@book{michelForestConditionEurope2017,
  title = {Forest Condition in {{Europe}}: 2017 Technical Report of {{ICP Forests}} - {{Report}} under the {{UNECE Convention}} on {{Long}}-Range {{Transboundary Air Pollution}} ({{CLRTAP}})},
  editor = {Michel, Alexa and Seidling, Walter},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {24/2017},
  publisher = {{BFW Austrian Research Centre for Forests}},
  address = {{Vienna, Austria}},
  issn = {1811-3044},
  doi = {10.13140/RG.2.2.17808.30720},
  abstract = {[Summary] The International Co-operative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests (ICP Forests) is one of the most diverse programmes within the Working Group on Effects (WGE) under the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP). To provide a regular overview of the programme's activities, the ICP Forests Programme Co-ordinating Centre (PCC) yearly publishes an ICP Forests Technical Report which summarises research highlights and provides an opportunity for all participating countries to report on their national ICP Forests activities. The PCC also invites all ICP Forests Expert Panels, Working Groups, and Committees to publish a comprehensive chapter on their most recent results from regular data evaluations.

[\textbackslash n] This 2017 Technical Report presents results from up to 32 of the 42 countries participating in ICP Forests. Part A presents research highlights from the 2016/17 reporting period, including:

[::] a review of this year's 32 scientific publications for which ICP Forests data and/or the ICP Forests infrastructure were used;

[::] a summary of the 5th ICP Forests Scientific Conference in Luxembourg in May 2016;

[::] a list of all 49 ICP Forests research projects ongoing for at least one month between June 2016 and May 2017.

[\textbackslash n] Part B focuses on regular evaluations from within the programme. This year the Technical Report includes chapters on:

[::] the spatial variation of atmospheric throughfall deposition in forests in Europe in 2015;

[::] trends in foliar nitrogen and phosphorus foliar concentrations and element ratios since 2000;

[::] tree crown condition in 2016 including trend analyses;

[::] selected meteorological stress indices for 2013-2015.

[\textbackslash n] Part C includes national reports on ICP Forests activities from the participating countries.

[\textbackslash n] For contact information of all authors and persons responsible in this programme, please refer to the annex at the end of this report. For more information on the ICP Forests programme, please visit the ICP Forests website.

[::Summary of the presented results from regular evaluations in ICP Forests (Part B)]

[\textbackslash n] Monitoring the atmospheric deposition to forests is a prerequisite for understanding forest ecosystem processes and an important contribution for evaluating the spatio-temporal trends of air pollution. In this report the annual throughfall deposition of eutrophying, acidifying and buffering components on ICP Forests Level II plots in 2015 is presented. It must be noted, however, that the total deposition to forests is typically higher by a factor of 1 to 2 than the throughfall deposition measured under the forest canopy.

[\textbackslash n] The nitrogen (N) compounds nitrate (NO3 -) and ammonium (NH4 +) are the main drivers of eutrophication and also contribute to acidification. High throughfall deposition rates to forests (throughfall deposition {$>$} 8 kg N ha-1 yr-1) were measured at several plots in central Europe (Belgium, Germany) but also in the Czech Republic, Denmark and southern Sweden. Low throughfall deposition rates were reported primarily for northern Europe.

[\textbackslash n] Sulfate (SO4 2-) has been the most important driver of soil acidification. High throughfall deposition of SO4 2- ({$>$} 8 kg SO4 2--S ha-1 yr-1) was still found in central and southern Europe (Belgium, Germany, Czech Republic, Italy, and Greece).

[\textbackslash n] Calcium (Ca2+) throughfall deposition was high across southern Europe, likely related to contributions from Saharan Dust. The spatial pattern of magnesium (Mg2+) deposition is mainly dominated by marine sources. Both Ca2+and Mg2+ are macronutrients and act as buffers against acidification.

[\textbackslash n] The overall spatial patterns of throughfall deposition in 2015 remained similar to results from the previous years.

[\textbackslash n] Analyses of the chemical composition of leaves and needles over time and space allow the identification of trends and spatial patterns of the nutritional state of single trees and forest stands. Both, the levels and trends of foliar nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and the N:P ratio of the tree species European beech (Fagus sylvatica), Norway spruce (Picea abies), and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) were analysed. Average concentrations a decade ago (2000- 2005) were compared with recent values (2010 -2015) while trends were analysed for the overall period 1993 to 2015.

[\textbackslash n] A declining trend in foliar P concentrations was found in European beech and Norway spruce, indicating an increasing P limitation of trees and forest stands. Foliar P concentrations were, however, relatively stable over the years in Scots pine. With regard to foliar N concentrations, the results suggest that the supply is at least adequate on the majority of the observed Level II plots for Fagus sylvatica and Pinus sylvestris, while a larger proportion of Picea abies plots remains in the deficiency range. The N:P ratio in all three species increased during 1993-2015.

[\textbackslash n] The chapter on tree crown condition presents results from the assessments carried out on the largescale, representative, transnational monitoring network (Level I) of ICP Forests in 2016, as well as longterm trends for the main species and species groups.

[\textbackslash n] In 2016, the average crown defoliation in the participating countries was 22.1\,\% for broadleaved and 20.1\,\% for conifer species. For most species, it remained largely in the range of observations from previous years. However, the defoliation of Scots pine, which generally does not deviate much from the trend, was higher in 2016 than the long-term mean, and the defoliation of Norway spruce remained on the level above the long-term trend for the third consecutive year. For Norway spruce especially, a large share of damage symptoms could not be assigned to specific damage agents, complicating the interpretation of defoliation assessments. After several years of improved crown condition, the defoliation of beech increased to the highest value ever recorded. The most common identified causes of damage on beech in 2016 were mining insects and defoliators. Mediterranean lowland pines showed the strongest trend in defoliation (around 3\,\% every 10 years) while the highest mean defoliation in 2016 was observed in evergreen oaks (25.0\,\%).

[\textbackslash n] The average number of recorded damage symptoms per assessed tree was lower for the conifer species or species groups (on average 0.5 symptoms per tree in Norway spruce, Austrian pine, Mediterranean lowland pines and Scots pine) than for broadleaved species (on average 0.9 symptoms per tree in common beech, deciduous (sub-) Mediterranean and temperate oaks and evergreen oaks). Insects, abiotic causes and fungi were the most common damage agent groups, comprising altogether more than half (54.9\,\%) of all damage records.

[\textbackslash n] Climatic conditions significantly affect forest ecosystems and the inherent biogeochemical processes and relationships in the system of soil, plant and atmosphere. In a changing climate, the observation and analysis of long-term climatic conditions and solely weather events is crucial to evaluate and rank the processes and changes observed in the different surveys of the ICP Forests monitoring programme. This chapter reports on values of stress indicators related to specific weather conditions across Europe of the years 2013 to 2015 and identifies spatial patterns and relationships for such weather events. Despite the short study period of this evaluation, substantial differences in the meteorological stress indicators values were found between plots across Europe. Therefore, it is crucial that climatic conditions be considered when evaluating the results of other surveys since significant differences in meteorological variables may be responsible for significant changes in forest ecosystems.},
  isbn = {978-3-902762-89-4},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14580369,~to-add-doi-URL,drought-stress,europe,forest-resources,indicators,precipitation,temperature,temperature-stress,vegetation,water-stress},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14580369},
  series = {{{BFW}}-{{Dokumentation}}}
}

@article{dellaroccaPossibleLandManagement2015,
  title = {Possible Land Management Uses of Common Cypress to Reduce Wildfire Initiation Risk: A Laboratory Study},
  author = {Della Rocca, G. and Hernando, C. and Madrigal, J. and Danti, R. and Moya, J. and Guijarro, M. and Pecchioli, A. and Moya, B.},
  year = {2015},
  month = aug,
  volume = {159},
  pages = {68--77},
  issn = {0301-4797},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.05.020},
  abstract = {The flammability of Cupressus sempervirens has been fully characterized. Two contrasted bench-scale methodologies have been used to ratify the results. Cypress showed low ignitability and consumability and high sustainability and combustibility. The low ignitability of C.~sempervirens suggests a potential resistance to moderate wildfires. Cypress stands could be a promising land management tool to reduce the wildfire initiation risk. Accurate determination of flammability is required in order to improve knowledge about vegetation fire risk. Study of the flammability of different plant species is essential for the Mediterranean area, where most ecosystems are adapted to natural fire but vulnerable to recurrent human-induced fires, which are the main cause of forest degradation. However, the methods used to evaluate vegetation flammability have not yet been standardized. Cupressus sempervirens is a native or naturalized forest tree species in the Mediterranean area that is able to tolerate prolonged drought and high temperatures. The aim of this study was to characterize the flammability of C.~sempervirens var. horizontalis at particle level by using different bench-scale calorimetry techniques (mass loss calorimeter, epiradiator and oxygen bomb) to determine the main flammability descriptors (ignitability, sustainability, combustibility and consumability) in live crown and litter samples. Our findings indicate that this variety of cypress is relatively resistant to ignition because of the high ash content, the high critical heat flux, the high time to ignition displayed by both crown and litter samples and the ability of the leaves to maintain a high water content during the summer. We also discuss the possibility of exploiting some morphological, functional and ecological traits of the species to construct a barrier system (with selected varieties of cypress) as a promising complementary land management tool to reduce the fire spread and intensity in a Mediterranean context.

[Excerpt: Discussion and conclusions]

[...] The FMC of live C. sempervirens samples was relatively high and stable between April and the middle of August (84-96\%). Furthermore, the low variability in the water content across the crown layers ( Fig. 3) may have important implications for crown fire potential ( Van Wagner, 1977). Madrigal et al. (2013) reported a wider range of FMC for Pinus pinaster needles (95-155\%), whereas Viegas et al. (2001) indicated that the FMC of live Mediterranean forest fuels may be as low as 50-60\,\% during the summer season, much lower than the value detected in the present study in live crown samples of cypress. Ignition and fire occurrence are closely related to the moisture content of live and dead fuel ( Dimitrakopoulos and Papaioannou, 2001) and fresh leaves of Mediterranean species appear to become very flammable when the moisture content decreases below 75\,\% ( Chandler et al., 1983) or below 100\,\% in the case of pine needles ( Van Wagner, 1977). An interaction between the physiological state of a live plant (which determines the moisture content) and the concentration of volatile compounds has also been reported ( Weise et al., 2005 and Alessio et al., 2008). During an intense wildfire, the effect due to accumulation of gasified volatile organic compounds (VOCs) may be stronger than the effect due to a low water content, thus explaining specific occurrences such as extreme rate of fire spread and eruptive fire events ( Viegas and Simeoni, 2011).

[\textbackslash n] The live fresh samples of C. sempervirens did not ignite in MLC tests performed at 25 kW/m2, whereas in a previous study, live P. pinaster needles with similar FMC (95\%) ignited at the same heat flux ( Madrigal et al., 2013) ( Supplementary Fig. 1). Notably, the HRR curve obtained for C. sempervirens at 35 kW/m2 was similar to that obtained by Madrigal et al. (2013) for live P. pinaster needles at a lower heat flux (25 kW/m2). In EPI2, at 25 kW/m2 ( Table 5), the IF of fresh cypress live fuel was as low as 23\,\%, while at 55 kW/m2, the IF was 100\,\%, for both crown fresh samples and litter samples (conditioned and oven-dried). These results are consistent with the CHF values determined in MLC tests.

[\textbackslash n][...] 

[\textbackslash n] The TTI and CHF are the most representative descriptors of ignitability. Both TTI (at 50 kW/m2) and CHF of live cypress fuel obtained with MLC in the present study were significantly higher than those determined by Madrigal et al. (2013) for live P. pinaster needles with the same FMC value (95\%). The ignitability of common cypress was much lower than that of P. pinaster. Live C. sempervirens leaves also displayed the longest TTI in a comparative study of ornamental species Ganteaume et al. (2013a). However, based on TTI, common cypress has been reported to be the most flammable of several Mediterranean species tested ( Liodakis et al., 2002). This discrepancy may be due to different ignition devices used in the two studies.

[\textbackslash n] Heat content is known to be highly dependent upon the chemical composition of a fuel. The GHC values obtained in this study for live C. sempervirens samples in the oxygen bomb test were higher than those obtained for litter ( Table 3). Whereas, in contrast to the findings of Elvira and Hernando (1989), only slight differences in GHC values of live samples were found between spring and summer in the present study ( Table 4). Madrigal et al. (2011) reported a higher GHC for live P. halepensis and P. pinaster needles than for C. sempervirens and Pinus pinea. Even greater differences were observed between species on comparing the GHC of litter samples ( Supplementary Table 2). Liodakis et al. (2002) reported a lower GHC for C. sempervirens leaves that for other Mediterranean species, both conifers and broadleaf species, possibly due to differences in the proportion of chemical components in the leaves and to differences in the residual mass fraction.

[\textbackslash n] [...]

[\textbackslash n] In highly resinous species (i.e. pines) and during the heating phase, the effect of volatile flammable gases (VOCs) is crucial in priming and/or accelerating combustion (Chetehouna et al., 2009). Our findings indicate the natural resistance of live fuel of common cypress to the initial stages of combustion (ignitability). The gases produced by thermal degradation of cypress live fuel did not ignite, irrespective of the heat source (EPI or MLC) or the heat flux to which the samples were subjected. The VOCs stored in cypress leaf glands (Della Rocca, 2012 and Moya and Moya, 2013d) are probably degassed (Greenberg et al., 2006 and Ciccioli et al., 2014) when vegetation is warming up (at 60-150 \textdegree C), and thus will not contribute to ignition. Moreover, cypress is not a resinous species in the strict sense. Neither the xylem or the bark produce resin constitutively, but only as consequence of mechanical wounds or lesions due to pathogens or pests.

[\textbackslash n] In Mediterranean regions characterized by long dry summers, litter appears to play a crucial role in fire risk and transmission (Hogkinson, 2002). Both conditioned and oven-dried C. sempervirens litter samples always ignited (IF 100\%); however, in the present study all flammability parameters (except TTI) measured at 35 kW/m2 were lower than those obtained at 25 kW/m2 for P. pinaster litter with the same FMC (11\%) by Madrigal et al. (2011) ( Supplementary Table 2). Comparing different Mediterranean species, Petriccione (2006) classified the flammability of cypress litter as moderate-high, similar to that of Myrtus communis, Q. ilex, O. europea and P. halepensis, but lower than that of Quercus pubescens, Fraxinus ornus, P. pinaster and Genista aetnensis.

[\textbackslash n] In nature, C. sempervirens litter has a high bulk density ( Ganteaume et al., 2013b), as the small segments accumulate in thick layers, also due to a low mineralisation rate ( Della Rocca et al., 2006). These traits reduce the circulation of air in the litter, which may act like a sponge and retain humidity, thus hampering ignition. A thick litter layer is also known to favour self-extinction of fire ( Orme\~no et al., 2009).

[\textbackslash n] In this study, the RMF at the end of the test was considered as ash content. In the MLC tests, the ash content of cypress fresh fine fuel ranged from 3.5 to 6.8\,\%. This is consistent with the results reported by Dimitrakopoulos and Panov (2001) who obtained higher values of mineral ash for C. sempervirens leaves (4.73\%) than for other Mediterranean species such as Q. ilex (2.9\%) and P. brutia (2.8\%). The heat content of plant material has been demonstrated to be negatively related to ash content. A higher ash content essentially indicates that there is less mass to burn ( Mutch and Philpot, 1970 and Philpot, 1970), thus influencing fire sustainability and consumability. [...]

[Management recommendations and future research]

Common cypress is known to produce a deep dense litter that is difficult to ignite and even prevents the development of understory vegetation due to a presumed allelopathic effect. This species is also often planted as a windbreak to protect valuable crops from prevailing winds in the Mediterranean area. In addition to these traits, the findings of our laboratory trials, which have demonstrated the low ignitability of crown and litter cypress samples, encourage further studies at tree and plantation levels to assess the effectiveness of cypress barriers as a silviculture measure to reduce wildfire initiation risk in sensitive sites (e.g. WUIs). Well designed plantations constructed with suitable varieties of cypress (selected for habit and resistance to pathogens causing severe dieback and resin exudation, e.g. cypress canker) and taking into account topography, flammability risk mapping, land use etc. may be useful for creating buffer zones to hinder or prevent the rapid spread of wildfire, also decreasing the likelihood that a surface fire will become a crown fire. The ability of cypress plantations to slow fire progression is derived from a combination of properties of individual trees. The need of transposing laboratory results and empirical observations to a real scale, lead the Diputaci\'on de Valencia (Spain) and the province of Siena (Italy) to plan the realization of the first experimental plantations of the 'cypress system' as a way to conduct further research aimed at improving prevention against wildfires. Useful information on setting up operational cypress plantations as firewalls is reported in Della Rocca et al. (2014).},
  journal = {Journal of Environmental Management},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745883,~to-add-doi-URL,cupressus-sempervirens,fire-fuel,forest-resources,wildfires},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745883}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@book{citeulike:13878890,
    abstract = {The Summary for Policy Makers is a brief document based
on information included in the  ” State of Europe's Forests
2015”report. This document off ers a comprehensive
overview of European forests, their current status, trends
and policy responses related to them, as well as an insight
into sustainable forest management ({SFM}) in Europe.

[\n] The State of Europe's Forests 2015 report will, along with other
publications, serve as background information for political
discussions on future opportunities and challenges, and the
associated political responses. This report is focused on the
current status and trends (10-year trends and 25-year trends)
of European forests and sustainable forest management in the
period 1990-2015 and has been prepared for the 7th Ministerial
Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe, held in Madrid
on 20-21 October 2015.

[\n] The State of Europe's Forests 2015 report is organised in two parts.
The first part (Overall Policies, Institutions and Instruments for
Sustainable Forest Management) provides general information
about the way forests are governed in a country through the
policies, institutions and instruments for {SFM}. These aspects are
covered by five Qualitative1 Indicators, and changes reported in
these indicators over time reflect the responses of policy makers
to challenges and opportunities related to forests and {SFM}.
The second part (European Forests: Status, Trends and Policy
Responses) has been prepared following the Advisory Group
recommendations and on the basis of data gleaned from the
35 Quantitative Indicators, which provide information on the
current status and changes in European forests and progress
on {SFM}, and from the 12 Qualitative Indicators, which shed light
on the policies, institutions and instruments used to address
specific policy areas related to the afore mentioned Quantitative
Indicators. This second part is structured according to the
Six Criteria for {SFM} and includes the respective Quantitative
Indicators and Qualitative Indicators directly related to them.

[\n] The Output Tables included in the Annexes display the
information on Quantitative Indicators reported by 34
signatory countries, the information included in the 11
desk studies carried out by {UNECE}/{FAO} Forestry and
Timber Section, and the information reported by the
Russian Federation for the previous edition of the State
of Europe's Forests report. Given the lack of comparable
current data from the Russian Federation and in order
to maintain the internal consistency of the report, the
information provided by the Russian Federation in
2011 is not included in the analysis or the graphs. 

[::State of Europe's Forests 2015] European forests play an important role in environmental functions, crucial for our
wellbeing, as fighting climate change, conserving biological diversity, protecting
soils or preserving water resources. Furthermore, the productive role of European
forests has a relevant value producing also significant socio-economic benefits
[...]

[::Overall policies, institutions and instruments for {SFM}] This chapter provides general information about the way forests are governed
in the {FOREST} {EUROPE} signatories through policies, institutions and
instruments for Sustainable Forest Management ({SFM}). These are covered
by 5 Qualitative Indicators (Part I of {pan-European} Qualitative Indicators).
Changes reported in these indicators over time reflect the responses of policy
makers to challenges and opportunities related to forests and {SFM}. 
[::] A1. National Forest Programme ({NFP}) or similar and related forest policies [...]
[::] A2. Institutional frameworks [...]
[::] A3. Legal/regulatory frameworks and international commitments [...]
[::] A4. Financial instruments and economic policy [...]
[::] A5. Informational means [...]

[::Forest Resources and their Contribution to Global Carbon Cycles]
[::] Forests cover more than one third of Europe`s land surface, and forest
area continues to increase [...]
[::] Growing stock in European forests is above the world average and still
increasing [...]
[::] One third of European forests are uneven-aged [...]
[::] The forest area is expanding according to the defined targets in the
countries with low forest cover [...]
[::] European forests are major carbon sink [...]
[::] Carbon stocks and stock changes in forests as well as climate change
mitigation and adaptation are the most frequently mentioned objectives [...]

[::Forest Ecosystem Health and Vitality]

[::] Depositions of air pollutants have continuously decreased since 1997,
except for N-depositions, which have increased in Southern and Central-
Eastern Europe [...]
[::] Data from forest areas correspond with previous assessments showing
that soil organic carbon concentration levels have increased following a
{South-East} to {North-West} trend in the {EU} [...]
[::] Defoliation remained unchanged on around two thirds of the plots
monitored over the 10-year period [...]
[::] 3.1\% (or 3.7 million hectares) of Europe's forests are affected by forest
damage, most frequently caused by biotic agents [...]
[::] Most countries reported specific objectives related to forest health and
vitality (i.e. improved resistance, monitoring systems and climate change
adaptation) [...]

[::Productive Functions of Forests]
[::] Increments in European forests substantially exceed fellings [...]
[::] Europe remains one of the largest producers of roundwood in the world [...]
[::] The total value of marketed non-wood goods reported was almost €2.3 million [...]
[::] The total reported value for marketed services is around €723 million [...]
[::] Most forests in Europe have a management plan [...]
[::] Few changes were reported concerning the objectives related to the
production and use of wood, with most of such changes connected to
the bioenergy sector. About 30\% of the signatory countries reported
developments in informational means [...]
[::] While 25\% of the reporting signatory countries reported changes
in specific objectives, the majority showed continuity in relation to
mechanisms and instruments [...]

[::Biological Diversity in Forest Ecosystems]

[::] Mixed species stands dominate European forests [...]
[::] Regeneration approaches and natural expansion vary widely across Europe [...]
[::] 4\% of European forests are undisturbed by man [...]
[::] Introduced tree species dominate 4.4\% of European forests [...]
[::] Deadwood is increasing slightly in European forests [...]
[::] The areas managed for conservation of forest genetic resources and for
seed production have increased over the last 25 years [...]
[::] Two thirds of European forests are in a core natural landscape pattern [...]
[::] Forests are an important habitat for threatened species [...]
[::] More than 30 million ha of European forests are protected [...]
[::] A large majority of countries (more than 90\%) have specific objectives
in relation to biodiversity. Almost half have reported legislative
developments and just small changes in other instruments [...]

[::Protective Functions in Forest Management]

[::] Forest fulfill all protective functions [...]
[::] Forests protect infrastructures and managed natural resources from
natural hazards [...]
[::] Long term commitment on protection of water and soil in Europe [...]

[::{Socio-Economic} Functions and Conditions]

[::] The number of private forest holdings is increasing [...]
[::] The forest sector contributed around 0.8\% to {GDP} (Gross Domestic
Product) in the region as a whole [...]
[::] Most parts of the regions in Europe saw an annual increase in net value added [...]
[::] Expenditures for services remain constant, while revenues from services
are increasing [...]
[::] Forest sector still plays an important role in relation to employment [...]
[::] Forest work remains a dangerous occupation [...]
[::] During the 2008-2009 financial crisis, wood consumption decreased in
Europe [...]
[::] Europe has shifted from a net importer to a net exporter of primary wood
and paper products [...]
[::] Energy from wood resources contributes significantly to renewable
energy targets [...]
[::] Most forests in Europe are accessible for recreation [...]
[::] More than 1.25 million cultural sites are located in European forests [...]
[::] Most reporting signatories have specific policy objectives in relation to the economic viability of forests [...]
[::] The majority of reporting signatories have specific objectives related to employment [...]
[::] More countries are promoting participation, with a wide variety of means being used, as was also stated in 2011 [...]
[::] Enhancing research activities, cross-sectoral cooperation, innovation
and technological development, as well as improving the quality and efficiency of forest education and training at all levels is becoming more important [...]
[::] Increased interest has been shown through more countries reporting and a
significant proportion (60\%) of positive developments in cultural and spiritual
values [...]},
    address = {Madrid, Spain},
    author = {Alberdi Asensio, Iciar and Baycheva-Merger, Tanya and Bouvet, Alain and Bozzano, Michele and Caudullo, Giovanni and Cienciala, Emil and Corona, Piermaria and Dom\'{\i}nguez Torres, Gl\`{o}ria and Houston Durrant, Tracy and Edwards, David and Estreguil, Christine and Ferreti, Marco and Fischer, Uwe and Freudenschuss, Alexandra and Gasparini, Patrizia and Godinho Ferreira, Paulo and Hansen, Karin and Hiederer, Roland and Inhaizer, Hubert and Jellesmark Thorsen, Bo and Jonsson, Ragnar and Kastenholz, Edgar and Kleinschmit von Lengefeld, Andreas and K\"{o}hl, Michael and Korhonen, Kari and Koskela, Jarkko and Krumm, Frank and Lanz, Adrian and Lasserre, Bruno and Levet, Anne-Laure and Li, Yanshu and Lier, Markus and Mallarach Carrera, Josep M. and Marchetti, Marco and Mart\'{\i}nez de Arano, Inazio and Michel, Alexa and Moffat, Andy and Nabuurs, Gert-Jan and Oldenburger, Jan and Parviainen, Jari and Pettenella, Davide and Prokofieva, Irina and Quadt, Verena and Rametsteiner, Ewald and Rinaldi, Francesca and Sanders, Tanja and San-Miguel-Ayanz, Jes\'{u}s and Schuck, Andreas and Seidling, Walter and Solberg, Birger and Sotirov, Metodi and St\r{a}hl, G\"{o}ran and Tom\'{e}, Margarida and Toth, Gergely and van Brusselen, Jo and Verkerk, Hans and V\'{\i}tkov\'{a}, Lucie and Weiss, Gerhard and Wildburguer, Christoph and Winkel, Gerorg and Zasada, Michal and Zingg, Andreas},
    citeulike-article-id = {13878890},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/13878890},
    citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://www.webcitation.org/6mG9U2ex9},
    citeulike-linkout-2 = {http://www.webcitation.org/6mGA7hobB},
    citeulike-linkout-3 = {http://foresteurope.org/state-europes-forests-2015-report/},
    citeulike-linkout-4 = {http://www.foresteurope.org/docs/SoeF2015/BIBLIOGRAPHY.pdf},
    citeulike-linkout-5 = {http://www.foresteurope.org/fullsoef2015},
    comment = {== References ==
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\# FOREST EUROPE, UNECE, FAO, 2011. State of Europe's Forests 2011. Europe's Status \& Trends in Sustainable Forest Management in Europe.
\# Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2010. Global forest resources assessment 2010: Main report. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1757e/i1757e.pdf .
\# Franc, N., 2007. Standing or downed dead trees - does it matter for saproxylic beetles in temperate oak-rich forest? Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37 (12), 2494–2507. doi:10.1139/X07-096 .
\# Grove, S.J., 2002. Saproxylic insect ecology and the sustainable management of forests. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 33, 1–23. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150507 .
\# Harmon, M.E., Franklin, J.F., Swanson, F.J., Sollins, P., Gregory, S.V., Lattin, J.D., Anderson, N.H., Cline, S.P., Aumen, N.G., Sedell, J.R., Lienkaemper, G.W., Cromack,K., Cummins, K.W., 1986. Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems. Advances in Ecological Research 15, 133–302. 
\# Heilmann-Clausen, J., Christensen, M., 2004. Does size matter? On the importance of various dead wood fractions for fungal diversity in Danish beech forests. Forest Ecology and Management 201 (1), 105–117. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2004.07.010 .
\# Jonsell, M., Hansson, J., Wedmo, L., 2007. Diversity of saproxylic beetle species inlogging residues in Sweden - Comparisons between tree species and diameters. Biological Conservation 138 (1-2), 89–99. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.04.003 .
\# Larsson, T.-B., Angelstam, P., Balent, G., Barbati, A., Bijlsma, R.-J., Boncina, A., Bradshaw, R., B\"{u}cking, W., Ciancio, O., Corona, P., Diaci, J., Dias, S., Ellenberg, H., Fernandes, F. M., Fern\'{a}ndez-Gonzalez, F., Ferris, R., Frank, G., M{\o}ller, P. F., Giller, P. S., Gustafsson, L., Halbritter, K., Hall, S., Hansson, L., Innes, J., Jactel, H., Dobbertin, M. K., Klein, M., Marchetti, M., Mohren, F., Niemel\"{a}, P., O'Halloran, J., Rametsteiner, E., Rego, F., Scheidegger, C., Scotti, R., Sj\"{o}berg, K., Spanos, I., Spanos, K., Standov\'{a}r, T., Svensson, L., T{\o}mmer\r{a}s, B., Trakolis, D., Uuttera, J., VanDenMeersschaut, D., Vandekerkhove, K., Walsh, P. M., Watt, A. D., 2001. Biodiversity evaluation tools for European forests. Vol. 50 of Ecological Bulletins. Blackwell Science. 
\# Siitonen, J., 2001. Forest management, coarse woody debris and saproxylic organisms: Fennoscandian boreal forests as an example. Ecological Bulletins 49, 11–41. 
\# Siry, J.P, Cubbage, F.W, Newman, D.H. 2009: Global Forest Ownership: Implications for Forest Production, Management and Protection. In: Proceedings of the XIII World Forestry Congress (18-23 Oct. 2009), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
\# UNECE, 2011. Forest Products Annual Market Review 2010–2011. United Nations, Geneva.
\# Vantomme, P., 2003. What are 'Non-Wood Forest Products' for FAO?, International Forestry Review 5(2), 162.
\# Verkerk, P.J., Lindner, M., Zanchi, G., Zudin, S., 2011. Assessing impacts of intensified biomass removal on deadwood in European forests. Ecological Indicators 11 (1), 27–35. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2009.04.004 .},
    editor = {{Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe}},
    keywords = {europe, featured-publication, forest-resources, integration-techniques, multiauthor, science-policy-interface, scientific-communication},
    posted-at = {2015-12-09 15:33:21},
    priority = {2},
    publisher = {Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe (FOREST EUROPE).},
    title = {{State of Europe's forests 2015}},
    url = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/13878890},
    year = {2015}
}

@article{europeanenvironmentagencyEUNISEuropeanNature2015,
  title = {{{EUNIS}}, the {{European Nature Information System}}},
  author = {{European Environment Agency}},
  year = {2015},
  abstract = {[Excerpt]The European nature information system, EUNIS, brings together European data from several databases and organisations into three interlinked modules on sites, species and habitat types.

[\textbackslash n] The EUNIS information system is part of the European Biodiversity data centre (BDC) and it is a contribution to the knowledge base for implementing the EU and global biodiversity strategies and the 7th Environmental Action Programme.

[\textbackslash n] The EUNIS information system provides access to the publicly available data in the EUNIS database. The information includes:

[::] Data on species, habitat types and designated sites compiled in the framework of Natura 2000 (EU Habitats and Birds Directives); [::] The EUNIS habitat classification; [::] Data from material compiled by the European Topic Centre of Biological Diversity; [::] Information on species, habitat types and designated sites mentioned in relevant international conventions and in the IUCN Red Lists; [::] Specific data collected in the framework of the EEA's reporting activities, which also constitute a core set of data to be updated periodically, e.g. Eionet priority dataflow Nationally designated areas (CDDA).},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13603141,europe,forest-resources,vegetation-composition,vegetation-types},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13603141}
}

@article{euforgenDistributionMapWild2014,
  title = {Distribution Map of {{Wild}} Service Tree ({{Sorbus}} Torminalis)},
  author = {{EUFORGEN}},
  year = {2014},
  abstract = {The distribution maps on this page were compiled by experts contributing to EUFORGEN activities, based on existing bibliography and other information sources.

Individuals may use the distribution maps for personal, educational, scientific or other non-commercial purposes without prior permission from the EUFORGEN Secretariat but they must acknowledge EUFORGEN as the source of information.

In case the distribution maps are used for a publication, the EUFORGEN Secretariat would appreciate receiving a notification or a copy of the publication.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13759205,forest-resources,sorbus-torminalis,species-distribution},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13759205}
}

@article{paulsenClimatebasedModelPredict2014,
  title = {A Climate-Based Model to Predict Potential Treeline Position around the Globe},
  author = {Paulsen, Jens and K{\"o}rner, Christian},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {124},
  pages = {1--12},
  issn = {1664-221X},
  doi = {10.1007/s00035-014-0124-0},
  abstract = {In situ temperature measurements revealed that the position of the high-elevation treeline is associated with a minimum seasonal mean air temperature within a temperature-defined minimum season length across latitudes. Here, we build upon this experience and present the results of a global statistical analysis and a predictive model for low temperature treeline positions. We identified 376 natural treelines from satellite images across the globe, and searched for their closest climatic proxies using a climate database. The analysis included a snow and a water balance submodel to account for season length constraints by snow pack and drought. We arrive at thermal treeline criteria almost identical to those that emerged from the earlier in situ measurements: tree growth requires a minimum length of the growing season of 94 days. The model yields best fit when the season is defined as all days with a daily mean temperature {$>$}0.9 \textdegree C, and a mean of 6.4 \textdegree C across all these days. The resultant treeline model 'TREELIM' offers a robust estimation of potential treeline elevation based on climate data only. Error terms include imprecise treeline position in satellite images and climate approximations in mountainous terrain. The algorithm permits constraining low temperature limits of forest growth worldwide (including polar treelines) and also permits a bioclimatic stratification of mountain biota, for instance, for biodiversity assessments. As a side product, the model yields the global potentially forested area. The results support the isotherm theory for natural treeline formation. This completely independent statistical assessment of the climatic drivers of the global treeline phenomenon confirmed the results of a multi-year measurement campaign.

[Excerpt: Basic model assumptions and definition of climatic treeline proxies]

From our earlier works with data loggers (K\"orner and Paulsen 2004), it emerged that only three independent parameters are necessary to model treeline elevation by standardized meteorological data: (a) a threshold temperature DTMIN that constrains the growing season; (b) a minimum mean temperature for all days of the growing season SMT as defined in (a); (c) a minimum length of the growing season LGS. The definition of the growing season is a central issue, because temperatures outside the growing season have no predictive value (K\"orner 2012). The model, thus, needs to select periods suitable for tree growth, which means, warm enough conditions with sufficient soil moisture and no snow cover.

[\textbackslash n] Defining the beginning and end of the growing season by a critical air temperature only (as in K\"orner and Paulsen 2004) turned out to be problematic at a global scale because this procedure does not account for irregular seasonal temperatures at equatorial latitudes, and it does not account for snow pack and drought. Therefore, the TREELIM model presented here uses a LGS representing the sum of days with a daily mean temperature above a defined threshold temperature (DTMIN). The mean temperature of the growing season (SMT) for any site is then calculated by averaging the daily means for all these days. Days during which snow is present or during which soil water is not available do not count for season length [...]

[\textbackslash n] [...]

[::Snowpack] The snow module of TREELIM accounts for the assumption that trees do not exert significant growth as long as there is late-laying snow on the ground. Snow pack may thus constrain the length of the growing period, despite warm air temperatures. It was assumed that all precipitation that falls at daily mean temperatures {$\leq$}0 \textdegree C fall as snow, and snow was assumed to stay and accumulate on the ground as long as daily mean temperatures remained {$<$}0 \textdegree C. If a snow layer is present, snow is assumed to melt whenever daily mean temperatures are {$>$}0 \textdegree C at a rate of 0.84 kg m-2 day-1 for each degree {$>$}0 \textdegree C (the WATFLOOD model; http://www.civil.uwaterloo.ca/watflood/). Sublimation was ignored.

[\textbackslash n] Whenever rain falls on an existing snow layer, this water cools to 0 \textdegree C and the thermal energy (4.186 kJ kg-1 K-1) is used to melt snow (333.5 kJ kg-1 snow). Thus, 1 mm of rain melts 1/80 kg m-2 snow per degree air temperature above 0 \textdegree C. The quantity of snow pack (in kg m-2) was calculated by a simple input-output model with a daily resolution: snow layer at day (i) = snow layer at day (i - 1) + snowfall at day (i) - snow melt at day (i).

[\textbackslash n] [...]

[::Site water balance] [...] The water balance equation was solved by a submodel of TREELIM that accounts for precipitation (liquid and solid), evapotranspiration, and the resulting soil water content. Since climate databases offer only monthly precipitation, we had to approximate actual rainfall regimes, assuming that air temperature determines saturated vapour content of the air. We then adopted a temperature-related stepwise interpolation of mean daily rainfall from annual data with a monthly resolution. This given amount of precipitation water was allocated by plausibility to precipitation events in the following way: The mean per day event was assumed to be 5 mm if the monthly mean T was {$<$}5 \textdegree C, 10 mm for 5-10 \textdegree C, 15 mm for 10-15 \textdegree C, 20 mm for {$>$}15 \textdegree C. For instance, if the monthly mean temperature is 7.3 \textdegree C and the monthly precipitation is 27.4 mm, precipitation events are assumed to be 10 mm each, one on day 7, one on day 14, and the remaining 7.4 mm are assumed to fall on day 21.

[\textbackslash n] This procedure is more realistic than for instance splitting monthly precipitation into 30 events. Since soil moisture is buffering moisture availability, the actual fragmentation of monthly precipitation is not very critical, except for conditions where drought is critical, which is rare at alpine treeline elevations. Errors introduced by this procedure are certainly small compared to the uncertainty of actual precipitation at treeline, based on climatic layers derived from low elevation climate stations.

[::Daily Potential evapotranspiration] (DPET) was estimated using the Hargreaves equation (Hargreaves and Samani 1985) in the FAO-56 form as adopted by Allen et al. (1998), again with a daily resolution. [...]

[::The water balance] for a given day was then calculated with a two-layer bucket model for a given soil water holding capacity as defined by the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP 2000). [...]

[\textbackslash n] [...]},
  journal = {Alpine Botany},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14127697,bioclimatic-predictors,climate,ecological-zones,environmental-modelling,forest-resources,global-scale,landscape-dynamics,precipitation,snow,temperature,tree-line},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14127697},
  number = {1}
}

@article{natureTrickLight2014,
  title = {Trick of the Light},
  author = {{Nature}},
  year = {2014},
  month = feb,
  volume = {506},
  pages = {6},
  issn = {0028-0836},
  doi = {10.1038/506006b},
  abstract = {The Amazon doesn't absorb extra carbon in the dry season after all. It can become a carbon source.},
  journal = {Nature},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12972834,amazonia,carbon-cycle,forest-resources,modelling,modelling-uncertainty,organic-carbon,precipitation,remote-sensing,solar-radiation,uncertainty},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12972834},
  number = {7486}
}

@incollection{farjonTaxusBaccataVersion2013,
  title = {Taxus Baccata - {{Version}} 2014.3},
  booktitle = {The {{IUCN Red List}} of {{Threatened Species}}},
  author = {Farjon, A.},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {42546/0+},
  abstract = {[Excerpt] The Common Yew (Taxus baccata) has a very extensive range throughout Europe and beyond. Exploitation and attempts at eradication are no longer current. Cultivated rather than wild populations are exploited for chemical compounds to produce Taxol\textregistered{} unlike the situation with other yew species. Expansion is observed in many woodlands in recent decades. [::Common Name(s)] [::]English - Common Yew, European Yew [::]French - If [::Range Description] Taxus baccata occurs in all European countries as well as those in the Caucasus, and from Turkey eastwards to northern Iran. In North Africa it occurs in Morocco and Algeria. Consequently its extent of occurrence is well in excess of the Red List thresholds for any threatened category. [::Countries] Native:Albania; Algeria; Andorra; Armenia (Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh); Austria; Azerbaijan (Nakhichevan); Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France (Corsica); Georgia (Abkhaziya, Adzhariya); Germany; Gibraltar; Greece (Kriti); Guernsey; Hungary; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Ireland; Isle of Man; Italy (Sardegna, Sicilia); Jersey; Latvia; Liechtenstein; Luxembourg; Malta; Moldova; Monaco; Montenegro; Morocco; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Portugal (Azores); Romania; Russian Federation (Chechnya, Dagestan, Ingushetiya, Kabardino-Balkariya, Kaliningrad, Karachaevo-Cherkessiya, Krasnodar, Severo-Osetiya, Stavropol); Serbia (Serbia); Spain (Baleares); Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey (Turkey-in-Europe); Ukraine (Krym); United Kingdom [::Population] The global population is increasing due to changed woodland management, which has become less intensified in many parts of Europe. In Scandinavia, it may be expected to expand inland from coastal areas if the warming climate trend continues. [::Habitat and Ecology] Taxus baccata is capable of growing under (not entirely closed) canopy of beech (Fagus spp.) as well as other deciduous broad-leaved trees, but it will only develop to large trees in more open situations. In Switzerland, the richest area of Central Europe for yew, it forms a yew-beech wood on cool, steep marl slopes in the Jura and the foothills of the Alps up to 1,400 m a.s.l. (Ellenberg 1988). Under the evergreen Common Yew, nothing else will grow. In England, T. baccata is best developed on chalk downs - again on steep slopes - and can form extensive stands outside the beech woods invading down grassland. In much of Europe where the climate is less oceanic it survives better in mixed forests, coniferous as well as mixed broad-leaved-conifer forests, again mostly on limestone substrates, and often occupying rocky cliffs and slopes. On acid soils yews perform less well under canopy and usually do not develop beyond a sapling stage in woods. Its northern limits in Scandinavia are determined by its sensitivity to severe frost. Its toxicity (all parts except the red arils around the seeds) prevent browsing by cattle and sheep, but not by rabbits and deer, as these animals have developed a level of immunity to the dangerous alkaloids. Apart from seed germination (dispersed by birds), T. baccata readily regenerates from stumps and roots (suckers); ancient hollow trees may rejuvenate constantly in this way. When planted, e.g. in church yards and cemeteries, soil pH seems unimportant; some of the largest and presumably oldest specimen trees in NW Europe, in particular Brittany (France) and the British Isles, are known from such locations and were planted probably since Celtic times [::Use and Trade] In the Middle Ages the wood of Common Yew was very much in demand for long-bows and cross-bows and was exported from Switzerland to England. Yews were also planted near sacred wells, early Christian churches, monasteries, and castles for symbolic/religious reasons as well as practical (military) ones. It still is one of the obligatory cemetery trees in NW and Central Europe. The hard, slow growing wood is used for gates, furniture, parquet floors, panelling, and is excellent for carving and wood turning as its contorted growth and 'burls' form intricate, vari-coloured patterns. For the same reasons yew does not provide timber suitable for construction. The toxicity to cattle and horses has led to extermination of Taxus baccata from many woodlands in past centuries, when almost all woodland served for grazing animals. Although of lower concentration than in some other species, its alkaloid taxanes, contained mostly in the leaves, yield a semi-synthesized anti-cancer drug similar to Taxol\textregistered{} and yew hedge clippings can still be sold to pharmaceutical companies. As an ornamental shrub or tree it reappeared in the formal gardens of the Baroque period, as it lends itself to clipped hedges and topiary of all shapes. This horticultural interest has in turn led to the development of numerous cultivars, some of which have bright yellow arils around the seeds. [::Major Threat(s)] Although in past centuries Yew has been 'persecuted' in much of Europe and it had become rare in many areas, with the changes in woodland management and use since the nineteenth century the species has made a remarkable come-back and is not in danger of extinction in the wild.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13621296,conservation,forest-resources,iucn,iucn-least-concern-lc,taxus-baccata},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13621296}
}

@incollection{ducciWildCherryBreeding2013,
  title = {Wild Cherry Breeding ({{Prunus}} Avium {{L}}.)},
  booktitle = {Forest {{Tree Breeding}} in {{Europe}}},
  author = {Ducci, Fulvio and De Cuyper, Bart and De Rogatis, Anna and Dufour, Jean and Santi, Fr{\'e}derique},
  editor = {P{\^a}ques, Luc E.},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {25},
  pages = {463--511},
  publisher = {{Springer Netherlands}},
  doi = {10.1007/978-94-007-6146-9\\_10},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13798294,forest-resources,prunus-avium,species-description,tree-breeding},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13798294},
  series = {Managing {{Forest Ecosystems}}}
}

@article{adamsPhylogenyJuniperusUsing2013a,
  title = {Phylogeny of {{Juniperus}} Using {{nrDNA}} and Four {{cpDNA}} Regions},
  author = {Adams, R. P. and Schwarzbach, A. E.},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {95},
  pages = {179--187},
  abstract = {The Phylogeny of Juniperusis presented based on nrDNA (ITS), petN-psbM, trnS-trnG, trnD-trnT, trnL-trnF sequencing (4411 bp) utilizing all currently recognized species. The major clades of the phylogenetic tree were congruent with the previouslypublished phylogenetic tree of Mao et al. (2010) that had a subset of taxa of the current study. The lone species with serrate leaves in the eastern hemisphere, J. phoenicea, was found to be in a clade quite separated from the serrate junipers of North America. Juniperus phoeniceais referred to as 'pseudoserrate' to distinguish it from the semi-arid, serrate leaf junipers of the western hemisphere. Section Sabinais the most derived group and has radiated into niches in both the eastern and western hemispheres with approx. 60 species.},
  journal = {Phytologia},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13699749,forest-resources,juniperus-spp,phylogenetics,taxonomy},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13699749},
  number = {2}
}

@incollection{farjonPinusBrutiaVersion2013,
  title = {Pinus Brutia - {{Version}} 2014.3},
  booktitle = {The {{IUCN Red List}} of {{Threatened Species}}},
  author = {Farjon, A.},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {42347/0+},
  abstract = {[Excerpt] Pinus brutia is assessed as Least Concern as it is widespread and abundant in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin, and actually spreading from plantations. [::Common Name(s)] [::]English - Calabrian Pine, Brutia Pine [::Taxonomic Notes] Four varieties are recognized; the typical variety which is widespread in the eastern Mediterranean, var. eldarica from the Caucasus, Iran and Iraq, var. pendulifolia from Turkey and var. pityusa from the Caucasus and Crimea. Pinus brutia var. eldarica has been separately assessed as Near Threatened while P. brutia var. pityusa has been separately assessed as Vulnerable due to habitat loss in many areas. [::Range Description] Found in the eastern Mediterranean Region; around the Black Sea; Caucasus; Turkey; NW Iran; and N Iraq. The extent of~occurrence~and area of occupancy are both beyond the thresholds for any threatened category. [::Countries] Native:Armenia (Armenia); Azerbaijan; Cyprus; Georgia; Greece (East Aegean Is., Kriti); Lebanon; Syrian Arab Republic; Turkey; Ukraine (Krym) [::Population] The population is thought to be increasing. [::Habitat and Ecology] Pinus brutia can form extensive, relatively open pine forests, either pure or mixed with Cupressus sempervirens and Juniperus excelsa, or mixed open woodland with Quercus coccifera or Q. calliprinos, Pistacio lentiscus and other drought tolerant trees. It regenerates after fire by seed dispersal and can successfully invade maquis vegetation when this does not burn for several years. The near-coastal natural distribution of this pine coincides with the Mediterranean climate characterized by cool, wet winters and hot, dry summers. In contrast with planted forests, natural forests of Pinus brutia have a diverse undergrowth of shrubs and herbs and form important habitat for wildlife. The altitudinal range of this species is from near sea level to 1,500 m. [::Use and Trade] Pinus brutia has been planted extensively in countries around the eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea as it is the easiest pine to grow (with P. halepensis) in the Mediterranean climate. It was originally described from Calabria in Italy, which is probably a planted source. Frequent use of P. halepensis sources from the western Mediterranean threaten to destroy the genetic distinctions between the two species, possibly also in natural stands of P. brutia. The latter species has a 'better' stem shape and growth from a forestry point of view and should therefore be protected. Its timber is used for fencing posts, telephone posts, building timbers, railway sleepers, carpentry, boxes and crates, hardboard and pulp. The resin of both pines has been used from ancient times to flavour white wines known as retsina and is still tapped especially in Turkey, now mainly for the production of turpentine. In horticulture its use is less common, mainly as an occasional amenity tree in villages and towns around the Mediterranean Sea; this species was also tried as a forestry plantation tree in SE Australia. [::Major Threat(s)] No specific threats have been identified for this species.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13621292,conservation,forest-resources,iucn,iucn-least-concern-lc,pinus-brutia},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13621292}
}

@article{soderbergRisingPolicyConflicts2013,
  title = {Rising Policy Conflicts in {{Europe}} over Bioenergy and Forestry},
  author = {S{\"o}derberg, Charlotta and Eckerberg, Katarina},
  year = {2013},
  month = aug,
  volume = {33},
  pages = {112--119},
  issn = {1389-9341},
  doi = {10.1016/j.forpol.2012.09.015},
  abstract = {[Highlights]

[::] EU Bioenergy policy cuts across forest, agriculture, energy and transport sectors. [::] Increased pressure on forest biomass risks putting EU in a wood-deficit situation. [::] Bioenergy conflicts regard land use, biodiversity, climate and sustainability. [::] Conflicts on environmental consequences from bioenergy policy are reconcilable. [::] Conflicts on globally shared rights and responsibilities are not easily reconciled.

[Abstract] Growing concerns over emissions of green-house gases causing climate change as well as energy security concerns have spurred the interest in bioenergy production pushed by EU targets to fulfil the goal of 20~per cent renewable energy in 2020, as well as the goal of 10~per cent renewable fuels in transport by 2020. Increased bioenergy production is also seen to have political and economic benefits for rural areas and farming regions in Europe and in the developing world. There are, however, conflicting views on the potential benefits of large scale bioenergy production, and recent debates have also drawn attention to a range of environmental and socio-economic issues that may arise in this respect. One of these challenges will be that of accommodating forest uses - including wood for energy, and resulting intensification of forest management - with biodiversity protection in order to meet EU policy goals. We note that the use of biomass and biofuels spans over several economic sector policy areas, which calls for assessing and integrating environmental concerns across forest, agriculture, energy and transport sectors. In this paper, we employ frame analysis to identify the arguments for promoting bioenergy and assess the potential policy conflicts in the relevant sectors, through the analytical lens of environmental policy integration. We conclude that while there is considerable leverage of environmental arguments in favour of bioenergy in the studied economic sectors, and potential synergies with other policy goals, environmental interest groups remain sceptical to just how bioenergy is currently being promoted. There is a highly polarised debate particularly relating to biofuel production. Based on our analysis, we discuss the potential for how those issues could be reconciled drawing on the frame conflict theory, distinguishing between policy disagreements and policy controversies.},
  journal = {Forest Policy and Economics},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-11738844,~to-add-doi-URL,bioenergy,biomass,europe,forest-resources,ghg,science-policy-interface,uncertainty},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-11738844}
}

@article{carnicerLargescaleRecruitmentLimitation2013,
  title = {Large-Scale Recruitment Limitation in {{Mediterranean}} Pines: The Role of {{Quercus}} Ilex and Forest Successional Advance as Key Regional Drivers},
  author = {Carnicer, Jofre and Coll, Marta and Pons, Xavier and Ninyerola, Miquel and Vayreda, Jordi and Pe{\~n}uelas, Josep},
  year = {2013},
  month = oct,
  pages = {n/a},
  issn = {1466-8238},
  doi = {10.1111/geb.12111},
  abstract = {Aim Large-scale patterns of limitations in tree recruitment remain poorly described in the Mediterranean Basin, and this information is required to assess the impacts of global warming on forests. Here, we unveil the existence of opposite trends of recruitment limitation between the dominant genera Quercus and Pinus on a large scale and identify the key ecological drivers of these diverging trends. Location Spain Methods We gathered data from the Spanish National Forest inventory to assess recruitment trends for the dominant species (Pinus halepensis, Pinus pinea, Pinus pinaster, Pinus nigra, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus uncinata, Quercus suber, Quercus ilex, Quercus petraea, Quercus robur, Quercus faginea and Quercus pyrenaica). We assessed the direct and indirect drivers of recruitment by applying Bayesian structural equation modelling techniques. Results Severe limitations in recruitment were observed across extensive areas for all Pinus species studied, with recruitment failure affecting 54-71\,\% of the surveyed plots. In striking contrast, Quercus species expanded into 41\,\% of the plots surveyed compared to only 10\,\% for Pinus and had a lower local recruitment failure (29\,\% of Quercus localities compared to 63\,\% for Pinus species). Bayesian structural equation models highlighted the key role of the presence of Q.\,ilex saplings and the increase in the basal area of Q.\,ilex in limiting recruitment in five Pinus species. The recruitment of P.\,sylvestris and P.\,nigra showed the most negative trends and was negatively associated with the impacts of fire. Main conclusions This study identified Q.\,ilex, the most widespread species in this area, as a key driver of recruitment shifts on a large scale, negatively affecting most pine species with the advance of forest succession. These results highlight that the future expansion/contraction of Q.\,ilex stands with ongoing climate change will be a key process indirectly controlling the demographic responses of Pinus species in the Mediterranean Basin.},
  journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12651320,anthropogenic-changes,anthropogenic-unsustainable-species-distribution,climate-change,ecosystem-invasibility,forest-resources,global-warming,invasive-species,mediterranean-region,pinus-halepensis,pinus-nigra,pinus-pinaster,pinus-pinea,pinus-sylvestris,pinus-uncinata,plantation,potential-habitat,quercus-faginea,quercus-ilex,quercus-petraea,quercus-pyrenaica,quercus-robur,quercus-suber,spain,sustainability},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12651320}
}

@article{sextonGlobal30mResolution2013,
  title = {Global, 30-m Resolution Continuous Fields of Tree Cover: {{Landsat}}-Based Rescaling of {{MODIS}} Vegetation Continuous Fields with Lidar-Based Estimates of Error},
  author = {Sexton, Joseph O. and Song, Xiao-Peng and Feng, Min and Noojipady, Praveen and Anand, Anupam and Huang, Chengquan and Kim, Do-Hyung and Collins, Kathrine M. and Channan, Saurabh and DiMiceli, Charlene and Townshend, John R.},
  year = {2013},
  month = sep,
  volume = {6},
  pages = {427--448},
  issn = {1753-8947},
  doi = {10.1080/17538947.2013.786146},
  abstract = {We developed a global, 30-m resolution dataset of percent tree cover by rescaling the 250-m MOderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Vegetation Continuous Fields (VCF) Tree Cover layer using circa- 2000 and 2005 Landsat images, incorporating the MODIS Cropland Layer to improve accuracy in agricultural areas. Resulting Landsat-based estimates maintained consistency with the MODIS VCF in both epochs (RMSE = 8.6\,\% in 2000 and 11.9\,\% in 2005), but showed improved accuracy in agricultural areas and increased discrimination of small forest patches. Against lidar measurements, the Landsat-based estimates exhibited accuracy slightly less than that of the MODIS VCF (RMSE = 16.8\,\% for MODIS-based vs. 17.4\,\% for Landsat-based estimates), but RMSE of Landsat estimates was 3.3 percentage points lower than that of the MODIS data in an agricultural region. The Landsat data retained the saturation artifact of the MODIS VCF at greater than or equal to 80\,\% tree cover but showed greater potential for removal of errors through calibration to lidar, with post-calibration RMSE of 9.4\,\% compared to 13.5\,\% in MODIS estimates. Provided for free download at the Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF) website (www.landcover.org), the 30-m resolution GLCF tree cover dataset is the highest-resolution multi-temporal depiction of Earth's tree cover available to the Earth science community.},
  journal = {International Journal of Digital Earth},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12286079,~to-add-doi-URL,forest-resources,global-scale,land-cover,lidar,modis,open-data,proportion,remote-sensing},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12286079},
  number = {5}
}

@article{arzanlouPhenotypicMolecularCharacterisation2013,
  title = {Phenotypic and Molecular Characterisation of {{Colletotrichum}} Acutatum, the Causal Agent of Anthracnose Disease on {{Cornus}} Mas in {{Iran}}},
  author = {Arzanlou, M. and Torbati, M.},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {46},
  pages = {518--525},
  issn = {1477-2906},
  doi = {10.1080/03235408.2012.745056},
  abstract = {Cornus mas L. (Cornaceae), known as European Corneal, is native to south Europe and south-west Asia. This deciduous shrub with edible and medicinal fruits grows wild in Arasbaran forests located in Azerbaijan and Gazvin regions in Northern Iran. A new leaf spot and fruit rot disease have recently been observed on this host in Arasbaran forests located in north-west of Iran. Leaves and fruit samples were collected from heavily infected Cornus mas trees in this region during October 2011. The causal agent of the diseases was identified as Colletotrichum acutatum based on morphological and cultural characteristics. The identity of the species was further confirmed using sequence data from ITS-rDNA region. A phylogeny inferred using sequence data from ITS-rDNA region placed our isolate together with other C. acutatum from host plant species in GenBank. Pathogenicity of C. acutatum was confirmed by the inoculation of C. mas fruits in laboratory condition. The life cycle, distribution and the impact of disease on crop yield remain to be studied.},
  journal = {Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13555162,cornus-mas,forest-resources,iran,plant-pests,plantation},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13555162},
  number = {5}
}

@article{seebachChoiceForestMap2012,
  title = {Choice of Forest Map Has Implications for Policy Analysis: A Case Study on the {{EU}} Biofuel Target},
  author = {Seebach, Lucia and McCallum, Ian and Fritz, Steffen and Kindermann, Georg and Leduc, Sylvain and B{\"o}ttcher, Hannes and Fuss, Sabine},
  year = {2012},
  month = oct,
  volume = {22},
  pages = {13--24},
  issn = {1462-9011},
  doi = {10.1016/j.envsci.2012.04.010},
  abstract = {With the increasing availability of European and global forest maps, users are facing the difficult choice to select the most appropriate map for their purposes. Many of these maps are potential input datasets for forest-related applications for the European Union (EU), due to their spatial extent and harmonised approach at the European level. However, they possess different characteristics in terms of spatial detail or thematic accuracy. Little attention has been paid to the effect of these characteristics on simulation models and the resultant policy implications. In this study we tested whether the choice of a forest map has substantial influence on model output, i.e. if output differences can be related to the input differences. A sensitivity analysis of the spatially explicit Global Forest Model (G4M) was performed using four different forest maps: the pan-European high resolution forest/non-forest map (FMAP), the Corine Land Cover (CLC), the Calibrated European Forest Map (CEFM) and the Global Land Cover (GLC). Finally, the impact of potential differences owing to input datasets on decision-making was tested in a selected case study: reaching the EU 10\,\% biofuel target through enhanced utilization of forest biomass. The sensitivity analysis showed that the choice of the forest cover map has a major influence on the model outputs in particular at the country-level, while having less influence at the EU27 level. Differences between the input datasets are strongly reflected in the outputs. Similarly, depending on the choice of the input alternate options for decision-making were found within the hypothesized biofuel target (case study), demonstrating a substantial value of information. In general, it was demonstrated that input maps are the major driver of decision-making if forest resource outputs of the model are their basis. Improvement of the input forest map would result in immediate benefit for a better decision-making basis. \^a\textordmasculine{} Sensitivity analysis of a simulation model showed strong influence of forest maps. \^a\textordmasculine{} Strongest effect on model outputs at country-level, less influence at EU27 level. \^a\textordmasculine{} An EU biofuel case study found similar effect of forest maps on decision-making. \^a\textordmasculine{} Importance of careful choice of forest input maps for models is highlighted. \^a\textordmasculine{} Map improvement brings immediate benefit to decision-making policy process.},
  journal = {Environmental Science \& Policy},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-10900721,bioenergy,communicating-uncertainty,environmental-modelling,europe,forest-resources,mapping,modelling,science-based-decision-making,science-policy-interface,uncertainty},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-10900721}
}

@incollection{pereira-lorenzoChestnut2012,
  title = {Chestnut},
  booktitle = {Fruit {{Breeding}}},
  author = {{Pereira-Lorenzo}, Santiago and Ballester, Antonio and Corredoira, Elena and Vieitez, AnaM and Agnanostakis, Sandra and Costa, Rita and Bounous, Giancarlo and Botta, Roberto and Beccaro, GabrieleL and Kubisiak, ThomasL and Conedera, Marco and Krebs, Patrik and Yamamoto, Toshiya and Sawamura, Yutaka and Takada, Norio and {Gomes-Laranjo}, Jos{\'e} and {Ramos-Cabrer}, AnaM},
  editor = {Badenes, Marisa L. and Byrne, David H.},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {729--769},
  publisher = {{Springer US}},
  doi = {10.1007/978-1-4419-0763-9\\_19},
  abstract = {The genus Castanea, chestnuts and chinkapins, belongs to the family Fagaceae, which includes other important timber producing genera such as Quercus and Fagus. The genus Castanea is divided into three geographically delimited sections with at least seven consistently recognized interfertile species: 4 species in Asia (C. mollissima, C. henryi, C. seguinii, and C. crenata), two or more species in North America (C. dentata, C. ozarkensis, and C. pumila) and one in Europe and Turkey (C. sativa). The two most important diseases of chestnut are ink disease (Phytophthora) and chestnut blight (Cryphonectria). Resistance to these is the major objective for rootstock breeding in Europe and scion breeding in North America. In both cases, the source of resistance was Asian species. European breeding programs developed resistant hybrid rootstocks, which are propagated by stooling, cuttings, or in vitro culture. A major pest of chestnut is the gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus whose control is based on the spread of parasitoids but also on the selection of resistant cultivars. For nut production, the most important breeding objectives include the following: good horticultural traits, product quality, suitability to storage and processing, and ease of peeling. For timber, important characters include wood quality, rapid growth, and nonchecking of wood (ring-shake). Molecular maps have been developed, which has expanded the genetic knowledge of the chestnut. An efficient genetic transformation protocol for C. sativa through the coculture of somatic embryos with different strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been described.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13608280,castanea-sativa,forest-resources,genetic-variability,monography,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13608280},
  series = {Handbook of {{Plant Breeding}}}
}

@article{merianSizemediatedClimategrowthRelationships2011,
  title = {Size-Mediated Climate-Growth Relationships in Temperate Forests: A Multi-Species Analysis},
  author = {M{\'e}rian, Pierre and Lebourgeois, Fran{\c c}ois},
  year = {2011},
  month = apr,
  volume = {261},
  pages = {1382--1391},
  issn = {0378-1127},
  doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2011.01.019},
  abstract = {In most dendrochronological studies, climate-growth relationships are established on dominant trees to minimize non-climatic signals. However, response to environmental factors may be affected by tree-size, which begs the question of the representativeness of dominant trees on the stand level. To highlight the variations in climate-growth relationships among sizes and species, under a wide range of ecological conditions (climate and soil properties), 61 pure even-aged stands were sampled across France. At each stand, two tree-ring chronologies were established from 10 big- to 10 small-diameter trees. Our objectives were, (1) to assess variations in climate sensitivity between the two size-diameter classes, and (2) to investigate the role of species and ecological conditions on these variations. The climate-growth relationships were evaluated from 122 tree-ring chronologies (1~220 trees) through extreme growth years and correlation function analyses. Sensitivity to climate of shade-intolerant and moderately shade-tolerant species (Picea abies (L.) Karst., Pinus sylvestris L. and Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) remained constant between the size-diameter classes for both temperature and hydric balance, while the shade-tolerant species Abies alba Mill. and Fagus sylvatica L. displayed significant differences, with larger trees being more sensitive to summer drought than smaller trees. This difference increased with increasing climatic xericity. Our results suggest that, for shade-tolerant species, (1) big trees could be more sensitive to climatic change especially under xeric climate, and (2) future tree ring studies should include trees stratified by size to produce unbiased estimation of sensitivity to climate. \^a\textordmasculine{} We investigated the tree-size effect on sensitivity to climate. \^a\textordmasculine{} Study was led on a multi-species network at broad scale. \^a\textordmasculine{} Only shade-tolerant species display changes in sensitivity among size-classes. \^a\textordmasculine{} Increasing local xericity induces increasing differences in sensitivity.},
  journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-8837665,abies-alba,climate-change,drought-tolerance,droughts,fagus-sylvatica,forest-resources,picea-abies,pinus-sylvestris,population-growth,quercus-petraea,shade-tolerance},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-8837665},
  number = {8}
}

@article{nedelchevaTraditionalUsePlants2011,
  title = {The {{Traditional Use}} of {{Plants}} for {{Handicrafts}} in {{Southeastern Europe}}},
  author = {Nedelcheva, Anely and Dogan, Yunus and {Obratov-Petkovic}, Dragica and Padure, IoanaM},
  year = {2011},
  month = dec,
  volume = {39},
  pages = {813--828},
  issn = {0300-7839},
  doi = {10.1007/s10745-011-9432-9},
  journal = {Human Ecology},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-10118338,balkans,forest-resources,handicraft,wooden-artifact,woody-species},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-10118338},
  number = {6}
}

@article{stenlidEmergingDiseasesEuropean2011,
  title = {Emerging Diseases in {{European}} Forest Ecosystems and Responses in Society},
  author = {Stenlid, Jan and Oliva, Jon{\`a}s and Boberg, Johanna B. and Hopkins, Anna J. M.},
  year = {2011},
  month = apr,
  volume = {2},
  pages = {486--504},
  issn = {1999-4907},
  doi = {10.3390/f2020486},
  abstract = {New diseases in forest ecosystems have been reported at an increasing rate over the last century. Some reasons for this include the increased disturbance by humans to forest ecosystems, changed climatic conditions and intensified international trade. Although many of the contributing factors to the changed disease scenarios are anthropogenic, there has been a reluctance to control them by legislation, other forms of government authority or through public involvement. Some of the primary obstacles relate to problems in communicating biological understanding of concepts to the political sphere of society. Relevant response to new disease scenarios is very often associated with a proper understanding of intraspecific variation in the challenging pathogen. Other factors could be technical, based on a lack of understanding of possible countermeasures. There are also philosophical reasons, such as the view that forests are part of the natural ecosystems and should not be managed for natural disturbances such as disease outbreaks. Finally, some of the reasons are economic or political, such as a belief in free trade or reluctance to acknowledge supranational intervention control. Our possibilities to act in response to new disease threats are critically dependent on the timing of efforts. A common recognition of the nature of the problem and adapting vocabulary that describe relevant biological entities would help to facilitate timely and adequate responses in society to emerging diseases in forests.},
  journal = {Forests},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-9105771,diseases,ecosystem,europe,forest-resources,society},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-9105771},
  number = {2}
}

@article{tomerMethodsPrioritizePlacement2009,
  title = {Methods to Prioritize Placement of Riparian Buffers for Improved Water Quality},
  author = {Tomer, Mark D. and Dosskey, Michael G. and Burkart, Michael R. and James, David E. and Helmers, Matthew J. and Eisenhauer, Dean E.},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {75},
  pages = {17--25},
  issn = {1572-9680},
  doi = {10.1007/s10457-008-9134-5},
  abstract = {Agroforestry buffers in riparian zones can improve stream water quality, provided they intercept and remove contaminants from surface runoff and/or shallow groundwater. Soils, topography, surficial geology, and hydrology determine the capability of forest buffers to intercept and treat these flows. This paper describes two landscape analysis techniques for identifying and mapping locations where agroforestry buffers can effectively improve water quality. One technique employs soil survey information to rank soil map units for how effectively a buffer, when sited on them, would trap sediment from adjacent cropped fields. Results allow soil map units to be compared for relative effectiveness of buffers for improving water quality and, thereby, to prioritize locations for buffer establishment. A second technique uses topographic and streamflow information to help identify locations where buffers are most likely to intercept water moving towards streams. For example, the topographic wetness index, an indicator of potential soil saturation on given terrain, identifies where buffers can readily intercept surface runoff and/or shallow groundwater flows. Maps based on this index can be useful for site-specific buffer placement at farm and small-watershed scales. A case study utilizing this technique shows that riparian forests likely have the greatest potential to improve water quality along first-order streams, rather than larger streams. The two methods are complementary and could be combined, pending the outcome of future research. Both approaches also use data that are publicly available in the US. The information can guide projects and programs at scales ranging from farm-scale planning to regional policy implementation.},
  journal = {Agroforestry Systems},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13618239,agroforestry,flow-accumulation,forest-resources,integration-techniques,riparian-zones,sediment-transport,soil-erosion,soil-resources,spatial-prioritization,topographic-wetness-index,vegetation-buffer,water-quality,water-resources},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13618239},
  number = {1}
}

@article{jurcXylophagousEntomofaunaBranches2009,
  title = {Xylophagous Entomofauna in Branches of Oaks ({{Quercus}} Spp.) and Its Significance for Oak Health in the {{Karst}} Region of {{Slovenia}}},
  author = {Jurc, Maja and Bojovi{\'c}, Sr{\dj}an and Komjanc, Bo{\v s}tjan and Kr{\v c}, Janez},
  year = {2009},
  month = jan,
  volume = {64},
  pages = {130--138},
  issn = {1336-9563},
  doi = {10.2478/s11756-009-0024-8},
  abstract = {Samples of dying branches from 121 trees of Quercus pubescens, Q. cerris, and Q. petraea were taken from 102 sites in Seslerio autumnalis-Quercetum petraeae and Ostryo-Quercetum pubescentis forests. After nine months' rearing in eclectors, branches were cut to 20-cm sections, and signs of infestation as well as larvae and adult insects were noted. We analysed 395 sections of branches from Q. pubescens, 125 sections from Q. cerris, and 85 sections from Q. petraea. We found 44 adult insects: 45\,\% were from the Cerambycidae family (Callimus angulatus ssp. angulatus, Poecilium alni, and Exocentrus adspersus), 18\,\% were from the Scolytinae subfamily (Scolytus intricatus, Xyleborus dispar), 4\,\% from the Buprestidae family (Coraebus florentinus), 4.5\,\% from the Cleridae family (Tilloidea unifasciata), and 28.5\,\% from other families. In addition, 145 larvae were found: 50\,\% from the Cerambycidae family, 39\,\% from the Buprestidae family, 4\,\% from the Scolytinae subfamily, and 7\,\% from other families. Significant difference in the abundance of adult insects and larvae with regard to the diameter of branch sections and the host species were found. 78\,\% of dying branches showed signs of infestation. Species of the Buprestidae, Scolytinae, and Cerambycidae represent important factors in the decline in oak vitality in the lower Karst region of Slovenia.

[Excerpt] Poecilium alni is a European species. It is polyphagous, mainly on oaks and other deciduous trees. Larvae develop under the bark of dead, mostly 1-2 cm thick branches. It is quite common throughout Slovenia, except in the high mountains, and its numbers and density are stable. It is a stenotopic species, inhabiting low altitudes and submountainous forests (Brelih et al. 2006).

[] Exocentrus adspersus is a stenotopic, thermophilic, polyphagous species, occurring mostly on Quercus spp., but also on other deciduous trees, and in rare cases on conifers (Pinus spp.). Larvae feed under bark in the wood of dead, dry branches and shoots, particularly in the thin material in the crown of trees. Exocentrus adspersus used to be very rare in Slovenia, at least according to available data, however, in the past two decades it appeared in greater numbers and has become the most common species of the Exocentrus genus (Brelih et al. 2006). Because of its bionomics, E. adspersus represents a stress factor in the dying of oaks. In Germany, it is on the red list of threatened species (http://www.mu.sachsenanhalt. de/start/fachbereich04/artenschutz/files/299- 304 2004 rl sachs anh bockkaefer.pdf\#search=\%22 Exocentrus \% 20adspersus\%20\%20\%22).

[] Scolytus intricatus is found on deciduous trees of the Quercus, Fagus, Ostrya, and Castanea genera (Pfeffer 1995). Sexually immature young beetles perform maturity eating on shoots or buds of growing vegetation as well as on the previous year's thinner branches of the host tree. Maturity eating, which usually takes place on a vital tree, causes dying of branches. Scolytus intricatus has a wide economic importance because it attacks freshly felled trees. It causes the dying of young small branches of healthy hosts, where the maturity eating of the beetles takes place. Females lay their eggs on trunks which are weakened by other factors, and they thus become another factor in the decline of the host trees, particularly oaks (F\textasciidieresis uhrer 1998). In Europe, S. intricatus is in the 35th place out of 40 harmful insect species (Gr\'egoire \& Evans 2004). This species is generally present in Slovenia, particularly in the Karst area of the Primorje region (unpublished data from Slovenian Museum of Natural History).},
  journal = {Biologia},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-4003848,forest-pests,forest-resources,ostrya-carpinifolia,scolytus-intricatus,slovenia},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-4003848},
  number = {1}
}

@article{linguaSpatialStructureAltitudinal2008,
  title = {Spatial Structure along an Altitudinal Gradient in the {{Italian}} Central {{Alps}} Suggests Competition and Facilitation among Coniferous Species},
  author = {Lingua, Emanuele and Cherubini, Paolo and Motta, Renzo and Nola, Paola},
  year = {2008},
  month = jun,
  volume = {19},
  pages = {425--436},
  issn = {1100-9233},
  doi = {10.3170/2008-8-18391},
  abstract = {Questions: What is the structure of the anthropogenic upper forest-grassland ecotone and are there differences in the spatial relationships between the tree species involved? Location: Valfurva Valley, Italian central Alps. Methods: We conducted a spatial distribution and structure analysis in three 1-ha permanent plots along an altitudinal gradient, from the treeline to the sub-alpine forest. We reconstructed the age structure from cores from each individual with diameter {$>$} 4 cm at 50 cm height. Results: All tree species and age classes examined had a clumped structure. The cluster tendency was more evident at the treeline where the environmental conditions are more severe. In the sub-alpine forest there was a repulsion between Pinus cembra and Pinus mugo but at the treeline P. cembra was frequently found downslope from P. mugo. Conclusions: Although human influence has been the main driving force in shaping the present forest structure, in the last few decades natural dynamics have become the predominant force acting on forest structure and processes, showing a higher magnitude as altitude increases. Our results emphasize the existence of facilitating and interfering mechanisms between different species. P. cembra seems to be favoured compared to the other tree species.},
  journal = {Journal of Vegetation Science},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12634974,forest-resources,habitat-suitability,pinus-cembra,pinus-mugo,plant-species-competition,tree-line},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12634974},
  number = {3}
}

@article{lowExtraordinaryDrought20032006,
  title = {Extraordinary Drought of 2003 Overrules Ozone Impact on Adult Beech Trees ( {{Fagus}} Sylvatica )},
  author = {L{\"o}w, M. and Herbinger, K. and Nunn, A. J. and H{\"a}berle, K. H. and Leuchner, M. and Heerdt, C. and Werner, H. and Wipfler, P. and Pretzsch, H. and Tausz, M. and Matyssek, R.},
  year = {2006},
  month = sep,
  volume = {20},
  pages = {539--548},
  issn = {0931-1890},
  doi = {10.1007/s00468-006-0069-z},
  abstract = {The extraordinary drought during the summer of 2003 in Central Europe allowed to examine responses of adult beech trees ( Fagus sylvatica ) to co-occurring stress by soil moisture deficit and elevated O 3 levels under forest conditions in southern Germany. The study comprised tree exposure to the ambient O 3 regime at the site and to a twice-ambient O 3 regime as released into the canopy through a free-air O 3 fumigation system. Annual courses of photosynthesis ( A max ), stomatal conductance ( g s ), electron transport rate (ETR) and chlorophyll levels were compared between 2003 and 2004, the latter year representing the humid long-term climate at the site. ETR, A max and g s were lowered during 2003 by drought rather than ozone, whereas chlorophyll levels did not differ between the years. Radial stem increment was reduced in 2003 by drought but fully recovered during the subsequent, humid year. Comparison of AOT40, an O 3 exposure-based risk index of O 3 stress, and cumulative ozone uptake (COU) yielded a linear relationship throughout humid growth conditions, but a changing slope during 2003. Our findings support the hypothesis that drought protects plants from O 3 injury by stomatal closure, which restricts O 3 influx into leaves and decouples COU from high external ozone levels. High AOT40 erroneously suggested high O 3 risk under drought. Enhanced ozone levels did not aggravate drought effects in leaves and stem.},
  journal = {Trees - Structure and Function},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-11379882,adaptation,climate-change,droughts,europe,fagus-sylvatica,forest-resources,ozone},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-11379882},
  number = {5}
}

@incollection{homeierPurdiaeaNutans2005,
  title = {Purdiaea Nutans},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Homeier, J.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {2005},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Purdiaea nutans ist ein langsam wachsender, immergr\"uner Baum, der besonders durch seine pr\"achtigen Bl\"uten beeindruckt. Die Art geh\"ort zur kleinen Familie der Cyrillaceae, die nur 14 Arten umfasst. Cyrillaceen kommen ausschlie\ss lich in der Neuen Welt vor, vom S\"udosten der USA \"uber Mittelamerika und die Westindischen Inseln bis in den Norden S\"udamerikas. Der Verbreitungsschwerpunkt liegt dabei auf Kuba, von wo zehn Arten der Gattung Purdiaea bekannt sind .},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745807,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,purdiaea-nutans,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745807}
}

@incollection{ruginiOliveOleaEuropaea2005,
  title = {Olive ({{Olea}} Europaea {{L}}.)},
  booktitle = {Protocol for {{Somatic Embryogenesis}} in {{Woody Plants}}},
  author = {Rugini, Eddo and Mencuccini, Massimo and Biasi, Rita and Altamura, MariaMaddalena},
  editor = {{Jain} and Gupta, PramodK},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {77},
  pages = {345--360},
  publisher = {{Springer Netherlands}},
  doi = {10.1007/1-4020-2985-3\\_27},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13594187,~to-add-doi-URL,forest-resources,genetic-resources,olea-europaea},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13594187},
  series = {Forestry {{Sciences}}}
}

@article{dorrenMechanismsEffectsManagement2005,
  title = {Mechanisms, Effects and Management Implications of Rockfall in Forests},
  author = {Dorren, Luuk K. A. and Berger, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric and {le Hir}, C{\'e}line and Mermin, Eric and Tardif, Pascal},
  year = {2005},
  month = aug,
  volume = {215},
  pages = {183--195},
  issn = {0378-1127},
  doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2005.05.012},
  abstract = {At the scale of forest stands, there is a lack of quantitative, statistically valid data on the protective effect of forests against rockfall. Therefore, the first objective of this study was to quantify the velocities, rebound heights as well as the residual hazard of rockfall on a forested and a non-forested slope. The second objective was to evaluate existing rockfall protection forest management guidelines, as well as the underlying criteria. We carried out and analysed 100 real size rockfall experiments at a non-forested site (Site 1) and 102 identical experiments at a forested site (Site 2) on the same slope. We compared the obtained results with literature data on rockfall protection forests. At the non-forested site, results show that the mean maximum velocity is 15.4 m s-1 compared to 11.7 m s-1 at the forested site. The maximum rebound height decreases from 8 m (Site 1) to 2 m (Site 2) and the number of rocks that surpass the 223.5 m slope distance decreases from 95 out of 100 (Site 1) to 35 out of 102 (Site 2). A major effect of rockfall on a forested slope is the development of a treeless rockfall path or couloir, which had evolved after releasing 78 rocks at Site 2. The effect of such a couloir can be mitigated by cutting trees on both sides of the couloir and leaving the trunks on the slope, diagonally to the slope direction. This is a known and effective technique to reduce the effect of gaps in protection forests. During our experiments, none of the rocks attained their maximal velocity within the first 40 m. They did, however, attain destructive velocities (11-15 m s-1) within that distance. Based on our observations, we propose a maximum gap size in the slope direction of 1.3 times the mean tree height, with a maximum of 40 m. Further, we present various findings that have direct implications for the management of rockfall protection forests. Finally, the results proved that forests can provide effective protection against rockfall.},
  journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13618014,abies-alba,acer-pseudoplatanus,comparison,disturbances,fagus-sylvatica,forest-resources,landslides,larix-decidua,picea-abies,quercus-robur,rockfalls},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13618014},
  number = {1-3}
}

@incollection{schuckRosaPendulina2005,
  title = {Rosa Pendulina},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Schuck, H. J.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {2005},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Die in den Gebirgen Mittel- und S\"udeuropas heimische Rosa pendulina wird im Volksmund wegen der weitgehend fehlenden Bestachelung als "Rose ohne Dornen" bezeichnet. Es handelt sich um einen bis 2 m, in Kultur auch bis 3 m hoch wachsenden Strauch, der bis in die alpine H\"ohenstufe vordringt, dort aber nur ein niederliegender Zwergstrauch von 50 cm bleibt. Dieser gilt als die Rosenart, die im Gebirge am weitesten noch oben steigt. Seine wohlriechenden, rosa bis purpurfarbenen, bis 5 cm gro\ss en Bl\"uten sind recht ansehnlich. Hinsichtlich der morphologischen Merkmale gilt die Art als au\ss erordentlich variabel, was sich auch in einer Vielzahl von Variet\"aten und Formen ausdr\"uckt.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745624,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,rosa-pendulina,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745624}
}

@incollection{pardosQuercusCanariensis2005,
  title = {Quercus Canariensis},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Pardos, J. A. and Pardos, M.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {2005},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Quercus canariensis ist in Nord-Afrika und auf der Iberischen Halbinsel beheimatet. Sie ist feuchteliebend und ben\"otigt im gesamten Jahresverlauf milde Temperaturen. Auf zusagenden Standorten kann sie eine Baumh\"ohe von \"uber 30 m und einen Stammumfang an der Basis von 6 m erreichen.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745491,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,quercus-canariensis,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745491}
}

@incollection{xinpingDiospyrosKaki2005,
  title = {Diospyros Kaki},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Xinping, L.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {2005},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Diospyros kaki ist ein kleiner bis mittelgro\ss er, sommergr\"uner Laubbaum mit auff\"allig starken \"Asten in der generativen Phase. Die dunkelgr\"unen, ovalen Bl\"atter werden im Herbst gelb bis tieforange. Die gelboder orangefarbenen Fr\"uchte verf\"ugen \"uber ein wohlschmeckendes, s\"u\ss es Fruchtfleisch. Die Kakipflaume ist in China beheimatet, wird aber von alters her nicht nur dort, sondern auch in Japan und Korea sowie seit dem 19. Jahrhundert in zahlreichen weiteren L\"andern kultiviert und in Plantagen bewirtschaftet. Die beste Fruchtqualit\"at l\"asst sich auf B\"oden carbonatischen Grundgesteins bei ausreichender Feuchtigkeit im Fr\"uhjahr sowie warmer, m\"a\ss ig trockener Witterung im Sommer und Herbst erzielen. Kakipflaumen k\"onnen in frischem oder getrocknetem Zustand verzehrt, aber auch zu anderen Nahrungs- und zu Genussmitteln weiter verarbeitet sowie medizinisch genutzt werden.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745412,diospyros-kaki,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745412}
}

@techreport{wolfEUFORGENTechnicalGuidelines2003,
  title = {{{EUFORGEN Technical}} Guidelines for Genetic Conservation and Use for Silver Fir ({{Abies}} Alba)},
  author = {Wolf, Heino},
  year = {2003},
  pages = {6},
  address = {{Rome, Italy}},
  institution = {{EUFORGEN}},
  abstract = {Since silver fir stands have been regenerated mainly naturally for a long period, there is reason to assume that they have preserved their original genetic structure and diversity, although the genetic composition of silver populations may have been modified by adaptation and/or drift processes. It is evident that in several parts of the distribution area genetic variation has been reduced due to the mentioned decline of silver fir. This reduction of population sizes may have reached a stage where the future survival of locally remnant populations is no longer guaranteed.

[] To preserve the population-specific genetic structures of silver fir, i.e. locally common alleles and the area-specific allele frequency distribution, many different populations from various distribution areas should be selected systematically for gene conservation purposes. The most effective way to conserve larger occurrences of silver fir and their genetic resources is through in situ conservation of stands and populations as well as their natural regeneration using long-term and small-scale regeneration methods. Additional activities are the promotion of silver fir individuals by tending and thinning, and the strict control of game. If planting of silver fir is required, culling for height of plants in the nursery should be avoided since genetic effects of this procedure cannot be excluded. In case of occurrences with a low number of individuals, enrichment planting in addition to the natural regeneration is recommended with plants from other, larger occurrences of the same region to avoid a higher frequency of half-sib offsprings and subsequent inbreeding in the next regeneration stage.

[] To avoid risks of interspecific geneflow, reforestation using exotic Abies species in the vicinity of silver fir stands should be strictly monitored. Only in marginal areas, with highly depleted genepools and where ecological conditions are very degraded could interspecific mating help to create new adapted genotypes. In all other cases, it should be avoided.

For small populations with a decreased number of individuals, and in addition to in situ conservation measures, the establishment of ex situ gene conservation seed orchards is highly recommended in order to overcome the isolation of individuals and to promote outcrossing. The sampling of single trees does not affect the genetic structure if a sufficient number of individuals is considered. However, sampling should be done exclusively in indigenous populations, randomly in respect to the phenotype but representatively in respect to ecological variation. Wherever possible, the genotype of the individuals sampled should be assessed and considered, e.g. using gene markers to avoid loss of genetic variation and a reduced diversity. Complementary to in situ and ex situ conservation measures, seeds of silver fir can be stored in genebanks for about 3 to 5 years provided that outcrossing has taken place among a minimum number of 20 individuals. To overcome the negative effects of isolation in silver fir relicts in the short term, the collection and storage of pollen in combination with artificial pollination of mature trees could be an efficient but expensive approach.

[] In the European Community, silver fir is under the EU Directive on the marketing of forest reproductive material. For reforestation or re-introduction of silver fir, only forest reproductive materials are to be used according to the regulations and must be suitable for the site conditions in question. In nations not under EU law, the procurement of forest reproductive material should follow the principles of approval, identification and control. In every case, however, recommendations should be developed for the proper use of forest reproductive material.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14257293,conservation,forest-resources,quercus-suber},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14257293}
}

@incollection{schuttPinusCoulteri2003,
  title = {Pinus Coulteri},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Sch{\"u}tt, P. and Lang, U. M.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {2003},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Pinus coulteri, eine dreinadelige Kiefernart aus dem s\"udlichen Kalifornien, kommt meist einzeln oder gruppenweise auf trockenen, hei\ss en Standorten in H\"ohenlagen \"uber 1000 m vor. Kennzeichnend sind u.a. die sehr langen und robusten, geh\"auft an den Triebspitzen stehenden Nadeln, vor allem aber die ungew\"ohnlich gro\ss en, 2 kg schweren, mit zugespitzten Schuppen versehenen Zapfen. P. coulteri hat keine nennenswerte wirtschaftliche Bedeutung, das leichte, sehr beulige Stammholz wird vornehmlich als Brennmaterial genutzt. Die essbaren Samen dienten den Indianern S\"udkaliforniens lange Zeit als Nahrungsmittel. Der Artname bezieht sich auf THOMAS COULTER (1793-1843), einen irischen Arzt und Botaniker, der Teile der mexikanischen und kalifornischen Flora erforschte. Coulter-Kiefern vertragen keine strenge Winterk\"alte. In mitteleurop\"aischen Sammlungen sind sie vornehmlich in gesch\"utzten Lagen und mit jungen Exemplaren vertreten.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745291,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,pinus-coulteri,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745291}
}

@incollection{schuttAbiesLasiocarpa2002,
  title = {Abies Lasiocarpa},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Sch{\"u}tt, P. and Lang, U. M.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {2002},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Abies lasiocarpa1), eine Baumart des westlichen Nordamerika, ist wegen ihrer langen, sehr schmalen, spitz zulaufenden Krone kaum zu verwechseln. Im Bestand wird sie i.A. bis 30 m, an der Baumgrenze nur 1 bis 1,2 m hoch, w\"achst aber auch dort aufrecht. Kennzeichnend sind u.a. die kurzen, in Quirlen angeordneten \"Aste, die violetten bis purpurfarbenen Bl\"uten sowie die aus bewurzelten Zweigen entstehenden Ableger. Felsengebirgstannen sind wichtige Pionierpflanzen in den Hochlagen der Cascaden und des Felsengebirges. Das wenig genutzte Holz eignet sich zur Zellstoffproduktion und wird zu Kisten, T\"uren und Fenstern verarbeitet. Au\ss erhalb ihres nat\"urlichen Areals hat man A. lasiocarpa nur selten angebaut. In mitteleurop\"aischen Sammlungen ist sie aber durchwegs vertreten.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745212,abies-lasiocarpa,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745212}
}

@article{andreevaAnalysisTrophicIndices2002,
  title = {Analysis of Trophic Indices in {{Gypsy}} Moth ({{Lymantria}} Dispar {{L}}.) Larvae from Two Geographic Populations},
  author = {Andreeva, E. M.},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {33},
  pages = {342--348},
  issn = {1608-3334},
  doi = {10.1023/a:1020269827577},
  abstract = {Specific features of larval feeding in two geographic populations of the gypsy moth are considered. It is shown that in larvae reared on an artificial diet, trophic indices depend on several factors, including the age and sex of larvae and the food plant on which the parental generation developed in nature. It is shown that larval micropopulations belonging to the same geographic population but feeding in nature on different plant species differ from each other to a greater extent than those of different geographic populations feeding on the same species.},
  journal = {Russian Journal of Ecology},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13779110,~to-add-doi-URL,betula-alba,betula-pendula,forest-pests,forest-resources,lymantria-dispar,quercus-robur,russia,salix-babylonica,salix-caprea},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13779110},
  number = {5}
}

@incollection{zonaRoystoneaRegia2001,
  title = {Roystonea Regia},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Zona, S.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {2001},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Die K\"onigspalme ist ein raschw\"uchsiger, in der Karibik beheimateter Baum, der in der Regel H\"ohen um 20 m erreichen kann und auf Grund seines \"asthetisch sehr ansprechenden Erscheinungsbildes in vielen tropischen L\"andern f\"ur ornamentale Zwecke angebaut wird. Die Anzucht auf generativem Wege bereitet keine Schwierigkeiten, und Kultivierungsma\ss nahmen werden vielfach mit adulten Pflanzen durchgef\"uhrt. Als bedeutsamer Bestandteil des \"Okosystems bietet die K\"onigspalme vielen Tieren Nahrung sowie Wohn- und Nistm\"oglichkeiten. Der Gattungsname Roystonea bezieht sich auf General Roy Stone (1836-1905), der als Ingenieur bei der amerikanischen Flotte auf Puerto Rico stationiert war.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745810,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,roystonea-regia,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745810}
}

@incollection{piottoRipresaVegetazioneDopo2001,
  title = {La Ripresa Della Vegetazione Dopo Gli Incendi Nella Regione Mediterranea},
  booktitle = {Propagazione per Seme Di Alberi e Arbusti Della Flora Mediterranea},
  author = {Piotto, Beti and Piccini, Claudio and Arcadu, Paolo},
  editor = {Piotto, Beti and Di Noi, Anna},
  year = {2001},
  pages = {31--38},
  publisher = {{Agenzia Nazionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente, Dipartimento Prevenzione e Risanamento Ambientali}},
  address = {{Roma}},
  abstract = {In Italia vaste aree del territorio sono mi- nacciate da processi di inaridimento dei suoli per cause di origine naturali ed antropiche. In particolare, il degrado del suolo si manifesta con maggiore gravit\`a nelle aree mediterranee meridionali a causa delle spe- cifiche caratteristiche climatiche e geomor- fologiche che, sommate ad un uso non sempre cor retto del territorio, determinano un'elevata vulnerabilit\`a. Fenomeni erosivi, dissesti idrogeologici, impermeabilizzazione, salinizzazione, in- quinamento da metalli pesanti sono alcune delle cause di una sensibile diminuzione di produttivit\`a dei terreni. All'urbanizzazione di nuove aree ha spesso corrisposto l'abbandono dei centri antichi e la scomparsa di presidi territoriali capaci di una corretta gestione dell'ambiente naturale. Si \`e determinato cos\`i un processo di desertificazione fisico e sociale: al degrado del patrimonio storico, architettonico e naturale corrisponde spesso anche il depauperamento delle risorse umane . Alcune parziali ma significative risposte per la lotta alla siccit\`a e alla desertificazio- ne da parte dell'Italia, sia a livello nazionale che internazionale, sono riscontrabili non solo nel Programma Nazionale per la Lotta alla Siccit\`a e alla Desertificazione, ma anche nell'avvio di una nuova strategia della cooperazione, nella promozione di nuove norme sulla difesa del suolo e, per quanto riguarda le regioni italiane interes- sate, nel Decreto Legislativo n.152/99 sulle acque. La distruzione della copertura vegetale, spesso dovuta agli incendi frequenti soprattutto nelle regioni meridionali, \`e certamente una delle cause principali della degrada- zione del suolo; il fenomeno \`e particolar- mente dannoso quando avviene nelle aree mediterranee dove la qualit\`a del terreno \`e fortemente condizionata dalla vegetazione che supporta. Nel Programma Nazionale per la Lotta alla Siccit\`a e alla Desertificazione, approvato con delibera del CIPE del 21 dicembre 1999, tra le misure da adottare per la protezione del suolo figurano la gestione sostenibile e l'ampliamento del patrimonio forestale nonch\'e lo sviluppo della produzione vivaistica per la diffusione delle specie mediterranee. Il manuale ANPA 'Propagazione per seme di alberi e arbusti della flora mediterranea', del Dipartimento Prevenzione e Risanamento Ambientali, costituisce perci\`o un contributo mirato, opportuno e apprezzato in questo campo.},
  isbn = {88-448-0271-6},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13796198,forest-resources,mediterranean-region,post-fire-vegetation-dynamics},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13796198}
}

@incollection{weisgerberArganiaSpinosa2001,
  title = {Argania Spinosa},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Weisgerber, H. and Weisgerber, E.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {2001},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Argania spinosa ist ein nur in Marokko nat\"urlich vorkommender Laubbaum mit gedrungenem Schaft und weit ausladender Krone. Als Kulturpflanze wegen ihrer \"olhaltigen Fr\"uchte von alters her hoch gesch\"atzt, wird die Art insbesondere im S\"udwesten des Landes in gro\ss en, das Landschaftsbild pr\"agenden Plantagen angebaut. Der Arganbaum toleriert semiaride und aride Klimabedingungen; er erweist sich auch hinsichtlich der Bodenanspr\"uche als sehr gen\"ugsam und verhindert Erosion und Desertifikation. Die nat\"urliche Verj\"ungung kann auf generativem wie auf vegetativem Wege erfolgen. Plantagen werden \"uberwiegend durch Stockausschl\"age verj\"ungt. Neben dem aus Samen gewonnenen, vielf\"altig verwendbaren \"Ol dienen die als Viehfutter verwendeten proteinreichen Bl\"atter und die R\"uckst\"ande der Fr\"uchte vielen Menschen als Existenzgrundlage. Demgegen\"uber spielt die Nutzung des Holzes eine weitaus geringere Rolle. Seit einigen Jahren sind die Vorkommen von A. spinosa durch anthropogene Einwirkungen zunehmend gef\"ahrdet. Erhaltungsma\ss nahmen erscheinen daher dringlich.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745676,argania-spinosa,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745676}
}

@incollection{puhuaJuniperusRigida2000,
  title = {Juniperus Rigida},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Puhua, H. and Lihuan, Z.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {2000},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Juniperus rigida, in Mitteleuropa gelegentlich als harmonisch aufgebautes, dicht beastetes Ziergeh\"olz kultiviert, geh\"ort in seiner chinesischen Heimat zu den besonders anspruchslosen, d\"urre- und k\"alteresistenten Holzgew\"achsen. Die Art hat keinerlei wirtschaftliche Bedeutung. Wegen ihrer intensiven Bewurzelung verhindert sie aber auf steilen, felsigen Trockenh\"angen die Erosion. Von dem recht \"ahnlichen J. communis unterscheidet sich J. rigida haupts\"achlich durch die lang herabh\"angenden Zweige.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745258,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,juniperus-rigida,monography,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745258}
}

@article{riittersGlobalScalePatternsForest2000,
  title = {Global-{{Scale Patterns}} of {{Forest Fragmentation}}},
  author = {Riitters, Kurt H. and Wickham, James D. and O'Neill, Robert and Jones, Bruce and Smith, Elizabeth},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {3+},
  issn = {1195-5449},
  abstract = {We report an analysis of forest fragmentation based on 1-km resolution land-cover maps for the globe. Measurements in analysis windows from 81 km2 (9\texttimes 9 pixels, "small" scale) to 59,049 km2 (243\texttimes 243 pixels, "large" scale) were used to characterize the fragmentation around each forested pixel. We identified six categories of fragmentation (interior, perforated, edge, transitional, patch, and undetermined) from the amount of forest and its occurrence as adjacent forest pixels. Interior forest exists only at relatively small scales; at larger scales, forests are dominated by edge and patch conditions. At the smallest scale, there were significant differences in fragmentation among continents; within continents, there were significant differences among individual forest types. Tropical rain forest fragmentation was most severe in North America and least severe in Europe-Asia. Forest types with a high percentage of perforated conditions were mainly in North America (five types) and Europe-Asia (four types), in both temperate and subtropical regions. Transitional and patch conditions were most common in 11 forest types, of which only a few would be considered as "naturally patchy" (e.g., dry woodland). The five forest types with the highest percentage of interior conditions were in North America; in decreasing order, they were cool rain forest, coniferous, conifer boreal, cool mixed, and cool broadleaf.},
  journal = {Conservation Ecology},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13491460,forest-resources,fragmentation,global-scale,spatial-pattern},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13491460},
  number = {2}
}

@article{alcantaraFactorsShapingSeedfall2000,
  title = {Factors {{Shaping}} the {{Seedfall Pattern}} of a {{Bird}}-{{Dispersed Plant}}},
  author = {Alcantara, Julio M. and Rey, Pedro J. and Valera, Francisco and {Sanchez-Lafuente}, Alfonso M.},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {81},
  pages = {1937--1950},
  abstract = {The spatial distribution of seeds can influence several parameters of the natural regeneration of plant populations. Factors shaping seedfall patterns have been typically explored from the tree perspective (seed shadow) or from the population perspective (seed rain). However, the seed rain is actually composed of multiple seed shadows. In this paper, we use this framework to explore the variables shaping the seedfall pattern of the wild olive tree (Olea europaea var. sylvestris), a fleshy-fruited tree of the Mediterranean scrublands. We monitored the movement patterns of avian seed dispersers and the seedfall around each fruit-bearing O. europaea tree in two contrasting sites, differing in the degree of human management and abundance of scrub cover. None of the seed dispersers moved between microhabitats (different shrub species and open interspaces) as a function of microhabitat relative abundance. All dispersers foraged preferentially at O. europaea; only the smaller species visited open interspaces, and these only sporadically. Avoidance of open sites by frugivores, especially larger species, and their attraction to source trees were the major determinants of the seedfall pattern. Regarding seed size distribution among microhabitats, we found that only small seeds were significantly overrepresented in open interspaces. From the seed shadow perspective, seed density under trees was similar in the two study sites, but it decreased with distance at a higher rate in the disturbed scrubland. From the seed rain perspective, seed density was significantly different among microhabitats, with open interspaces collecting few, if any, seeds, and places under source trees receiving the highest densities. Results from seed shadow and seed rain analyses were integrated to construct a path model to explore the relative contribution of spatial, microhabitat, and individual tree features to the seedfall pattern. Factors related to microhabitat were identified as having a major role in shaping seedfall pattern. Open interspaces collected few seeds, points under shrub species with sparse foliage collected moderate seed densities, and points under shrubs with dense foliage collected the highest seed densities. The comparison between sites suggests that habitat alteration (a reduction of the scrub layer) can lead to contrasting seedfall patterns. The occurrence of an abundant scrub layer in the well-preserved scrubland allowed a complex pattern of seed rain. In contrast, the sparse scrub cover in the disturbed scrubland yielded a seedfall pattern composed of multiple seed shadows constrained to the vicinity of tree crowns. Thus, our sampling design and analytical approach have proved useful in describing the relative importance of the set of variables that shapes the complex seedfall pattern of a bird-dispersed plant. This seedfall pattern, in turn, is central to the understanding of the spatial patterns of plant recruitment and the efficiency of the dispersal mutualism.},
  journal = {Ecology},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13593951,bird-dispersal,forest-resources,seed-dispersal,tree-ecology},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13593951},
  number = {7}
}

@incollection{schuckEricaTetralix1999,
  title = {Erica Tetralix},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Schuck, H. J.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {1999},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Erica tetralix, ein 15 bis 50 cm hoher, immergr\"uner Zwergstrauch, w\"achst nat\"urlich auf feuchten, k\"ustennahen Heiden und Mooren, dringt aber auch h\"aufig ins Binnenland vor. Wegen ihrer attraktiven rosa bis roten Bl\"utenfarbe und der lang andauernden Bl\"utezeit ist die Art seit langem in vielen Variationen in Kultur. Durch Entw\"asserungsma\ss nahmen in Hochmooren ist sie derart im R\"uckgang begriffen, dass sie bei uns als schutzbed\"urftig eingestuft wird. Wegen ihres Gerbstoffgehaltes gilt sie als schwach giftig. Ihr H\"ochstalter wird mit ca. 20 Jahren angegeben. St\"ammchen von 5,5 mm Durchmesser z\"ahlten 19 Jahrringe.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745582,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,erica-tetralix,forest-resources,monography,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745582}
}

@incollection{binkleyWhyTreeSpecies1998,
  title = {Why Do Tree Species Affect Soils? {{The Warp}} and {{Woof}} of Tree-Soil Interactions},
  booktitle = {Plant-Induced Soil Changes: {{Processes}} and Feedbacks},
  author = {Binkley, Dan and Giardina, Christian},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {89--106},
  abstract = {Many ideas have been advanced regarding how trees affect soils. Enough evidence is now available to evaluate the strength of these ideas and to consider interactions between tree species and soils in an evolutionary context. Forest floor mass commonly differs by about 20\,\% for different species growing on the same site; differences of up to 5-fold have been reported. Litterfall mass and N content commonly differ by 20 to 30\,\%, but larger differences are also common (especially with N-fixing species). The net mineralizaton of soil N typically differs by 50\,\% or more among species, indicating very strong feedback possibilities. We evaluate the evolutionary context of tree effects on soils by considering 3 degrees of coupling of trees to soils: tightly woven connections where the fitness of the tree is enhanced by its effect on soils; loosely woven interactions where selection for tree fitness unrelated to soil properties leads to indirect effects on soils (either enhancing or impairing fitness); and frayed interactions where the effects of trees on soil derive from features of the ecosystem that do not involve direct selection for tree fitness. Evidence supports each of these degrees of interaction for at least some cases, and no single context explains all the interactions between trees and soils. Important areas for further work include: next-generation assessments of the effects of trees on soil suitability for the same (and different) species, and the role of soil organisms in developing and modifying the effects of trees on soils.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14636196,deposition,feedback,forest-resources,nitrogen-fixation,organic-carbon,soil-food,soil-microbial-properties,soil-moisture,soil-resources,soil-vs-vegetation,temperature,topsoil-grain-size,tree-species},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14636196},
  series = {Developments in {{Biogeochemistry}}}
}

@incollection{hongPinusTabulaeformis1998,
  title = {Pinus Tabulaeformis},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Hong, P.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {1998},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Pinus tabulaeformis geh\"ort zu den wirtschaftlich wichtigsten Baumarten Chinas und ihr Holz wird f\"ur viele industrielle und handwerkliche Zwecke genutzt. Das gro\ss e, klimatisch und edaphisch recht heterogene nat\"urliche Areal l\"oste die Entwicklung von Klimarassen aus, was Konsequenzen bei der forstlichen Saatgutversorgung erforderlich machte. Die bis zu 45 m hohen, tiefwurzelnden B\"aume k\"onnen 300 Jahre alt werden. Sie sind d\"urre- und frosthart und werden durch Krankheiten nicht ernsthaft gef\"ahrdet. Forstliche Versuchsanbauten waren au\ss erhalb Chinas selten und verliefen ohne Erfolg. Auch in dendrologischen Sammlungen Mitteleuropas ist die Art nur sp\"arlich vertreten.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745320,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,pinus-tabulaeformis,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745320}
}

@incollection{weiseAssessingLiveFuel1998,
  title = {Assessing Live Fuel Moisture for Fire Management Applications},
  booktitle = {Fire in Ecosystem Management: Shifting the Paradigm from Suppression to Prescription},
  author = {Weise, David R. and Hartford, Roberta A. and Mahaffey, Larry},
  editor = {Pruden, Teresa L. and Brennan, Leonard A.},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {20},
  pages = {49--55},
  publisher = {{Tall Timbers Research Station}},
  address = {{Tallahassee, Florida}},
  abstract = {The variation associated with sampling live fuel moisture was examined for several shrub and canopy fuels in southern California, Arizona, and Colorado. Ninety-five \% confidence intervals ranged from 5 to \% . Estimated sample sizes varied greatly. The value of knowing the live fuel moisture content in fire decision making is unknown. If the fuel moisture is highly variable, then it is possible for the confidence intervals to span one or more fire behavior or danger classes. Errors in live fuel moisture data may directly affect the costs in safety and resources associated with prescribed fire and wildfire suppression.

[Excerpt: Fire management implications]

As pointed out in the Live Fuel Moisture Task Force Report (Cohen et al. 1995), live fuel moisture information is currently best used in strategic decisions instead of tactical decisions because of the current limitations in our understanding of live fuels and fire behavior. Since the 1940's,live fuel moisture information has been used in fire danger calculations, a strategic level use of the data. In the first version of the National Fire-Danger Rating System (NFDRS), live fuel moisture was sampled along transects at each fire danger station. This approach was replaced by live fuel moisture models for herbaceous and shrub fuels in the 1978 NFDRS (Bradshaw et al. 1983). The 1978 NFDRS live fuel moisture model transfers herbaceous fuels into the 1-hour timelag fuel class; however, live woody fuels are not transferred into the corresponding dead fuel classes. Live fuels can still contribute heat to the combustion process (Richards 1940, Bradshaw et al. 1983).

[] Some users of live fuel moisture information have used the data to develop general guidelines related to fire behavior and danger (Cohen et al. 1995). Monitoring live fuel moisture data over several years has enabled others to use the data to estimate what the current fire danger is relative to previous years' fire danger. By developing an '' average'' annual live fuel moisture profile, a fire management agency can make these fire danger assessments. [...] However, error associated with live fuel moisture samples should be considered when using live fuel moisture data in this fashion.

[] Consider the following example. The confidence intervals for chamise at Boquet Canyon 1 were roughly {$\pm$}40\,\% and at San Marcos were roughly {$\pm$}10\,\%. 

[] Assume guidelines such as: [::1)] live fuel moisture {$>$} 120\,\%-low fire danger; [::2)] 80\,\% {$<$} live fuel moisture {$<$} 120\,\%-moderate fire danger; [::3)] 60\,\% {$<$} live fuel moisture 80\,\%-high fire danger; and [::4)] live fuel moisture {$<$} 60\,\%-extreme fire danger; [] have been developed.

[] If live fuel moisture is estimated to be 90\,\%, fire danger would be rated anywhere from low to extreme at Boquet and moderate at San Marcos because of the width of the confidence intervals. This may have serious implications for fire management applications. [...]

[Summary] The variation associated with sampling live fuel moisture was examined for several shrub and canopy fuels in southern California, Arizona, and Colorado. Ninety-five \% confidence intervals ranged from {$\pm$}5\,\% to {$\pm$} 100\,\%. Estimated sample sizes also varied greatly. At allowable error of 5\,\%, maximum mean estimated sample size was as high as 630. Increasing allowable error to 25\,\% reduced estimated sample sizes to less than 30.

[] The value of live fuel moisture in fire decision making is unknown. If the fuel moisture is highly variable, then it is possible for the confidence intervals to span one or more fire behavior or dangers classes. Errors in live fuel moisture data may directly affect the costs in safety and resources associated with prescribed fire and wildfire suppression. If live fuel moisture content is to be sampled to provide information for fire management decisions, care should be taken to collect an adequate sample to insure that the precision of the estimate is within acceptable bounds. [...]},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14148981,arizona,california,classification,colorado,field-measurements,fire-fuel,forest-resources,live-fuel-moisture-content,management,shrubs,united-states},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-14148981},
  series = {Tall {{Timbers Fire Ecology Conference Proceedings}}}
}

@incollection{roloffFraxinusExcelsior1997,
  title = {Fraxinus Excelsior},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Roloff, A. and Pietzarka, U.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {1997},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Bei Fraxinus excelsior handelt es sich um eine wuchskr\"aftige, mitteleurop\"aische Baumart mit gro\ss er Amplitude hinsichtlich des Wasserhaushaltes: sie besiedelt sowohl Standorte mit zeitweiligem Trockenstress (z.B. flachgr\"undige Kuppen) als auch Auenstandorte und kann sich fast nur in diesen Extrembereichen gegen konkurrenzst\"arkere Schattenbaumarten, insbesondere die Buche, behaupten. In ihrem Optimalbereich wird sie von letzterer verdr\"angt. Trotz des damit verbundenen, eher inselartigen Vorkommens ist eine genetische Differenzierung in sogenannte Standortsrassen bisher nicht nachgewiesen, sondern sogar widerlegt. Die Esche ver\"andert im Laufe ihres Lebens ihre Lichtanspr\"uche sehr grundlegend: in der Jugend sehr schattentolerant, ben\"otigt sie mit zunehmendem Alter immer mehr Licht und schlie\ss lich eine vollkommen freie Krone f\"ur zufriedenstellendes Wachstum, d.h., sie wird von einer schattentoleranten zu einer lichtbed\"urftigen Baumart. Aufgrund ihrer hohen Holzqualit\"at geh\"ort F. excelsior zu den sogenannten Edellaubh\"olzern. Die holztechnischen Eigenschaften sind im Reinbestand besonders g\"unstig, so dass man das Aufwachsen in Gruppen anstrebt. Gr\"o\ss ere Eschen-Reinbest\"ande sind hingegen waldbaulich unerw\"unscht, vor allem wegen der dann einsetzenden Vergrasung.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745424,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,fraxinus-excelsior,monography,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745424}
}

@incollection{bussottiQuercusCerris1997,
  title = {Quercus Cerris},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Bussotti, F.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {1997},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Quercus cerris ist ein hoher, im S\"uden und S\"udosten Europas heimischer, sommergr\"uner Waldbaum, der im H\"ugelland S\"uditaliens besonders h\"aufig vorkommt, gelegentlich aber auch im Gebirge und an mediterranen K\"usten w\"achst. Zerreichen k\"onnen als Niederwald bewirtschaftet werden und erreichen dann eine hohe Produktivit\"at. Zumeist wachsen sie in Hochw\"aldern, haben dann aber ein Holz mit nur m\"a\ss igen technologischen Eigenschaften. Periodisch leidet die Art unter dem Angriff blattfressender Insekten, welche in Abst\"anden von 10 bis 15 Jahren in erheblichem Umfang sch\"adlich werden. Neuerdings tritt in S\"uditalien eine Komplexkrankheit auf, die wahrscheinlich auf das Zusammenwirken von Wassermangel und Schw\"acheparasiten zur\"uckgeht.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745492,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,quercus-cerris,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745492}
}

@incollection{schuttTecomaStans1995,
  title = {Tecoma Stans},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Sch{\"u}tt, P. and Lang, U. M.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {1995},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Dieser immergr\"une, in den Neotropen weitverbreitete kleine Baum (oder gro\ss e Strauch) wird in tropischen und subtropischen L\"andern wegen seiner leuchtend gelben, glockenf\"ormigen Bl\"uten gern als Zierelement angebaut. H\"aufig ist er aus der Kultur verwildert. Er bl\"uht und fruktifiziert fast das ganze Jahr \"uber, ist relativ anspruchslos und wird - als Folge seiner weiten geographischen Verbreitung - in mehrere Variet\"aten unterteilt. F\"ur die amerikanischen Virgin Islands stellt er die "State flower" dar. Bei den lokalen Indianerst\"ammen hatte er einst eine gewisse volksmedizinische Bedeutung.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745830,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,species-description,tecoma-stans},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745830}
}

@book{gilmanFactSheetST5551994,
  title = {Fact {{Sheet ST}}-555: {{Quercus}} Palustris - {{Pin Oak}}},
  author = {Gilman, E. F. and Watson, D. G.},
  year = {1994},
  publisher = {{Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida}},
  abstract = {Pin Oak is one of the most utilized (perhaps overused) Oaks in the midwest and eastern United States (Fig. 1). Popular due to the attractive pyramidal shape and straight, dominant trunk, even on older specimens, it exhibits chlorosis on high pH and limestone soils because of iron-deficiency and so is not highly recommended for these sites. Green, glossy leaves borne on relatively small-diameter branches give way to brilliant red to bronze fall color attracting attention in the landscape. Some brown leaves persist on the tree into the winter providing interest to some people. Others do not care to use Pin Oak because of the leaf persistence characteristic.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13603989,forest-resources,quercus-palustris},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13603989}
}

@incollection{schuttEuonymus1994,
  title = {Euonymus},
  booktitle = {Enzyklop\"adie Der {{Holzgew\"achse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Sch{\"u}tt, P. and Lang, U. M.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Sch{\"u}tt, Peter},
  year = {1994},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  address = {{Weinheim}},
  abstract = {Nach neuerer Auffassung besteht die Gattung Euonymus aus etwa 190 teils sommer-, teils immergr\"unen Arten. Ihr Mannigfaltigkeitszentrum liegt im ostasiatischen Raum, u.a. im Himalaya. Euonymus-Arten sind au\ss erdem in Europa, Nord- und Mittelamerika, in Vorderasien und in Australien vertreten. Die Gattung wird - gemeinsam mit den eng verwandten Gattungen Microtropis WALL. und Glyptopetalum THWAITES der Unterfamilie Celastroideae, Tribus Euonymeae zugeordnet. Sie unterteilt sich in zwei Subgenera (Euonymus und Kalonymus), welche sich wiederum in mehrere Sektionen und Reihen aufgliedern lassen. Die folgenden Merkmale gelten als gattungsspezifisch: Meist aufrechte, in einigen F\"allen auch niederliegende und sehr selten kletternde Str\"aucher, oft mit vierkantigen Zweigen, gegenst\"andigen (Ausnahme: E. nanus), ungeteilten und kahlen Bl\"attern. Die vier- bis f\"unfz\"ahligen, gr\"unlichen Bl\"uten fallen wenig auf und stehen in Bl\"utenst\"anden, welche den Achseln von Laub- oder Niederbl\"attern entspringen. Die Staubbl\"atter sitzen auf einem rel. gro\ss en, fl\"achigen, Nektar absondernden Diskus (hypostaminater D.). Euonymus-Arten bilden kantige, drei- bis f\"unff\"achrige Kapselfr\"uchte aus. Jedes Fach enth\"alt zwei oder mehr, von einem fleischigen Mantel (Diskus) umgebene Samen, die haupts\"achlich von V\"ogeln verbreitet werden. Abgesehen von einigen Guttapercha liefernden Arten ist die wirtschaftliche Bedeutung der Gattung nur gering. Einige Arten sind in allen Pflanzenteilen giftig. Mehrere ostasiatische Euonymus-Arten sind teils wegen ihrer spektakul\"aren Herbstverf\"arbung oder ihrer h\"ubschen, bunten Fr\"uchte, teils auch wegen der immergr\"unen, ledrigen Bl\"atter in mitteleurop\"aischen Parks und G\"arten reichlich vertreten.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745583,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,euonymus-spp,forest-resources,monography,species-description},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13745583}
}

@article{weberUberEinflussnaturnaherWaldwirtschaft1993,
  title = {\"Uber Den {{Einflu\ss naturnaher Waldwirtschaft}} Auf Den Chemischen {{Bodenzustand}}},
  author = {Weber, G. and Rehfuess, K. E. and Kruetzer, K.},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {48},
  pages = {68--71},
  abstract = {Title: About the influence of near-to-nature forest management on the chemical state of the soil},
  journal = {Allgemeine Forst Zeitschrift/Der Wald},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13805764,forest-management,forest-resources},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13805764}
}

@article{araujoAbovegroundBiomassProduction1989,
  title = {Aboveground Biomass Production in an Irrigation and Fertilization Field Experiment with {{Eucalyptus}} Globulus},
  author = {Ara{\'u}jo, C. and Pereira, J. S. and Leal, L. and Tom{\'e}, M. and {Flower-Ellis}, J. and Ericsson, T.},
  year = {1989},
  volume = {46},
  pages = {526s-528s},
  issn = {0003-4312},
  doi = {10.1051/forest:198905art0119},
  journal = {Annales des Sciences Foresti\`eres},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13780287,eucalyptus-globulus,forest-biomass,forest-resources,portugal},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13780287},
  number = {Supplement}
}

@book{krussmannHandbuchLaubgeholze1978,
  title = {Handbuch Der {{Laubgeh\"olze}}},
  author = {Kr{\"u}ssmann, Gerd},
  year = {1978},
  edition = {Second},
  volume = {3},
  publisher = {{Paul Parey}},
  address = {{Berlin}},
  isbn = {978-3-8263-2789-6},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13799883,deciduous,forest-resources,germany,species-description,taxonomy},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13799883}
}

@incollection{tutinEuonymus1968,
  title = {Euonymus {{L}}.},
  booktitle = {Flora {{Europaea}}, {{Volume}} 2: {{Rosaceae}} to {{Umbelliferae}}},
  author = {Tutin, T. G.},
  editor = {Tutin, T. G. and Heywood, V. H. and Burges, N. A. and Valentine, D. H. and Walters, S. M. and Webb, D. A. and Valentine, D. H. and Walters, S. M. and Webb, D. A.},
  year = {1968},
  pages = {242},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  address = {{Cambridge}},
  abstract = {Published in five volumes, Flora Europaea is the definitive account of the flowering plants, ferns and fern-allies of Europe, covering all plants growing in the wild, including many naturalized species and all widely cultivated crop species. It provides full keys and concise descriptions of families, genera, species and subspecies, together with bibliographic details for accepted species, summaries of geographical distribution, chromosome numbers and habitat information. This new edition of Volume 1 brings the treatment of the first 79 families up to date. Keys and descriptions have been extensively revised, and many taxa new to Europe, or to science, have been incorporated, while others have been relegated to synonymy as a consequence of recent research. In this edition, all synonyms are cited in the text. The Appendices have been thoroughly revised, and information on geographical distribution critically edited to give an authoritative summary of the occurrence of each species in 39 European territories.},
  isbn = {978-0-521-06662-4},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13628388,euonymus-spp,europe,featured-publication,forest-resources,species-description,taxonomy},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13628388}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{guerraAssociationGeneticsChemical2013,
  title = {Association Genetics of Chemical Wood Properties in Black Poplar ({{Populus}} Nigra)},
  author = {Guerra, Fernando P. and Wegrzyn, Jill L. and Sykes, Robert and Davis, Mark F. and Stanton, Brian J. and Neale, David B.},
  date = {2013-01},
  journaltitle = {New Phytologist},
  volume = {197},
  pages = {162--176},
  issn = {0028-646X},
  doi = {10.1111/nph.12003},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12003},
  abstract = {[::] Black poplar (Populus nigra) is a potential feedstock for cellulosic ethanol production, although breeding for this specific end use is required. Our goal was to identify associations between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers within candidate genes encoding cellulose and lignin biosynthetic enzymes, with chemical wood property phenotypic traits, toward the aim of developing genomics-based breeding technologies for bioethanol production. [::] Pyrolysis molecular beam mass spectrometry was used to determine contents of five- and six-carbon sugars, lignin, and syringyl~:~guaiacyl ratio. The association population included 599 clones from 17 half-sib families, which were successfully genotyped using 433 SNPs from 39 candidate genes. Statistical analyses were performed to estimate genetic parameters, linkage disequilibrium (LD), and single marker and haplotype-based associations. [::] A moderate to high heritability was observed for all traits. The LD, across all candidate genes, showed a rapid decay with physical distance. Analysis of single marker-phenotype associations identified six significant marker-trait pairs, whereas nearly 280 haplotypes were associated with phenotypic traits, in both an individual and multiple trait-specific manner. [::] The rapid decay of LD within candidate genes in this population and the genetic associations identified suggest a close relationship between the associated SNPs and the causative polymorphisms underlying the genetic variation of lignocellulosic traits in black poplar.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13157127,~to-add-doi-URL,association-genetics,bioethanol,cellulose,forest-resources,half-sib-families,lignin,populus-nigra,single-nucleotide-polymorphism},
  number = {1}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{stineArcticTreeRings2014,
  title = {Arctic Tree Rings as Recorders of Variations in Light Availability},
  author = {Stine, A. R. and Huybers, P.},
  date = {2014-05},
  journaltitle = {Nature Communications},
  volume = {5},
  issn = {2041-1723},
  doi = {10.1038/ncomms4836},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4836},
  abstract = {Annual growth ring variations in Arctic trees are often used to reconstruct surface temperature. In general, however, the growth of Arctic vegetation is limited both by temperature and light availability, suggesting that variations in atmospheric transmissivity may also influence tree-ring characteristics. Here we show that Arctic tree-ring density is sensitive to changes in light availability across two distinct phenomena: explosive volcanic eruptions (P{$<$}0.01) and the recent epoch of global dimming (P{$<$}0.01). In each case, the greatest response is found in the most light-limited regions of the Arctic. Essentially no late 20th century decline in tree-ring density relative to temperature is seen in the least light-limited regions of the Arctic. Consistent results follow from analysis of tree-ring width and from individually analysing each of seven tree species. Light availability thus appears an important control, opening the possibility for using tree rings to reconstruct historical changes in surface light intensity.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13162144,arctic-region,biomass,forest-resources,past-observations,solar-radiation,temperature}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@incollection{wagnerPyrusPyraster2009,
  title = {Pyrus Pyraster},
  booktitle = {Enzyklopädie Der {{Holzgewächse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Wagner, I.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Schütt, Peter},
  date = {2009},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  location = {{Weinheim}},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9783527678518.ehg2009005/abstract},
  abstract = {Pyrus pyraster ist die wichtigste Birnen-Art in Mitteleuropa. In der gemäßigten Zone besiedelt sie ein vergleichsweise großes Areal, ist aber nahezu im gesamten Verbreitungsgebiet extrem selten und gilt als stark gefährdet. Die Wildbirne hat mit ihrem charakteristischen schlanken Habitus, ihren leuchtend weißen Blüten im Frühjahr und ihrer auffallend bunten Blattfärbung im Herbst einen ästhetischen Aspekt und ist damit ein Element der Landschaftsgestaltung. Sie ist forstliche Genressource und eine Bereicherung der ökologischen Vielfalt. Sie gilt als wenig anfällig gegenüber Krankheiten, Trockenstress und Luftverschmutzung. Ihr Potenzial als Resistenzdonor in der Obstzüchtung ist zu überprüfen und ggf. zu nutzen. Bei fortschreitendem Klimawandel verbessert sich möglicherweise ihre Zukunftsperspektive. Die Früchte, roh nicht wirklich geniessbar, lassen sich in der Kosmetikindustrie verwenden.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745487,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,pyrus-pyraster,species-description}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{sollaScreeningEuropeanElms2005a,
  title = {Screening {{European Elms}} for {{Resistance}} to {{Ophiostoma}} Novo-Ulmi},
  author = {Solla, Alejandro and Bohnens, Jürgen and Collin, Eric and Diamandis, Stephanos and Franke, Albrecht and Gil, Luis and Burón, Margarita and Santini, Alberto and Mittempergher, Lorenzo and Pinon, Jean and Broeck, An V.},
  date = {2005-04},
  journaltitle = {Forest Science},
  volume = {51},
  pages = {134--141},
  issn = {0015-749X},
  url = {https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=4684918061381991617},
  abstract = {Resistance breeding of the native elms against Dutch elm disease, caused by the fungus Ophiostoma novo-ulmi Brasier, is a major objective in Europe for the conservation of this tree species. More than 2,500 cuttings of 324 elm clones (Ulmus minor Miller, U. glabra Huds., U. laevis Pall., U. pumila L., U. minor x U. glabra, and U. minor x U. pumila) from eight European countries, planted in several randomized two-block designed plots were inoculated with various O. novo-ulmi strains. Crown wilting and dieback were recorded during the first year after inoculation. The wilting of the control trees varied among the plots, making the results difficult to compare, but analysis of variance (ANOVA) within each plot showed significant differences in disease severity among the clones tested, allowing study of the variation of the response among elm taxa. Results showed that 19 European inoculated clones recovered from O. novo-ulmi attack, giving hope for the reestablishment of native elms in countryside hedges and forests. FOR. SCI. 51(2):134-141.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-160792,europe,forest-pests,forest-resources,ulmus-glabra},
  number = {2}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{mouriAnalysisDyesTextiles2014,
  title = {Analysis of Dyes in Textiles from the {{Chehrabad}} Salt Mine in {{Iran}}},
  author = {Mouri, Chika and Aali, Abolfazl and Zhang, Xian and Laursen, Richard},
  date = {2014},
  journaltitle = {Heritage Science},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {20},
  issn = {2050-7445},
  doi = {10.1186/s40494-014-0020-3},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-014-0020-3},
  abstract = {This study describes the analysis of dyes from three textile specimens associated with human remains found in the Chehrabad salt mine in northwestern Iran dating to 2000\,±\,400 years BP. They are unique for this part of the world not only because of their age, but because they represent textiles used by common people (salt miners) as opposed to funerary garments of the wealthy. Samples of yarns from these specimens were extracted and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array and mass spectrometric detection. The red dye was obtained from madder (specifically Rubia tinctorum L.), and the blue was from an indigo plant, probably woad (Isatis tinctoria L.), both of which are known in Iran. Two yellow, plant-derived, flavonol dyes were found. The first seems to be from a species of tamarisk (Tamarix sp.), whereas the second, found in both yellow and green yarns, is from a so-far unidentified plant. This work represents the first detailed study of these salt mine dyes, and the first evidence for the use of tamarisk as a dyestuff.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13589725,~to-add-doi-URL,forest-resources,iran,secondary-production,tamarix-spp},
  number = {1}
}

@incollection{mullerTilioPlatyphylliAcerionPseudoplatani1992,
  title = {Tilio Platyphylli-{{Acerion}} Pseudoplatani {{Klika}}},
  booktitle = {Süddeutsche {{Pflanzengesellschaften}}, {{Band}} 4: {{Wälder}} Und {{Gebüsche}}},
  author = {Müller, T.},
  editor = {Oberdorfer, Erich},
  date = {1992},
  pages = {173--192},
  publisher = {{Gustav Fischer Verlag}},
  location = {{Jena}},
  abstract = {Mit Teil IV der "Süddeutschen Pflanzengesellschaften" wird dieses pflanzensoziologische Standardwerk in zweiter, völlig neu bearbeiteter und stark erweiterter Auflage abgeschlossen. Die drei Autoren haben tausende Vegetationsaufnahmen zu vielen synthetischen Tabellen verarbeitet; so entsteht ein umfassendes Bild der standortsbedingten Gliederung und geographischen Abwandlung der Wald- und Gebüschgesellschaften, das vielfach weit über Süddeutschland hinaus die Gesamtstruktur wichtiger Einheiten umfaßt und damit ein unentbehrliches Vergleichsmaterial für weite Gebiete Europas bereitstellt. Gerade die Wälder bieten - als von Natur aus in Mitteleuropa absolut dominante Vegetationsformation von großer praktischer, wirtschaftlicher und kultureller Bedeutung - die entscheidende Grundlage für das Verständnis der landwirtschaftlichen Vegetationsstrukturen und ihrer durch die Nutzung verursachten tiefgreifenden Veränderungen. Forstliche Praxis und Lehre erhalten somit kompetente und aktuelle pflanzensoziologische Grundlagen für einen naturgemäßen, umweltbewußten Waldbau.},
  isbn = {3-334-60385-7},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13805608,forest-resources,forest-types,germany,vegetation-composition}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{smithWildfireEffectsWater2011,
  title = {Wildfire Effects on Water Quality in Forest Catchments: A Review with Implications for Water Supply},
  author = {Smith, Hugh G. and Sheridan, Gary J. and Lane, Patrick N. J. and Nyman, Petter and Haydon, Shane},
  date = {2011-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Hydrology},
  volume = {396},
  pages = {170--192},
  issn = {0022-1694},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.10.043},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.10.043},
  abstract = {Wildfires burn extensive forest areas around the world each year. In many locations, fire-prone forest catchments are utilised for the supply of potable water to small communities up to large cities. Following wildfire, increased erosion rates and changes to runoff generation and pollutant sources may greatly increase fluxes of sediment, nutrients and other water quality constituents, potentially contaminating water supplies. Most research to date has focused on suspended sediment exports and concentrations after wildfire. Reported first year post-fire suspended sediment exports varied from 0.017 to 50~t~ha-1~year-1 across a large range of catchment sizes (0.021-1655~km2). This represented an estimated increase of 1-1459 times unburned exports. Maximum reported concentrations of total suspended solids in streams for the first year after fire ranged from 11 to ∼500,000~mg~L-1. Similarly, there was a large range in first year post-fire stream exports of total N (1.1-27~kg~ha-1~year-1) and total P (0.03-3.2~kg~ha-1~year-1), representing a multiple change of 0.3-431 times unburned, while exports of 0.04-13.0~kg~ha-1~year-1 (3-250 times unburned) have been reported. , , and NH3/ concentrations in streams and lakes or reservoirs may increase after wildfire but appear to present a generally low risk of exceeding drinking water guidelines. Few studies have examined post-fire exports of trace elements. The limited observations of trace element concentrations in streams after wildfire found high levels (well over guidelines) of Fe, Mn, As, Cr, Al, Ba, and Pb, which were associated with highly elevated sediment concentrations. In contrast, Cu, Zn, and Hg were below or only slightly above guideline values. Elevated Na+, Cl- and solute yields have been recorded soon after fire, while reports of concentrations of these constituents were mostly confined to coniferous forest areas in North America, where maximum sampled values were well below recommended limits. Likewise, reported wildfire effects on dissolved organic carbon were generally minor and elevated concentrations largely reflected background conditions. Available cyanide concentrations in small streams may approach levels of concern soon after fire, but increases are likely to be of short duration. Post-fire concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in streams have been found to increase but remained within the recommended limit. Large increases in exports and concentrations of some constituents after wildfire indicate the potential for impacts on water supply from forest catchments. In response, various water treatment measures may be required and in the absence of adequate treatment facilities or alternative sources, water supplies may be vulnerable to disruption. ⺠Wildfire effects on water quality vary substantially. ⺠Large post-fire increases to sediment, nutrient and trace element fluxes reported. ⺠Wildfires may disrupt the supply of potable water from forest catchments.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-8259199,catchment-scale,forest-resources,integrated-water-resources-management,review,water-quality,water-resources,wildfires},
  number = {1-2}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{moriReframingEcosystemManagement2013,
  title = {Reframing Ecosystem Management in the Era of Climate Change: Issues and Knowledge from Forests},
  author = {Mori, Akira S. and Spies, Thomas A. and Sudmeier-Rieux, Karen and Andrade, Angela},
  date = {2013-09},
  journaltitle = {Biological Conservation},
  volume = {165},
  pages = {115--127},
  issn = {0006-3207},
  doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2013.05.020},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.05.020},
  abstract = {We discuss ” ecosystem management (EM)” to face contemporary climate change issues. EM focuses on sustaining ecosystems to meet both ecological and human needs. EM plans have been largely developed independent of concerns about climate change. However, EM is potentially effective for climate change mitigation and adaptation. We provide the principle guidelines based on EM to adaptively tackle the issues. Climate change is one of the significant concerns in land and resource management, creating an urgent need to build social-ecological capacity to address widespread and uncertain environmental changes. Given the diversity and complexity of ecological responses to climate change ” ecosystem management” approaches are needed to provide solutions for meeting both ecological and human needs, while reducing anthropogenic warming and climate-related impacts on society. For instance, ecosystem management can contribute to a reduction in the greenhouse gas emissions through improved land-use and reduced deforestation at a regional scale. Further, conserving and restoring naturally-functioning ecosystems, which is often one of the goals of ecosystem management can significantly contribute to buffering ecological responses to climate extremes such as droughts and wildfires. Moreover, ecosystem management helps build capacity for learning and adaptation at multiple scales. As a result, societies will be better prepared to respond to surprises and uncertainties associated with climate change. In this regard, it is imperative to reframe climate change issues based on the ecosystem approach. Although climate change and ecosystem management plans have largely developed independently, it is now essential for all stakeholders to work together to achieve multiple goals. The ecosystem-based approaches can enable flexible and effective responses to the uncertainties associated with climate change. Reframing ecosystem management helps to face an urgent need for reconsideration and improvement of social-ecological resilience in order to mitigate and adapt to the changing climate.

[Excerpt: Conclusion]

Novel approaches underpinned by sociology, ecology and climate science are necessary to perform assessments that reflect the many roles that ecosystem management can play in mitigating and adapting to climate change. No single method and focal scale for addressing the effects or causes of climate change exists. Indeed, there are often trade-offs such as those between the goals of building resilience (learning from failure) and reducing vulnerability (minimizing failure) (Adger et al., 2008), suggesting some policies aimed at minimizing exposure to any hazards at the regional scale can potentially conflict with the proactive implementation of adaptive management at the local scale. In this article, we have discussed reframing ecosystem management as an effective way to address the uncertainties of climate change. It is therefore necessary to adopt flexible and robust management strategies that consider various scenarios, rather than adopting a single measure. Similar to climate change, which is intricately connected to other issues beyond physical climatic change, ecological issues are deeply associated with global issues. A number of environmental policies and plans have been historically developed with little consideration of climate instability. Among them, our attempt that integrates different management considerations into the common context lends a strong support for the objectives and approaches of ecosystem management as an effective tool to face climate change uncertainties.

[\textbackslash n] It is important for all stakeholders to work together to identity multiple goals. Ecologists need to address ecosystem processes and functions in the context of possible future conditions; resource managers and policymakers need to build capacity for learning and adaptation; and all stakeholders need to share a recognition that social-ecological systems are interacting not only with each other (social-ecological interdependence) but also with the climate system. In keeping with the view of Moss et al. (2010) that the future climate largely depends on the behaviour of global society, the fates of ecosystems will strongly depend on how human society faces climate change. In particular, there are still important gaps in the combined study of climate and ecosystem science that need to be addressed. At the time of UNFCCC meetings in Copenhagen in 2009, UNEP (2009a) stated that climate information, when coupled with other information such as ecology and socio-economics, should be centralized within policy formulation and decision making process for practical ecosystem management at local and regional scales with reasonable timescales of the next several decades. Bringing different fields together is essential to tackle future complexity. The constructive improvements that come from an ecosystem management strategy, as summarized in Table 2, has the potential to effectively fill the gaps among disciplines and stakeholders.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13912160,~to-add-doi-URL,adaptation,climate-change,climate-extremes,droughts,ecology,ecosystem,forest-resources,incomplete-knowledge,knowledge-integration,mitigation,uncertainty,wildfires}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{cabiHylobiusAbietisLarge2015,
  title = {Hylobius Abietis (Large Pine Weevil)},
  author = {{CABI}},
  date = {2015},
  url = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/13687894},
  abstract = {[Excerpt: Preferred Scientific Name]

 Hylobius abietis (Linnaeus, 1758)

[Preferred Common Name]

 large pine weevil

[Other Scientific Names]

 Curculio abietis Linnaeus, 1758;  Curculio pini Marsham, 1802;  Hylobitelus abietis (Linnaeus, 1758)

[International Common Names]

 English: fir-tree weevil; large brown pine weevil.  Spanish: gorgojo del abeto.  French: charançon de l'épinette; charançon européen; grand charançon du pin; hylobe du pin.  Russian: bolshoy sosnovy dolgonosik

[] [...] [Description] The egg is less than 1 mm long and less than 0.5 mm wide, pearly-white and oval (Salisbury and Leather, 1998).

[] The cream-coloured larva is soft, curved and legless. It has a large, light-brown head, with strong mandibles, which are flattened and as wide as the first segment of the body. Mature larvae are 10-15 mm long. There are five larval instars; the widths of the head capsule measure 0.6-0.8 mm (first instar), 0.9-1.1 mm (second instar), 1.1-1.7 mm (third instar), 1.6-2.5 mm (fourth instar) and 2.5-3.5 mm (fifth instar) (Bakke and Lekander, 1965).

[] The pupa is 8-10 mm long, exarate (appendages are free) and unpigmented.

[] The adult is 9-15 mm long. A hard chitinous covering protects the body. The wing cases, which completely cover the abdomen, are purple-brown in young adults and later become black. There are patches of yellow scales on the wing cases and on the thorax. The thorax is slightly broader than it is long, strongly convex and constricted at the front. The surface of the thorax is punctured and wrinkled with a raised central line. The head is extended to form a strong snout with mandibles at the tip. The antennae are elbowed and attached to the snout near the end. The large eyes are positioned on either side at the base of the snout. The legs have sharp claws with a strong tooth on the inner edge of each femur.

[Distribution] H. abietis is a pest of coniferous plantations in many European countries. It also occurs in Russia, Japan and China.

[] [...]},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13687894,cabi,forest-pests,forest-resources,hylobius-abietis,monography},
  series = {Invasive {{Species Compendium}}}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{perez-sierraCharacterizationFusariumCircinatum2007,
  title = {Characterization of {{Fusarium}} Circinatum from {{Pinus}} Spp. in Northern {{Spain}}},
  author = {Pérez-Sierra, Ana and Landeras, Elena and León, Maela and Berbegal, Mónica and Garćıa-Jiménez, José and Armengol, Josep},
  date = {2007-07},
  journaltitle = {Mycological Research},
  volume = {111},
  pages = {832--839},
  issn = {0953-7562},
  doi = {10.1016/j.mycres.2007.05.009},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2007.05.009},
  abstract = {Pitch canker caused by Fusarium circinatum was recently reported on Pinus spp. in Spain. In this study, a collection of 157 isolates of F. circinatum obtained from different geographical origins and hosts in northern Spain were identified and characterized by cultural and morphological features, PCR-RFLPs of the histone H3 gene, IGS region, and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (TEF). Mating types were determined by multiplex PCR and sexual compatibility was performed under laboratory conditions. Both mating types were present in Spain and were able to form the teleomorph Gibberella circinata. Morphological differences between mating types, not previously reported, were observed: MAT-1 isolates showed clear, coiled, sterile hyphae characteristic of F. circinatum, whereas MAT-2 isolates presented sterile hyphae but not coiled. Virulence of representative isolates was tested on seven to eight-month-old P. nigra, P. pinaster and P. sylvestris seedlings. All isolates tested were pathogenic to these pine species, MAT-1 isolates being more virulent than MAT-2 isolates.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13837676,forest-pests,forest-resources,fusarium-circinatum,gibberella-circinata,pinus-nigra,pinus-pinaster,pinus-sylvestris,spain},
  number = {7}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{byramSolarRadiationForest1943,
  title = {Solar Radiation and Forest Fuel Moisture},
  author = {Byram, George M. and Jemison, George M.},
  date = {1943},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Agricultural Research},
  volume = {67},
  pages = {149--176},
  issn = {0095-9758},
  url = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/14073812},
  abstract = {A major contribution to progress in forest fire prevention and control during the past 10 years has been the development and widespread application of methods of rating forest fire danger. Fire danger rating systems are now in use in all the forest regions of the United States. They have been described by Gisborne, Brown and Davis, Curry et al., Matthews, Jemison, and others. Under each of these systems the major factors affecting fire danger are measured and the measurements are integrated by means of charts, tables, or some mechanical device into ratings, on a numerical scale, which are free from the serious errors common in estimates of fire danger based on personal judgment alone. The numerical ratings are usually defined in terms of probable fire behavior or of manpower required for suppression. They serve as a guide to efficient distributIon of fire-control funds and personnel.

[Excerpt: Summary] Forest fire-danger rating systems, now in use in all forest regions of the United States, are based chiefly on measurement of wind and of fuel moisture. While many workers have investigated atmospheric and related elements that control fuel moisture, little research has be.en done on solar radiation and its influence on fuel moisture equilibria and rates of drying. With a view to contributing to the refinement of fire-danger rating systems and application of the ratings, a study of solar radiation and fuel moisture was begun in the southern Appalachians in 1938.

[] A method has been developed whereby radiation intensity can be determined for any season of year, hour of day, slope, and aspect. Examples are given showing the widely different radiation intensities that are to be expected under different combinations of these factors even though atmospheric conditions are the same. The relation of solar radiation intensity to surface fuel moisture equilibria and, to a lesser extent, its relation to rates of drying have been established on the basis of theory and of data obtained by use of an "artificial sun" apparatus, a specially constructed weather synthesizer. This apparatus permits both field and laboratory observation of moisture equilibria and rates of drying under various combinations of radiation, Wind, and humidity. Formulae have been developed so that for any combination of air temperature, relative humidity, and wind velocity, equilibrium moisture content of forest litter can be derived for any season, slope, and aspect. These formulae can be used universally, provided radiation intensities are adjusted for latitude.

[] The influence of wind on fuel drying is emphasized. In bright sunlight, contrary to popular belief, wind maintains levels of fuel moisture higher than those in calm air. The reason is that for fuels in the sun the wind's cooling action more than offsets its drying action. This is important in some regions where fuels are fully exposed to sunlight during the fire season.

[] Fuel moisture equilibrium maps are presented showing variations with season, aspect, and slope that result from variations 1n radiation intensity alone. A table is presented showing differences in drying rates caused by differences in radiation.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14073812,disturbances,environmental-modelling,fire-fuel,forest-resources,fuel-moisture,modelling,solar-radiation,wildfires},
  number = {4}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{magriPatternsPostglacialSpread2008,
  title = {Patterns of Post-Glacial Spread and the Extent of Glacial Refugia of {{European}} Beech ({{Fagus}} Sylvatica)},
  author = {Magri, Donatella},
  date = {2008-03},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Biogeography},
  volume = {35},
  pages = {450--463},
  issn = {0305-0270},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01803.x},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01803.x},
  abstract = {[Aim]\hspace{0.6em} Establishing possible relationships between the magnitudes of the glacial distribution of the European beech, Fagus sylvatica L., and its post-glacial spread. 

[Location]\hspace{0.6em} Europe. 

[Methods]\hspace{0.6em} A database of over 400 pollen records has been used to locate Fagus populations at the end of the last glacial and during the post-glacial in Europe and to assess the areal extent of their past distribution. 

[Results]\hspace{0.6em} The rate of late-glacial and post-glacial increase in the number of pollen sites where Fagus was locally present conforms well to a logistic model of population growth. This suggests that the area occupied by beech populations expanded exponentially from the glacial refugia for a duration of over 10,000~years, until about 3500~yr bp. In the past three millennia beech populations increased at a slower rate, tending towards an equilibrium value. 

[Main conclusions]\hspace{0.6em} The conformity of the increase in beech distribution to the classical logistic model of population growth indicates that: [::(1)] a multiplicative biological process was the main factor shaping the pattern of the post-glacial expansion of F. sylvatica in Europe, [::(2)] climate conditions, human activity and competition may have influenced its rate of spread, and [::(3)] beech populations did not expand with a moving closed front, but with a diffuse spread from scattered nuclei. [\textbackslash n] The distribution of Fagus in Europe at the end of the last glacial appears to have been of two orders of magnitude less extensive than at present. Pleistocene refugia were likely to have been a mosaic of sparse stands of small populations scattered in multiple regions. Fagus populations appear to have increased very slowly and to a moderate extent in southern Europe, where they are now declining slightly. The central European populations increased quickly and extensively, reaching northern Europe, and are now approaching their carrying capacity.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-2386050,europe,fagus-sylvatica,forest-resources,migration-history},
  number = {3}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{dinersteinEcoregionbasedApproachProtecting2017,
  title = {An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm},
  author = {Dinerstein, Eric and Olson, David and Joshi, Anup and Vynne, Carly and Burgess, Neil D. and Wikramanayake, Eric and Hahn, Nathan and Palminteri, Suzanne and Hedao, Prashant and Noss, Reed and Hansen, Matt and Locke, Harvey and Ellis, Erle C. and Jones, Benjamin and Barber, Charles V. and Hayes, Randy and Kormos, Cyril and Martin, Vance and Crist, Eileen and Sechrest, Wes and Price, Lori and Baillie, Jonathan E. M. and Weeden, Don and Suckling, Kierán and Davis, Crystal and Sizer, Nigel and Moore, Rebecca and Thau, David and Birch, Tanya and Potapov, Peter and Turubanova, Svetlana and Tyukavina, Alexandra and de Souza, Nadia and Pintea, Lilian and Brito, José C. and Llewellyn, Othman A. and Miller, Anthony G. and Patzelt, Annette and Ghazanfar, Shahina A. and Timberlake, Jonathan and Klöser, Heinz and Shennan-Farpón, Yara and Kindt, Roeland and Lillesø, Jens-Peter B. and van Breugel, Paulo and Graudal, Lars and Voge, Maianna and Al-Shammari, Khalaf F. and Saleem, Muhammad},
  date = {2017-04},
  journaltitle = {BioScience},
  issn = {0006-3568},
  doi = {10.1093/biosci/bix014},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix014},
  abstract = {We assess progress toward the protection of 50\,\% of the terrestrial biosphere to address the species-extinction crisis and conserve a global ecological heritage for future generations. Using a map of Earth's 846 terrestrial ecoregions, we show that 98 ecoregions (12\,\%) exceed Half Protected; 313 ecoregions (37\,\%) fall short of Half Protected but have sufficient unaltered habitat remaining to reach the target; and 207 ecoregions (24\,\%) are in peril, where an average of only 4\,\% of natural habitat remains. We propose a Global Deal for Nature -- a companion to the Paris Climate Deal -- to promote increased habitat protection and restoration, national- and ecoregion-scale conservation strategies, and the empowerment of indigenous peoples to protect their sovereign lands. The goal of such an accord would be to protect half the terrestrial realm by 2050 to halt the extinction crisis while sustaining human livelihoods.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14339124,anthropogenic-changes,connectivity,conservation,ecological-zones,ecosystem-conservation,featured-publication,forest-resources,fragmentation,global-scale,habitat-conservation},
  options = {useprefix=true}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{mrazkovaFirstReportRoot2010,
  title = {First Report of Root Rot of Pedunculate Oak and Other Forest Tree Species Caused by {{Phytophthora}} Plurivora in the {{Czech Republic}}},
  author = {Mrazkova, M. and Cerny, K. and Tomsovsky, M. and Holub, V. and Strnadova, V. and Zlatohlavek, A. and Gabrielova, S.},
  date = {2010-02},
  journaltitle = {Plant Disease},
  volume = {94},
  pages = {272},
  issn = {0191-2917},
  doi = {10.1094/pdis-94-2-0272b},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-2-0272b},
  abstract = {From 2006 to 2008, several similar Phytophthora isolates were obtained from roots of mature Quercus robur and other tree species (Acer platanoides, Fraxinus excelsior, Q. rubra, and Tilia cordata) in forests and parks in several areas in the Czech Republic. The trees were characterized by chlorotic and reduced foliage, crown dieback, and reduced root hairs. Several isolates of Phytophthora were obtained from necrotic roots of these trees and identified as Phytophthora plurivora Jung \& Burgess (1). Isolated colonies grown on V8A medium were radiate to slightly chrysanthemum shaped with limited aerial mycelium in the center. Optimum growth was at 25°C, minimum at 5°C and maximum at 32°C. Radial growth of colonies averaged 6.4 mm/day at 20°C. The isolates were homothallic and produced abundant smooth-walled, spherical oogonia (23.3 to 29.1 μm in diameter), oospores were nearly plerotic or plerotic (21.8 to 26.9 μm in diameter), and the oospore wall was 1.2 to 1.4 μm thick. Antheridia were usually paragynous and measured 8.4 to 12 × 6.5 to 8 μm, but amphigynous antheridia were occasionally observed. Noncaducous, semipapillate sporangia formed on simple or sympodial sporangiophores, were obpyriform, ovoid, ellipsoid or irregular in shape, and occasionally distorted with more than one apex. Sporangia dimensions were 33 to 65 × 24 to 33 μm; L/B ratio 1.2 to 1.6 (-2.1). Comparison of DNA sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of isolates (representative strain GenBank Accession No. FJ952382) confirmed the 100\,\% identity of P. plurivora (1). The soil infestation test was conducted using a P. plurivora isolate acquired from roots of Q. robur and 20 3-year-old plants of Q. robur. Sterilized millet seeds colonized by pathogen with the method as described (2) were used as inoculation medium and added into sterilized peat substrate at the rate of 0.5\,\% (vol/vol). The plants were cultivated in 5.8-liter pots in a greenhouse (20°C, 16-h/8-h photoperiod). After 4 months, the roots of all plants were washed, dried, and weighed. The root biomass of 20 infected plants was significantly reduced by approximately 25\,\% on average compared with the control 20 plants (P {$<$} 0.05, t-test, Statistica 7.1). The pathogen was consistently reisolated from the roots of infected plants but not from control plants. Stem inoculation tests were conducted with 20 replicates in each group of 2-year-old plants of oak, maple, ash, and lime and isolates acquired from the hosts. On each seedling, a 5-mm-diameter bark plug was removed 5 cm above the collar. The inoculum (5-mm-diameter V8A agar plug with actively growing mycelium) was applied to the exposed substrate. The wounds were sealed with Parafilm. Stem necrosis developed in all cases after 1 to 2 weeks, whereas control plants remained healthy. The pathogen was successfully reisolated from necrotic stem tissues. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. plurivora causing root rot on oak, maple, ash, and lime in the Czech Republic. On the basis of the host range and distribution of P. plurivora in the Czech Republic, it can be assumed that, as elsewhere in Europe (1), this pathogen is widespread and is a common cause of decline of many tree species.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13829088,acer-platanoides,czech-republic,forest-pests,forest-resources,fraxinus-excelsior,phytophthora-plurivora,quercus-robur,quercus-rubra,tilia-cordata},
  number = {2}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{obesoInductionSpinescenceEuropean1997,
  title = {The Induction of Spinescence in {{European}} Holly Leaves by Browsing Ungulates},
  author = {Obeso, J. R.},
  date = {1997},
  journaltitle = {Plant Ecology},
  volume = {129},
  pages = {149--156},
  doi = {10.1023/A:1009767931817},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009767931817},
  abstract = {Evidence is presented which suggests that the spinescence of leaves of European holly, Ilex aquifolium, deters feeding by ungulates and is induced by browsing. Spinescence decreased as leaf size increased; hence, spinescence may be achieved by reducing adult leaf size. Holly shrubs with very spiny leaves were browsed less often than less spiny shrubs. In the absence of browsing ungulates during a one year period, the spinescence of leaves of holly shrubs significantly decreased. Browsed shrubs exhibited reduced annual shoot growth, increased branching, and produced smaller leaves with high spinescence. The regrowth on browsed branches of holly trees was characterized by increased leaf spinescence relative to unbrowsed branches. Hence, the induced response was localized, thereby reducing the ability of browsing ungulates to exert selective pressures on holly trees.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13631674,forest-resources,ilex-aquifolium,species-ecology,ungulate-browsing},
  number = {2}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{palmeExtensiveSharingChloroplast2004,
  title = {Extensive Sharing of Chloroplast Haplotypes among {{European}} Birches Indicates Hybridization among {{Betula}} Pendula, {{B}}. Pubescens and {{B}}. Nana},
  author = {Palme, A. E. and Su, Q. and Palsson, S. and Lascoux, M.},
  date = {2004-01},
  journaltitle = {Molecular Ecology},
  volume = {13},
  pages = {167--178},
  issn = {0962-1083},
  doi = {10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.02034.x},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.02034.x},
  abstract = {Extensive sharing of chloroplast haplotypes among the silver birch, Betula pendula Roth., the downy birch, B. pubescens Ehrh., and the dwarf birch, B. nana L., was discovered using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymporphism markers. The geographical component of the genetic variation was stronger than the species component: the species were not significantly different while 11\,\% of the variation could be attributed to differentiation between the two main regions studied, Scandinavia and western Russia. All haplotypes occurring in more than 2\,\% of the individuals were shared among the species and the introgression ratios were quite large: 0.79 between B. pubescens and B. pendula and 0.67 between B. pubescens and B. nana. The data also indicate that B. pendula individuals are more similar to sympatric B. pubescens than to B. pendula individuals from nearby forests. However, this trend is not as pronounced when B. pubescens is considered, suggesting that introgression is not symmetrical. The haplotype sharing among the three Betula species is most likely caused by hybridization and subsequent cytoplasmic introgression.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13628397,~to-add-doi-URL,betula-nana,betula-pendula,betula-pubescens,europe,forest-resources,hybridisation},
  number = {1}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{mcneelyNatureVsNurture2004,
  title = {Nature vs. Nurture: Managing Relationships between Forests, Agroforestry and Wild Biodiversity},
  author = {McNeely, J. A.},
  date = {2004},
  journaltitle = {Agroforestry Systems},
  volume = {61-62},
  pages = {155--165},
  issn = {1572-9680},
  doi = {10.1023/B:AGFO.0000028996.92553.ea},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1023/B:AGFO.0000028996.92553.ea},
  abstract = {Many agroforestry systems are found in places that otherwise would be appropriate for natural forests, and often have replaced them. Humans have had a profound influence on forests virtually everywhere they both are found. Thus 'natural' defined as 'without human influence' is a hypothetical construct, though one that has assumed mythological value among many conservationists. Biodiversity is a forest value that does not carry a market price. It is the foundation, however, upon which productive systems depend. The relationship between agroforestry and the wild biodiversity contained in more natural forests is a complicated one, depending on the composition of the agroforestry system itself and the way it is managed. Complex forest gardens are more supportive of biodiversity than monocrop systems, shade coffee more than sun coffee, and systems using native plants tend to be more biologically diverse. Nonnative plants, especially potentially invasive alien species, threaten biodiversity and need to be avoided. The relationship between forests, agroforestry and wild biodiversity can be made most productive through applying adaptive management approaches that incorporate ongoing research and monitoring in order to feed information back into the management system. Maintaining diversity in approaches to management of agroforestry systems will provide humanity with the widest range of options for adapting to changing conditions. Clear government policy frameworks are needed that support alliances among the many interest groups involved in forest biodiversity.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13938673,~to-add-doi-URL,agroforestry,asia,biodiversity,central-america,europe,forest-management,forest-resources,integration-techniques,mediterranean-region,multi-criteria-decision-analysis,multi-objective-planning,multi-stakeholder-decision-making,multiplicity,north-america,south-america},
  number = {1-3}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{botanicalsocietyofbritainirelandBSBIBigDatabase2015,
  title = {{{BSBI Big Database}}},
  author = {{Botanical Society of Britain \& Ireland}},
  date = {2015},
  url = {http://bsbidb.org.uk/maps/},
  abstract = {Launched in 1950, it is one of the world's longest-running natural history distribution mapping projects. It is constantly updated and improved by the BSBI's networks of volunteers, county recorders and referees, and it is always in use by scientists, conservationists and governmental bodies for determining the abundance, range and changes in the distribution of vascular plants and charophytes in the British Isles.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13758884,forest-resources,species-distribution,united-kingdom}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{hassanpourEstimationGeneticDiversity2013,
  title = {Estimation of Genetic Diversity in Some {{Iranian}} Cornelian Cherries ({{Cornus}} Mas {{L}}.) Accessions Using {{ISSR}} Markers},
  author = {Hassanpour, Hamid and Hamidoghli, Yousef and Samizadeh, Habibollah},
  date = {2013},
  journaltitle = {Biochemical Systematics and Ecology},
  volume = {48},
  pages = {257--262},
  issn = {0305-1978},
  doi = {10.1016/j.bse.2013.01.002},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2013.01.002},
  abstract = {Iran is an important producer of cornelian cherries (Cornus mas L.). Seed propagation and long term human selection have given rise to a great diversity of trees. In this study, ISSR marker was used for genetic diversity evaluation of 40 accessions of cornelian cherries (C. mas L.). With 20 ISSR primers, 171 polymorphic bands were detected with polymorphism ratio range of 80-100\,\%. The average polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.46, which shows that the majority of primers are informative. The average values of Effective Multiplex Ratio (EMR), Marker Index (MI), effective number of alleles (Ne), Nei's gene diversity (He) and Shannon's information index (I) for all primers were 8.0, 3.75, 1.756, 0.416 and 0.595 respectively. Based on these results, ISSR analysis can be used for the characterization and grouping of cornelian cherry accessions. This is the first study demonstrating that ISSR analyses can be used to differentiate and classify cornelian cherry accessions.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13553767,cornus-mas,forest-resources,genetic-conservation,iran}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@collection{jonsellFloraNordicaVol2000,
  title = {Flora {{Nordica}}, {{Vol}} 1: {{Lycopodiaceae}} - Polygonaceae},
  editor = {Jonsell, Bengt},
  date = {2000},
  publisher = {{The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences}},
  location = {{Stockholm}},
  url = {http://www.floranordica.org/Floraofficiellt/booke.html},
  abstract = {Flora Nordica, written in English, addresses professionals and advanced amateurs in Norden and elsewhere. According to present plans, the complete work will comprise 15 volumes.

For all species, subspecies, varieties and hybrids - also casual aliens - the treatment includes synonyms, official names in Nordic languages, and distribution information. For the more common casuals and for all residents, a fairly detailed description is provided, as well as information about chromosome numbers, habitat and reproductive biology.

Distribution in Norden is shown as dot maps, where occurrence and status in each of the 88 floristic provinces is displayed. Matters like variation and species delimitation are discussed, and unsolved problems are stated; the scope is to provide a summary of today's knowledge. An extensive list of references is included in each volume. Most illustrations are black-and-white drawings of plant details.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13759411,forest-resources,scandinavia,species-description,species-distribution}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{laioloEffectsLoggingNonnative2003,
  title = {Effects of Logging and Non-Native Tree Proliferation on the Birds Overwintering in the Upland Forests of North-Western {{Italy}}},
  author = {Laiolo, Paola and Caprio, Enrico and Rolando, Antonio},
  date = {2003-07},
  journaltitle = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  volume = {179},
  pages = {441--454},
  issn = {0378-1127},
  doi = {10.1016/s0378-1127(02)00542-x},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(02)00542-x},
  abstract = {Factors associated with management and logging practices are of particular interest in the perspective of biodiversity management. In this study we focused on overwintering birds of two close and contrasting forest habitats: a 60-120 years old oak forest and a secondary 10-20 years old wood that has lost most of its original vegetation because of continuous logging and is now dominated by an introduced species, black locust Robinia pseudoacacia. We examined bird use of the forests over two levels: species-habitat relationships and foraging niches. The former were assessed by means of point counts centred in 50~m radius plots, whereas the latter by observations of foraging behaviour and plant species exploitation. Mean species richness, diversity and abundance of bark foragers was significantly greater in the old-growth stand, where trees were higher and larger but stem density was lower. Almost no wintering bird species occurred at higher density in the second-growth than in old-growth forest, and no foraging birds positively selected the black locust as substrate. Despite the observed differences in biodiversity metrics and plant species exploitation, most birds of the two stands showed few shifts in their foraging behaviour (in terms of foraging technique, substrate, relative horizontal and vertical position) and niche metrics (breadth and overlap). By considering results obtained with the two approaches, we suggest that biodiversity of altered secondary woods can be increased if current silvicultural practices are modified towards (1) maintaining oaks or trees prone to snag formation such as old poplars and (2) preventing black locust establishment in post-clearcut communities.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13798486,bird-conservation,forest-resources,italy,robinia-pseudoacacia,silviculture},
  number = {1-3}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@incollection{schuttLaburnumAnagyroides2006,
  title = {Laburnum Anagyroides},
  booktitle = {Enzyklopädie Der {{Holzgewächse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Schütt, P. and Lang, U. M.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Schütt, Peter},
  date = {2006},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  location = {{Weinheim}},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9783527678518.ehg2006015/abstract},
  abstract = {Laburnum alpinum kommt als sommergrüner Strauch oder kleiner, etwa 5 m hoher Baum u.a. in den Südalpen, im nördlichen Apennin, in Tirol oder im Tessin natürlich vor, wächst auf warmen, etwas feuchten, felsigen Hängen oder in lichten Wäldern, stellt aber keine spezifischen Standortsansprüche. Von L. anagyroides hebt sich die Art u.a. durch kahle, etwas längere Blattstiele, stärker duftende, ein wenig kleinere Blüten, etwas längere Blütenstände und durch die fehlende Behaarung der Zweige, Hülsen und Blattunterseiten ab. Hervorzuheben ist die hohe, durch das Alkaloid Cytisin hervorgerufene Giftigkeit fast aller Pflanzenteile. Beachtung findet die Art als Ziergehölz. In Deutschland ist sie überall winterhart.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745592,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,laburnum-anagyroides,monography,species-description}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{vannoppenReviewMechanicalEffects2015,
  title = {A Review of the Mechanical Effects of Plant Roots on Concentrated Flow Erosion Rates},
  author = {Vannoppen, W. and Vanmaercke, M. and De Baets, S. and Poesen, J.},
  date = {2015-11},
  journaltitle = {Earth-Science Reviews},
  volume = {150},
  pages = {666--678},
  issn = {0012-8252},
  doi = {10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.08.011},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.08.011},
  abstract = {Living plant roots modify both mechanical and hydrological characteristics of the soil matrix (e.g. soil aggregate stability by root exudates, soil cohesion, infiltration rate, soil moisture content, soil organic matter) and negatively influence the soil erodibility. During the last two decades several studies reported on the effects of plant roots in controlling concentrated flow erosion rates. However a global analysis of the now available data on root effects is still lacking. Yet, a meta-data analysis will contribute to a better understanding of the soil-root interactions as our capability to assess the effectiveness of roots in reducing soil erosion rates due to concentrated flow in different environments remains difficult. The objectives of this study are therefore: i) to provide a state of the art on studies quantifying the effectiveness of roots in reducing soil erosion rates due to concentrated flow; and ii) to explore the overall trends in erosion reduction as a function of the root (length) density, root architecture and soil texture, based on an integrated analysis of published data. We therefore compiled a dataset of measured soil detachment ratios (SDR) for the root density (RD; 822 observations) as well as for the root length density (RLD; 274 observations). A Hill curve model best describes the decrease in SDR as a function of R(L)D. An important finding of our meta-analysis is that RLD is a much more suitable variable to estimate SDR compared to RD as it is linked to root architecture. However, a large proportion of the variability in SDR could not be attributed to RD or RLD, resulting in a low predictive accuracy of these Hill curve models with a model efficiency of 0.11 and 0.17 for RD and RLD respectively. Considering root architecture and soil texture did yield a better predictive model for RLD with a model efficiency of 0.37 for fibrous roots in non-sandy soils while no improvement was found for RD. The unexplained variance is attributed to differences in experimental set-ups and measuring errors which could not be explicitly accounted for due to a lack of additional data. Based on those results, it remains difficult to predict the effects of roots on soil erosion rates. However, by using a Monte Carlo simulation approach, we were able to establish relationships that allow assessing the likely erosion-reducing effects of plant roots, while taking these uncertainties into account. Overall, this study demonstrates that plant roots can be very effective in reducing soil erosion rates due to concentrated flow.

[Excerpt: Conclusions]

Vegetation can be used to reduce soil degradation by soil erosion processes. This study showed that plant roots can be very effective in controlling soil erosion rates due to concentrated flow. A combination of a well-established vegetation cover together with a dense root system in the topsoil is therefore most effective and recommended to protect the soil against soil erosion processes by water. The erosion-reducing potential of plant roots can be explained by their indirect negative effect on soil erodibility through affecting various soil properties (e.g. aggregate stability, cohesion, organic matter content, infiltration rate and moisture content). However both the environment and management practices have to be taken into account as they influence the effectiveness of plant roots in reducing soil erosion rates. Analysis of a global dataset based on published data showed that the decrease in SDR as a function of RD or RLD could be best described by a Hill curve model. Root architecture and soil texture were further considered as an attempt to improve the models. This resulted in better predictive models for RLD (for fibrous roots in non-sandy soils) while no improvement could be observed for RD. Consequently, it remains difficult to predict the erosion-reducing effects of plant roots on concentrated flow erosion rates as still a large part of the variance remains unexplained. Results of the Monte Carlo analyses ( Fig. 5) present confidence intervals on estimated SDR values for the proposed models that should be used as an estimation of the uncertainty range. As such, the established relationships between root (length) density and the soil detachment ratio allow for meaningful estimations of the mechanical effects of plant roots on concentrated flow erosion rates. The advantage of this approach is that the results of this study can be extrapolated to different environments to examine the likely root effects on erosion rates, as we implicitly take into account the variability in root and soil characteristics.

[\textbackslash n] As tap root systems are less effective in controlling soil erosion compared to fibrous roots, we furthermore prefer the use of RLD as root variable as it indirectly takes into account the root architecture. The influence of soil texture on erosion-reducing potential could not be demonstrated due to a lack of sufficient data on the erosion-reducing potential of plant roots in different soil textures. More empirical studies are needed to examine the role of soil texture on the erosion-reducing potential. Moreover, a more accurate global database is needed to unravel the influence of additional soil, root and environmental variables on the erosion-reducing potential of plant roots and to improve the predictive quality of the models.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13794980,~to-add-doi-URL,boreal-forests,comparison,eucalyptus-citriodora,forest-resources,macchia,modelling,pinus-tabulaeformis,review,robinia-pseudoacacia,sclerophyllous,soil-erosion,soil-resources,stabilization,uncertainty,vegetation}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{oharaMultiagedForestStands2006,
  title = {Multiaged Forest Stands for Protection Forests: {{Concepts}} and Applications},
  author = {O'Hara, K. L.},
  date = {2006},
  journaltitle = {Forest Snow and Landscape Research},
  volume = {80},
  pages = {45--55},
  issn = {1424-5108},
  url = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/13908937},
  abstract = {Multiaged stands have two or more age classes that are the result of partial natural and anthropogenic disturbances that do not destroy all trees in a stand. Multiaged stands represent a more static structure than comparable even-aged stands because they fluctuate in a narrower range of variability in stand structure over time. For protection forests, potential benefits of multiaged stands are their resistance and resilience to disturbances. Resistance comes from the capacity to withstand or avoid disturbance effects. A variety of tree sizes might be desired for resistance depending on the specific protective function. Multiaged stands provide a range of tree sizes as well as developing trees to replace trees lost to disturbances. Resilience is the capacity to maintain or regain normal function after disturbance. Resilience may be higher in multiaged stands because of a smaller range of variation in structure over time that imparts a greater ability to quickly return to a pre-disturbance state. In the case of protection forests, the challenge is to establish and maintain a series of age classes of trees that maximize the resistance or resilience of the stand.

[Excerpt: Stands] WILFORD et al. (2005) characterized hydrogeomorphic disturbances as ranging from lowpower events with limited stand damage to high-power events that might completely remove all trees. Stands provide resistance to these disturbances through the presence and arrangement of individual trees or obstacles and resilience through the potential to replace these trees. Because stands are dynamic, levels of resistance and resilience vary over time. The resistance to many hydrogeomorphic processes is dependent upon having large trees present. For example, debris flows and rock falls may be slowed and their extent of damage or run can be reduced. Other structures - including the presence of small trees or LWD - may provide resistance to other disturbances. For many hydrogeomorphic disturbances, the mere presence of trees and down wood debris provides some resistance to flow of water and debris. Resilience may be provided by having advance regeneration that survives a disturbance to form replacement trees or by having trees that can survive a disturbance such as sediment deposition.

[\textbackslash n] [...]

[\textbackslash n] Multiaged stands provide resistance continuously but at a level lower than the maximum of the even-aged stand (Fig. 3). Multiaged stand structures fluctuate within a narrow range from the beginning to end of a cutting cycle. Some protective function is therefore always provided.

[\textbackslash n] [...]

[\textbackslash n] The periodic development of new age classes of trees in multiaged stands provides the resilience to replace larger trees. The effect of any disturbance - whether hydrogeomorphic or otherwise - that destroys larger trees would be relatively short-lived because younger trees would immediately benefit from the available growing space. However, if a multiaged stand was completely destroyed, it would not have greater resilience to disturbance than an even-aged stand. Greater resilience is only an advantage for multiaged stands when disturbances do not kill all trees.

[\textbackslash n] [...]

[Implications] The optimal stand structure for protection forests will vary with the disturbance agent and the severity or power (e.g.WILFORD et al. 2005) of that disturbance. LWD [large woody debris] may be critical for protection from sediment movement and deposition. Small trees may provide greater protection to snow avalanches while large trees may be most effective with debris avalanches (BRANG 2001). Protection forests consisting of multiaged stand structures will therefore be highly variable. With variations in forest type and site productivity, the organization of management operations will also be highly variable.

[\textbackslash n] [...]

[Conclusions] 

Multiaged stands have potential to provide protective functions in many different forest types against a variety of hydrogeomorphic disturbance agents.Whereas this potential may provide advantages for multiaged stands in many situations, the structure of these stands will be highly variable and some situations will exist where even-aged stands are most suitable. The resistance of protection forests to other disturbances will also determine the efficacy of these forests beyond providing only their protective function. Management of these multiaged stands can vary the allocation of growing space to stand components, by varying species composition or by varying the length of the cutting cycle to modify stand structures to meeting specific goals. Desirable stand structures may include a preponderance of large or small trees, certain species, or spatial patterns.The design and management of protection forests may also range from the intensive care and modification of structures to structures than require only monitoring over time.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13908937,debris-floods,debris-flows,even-aged-forests,forest-resources,geomorphology,hydrology,natural-hazards,rockfalls,snow-avalances,soil-resources,uneven-aged-forests},
  number = {1}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@incollection{schuttOchromaPyramidale1994,
  title = {Ochroma Pyramidale},
  booktitle = {Enzyklopädie Der {{Holzgewächse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Schütt, P. and Lang, U. M.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Schütt, Peter},
  date = {1994},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  location = {{Weinheim}},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9783527678518.ehg1994044/abstract},
  abstract = {Balsa ist eine Holzart der Extreme. Beheimatet im tropischen Mittel- und Südamerika, wächst sie fast nur auf den besten Standorten, entwickelt dort in den ersten Lebensjahren ein erstaunliches Höhenwachstum, wird in Umtriebszeiten von 7 bis 8 Jahren bewirtschaftet, liefert das leichteste aller Handelshölzer und nahm deshalb lange Zeit auf dem Weltmarkt eine Sonderstellung ein. Balsaholz besteht fast nur aus Cellulose, läßt sich schwer bearbeiten, war aber für spezielle Verwendungszwecke wie Flugzeugbau, Isoliertechnik und Modellbau nur schwer zu ersetzen. Trotz Übernutzung ist die Art aufgrund ihrer starken Reproduktionsfähigkeit nicht vom Aussterben bedroht.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745783,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,ochroma-pyramidale,species-description}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@book{ducoussoEUFORGENTechnicalGuidelines2003,
  title = {{{EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines}} for Genetic Conservation and Use for Pedunculate and Sessile Oaks ({{Quercus}} Robur/{{Quercus}} Petraea)},
  author = {Ducousso, Alexis and Bordacs, Sandor},
  date = {2003},
  publisher = {{Bioversity International}},
  location = {{Rome, Italy}},
  url = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/13632419},
  abstract = {These Technical Guidelines are intended to assist those who cherish the valuable white oaks genepool and its inheritance, through conserving valuable seed sources or use in practical forestry. The focus is on conserving the genetic diversity of the species at the European scale. The recommendations provided in this module should be regarded as a commonly agreed basis to be complemented and further developed in local, national or regional conditions. The Guidelines are based on the available knowledge of the species and on widely accepted methods for the conservation of forest genetic resources.},
  isbn = {92-9043-660-3},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13632419,conservation,forest-resources,quercus-petraea,quercus-robur},
  pagetotal = {6}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@article{sommersSynthesisKnowledgeFire2011,
  title = {Synthesis of Knowledge: Fire History and Climate Change},
  shorttitle = {Synthesis of {{Knowledge}}},
  author = {Sommers, William and Coloff, Stanley and Conard, Susan},
  date = {2011-01-01},
  journaltitle = {JFSP Synthesis Reports},
  url = {https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/jfspsynthesis/19},
  abstract = {This report synthesizes available fire history climate change scientific knowledge to aid managers with fire decisions in tile face of ongoing 21st Century cIimate change. Fire history and climate change mange (FHCC\vphantom\{\} have been ongoing for over 400 million years of Earth history, but increasing human influences during tile Holocene epoch have changed both climate and fire regimes. We describe basic concepts of climate science and explain the causes of accelerating 21H Century climate change. Fire regimes and ecosystems classification serve to unify ecological and climate factors influencing fire, and are useful for applying fire history and climate manage information to specific ecosystems. Variable and changing patterns of climate-fire interaction occur over different time and space scales that shape use of FHCC knowledge. Ecosystem differences in fire regimes, climate change and available fire history mean that using an ecosystem specific view will be beneficial when applying FHCC knowledge.},
  keywords = {~INRMM-MiD:z-VTUB7FXK,climate-change,ecological-domains,ecological-zones,fire-regimes,forest-resources,united-states,vegetation,wildfires},
  number = {19}
}

Paper  bibtex   

@article{tosicJednomNovomNalazistu1983,
  title = {O Jednom Novom Nalazištu {{Pančićeve}} Omorike ({{Picea}} Omorika {{Pančić}}) u {{Srbiji}}},
  author = {Tošić, M.},
  date = {1983},
  journaltitle = {Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine},
  volume = {72},
  pages = {267--274},
  issn = {0350-0047},
  url = {http://www.anubih.ba/index.php/publikacije-radovi/radovi-primat/product/view/9/133},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13796690,forest-resources,picea-omorika,serbia,species-distribution},
  number = {21}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@incollection{schuttQuercusAgrifolia1999,
  title = {Quercus Agrifolia},
  booktitle = {Enzyklopädie Der {{Holzgewächse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Schütt, P. and Lang, U. M.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Schütt, Peter},
  date = {1999},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  location = {{Weinheim}},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9783527678518.ehg1999005/abstract},
  abstract = {Quercus agrifolia, eine von 10 baumförmigen Eichenarten Kaliforniens, ist anspruchslos, dürrefest sowie sehr variabel im Erscheinungsbild und in der Blattmorphologie. Unverwechselbar ist die höchst exzentrische Form der Äste und Schäfte alter Bäume sowie deren graue, fast glatte Borke. Q. agrifolia wächst im Chaparral strauchförmig, wird aber auf tiefgründigen, frischen Böden zu einem über 30 m hohen Baum mit weit ausladender, runder Krone. Forstlich bewirtschaftet wird die Art nicht. Deswegen fehlt es auch an Informationen über Wachstum, Ertrag, Ökologie und Holzeigenschaften. Sehr beliebt ist das Holz als Brennmaterial. Außerdem gewinnt die Art an Bedeutung als Element der Landschaftsgestaltung. Für viele Kalifornier stellt sie ein Symbol der unbeeinflussten Landschaft dar und für mehrere Indianerstämme waren die Eicheln ein wichtiger Teil ihrer Nahrung.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745489,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,quercus-agrifolia,species-description}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{tollefsonHumansAreDriving2019,
  title = {Humans Are Driving One Million Species to Extinction},
  author = {Tollefson, Jeff},
  date = {2019-05-06},
  journaltitle = {Nature},
  volume = {569},
  pages = {171},
  doi = {10.1038/d41586-019-01448-4},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-01448-4},
  urldate = {2019-05-10},
  abstract = {Landmark United Nations-backed report finds that agriculture is one of the biggest threats to Earth’s ecosystems.

[Excerpt] [...] Without drastic action to conserve habitats, the rate of species extinction — already tens to hundreds of times higher than the average across the past ten million years — will only increase, says the analysis. The findings come from a United Nations-backed panel called the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES).  According to the report, agricultural activities have had the largest impact on ecosystems that people depend on for food, clean water and a stable climate. [...] The analysis distils findings from nearly 15,000 studies and government reports, integrating information from the natural and social sciences, Indigenous peoples and traditional agricultural communities. It is the first major international appraisal of biodiversity since 2005. Representatives of 132 governments met last week in Paris to finalize and approve the analysis. [...]},
  keywords = {~INRMM-MiD:z-L5XTH3PC,agricultural-resources,anthropocene,biodiversity,coupled-human-and-natural-systems,ecosystem-services,forest-resources,global-change,global-scale,ipbes,review,science-policy-interface,science-society-interface,soil-resources,united-nations,water-resources},
  langid = {english}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{gavilanClimaticDiscriminationMediterranean1997,
  title = {Climatic Discrimination of {{Mediterranean}} Broad‐leaved Sclerophyllous and Deciduous Forests in Central {{Spain}}},
  author = {Gavilán, Rosario and Fernández-González, Federico},
  date = {1997-06},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Vegetation Science},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {377--386},
  doi = {10.2307/3237327},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3237327},
  abstract = {Climatic differences between three types of deciduous (Quercus pyrenaica) and three types of sclerophyllous (Quercus rotundifolia) Mediterranean forests in the Spanish Sistema Central were analyzed by means of Canonical Discriminant Analysis and Jancey's Discriminant Analysis, applied in successive steps to data from 252 meteorological stations. Climatic data included temperature and precipitation records as well as bioclimatic indices. Discriminant analysis was applied to broad-leaved sclerophyllous and deciduous forest communities sampled at each meteorological station using phytosociological methods. Annual and seasonal (summer, spring) water availability are the most important factor controlling the distribution of the two physiognomic forest types; southwestern associations of Quercus pyrenaica and Q. rotundifolia differ from their colder homologues by annual and monthly temperatures; western associations were separated from eastern ones in terms of annual and seasonal precipitation gradients. Discriminant analysis was a good technique to explore climatic gradients not shown by other general ordination or classification methods.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13559286,~to-add-doi-URL,broadleaved,forest-classification,forest-resources,forest-types,mediterranean-region,spain},
  number = {3}
}

Paper  bibtex   

@inproceedings{mavsarDevelopmentMethodologyAnalysis2011,
  title = {Development of a Methodology for the Analysis of Socio-Economic Impact of Forest Fires in {{Europe}}},
  booktitle = {The 5th {{International Wildland Fire Conference}}},
  author = {Mavsar, Robert and Pettenella, Davide and San-Miguel-Ayanz, Jesus and Camia, Andrea},
  date = {2011-05},
  url = {http://www.wildfire2011.org/material/papers/Robert_Masvar.pdf},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13402886,economic-impacts,effis,europe,forest-fires,forest-resources},
  venue = {Sun City, South Africa}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{pacalaConsistentLandAtmospherebased2001,
  title = {Consistent Land- and Atmosphere-Based {{U}}.{{S}}. Carbon Sink Estimates},
  author = {Pacala, S. W. and Hurtt, G. C. and Baker, D. and Peylin, P. and Houghton, R. A. and Birdsey, R. A. and Heath, L. and Sundquist, E. T. and Stallard, R. F. and Ciais, P. and Moorcroft, P. and Caspersen, J. P. and Shevliakova, E. and Moore, B. and Kohlmaier, G. and Holland, E. and Gloor, M. and Harmon, M. E. and Fan, S. M. and Sarmiento, J. L. and Goodale, C. L. and Schimel, D. and Field, C. B.},
  date = {2001},
  journaltitle = {Science},
  volume = {292},
  pages = {2316--2320},
  issn = {1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1057320},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1057320},
  abstract = {For the period 1980-89, we estimate a carbon sink in the coterminous United States between 0.30 and 0.58 petagrams of carbon per year (petagrams of carbon = 1015 grams of carbon). The net carbon flux from the atmosphere to the land was higher, 0.37 to 0.71 petagrams of carbon per year, because a net flux of 0.07 to 0.13 petagrams of carbon per year was exported by rivers and commerce and returned to the atmosphere elsewhere. These land-based estimates are larger than those from previous studies (0.08 to 0.35 petagrams of carbon per year) because of the inclusion of additional processes and revised estimates of some component fluxes. Although component estimates are uncertain, about one-half of the total is outside the forest sector. We also estimated the sink using atmospheric models and the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (the tracer-transport inversion method). The range of results from the atmosphere-based inversions contains the land-based estimates. Atmosphere- and land-based estimates are thus consistent, within the large ranges of uncertainty for both methods. Atmosphere-based results for 1980-89 are similar to those for 1985-89 and 1990-94, indicating a relatively stable U.S. sink throughout the period.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14007180,carbon-cycle,forest-resources,uncertainty,united-states},
  number = {5525}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@incollection{fassnachtVochysiaDivergens1998,
  title = {Vochysia Divergens},
  booktitle = {Enzyklopädie Der {{Holzgewächse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Fassnacht, N. J. M.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Schütt, Peter},
  date = {1998},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  location = {{Weinheim}},
  url = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/13745839},
  abstract = {Vochysia divergens, eine wenig bekannte, flachwurzelnde, halb-immergrüne Pionierbaumart aus dem tropischen Südamerika, bildet im Bestand lange, astfreie Schäfte, verzweigt sich aber als Solitär oft schon im unteren Stammdrittel. Ihr Vorkommen ist auf junge, alluviale Standorte in tiefen Lagen des tropischen Regenwaldes begrenzt. Wirtschaftlich kommt der Art keine größere Bedeutung zu.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745839,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,species-description,vochysia-divergens}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@incollection{minottaMespilusGermanica2000,
  title = {Mespilus Germanica},
  booktitle = {Enzyklopädie Der {{Holzgewächse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Minotta, G.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Schütt, Peter},
  date = {2000},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  location = {{Weinheim}},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9783527678518.ehg2000006/abstract},
  abstract = {Mespilus germanica, ein kleiner, sommergrüner, weitgehend frostharter Baum mit krummem Stamm, breiter Krone und essbaren Früchten, ist heute nur noch selten in Kultur. Von Assyrern und Babyloniern soll er als Obstbaum angebaut worden sein, den Griechen und Römern war er wohlbekannt, und im Mittelalter diente er in Zentral- und Südeuropa, im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert auch in England, als vielgenutztes Obstgehölz. Ein in Herfordshire zu Beginn des 17. Jahrhunderts gepflanzter Solitär war 1985 noch am Leben. Die "George Herbert Mispel", 1632 nach Salisbury, U. K. gepflanzt, erreichte ein Alter von etwa 300 Jahren. Heute hat die Mispel in Europa weder als Obstbaum noch (wegen ihrer schönen, weißen Blüten) als Zierelement wirtschaftliche Bedeutung. In mehreren Regionen ist sie aber aus Kultur verwildert. Intensiv bewirtschaftete Plantagen gibt es noch in einigen Ländern Südwestasiens Aserbaidschan). Das Epitheton "germanica" dürfte auf den Irrtum zurückgehen, M. germanica sei in Deutschland autochthon, denn hier war die Art lange vor LINNÉ bekannt.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745441,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,mespilus-germanica,monography,species-description}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@incollection{tocknerFloodPlainsCritically2008,
  title = {Flood Plains: Critically Threatened Ecosystems},
  booktitle = {Aquatic {{Ecosystems}}},
  author = {Tockner, Klement and Bunn, Stuart E. and Gordon, Christopher and Naiman, Robert J. and Quinn, Gerry P. and Stanford, Jack A.},
  editor = {Polunin, Nicholas V. C.},
  date = {2008},
  pages = {45--62},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  location = {{Cambridge}},
  doi = {10.1017/cbo9780511751790.006},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511751790.006},
  abstract = {[Excerpt: Introduction] 

Riparian zones, river-marginal wetland environments and flood plains are key landscape elements with a high diversity of natural functions and services. They are dynamic systems that are shaped by repeated erosion and deposition of sediment, inundation during rising water levels, and complex groundwater-surface water exchange processes (Chapter 3). This dynamic nature makes flood plains among the most biologically productive and diverse ecosystems on earth [...]. Flood plains are also of great cultural and economic importance; most early civilizations arose in fertile flood plains and throughout history people have learned to cultivate and use their rich resources. Flood plains have also served as focal points for urban development and exploitation of their natural functions.

[\textbackslash n] Awareness has been growing during the past decade of the global significance of freshwater biodiversity, of the array of factors that have (or will have) threatened it and the extent to which real damage has already been done [...]. Flood plains in particular have been highly degraded throughout the world by river and flow management and by land-use pressures. Nowadays, they are among the most endangered ecosystems worldwide [...]. Accordingly, flood plains deserve increased attention for their inherent biodiversity, for the goods and services provided to human societies and for their aesthetic and cultural appeal.

[\textbackslash n] This chapter builds upon a recent comprehensive environmental review of riverine flood plains [...]. It starts with a short summary of the distribution and extent of the world's flood plains, followed by an overview of their primary economic, ecological and cultural values. The multifaceted threats that make flood plains one of the most endangered landscape elements worldwide are then discussed. Finally, future trends in floodplain exploitation in developing and developed countries are contrasted, and the ecological consequences of rapid alteration of floodplain ecosystems forecasted. Since flood plains, wetlands and river systems are not always clearly distinguished, general examples of rivers or floodplain wetlands are included in the present review when appropriate. The flood-inundated wetlands and lakes of the humid tropics are treated in more detail later (Chapter 10).

[\textbackslash n] [...]

[Flood plain distribution]

Flood plains are defined as 'areas of low lying land that are subject to inundation by lateral overflow water from rivers or lakes with which they are associated' [...]. This definition includes fringing flood plains of lakes and rivers, internal deltas and the deltaic flood plains of estuaries. [\textbackslash n] [...]

Based on data from 145 major river corridors around the world, the extent of human impacts on riparian zones is apparent [...]. For example, 11\,\% of the riparian area of African rivers (mean population density 24 people km2) is intensively cultivated, compared to 46\,\% for North American rivers (mean population density, excluding northern Canada and Alaska, 24 people km2) and 79\,\% for European rivers (mean population density 75 people km2). The most impacted riparian corridors with respect to land use are found in Europe and in the densely populated areas of Asia (catchments with population densities {$>$}200 people km2) [...]. There, 60-99\,\% of the entire riparian corridor has been transformed into cropland and/or is urbanized, the latter particularly so in Europe, where the Seine River (France) shows the highest impact of all rivers investigated.

[\textbackslash n] [...]

The current situation for European flood plains is critical [...] with 95\,\% of the original floodplain area converted to other uses [...]. In 45 European countries, 88\,\% of alluvial forests have disappeared from their potential range [...]. Many of the remaining European flood plains are far from pristine and have lost most of their natural functions. For example, of the former 26 000 km2 of floodplain area along the Danube and its major tributaries, about 20 000 km2 are isolated by levees [...]. However, major flood events have highlighted the vast extent of plains still subject to flooding [...].

[\textbackslash n] [...]

[Conclusions]

Flood plains are unique and dynamic ecosystems that link rivers with their catchments. They are highly productive environments, supporting a diverse biota, but are also intensively used by humans for agricultural and urban development, resulting in loss of biodiversity and ecological functioning. The priority for flood plains is to conserve those that are still intact and to attempt to rehabilitate those that are degraded. In both cases, protecting or restoring key components of the natural flow regime is essential, while maintaining sustainable use of floodplain resources by local communities, particularly in developing countries. Finding this compromise between conservation and resource use requires a greater understanding of the role of flow relative to other stressors in driving ecological processes in flood plains. Floodplain management and restoration strategies must also take into account climate change models that predict significant changes to flow regimes in most of the world's rivers, especially in temperate and arid regions.},
  isbn = {978-0-511-75179-0},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13938341,~to-add-doi-URL,anthropogenic-changes,arid-climate,climate-change,ecosystem,flood-frequency,flooding-tolerance,floods,forest-resources,river-flow,temperate-climate,vegetation,water-resources}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{archerSoilCharacteristicsLandcover2013,
  title = {Soil Characteristics and Landcover Relationships on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity at a Hillslope Scale: A View towards Local Flood Management},
  author = {Archer, N. A. L. and Bonell, M. and Coles, N. and MacDonald, A. M. and Auton, C. A. and Stevenson, R.},
  date = {2013-08},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Hydrology},
  volume = {497},
  pages = {208--222},
  issn = {0022-1694},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.05.043},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.05.043},
  abstract = {We evaluate woodland/grassland cover and soil types to reduce local flooding. We measured field saturated hydraulic conductivity under grassland and woodland. Established broadleaf woodland had significantly higher infiltration rates than grassland. 1 in 10~year storm events would cause infiltration-excess overland flow on grassland. We suggest deciduous shelterbelts upslope could locally reduce overland flow. There are surprisingly few studies in humid temperate forests which provide reliable evidence that soil permeability is enhanced under forests. This work addresses this research gap through a detailed investigation of permeability on a hillslope in the Eddleston Catchment, Scottish Borders UK, to evaluate the impact of land cover, superficial geology and soil types on permeability using measurements of field saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs) supported by detailed topsoil profile descriptions and counting of roots with diameters {$>$}2~mm. Kfs was measured at depth 0.04-0.15~m using a constant head well permeameter across four paired landcover sites of adjacent tree and intensely grazed grassland. The measured tree types were: 500-year-old mixed woodland; 180-year-old mixed woodland; 45-year-old Pinus sylvestris plantation; and 180-year-old Salix caprea woodland. The respective paired grids of trees and grassland were compared on similar soil texture and topography. This study highlights the significant impact of broadleaf woodland at a hillslope scale on Kfs in comparison to grassland areas: median Kfs values under 180-year-old S. caprea woodland (8~mm~h-1), 180-year-old mixed woodland (119~mm~h-1) and 500-year-old broadleaf woodland (174~mm~h-1) were found to be respectively 8, 6 and 5 times higher than neighbouring grazed grassland areas on the same superficial geology. Further statistical analysis indicates that such Kfs enhancement is associated with the presence of coarse roots ({$>$}2~mm diameter) creating conduits for preferential flow and a deeper organic layer in the topsoil profile under woodlands. By contrast the P. sylvestris forest had only slightly higher (42~mm~h-1), but not statistically different Kfs values, when compared to adjacent pasture (35~mm~h-1). In the grassland areas, in the absence of course roots, the superficial geology was dominant in accounting for differences in Kfs, with the alluvium floodplain having a significantly lower median Kfs (1~mm~h-1) than surrounding hillslope sites, which had a range of median Kfs from 21 to 39~mm~h-1. The data were used to infer areas of runoff generation by comparing Kfs values with modelled 15~min maximum intensity duration rainfall with a 1 in 10~year return period. Infiltration prevailed in the 180- and 500-year-old mixed and broadleaf woodland, whereas some grassland areas and the floodplain were inferred to generate overland flow. The significantly higher Kfs under broadleaf mature forests suggests that planting broadleaf woodlands on hillslopes in clusters or as shelterbelts within grasslands would provide areas of increased capacity for rainfall infiltration and arrest runoff generation during flood-producing storm events.

[Excerpt: Conclusions]

Overall this study highlights the significant impact of broadleaf woodland on a hillslope that increases Kfs in comparison to grassland areas. In particular, Kfs under 180 and 500 year old broadleaf forest was found to be respectively 6 and 5 times higher than neighbouring grazed grassland areas on the same superficial geology. This was attributed to the significantly deeper organic layer in the topsoil profile providing greater available water storage and the presence of coarse roots ({$>$}2 mm diameter) creating conduits for preferential flow. On the other hand, the Kfs under P. sylvestris had only slightly higher Kfs values than the adjacent grassland area, and were statistically not significantly different. This result is surprising considering that root numbers and diameter under P. sylvestris is similar to the 180 year old broadleaf forest. Causal factors may have been due to enhanced illuviation of available organic colloids from pine needles, which could cause soil repellency, ultimately reducing Kfs. The floodplain broadleaf woodland had significantly lower Kfs values than the other woodland area, illustrating the problem of poor soil drainage relating to the gley soils in the floodplain. The coarse roots that did exist within the floodplain woodland were shallow and were spatially less extensive (in clumps), but they did provide some high outlying Kfs values and an associated large mean variance in this parameter. The low median Kfs values at 0.04-0.15 m soil depth under all four measured grassland ranged from median 1 to 39 mm h-1. The highest grassland Kfs values were in head deposits (high gravel content) and the lowest in the alluvium floodplain deposits (higher silt and clay content). The diverse particle size distribution of clay, silt, sand and gravel within the hillslope indicated the significant effect of glaciation and fluvial transport in depositing and sorting which in turn, affected the topsoil Kfs under grassland. Moreover no coarse roots ({$>$}2 mm diameter) were observed in the soil profiles in the grass areas. Thus at these sites the superficial geology was a more dominant influence on Kfs than biological factors, which were more dominant in broadleaf woodland. Low Kfs values in the floodplain were also observed to be influenced by soil compaction caused by high stocking rates. Of all the soil description parameters (total root numbers, number of roots {$>$}5 mm, number of roots between 2 and 5 mm, humus depth, stone size, depth of gravel layer), an increase in Kfs was determined by regression analysis to be most associated with total root numbers {$>$}2 mm diameter. By contrast no statistical relationship between gravel size and Kfs was evident.

[\textbackslash n] Mapping in situ Kfs measurements inferred possible areas of sources and sinks for overland flow during high intensity duration rainfall (the example used was I15max 1 in 10 year rainfall event). A source of overland flow (infiltration-excess and saturation-excess) occurs in most grassland areas and particularly in the floodplain silty soils. Broadleaf woodland areas are likely to act as sinks to overland flow during high intensity rainfall, but at a depth {$>$}0.15 m sub-surface storm flow is likely to occur.

[\textbackslash n] In terms of NFM, this study suggests that older broadleaf forests on pastoral hillslopes could mitigate local flooding because of the significantly higher infiltration rates and sub-soil Kfs under these forested areas in contrast to the heavily, grazed grasslands. However, as indicated earlier, such deciduous forests occupy only ∼7\,\% of woodland in the Scottish Borders ( Anon, 1999) and a paradigm shift in forestation practice in terms of species is thus required.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13908859,~to-add-doi-URL,ancient-forests,broadleaved,flood-control,floods,forest-resources,grasslands,land-cover,mature-forests,mitigation,pinus-sylvestris,plantation,runoff,salix-caprea,soil-resources,storm,vegetation,water-resources}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{kleinBelowgroundCarbonTrade2016,
  title = {Belowground Carbon Trade among Tall Trees in a Temperate Forest},
  author = {Klein, T. and Siegwolf, R. T. W. and Korner, C.},
  date = {2016-04},
  journaltitle = {Science},
  volume = {352},
  pages = {342--344},
  issn = {0036-8075},
  doi = {10.1126/science.aad6188},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad6188},
  abstract = {[Editor summary: Carbon trading between adult trees]

Competition between individual plants for resources is well known, but sharing of resources may also occur. Klein et al. observed tree-to-tree carbon shuttling between roots of tall trees in a mixed temperate forest in Switzerland (see the Perspective by van der Heijden). By applying stable carbon isotope labeling to individual tree canopies, they show that up to 40\,\% of the carbon in the fine roots of one individual may be derived from photosynthetic products of a neighbor. Carbon transfer of this kind, mediated by plant-associated fungi, or mycorrhizae, in the soil, has been reported on a smaller scale in seedlings, but not before in trees.

[Abstract]

Forest trees compete for light and soil resources, but photoassimilates, once produced in the foliage, are not considered to be exchanged between individuals. Applying stable carbon isotope labeling at the canopy scale, we show that carbon assimilated by 40-meter-tall spruce is traded over to neighboring beech, larch, and pine via overlapping root spheres. Isotope mixing signals indicate that the interspecific, bidirectional transfer, assisted by common ectomycorrhiza networks, accounted for 40\,\% of the fine root carbon (about 280 kilograms per hectare per year tree-to-tree transfer). Although competition for resources is commonly considered as the dominant tree-to-tree interaction in forests, trees may interact in more complex ways, including substantial carbon exchange.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14013061,~to-add-doi-URL,complexity,ecology,forest-resources,mycorrhizal-fungi,networks,organic-carbon,soil-resources,temperate-forests,vegetation},
  number = {6283}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{magginiImprovingGeneralizedRegression2006,
  title = {Improving Generalized Regression Analysis for the Spatial Prediction of Forest Communities},
  author = {Maggini, Ramona and Lehmann, Anthony and Zimmermann, Niklaus E. and Guisan, Antoine},
  date = {2006-10},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Biogeography},
  volume = {33},
  pages = {1729--1749},
  issn = {0305-0270},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01465.x},
  url = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/835166},
  abstract = {Aim\hspace{0.6em} This study used data from temperate forest communities to assess: (1) five different stepwise selection methods with generalized additive models, (2) the effect of weighting absences to ensure a prevalence of 0.5, (3) the effect of limiting absences beyond the environmental envelope defined by presences, (4) four different methods for incorporating spatial autocorrelation, and (5) the effect of integrating an interaction factor defined by a regression tree on the residuals of an initial environmental model. Location\hspace{0.6em} State of Vaud, western Switzerland. Methods\hspace{0.6em} Generalized additive models (GAMs) were fitted using the grasp package (generalized regression analysis and spatial predictions, http://www.cscf.ch/grasp). Results\hspace{0.6em} Model selection based on cross-validation appeared to be the best compromise between model stability and performance (parsimony) among the five methods tested. Weighting absences returned models that perform better than models fitted with the original sample prevalence. This appeared to be mainly due to the impact of very low prevalence values on evaluation statistics. Removing zeroes beyond the range of presences on main environmental gradients changed the set of selected predictors, and potentially their response curve shape. Moreover, removing zeroes slightly improved model performance and stability when compared with the baseline model on the same data set. Incorporating a spatial trend predictor improved model performance and stability significantly. Even better models were obtained when including local spatial autocorrelation. A novel approach to include interactions proved to be an efficient way to account for interactions between all predictors at once. Main conclusions\hspace{0.6em} Models and spatial predictions of 18 forest communities were significantly improved by using either: (1) cross-validation as a model selection method, (2) weighted absences, (3) limited absences, (4) predictors accounting for spatial autocorrelation, or (5) a factor variable accounting for interactions between all predictors. The final choice of model strategy should depend on the nature of the available data and the specific study aims. Statistical evaluation is useful in searching for the best modelling practice. However, one should not neglect to consider the shapes and interpretability of response curves, as well as the resulting spatial predictions in the final assessment.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-835166,~to-add-doi-URL,bias-correction,bioclimatic-predictors,correlation-analysis,forest-resources,habitat-suitability,statistics,uncertainty,weighting},
  number = {10}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@incollection{aristaAbiesPinsapoVersion2011,
  title = {Abies Pinsapo - {{Version}} 2014.3},
  booktitle = {The {{IUCN Red List}} of {{Threatened Species}}},
  author = {Arista, A. and Alaoui, M. L. and Knees, S. and Gardner, M.},
  date = {2011},
  pages = {42295/0+},
  url = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/13496238___to-archive},
  abstract = {[Excerpt] Abies pinsapo has a very limited distribution and a restricted habitat in small areas of Spain and Morocco. The total extent of occurrence (EOO) has been estimated to be 3,727 km², while the area of occupancy (AOO) is considerably less than 500 km². The number of locations is five and there is a decline in the quality of habitat in significant parts of its range. In Morocco, deforestation and forest degradation are regionally significant factors whereas in Spain, the decline is linked to\textasciitilde{} fungal and insect pathogens combined with the effects of recent droughts and long term fire suppression. This species is therefore listed as Endangered.

[::Common Name(s)] 

[::]English - Spanish Fir

[::]Spanish - Pinsapo

[::Taxonomic Notes] Abies pinsapo has two varieties, one in Morocco and the typical variety in southeastern Spain. The Moroccan variety is sometimes treated as a distinct species (Abies marocana). A third taxon, Abies tazaotana from Mt Tazaot in Morocco is generally regarded as conspecific with Abies pinsapo var. marocana. 

[::Range Description] Abies pinsapo occurs in two discrete and disjunct areas in southeastern Spain and in the Rif Mountains of Morocco. These are separated by the Straits of Gibralter and a distance of about 135 km. In Spain the typical variety has an EOO of 940 km2 with an actual AOO of 28.7 km2. In Morocco, A. pinsapo var. marocana has an estimated extent of occurrence of 75 km² with an estimated area of occupancy of 28 km². There are a total of five locations. Using standard IUCN methodology, the overall EOO is estimated to be 3,727 km2 rather than 1,015 km2. A significant proportion of the EOO is represented either by the Mediterranean Sea or other unsuitable habitat such as coastal plains. The estimated AOO is considerably less than 500 km2.

[::Countries] Native:Morocco; Spain

[::Population]  There are currently no accurate figures for the total number of mature individuals over the full extent of its range. The Moroccan subpopulation is considerably smaller than the Spanish subpopulation. Recent genetic studies (Terrab et al. 2007) have indicated\textasciitilde{} that the Spanish and Moroccan varieties have been isolated for considerable periods of time and that there is little, if any, gene flow between them.

[::Habitat and Ecology]  In Morocco Abies pinsapo occurs in the Mediterranean humid bioclimatic zone. The average annual rainfall is 1,500 mm, increasing to 1,900 mm at an altitude of 1,700 m. Stands are typically found on north facing dolomitic limestone slopes of mountain ridges. The optimal altitudinal range is between 1,400 and 1,800 m, where it forms mixed forests with a range of oaks and maples. Between 1,800 and 2,000 m Abies occurs with Cedrus atlantica, Pinus nigra and Pinus pinaster. Above 2,000 m the mountain summits are typically dominated by shrubby xerophytic species. In southeastern Spain Abies pinsapo occurs on dolomitic soils in the Sierra de Grazalema and Sierra de las Nieves but on serpentine soils in the Sierra Bermeja. Forests occur at altitudes between 900 and 1,600 m asl. Above 1,100 m its forms dense, pure forests, but below this altitude trees occur in mixed communities with a range of oaks and pines. More detailed information is given in the assessment for each\textasciitilde{} variety.

[::Major Threat(s)]  In Spain the major threat is fire. Other threats include pests and diseases which are more apparent during drought years when forests are more stressed.\textasciitilde{} During the last decade (1990s) a regional warming trend and a decrease in precipitation has been observed. These changes have been associated with increasing mortality of trees at elevations below 1,100m (Linares 2009). In Morocco, fire is also a major threat. Deforestation and habitat degradation associated with cannabis cultivation in the areas surrounding the fir stands are additional threats. More detailed information is given in the assessment for each\textasciitilde{} variety.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13496238,abies-pinsapo,conservation,ecology,forest-resources,iucn,iucn-endangered-en}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{teulingObservationalEvidenceCloud2017,
  title = {Observational Evidence for Cloud Cover Enhancement over Western {{European}} Forests},
  author = {Teuling, Adriaan J. and Taylor, Christopher M. and Meirink, Jan F. and Melsen, Lieke A. and Miralles, Diego G. and van Heerwaarden, Chiel C. and Vautard, Robert and Stegehuis, Annemiek I. and Nabuurs, Gert-Jan and de Arellano, Jordi V.},
  date = {2017-01},
  journaltitle = {Nature Communications},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {14065+},
  issn = {2041-1723},
  doi = {10.1038/ncomms14065},
  url = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/14257971},
  abstract = {Forests impact regional hydrology and climate directly by regulating water and heat fluxes. Indirect effects through cloud formation and precipitation can be important in facilitating continental-scale moisture recycling but are poorly understood at regional scales. In particular, the impact of temperate forest on clouds is largely unknown. Here we provide observational evidence for a strong increase in cloud cover over large forest regions in western Europe based on analysis of 10 years of 15\,min resolution data from geostationary satellites. In addition, we show that widespread windthrow by cyclone Klaus in the Landes forest led to a significant decrease in local cloud cover in subsequent years. Strong cloud development along the downwind edges of larger forest areas are consistent with a forest-breeze mesoscale circulation. Our results highlight the need to include impacts on cloud formation when evaluating the water and climate services of temperate forests, in particular around densely populated areas.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14257971,~to-add-doi-URL,climate,climate-projections,cloud-formation,cloudiness,cross-disciplinary-perspective,ecosystem-services,europe,featured-publication,feedback,forest-breeze,forest-resources,modelling-uncertainty,temperate-forests},
  options = {useprefix=true}
}

Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   

@article{gibonModellingSimulatingChange2010,
  title = {Modelling and Simulating Change in Reforesting Mountain Landscapes Using a Social-Ecological Framework},
  author = {Gibon, Annick and Sheeren, David and Monteil, Claude and Ladet, Sylvie and Balent, Gérard},
  date = {2010-02},
  journaltitle = {Landscape Ecology},
  volume = {25},
  pages = {267--285},
  issn = {0921-2973},
  doi = {10.1007/s10980-009-9438-5},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-009-9438-5},
  abstract = {Natural reforestation of European mountain landscapes raises major environmental and societal issues. With local stakeholders in the Pyrenees National Park area (France), we studied agricultural landscape colonisation by ash (Fraxinus excelsior) to enlighten its impacts on biodiversity and other landscape functions of importance for the valley socio-economics. The study comprised an integrated assessment of land-use and land-cover change (LUCC) since the 1950s, and a scenario analysis of alternative future policy. We combined knowledge and methods from landscape ecology, land change and agricultural sciences, and a set of coordinated field studies to capture interactions and feedback in the local landscape/land-use system. Our results elicited the hierarchically-nested relationships between social and ecological processes. Agricultural change played a preeminent role in the spatial and temporal patterns of LUCC. Landscape colonisation by ash at the parcel level of organisation was merely controlled by grassland management, and in fact depended on the farmer's land management at the whole-farm level. LUCC patterns at the landscape level depended to a great extent on interactions between farm household behaviours and the spatial arrangement of landholdings within the landscape mosaic. Our results stressed the need to represent the local SES function at a fine scale to adequately capture scenarios of change in landscape functions. These findings orientated our modelling choices in the building an agent-based model for LUCC simulation (SMASH-Spatialized Multi-Agent System of landscape colonization by ASH). We discuss our method and results with reference to topical issues in interdisciplinary research into the sustainability of multifunctional landscapes.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-6562026,assessment,biodiversity,ecology,environment-society-economy,europe,forest-resources,france,fraxinus-excelsior,landscape-modelling,mountainous-areas},
  number = {2}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@book{lindnerImpactsClimateChange2008,
  title = {Impacts of Climate Change on {{European}} Forests and Options for Adaptation},
  author = {Lindner, Marcus and Schopf, Axel and Kremer, Antoine and Delzon, Sylvain and Barbati, Anna and Marchetti, Marco and Corona, Piermaria and Garcia-Gonzalo, Jordi and Kolström, Marja and Green, Tim and Reguera, Ricardo and Maroschek, Michael and Seidl, Rupert and Lexer, Manfred J. and Netherer, Sigrid},
  date = {2008},
  location = {{Brussels}},
  url = {http://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/viewaceitem?aceitem_id=2202},
  abstract = {[Excerpt] This study compiles and summarizes the existing knowledge about observed and projected impacts of climate change on forests in Europe and reviews options for forests and forestry to adapt to climate change. It has been commissioned by the Directorate General for Agriculture and Rural Development of the European Commission as an initial exploration of this complex issue. Forests are particularly sensitive to climate change, because the long life-span of trees does not allow for rapid adaptation to environmental changes. Adaptation measures for forestry need to be planned well in advance of expected changes in growing conditions because the forests regenerated today will have to cope with the future climate conditions of at least several decades, often even more than 100 years. Impacts of climate change and adaptation options were reviewed by synthesizing the existing knowledge from scientific literature, complemented with expert assessments. On-going and planned adaptation measures in EU27 Member States were surveyed with a questionnaire. The exposure to climate change was analysed by reviewing latest climate change scenario projections. The main impact factors affecting forests under climate change were reviewed. Next, the sensitivity to and potential impacts of climate change were analysed. After reviewing different components of the adaptive capacity of forests and forestry, vulnerability to climate change and related risks and opportunities were highlighted. Possible adaptation measures to respond to climate change were analysed. The results are presented for four main bioclimatic zones: Boreal, Temperate Oceanic, Temperate Continental, and the Mediterranean.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13350621,adaptation,climate-change,ecological-zones,europe,forest-resources},
  series = {Report {{AGRI}}-2007-{{G4}}-06}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@incollection{bohlmannLodoiceaMaldivica2005,
  title = {Lodoicea Maldivica},
  booktitle = {Enzyklopädie Der {{Holzgewächse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Böhlmann, D.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Schütt, Peter},
  date = {2005},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  location = {{Weinheim}},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9783527678518.ehg2005008/abstract},
  abstract = {Lodoicea maldivica ist heute nur noch auf zwei Inseln des Seychellen-Archipels beheimatet. Ursprünglich weiter verbreitet, war ihr Bestand später in hohem Maße gefährdet, konnte aber schließlich in einem Restvorkommen gesichert werden. Die Seychellen-Nuss gehört als einzige Art der Gattung Lodoicea an. Die See-Palme kann Wuchshöhen bis 30 m erreichen. Sie verfügt über große, fächerartige Blätter und fällt vor allem durch ihre Früchte auf. Diese können Durchmesser bis zu 60 cm und ein Gewicht bis zu 20 kg aufweisen und gelten damit als größte Samen des gesamten Pflanzenreiches. Eine Palme trägt im Durchschnitt 7 Früchte, und wegen der Seltenheit ist deren Abgabe an Interessenten limitiert.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745767,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,lodoicea-maldivica,monography,species-description}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@incollection{puhuaPopulusSimonii1997,
  title = {Populus Simonii},
  booktitle = {Enzyklopädie Der {{Holzgewächse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Puhua, H. and Lihuan, Z.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Schütt, Peter},
  date = {1997},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  location = {{Weinheim}},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9783527678518.ehg1997042/abstract},
  abstract = {Populus simonii, eine sommergrüne, im mittleren, östlichen und nordöstlichen China heimische, mittelhohe Baumart ist kein Waldbaum im engeren Sinne. Meistens besiedelt sie gut mit Wasser versorgte Täler und Flussufer, kommt aber auch mit trockenen und ärmeren Standorten aus und ist zudem dürre- und frosthart. In China wird sie in größerem Umfang für Anpflanzungen im Rahmen der Landschaftsgestaltung herangezogen und ist ein beliebter Straßen-, Park- und Gartenbaum. Populus x xiaohei, ein künstlicher Artbastard zwischen P. simonii und P. nigra, hat in Anbauversuchen die mütterliche Elternart an Wüchsigkeit und Widerstandsfähigkeit gegen Dürre, Kälte und Krankheiten übertroffen.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745473,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,monography,populus-simonii,species-description}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@incollection{schuttLaburnumAlpinum2003,
  title = {Laburnum Alpinum},
  booktitle = {Enzyklopädie Der {{Holzgewächse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Schütt, P. and Lang, U. M.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Schütt, Peter},
  date = {2003},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  location = {{Weinheim}},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9783527678518.ehg2003029/abstract},
  abstract = {Kolkwitzia amabilis, die einzige Art dieser Gattung, hat in den letzten drei Jahrzehnten als sommergrüner, frostharter Zierstrauch in Mitteleuropa eine rasche Verbreitung gefunden. Erst 1901 wurde sie aus dem westlichen China (Prov. Hupeh) eingeführt und später nach dem deutschen Botaniker RICHARD KOLKWITZ (1873-1957) benannt. Die Art gefällt durch die Fülle rosafarbener Blüten und durch ihre zierliche Beastung. Sie stellt nur geringe Bodenansprüche. Die recht spärliche Literatur behandelt fast nur die beschreibende Morphologie. Experimentelle Arbeiten fehlen.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745591,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,forest-resources,laburnum-alpinum,monography,species-description}
}

Paper  abstract   bibtex   

@incollection{laraFitzroyaCupressoides2002,
  title = {Fitzroya Cupressoides},
  booktitle = {Enzyklopädie Der {{Holzgewächse}}: {{Handbuch}} Und {{Atlas}} Der {{Dendrologie}}},
  author = {Lara, A. and Donoso, C. and Alarc'on, D.},
  editor = {Roloff, Andreas and Weisgerber, Horst and Lang, Ulla M. and Stimm, Bernd and Schütt, Peter},
  date = {2002},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Vch Verlag}},
  location = {{Weinheim}},
  url = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/13745248},
  abstract = {Die hauptsächlich in den Chilenischen und Argentinischen Anden sowie in der Küstenkordillere natürlich verbreitete Patagonische Zypresse ist eine der langlebigsten Baumarten der Erde. Die immergrüne, meist dioezische Konifere kann über 3600 Jahre alt werden und unter günstigen Bedingungen Wuchshöhen von 50 m sowie Durchmesser (BHD) bis zu 5 m erreichen. Sie bildet teilweise aber auch die obere Waldgrenze mit Baumhöhen um 5 m in windexponierten Kammlagen. Charakteristisch sind der gerade, kegelförmige Stamm und die schmale, pyramidale Krone. Das dauerhafte, wertvolle Holz ist von alters her wegen seiner vielfältigen Verwendungsmöglichkeiten begehrt. Exploitation sowie häufige Brände und Viehhaltung führten jedoch zu starker Verdrängung der Baumart und hatten weitreichende Erhaltungsinitiativen zur Folge.},
  isbn = {978-3-527-67851-8},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13745248,enzykl-holzgew-handb-atlas-dendrol,fitzroya-cupressoides,forest-resources,monography,species-description}
}