessment of desertification and its status. Qualifying desertification as a persistent reduction of biological productivity in the drylands may resolve difficulties in addressing desertification, though no agreement exists as to what degree of degradation and its reversibility properties would qualify as desertification. Desertification is habitually believed to be driven by human impact proportional to population size and growth rate, which are higher than the global average and relative to all other ecosystems, respectively. Global scale data demonstrating that desertification is highest at the intermediate section of the aridity gradient suggest that desertification is driven by an interaction of ecosystem sensitivity (expressed by natural biological productivity) and the pressure exerted on land resources (expressed by population density). Yet, though GDP and infant mortality rates are lower and higher in drylands, relatively to other ecosystems and to global averages, respectively, it is not known if the drylands' low human well-being is driven by desertification, or by the inherently low productivity of drylands impacted by growing populations, or both. Thus desertification constitutes a paradigm, one of a downward spiral of degradation leading to human misery, through self-reinforcing positive feedback loops. This paradigm is reinforced by an environmental security narrative, in which migrations and conflicts driven by the desertification-associated demand and supply-induced environmental scarcities, reduce overall environmental security in the drylands. A '' counter paradigm'' based on some evidence suggests that drylands' adversities trigger '' induced innovations'' in rural communities that lead to development tracks which circumvent desertification. Yet, if dryland population continues to increase the '' induced ingenuity'' will eventually be exhausted, unless dryland livelihoods independent of land productivity are gradually adopted.

[\textbackslash n] Mediterranean climates, of wet winters but dry summers, prevail in five seaboard semiarid and dry-subhumid regions on the globe, one of which is the Mediterranean Basin, with a long history of intensive use by man resulting in biological adaptations providing high ecosystem resilience to human impact. The southern, African lands of the Mediterranean Basin are drier than the northern, European lands, the latter being mainly semiarid drylands, with high desertification extent, yet more people are affected by desertification in the southern than in the northern sections of the Basin. All over the Mediterranean Basin the most extensively used land is also the most intensively used and becoming most degraded, irrespective of type of use. Thus in the northern Mediterranean desertification is driven by irrigation developments, themselves driven by markets and regional agricultural policies, whereas in the southern Mediterranean desertification is driven by encroachment of cultivation on rangelands, which are driven by population growth and national policies. Yet, the Mediterranean ecosystems are fairly resilient to mounting external pressures, due to a balance in the interaction of soil state with soil vegetation cover, up to a point in which a threshold is crossed.

[\textbackslash n] A way to avoid desertification in grazed Mediterranean shrublands is to encourage the historical prevalence of a spatio-temporal mosaic of distinct patches of annual and perennial vegetation through controlling grazing and fire at moderate levels, and moving these controls adaptively and dynamically between patches. Yet, when degradation did take over, rehabilitation through afforestation have taken place on a large scale in the Mediterranean Basin. This afforestation, mainly with Aleppo Pine, reduced soil erosion and flooding but compromised water resources and poorly performed in restoring the indigenous vegetation cover, but seemed to be more successful and water-efficient in drier areas, where the objective was soil conservation rather than the vegetation restoration.

[\textbackslash n] Global climate change is projected to exert an additional pressure on the Mediterranean drylands, through an overall decrease in water resources, such that even a relatively small climatic change would suffice to initiate a spatio-temporal transformation of the Mediterranean semiarid to arid drylands, and also an overall transformation of non-drylands into drylands, in both their climate and their biological productivity. Given the projected combined impacts of global climate change, dryland population growth and the pressure on drylands brought about by global decline in good cultivable land, it may be effective to address Mediterranean desertification as an environmental security issue, which encompasses risking food security, health security, livelihood security, national and transboundary security. However, the direct links between desertification and migration within the Mediterranean Basin have not yet been demonstrated.

[\textbackslash n] Even though means to promote land productivity improve, an eventual widespread desertification leading to reduced human well-being, land desertion and migration can emerge in the Mediterranean Basin. A way out is to explore means of diversifying dryland livelihoods, such that the pressure on land resources is reduced yet dryland people opt to stay on their land. Paradoxically, with all its drawbacks, global climate change provides opportunities to people of the Mediterranean drylands, encouraging them to diversify their livelihoods, e.g. afforestation in the non-desert Mediterranean drylands for carbon trading, and solar energy development in the desert drylands for exporting electricity. These and other livelihoods of advantage in drylands yet not depending on dryland land resources can be mixed with improvements of traditional dryland livelihoods. Thus the flows between the southern and northern Mediterranean may dramatically transform -- rather than development aid cash, payments for purchases of clean energy would flow from the North to the South, and the South -- North flow of migrants would be replaced by North -- South flow of tourists. These changes would promote the sustainability of dryland livelihoods especially in the South, and would bring abut environmental security and subsequent political stability throughout the Mediterranean Basin.},
  isbn = {978-90-481-2525-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13912452,~to-add-doi-URL,afforestation,desertification,forest-resources,mediterranean-region,pinus-halepensis},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13912452},
  series = {{{NATO Science}} for {{Peace}} and {{Security Series C}}: {{Environmental Security}}}
}

@article{linguaSpatialStructureAltitudinal2008,
  title = {Spatial Structure along an Altitudinal Gradient in the {{Italian}} Central {{Alps}} Suggests Competition and Facilitation among Coniferous Species},
  author = {Lingua, Emanuele and Cherubini, Paolo and Motta, Renzo and Nola, Paola},
  year = {2008},
  month = jun,
  volume = {19},
  pages = {425--436},
  issn = {1100-9233},
  doi = {10.3170/2008-8-18391},
  abstract = {Questions: What is the structure of the anthropogenic upper forest-grassland ecotone and are there differences in the spatial relationships between the tree species involved? Location: Valfurva Valley, Italian central Alps. Methods: We conducted a spatial distribution and structure analysis in three 1-ha permanent plots along an altitudinal gradient, from the treeline to the sub-alpine forest. We reconstructed the age structure from cores from each individual with diameter {$>$} 4 cm at 50 cm height. Results: All tree species and age classes examined had a clumped structure. The cluster tendency was more evident at the treeline where the environmental conditions are more severe. In the sub-alpine forest there was a repulsion between Pinus cembra and Pinus mugo but at the treeline P. cembra was frequently found downslope from P. mugo. Conclusions: Although human influence has been the main driving force in shaping the present forest structure, in the last few decades natural dynamics have become the predominant force acting on forest structure and processes, showing a higher magnitude as altitude increases. Our results emphasize the existence of facilitating and interfering mechanisms between different species. P. cembra seems to be favoured compared to the other tree species.},
  journal = {Journal of Vegetation Science},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12634974,forest-resources,habitat-suitability,pinus-cembra,pinus-mugo,plant-species-competition,tree-line},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12634974},
  number = {3}
}

@book{lindnerImpactsClimateChange2008,
  title = {Impacts of Climate Change on {{European}} Forests and Options for Adaptation},
  author = {Lindner, Marcus and Schopf, Axel and Kremer, Antoine and Delzon, Sylvain and Barbati, Anna and Marchetti, Marco and Corona, Piermaria and {Garcia-Gonzalo}, Jordi and Kolstr{\"o}m, Marja and Green, Tim and Reguera, Ricardo and Maroschek, Michael and Seidl, Rupert and Lexer, Manfred J. and Netherer, Sigrid},
  year = {2008},
  address = {{Brussels}},
  abstract = {[Excerpt] This study compiles and summarizes the existing knowledge about observed and projected impacts of climate change on forests in Europe and reviews options for forests and forestry to adapt to climate change. It has been commissioned by the Directorate General for Agriculture and Rural Development of the European Commission as an initial exploration of this complex issue. Forests are particularly sensitive to climate change, because the long life-span of trees does not allow for rapid adaptation to environmental changes. Adaptation measures for forestry need to be planned well in advance of expected changes in growing conditions because the forests regenerated today will have to cope with the future climate conditions of at least several decades, often even more than 100 years. Impacts of climate change and adaptation options were reviewed by synthesizing the existing knowledge from scientific literature, complemented with expert assessments. On-going and planned adaptation measures in EU27 Member States were surveyed with a questionnaire. The exposure to climate change was analysed by reviewing latest climate change scenario projections. The main impact factors affecting forests under climate change were reviewed. Next, the sensitivity to and potential impacts of climate change were analysed. After reviewing different components of the adaptive capacity of forests and forestry, vulnerability to climate change and related risks and opportunities were highlighted. Possible adaptation measures to respond to climate change were analysed. The results are presented for four main bioclimatic zones: Boreal, Temperate Oceanic, Temperate Continental, and the Mediterranean.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13350621,adaptation,climate-change,ecological-zones,europe,forest-resources},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13350621},
  series = {Report {{AGRI}}-2007-{{G4}}-06}
}

@article{ciaisCarbonAccumulationEuropean2008,
  title = {Carbon Accumulation in {{European}} Forests},
  author = {Ciais, P. and Schelhaas, M. J. and Zaehle, S. and Piao, S. L. and Cescatti, A. and Liski, J. and Luyssaert, S. and {Le-Maire}, G. and Schulze, E. D. and Bouriaud, O. and Freibauer, A. and Valentini, R. and Nabuurs, G. J.},
  year = {2008},
  month = jun,
  volume = {1},
  pages = {425--429},
  issn = {1752-0894},
  doi = {10.1038/ngeo233},
  abstract = {European forests are intensively exploited for wood products, yet they also form a sink for carbon. European forest inventories, available for the past 50 years, can be combined with timber harvest statistics to assess changes in this carbon sink. Analysis of these data sets between 1950 and 2000 from the EU-15 countries excluding Luxembourg, plus Norway and Switzerland, reveals that there is a tight relationship between increases in forest biomass and forest ecosystem productivity but timber harvests grew more slowly. Encouragingly, the environmental conditions in combination with the type of silviculture that has been developed over the past 50 years can efficiently sequester carbon on timescales of decades, while maintaining forests that meet the demand for wood. However, a return to using wood as biofuel and hence shorter rotations in forestry could cancel out the benefits of carbon storage over the past five decades.},
  journal = {Nature Geoscience},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-3156186,biomass,carbon-mitigation,climate-change,europe,forest-biomass,forest-resources,multiauthor,outdated-yield-tables,primary-productivity,wood-production},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-3156186},
  number = {7}
}

@article{naqinezhadVegetationenvironmentRelationshipsAlderwood2008,
  title = {Vegetation-Environment Relationships in the Alderwood Communities of {{Caspian}} Lowlands, {{N}}. {{Iran}} (toward an Ecological Classification)},
  author = {Naqinezhad, Alireza and Hamzeh'ee, Behnam and Attar, Farideh},
  year = {2008},
  month = oct,
  volume = {203},
  pages = {567--577},
  issn = {0367-2530},
  doi = {10.1016/j.flora.2007.09.007},
  abstract = {Hyrcanian (Caspian) lowland forests (northern Iran) include alderwood communities, dominated by Alnus glutinosa ssp. barbata. A data set of these alderwoods, including floristic relev\'es and environmental variables (groundwater level, soil physical and chemical properties from two depths) was analyzed in order to describe the relationships between floristic composition and environmental variables. Classification of relev\'es using two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and a clustering technique displayed five clear vegetation groups of A. glutinosa ssp. barbata, each with specific indicator species. Principal component analysis (PCA) displayed two major gradients in environmental variables, namely a gradient of acidity-related variables and one of groundwater level-related variables. The five vegetation groups were confirmed by detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and can be interpreted with these two major environmental gradients and also life form data which were passively projected on the diagram. Hydrophytes and helophytes were mostly found in swampy or wet groups where they influenced the first axis, while other life forms were mostly concentrated in the drier groups on the second axis. The results of both direct canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and indirect (DCA) analyses of vegetation-environmental data were almost the same. The main environmental variables controlling the separation of these vegetation groups on the first two axes are groundwater level and acidity. There is a little difference between environmental variables analysis by PCA and vegetation-environment analysis by DCA and CCA mainly on different effects of CaCO3 on two first axes. Comparisons between habitat ecology of European alderwoods (stands of A. glutinosa ssp. glutinosa) and the measured environmental variables in the Hyrcanian alderwoods indicate some similar trends of variation of pH and C/N over these habitats in both areas. Three major types of A. glutinosa ssp. barbata habitats in Hyrcanian lowlands are distinguished mainly based on groundwater regime and geomorphology. These major types are compared with similar alderwoods in Europe.},
  journal = {Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14097574,~to-add-doi-URL,alnus-glutinosa,forest-classification,forest-resources,iran,vegetation-types},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14097574},
  number = {7}
}

@article{biondiForestBiodiversityGargano2008,
  title = {Forest Biodiversity of the {{Gargano Peninsula}} and a Critical Revision of the Syntaxonomy of the Mesophilous Woods of Southern {{Italy}}},
  author = {Biondi, E. and Casavecchia, S. and Biscotti, N.},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {45},
  pages = {93--127},
  abstract = {Here we present a phytosociological analysis of the forest biodiversity of the Gargano Peninsula, located in the eastern part of the Italian peninsula. As well as presenting all of the woods described and classified in terms of their phytosociology to date, we present the following plant associations that are mainly distributed in the low supratemperate and upper mesotemperate bioclimatic belts: Carici halleranae-Ostryetum carpinifoliae ass. nova; Polysticho setiferi-Ostryetum carpinifoliae ass. nova; Rubio peregrinae-Aceretum campestris; Physospermo verticillati-Quercetum cerris; Doronico orientalis-Carpinetum betuli; Pulmonario apenninae-Aceretum neapolitani ass. nova; Teucrio siculi-Aceretum campestris ass. nova; Festuco exaltatae-Tilietum platyphylli ass. nova; Phyllitido scolopendri-Lauretum nobilis ass. nova and Aremonio agrimonioidis-Fagetum sylvaticae ass. nova. For these, subassociations and variants are described. The syntaxonomic classification allows the description of two new syntaxa at the heirarchical level of alliances: Physospermo verticillati-Quercion cerris, all. nova, the southern Italian substitute for the alliance Erythronio-Carpinion, which includes the southern mesophilous Turkey oak, European hornbeam, Neapolitan maple and field maple woods; Lauro nobilis-Tilion platyphylli all. nova, the southern substitute for the alliance Tilio platyphylli-Acerion pseudoplatani.},
  journal = {Fitosociologia},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13803823,analysis,biodiversity,forest-resources,gargano,italy,phytosociology},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13803823},
  number = {2}
}

@techreport{europeanenvironmentagencyEuropeanForestTypes2007,
  title = {European Forest Types. {{Categories}} and Types for Sustainable Forest Management Reporting and Policy},
  author = {{European Environment Agency}},
  year = {2007},
  month = may,
  address = {{Copenhagen}},
  issn = {1725-2237},
  abstract = {The European forest types -- Categories and types for sustainable forest management reporting and policy presents the findings of a study carried out by an international consortium of experts aimed at providing the Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe (MCPFE) with an user-friendly forest types classification. The primary goal of the scheme is to improve the MCPFE reporting on sustainable forest management (SFM) in Europe, with special regard to forest type based SFM indicators.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13527299,classification,europe,forest-classification,forest-resources,forest-types,sustainability},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13527299}
}

@article{kullmanTreeLinePopulation2007,
  title = {Tree Line Population Monitoring of {{Pinus}} Sylvestris in the {{Swedish Scandes}}, 1973-2005: Implications for Tree Line Theory and Climate Change Ecology},
  author = {Kullman, Leif},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {95},
  pages = {41--52},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01190.x},
  abstract = {* 1Demographic trends of Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine) tree line populations are reported for a 32-year monitoring period (1973-2005). Functional and projective aspects of tree line performance were analysed by relating temporal variability and change of vital population parameters, such as natality/mortality, vigour, injuries, height growth and seed viability to contemporary variations in air and soil temperatures. * 2The size of the entire sampled population increased by 50\,\% during the 32-year observation period and thereby pine has become a more prominent element on the landscape. This reverses a natural multicentennial or even millennial trend of tree line decline and recession. * 3Contrasting population trends were recorded for the subperiods 1973-87 and 1988-2005, viz. decline and increase, respectively. Mean summer temperatures (JJA) did not change perceivably over and between these intervals, although some exceptionally warm summers from 1997 onwards have contributed to population expansion by increased seed viability and seedling emergence. Winter temperatures (DJF) decreased significantly over the first subperiod and were consistently higher during the second, which has significantly lowered the mortality rates. * 4A functional link to winter temperature conditions was particularly stressed by the aetiology of individual plant vigour, injuries and final mortality. Classical symptoms of winter desiccation correlated significantly with low winter temperatures. This negative impact occurred with a high frequency during the decline phase and virtually ceased during the expansion phase from 1988 onwards, when winter air and root zone temperatures were raised to a consistently higher level. * 5Winter and summer temperatures in the air and soil, as well as positive feedback mechanisms and nonlinear responses, must be taken into account in the search for global or regional mechanical explanations for the tree line phenomenon. This insight helps to generate realistic tree line models for a high-CO2 world, when winter warming is usually predicted to be particularly large.},
  journal = {Journal of Ecology},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-11402583,climate-change,ecology,forest-resources,global-warming,pinus-sylvestris,tree-line},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-11402583},
  number = {1}
}

@article{lowExtraordinaryDrought20032006,
  title = {Extraordinary Drought of 2003 Overrules Ozone Impact on Adult Beech Trees ( {{Fagus}} Sylvatica )},
  author = {L{\"o}w, M. and Herbinger, K. and Nunn, A. J. and H{\"a}berle, K. H. and Leuchner, M. and Heerdt, C. and Werner, H. and Wipfler, P. and Pretzsch, H. and Tausz, M. and Matyssek, R.},
  year = {2006},
  month = sep,
  volume = {20},
  pages = {539--548},
  issn = {0931-1890},
  doi = {10.1007/s00468-006-0069-z},
  abstract = {The extraordinary drought during the summer of 2003 in Central Europe allowed to examine responses of adult beech trees ( Fagus sylvatica ) to co-occurring stress by soil moisture deficit and elevated O 3 levels under forest conditions in southern Germany. The study comprised tree exposure to the ambient O 3 regime at the site and to a twice-ambient O 3 regime as released into the canopy through a free-air O 3 fumigation system. Annual courses of photosynthesis ( A max ), stomatal conductance ( g s ), electron transport rate (ETR) and chlorophyll levels were compared between 2003 and 2004, the latter year representing the humid long-term climate at the site. ETR, A max and g s were lowered during 2003 by drought rather than ozone, whereas chlorophyll levels did not differ between the years. Radial stem increment was reduced in 2003 by drought but fully recovered during the subsequent, humid year. Comparison of AOT40, an O 3 exposure-based risk index of O 3 stress, and cumulative ozone uptake (COU) yielded a linear relationship throughout humid growth conditions, but a changing slope during 2003. Our findings support the hypothesis that drought protects plants from O 3 injury by stomatal closure, which restricts O 3 influx into leaves and decouples COU from high external ozone levels. High AOT40 erroneously suggested high O 3 risk under drought. Enhanced ozone levels did not aggravate drought effects in leaves and stem.},
  journal = {Trees - Structure and Function},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-11379882,adaptation,climate-change,droughts,europe,fagus-sylvatica,forest-resources,ozone},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-11379882},
  number = {5}
}

@article{wickMidHoloceneExtinctionSilver2006,
  title = {The Mid-{{Holocene}} Extinction of Silver Fir ({{Abies}} Alba) in the {{Southern Alps}}: A Consequence of Forest Fires? {{Palaeobotanical}} Records and Forest Simulations},
  author = {Wick, Lucia and M{\"o}hl, Adrian},
  year = {2006},
  month = sep,
  volume = {15},
  pages = {435--444},
  issn = {0939-6314},
  doi = {10.1007/s00334-006-0051-0},
  abstract = {Pollen records suggest that Abies alba played a dominating role in both the montane and lowland forests at the border of the Southern Alps between ca. 8500 and 5700 years ago. Two major declines in fir, at about 7300-7000 cal b.p. and at ca. 6000 cal b.p., followed by the local extinction of the species are characteristic of the area below ca. 1000 m a.s.l. In order to test the impact of fire on the population dynamics of silver fir, a dynamic model (DisCForm) with a fire module was applied to simulate the early- and mid-Holocene forest development. Simulation outputs based on different fire scenarios were compared with the pollen record from Lago di Annone (226 m a.s.l.). The marked Abies decreases shown in the pollen record can be simulated with very intensive fire scenarios, but they do not result in an extinction of silver fir in the model. Low charcoal influx values related to the Abies declines in the palaeobotanical record suggest that fire was not the only reason for the extinction of silver fir. Human impact, as well as Holocene climatic changes leading to temporary moisture deficits and reduced adaptability due to low genetic variation may have had a significant impact on the Abies forests.},
  journal = {Vegetation History and Archaeobotany},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-11434637,abies-alba,alpine-region,forest-fires,forest-resources,migration-history,soil-resources,species-extinction},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-11434637},
  number = {4}
}

@article{vogtTemporalSpatialDynamic2006,
  title = {Temporal and Spatial Dynamic of Stool Uprooting in Abandoned Chestnut Coppice Forests},
  author = {Vogt, Juliane and Fonti, Patrick and Conedera, Marco and Schr{\"o}der, Boris},
  year = {2006},
  month = nov,
  volume = {235},
  pages = {88--95},
  issn = {0378-1127},
  doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2006.08.008},
  abstract = {Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) coppice is a man-made forest type that has been managed for centuries in short rotations to rapidly produce woody biomass. These forests, which nowadays cover significant areas within Europe, experience a general neglect and are subsequently being abandoned. Most of them are now over-aged, very dense, and highly monotone. Little is known about their development. The increasing frequency of uprooting events of stools (i.e. a whole stump including the shoots that originated after coppicing), is raising concern among forest managers who fear a progressive expansion of the phenomenon. Our objective was (i) to describe the temporal and spatial patterns of the ongoing uprooting processes, (ii) to identify causes and (iii) to estimate future developments. We have analysed the stool uprooting dynamics in a 100~ha abandoned chestnut coppice and have built an empirical, predictive model to estimate the uprooting probability based on topographic, stand and stool characteristics. Finally, detailed uprooting dynamics were reconstructed at the single gap level for three case studies to characterise the process of gap expansion. Tree-rings were used to date the relevant events. We found that uprooting is primarily caused by precarious tree statics rather than external forcing agents. The empirical model clearly predicts that tall stools located in hollows and gullies are the most likely to uproot. In fact, in this particular situation a non-extreme environmental event suffices to disturb the equilibrium between the higher tree-induced gravitational loads and the weaker root anchorage, resulting in a collapse. Since the stool uprooting is mainly an endogenous process, we expect a progressive increase of this phenomenon with the ageing of abandoned coppices. From the forest manager's perspective, this situation favours a progressive rejuvenation and diversification of the forest structure. On steep slopes, however, where the forests also play an important role in protecting infrastructure, uprooting events might entail some additional risks. Our results have important management implications for foresters.},
  journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13608200,castanea-sativa,coppice-forests,forest-dynamics,forest-resources,spatio-temporal-scale},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13608200},
  number = {1-3}
}

@incollection{homeierPurdiaeaNutans2005,
  title = {Purdiaea Nutans},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Homeier, J.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {2005},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Purdiaea nutans ist ein langsam wachsender, immergr\"uner Baum, der besonders durch seine pr\"achtigen Bl\"uten beeindruckt. Die Art geh\"ort zur kleinen Familie der Cyrillaceae, die nur 14 Arten umfasst. Cyrillaceen kommen ausschlie\ss lich in der Neuen Welt vor, vom S\"udosten der USA \"uber Mittelamerika und die Westindischen Inseln bis in den Norden S\"udamerikas. Der Verbreitungsschwerpunkt liegt dabei auf Kuba, von wo zehn Arten der Gattung Purdiaea bekannt sind .},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745807,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,purdiaea-nutans,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745807}
}

@incollection{ruginiOliveOleaEuropaea2005,
  title = {Olive ({{Olea}} Europaea {{L}}.)},
  booktitle = {Protocol for {{Somatic Embryogenesis}} in {{Woody Plants}}},
  author = {Rugini, Eddo and Mencuccini, Massimo and Biasi, Rita and Altamura, MariaMaddalena},
  editor = {{Jain} and Gupta, PramodK},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {77},
  pages = {345--360},
  publisher = {{Springer Netherlands}},
  doi = {10.1007/1-4020-2985-3\\_27},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13594187,~to-add-doi-URL,forest-resources,genetic-resources,olea-europaea},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13594187},
  series = {Forestry {{Sciences}}}
}

@article{dorrenMechanismsEffectsManagement2005,
  title = {Mechanisms, Effects and Management Implications of Rockfall in Forests},
  author = {Dorren, Luuk K. A. and Berger, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric and {le Hir}, C{\'e}line and Mermin, Eric and Tardif, Pascal},
  year = {2005},
  month = aug,
  volume = {215},
  pages = {183--195},
  issn = {0378-1127},
  doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2005.05.012},
  abstract = {At the scale of forest stands, there is a lack of quantitative, statistically valid data on the protective effect of forests against rockfall. Therefore, the first objective of this study was to quantify the velocities, rebound heights as well as the residual hazard of rockfall on a forested and a non-forested slope. The second objective was to evaluate existing rockfall protection forest management guidelines, as well as the underlying criteria. We carried out and analysed 100 real size rockfall experiments at a non-forested site (Site 1) and 102 identical experiments at a forested site (Site 2) on the same slope. We compared the obtained results with literature data on rockfall protection forests. At the non-forested site, results show that the mean maximum velocity is 15.4 m s-1 compared to 11.7 m s-1 at the forested site. The maximum rebound height decreases from 8 m (Site 1) to 2 m (Site 2) and the number of rocks that surpass the 223.5 m slope distance decreases from 95 out of 100 (Site 1) to 35 out of 102 (Site 2). A major effect of rockfall on a forested slope is the development of a treeless rockfall path or couloir, which had evolved after releasing 78 rocks at Site 2. The effect of such a couloir can be mitigated by cutting trees on both sides of the couloir and leaving the trunks on the slope, diagonally to the slope direction. This is a known and effective technique to reduce the effect of gaps in protection forests. During our experiments, none of the rocks attained their maximal velocity within the first 40 m. They did, however, attain destructive velocities (11-15 m s-1) within that distance. Based on our observations, we propose a maximum gap size in the slope direction of 1.3 times the mean tree height, with a maximum of 40 m. Further, we present various findings that have direct implications for the management of rockfall protection forests. Finally, the results proved that forests can provide effective protection against rockfall.},
  journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13618014,abies-alba,acer-pseudoplatanus,comparison,disturbances,fagus-sylvatica,forest-resources,landslides,larix-decidua,picea-abies,quercus-robur,rockfalls},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13618014},
  number = {1-3}
}

@incollection{schuckRosaPendulina2005,
  title = {Rosa Pendulina},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Schuck, H. J.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {2005},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Die in den Gebirgen Mittel- und S\"udeuropas heimische Rosa pendulina wird im Volksmund wegen der weitgehend fehlenden Bestachelung als "Rose ohne Dornen" bezeichnet. Es handelt sich um einen bis 2 m, in Kultur auch bis 3 m hoch wachsenden Strauch, der bis in die alpine H\"ohenstufe vordringt, dort aber nur ein niederliegender Zwergstrauch von 50 cm bleibt. Dieser gilt als die Rosenart, die im Gebirge am weitesten noch oben steigt. Seine wohlriechenden, rosa bis purpurfarbenen, bis 5 cm gro\ss en Bl\"uten sind recht ansehnlich. Hinsichtlich der morphologischen Merkmale gilt die Art als au\ss erordentlich variabel, was sich auch in einer Vielzahl von Variet\"aten und Formen ausdr\"uckt.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745624,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,rosa-pendulina,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745624}
}

@incollection{pardosQuercusCanariensis2005,
  title = {Quercus Canariensis},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Pardos, J. A. and Pardos, M.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {2005},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Quercus canariensis ist in Nord-Afrika und auf der Iberischen Halbinsel beheimatet. Sie ist feuchteliebend und ben\"otigt im gesamten Jahresverlauf milde Temperaturen. Auf zusagenden Standorten kann sie eine Baumh\"ohe von \"uber 30 m und einen Stammumfang an der Basis von 6 m erreichen.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745491,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,quercus-canariensis,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745491}
}

@incollection{xinpingDiospyrosKaki2005,
  title = {Diospyros Kaki},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Xinping, L.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {2005},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Diospyros kaki ist ein kleiner bis mittelgro\ss er, sommergr\"uner Laubbaum mit auff\"allig starken \"Asten in der generativen Phase. Die dunkelgr\"unen, ovalen Bl\"atter werden im Herbst gelb bis tieforange. Die gelboder orangefarbenen Fr\"uchte verf\"ugen \"uber ein wohlschmeckendes, s\"u\ss es Fruchtfleisch. Die Kakipflaume ist in China beheimatet, wird aber von alters her nicht nur dort, sondern auch in Japan und Korea sowie seit dem 19. Jahrhundert in zahlreichen weiteren L\"andern kultiviert und in Plantagen bewirtschaftet. Die beste Fruchtqualit\"at l\"asst sich auf B\"oden carbonatischen Grundgesteins bei ausreichender Feuchtigkeit im Fr\"uhjahr sowie warmer, m\"a\ss ig trockener Witterung im Sommer und Herbst erzielen. Kakipflaumen k\"onnen in frischem oder getrocknetem Zustand verzehrt, aber auch zu anderen Nahrungs- und zu Genussmitteln weiter verarbeitet sowie medizinisch genutzt werden.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745412,diospyros-kaki,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745412}
}

@article{deluccaPlantderivedAntifungalProteins2005,
  title = {Plant-Derived Antifungal Proteins and Peptides},
  author = {De Lucca, A. J. and Cleveland, T. E. and Wedge, D. E.},
  year = {2005},
  month = dec,
  volume = {51},
  pages = {1001--1014},
  doi = {10.1139/w05-063},
  abstract = {Plants produce potent constitutive and induced antifungal compounds to complement the structural barriers to microbial infection. Approximately 250,000-500,000 plant species exist, but only a few of these have been investigated for antimicrobial activity. Nevertheless, a wide spectrum of compound classes have been purified and found to have antifungal properties. The commercial potential of effective plant-produced antifungal compounds remains largely unexplored. This review article presents examples of these compounds and discusses their properties.Key words: antifungal, peptides, phytopathogenic, plants, proteins.},
  journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13628403,chemical-composition,forest-resources,plant-physiology},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13628403},
  number = {12}
}

@article{bacchettaPhytosociologicalStudyOstrya2004,
  title = {A Phytosociological Study of the {{Ostrya}} Carpinifolia {{Scop}}. Woods in {{Sardinia}} ({{Italy}})},
  author = {Bacchetta, G. and Iiriti, G. and Mossa, L. and Pontecorvo, C. and Serra, G.},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {41},
  pages = {67--75},
  abstract = {It is here presented a phytosociological study about the Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. woods of Sardinia, defining them in synphytosociological, synecological and synchorological terms. The analysis of this vegetation allowed the identification of a new association, named Cyclamino repandi-Ostryetum carpinifoliae. Within this association, three subassociations can be identified, the presence of which depends on the pedoclimatic conditions, the floristic composition and the synchorology. The typical subassociation, which can be found in the eastern Tacchi-region, has been named paeonietosum morisii, while the subassociation galietosum scabri is characteristic of the western part of such region, and the subassociation fraxinetosum orni is localised in the southern part of the Golfo di Orosei. From the synphytosociological point of view, these coenoses represent the head of mesophilous special series, characterising of the subhumid and humid mesomediterranean bioclimatic belts in chain contact with the carbonatic climatophilous main series of Sardinia. At to the syntaxonomy, we propose to include the above-mentioned formations within the suballiance Paeonio morisii-Quercenion ichnusae and alliance Pino calabricae-Quercion congestae, referred to the order Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae and to the class Querco roboris-Fagetea sylvaticae.},
  journal = {Fitosociologia},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13801198,forest-resources,forest-types,ostrya-carpinifolia,phytosociology,plant-community},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13801198},
  number = {1}
}

@book{aldasoroRevisionSorbusSubgenera2004,
  title = {Revision of {{Sorbus Subgenera Aria}} and {{Torminaria}} ({{Rosaceae}}-{{Maloideae}})},
  author = {Aldasoro, J. J. and Aedo, C. and Garmendia, F. M. and Navarro, C.},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {69},
  publisher = {{American Society of Plant Taxonomists}},
  abstract = {The simple-leaved species of Sorbus (Rosaceae, Maloideae) comprise 42 species, which occur in North Africa, Europe, and Asia. They are assigned to subg. Aria(39 species; sections Alnifoliae, Aria, Chamaemespilus, Ferrugineae, Griffithianae, Thibeticae, Micromeles) and subg. Torminaria (three species). Species are delimited by morphological and anatomical characters, and results of morphometric analyses are presented. Reports of chromosome numbers and hybridization are reviewed. Full descriptions and synonymies, keys, illustrations, and distribution maps are provided. One new section, Sorbus sect. Griffithianae (subg.Aria), and one new species, Sorbus eleonorae (subg. Aria, sect. Micromeles), are described. Three new combinations are proposed: Sorbus sect. Ferrugnieae, Sorbussect. Alnifoliae, and Sorbus sect. Thibeticae.},
  isbn = {0-912861-69-X},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13627788,forest-resources,sorbus-spp,taxonomy},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13627788},
  series = {Systematic {{Botany Monographs}}}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@book{citeulike:13687805,
    abstract = {For the first time, a synthesis on the research work done in Europe on all Bark And Wood Boring Insects In Living Trees ({BAWBILT}) is presented. As final product of a four-year research project gathering together 100 scientists from 24 countries, the book is the fruit of a real collective synthesis in which all European specialists have participated. It reviews and comments on all the European literature, while considering the biological (trees, insects, associated organisms, and their relationships) and forest management aspects. However, although focused on the European forest, it also compares the available information and interpretations to those concerning similar species in other continents. It ends with propositions of research priorities for Europe. The book is directed to all scientists and students concerned with forest entomology and ecology, as well as to forest managers and all scientific public interested in forest biology.},
    author = {Lieutier, F. and Day, K. R. and Battisti, A. and Gr\'{e}goire, J. C. and Evans, H. F. and Faccoli, M. and Kn\'{\i}\v{z}ek, M. and Beaver, R. and Sauvard, D. and Byers, J. A. and Kenis, M. and Wermelinger, B. and Nordlander, G. and Kenis, M. and Halldorson, G. and Wegensteiner, R. and Griffin, C. T. and Moraal, L. G. and Pajares, J. A. and Hilszczanski, J.},
    citeulike-article-id = {13687805},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/13687805},
    citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2241-8},
    citeulike-linkout-2 = {https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=16314186685565891486},
    citeulike-linkout-3 = {http://www.worldcat.org/isbn/978-94-017-4314-3},
    comment = {== Additional information ==

* Information:700px: https://archive.is/hXGjK\#1.5\%
* ReadMore: http://extras.springer.com/2004/978-94-017-4314-3
},
    doi = {10.1007/978-1-4020-2241-8},
    editor = {Lieutier, F. and Day, K. R. and Battisti, A. and Gr\'{e}goire, J. C. and Evans, H. F.},
    isbn = {978-1-4020-2241-8},
    keywords = {agrilus-spp, anoplophora-glabripennis, aradus-cinnamommeus, bark-beetle, bracon-hylobii, ceratocystis-spp, coeloides-bostrichorum, coroebus-florentinus, cossus-cossus, cryphalus-piceae, dendroctonus-micans, dioryctria-splendidella, europe, featured-publication, forest-pests, forest-resources, hylastes-cunicularius, hylobius-abietis, ips-spp, leptographium-spp, medetera-signaticornis, monochamus-galloprovincialis, ophiostoma-spp, paranthrene-tabaniformis, pesotum-synnemata, phaenops-spp, phaeostigma-notata, phloeosinus-spp, phytobia-betulae, pissodes-spp, pityogenes-chalcographus, review, rhopalicus-tutela, rhyacionia-buoliana, rhyssa-persuasoria, roptrocerus-xylophagorum, saperda-scalaris, scolytus-spp, sesia-apiformis, tetropium-castaneum, thanasimus-formicarius, tomicobia-seitneri, tomicus-spp, urocerus-gigas, xylosandrus-germanus, xyloterus-lineatus, zeuzera-pyrina},
    posted-at = {2015-07-28 15:26:46},
    priority = {2},
    publisher = {Springer},
    title = {{Bark and wood boring insects in living trees in Europe, a synthesis}},
    url = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/13687805},
    year = {2004}
}

@techreport{wolfEUFORGENTechnicalGuidelines2003,
  title = {{{EUFORGEN Technical}} Guidelines for Genetic Conservation and Use for Silver Fir ({{Abies}} Alba)},
  author = {Wolf, Heino},
  year = {2003},
  pages = {6},
  address = {{Rome, Italy}},
  institution = {{EUFORGEN}},
  abstract = {Since silver fir stands have been regenerated mainly naturally for a long period, there is reason to assume that they have preserved their original genetic structure and diversity, although the genetic composition of silver populations may have been modified by adaptation and/or drift processes. It is evident that in several parts of the distribution area genetic variation has been reduced due to the mentioned decline of silver fir. This reduction of population sizes may have reached a stage where the future survival of locally remnant populations is no longer guaranteed.

[] To preserve the population-specific genetic structures of silver fir, i.e. locally common alleles and the area-specific allele frequency distribution, many different populations from various distribution areas should be selected systematically for gene conservation purposes. The most effective way to conserve larger occurrences of silver fir and their genetic resources is through in situ conservation of stands and populations as well as their natural regeneration using long-term and small-scale regeneration methods. Additional activities are the promotion of silver fir individuals by tending and thinning, and the strict control of game. If planting of silver fir is required, culling for height of plants in the nursery should be avoided since genetic effects of this procedure cannot be excluded. In case of occurrences with a low number of individuals, enrichment planting in addition to the natural regeneration is recommended with plants from other, larger occurrences of the same region to avoid a higher frequency of half-sib offsprings and subsequent inbreeding in the next regeneration stage.

[] To avoid risks of interspecific geneflow, reforestation using exotic Abies species in the vicinity of silver fir stands should be strictly monitored. Only in marginal areas, with highly depleted genepools and where ecological conditions are very degraded could interspecific mating help to create new adapted genotypes. In all other cases, it should be avoided.

For small populations with a decreased number of individuals, and in addition to in situ conservation measures, the establishment of ex situ gene conservation seed orchards is highly recommended in order to overcome the isolation of individuals and to promote outcrossing. The sampling of single trees does not affect the genetic structure if a sufficient number of individuals is considered. However, sampling should be done exclusively in indigenous populations, randomly in respect to the phenotype but representatively in respect to ecological variation. Wherever possible, the genotype of the individuals sampled should be assessed and considered, e.g. using gene markers to avoid loss of genetic variation and a reduced diversity. Complementary to in situ and ex situ conservation measures, seeds of silver fir can be stored in genebanks for about 3 to 5 years provided that outcrossing has taken place among a minimum number of 20 individuals. To overcome the negative effects of isolation in silver fir relicts in the short term, the collection and storage of pollen in combination with artificial pollination of mature trees could be an efficient but expensive approach.

[] In the European Community, silver fir is under the EU Directive on the marketing of forest reproductive material. For reforestation or re-introduction of silver fir, only forest reproductive materials are to be used according to the regulations and must be suitable for the site conditions in question. In nations not under EU law, the procurement of forest reproductive material should follow the principles of approval, identification and control. In every case, however, recommendations should be developed for the proper use of forest reproductive material.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14257293,conservation,forest-resources,quercus-suber},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14257293}
}

@incollection{schuttPinusCoulteri2003,
  title = {Pinus Coulteri},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Sch{\"u}tt, P. and Lang, U. M.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {2003},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Pinus coulteri, eine dreinadelige Kiefernart aus dem s\"udlichen Kalifornien, kommt meist einzeln oder gruppenweise auf trockenen, hei\ss en Standorten in H\"ohenlagen \"uber 1000 m vor. Kennzeichnend sind u.a. die sehr langen und robusten, geh\"auft an den Triebspitzen stehenden Nadeln, vor allem aber die ungew\"ohnlich gro\ss en, 2 kg schweren, mit zugespitzten Schuppen versehenen Zapfen. P. coulteri hat keine nennenswerte wirtschaftliche Bedeutung, das leichte, sehr beulige Stammholz wird vornehmlich als Brennmaterial genutzt. Die essbaren Samen dienten den Indianern S\"udkaliforniens lange Zeit als Nahrungsmittel. Der Artname bezieht sich auf THOMAS COULTER (1793-1843), einen irischen Arzt und Botaniker, der Teile der mexikanischen und kalifornischen Flora erforschte. Coulter-Kiefern vertragen keine strenge Winterk\"alte. In mitteleurop\"aischen Sammlungen sind sie vornehmlich in gesch\"utzten Lagen und mit jungen Exemplaren vertreten.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745291,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,pinus-coulteri,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745291}
}

@incollection{puhuaQuercusMongolica2003,
  title = {Quercus Mongolica},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Puhua, H.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {2003},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Quercus mongolica, eine sommergr\"une, in Europa wenig bekannte Baumart, kommt im Norden und Nordosten Chinas sowie im fern\"ostlichen Russland auf riesigen Fl\"achen nat\"urlich vor und ist dort wirtschaftlich wie \"okologisch von gro\ss er Bedeutung. Sie kann bis 30 m hoch werden, stellt geringe Bodenanspr\"uche, widersteht extremer Winterk\"alte und wird auf trockenen, exponierten Standorten von keiner anderen Baumart bedr\"angt. Haupts\"achlich wegen ihres harten und schweren, vielseitig verwendbaren Holzes wird die Art zu Aufforstungen herangezogen. Speziell zur Gewinnung der Bl\"atter, die den Raupen des Tussah- Seidenspinners als Nahrung dienen, bewirtschaftet man Q. mongolica auch im Niederwald.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745510,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,quercus-mongolica,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745510}
}

@incollection{lauererMauritiaFlexuosa2003,
  title = {Mauritia Flexuosa},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Lauerer, M. and B{\"o}rner, A.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {2003},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Mauritia flexuosa ist eine der eindrucksvollsten Palmen \"uberhaupt. Sie pr\"asentiert sich elegant im Habitus, wird vielfach genutzt und besiedelt einen \"okologisch spezifischen Lebensraum, die \"Uberschwemmungsw\"alder gro\ss er Fl\"usse im tropischen S\"udamerika. Die Frucht ist das wirtschaftlich bedeutendste Produkt dieser Palme. Das \"olhaltige Mesokarp wird nach kurzem Aufkochen oder Einweichen direkt verzehrt oder zu Cremes, S\"u\ss speisen und Getr\"anken verarbeitet. \"Au\ss erst dekorativ ist die \"au\ss ere Fruchtwand, die von gl\"anzenden dunkelbraunen Schuppen gebildet wird und damit die nahe Verwandtschaft zu Raphia, Metroxylon oder Calamus anzeigt.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745772,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,mauritia-flexuosa,monography,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745772}
}

@book{dudleyRunningPureImportance2003,
  title = {Running {{Pure}}: {{The}} Importance of Forest Protected Areas to Drinking Water},
  author = {Dudley, Nigel and Stolton, Sue and Asante Owusu, Rachel and Birsel, Ahmet and Cassells, David and Courrau, Jos{\'e} and Hamilton, Lawrence and Kalem, Sedat and Keng, Wang L. and Lacerda, Leonardo and Lise, Y{\i}ld{\i}ray and Pagiola, Stefano and Scherr, Sara and Sericchio, Claudio},
  editor = {Dudley, Nigel and Stolton, Sue},
  year = {2003},
  publisher = {{World Bank / WWF Alliance for Forest Conservation and Sustainable Use}},
  abstract = {[Executive summary]

[::Well managed natural forests provide benefits to urban populations in terms of high quality drinking water] [::] Well managed natural forests almost always provide higher quality water, with less sediment and fewer pollutants, than water from other catchments [::] Some natural forests (particularly tropical montane cloud forests and some older forests) also increase total water flow, although in other cases this is not true and under young forests and some exotic plantations net water flow can decrease [::] Impacts of forests on security of supply or mitigating flooding are less certain although forests can reduce floods at a local headwater scale [::] As a result of these various benefits, natural forests are being protected to maintain high quality water supplies to cities [::] Protection within watersheds also provides benefits in terms of biodiversity conservation, recreational, social and economic values [::] However, care is needed to ensure that the rural populations living in watersheds are not disadvantaged in the process of protection or management for water quality

[::Maintaining high quality water supply is an additional argument for protection] [::] Many important national parks and reserves also have value in protecting watersheds that provide drinking water to towns and cities [::] Sometimes this is recognised and watershed protection was a major reason for establishing the protected area - here watershed protection has sometimes bought critical time for biodiversity, by protecting natural areas around cities that would otherwise have disappeared [::] In other cases, the watershed values of protected areas have remained largely unrecognised and the downstream benefits are accidental [::] Where forests or other natural vegetation have benefits for both biodiversity and water supply, arguments for protection are strengthened with a wider group of stakeholders [::] In some cases, full protection may not be possible and here a range of other forest management options are also available including best practice management (for example through a forest management certification system) and restoration

[::The watershed benefits of forest protected areas could help to pay for protection] [::] The economic value of watersheds is almost always under-estimated or unrecognised [::] It is possible to collect user fees from people and companies benefiting from drinking water to help pay for the catchment protection benefits provided by protected area management - although only in certain circumstances [::] Payment for water services can also be one important way of helping negotiations with people living in or using watersheds to develop land-use mosaics that are conducive to maintaining high quality drinking water supplies

[::Many of the world's largest cities rely on drinking water from protected areas] [::] Around a third (33 out of 105) of the world's largest cities obtain a significant proportion of their drinking water directly from protected areas [::] At least five other cities obtain water from sources that originate in distant watersheds that also include protected areas [::] In addition, at least eight more obtain water from forests that are managed in a way that gives priority to their functions in providing water [::] Several other cities are currently suffering problems in water supply because of problems in watersheds, or draw water from forests that are being considered for protection because of their values to water supply},
  isbn = {2-88085-262-5},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13797546,bio-based-economy,bioeconomy,drinking-water,ecosystem-services,forest-resources,protected-areas,water-resources},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13797546}
}

@article{gomezImpactVertebrateAcorn2003,
  title = {Impact of Vertebrate Acorn- and Seedling-Predators on a {{Mediterranean Quercus}} Pyrenaica Forest},
  author = {G{\'o}mez, Jos{\'e} M. and Garcia, Daniel and Zamora, Regino},
  year = {2003},
  month = jul,
  volume = {180},
  pages = {125--134},
  issn = {0378-1127},
  doi = {10.1016/s0378-1127(02)00608-4},
  abstract = {We have experimentally investigated the impact of biotic factors, acting at the seed and seedling stages, on a Quercus pyrenaica forest in the Sierra Nevada mountains (SE Spain). We monitored the natural establishment of the oak for 3 years in two forest plots and two shrubland plots, by counting seedlings and juveniles. In addition, we established several experiments in these plots to examine acorn and seedling survival, while also considering the microhabitat effect on survival probability. Dispersed acorns were quickly consumed by several species of predators, particularly wild boar (Sus scrofa) and woodmouse (Apodemus sylvaticus). Less than 4\,\% of the experimental acorns survived to produce seedlings, even when they were buried 4~cm in soil, simulating caches. No effect of microhabitat was found on predation, and thus no safe site appears to exist for Q. pyrenaica acorns in the study area. Some 98\,\% of the 1000 experimental seedlings were killed by herbivores, notably woodmice, wild boar, and domestic and wild ungulates. Seedling survival varied spatially, being significantly higher under shrubs (4\%) than in any other microhabitat (less than 0.5\%). Both acorn and seedling survival were much lower in the shrublands than in the forests. In shrubland plots, the main agent of seedling mortality was trampling by domestic ungulates foraging in herds. This study suggests that the regeneration of Q. pyrenaica forests in Mediterranean mountains can be limited by herbivores acting at several life-history stages.},
  journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12615283,biotic-factors,forest-resources,limiting-factor,prey-predator,quercus-pyrenaica,spain,ungulate-browsing},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12615283},
  number = {1-3}
}

@incollection{schuttAbiesLasiocarpa2002,
  title = {Abies Lasiocarpa},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Sch{\"u}tt, P. and Lang, U. M.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {2002},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Abies lasiocarpa1), eine Baumart des westlichen Nordamerika, ist wegen ihrer langen, sehr schmalen, spitz zulaufenden Krone kaum zu verwechseln. Im Bestand wird sie i.A. bis 30 m, an der Baumgrenze nur 1 bis 1,2 m hoch, w\"achst aber auch dort aufrecht. Kennzeichnend sind u.a. die kurzen, in Quirlen angeordneten \"Aste, die violetten bis purpurfarbenen Bl\"uten sowie die aus bewurzelten Zweigen entstehenden Ableger. Felsengebirgstannen sind wichtige Pionierpflanzen in den Hochlagen der Cascaden und des Felsengebirges. Das wenig genutzte Holz eignet sich zur Zellstoffproduktion und wird zu Kisten, T\"uren und Fenstern verarbeitet. Au\ss erhalb ihres nat\"urlichen Areals hat man A. lasiocarpa nur selten angebaut. In mitteleurop\"aischen Sammlungen ist sie aber durchwegs vertreten.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745212,abies-lasiocarpa,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745212}
}

@article{andreevaAnalysisTrophicIndices2002,
  title = {Analysis of Trophic Indices in {{Gypsy}} Moth ({{Lymantria}} Dispar {{L}}.) Larvae from Two Geographic Populations},
  author = {Andreeva, E. M.},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {33},
  pages = {342--348},
  issn = {1608-3334},
  doi = {10.1023/a:1020269827577},
  abstract = {Specific features of larval feeding in two geographic populations of the gypsy moth are considered. It is shown that in larvae reared on an artificial diet, trophic indices depend on several factors, including the age and sex of larvae and the food plant on which the parental generation developed in nature. It is shown that larval micropopulations belonging to the same geographic population but feeding in nature on different plant species differ from each other to a greater extent than those of different geographic populations feeding on the same species.},
  journal = {Russian Journal of Ecology},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13779110,~to-add-doi-URL,betula-alba,betula-pendula,forest-pests,forest-resources,lymantria-dispar,quercus-robur,russia,salix-babylonica,salix-caprea},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13779110},
  number = {5}
}

@incollection{schuttArtocarpusHeterophyllus2002,
  title = {Artocarpus Heterophyllus},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Sch{\"u}tt, P. and Lang, U. M.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {2002},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Die immergr\"une, in tropischen und subtropischen Regionen Indiens und S\"udostasiens heimische Baumart wird wegen ihrer gro\ss en, essbaren Fr\"uchte, ihrer Samen und ihres relativ wertvollen, harten Holzes angebaut. Sie stellt geringe Standortsanspr\"uche, erreicht H\"ohen bis 20 m und Stammdurchmesser von 30 bis 50 cm. Oft pflanzt man sie als Park- und Stra\ss enbaum. Fr\"uchte, Milchsaft und Wurzelextrakte werden als Heilmittel genutzt. Inhaltsstoffe des Kernholzes dienen zur Gelbf\"arbung von Wolle.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745679,artocarpus-heterophyllus,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745679}
}

@incollection{schuttLoniceraPericlymenum2002,
  title = {Lonicera Periclymenum},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Sch{\"u}tt, P. and Lang, U. M.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {2002},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Lonicera periclymenum, eine von f\"unf in Mitteleuropa heimischen Lonicera-Arten, ist ein sommergr\"uner Strauch des atlantischen und des submediterranen Klimas, der als Unterwuchs in Laubw\"aldern w\"achst und dessen junge Triebe rechtswindend an \"Asten und d\"unnen St\"ammen benachbarter B\"aume emporranken k\"onnen. Gelegentlich kommt es dabei zu Einschn\"urungen und Strangulationen. Die Art ist frosthart und stellt nur geringe Bodenanspr\"uche. Auffallend sind die sehr h\"ubschen, mehrfarbigen, mit einer langen Kronr\"ohre versehenen, zygomorphen Bl\"uten, ebenso die leuchtend roten (nicht zusammengewachsenen) Beeren. L. periclymenum hat wirtschaftlich keine Bedeutung, wird aber mitunter als Zierstrauch zum Emporwachsen an Mauern und in Laubeng\"angen kultiviert. Der artbeschreibende Name leitet sich aus dem Griechischen ab: peri = um, herum; klyzein = umranken. Die Beeren sind giftverd\"achtig.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745600,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,lonicera-periclymenum,monography,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745600}
}

@incollection{wolfAloeDichotoma2002,
  title = {Aloe Dichotoma},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Wolf, H.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {2002},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Der K\"ocherbaum besitzt auf Grund seines charakteristischen Aussehens, seiner hellen Rinde sowie seiner leuchtend gelben Bl\"uten ein \"au\ss erst attraktives und auff\"alliges Erscheinungsbild. Die Art w\"achst zu einem gedrungenen, bis zu 9 m hohen Baum mit einem Durchmesser an der Stammbasis von mehr als einem Meter heran, der die sehr hei\ss en und trockenen Felslandschaften der W\"uste Namib besiedelt. Zuerst im Jahr 1685 von Simon van der Stel beschrieben, hat Aloe dichotoma zwar keinerlei wirtschaftliche Bedeutung, ist jedoch ein pr\"agender Bestandteil der W\"ustenvegetation des nordwestlichen Kaplandes und des s\"udwestlichen S\"udwest-Afrika. Der artbeschreibende Name "dichotoma" bezieht sich auf die charakteristische Verzweigungsart der Triebe. Die umgangssprachliche Bezeichnung "K\"ocherbaum" beruht darauf, dass die Buschleute die \"Aste des Baumes als Rohstoff f\"ur die Herstellung von Pfeilk\"ochern benutzten.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745670,aloe-dichotoma,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745670}
}

@book{canadianinteragencyforestfirecentre2002GlossaryForest2002,
  title = {The 2002 Glossary of Forest Fire Management Terms},
  author = {{Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre}},
  year = {2002},
  publisher = {{Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre (CIFFC)}},
  address = {{Winnipeg, Canada}},
  abstract = {[Excerpt: Preface]

This glossary gives definitions of terms most commonly used in Canada in the field of forest fire management. It also includes terms that are commonly found in forest fire management literature, although not all of these terms are widely used in field operations at this time. The main purpose of the glossary is to provide a means of achieving a common understanding of the vocabulary used in forest fire management and to promote the use of standard terminology among forest fire agencies across the country. It is intended primarily for operational personnel, and for use in training and educational programs.

[] This 2002 edition of the glossary includes definitions found in the Canadian Incident Command System, along with the terms contained in the previous editions. These additions and revisions reflect changes in philosophies and techniques of forest fire control and fire use practices which have generated the broader field of forest fire management. Throughout the glossary, "forest" is broadly interpreted as meaning any natural vegetation.

[] The main terms in bold type (e.g. Forest Fire), which are defined, are preferred for national usage. Abbreviations and acronyms are also included where appropriate. Words in bold type used in a definition are terms that are defined elsewhere in the glossary. Synonyms, which have equivalent or near equivalent meanings to the main term, are included following a definition. In some cases, a main term or a synonym is unique to one part of the country or the world. Such local usage is indicated. However, no attempt was made to include all localized synonyms. The main terms and synonyms included in this glossary are recommended; use of any other synonyms is discouraged.

[] The words "See" and "Note" following a definition or a main term direct the glossary user to another term or group of terms. "See" indicates a synonym and refers the user to the preferred term (e.g. the entry for aerial fuels on page 1 refers the reader to the preferred term crown fuels on page 7). "Note" indicates related or opposite terms (e.g. density altitude is defined on page 7 and is related to downloading, defined on page 8). "Note" sometimes refers the user to a grouping of terms where several main terms are defined (e.g. fire boss is entered on page 11 but is defined under the collective term fire overhead on page 13).

[] The International System of Units (SI) is used within the glossary where appropriate. A list of SI to English or old metric unit conversion factors is included as Appendix I of this glossary.

[] A separate but similar French glossary is being prepared by french speaking representatives of the forest fire management agencies and will be published on completion.

[] French terms used in forest fire management and their English Equivalents are included as Appendix II of this glossary.

[] English terms used in forest fire management and their French Equivalents are included as Appendix III of this glossary.

[] As forest fire management terminology is constantly evolving, this glossary will be reviewed again. 

[] [...]},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14179397,definition,forest-fires,forest-resources,glossary,management,terminology,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14179397}
}

@incollection{zonaRoystoneaRegia2001,
  title = {Roystonea Regia},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Zona, S.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {2001},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Die K\"onigspalme ist ein raschw\"uchsiger, in der Karibik beheimateter Baum, der in der Regel H\"ohen um 20 m erreichen kann und auf Grund seines \"asthetisch sehr ansprechenden Erscheinungsbildes in vielen tropischen L\"andern f\"ur ornamentale Zwecke angebaut wird. Die Anzucht auf generativem Wege bereitet keine Schwierigkeiten, und Kultivierungsma\ss nahmen werden vielfach mit adulten Pflanzen durchgef\"uhrt. Als bedeutsamer Bestandteil des \"Okosystems bietet die K\"onigspalme vielen Tieren Nahrung sowie Wohn- und Nistm\"oglichkeiten. Der Gattungsname Roystonea bezieht sich auf General Roy Stone (1836-1905), der als Ingenieur bei der amerikanischen Flotte auf Puerto Rico stationiert war.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745810,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,roystonea-regia,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745810}
}

@incollection{piottoRipresaVegetazioneDopo2001,
  title = {La Ripresa Della Vegetazione Dopo Gli Incendi Nella Regione Mediterranea},
  booktitle = {Propagazione per Seme Di Alberi e Arbusti Della Flora Mediterranea},
  author = {Piotto, Beti and Piccini, Claudio and Arcadu, Paolo},
  editor = {Piotto, Beti and Di Noi, Anna},
  year = {2001},
  pages = {31--38},
  publisher = {{Agenzia Nazionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente, Dipartimento Prevenzione e Risanamento Ambientali}},
  address = {{Roma}},
  abstract = {In Italia vaste aree del territorio sono mi- nacciate da processi di inaridimento dei suoli per cause di origine naturali ed antropiche. In particolare, il degrado del suolo si manifesta con maggiore gravit\`a nelle aree mediterranee meridionali a causa delle spe- cifiche caratteristiche climatiche e geomor- fologiche che, sommate ad un uso non sempre cor retto del territorio, determinano un'elevata vulnerabilit\`a. Fenomeni erosivi, dissesti idrogeologici, impermeabilizzazione, salinizzazione, in- quinamento da metalli pesanti sono alcune delle cause di una sensibile diminuzione di produttivit\`a dei terreni. All'urbanizzazione di nuove aree ha spesso corrisposto l'abbandono dei centri antichi e la scomparsa di presidi territoriali capaci di una corretta gestione dell'ambiente naturale. Si \`e determinato cos\`i un processo di desertificazione fisico e sociale: al degrado del patrimonio storico, architettonico e naturale corrisponde spesso anche il depauperamento delle risorse umane . Alcune parziali ma significative risposte per la lotta alla siccit\`a e alla desertificazio- ne da parte dell'Italia, sia a livello nazionale che internazionale, sono riscontrabili non solo nel Programma Nazionale per la Lotta alla Siccit\`a e alla Desertificazione, ma anche nell'avvio di una nuova strategia della cooperazione, nella promozione di nuove norme sulla difesa del suolo e, per quanto riguarda le regioni italiane interes- sate, nel Decreto Legislativo n.152/99 sulle acque. La distruzione della copertura vegetale, spesso dovuta agli incendi frequenti soprattutto nelle regioni meridionali, \`e certamente una delle cause principali della degrada- zione del suolo; il fenomeno \`e particolar- mente dannoso quando avviene nelle aree mediterranee dove la qualit\`a del terreno \`e fortemente condizionata dalla vegetazione che supporta. Nel Programma Nazionale per la Lotta alla Siccit\`a e alla Desertificazione, approvato con delibera del CIPE del 21 dicembre 1999, tra le misure da adottare per la protezione del suolo figurano la gestione sostenibile e l'ampliamento del patrimonio forestale nonch\'e lo sviluppo della produzione vivaistica per la diffusione delle specie mediterranee. Il manuale ANPA 'Propagazione per seme di alberi e arbusti della flora mediterranea', del Dipartimento Prevenzione e Risanamento Ambientali, costituisce perci\`o un contributo mirato, opportuno e apprezzato in questo campo.},
  isbn = {88-448-0271-6},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13796198,forest-resources,mediterranean-region,post-fire-vegetation-dynamics},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13796198}
}

@incollection{weisgerberArganiaSpinosa2001,
  title = {Argania Spinosa},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Weisgerber, H. and Weisgerber, E.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {2001},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Argania spinosa ist ein nur in Marokko nat\"urlich vorkommender Laubbaum mit gedrungenem Schaft und weit ausladender Krone. Als Kulturpflanze wegen ihrer \"olhaltigen Fr\"uchte von alters her hoch gesch\"atzt, wird die Art insbesondere im S\"udwesten des Landes in gro\ss en, das Landschaftsbild pr\"agenden Plantagen angebaut. Der Arganbaum toleriert semiaride und aride Klimabedingungen; er erweist sich auch hinsichtlich der Bodenanspr\"uche als sehr gen\"ugsam und verhindert Erosion und Desertifikation. Die nat\"urliche Verj\"ungung kann auf generativem wie auf vegetativem Wege erfolgen. Plantagen werden \"uberwiegend durch Stockausschl\"age verj\"ungt. Neben dem aus Samen gewonnenen, vielf\"altig verwendbaren \"Ol dienen die als Viehfutter verwendeten proteinreichen Bl\"atter und die R\"uckst\"ande der Fr\"uchte vielen Menschen als Existenzgrundlage. Demgegen\"uber spielt die Nutzung des Holzes eine weitaus geringere Rolle. Seit einigen Jahren sind die Vorkommen von A. spinosa durch anthropogene Einwirkungen zunehmend gef\"ahrdet. Erhaltungsma\ss nahmen erscheinen daher dringlich.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745676,argania-spinosa,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745676}
}

@incollection{schuttCyatheaArborea2001,
  title = {Cyathea Arborea},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Sch{\"u}tt, P. and Lang, U. M.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {2001},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Cyathea arborea, eine der mehr als 600 tropischen und subtropischen Arten dieser Gattung, wurde 1793 erstmals beschrieben und war der erste bekannt gewordene Baumfarn \"uberhaupt. Sein Verbreitungsgebiet liegt in der Karibik. Dort werden die immergr\"unen B\"aume im Allgemeinen bis 9 m hoch und bilden bis 3 m lange, doppelt gefiederte Bl\"atter. Die Art l\"asst sich problemlos kultivieren, spielt aber als Zierpflanze keine Rolle. Sie ist frostempfindlich, hat keinerlei wirtschaftliche Bedeutung und fehlt in mitteleurop\"aischen Sammlungen.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745724,cyathea-arborea,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745724}
}

@article{pacalaConsistentLandAtmospherebased2001,
  title = {Consistent Land- and Atmosphere-Based {{U}}.{{S}}. Carbon Sink Estimates},
  author = {Pacala, S. W. and Hurtt, G. C. and Baker, D. and Peylin, P. and Houghton, R. A. and Birdsey, R. A. and Heath, L. and Sundquist, E. T. and Stallard, R. F. and Ciais, P. and Moorcroft, P. and Caspersen, J. P. and Shevliakova, E. and Moore, B. and Kohlmaier, G. and Holland, E. and Gloor, M. and Harmon, M. E. and Fan, S. M. and Sarmiento, J. L. and Goodale, C. L. and Schimel, D. and Field, C. B.},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {292},
  pages = {2316--2320},
  issn = {1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1057320},
  abstract = {For the period 1980-89, we estimate a carbon sink in the coterminous United States between 0.30 and 0.58 petagrams of carbon per year (petagrams of carbon = 1015 grams of carbon). The net carbon flux from the atmosphere to the land was higher, 0.37 to 0.71 petagrams of carbon per year, because a net flux of 0.07 to 0.13 petagrams of carbon per year was exported by rivers and commerce and returned to the atmosphere elsewhere. These land-based estimates are larger than those from previous studies (0.08 to 0.35 petagrams of carbon per year) because of the inclusion of additional processes and revised estimates of some component fluxes. Although component estimates are uncertain, about one-half of the total is outside the forest sector. We also estimated the sink using atmospheric models and the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (the tracer-transport inversion method). The range of results from the atmosphere-based inversions contains the land-based estimates. Atmosphere- and land-based estimates are thus consistent, within the large ranges of uncertainty for both methods. Atmosphere-based results for 1980-89 are similar to those for 1985-89 and 1990-94, indicating a relatively stable U.S. sink throughout the period.},
  journal = {Science},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14007180,carbon-cycle,forest-resources,uncertainty,united-states},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14007180},
  number = {5525}
}

@article{dahlbergPostfireLegacyEctomycorrhizal2001,
  title = {Post-Fire Legacy of Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Communities in the {{Swedish}} Boreal Forest in Relation to Fire Severity and Logging Intensity},
  author = {Dahlberg, Anders and Schimmel, Johnny and Taylor, Andy F. S. and Johannesson, Hanna},
  year = {2001},
  month = aug,
  volume = {100},
  pages = {151--161},
  issn = {0006-3207},
  doi = {10.1016/s0006-3207(00)00230-5},
  abstract = {Swedish foresters are placing increasing reliance in burning of forestland and green tree retention, in order to enhance biodiversity in the Swedish boreal forests. However, much remains to be learned about how to optimise nature conservation goals by different logging and burning procedures. We monitored the survival of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi as mycorrhizas, at a clear-cut, a seed tree stand and an uncut stand of Scots pine in central Sweden, with and without burning at two levels of fire severity. The abundance of mycorrhizas and the EM fungal diversity declined with increased logging intensity and with increased depth of burn. Deep burning fires in combination with logging or fire-caused tree mortality can kill much of the existing EM community. Logging intensity, fire intensity and fire severity are all factors that can be manipulated, thus changing the effects on EM fungi and other soil biota.},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14074696,~to-add-doi-URL,boreal-forests,disasters,fire-severity,forest-fires,forest-management,forest-resources,logging,mycorrhizal-fungi,sweden,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14074696},
  number = {2}
}

@incollection{schuttPinusBalfouriana2001,
  title = {Pinus Balfouriana},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Sch{\"u}tt, P. and Lang, U. M.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {2001},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Pinus balfouriana w\"achst unter extremen Klima- und Standortsbedingungen an der Baumgrenze kalifornischer Gebirge, bildet dort h\"ochst unregelm\"a\ss ige Stamm- und Kronenformen und kann etwa 1000 Jahre alt werden. Namengebend f\"ur die Fuchsschwanz-Kiefer sind die sehr kurzen, sehr dicht stehenden Nadeln, die zu f\"unft am Kurztrieb angeordnet sind und bis zu 20 Jahren lebend am Baum verbleiben. Die wenig bekannte und unzul\"anglich beschriebene Art wird nicht genutzt. Sie ertr\"agt extreme K\"alte, hohe Schneedecken, gro\ss e Hitze und permanenten Wind. Trotz v\"olliger Winterh\"arte fehlt P. balfouriana in den meisten mitteleurop\"aischen Sammlungen. Mit dem Epitheton "balfouriana" wird JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR (1808 bis 1884), Botanik- Professor an der Universit\"at Edinburgh geehrt, der JOHN JEFFREY, den Entdecker vieler Pflanzenarten nach Kalifornien sandte.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745286,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,pinus-balfouriana,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745286}
}

@incollection{puhuaJuniperusRigida2000,
  title = {Juniperus Rigida},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Puhua, H. and Lihuan, Z.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {2000},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Juniperus rigida, in Mitteleuropa gelegentlich als harmonisch aufgebautes, dicht beastetes Ziergeh\"olz kultiviert, geh\"ort in seiner chinesischen Heimat zu den besonders anspruchslosen, d\"urre- und k\"alteresistenten Holzgew\"achsen. Die Art hat keinerlei wirtschaftliche Bedeutung. Wegen ihrer intensiven Bewurzelung verhindert sie aber auf steilen, felsigen Trockenh\"angen die Erosion. Von dem recht \"ahnlichen J. communis unterscheidet sich J. rigida haupts\"achlich durch die lang herabh\"angenden Zweige.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745258,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,juniperus-rigida,monography,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745258}
}

@article{riittersGlobalScalePatternsForest2000,
  title = {Global-{{Scale Patterns}} of {{Forest Fragmentation}}},
  author = {Riitters, Kurt H. and Wickham, James D. and O'Neill, Robert and Jones, Bruce and Smith, Elizabeth},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {3+},
  issn = {1195-5449},
  abstract = {We report an analysis of forest fragmentation based on 1-km resolution land-cover maps for the globe. Measurements in analysis windows from 81 km2 (9\texttimes 9 pixels, "small" scale) to 59,049 km2 (243\texttimes 243 pixels, "large" scale) were used to characterize the fragmentation around each forested pixel. We identified six categories of fragmentation (interior, perforated, edge, transitional, patch, and undetermined) from the amount of forest and its occurrence as adjacent forest pixels. Interior forest exists only at relatively small scales; at larger scales, forests are dominated by edge and patch conditions. At the smallest scale, there were significant differences in fragmentation among continents; within continents, there were significant differences among individual forest types. Tropical rain forest fragmentation was most severe in North America and least severe in Europe-Asia. Forest types with a high percentage of perforated conditions were mainly in North America (five types) and Europe-Asia (four types), in both temperate and subtropical regions. Transitional and patch conditions were most common in 11 forest types, of which only a few would be considered as "naturally patchy" (e.g., dry woodland). The five forest types with the highest percentage of interior conditions were in North America; in decreasing order, they were cool rain forest, coniferous, conifer boreal, cool mixed, and cool broadleaf.},
  journal = {Conservation Ecology},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13491460,forest-resources,fragmentation,global-scale,spatial-pattern},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13491460},
  number = {2}
}

@article{alcantaraFactorsShapingSeedfall2000,
  title = {Factors {{Shaping}} the {{Seedfall Pattern}} of a {{Bird}}-{{Dispersed Plant}}},
  author = {Alcantara, Julio M. and Rey, Pedro J. and Valera, Francisco and {Sanchez-Lafuente}, Alfonso M.},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {81},
  pages = {1937--1950},
  abstract = {The spatial distribution of seeds can influence several parameters of the natural regeneration of plant populations. Factors shaping seedfall patterns have been typically explored from the tree perspective (seed shadow) or from the population perspective (seed rain). However, the seed rain is actually composed of multiple seed shadows. In this paper, we use this framework to explore the variables shaping the seedfall pattern of the wild olive tree (Olea europaea var. sylvestris), a fleshy-fruited tree of the Mediterranean scrublands. We monitored the movement patterns of avian seed dispersers and the seedfall around each fruit-bearing O. europaea tree in two contrasting sites, differing in the degree of human management and abundance of scrub cover. None of the seed dispersers moved between microhabitats (different shrub species and open interspaces) as a function of microhabitat relative abundance. All dispersers foraged preferentially at O. europaea; only the smaller species visited open interspaces, and these only sporadically. Avoidance of open sites by frugivores, especially larger species, and their attraction to source trees were the major determinants of the seedfall pattern. Regarding seed size distribution among microhabitats, we found that only small seeds were significantly overrepresented in open interspaces. From the seed shadow perspective, seed density under trees was similar in the two study sites, but it decreased with distance at a higher rate in the disturbed scrubland. From the seed rain perspective, seed density was significantly different among microhabitats, with open interspaces collecting few, if any, seeds, and places under source trees receiving the highest densities. Results from seed shadow and seed rain analyses were integrated to construct a path model to explore the relative contribution of spatial, microhabitat, and individual tree features to the seedfall pattern. Factors related to microhabitat were identified as having a major role in shaping seedfall pattern. Open interspaces collected few seeds, points under shrub species with sparse foliage collected moderate seed densities, and points under shrubs with dense foliage collected the highest seed densities. The comparison between sites suggests that habitat alteration (a reduction of the scrub layer) can lead to contrasting seedfall patterns. The occurrence of an abundant scrub layer in the well-preserved scrubland allowed a complex pattern of seed rain. In contrast, the sparse scrub cover in the disturbed scrubland yielded a seedfall pattern composed of multiple seed shadows constrained to the vicinity of tree crowns. Thus, our sampling design and analytical approach have proved useful in describing the relative importance of the set of variables that shapes the complex seedfall pattern of a bird-dispersed plant. This seedfall pattern, in turn, is central to the understanding of the spatial patterns of plant recruitment and the efficiency of the dispersal mutualism.},
  journal = {Ecology},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13593951,bird-dispersal,forest-resources,seed-dispersal,tree-ecology},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13593951},
  number = {7}
}

@incollection{minottaMespilusGermanica2000,
  title = {Mespilus Germanica},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Minotta, G.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {2000},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Mespilus germanica, ein kleiner, sommergr\"uner, weitgehend frostharter Baum mit krummem Stamm, breiter Krone und essbaren Fr\"uchten, ist heute nur noch selten in Kultur. Von Assyrern und Babyloniern soll er als Obstbaum angebaut worden sein, den Griechen und R\"omern war er wohlbekannt, und im Mittelalter diente er in Zentral- und S\"udeuropa, im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert auch in England, als vielgenutztes Obstgeh\"olz. Ein in Herfordshire zu Beginn des 17. Jahrhunderts gepflanzter Solit\"ar war 1985 noch am Leben. Die "George Herbert Mispel", 1632 nach Salisbury, U. K. gepflanzt, erreichte ein Alter von etwa 300 Jahren. Heute hat die Mispel in Europa weder als Obstbaum noch (wegen ihrer sch\"onen, wei\ss en Bl\"uten) als Zierelement wirtschaftliche Bedeutung. In mehreren Regionen ist sie aber aus Kultur verwildert. Intensiv bewirtschaftete Plantagen gibt es noch in einigen L\"andern S\"udwestasiens Aserbaidschan). Das Epitheton "germanica" d\"urfte auf den Irrtum zur\"uckgehen, M. germanica sei in Deutschland autochthon, denn hier war die Art lange vor LINN\'E bekannt.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745441,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,mespilus-germanica,monography,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745441}
}

@incollection{schuckEricaTetralix1999,
  title = {Erica Tetralix},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Schuck, H. J.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {1999},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Erica tetralix, ein 15 bis 50 cm hoher, immergr\"uner Zwergstrauch, w\"achst nat\"urlich auf feuchten, k\"ustennahen Heiden und Mooren, dringt aber auch h\"aufig ins Binnenland vor. Wegen ihrer attraktiven rosa bis roten Bl\"utenfarbe und der lang andauernden Bl\"utezeit ist die Art seit langem in vielen Variationen in Kultur. Durch Entw\"asserungsma\ss nahmen in Hochmooren ist sie derart im R\"uckgang begriffen, dass sie bei uns als schutzbed\"urftig eingestuft wird. Wegen ihres Gerbstoffgehaltes gilt sie als schwach giftig. Ihr H\"ochstalter wird mit ca. 20 Jahren angegeben. St\"ammchen von 5,5 mm Durchmesser z\"ahlten 19 Jahrringe.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745582,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,erica-tetralix,forest-resources,monography,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745582}
}

@incollection{schuttQuercusAgrifolia1999,
  title = {Quercus Agrifolia},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Sch{\"u}tt, P. and Lang, U. M.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {1999},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Quercus agrifolia, eine von 10 baumf\"ormigen Eichenarten Kaliforniens, ist anspruchslos, d\"urrefest sowie sehr variabel im Erscheinungsbild und in der Blattmorphologie. Unverwechselbar ist die h\"ochst exzentrische Form der \"Aste und Sch\"afte alter B\"aume sowie deren graue, fast glatte Borke. Q. agrifolia w\"achst im Chaparral strauchf\"ormig, wird aber auf tiefgr\"undigen, frischen B\"oden zu einem \"uber 30 m hohen Baum mit weit ausladender, runder Krone. Forstlich bewirtschaftet wird die Art nicht. Deswegen fehlt es auch an Informationen \"uber Wachstum, Ertrag, \"Okologie und Holzeigenschaften. Sehr beliebt ist das Holz als Brennmaterial. Au\ss erdem gewinnt die Art an Bedeutung als Element der Landschaftsgestaltung. F\"ur viele Kalifornier stellt sie ein Symbol der unbeeinflussten Landschaft dar und f\"ur mehrere Indianerst\"amme waren die Eicheln ein wichtiger Teil ihrer Nahrung.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745489,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,quercus-agrifolia,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745489}
}

@article{powersPlantpestInteractionsTime1999,
  title = {Plant-Pest Interactions in Time and Space: A {{Douglas}}-Fir Bark Beetle Outbreak as a Case Study},
  author = {Powers, Jennifer S. and Sollins, Phillip and Harmon, Mark E. and Jones, JuliaA},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {105--120},
  issn = {1572-9761},
  doi = {10.1023/A:1008017711917},
  abstract = {A conceptual model of Douglas-fir bark beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae) dynamics and associated host tree mortality across multiple spatial and temporal scales was developed, then used to guide a study of the association between the occurrence of beetle- killed trees and factors that might render trees more susceptible to attack. Long-term records of beetle kill showed that beetle epidemics were associated with windstorms and drought at statewide and local spatial scales. At the landscape scale, beetle kill was associated with (i) portions of the landscape that were potentially drier (southern aspects, lower elevations) and (ii) portions of the landscape that had more mature and old-growth conifer vegetation. The patches of beetle-killed trees were aggregated with respect to other patches at scales of approximately 1 and 4 km. At the scale of the individual tree, there was not a strong relationship between beetle kill and resistance to attack measured by tree growth rate prior to attack. Our results show that landscape-scale phenomena and temporal patterns were more strongly correlated with beetle-kill events than was recent growth history at the scale of individual trees. We suggest that the multi-scale approach we employed is useful for elucidating the relative roles of fine- versus coarse-scale constraints on ecological processes.},
  journal = {Landscape Ecology},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14074284,~to-add-doi-URL,dendroctonus-pseudotsugae,elevation,forest-pests,forest-resources,outbreaks,pseudotsuga-menziesii,solar-radiation,topography},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14074284},
  number = {2}
}

@incollection{hongPinusTabulaeformis1998,
  title = {Pinus Tabulaeformis},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Hong, P.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {1998},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Pinus tabulaeformis geh\"ort zu den wirtschaftlich wichtigsten Baumarten Chinas und ihr Holz wird f\"ur viele industrielle und handwerkliche Zwecke genutzt. Das gro\ss e, klimatisch und edaphisch recht heterogene nat\"urliche Areal l\"oste die Entwicklung von Klimarassen aus, was Konsequenzen bei der forstlichen Saatgutversorgung erforderlich machte. Die bis zu 45 m hohen, tiefwurzelnden B\"aume k\"onnen 300 Jahre alt werden. Sie sind d\"urre- und frosthart und werden durch Krankheiten nicht ernsthaft gef\"ahrdet. Forstliche Versuchsanbauten waren au\ss erhalb Chinas selten und verliefen ohne Erfolg. Auch in dendrologischen Sammlungen Mitteleuropas ist die Art nur sp\"arlich vertreten.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745320,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,pinus-tabulaeformis,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745320}
}

@incollection{weiseAssessingLiveFuel1998,
  title = {Assessing Live Fuel Moisture for Fire Management Applications},
  booktitle = {Fire in Ecosystem Management: Shifting the Paradigm from Suppression to Prescription},
  author = {Weise, David R. and Hartford, Roberta A. and Mahaffey, Larry},
  editor = {Pruden, Teresa L. and Brennan, Leonard A.},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {20},
  pages = {49--55},
  publisher = {{Tall Timbers Research Station}},
  address = {{Tallahassee, Florida}},
  abstract = {The variation associated with sampling live fuel moisture was examined for several shrub and canopy fuels in southern California, Arizona, and Colorado. Ninety-five \% confidence intervals ranged from 5 to \% . Estimated sample sizes varied greatly. The value of knowing the live fuel moisture content in fire decision making is unknown. If the fuel moisture is highly variable, then it is possible for the confidence intervals to span one or more fire behavior or danger classes. Errors in live fuel moisture data may directly affect the costs in safety and resources associated with prescribed fire and wildfire suppression.

[Excerpt: Fire management implications]

As pointed out in the Live Fuel Moisture Task Force Report (Cohen et al. 1995), live fuel moisture information is currently best used in strategic decisions instead of tactical decisions because of the current limitations in our understanding of live fuels and fire behavior. Since the 1940's,live fuel moisture information has been used in fire danger calculations, a strategic level use of the data. In the first version of the National Fire-Danger Rating System (NFDRS), live fuel moisture was sampled along transects at each fire danger station. This approach was replaced by live fuel moisture models for herbaceous and shrub fuels in the 1978 NFDRS (Bradshaw et al. 1983). The 1978 NFDRS live fuel moisture model transfers herbaceous fuels into the 1-hour timelag fuel class; however, live woody fuels are not transferred into the corresponding dead fuel classes. Live fuels can still contribute heat to the combustion process (Richards 1940, Bradshaw et al. 1983).

[] Some users of live fuel moisture information have used the data to develop general guidelines related to fire behavior and danger (Cohen et al. 1995). Monitoring live fuel moisture data over several years has enabled others to use the data to estimate what the current fire danger is relative to previous years' fire danger. By developing an '' average'' annual live fuel moisture profile, a fire management agency can make these fire danger assessments. [...] However, error associated with live fuel moisture samples should be considered when using live fuel moisture data in this fashion.

[] Consider the following example. The confidence intervals for chamise at Boquet Canyon 1 were roughly {$\pm$}40\,\% and at San Marcos were roughly {$\pm$}10\,\%. 

[] Assume guidelines such as: [::1)] live fuel moisture {$>$} 120\,\%-low fire danger; [::2)] 80\,\% {$<$} live fuel moisture {$<$} 120\,\%-moderate fire danger; [::3)] 60\,\% {$<$} live fuel moisture 80\,\%-high fire danger; and [::4)] live fuel moisture {$<$} 60\,\%-extreme fire danger; [] have been developed.

[] If live fuel moisture is estimated to be 90\,\%, fire danger would be rated anywhere from low to extreme at Boquet and moderate at San Marcos because of the width of the confidence intervals. This may have serious implications for fire management applications. [...]

[Summary] The variation associated with sampling live fuel moisture was examined for several shrub and canopy fuels in southern California, Arizona, and Colorado. Ninety-five \% confidence intervals ranged from {$\pm$}5\,\% to {$\pm$} 100\,\%. Estimated sample sizes also varied greatly. At allowable error of 5\,\%, maximum mean estimated sample size was as high as 630. Increasing allowable error to 25\,\% reduced estimated sample sizes to less than 30.

[] The value of live fuel moisture in fire decision making is unknown. If the fuel moisture is highly variable, then it is possible for the confidence intervals to span one or more fire behavior or dangers classes. Errors in live fuel moisture data may directly affect the costs in safety and resources associated with prescribed fire and wildfire suppression. If live fuel moisture content is to be sampled to provide information for fire management decisions, care should be taken to collect an adequate sample to insure that the precision of the estimate is within acceptable bounds. [...]},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14148981,arizona,california,classification,colorado,field-measurements,fire-fuel,forest-resources,live-fuel-moisture-content,management,shrubs,united-states},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14148981},
  series = {Tall {{Timbers Fire Ecology Conference Proceedings}}}
}

@incollection{schuttSabalPalmetto1998,
  title = {Sabal Palmetto},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Sch{\"u}tt, P. and Lang, U. M.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {1998},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Sabal palmetto, "State tree" von Florida, ist die am weitesten nach Norden vordringende Palmenart der Neuen Welt. Sie kommt als kleiner bis mittelgro\ss er Baum in Florida sowie an der K\"uste Georgias, South- und North- Carolinas nat\"urlich vor. Die standorttolerante Art ist keineswegs selten und geh\"ort u.a. zum Waldbild k\"ustennaher Koniferen-Best\"ande. Sie hat gro\ss e, f\"acherf\"ormige Bl\"atter und f\"allt durch die zun\"achst am Stamm verbleibenden Basen der Blattstiele auf. Der Trivialname "cabbage palmetto" bezieht sich auf die als Gem\"use oder Salat zubereiteten, fr\"uher h\"aufiger verzehrten Vegetationskegel. Nutzbar sind au\ss erdem die Fasern der Blattbasen (f\"ur B\"ursten). Wesentlich gr\"o\ss er ist jedoch die Bedeutung der Art als Ziergeh\"olz, Stra\ss enbaum und Element der Landschaftsgestaltung. Geringe Winterfr\"oste sind f\"ur Sabal palmetto nicht gef\"ahrlich.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745524,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,sabal-palmetto,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745524}
}

@incollection{schuttMyristicaFragrans1998,
  title = {Myristica Fragrans},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Sch{\"u}tt, P. and Lang, U. M.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {1998},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {"Muskatn\"usse" werden seit mindestens 1000 Jahren als Gew\"urz weltweit gehandelt. Dabei geht es um die von der Testa befreiten Samen von Myristica fragrans, einem immergr\"unen, bis etwa 20 m hohen, dioezischen Baum des tropischen Regenwaldes, der auf den Molukken-Inseln beheimatet ist, heute aber in mehreren tropischen L\"andern plantagenm\"a\ss ig angebaut wird. Verwendung findet au\ss erdem der leuchtend rote, unregelm\"a\ss ig zerschlitzte, den Samen umgebende Arillus, und zwar als "Muskatbl\"ute", auch Macis genannt, bei der Herstellung von Parfums und Lik\"oren. Einige der \"atherischen \"Ole, die als Inhaltsstoffe den Gew\"urzcharakter der Muskatnuss ausmachen, wirken in gr\"o\ss eren Mengen giftig auf Menschen.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745779,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,myristica-fragrans,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745779}
}

@incollection{roloffFraxinusExcelsior1997,
  title = {Fraxinus Excelsior},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Roloff, A. and Pietzarka, U.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {1997},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Bei Fraxinus excelsior handelt es sich um eine wuchskr\"aftige, mitteleurop\"aische Baumart mit gro\ss er Amplitude hinsichtlich des Wasserhaushaltes: sie besiedelt sowohl Standorte mit zeitweiligem Trockenstress (z.B. flachgr\"undige Kuppen) als auch Auenstandorte und kann sich fast nur in diesen Extrembereichen gegen konkurrenzst\"arkere Schattenbaumarten, insbesondere die Buche, behaupten. In ihrem Optimalbereich wird sie von letzterer verdr\"angt. Trotz des damit verbundenen, eher inselartigen Vorkommens ist eine genetische Differenzierung in sogenannte Standortsrassen bisher nicht nachgewiesen, sondern sogar widerlegt. Die Esche ver\"andert im Laufe ihres Lebens ihre Lichtanspr\"uche sehr grundlegend: in der Jugend sehr schattentolerant, ben\"otigt sie mit zunehmendem Alter immer mehr Licht und schlie\ss lich eine vollkommen freie Krone f\"ur zufriedenstellendes Wachstum, d.h., sie wird von einer schattentoleranten zu einer lichtbed\"urftigen Baumart. Aufgrund ihrer hohen Holzqualit\"at geh\"ort F. excelsior zu den sogenannten Edellaubh\"olzern. Die holztechnischen Eigenschaften sind im Reinbestand besonders g\"unstig, so dass man das Aufwachsen in Gruppen anstrebt. Gr\"o\ss ere Eschen-Reinbest\"ande sind hingegen waldbaulich unerw\"unscht, vor allem wegen der dann einsetzenden Vergrasung.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745424,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,fraxinus-excelsior,monography,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745424}
}

@incollection{bussottiQuercusCerris1997,
  title = {Quercus Cerris},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Bussotti, F.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {1997},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Quercus cerris ist ein hoher, im S\"uden und S\"udosten Europas heimischer, sommergr\"uner Waldbaum, der im H\"ugelland S\"uditaliens besonders h\"aufig vorkommt, gelegentlich aber auch im Gebirge und an mediterranen K\"usten w\"achst. Zerreichen k\"onnen als Niederwald bewirtschaftet werden und erreichen dann eine hohe Produktivit\"at. Zumeist wachsen sie in Hochw\"aldern, haben dann aber ein Holz mit nur m\"a\ss igen technologischen Eigenschaften. Periodisch leidet die Art unter dem Angriff blattfressender Insekten, welche in Abst\"anden von 10 bis 15 Jahren in erheblichem Umfang sch\"adlich werden. Neuerdings tritt in S\"uditalien eine Komplexkrankheit auf, die wahrscheinlich auf das Zusammenwirken von Wassermangel und Schw\"acheparasiten zur\"uckgeht.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745492,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,quercus-cerris,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745492}
}

@incollection{schuttTsugaMertensiana1997,
  title = {Tsuga Mertensiana},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Sch{\"u}tt, P. and Lang, U. M.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {1997},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Tsuga mertensiana, ein Waldbaum schneereicher Hochlagen des nordamerikanischen Westens, nimmt an der arktischen und der alpinen Waldgrenze oft bizarre, nahezu latschenartige Formen an, entwickelt aber in seinem Optimum kerzengerade, starke St\"amme und erreicht dort H\"ohen von 46 m. Wegen der dunkelbis blaugr\"unen, fichten\"ahnlichen Benadelung und der \"uberh\"angenden Gipfeltriebe hat die Art - besonders in der Jugendeinigen Zierwert. Forstwirtschaftlich genutzt wird sie jedoch wenig, denn die typischen Standorte sind zumeist unzug\"anglich. Das Epitheton "mertensiana" verweist auf den deutschen Naturforscher Heinrich Mertens (1796 - 1830), der die Art auf der Insel Sitka, Alaska, entdeckte.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745341,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,species-description,tsuga-mertensiana},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745341}
}

@incollection{picklAspidospermaCruentum1996,
  title = {Aspidosperma Cruentum},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Pickl, S.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {1996},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Aspidosperma cruentum ist ein typischer Vertreter des Prim\"arwaldes und kommt \"uberwiegend in sehr feuchten Regenw\"aldern des mittelamerikanischen Tief- und H\"ugellandes vor. Der Baum z\"ahlt zu den Arten der obersten Kronenschicht und \"uberragt mit H\"ohen bis zu 55 m oftmals das Kronendach. Andere Autoren nennen Maximalh\"ohen von 35 m. Das Holz der Art wird regional sehr gesch\"atzt (Hausbau) und daher in gro\ss em Umfang in den Prim\"arw\"aldern eingeschlagen. Der Gattungsname Aspidosperma geht auf die Gestalt der flachen, kreisrunden bis ellipsoiden Samen zur\"uck (lat.: aspidos = Schild), w\"ahrend der Zusatz "cruentum" den blutroten Latex des Baumes beschreibt (lat.: cruentus = blutig, blutrot).},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745680,aspidosperma-cruentum,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745680}
}

@incollection{schuttTecomaStans1995,
  title = {Tecoma Stans},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Sch{\"u}tt, P. and Lang, U. M.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {1995},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Dieser immergr\"une, in den Neotropen weitverbreitete kleine Baum (oder gro\ss e Strauch) wird in tropischen und subtropischen L\"andern wegen seiner leuchtend gelben, glockenf\"ormigen Bl\"uten gern als Zierelement angebaut. H\"aufig ist er aus der Kultur verwildert. Er bl\"uht und fruktifiziert fast das ganze Jahr \"uber, ist relativ anspruchslos und wird - als Folge seiner weiten geographischen Verbreitung - in mehrere Variet\"aten unterteilt. F\"ur die amerikanischen Virgin Islands stellt er die "State flower" dar. Bei den lokalen Indianerst\"ammen hatte er einst eine gewisse volksmedizinische Bedeutung.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745830,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,species-description,tecoma-stans},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745830}
}

@book{gilmanFactSheetST5551994,
  title = {Fact {{Sheet ST}}-555: {{Quercus}} Palustris - {{Pin Oak}}},
  author = {Gilman, E. F. and Watson, D. G.},
  year = {1994},
  publisher = {{Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida}},
  abstract = {Pin Oak is one of the most utilized (perhaps overused) Oaks in the midwest and eastern United States (Fig. 1). Popular due to the attractive pyramidal shape and straight, dominant trunk, even on older specimens, it exhibits chlorosis on high pH and limestone soils because of iron-deficiency and so is not highly recommended for these sites. Green, glossy leaves borne on relatively small-diameter branches give way to brilliant red to bronze fall color attracting attention in the landscape. Some brown leaves persist on the tree into the winter providing interest to some people. Others do not care to use Pin Oak because of the leaf persistence characteristic.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13603989,forest-resources,quercus-palustris},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13603989}
}

@incollection{schuttEuonymus1994,
  title = {Euonymus},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Sch{\"u}tt, P. and Lang, U. M.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {1994},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Nach neuerer Auffassung besteht die Gattung Euonymus aus etwa 190 teils sommer-, teils immergr\"unen Arten. Ihr Mannigfaltigkeitszentrum liegt im ostasiatischen Raum, u.a. im Himalaya. Euonymus-Arten sind au\ss erdem in Europa, Nord- und Mittelamerika, in Vorderasien und in Australien vertreten. Die Gattung wird - gemeinsam mit den eng verwandten Gattungen Microtropis WALL. und Glyptopetalum THWAITES der Unterfamilie Celastroideae, Tribus Euonymeae zugeordnet. Sie unterteilt sich in zwei Subgenera (Euonymus und Kalonymus), welche sich wiederum in mehrere Sektionen und Reihen aufgliedern lassen. Die folgenden Merkmale gelten als gattungsspezifisch: Meist aufrechte, in einigen F\"allen auch niederliegende und sehr selten kletternde Str\"aucher, oft mit vierkantigen Zweigen, gegenst\"andigen (Ausnahme: E. nanus), ungeteilten und kahlen Bl\"attern. Die vier- bis f\"unfz\"ahligen, gr\"unlichen Bl\"uten fallen wenig auf und stehen in Bl\"utenst\"anden, welche den Achseln von Laub- oder Niederbl\"attern entspringen. Die Staubbl\"atter sitzen auf einem rel. gro\ss en, fl\"achigen, Nektar absondernden Diskus (hypostaminater D.). Euonymus-Arten bilden kantige, drei- bis f\"unff\"achrige Kapselfr\"uchte aus. Jedes Fach enth\"alt zwei oder mehr, von einem fleischigen Mantel (Diskus) umgebene Samen, die haupts\"achlich von V\"ogeln verbreitet werden. Abgesehen von einigen Guttapercha liefernden Arten ist die wirtschaftliche Bedeutung der Gattung nur gering. Einige Arten sind in allen Pflanzenteilen giftig. Mehrere ostasiatische Euonymus-Arten sind teils wegen ihrer spektakul\"aren Herbstverf\"arbung oder ihrer h\"ubschen, bunten Fr\"uchte, teils auch wegen der immergr\"unen, ledrigen Bl\"atter in mitteleurop\"aischen Parks und G\"arten reichlich vertreten.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745583,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,euonymus-spp,forest-resources,monography,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745583}
}

@incollection{stephanPinusOocarpa1994,
  title = {Pinus Oocarpa},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Stephan, G.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {1994},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Pinus oocarpa geh\"ort zum gro\ss en Kreis der mexikanischen Kiefern. Sie ist eine tropische Waldbaumart, die im allgemeinen H\"ohen bis zu 30 m und auf besonders guten Standorten bis zu 45 m erreichen kann. Wegen der ausgezeichneten Qualit\"at ihres Holzes und der hohen Harzertr\"age hat sie eine gro\ss e wirtschaftliche Bedeutung in Mittelamerika, vor allem in Honduras, wo sie in H\"ohenlagen von 600 bis 1600m vorkommt sowie in Guatemala und in Mexiko, wo P. oocarpa zwischen 200 bis 2500m \"u. NN von Natur aus vertreten ist. Die Art verj\"ungt sich leicht nach Br\"anden und wird in vielen tropischen L\"andern angebaut.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745791,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,pinus-oocarpa,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745791}
}

@incollection{schuttTaxus1994,
  title = {Taxus},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Sch{\"u}tt, P.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {1994},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Die Gattung Taxus ist erstmals in Ablagerungen des Jura nachgewiesen worden und stellt die einzige von f\"unf Taxaceen-Gattungen dar, der man eine gewisse \"okonomische Bedeutung zumessen kann. Sie setzt sich aus acht oder neun Arten zusammen, die sich morphologisch nur wenig unterscheiden, die aber geographisch deutlich voneinander abgesetzt sind. Eiben sind baum- oder strauchartig, werden kaum h\"oher als 20 m und bilden eine r\"otlich-braune, sich im Alter platanenartig abl\"osende Schuppenborke aus. Das meist harte Holz enth\"alt einen r\"otlich-braunen Farbkern. Rinde wie Holz sind frei von Harzkan\"alen.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745331,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,species-description,taxus-spp},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745331}
}

@incollection{schuttThujaOccidentalis1994,
  title = {Thuja Occidentalis},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Sch{\"u}tt, P.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {1994},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Ein langsam wachsender, immergr\"uner Waldbaum mittlerer Gr\"o\ss e; beheimatet auf feuchten Standorten des nord\"ostlichen Nordamerika. Keine gr\"o\ss ere forstwirtschaftliche Bedeutung, aber wegen der dichten, dunkelgr\"unen, aromatischen Bebl\"atterung, des intensiven Regenerationsverm\"ogens und der v\"olligen Winterh\"arte ein beliebtes Heckengeh\"olz in Mitteleuropa.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745334,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,species-description,thuja-occidentalis},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745334}
}

@article{weberUberEinflussnaturnaherWaldwirtschaft1993,
  title = {\"Uber Den {{Einflu\ss naturnaher Waldwirtschaft}} Auf Den Chemischen {{Bodenzustand}}},
  author = {Weber, G. and Rehfuess, K. E. and Kruetzer, K.},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {48},
  pages = {68--71},
  abstract = {Title: About the influence of near-to-nature forest management on the chemical state of the soil},
  journal = {Allgemeine Forst Zeitschrift/Der Wald},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13805764,forest-management,forest-resources},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13805764}
}

@article{araujoAbovegroundBiomassProduction1989,
  title = {Aboveground Biomass Production in an Irrigation and Fertilization Field Experiment with {{Eucalyptus}} Globulus},
  author = {Ara{\'u}jo, C. and Pereira, J. S. and Leal, L. and Tom{\'e}, M. and {Flower-Ellis}, J. and Ericsson, T.},
  year = {1989},
  volume = {46},
  pages = {526s-528s},
  issn = {0003-4312},
  doi = {10.1051/forest:198905art0119},
  journal = {Annales des Sciences Foresti\`eres},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13780287,eucalyptus-globulus,forest-biomass,forest-resources,portugal},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13780287},
  number = {Supplement}
}

@article{margarisStructureDynamicsMediterraneantype1980,
  title = {Structure and Dynamics of {{Mediterranean}}-Type Vegetation},
  author = {Margaris, N. S.},
  year = {1980},
  volume = {16},
  pages = {45--58},
  issn = {0874-9035},
  journal = {Portugaliae Acta Biologica},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13796015,forest-dynamics,forest-resources,mediterranean-region,plant-population-dynamics,post-fire-vegetation-dynamics},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13796015},
  number = {14}
}

@book{krussmannHandbuchLaubgeholze1978,
  title = {Handbuch Der {{Laubgeh\"olze}}},
  author = {Kr{\"u}ssmann, Gerd},
  year = {1978},
  edition = {Second},
  volume = {3},
  publisher = {{Paul Parey}},
  address = {{Berlin}},
  isbn = {978-3-8263-2789-6},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13799883,deciduous,forest-resources,germany,species-description,taxonomy},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13799883}
}

@article{navehEvolutionarySignificanceFire1975,
  title = {The Evolutionary Significance of Fire in the Mediterranean Region},
  author = {Naveh, Z.},
  year = {1975},
  month = jan,
  volume = {29},
  pages = {199--208},
  doi = {10.1007/bf02390011},
  abstract = {Fire has played a decisive role in Post-Glacial biological and cultural evolution in the Mediterranean Region. Its evolutionary impact on plants has been manifested by feedback responses, in which the fire and its after-effects selected plants for physiological and other mechanisms that enable direct fire tolerance or permit avoidance followed by vegetative and reproductive regeneration.},
  journal = {Plant Ecology},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-1543360,fire-ecology,forest-resources,mediterranean-region},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-1543360},
  number = {3}
}

@incollection{tutinEuonymus1968,
  title = {Euonymus {{L}}.},
  booktitle = {Flora {{Europaea}}, {{Volume}} 2: {{Rosaceae}} to {{Umbelliferae}}},
  author = {Tutin, T. G.},
  editor = {Tutin, T. G. and Heywood, V. H. and Burges, N. A. and Valentine, D. H. and Walters, S. M. and Webb, D. A. and Valentine, D. H. and Walters, S. M. and Webb, D. A.},
  year = {1968},
  pages = {242},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  address = {{Cambridge}},
  abstract = {Published in five volumes, Flora Europaea is the definitive account of the flowering plants, ferns and fern-allies of Europe, covering all plants growing in the wild, including many naturalized species and all widely cultivated crop species. It provides full keys and concise descriptions of families, genera, species and subspecies, together with bibliographic details for accepted species, summaries of geographical distribution, chromosome numbers and habitat information. This new edition of Volume 1 brings the treatment of the first 79 families up to date. Keys and descriptions have been extensively revised, and many taxa new to Europe, or to science, have been incorporated, while others have been relegated to synonymy as a consequence of recent research. In this edition, all synonyms are cited in the text. The Appendices have been thoroughly revised, and information on geographical distribution critically edited to give an authoritative summary of the occurrence of each species in 39 European territories.},
  isbn = {978-0-521-06662-4},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13628388,euonymus-spp,europe,featured-publication,forest-resources,species-description,taxonomy},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13628388}
}

@book{hegiIllustrierteFloraMitteleuropa1925,
  title = {Illustrierte {{Flora}} von {{Mitteleuropa}}},
  editor = {Hegi, Gustav},
  year = {1925},
  volume = {5.1},
  publisher = {{Lehmann}},
  address = {{M\"unchen}},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13805546,central-europe,forest-resources,germany,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13805546}
}