@Article{	  hanetal26,
  Title		= {Validation of 1-{{Day Repeat SWOT Measurements Against
		  Tide}}-{{Gauge}} and {{Glider Data Off Canada}}'s {{West
		  Coast}}},
  Author	= {Han, Guoqi and Klymak, Jody M. and Ross, Tetjana and Chen,
		  Nancy},
  Year		= 2026,
  Journal	= {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Volume	= {53},
  Number	= {8},
  Pages		= {e2025GL119491},
  DOI		= {10.1029/2025GL119491},
  URLDate	= {2026-04-12},
  Abstract	= {Abstract The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT)
		  satellite observations are shown to agree well with tide
		  gauge and underwater glider data in the Northeast Pacific.
		  The SWOT mission measures sea surface height in a 120-km
		  wide swath. It had a 1-day repeat cycle for 3~months in
		  2023. The daily SWOT Level-3, 2-km non-tidal data have a
		  root-mean-square difference of 5~cm (about 20\% of the
		  total variance) from coastal tide-gauge data. Wavenumber
		  spectra from SWOT observations show good agreement with
		  those from glider steric heights for scales as small as
		  30~km. Spectral slopes in the eastern boundary current
		  transition zone have values close to the surface
		  quasigeostrophic theory across the mesoscale (30--250~km)
		  and submesoscale (15--30~km) bands. The study demonstrates
		  the ability of SWOT in measuring coastal and offshore
		  sea-level variabilities at small temporal and spatial
		  scales unachievable by conventional satellite altimetry. ,
		  Plain Language Summary The Surface Water and Ocean
		  Topography (SWOT) wide-swath satellite altimetry mission
		  measures sea surface height in a 120-km wide path. It had a
		  3-month phase in 2023, which collected data on a 2-km grid
		  daily. Here we evaluate the accuracy of SWOT measurements
		  for coastal sea level variability on Canada's west coast.
		  The error between daily SWOT and coastal tide-gauge
		  measurements is 5~cm. We also assess SWOT observations
		  against glider measurements across spatial scales, showing
		  that they agree to spatial scales as small as 30~km, with
		  the former appearing capable of observing to the scale of
		  15~km. The present study demonstrates the ability of SWOT
		  in measuring coastal and offshore sea-level variabilities
		  at small temporal and spatial scales unachievable by
		  conventional satellite altimetry. , Key Points The
		  root-mean-square error in daily non-tidal surface water and
		  ocean topography (SWOT) sea level anomalies are 5~cm (about
		  20\% of the variance observed by tide gauges) SWOT spectral
		  slopes agree with glider data to spatial scales as small as
		  30~km, with values close to the surface quasigeostrophy
		  Daily SWOT altimetry is able to capture small-scale
		  features to 2~days and 30~km (likely to as small as 15~km)},
  langid	= {english},
  Keywords	= {cproofrefereed,jmkrefereed}
}

Abstract The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite observations are shown to agree well with tide gauge and underwater glider data in the Northeast Pacific. The SWOT mission measures sea surface height in a 120-km wide swath. It had a 1-day repeat cycle for 3 months in 2023. The daily SWOT Level-3, 2-km non-tidal data have a root-mean-square difference of 5 cm (about 20% of the total variance) from coastal tide-gauge data. Wavenumber spectra from SWOT observations show good agreement with those from glider steric heights for scales as small as 30 km. Spectral slopes in the eastern boundary current transition zone have values close to the surface quasigeostrophic theory across the mesoscale (30–250 km) and submesoscale (15–30 km) bands. The study demonstrates the ability of SWOT in measuring coastal and offshore sea-level variabilities at small temporal and spatial scales unachievable by conventional satellite altimetry. , Plain Language Summary The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) wide-swath satellite altimetry mission measures sea surface height in a 120-km wide path. It had a 3-month phase in 2023, which collected data on a 2-km grid daily. Here we evaluate the accuracy of SWOT measurements for coastal sea level variability on Canada's west coast. The error between daily SWOT and coastal tide-gauge measurements is 5 cm. We also assess SWOT observations against glider measurements across spatial scales, showing that they agree to spatial scales as small as 30 km, with the former appearing capable of observing to the scale of 15 km. The present study demonstrates the ability of SWOT in measuring coastal and offshore sea-level variabilities at small temporal and spatial scales unachievable by conventional satellite altimetry. , Key Points The root-mean-square error in daily non-tidal surface water and ocean topography (SWOT) sea level anomalies are 5 cm (about 20% of the variance observed by tide gauges) SWOT spectral slopes agree with glider data to spatial scales as small as 30 km, with values close to the surface quasigeostrophy Daily SWOT altimetry is able to capture small-scale features to 2 days and 30 km (likely to as small as 15 km)

@Article{	  talbotetal26a,
  Title		= {Two {{Lateral Stirring Regimes}} in the {{Northeast
		  Pacific}}},
  Author	= {Talbot, Lauryn C. and Klymak, Jody M. and Ross, Tetjana
		  and Han, Guoqi},
  Year		= 2026,
  Journal	= {JGR Oceans},
  Volume	= {131},
  Number	= {3},
  Pages		= {e2025JC023699},
  DOI		= {10.1029/2025JC023699},
  URLDate	= {2026-03-14},
  Abstract	= {Abstract Lateral stirring is a key process shaping the
		  physical and biogeochemical state of the ocean, yet it
		  remains under-sampled and poorly understood, particularly
		  at submesoscales (1--80~km). Along Line P, a long-term
		  transect in the Northeast Pacific, lateral stirring was
		  characterized using 15 glider lines with an effective
		  horizontal resolution of 3~km, collected between September
		  2019 and December 2024. Temperature anomalies along an
		  isopycnal reveal distinct offshore and nearshore lateral
		  stirring regimes and significant inter-annual variability,
		  particularly in the offshore regime. Nearshore, tracer
		  gradient spectra follow a power-law of , and thus have a
		  weighting toward more high wavenumber variance than many
		  previous studies, but less than predicted by Surface
		  Quasi-Geostrophy or Interior-Quasi Geostrophy. Offshore,
		  tracer gradient spectra vary with eddy activity: slopes
		  follow in the submesoscale during active periods and ,
		  consistent with Kolmogorov scaling, during quieter phases.
		  Large-scale temporal changes in the temperature field are
		  also seen, marked by shifts in water mass circulation and
		  temperature range, though the driving mechanisms remain
		  uncertain. To contextualize these observations, a regional
		  ocean model is analyzed. Simulated temperature variability
		  was consistent with glider observations in the mesoscale
		  but underestimated at the submesoscale and did not have the
		  distinct regime change between the nearshore and offshore
		  waters. These discrepancies suggest that the model
		  parameterizations of lateral stirring should be
		  investigated and possibly improved. , Plain Language
		  Summary The mixing of nutrient-rich coastal water with
		  nutrient-poor open-ocean water in the Northeast Pacific
		  (NEP) is critical to both human and ecological life, yet
		  the processes driving this motion are not understood.
		  Recent advances in technology now allow us to send robotic
		  vehicles, commonly referred to as gliders, to 1,000~m
		  depths and across 1000s of kms measuring ocean properties
		  at the small scales necessary to observe this mixing. We
		  drove a glider along a transect connecting from Vancouver
		  Island out to the middle of the NEP (1,400~kms) 15 times to
		  study how the ocean stirs. Near the coast, stirring
		  patterns remain consistent with time and depth. Offshore,
		  however, the stirring statistics changed depending on the
		  presence of eddies, swirling currents that carry coastal
		  water offshore. Over the study period, we also observed
		  warmer water moving nearshore and colder water appearing
		  offshore, suggesting that changes in regional ocean
		  circulation introduced new water masses along the transect.
		  Finally, we compared our observations with a computer
		  simulation and found that the simulation sometimes
		  underestimated key features, like the strength of
		  circulation and stirring at small scales ({$<$}80~km),
		  which could be improved by fine tuning the model
		  parameters. , Key Points The number of mesoscale eddies and
		  the width of subtropical-influenced water along Line P
		  varies significantly from year to year There are two
		  contrasting stirring regimes along Line P, neither
		  explained by Surface Quasi-Geostrophy theory Regional model
		  shows consistent mesoscale stirring but less submesoscale
		  stirring and does not show regime differences},
  langid	= {english},
  Keywords	= {cproofrefereed,jmkrefereed},
  File		= {/Users/jklymak/Zotero/storage/ZVFVGZTJ/Talbot et al. -
		  2026 - Two Lateral Stirring Regimes in the Northeast
		  Pacific.pdf}
}

Abstract Lateral stirring is a key process shaping the physical and biogeochemical state of the ocean, yet it remains under-sampled and poorly understood, particularly at submesoscales (1–80 km). Along Line P, a long-term transect in the Northeast Pacific, lateral stirring was characterized using 15 glider lines with an effective horizontal resolution of 3 km, collected between September 2019 and December 2024. Temperature anomalies along an isopycnal reveal distinct offshore and nearshore lateral stirring regimes and significant inter-annual variability, particularly in the offshore regime. Nearshore, tracer gradient spectra follow a power-law of , and thus have a weighting toward more high wavenumber variance than many previous studies, but less than predicted by Surface Quasi-Geostrophy or Interior-Quasi Geostrophy. Offshore, tracer gradient spectra vary with eddy activity: slopes follow in the submesoscale during active periods and , consistent with Kolmogorov scaling, during quieter phases. Large-scale temporal changes in the temperature field are also seen, marked by shifts in water mass circulation and temperature range, though the driving mechanisms remain uncertain. To contextualize these observations, a regional ocean model is analyzed. Simulated temperature variability was consistent with glider observations in the mesoscale but underestimated at the submesoscale and did not have the distinct regime change between the nearshore and offshore waters. These discrepancies suggest that the model parameterizations of lateral stirring should be investigated and possibly improved. , Plain Language Summary The mixing of nutrient-rich coastal water with nutrient-poor open-ocean water in the Northeast Pacific (NEP) is critical to both human and ecological life, yet the processes driving this motion are not understood. Recent advances in technology now allow us to send robotic vehicles, commonly referred to as gliders, to 1,000 m depths and across 1000s of kms measuring ocean properties at the small scales necessary to observe this mixing. We drove a glider along a transect connecting from Vancouver Island out to the middle of the NEP (1,400 kms) 15 times to study how the ocean stirs. Near the coast, stirring patterns remain consistent with time and depth. Offshore, however, the stirring statistics changed depending on the presence of eddies, swirling currents that carry coastal water offshore. Over the study period, we also observed warmer water moving nearshore and colder water appearing offshore, suggesting that changes in regional ocean circulation introduced new water masses along the transect. Finally, we compared our observations with a computer simulation and found that the simulation sometimes underestimated key features, like the strength of circulation and stirring at small scales ($<$80 km), which could be improved by fine tuning the model parameters. , Key Points The number of mesoscale eddies and the width of subtropical-influenced water along Line P varies significantly from year to year There are two contrasting stirring regimes along Line P, neither explained by Surface Quasi-Geostrophy theory Regional model shows consistent mesoscale stirring but less submesoscale stirring and does not show regime differences

@Article{	  changklymak25,
  Title		= {Saturation of {{Internal Tide Generation}} over {{Shallow
		  Supercritical Topography}}},
  Author	= {Chang, Jia-Xuan and Klymak, Jody M.},
  Year		= 2025,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  Volume	= {55},
  Number	= {3},
  Pages		= {293--315},
  DOI		= {10.1175/JPO-D-24-0088.1},
  URLDate	= {2025-05-14},
  Abstract	= {Abstract Understanding the conversion of surface tides
		  into internal tides and the resulting turbulence is
		  important for oceanic mixing. This study investigates
		  internal tide generation over shallow supercritical
		  obstacles in flows, where Nh / U 0 {$\sim$} O (1), with N
		  being background stratification, h being obstacle height,
		  and U 0 being far-field tidal velocity amplitude,
		  particularly relevant in shallow, fjord-like environments
		  where tidal currents become much faster. Previous work has
		  focused on Nh / U 0 {$\gg$} 1, showing that internal tide
		  generation roughly follows and local dissipation follows .
		  Here, a faster, linear stratified flow regime is
		  investigated using idealized simulations. Tidal energy
		  conversion follows the power law until the crest-top Froude
		  number Fr c = U c / c 1 {$\approx$} 1 [where U c = U 0 H /(
		  H - h ) is the barotropic flow speed at the crest, H is the
		  total water depth, and is the mode-1 phase speed in the
		  deep water], beyond which internal tide generation stops
		  increasing (saturates). Radiation saturates and local
		  dissipation no longer grows as quickly as . Qualitatively,
		  the fully stratified flow with Fr c {$>$} 1 at the crest
		  resembles approach-controlled flow in two layers. Radiation
		  from the crest transitions from a relatively linear
		  response with well-defined internal tidal beams to a
		  strongly nonlinear response with diffuse beam as Fr c {$>$}
		  1. However, significant mode-1 internal tides are still
		  radiated into the far field, contradicting the traditional
		  dichotomy that basins with Fr c {$>$} 1 do not generate
		  internal tides. Simulations with realistic or asymmetric
		  stratification exhibit the same general characteristics as
		  constant-stratification simulations. This saturation
		  conversion when Fr c {$>$} 1 should be considered when
		  devising wave-drag parameterization used in the models,
		  especially in fjord regions where large Fr c values are
		  likely to be found. Significance Statement Tidal forcing of
		  stratified flow over a submarine ridge produces internal
		  waves at the tidal frequency and local turbulence. For
		  moderate tides, the energy removed from the surface tide
		  usually scales quadratically with the flow amplitude. Here,
		  we show that when the flow speed above the ridge crest
		  exceeds the speed of the lowest internal wave mode, the
		  conversion rate stops increasing, and both internal tide
		  radiation and local dissipation no longer increase with
		  stronger forcing. This regime should be taken into account
		  when parameterizing internal tidal drag and mixing,
		  particularly when they are parameterized in shallow seas
		  and fjords.},
  copyright	= {http://www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed},
  File		= {/Users/jklymak/Zotero/storage/QB5P73EA/Chang and Klymak -
		  2025 - Saturation of Internal Tide Generation over Shallow
		  Supercritical Topography.pdf}
}

Abstract Understanding the conversion of surface tides into internal tides and the resulting turbulence is important for oceanic mixing. This study investigates internal tide generation over shallow supercritical obstacles in flows, where Nh / U 0 $∼$ O (1), with N being background stratification, h being obstacle height, and U 0 being far-field tidal velocity amplitude, particularly relevant in shallow, fjord-like environments where tidal currents become much faster. Previous work has focused on Nh / U 0 $≫$ 1, showing that internal tide generation roughly follows and local dissipation follows . Here, a faster, linear stratified flow regime is investigated using idealized simulations. Tidal energy conversion follows the power law until the crest-top Froude number Fr c = U c / c 1 $≈$ 1 [where U c = U 0 H /( H - h ) is the barotropic flow speed at the crest, H is the total water depth, and is the mode-1 phase speed in the deep water], beyond which internal tide generation stops increasing (saturates). Radiation saturates and local dissipation no longer grows as quickly as . Qualitatively, the fully stratified flow with Fr c $>$ 1 at the crest resembles approach-controlled flow in two layers. Radiation from the crest transitions from a relatively linear response with well-defined internal tidal beams to a strongly nonlinear response with diffuse beam as Fr c $>$ 1. However, significant mode-1 internal tides are still radiated into the far field, contradicting the traditional dichotomy that basins with Fr c $>$ 1 do not generate internal tides. Simulations with realistic or asymmetric stratification exhibit the same general characteristics as constant-stratification simulations. This saturation conversion when Fr c $>$ 1 should be considered when devising wave-drag parameterization used in the models, especially in fjord regions where large Fr c values are likely to be found. Significance Statement Tidal forcing of stratified flow over a submarine ridge produces internal waves at the tidal frequency and local turbulence. For moderate tides, the energy removed from the surface tide usually scales quadratically with the flow amplitude. Here, we show that when the flow speed above the ridge crest exceeds the speed of the lowest internal wave mode, the conversion rate stops increasing, and both internal tide radiation and local dissipation no longer increase with stronger forcing. This regime should be taken into account when parameterizing internal tidal drag and mixing, particularly when they are parameterized in shallow seas and fjords.

@Article{	  hareetal25,
  Title		= {Regression-Based Characterization of the Marine Carbonate
		  System across Shelf and Nearshore Waters of {{Queen
		  Charlotte Sound}}},
  Author	= {Hare, A.A. and Evans, W. and Dosser, H.V. and Jackson,
		  J.M. and Alin, S.R. and Hannah, C. and Ross, T. and Klymak,
		  J.M.},
  Year		= 2025,
  Journal	= {Marine Chemistry},
  Volume	= {270},
  Pages		= {104511},
  DOI		= {10.1016/j.marchem.2025.104511},
  URLDate	= {2025-05-18},
  langid	= {english},
  Keywords	= {cproofrefereed,jmkrefereed},
  File		= {/Users/jklymak/Zotero/storage/S7BCEW2N/Hare et al. - 2025
		  - Regression-based characterization of the marine carbonate
		  system across shelf and nearshore waters o.pdf}
}

@Article{	  klymaketal25,
  Title		= {Predicting {{Upwelling}} Due to {{Down-Fjord Winds}}},
  Author	= {Klymak, Jody M. and Jackson, Jennifer M. and Hannah,
		  Charles G.},
  Year		= 2025,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  Volume	= {55},
  Number	= {9},
  Pages		= {1553--1568},
  DOI		= {10.1175/JPO-D-24-0176.1},
  URLDate	= {2025-10-10},
  Abstract	= {Abstract Down-fjord winds have been implicated in
		  upwelling and exchange of water in fjords. In one temperate
		  fjord, strong winds oxygenated and cooled water deeper than
		  100 m. Deep temperature minima accompanied by oxygen maxima
		  are a common feature in fjords, yet do not have a ready
		  prediction. Here, it is shown that the dominant process
		  driving the upwelling is wind-driven transport divergence
		  at the head of the fjord, as opposed to local convection
		  due to cooling or mechanical mixing. Previous work has
		  focused on two-layer approximations, but those fail to
		  differentiate the depth of upwelling if the bottom layer is
		  continuously stratified. Simulations with a constant
		  stratification show that the depth that the densest water
		  comes from is proportional to , where L is the length of
		  the fjord or the horizontal scale of the wind, is the wind
		  stress, and N 2 is the buoyancy profile. The time scale of
		  the upwelling is similarly scaled as . These scalings apply
		  over a wide range of forcings and geometry, so long as the
		  depth scale does not approach the depth of the fjord. A
		  simple procedure can be used to get a similar scaling if N
		  ( z ) is not constant. If the wind is allowed to relax, the
		  simulations come back to rest after a vigorous seiche,
		  subducting the upwelled water. Despite strong turbulence,
		  the net exchange with water outside the fjord is found to
		  be small, and oxygen concentrations are mostly modified by
		  air--sea gas exchange rather than diapycnal mixing.
		  Significance Statement Upwelling in fjords due to
		  down-fjord winds has the potential to ventilate deep water
		  and to drive exchange with water outside the fjord. Here,
		  we offer a simple method to predict the depth and time
		  scale of the upwelling based on the wind strength, the
		  initial stratification, and the length of the fjord.
		  Vertical mixing has only a minor impact on the vertical
		  distribution of properties in the fjord due to the wind
		  events, and much of the transport into the fjord is
		  reversible in the absence of other mixing sources.},
  copyright	= {http://www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed},
  File		= {/Users/jklymak/Zotero/storage/3UUYTMIM/Klymak et al. -
		  2025 - Predicting Upwelling due to Down-Fjord Winds.pdf}
}

Abstract Down-fjord winds have been implicated in upwelling and exchange of water in fjords. In one temperate fjord, strong winds oxygenated and cooled water deeper than 100 m. Deep temperature minima accompanied by oxygen maxima are a common feature in fjords, yet do not have a ready prediction. Here, it is shown that the dominant process driving the upwelling is wind-driven transport divergence at the head of the fjord, as opposed to local convection due to cooling or mechanical mixing. Previous work has focused on two-layer approximations, but those fail to differentiate the depth of upwelling if the bottom layer is continuously stratified. Simulations with a constant stratification show that the depth that the densest water comes from is proportional to , where L is the length of the fjord or the horizontal scale of the wind, is the wind stress, and N 2 is the buoyancy profile. The time scale of the upwelling is similarly scaled as . These scalings apply over a wide range of forcings and geometry, so long as the depth scale does not approach the depth of the fjord. A simple procedure can be used to get a similar scaling if N ( z ) is not constant. If the wind is allowed to relax, the simulations come back to rest after a vigorous seiche, subducting the upwelled water. Despite strong turbulence, the net exchange with water outside the fjord is found to be small, and oxygen concentrations are mostly modified by air–sea gas exchange rather than diapycnal mixing. Significance Statement Upwelling in fjords due to down-fjord winds has the potential to ventilate deep water and to drive exchange with water outside the fjord. Here, we offer a simple method to predict the depth and time scale of the upwelling based on the wind strength, the initial stratification, and the length of the fjord. Vertical mixing has only a minor impact on the vertical distribution of properties in the fjord due to the wind events, and much of the transport into the fjord is reversible in the absence of other mixing sources.

@Article{	  rossetal25,
  Title		= {Ocean {{Gliders}} for {{Planning}} and {{Monitoring Remote
		  Canadian Pacific Marine Protected Areas}}},
  Author	= {Ross, Tetjana and Dosser, Hayley and Klymak, Jody and
		  Evans, Wiley and Hare, Alex and Jackson, Jennifer and
		  Waterman, Stephanie},
  Year		= 2025,
  Journal	= {Oceanog},
  DOI		= {10.5670/oceanog.2025e104},
  URLDate	= {2025-05-18},
  Abstract	= {Given the United Nations' ambitious goal---endorsed by
		  more than 100 nations, including Canada---of protecting
		  30\% of the world's marine ecosystems by 2030 (UN, 2023),
		  the need to establish, expand, and track the effectiveness
		  of protected areas is becoming more pressing each year.
		  Effective planning for and monitoring of marine protected
		  areas (MPAs) rely on the availability of quality baseline
		  ecological and oceanographic information. Many of the sites
		  in the Canadian Pacific Ocean best suited for protection,
		  due to the confluence of ecological, cultural, and
		  political significance, are remote. This poses two
		  challenges: (1) there is little baseline information to
		  guide planning, and (2) they are challenging to monitor
		  once established.},
  Keywords	= {cproofrefereed,jmkrefereed},
  File		= {/Users/jklymak/Zotero/storage/ZUKY9TV2/Fisheries and
		  Oceans Canada et al. - 2025 - Ocean Gliders for Planning
		  and Monitoring Remote Canadian Pacific Marine Protected
		  Areas.pdf}
}

Given the United Nations' ambitious goal—endorsed by more than 100 nations, including Canada—of protecting 30% of the world's marine ecosystems by 2030 (UN, 2023), the need to establish, expand, and track the effectiveness of protected areas is becoming more pressing each year. Effective planning for and monitoring of marine protected areas (MPAs) rely on the availability of quality baseline ecological and oceanographic information. Many of the sites in the Canadian Pacific Ocean best suited for protection, due to the confluence of ecological, cultural, and political significance, are remote. This poses two challenges: (1) there is little baseline information to guide planning, and (2) they are challenging to monitor once established.

@Article{	  stevensetal25a,
  Title		= {Dissolved {{Oxygen Variability}} on the {{Canadian Pacific
		  Shelf}}: {{Trends}}, {{Drivers}}, and {{Projections}} in
		  the {{Context}} of {{Emerging Hypoxia}} in {{Queen
		  Charlotte Sound}}},
  ShortTitle	= {Dissolved {{Oxygen Variability}} on the {{Canadian Pacific
		  Shelf}}},
  Author	= {Stevens, S. W. and Hannah, C. and Evans, W. and Klymak, J.
		  and Waterman, S. and Ross, T.},
  Year		= 2025,
  Journal	= {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Volume	= {39},
  Number	= {8},
  Pages		= {e2025GB008608},
  DOI		= {10.1029/2025GB008608},
  URLDate	= {2026-02-02},
  Abstract	= {Abstract Hypoxia is an increasing concern along the
		  Northeast Pacific continental margin, driven by dissolved
		  oxygen () declines related to a warming climate. Although
		  the North Pacific inventory has declined for decades,
		  hypoxia was rarely observed on the central coast of British
		  Columbia, Canada, before 2020. Recent observations from
		  Queen Charlotte Sound (QCS)---the largest shelf sea in the
		  Canadian Pacific---indicate that hypoxia is now an emerging
		  issue in this region. This study synthesizes measurements
		  from numerous platforms to describe regional distributions
		  during 2022 and 2023. These observations reveal persistent
		  shelf-wide hypoxia during summer months, including periods
		  of statistically defined extreme hypoxia. Comparisons with
		  the hydrographic record from 2003 to 2021 show that
		  concentrations were lower and hypoxia more common in 2022
		  and 2023 than in previous years. This recent hypoxia is
		  caused by long-term deoxygenation trends of approximately
		  5--10 mol per decade at isopycnals representing QCS deep
		  waters, combined with seasonal and interannual variability
		  of similar or larger magnitude. Drivers of regional
		  variability are identified over a broad range of scales. On
		  sub-decadal time scales, upwelling strength, upwelling
		  timing, and utilization drive variability. On decadal time
		  scales, variability is modulated by the offshore supply of
		  , which appears to propagate from the northwestern Pacific
		  via North Pacific Gyre circulation with an 8-year lag.
		  Data-based projections indicate that bottom water hypoxia
		  will occur with increasing frequency in the coming decades,
		  while larger portions of the regional deep layer could
		  experience consistent summertime hypoxia by 2050. , Plain
		  Language Summary Hypoxia, or low-oxygen conditions
		  detrimental to the health of marine organisms, is becoming
		  more common in the Northeast Pacific. In Queen Charlotte
		  Sound (QCS), a coastal region off Canada's west coast,
		  hypoxic waters were rare before 2020 but were widespread in
		  2022 and 2023. This study finds that oxygen levels in the
		  region have been declining for decades, likely due to
		  changes in the supply of oxygen-rich water to the coastline
		  from the open Pacific. Local processes, such as the
		  upwelling of deep waters onto the shelf and respiration,
		  also contribute to seasonal and year-to-year changes. If
		  these trends continue as expected, deep waters in QCS will
		  regularly experience hypoxia in coming decades and become
		  largely hypoxic by 2050, with detrimental consequences for
		  marine life and fisheries. , Key Points Observations of
		  deep water hypoxia have become more common in Queen
		  Charlotte Sound during recent years Local shelf processes
		  drive high frequency oxygen variability while offshore
		  oxygen supply drives low frequency variability Regional
		  projections predict more frequent seafloor hypoxia
		  hereafter with larger portions of the deep layer becoming
		  hypoxic by 2050},
  langid	= {english},
  Keywords	= {cproofrefereed,jmkrefereed},
  File		= {/Users/jklymak/Zotero/storage/S3J2GK6P/Stevens et al. -
		  2025 - Dissolved Oxygen Variability on the Canadian Pacific
		  Shelf Trends, Drivers, and Projections in the.pdf}
}

Abstract Hypoxia is an increasing concern along the Northeast Pacific continental margin, driven by dissolved oxygen () declines related to a warming climate. Although the North Pacific inventory has declined for decades, hypoxia was rarely observed on the central coast of British Columbia, Canada, before 2020. Recent observations from Queen Charlotte Sound (QCS)—the largest shelf sea in the Canadian Pacific—indicate that hypoxia is now an emerging issue in this region. This study synthesizes measurements from numerous platforms to describe regional distributions during 2022 and 2023. These observations reveal persistent shelf-wide hypoxia during summer months, including periods of statistically defined extreme hypoxia. Comparisons with the hydrographic record from 2003 to 2021 show that concentrations were lower and hypoxia more common in 2022 and 2023 than in previous years. This recent hypoxia is caused by long-term deoxygenation trends of approximately 5–10 mol per decade at isopycnals representing QCS deep waters, combined with seasonal and interannual variability of similar or larger magnitude. Drivers of regional variability are identified over a broad range of scales. On sub-decadal time scales, upwelling strength, upwelling timing, and utilization drive variability. On decadal time scales, variability is modulated by the offshore supply of , which appears to propagate from the northwestern Pacific via North Pacific Gyre circulation with an 8-year lag. Data-based projections indicate that bottom water hypoxia will occur with increasing frequency in the coming decades, while larger portions of the regional deep layer could experience consistent summertime hypoxia by 2050. , Plain Language Summary Hypoxia, or low-oxygen conditions detrimental to the health of marine organisms, is becoming more common in the Northeast Pacific. In Queen Charlotte Sound (QCS), a coastal region off Canada's west coast, hypoxic waters were rare before 2020 but were widespread in 2022 and 2023. This study finds that oxygen levels in the region have been declining for decades, likely due to changes in the supply of oxygen-rich water to the coastline from the open Pacific. Local processes, such as the upwelling of deep waters onto the shelf and respiration, also contribute to seasonal and year-to-year changes. If these trends continue as expected, deep waters in QCS will regularly experience hypoxia in coming decades and become largely hypoxic by 2050, with detrimental consequences for marine life and fisheries. , Key Points Observations of deep water hypoxia have become more common in Queen Charlotte Sound during recent years Local shelf processes drive high frequency oxygen variability while offshore oxygen supply drives low frequency variability Regional projections predict more frequent seafloor hypoxia hereafter with larger portions of the deep layer becoming hypoxic by 2050

@Article{	  ansteyetal24,
  Title		= {Internal {{Waves Force Elevated Turbulent Mixing}} at
		  {{Barkley Canyon}}},
  Author	= {Anstey, Kurtis J. and Klymak, Jody M. and Mihaly, Steven
		  F. and Thomson, Richard E.},
  Year		= 2024,
  Journal	= {J. Geophys. Res. Oceans},
  Volume	= {129},
  Number	= {7},
  Pages		= {e2023JC020760},
  DOI		= {10.1029/2023JC020760},
  URLDate	= {2024-11-21},
  Abstract	= {Submarine canyons are hot spots for topography-internal
		  wave interactions, with elevated mixing contributing to
		  regional water mass transport and productivity. Two
		  velocity time series compare and contrast internal waves
		  deep inside Barkley Canyon to a nearby site on the
		  shelf-break slope of the Vancouver Island Continental
		  Shelf. Elevation of internal wave energy occurs near
		  topography, up to a factor of 10 above the slope and 100 in
		  the canyon. All frequency bands display strong seasonal
		  variability but weak interannual variability. Diurnal (K1)
		  energy is sub-inertial, trapped along topography, and
		  forced locally through barotropic motions. Both sites have
		  high near-inertial (NI) energy linked to wind events,
		  though fewer events are observed deep inside the canyon. At
		  the slope site, near-inertial energy is attenuated with
		  depth, while in the canyon it is amplified near the bottom.
		  Freely propagating semidiurnal (M2) energy appears focused
		  near critical shelf-break and canyon floor topography, due
		  to local and remote baroclinic forcing. The high-frequency
		  internal wave continuum has enhanced near-bottom energy at
		  both sites (up to 7 \texttimes{} the Garrett-Munk
		  spectrum), and inferred dissipation rates, {$\varepsilon$},
		  reaching 10-7 W kg-1 near topography. Dissipation is most
		  strongly correlated with semidiurnal energy variability at
		  both sites, with secondary contributors that are site
		  dependent. Forcing power law fits are
		  {$\varepsilon\sim$}M20.8+ \textbackslash varepsilon
		  \textbackslash sim M\_2\textasciicircum
		  0.8+\textbackslash{} SubK10.6 \textbraceleft\textbackslash
		  textSub\_K\_1\textasciicircum 0.6\textbackslash{} on the
		  slope, and {$\varepsilon\sim$}M21.5+ \textbackslash
		  varepsilon \textbackslash sim M\_2\textasciicircum
		  1.5+\textbackslash{} NI0.2 in the canyon. There is also a
		  build-up of ``shoulder'' energy (PSh) near the buoyancy
		  frequency, with a power law fit to dissipation of PSh
		  {$\sim$} {$\varepsilon$}0.3 at both sites.},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  langid	= {english},
  Keywords	= {Barkley Canyon,continental slope,internal
		  waves,jmkrefereed,mixing,submarine canyon,turbulent
		  dissipation},
  Note		= {e2023JC020760 2023JC020760},
  File		= {/Users/jklymak/Zotero/storage/X3Y2HVY6/Anstey et al. -
		  2024 - Internal Waves Force Elevated Turbulent Mixing at
		  Barkley
		  Canyon.pdf;/Users/jklymak/Zotero/storage/6ZULD53Q/2023JC020760.html}
}

Submarine canyons are hot spots for topography-internal wave interactions, with elevated mixing contributing to regional water mass transport and productivity. Two velocity time series compare and contrast internal waves deep inside Barkley Canyon to a nearby site on the shelf-break slope of the Vancouver Island Continental Shelf. Elevation of internal wave energy occurs near topography, up to a factor of 10 above the slope and 100 in the canyon. All frequency bands display strong seasonal variability but weak interannual variability. Diurnal (K1) energy is sub-inertial, trapped along topography, and forced locally through barotropic motions. Both sites have high near-inertial (NI) energy linked to wind events, though fewer events are observed deep inside the canyon. At the slope site, near-inertial energy is attenuated with depth, while in the canyon it is amplified near the bottom. Freely propagating semidiurnal (M2) energy appears focused near critical shelf-break and canyon floor topography, due to local and remote baroclinic forcing. The high-frequency internal wave continuum has enhanced near-bottom energy at both sites (up to 7 × the Garrett-Munk spectrum), and inferred dissipation rates, $ɛ$, reaching 10-7 W kg-1 near topography. Dissipation is most strongly correlated with semidiurnal energy variability at both sites, with secondary contributors that are site dependent. Forcing power law fits are $ɛ∼$M20.8+ \ varepsilon \ sim M_2\textasciicircum 0.8+\ SubK10.6 \textbraceleft\ textSub_K_1\textasciicircum 0.6\ on the slope, and $ɛ∼$M21.5+ \ varepsilon \ sim M_2\textasciicircum 1.5+\ NI0.2 in the canyon. There is also a build-up of ``shoulder'' energy (PSh) near the buoyancy frequency, with a power law fit to dissipation of PSh $∼$ $ɛ$0.3 at both sites.

@Article{	  marquesetal24,
  Title		= {Observations of {{Tidally Driven Turbulence}} over
		  {{Steep}}, {{Small-Scale Topography Embedded}} in the
		  {{Tasman Slope}}},
  Author	= {Marques, Olavo B. and Alford, Matthew H. and Pinkel,
		  Robert and MacKinnon, Jennifer A. and Voet, Gunnar and
		  Klymak, Jody M. and Nash, Jonathan D.},
  Year		= 2024,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  Volume	= {54},
  Number	= {2},
  Pages		= {601--615},
  DOI		= {10.1175/JPO-D-23-0038.1},
  URLDate	= {2025-10-10},
  Abstract	= {Abstract Enhanced diapycnal mixing induced by the
		  near-bottom breaking of internal waves is an essential
		  component of the lower meridional overturning circulation.
		  Despite its crucial role in the ocean circulation, tidally
		  driven internal wave breaking is challenging to observe due
		  to its inherently short spatial and temporal scales. We
		  present detailed moored and shipboard observations that
		  resolve the spatiotemporal variability of the tidal
		  response over a small-scale bump embedded in the
		  continental slope of Tasmania. Cross-shore tidal currents
		  drive a nonlinear trapped response over the steep bottom
		  around the bump. The observations are roughly consistent
		  with two-dimensional high-mode tidal lee-wave theory.
		  However, the alongshore tidal velocities are large,
		  suggesting that the alongshore bathymetric variability
		  modulates the tidal response driven by the cross-shore
		  tidal flow. The semidiurnal tide and energy dissipation
		  rate are correlated at subtidal time scales, but with
		  complex temporal variability. Energy dissipation from a
		  simple scattering model shows that the elevated near-bottom
		  turbulence can be sustained by the impinging mode-1
		  internal tide, where the dissipation over the bump is O
		  (1\%) of the incident depth-integrated energy flux. Despite
		  this small fraction, tidal dissipation is enhanced over the
		  bump due to steep topography at a horizontal scale of O (1)
		  km and may locally drive significant diapycnal mixing.
		  Significance Statement Near-bottom turbulent mixing is a
		  key element of the global abyssal circulation. We present
		  observations of the spatiotemporal variability of tidally
		  driven turbulent processes over a small-scale topographic
		  bump off Tasmania. The semidiurnal tide generates
		  large-amplitude transient lee waves and hydraulic jumps
		  that are unstable and dissipate the tidal energy. These
		  processes are consistent with the scattering of the
		  incident low-mode internal tide on the continental slope of
		  Tasmania. Despite elevated turbulence over the bump,
		  near-bottom energy dissipation is small relative to the
		  incident wave energy flux.},
  copyright	= {http://www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed},
  File		= {/Users/jklymak/Zotero/storage/WT6YEYE8/Marques et al. -
		  2024 - Observations of Tidally Driven Turbulence over
		  Steep, Small-Scale Topography Embedded in the Tasman.pdf}
}

Abstract Enhanced diapycnal mixing induced by the near-bottom breaking of internal waves is an essential component of the lower meridional overturning circulation. Despite its crucial role in the ocean circulation, tidally driven internal wave breaking is challenging to observe due to its inherently short spatial and temporal scales. We present detailed moored and shipboard observations that resolve the spatiotemporal variability of the tidal response over a small-scale bump embedded in the continental slope of Tasmania. Cross-shore tidal currents drive a nonlinear trapped response over the steep bottom around the bump. The observations are roughly consistent with two-dimensional high-mode tidal lee-wave theory. However, the alongshore tidal velocities are large, suggesting that the alongshore bathymetric variability modulates the tidal response driven by the cross-shore tidal flow. The semidiurnal tide and energy dissipation rate are correlated at subtidal time scales, but with complex temporal variability. Energy dissipation from a simple scattering model shows that the elevated near-bottom turbulence can be sustained by the impinging mode-1 internal tide, where the dissipation over the bump is O (1%) of the incident depth-integrated energy flux. Despite this small fraction, tidal dissipation is enhanced over the bump due to steep topography at a horizontal scale of O (1) km and may locally drive significant diapycnal mixing. Significance Statement Near-bottom turbulent mixing is a key element of the global abyssal circulation. We present observations of the spatiotemporal variability of tidally driven turbulent processes over a small-scale topographic bump off Tasmania. The semidiurnal tide generates large-amplitude transient lee waves and hydraulic jumps that are unstable and dissipate the tidal energy. These processes are consistent with the scattering of the incident low-mode internal tide on the continental slope of Tasmania. Despite elevated turbulence over the bump, near-bottom energy dissipation is small relative to the incident wave energy flux.

@Article{	  jacksonetal23,
  Title		= {Winter Arctic Outflow Winds Cause Upper Ocean Cooling and
		  Reoxygenation in a Temperate Canadian Fjord},
  Author	= {Jackson, J. M. and Holmes, K. and Klymak, J. M. and
		  Bianucci, L. and Evans, W. and Floyd, W. C. and Hannah, C.
		  G. and Hare, A. and Wan, D.},
  Year		= 2023,
  Journal	= {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  Volume	= {50},
  Number	= {16},
  Publisher	= {American Geophysical Union (AGU)},
  DOI		= {10.1029/2023gl104549},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2023-09-28 18:45:56 -0700},
  date-modified	= {2024-08-12 15:11:58 -0700},
  Keywords	= {ButeWInds,jmkrefereed},
  File		= {/Users/jklymak/Zotero/storage/7UKJJC7T/Jackson2023.pdf}
}

@Unpublished{	  jhugrooetal23,
  Title		= {Stratification Variability and Its Biogeochemical
		  Implications across {{Queen Charlotte Sound}}, a Highly
		  Productive Shelf Sea in the {{Northeast Pacific}}},
  Author	= {Jhugroo, K and Waterman, {\relax SN} and Jackson, {\relax
		  JM} and Klymak, {\relax JM} and Ross, T and Hannah, C and
		  Dosser, {\relax HV}.},
  Year		= 2023,
  date-added	= {2023-10-29 15:22:14 -0700},
  date-modified	= {2023-10-29 15:25:01 -0700},
  Keywords	= {jmkinreview},
  Note		= {Submitted \emph{J. Geophys Res}}
}

@Article{	  klymaketal23,
  Title		= {Separation of an Upwelling Current Bounding the {{Juan}}
		  de {{Fuca Eddy}}},
  Author	= {Klymak, Jody M. and Allen, Susan E. and Waterman,
		  Stephanie},
  Year		= 2023,
  Journal	= {J. Geophys. Res.},
  Volume	= {128},
  Number	= {8},
  Publisher	= {American Geophysical Union (AGU)},
  DOI		= {10.1029/2023jc019688},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2023-09-19 10:04:03 -0700},
  date-modified	= {2023-09-19 10:05:01 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed},
  File		= {/Users/jklymak/Zotero/storage/I72TBGQ6/Klymak et al. -
		  2023 - Separation of an upwelling current bounding the Juan
		  de Fuca Eddy.pdf}
}

@Article{	  voetetal23,
  Title		= {Energy and Momentum of a Density-Driven Overflow in the
		  {{Samoan Passage}}},
  Author	= {Voet, Gunnar and Alford, Matthew H. and Cusack, Jesse M.
		  and Pratt, Larry J. and Girton, James B. and Carter, Glenn
		  S. and Klymak, Jody M. and Tan, Shuwen and Thurnherr,
		  Andreas M.},
  Year		= 2023,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  Publisher	= {American Meteorological Society},
  DOI		= {10.1175/jpo-d-22-0220.1},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2023-04-04 17:03:36 -0700},
  date-modified	= {2023-09-29 15:13:20 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  sahuetal22,
  Title		= {Spatial and Temporal Origins of the {{La Perouse}} Low
		  Oxygen Pool: A Combined Lagrangian Statistical Approach},
  Author	= {Sahu, Saurav and Allen, Susan E. and Sald{\'\i}as, Gonzalo
		  S. and Klymak, Jody M. and Zhai, Li},
  Year		= 2022,
  Journal	= {J. Geophys. Res.},
  Volume	= {127},
  Number	= {3},
  Publisher	= {American Geophysical Union (AGU)},
  DOI		= {10.1029/2021jc018135},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2022-04-24 15:45:14 -0700},
  date-modified	= {2022-04-25 09:48:25 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed,pw13}
}

@Article{	  waterhouseetal22,
  Title		= {Global Observations of Rotary-with-Depth Shear Spectra},
  Author	= {Waterhouse, Amy F. and Hennon, Tyler and Kunze, Eric and
		  MacKinnon, Jennifer A. and Alford, Matthew H. and Pinkel,
		  Robert and Simmons, Harper and Whalen, Caitlin B. and Fine,
		  Elizabeth C. and Klymak, Jody and Hummon, Julia M.},
  Year		= 2022,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  Publisher	= {American Meteorological Society},
  DOI		= {10.1175/jpo-d-22-0015.1},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2023-01-15 08:23:58 -0800},
  date-modified	= {2023-01-15 08:25:53 -0800},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  klymaketal21a,
  Title		= {Parameterizing Non-Propagating Form Drag over Rough
		  Bathymetry},
  Author	= {Klymak, Jody M. and Balwada, Dhruv and Naveira Garabato,
		  Alberto C. and Abernathey, Ryan},
  Year		= 2021,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  DOI		= {10.1175/JPO-D-20-0112.1},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2021-02-16 09:47:01 -0800},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:49:30 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  marquesetal21,
  Title		= {Internal Tide Structure and Temporal Variability on the
		  Reflective Continental Slope of Southeastern {{Tasmania}}},
  Author	= {Marques, Olavo B. and Alford, Matthew H. and Pinkel,
		  Robert and MacKinnon, Jennifer A. and Klymak, Jody M. and
		  Nash, Jonathan D. and Waterhouse, Amy F. and Kelly, Samuel
		  M. and Simmons, Harper L. and Braznikov, Dmitry},
  Year		= 2021,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  Volume	= {51},
  Number	= {2},
  Pages		= {611--631},
  Publisher	= {American Meteorological Society},
  DOI		= {10.1175/jpo-d-20-0044.1},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2021-02-16 09:23:16 -0800},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:49:30 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  rotermunetal21,
  Title		= {The Effect of Sea Ice on Tidal Propagation in the
		  {{Kitikmeot Sea}}, {{Canadian Arctic Archipelago}}},
  Author	= {Rotermund, Lina M. and Williams, William J. and Klymak,
		  Jody M. and Wu, Yongsheng and Scharien, Randall K. and
		  Haas, Christian},
  Year		= 2021,
  Journal	= {J. Geophys. Res.},
  Volume	= {126},
  Number	= {5},
  Publisher	= {American Geophysical Union (AGU)},
  DOI		= {10.1029/2020jc016786},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2021-06-08 18:12:58 -0700},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:49:30 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  blankenetal20,
  Title		= {Surface Drift and Dispersion in a Multiply Connected Fjord
		  System},
  Author	= {Blanken, Hauke and Hannah, Charles and Klymak, Jody M. and
		  Juh{\'a}sz, Tam{\'a}s},
  Year		= 2020,
  Journal	= {J. Geophys. Res.},
  Volume	= {125},
  Number	= {2},
  Publisher	= {American Geophysical Union (AGU)},
  DOI		= {10.1029/2019jc015425},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2020-04-13 08:12:53 -0700},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:49:30 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  lodise_2020,
  Title		= {Investigating the Formation of Submesoscale Structures
		  along Mesoscale Fronts and Estimating Kinematic Quantities
		  Using Lagrangian Drifters},
  Author	= {Lodise, John and {\"O}zg{\"o}kmen, Tamay and Gon{\c
		  c}alves, Rafael C. and Iskandarani, Mohamed and Lund,
		  Bj{\"o}rn and Horstmann, Jochen and Poulain, Pierre-Marie
		  and Klymak, Jody and Ryan, Edward H. and Guigand, Cedric},
  Year		= 2020,
  Journal	= {Fluids},
  Volume	= {5},
  Number	= {3},
  Pages		= {159},
  Publisher	= {MDPI AG},
  DOI		= {10.3390/fluids5030159},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2021-01-19 20:06:39 -0800},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:49:30 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  nelsonetal20,
  Title		= {Improved Internal Wave Spectral Continuum in a Regional
		  Ocean Model},
  Author	= {Nelson, A.D. and Arbic, B.K. and Menemenlis, D. and
		  Peltier, W.R. and Alford, M.H. and Grisouard, N. and
		  Klymak, J.M.},
  Year		= 2020,
  Journal	= {J. Geophys. Res.},
  Publisher	= {American Geophysical Union (AGU)},
  DOI		= {10.1029/2019jc015974},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2020-04-20 08:43:54 -0700},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:49:30 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  sanchez_rios_2020,
  Title		= {Observations of Cross-Frontal Exchange Associated with
		  Submesoscale Features along the {{North Wall}} of the
		  {{Gulf Stream}}},
  Author	= {{Sanchez-Rios}, Alejandra and Shearman, R. Kipp and
		  Klymak, Jody and DAsaro, Eric and Lee, Craig},
  Year		= 2020,
  Journal	= {Deep Sea Res. Part Oceanogr. Res. Pap.},
  Volume	= {163},
  Pages		= {103342},
  Publisher	= {Elsevier BV},
  DOI		= {10.1016/j.dsr.2020.103342},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2021-01-19 20:07:10 -0800},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:49:30 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  smithetal20,
  Title		= {Data Availability Principles and Practice},
  Author	= {Smith, Jerome A. and Cessi, Paola and Fer, Ilker and
		  Foltz, Gregory and {Fox-Kemper}, Baylor and Heywood, Karen
		  and Jones, Nicole and Klymak, Jody and LaCasce, Joseph},
  Year		= 2020,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  Volume	= {50},
  Number	= {12},
  Pages		= {3377--3378},
  Publisher	= {American Meteorological Society},
  DOI		= {10.1175/jpo-d-20-0266.1},
  date-added	= {2021-02-16 09:25:20 -0800},
  date-modified	= {2022-01-14 11:31:49 +0100},
  jmkpubtype	= {other},
  Keywords	= {jmkother}
}

@Article{	  wenegrat_2020,
  Title		= {Enhanced Mixing across the Gyre Boundary at the {{Gulf
		  Stream}} Front},
  Author	= {Wenegrat, Jacob O. and Thomas, Leif N. and Sundermeyer,
		  Miles A. and Taylor, John R. and D'Asaro, Eric A. and
		  Klymak, Jody M. and Shearman, R. Kipp and Lee, Craig M.},
  Year		= 2020,
  Journal	= {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.},
  Volume	= {117},
  Number	= {30},
  Pages		= {17607--17614},
  Publisher	= {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  DOI		= {10.1073/pnas.2005558117},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2021-01-19 20:05:58 -0800},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:49:30 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  whalen_2020,
  Title		= {Internal Wave-Driven Mixing: Governing Processes and
		  Consequences for Climate},
  Author	= {Whalen, Caitlin B. and {de Lavergne}, Casimir and
		  Garabato, Alberto C. Naveira and Klymak, Jody M. and
		  MacKinnon, Jennifer A. and Sheen, Katy L.},
  Year		= 2020,
  Journal	= {Nat. Rev. Earth Environ.},
  Volume	= {1},
  Number	= {11},
  Pages		= {606--621},
  Publisher	= {{Springer Science and Business Media LLC}},
  DOI		= {10.1038/s43017-020-0097-z},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2021-01-19 20:05:19 -0800},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:49:30 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  arbicetal19,
  Title		= {Connecting Process Models of Topographic Wave Drag to
		  Global Eddying General Circulation Models},
  Author	= {Arbic, Brian and Fringer, Oliver and Klymak, Jody and
		  Mayer, Frederick and Trossman, David and Zhu, Peiyun},
  Year		= 2019,
  Journal	= {Oceanography},
  Volume	= {32},
  Number	= {4},
  Pages		= {146--155},
  Publisher	= {The Oceanography Society},
  DOI		= {10.5670/oceanog.2019.420},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2020-04-13 08:30:48 -0700},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:49:30 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  barthetal19,
  Title		= {Better Regional Ocean Observing through Cross-National
		  Cooperation: A Case Study from the Northeast Pacific},
  Author	= {Barth, John A. and Allen, Susan E. and Dever, Edward P.
		  and Dewey, Richard K. and Evans, Wiley and Feely, Richard
		  A. and Fisher, Jennifer L. and Fram, Jonathan P. and Hales,
		  Burke and Ianson, Debby and Jackson, Jennifer and Juniper,
		  Kim and Kawka, Orest and Kelley, Deborah and Klymak, Jody
		  M. and Konovsky, John and Kosro, P. Michael and Kurapov,
		  Alexander and Mayorga, Emilio and MacCready, Parker and
		  Newton, Jan and Perry, R. Ian and Risien, Craig M. and
		  Robert, Marie and Ross, Tetjana and Shearman, R. Kipp and
		  Schumacker, Joe and Siedlecki, Samantha and Trainer, Vera
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  Volume	= {6},
  Publisher	= {Frontiers Media SA},
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  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2023-10-29 10:34:19 -0700},
  date-modified	= {2023-10-29 10:34:19 -0700},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  carteretal19,
  Title		= {A Spatial Geography of Abyssal Turbulent Mixing in the
		  {{Samoan Passage}}},
  Author	= {Carter, Glenn and Voet, Gunnar and Alford, Matthew and
		  Girton, James and Mickett, John and Klymak, Jody and Pratt,
		  Larry and {Pearson-Potts}, Kelly and Cusack, Jesse and
		  {al.}, et},
  Year		= 2019,
  Journal	= {Oceanography},
  Volume	= {32},
  Number	= {4},
  Pages		= {194--203},
  Publisher	= {The Oceanography Society},
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  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2019-12-20 12:04:40 -0800},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:49:30 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  girtonetal19,
  Title		= {Flow-Topography Interactions in the Samoan Passage},
  Author	= {Girton, James and Mickett, {and} John and Zhao, ZhongXiang
		  and Alford, Matthew and Voet, Gunnar and Cusack, Jesse and
		  Carter, Glenn and {Pearson-Potts}, Kelly and Pratt, Larry
		  and Tan, Shuwen and Klymak, Jody},
  Year		= 2019,
  Journal	= {Oceanography},
  Volume	= {32},
  Number	= {4},
  Pages		= {184--193},
  Publisher	= {The Oceanography Society},
  DOI		= {10.5670/oceanog.2019.424},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2023-10-29 10:38:25 -0700},
  date-modified	= {2023-10-29 10:38:25 -0700},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  hughesklymak19,
  Title		= {Tidal Conversion and Dissipation at Steep Topography in a
		  Channel Poleward of the Critical Latitude},
  Author	= {Hughes, Kenneth G. and Klymak, Jody M.},
  Year		= 2019,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  Volume	= {49},
  Number	= {5},
  Pages		= {1269--1291},
  Publisher	= {American Meteorological Society},
  DOI		= {10.1175/jpo-d-18-0132.1},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2019-09-15 10:05:02 -0700},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:49:30 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  shaoetal19,
  Title		= {The Variability of Winds and Fluxes Observed near
		  Submesoscale Fronts},
  Author	= {Shao, Mingming and Ortiz-Suslow, David G. and Haus, Brian
		  K. and Lund, Bjorn and Williams, Neil J. and
		  {\"O}zg{\"o}kmen, Tamay M. and Laxague, Nathan J. M. and
		  Horstmann, Jochen and Klymak, Jody M.},
  Year		= 2019,
  Journal	= {J. Geophys. Res.},
  Publisher	= {American Geophysical Union (AGU)},
  DOI		= {10.1029/2019jc015236},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2019-12-20 12:06:02 -0800},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:49:30 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  sutherlandetal19,
  Title		= {Recent Progress in Modeling Imbalance in the Atmosphere
		  and Ocean},
  Author	= {Sutherland, Bruce R. and Achatz, Ulrich and Caulfield,
		  Colm-cille P. and Klymak, Jody M.},
  Year		= 2019,
  Journal	= {Phys. Rev. Fluids},
  Volume	= {4},
  Number	= {1},
  Publisher	= {American Physical Society (APS)},
  DOI		= {10.1103/physrevfluids.4.010501},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2019-09-15 10:04:25 -0700},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:49:30 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  testoretal19,
  Title		= {{{OceanGliders}}: A Component of the Integrated {{GOOS}}},
  Author	= {Testor, Pierre and {de Young}, Brad and Rudnick, Daniel L.
		  and Glenn, Scott and Hayes, Daniel and Lee, Craig M. and
		  Pattiaratchi, Charitha and Hill, Katherine and Heslop, Emma
		  and Turpin, Victor and Alenius, Pekka and Barrera, Carlos
		  and Barth, John A. and Beaird, Nicholas and B{\'e}cu,
		  Guislain and Bosse, Anthony and Bourrin, Fran{\c c}ois and
		  Brearley, J. Alexander and Chao, Yi and Chen, Sue and
		  Chiggiato, Jacopo and Coppola, Laurent and Crout, Richard
		  and Cummings, James and Curry, Beth and Curry, Ruth and
		  Davis, Richard and Desai, Kruti and DiMarco, Steve and
		  Edwards, Catherine and Fielding, Sophie and Fer, Ilker and
		  {Frajka-Williams}, Eleanor and Gildor, Hezi and Goni,
		  Gustavo and Gutierrez, Dimitri and Haugan, Peter and
		  Hebert, David and Heiderich, Joleen and Henson, Stephanie
		  and Heywood, Karen and Hogan, Patrick and Houpert,
		  Lo{\"\i}c and Huh, Sik and Inall, Mark E. and Ishii, Masso
		  and Ito, Shin-ichi and Itoh, Sachihiko and Jan, Sen and
		  Kaiser, Jan and Karstensen, Johannes and Kirkpatrick,
		  Barbara and Klymak, Jody and Kohut, Josh and Krahmann, Gerd
		  and Krug, Marjolaine and McClatchie, Sam and Marin,
		  Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric and Mauri, Elena and Mehra, Avichal and
		  Meredith, Michael P. and Meunier, Thomas and Miles, Travis
		  and Morell, Julio M. and Mortier, Laurent and Nicholson,
		  Sarah and OCallaghan, Joanne and OConchubhair, Diarmuid and
		  Oke, Peter and {Pall{\`a}s-Sanz}, Enric and Palmer, Matthew
		  and Park, JongJin and Perivoliotis, Leonidas and Poulain,
		  Pierre-Marie and Perry, Ruth and Queste, Bastien and
		  Rainville, Luc and Rehm, Eric and Roughan, Moninya and
		  Rome, Nicholas and Ross, Tetjana and Ruiz, Simon and Saba,
		  Grace and Schaeffer, Amandine and Sch{\"o}nau, Martha and
		  Schroeder, Katrin and Shimizu, Yugo and Sloyan, Bernadette
		  M. and Smeed, David and Snowden, Derrick and Song, Yumi and
		  Swart, Sebastian and Tenreiro, Miguel and Thompson, Andrew
		  and Tintore, Joaquin and Todd, Robert E. and Toro, Cesar
		  and Venables, Hugh and Wagawa, Taku and Waterman, Stephanie
		  and Watlington, Roy A. and Wilson, Doug},
  Year		= 2019,
  Journal	= {Front. Mar. Sci.},
  Volume	= {6},
  Publisher	= {Frontiers Media SA},
  DOI		= {10.3389/fmars.2019.00422},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2023-10-29 10:35:45 -0700},
  date-modified	= {2023-10-29 10:35:45 -0700},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@TechReport{	  youngetal19,
  Title		= {Geodesy and Geophysics in {{Canada}} 2015-2019},
  Author	= {Young, Gordon and Woo, Jeong and Fotopoulos, Georgia and
		  McCausland, Phil and Themens, David and Petrone, Richard
		  and Ali, Genevieve and Kushnet, Paul and Merlis, Time and
		  Klymak, Jody and Galbraith, Peter and Darbyshire, Fiona and
		  Molnar, Sheri and {Williams-Jones}, Glyn and Vigoroux,
		  Nathalie and Kelly, Richard and Scarien, Randy},
  Year		= 2019,
  Institution	= {{Canadian National Committee for the International Union
		  of Geodesy and Geophysics}},
  date-added	= {2020-04-17 07:47:51 -0700},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:45:50 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {other},
  Keywords	= {jmkother}
}

@Article{	  dasaroetal18,
  Title		= {Ocean Convergence and the Dispersion of Flotsam},
  Author	= {D'Asaro, Eric A. and Shcherbina, Andrey Y. and Klymak,
		  Jody M. and Molemaker, Jeroen and Novelli, Guillaume and
		  Guigand, C{\'e}dric M. and Haza, Angelique C. and Haus,
		  Brian K. and Ryan, Edward H. and Jacobs, Gregg A. and
		  Huntley, Helga S. and Laxague, Nathan J. M. and Chen, Shuyi
		  and Judt, Falko and McWilliams, James C. and Barkan, Roy
		  and Jr., A. D. Kirwan and Poje, Andrew C. and
		  {\"O}zg{\"o}kmen, Tamay M.},
  Year		= 2018,
  Journal	= {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A},
  Pages		= {201718453},
  Publisher	= {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  DOI		= {10.1073/pnas.1718453115},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2018-01-29 22:18:34 +0000},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 19:03:22 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  hughesetal18,
  Title		= {Tidally Modulated Internal Hydraulic Flow and Energetics
		  in the Central {{Canadian Arctic Archipelago}}},
  Author	= {Hughes, Kenneth G. and Klymak, Jody M. and Williams,
		  William J. and Melling, Humfrey},
  Year		= 2018,
  Journal	= {J. Geophys. Res.},
  Publisher	= {American Geophysical Union (AGU)},
  DOI		= {10.1029/2018jc013770},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2018-06-20 17:33:21 +0000},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:45:24 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed},
  File		= {/Users/jklymak/Zotero/storage/LAGK2U83/Hughes et al. -
		  2018 - Tidally modulated internal hydraulic flow and
		  energetics in the central Canadian Arctic Archipelago.pdf}
}

@Article{	  klymak18,
  Title		= {Nonpropagating Form Drag and Turbulence Due to Stratified
		  Flow over Large-Scale Abyssal Hill Topography},
  Author	= {Klymak, Jody M.},
  Year		= 2018,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  Volume	= {48},
  Number	= {10},
  Pages		= {2383--2395},
  Publisher	= {American Meteorological Society},
  DOI		= {10.1175/jpo-d-17-0225.1},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2019-07-26 15:33:30 -0700},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:45:37 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  whittetal2018,
  Title		= {Interaction of Superinertial Waves with Submesoscale
		  Cyclonic Filaments in the North Wall of the {{Gulf
		  Stream}}},
  Author	= {Whitt, Daniel B. and Thomas, Leif N. and Klymak, Jody M.
		  and Lee, Craig M. and D'Asaro, Eric A.},
  Year		= 2018,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  Volume	= {48},
  Number	= {1},
  Pages		= {81--99},
  Publisher	= {American Meteorological Society},
  DOI		= {10.1175/jpo-d-17-0079.1},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2018-01-29 22:17:09 +0000},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:44:52 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  alfordetal17,
  Title		= {Space--Time Scales of Shear in the {{North Pacific}}},
  Author	= {Alford, Matthew H. and MacKinnon, Jennifer A. and Pinkel,
		  Robert and Klymak, Jody M.},
  Year		= 2017,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  Volume	= {47},
  Number	= {10},
  Pages		= {2455--2478},
  Publisher	= {American Meteorological Society},
  DOI		= {10.1175/jpo-d-17-0087.1},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2018-01-29 22:15:53 +0000},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:44:52 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  hughesetal17,
  Title		= {Water Mass Modification and Mixing Rates in a
		  1/12\,{\textsuperscript{{$\circ$}}} Simulation of the
		  {{Canadian Arctic Archipelago}}},
  Author	= {Hughes, Kenneth G. and Klymak, Jody M. and Hu, Xianmin and
		  Myers, Paul G.},
  Year		= 2017,
  Journal	= {J. Geophys. Res.},
  Volume	= {122},
  Number	= {2},
  Pages		= {803--820},
  Publisher	= {Wiley-Blackwell},
  DOI		= {10.1002/2016jc012235},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2017-04-27 00:04:58 +0000},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:44:52 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  mackinnonetal17,
  Title		= {Climate Process Team on Internal Wave--Driven Ocean
		  Mixing},
  Author	= {MacKinnon, Jennifer A. and Zhao, Zhongxiang and Whalen,
		  Caitlin B. and Waterhouse, Amy F. and Trossman, David S.
		  and Sun, Oliver M. and Laurent, Louis C. St. and Simmons,
		  Harper L. and Polzin, Kurt and Pinkel, Robert and
		  Pickering, Andrew and Norton, Nancy J. and Nash, Jonathan
		  D. and Musgrave, Ruth and Merchant, Lynne M. and Melet,
		  Angelique V. and Mater, Benjamin and Legg, Sonya and Large,
		  William G. and Kunze, Eric and Klymak, Jody M. and Jochum,
		  Markus and Jayne, Steven R. and Hallberg, Robert W. and
		  Griffies, Stephen M. and Diggs, Steve and Danabasoglu,
		  Gokhan and Chassignet, Eric P. and Buijsman, Maarten C. and
		  Bryan, Frank O. and Briegleb, Bruce P. and Barna, Andrew
		  and Arbic, Brian K. and Ansong, Joseph K. and Alford,
		  Matthew H.},
  Year		= 2017,
  Journal	= {Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.},
  Volume	= {98},
  Number	= {11},
  Pages		= {2429--2454},
  Publisher	= {American Meteorological Society},
  DOI		= {10.1175/bams-d-16-0030.1},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2023-10-29 10:44:24 -0700},
  date-modified	= {2023-10-29 10:44:24 -0700},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  klymaketal16,
  Title		= {Submesoscale Streamers Exchange Water on the North Wall of
		  the {{Gulf Stream}}},
  Author	= {Klymak, Jody M and Shearman, R Kipp and Gula, Jonathan and
		  Lee, Craig M and D'Asaro, Eric A and Thomas, Leif N and
		  Harcourt, Ramsey R and Shcherbina, Andrey Y and
		  Sundermeyer, Miles A and Molemaker, Jeroen and others},
  Year		= 2016,
  Journal	= {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  Publisher	= {Wiley Online Library},
  DOI		= {10.1002/2015GL067152},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2016-02-05 18:19:05 +0000},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:44:52 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  klymaketal16b,
  Title		= {Reflection of Linear Internal Tides from Realistic
		  Topography: {{The Tasman}} Continental Slope},
  Author	= {Klymak, Jody M. and Simmons, Harper L. and Braznikov,
		  Dmitry and Kelly, Samuel and MacKinnon, Jennifer A. and
		  Alford, Matthew H. and Pinkel, Robert and Nash, Jonathan
		  D.},
  Year		= 2016,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  Publisher	= {American Meteorological Society},
  DOI		= {10.1175/jpo-d-16-0061.1},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2016-10-12 23:12:59 +0000},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:44:52 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  thomasetal16,
  Title		= {Symmetric Instability, Inertial Oscillations, and
		  Turbulence at the {{Gulf Stream}} Front},
  Author	= {Thomas, Leif N and Taylor, John R and D'Asaro, Eric A and
		  Lee, Craig M and Klymak, Jody M and Shcherbina, Andrey},
  Year		= 2016,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  Volume	= {46},
  Number	= {1},
  Pages		= {197--217},
  DOI		= {10.1175/JPO-D-15-0008.1},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2016-02-05 18:21:23 +0000},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:44:52 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  voetetal16a,
  Title		= {Warming and Weakening of the Abyssal Flow through {{Samoan
		  Passage}}},
  Author	= {Voet, Gunnar and Alford, Matthew H. and Girton, James B.
		  and Carter, Glenn S. and Mickett, John B. and Klymak, Jody
		  M.},
  Year		= 2016,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  Volume	= {46},
  Number	= {8},
  Pages		= {2389--2401},
  Publisher	= {American Meteorological Society},
  DOI		= {10.1175/jpo-d-16-0063.1},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2016-10-12 23:14:02 +0000},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:44:52 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  alfordetal15a,
  Title		= {The Formation and Fate of Internal Waves in the {{South
		  China Sea}}},
  Author	= {Alford, Matthew H. and Peacock, Thomas and MacKinnon,
		  Jennifer A. and Nash, Jonathan D. and Buijsman, Maarten C.
		  and Centuroni, Luca R. and Chao, Shenn-Yu and Chang,
		  Ming-Huei and Farmer, David M. and Fringer, Oliver B. and
		  Fu, Ke-Hsien and Gallacher, Patrick C. and Graber, Hans C.
		  and Helfrich, Karl R. and Jachec, Steven M. and Jackson,
		  Christopher R. and Klymak, Jody M. and Ko, Dong S. and Jan,
		  Sen and Johnston, T. M. Shaun and Legg, Sonya and Lee,
		  I-Huan and Lien, Ren-Chieh and Mercier, Matthieu J. and
		  Moum, James N. and Musgrave, Ruth and Park, Jae-Hun and
		  Pickering, Andrew I. and Pinkel, Robert and Rainville, Luc
		  and Ramp, Steven R. and Rudnick, Daniel L. and Sarkar,
		  Sutanu and Scotti, Alberto and Simmons, Harper L. and St
		  Laurent, Louis C. and Venayagamoorthy, Subhas K. and Wang,
		  Yu-Huai and Wang, Joe and Yang, Yiing J. and Paluszkiewicz,
		  Theresa and (David) Tang, Tswen-Yung},
  Year		= 2015,
  Journal	= {Nature},
  Volume	= {521},
  Number	= {7550},
  Pages		= {65--69},
  Publisher	= {Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan
		  Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.},
  DOI		= {10.1038/nature14399},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2015-05-11 20:55:20 +0000},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:44:52 -0700},
  ISBN		= {0028-0836},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  l3		= {10.1038/nature14399},
  m3		= {Letter},
  ty		= {JOUR},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed},
  File		= {/Users/jklymak/Zotero/storage/BS9YTUCY/Alfordetal15aa.pdf}
}

@Article{	  bedardetal15b,
  Title		= {Outside Influences on the Water Column of Cumberland
		  Sound, Baffin Island},
  Author	= {Bedard, Jeannette M and Vagle, Svein and Klymak, Jody M
		  and Williams, William J and Curry, Beth and Lee, Craig M},
  Year		= 2015,
  Journal	= {J. Geophys. Res.},
  Volume	= {120},
  Number	= {7},
  Pages		= {5000--5018},
  Publisher	= {Wiley Online Library},
  DOI		= {10.1002/2015JC010811},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2016-02-05 18:26:56 +0000},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:44:52 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed},
  File		= {/Users/jklymak/Zotero/storage/EBT8KN8E/bedard2015outsidea.pdf}
}

@Article{	  calliesetal15,
  Title		= {Seasonality in Submesoscale Turbulence},
  Author	= {Callies, J{\"o}rn and Ferrari, Raffaele and Klymak, Jody M
		  and Gula, Jonathan},
  Year		= 2015,
  Journal	= {Nat.Commun.},
  Volume	= {6},
  Publisher	= {Nature Publishing Group},
  DOI		= {10.1038/ncomms7862},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2015-05-20 03:52:56 +0000},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:44:52 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed},
  File		= {/Users/jklymak/Zotero/storage/CLSKLHMT/Callies et al. -
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}

@Article{	  gemmrichklymak15,
  Title		= {Dissipation of Internal Wave Energy Generated on a
		  Critical Slope},
  Author	= {Gemmrich, Johannes and Klymak, Jody M},
  Year		= 2015,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  Volume	= {45},
  Pages		= {2221---2238},
  DOI		= {10.1175/JPO-D-14-0236.1},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2015-05-20 03:52:10 +0000},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:44:52 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  hammeetal15,
  Title		= {In Situ {{O}}{$_2$} and {{N}}{$_2$} Measurements Detect
		  Deep-Water Renewal Dynamics in Seasonally-Anoxic {{Saanich
		  Inlet}}},
  Author	= {Hamme, Roberta C and Berry, Johanna E and Klymak, Jody M
		  and Denman, Kenneth L},
  Year		= 2015,
  Journal	= {Cont. Shelf Res.},
  Volume	= {106},
  Pages		= {107--117},
  Publisher	= {Elsevier},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2015-10-16 21:02:05 +0000},
  date-modified	= {2023-10-25 14:20:06 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed},
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}

@Article{	  klymaketal15a,
  Title		= {Along-Isopycnal Variability of Spice in the {{North
		  Pacific}}},
  Author	= {Klymak, Jody M. and Crawford, William and Alford, Matthew
		  H. and MacKinnon, Jennifer A. and Pinkel, Robert},
  Year		= 2015,
  Journal	= {J. Geophys. Res.},
  Pages		= {2169--9291},
  DOI		= {10.1002/2013JC009421},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2015-03-04 19:28:57 +0000},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:44:52 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed,lateral mixing,ocean turbulence,submesoscale
		  dynamics,upper ocean dynamics},
  File		= {/Users/jklymak/Zotero/storage/5BC2XEC6/klymaketal15aa.pdf}
}

@Article{	  kunzeetal15,
  Title		= {Submesoscale Water Mass Spectra in the {{Sargasso Sea}}},
  Author	= {Kunze, E and Klymak, {\relax JM} and Lien, R-C and
		  Ferrari, R and Lee, {\relax CM} and Sundermeyer, {\relax
		  MA} and Goodman, L},
  Year		= 2015,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  Volume	= {45},
  DOI		= {10.1175/JPO-D-14-0108.1},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2015-05-20 03:53:32 +0000},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:44:52 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed},
  File		= {/Users/jklymak/Zotero/storage/3TVFXS6T/kunzeetal15a.pdf}
}

@Article{	  pinkeletal15,
  Title		= {Breaking Internal Tides Keep the Ocean in Balance},
  Author	= {Pinkel, Robert and Alford, Matthew and Lucas, Andrew and
		  Johnston, Shaun and MacKinnon, Jennifer and Waterhouse, Amy
		  and Jones, Nicole and Kelly, Sam and Klymak, Jody and Nash,
		  Jonathan and {al.}, et},
  Year		= 2015,
  Journal	= {Eos},
  Volume	= {96},
  Publisher	= {American Geophysical Union (AGU)},
  DOI		= {10.1029/2015eo039555},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2020-04-17 08:00:00 -0700},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:44:52 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  voetetal15,
  Title		= {Pathways, Volume Transport and Mixing of Abyssal Water in
		  the {{Samoan Passage}}},
  Author	= {Voet, Gunnar and Girton, James B and Alford, Matthew H and
		  Carter, Glenn S and Klymak, Jody M and Mickett, John B},
  Year		= 2015,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  Volume	= {45},
  Pages		= {562--588},
  DOI		= {10.1175/JPO-D-14-0096.1},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2015-01-28 16:45:37 +0000},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:44:52 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed},
  File		= {/Users/jklymak/Zotero/storage/4ZJXWVWL/voetetal14a.pdf}
}

@Article{	  wanetal15,
  Title		= {Barotropic Tidal Dynamics in a Frictional Subsidiary
		  Channel},
  Author	= {Wan, Di and Klymak, Jody M. and Foreman, Michael G.G. and
		  Cross, Stephen F.},
  Year		= 2015,
  Journal	= {Cont. Shelf Res.},
  DOI		= {10.1016/j.csr.2015.05.011},
  Abstract	= {Abstract Barotropic M 2 tidal dynamics are studied in a
		  subsidiary tidal channel in Kyuquot Sound, Canada, a site
		  proposed for multi-trophic aquaculture. A regional model
		  with no stratification or forcing other than the tide found
		  that the sea level in the subsidiary channel responded in
		  phase with the rest of Kyuquot Sound, but that the velocity
		  response was almost 180\,\textsuperscript{{$\circ$}} out of
		  phase. Further, this velocity difference was strongly
		  dependent on the choice of viscous parameterization in the
		  model. A simple linear analytical model was developed to
		  explain the simulated changes in terms of the phase lag
		  induced by viscosity, and allowed a larger parameter regime
		  to be explored. These results suggest that verifying models
		  of smaller channels using sea level measurements alone is
		  inadequate, and velocity measurements are necessary.},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2015-06-05 18:10:40 +0000},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:44:52 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {Energy dissipation,jmkrefereed}
}

Abstract Barotropic M 2 tidal dynamics are studied in a subsidiary tidal channel in Kyuquot Sound, Canada, a site proposed for multi-trophic aquaculture. A regional model with no stratification or forcing other than the tide found that the sea level in the subsidiary channel responded in phase with the rest of Kyuquot Sound, but that the velocity response was almost 180\,\textsuperscript$∘$ out of phase. Further, this velocity difference was strongly dependent on the choice of viscous parameterization in the model. A simple linear analytical model was developed to explain the simulated changes in terms of the phase lag induced by viscosity, and allowed a larger parameter regime to be explored. These results suggest that verifying models of smaller channels using sea level measurements alone is inadequate, and velocity measurements are necessary.

@Article{	  alfordetal14,
  Title		= {Breaking Internal Lee Waves at {{Kaena Ridge}},
		  {{Hawaii}}},
  Author	= {Alford, Matthew H and Klymak, Jody M and Carter, Glenn S},
  Year		= 2014,
  Journal	= {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  DOI		= {10.1002/2013GL059070},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2014-01-25 21:42:34 +0000},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:44:52 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed},
  File		= {/Users/jklymak/Zotero/storage/8ASVR9WF/alfordetal14a.pdf}
}

@Article{	  buijsmanetal14,
  Title		= {Three-Dimensional Double-Ridge Internal Tide Resonance in
		  {{Luzon Strait}}},
  Author	= {Buijsman, Maarten C and Klymak, Jody M and Legg, Sonya and
		  Alford, Matthew H and Farmer, David and MacKinnon, Jennifer
		  A and Nash, Jonathan D and Park, Jae-Hun and Pickering,
		  Andy and Simmons, Harper},
  Year		= 2014,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  Volume	= {44},
  Number	= {3},
  Pages		= {850--869},
  DOI		= {10.1175/JPO-D-13-024.1},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2015-01-28 16:42:10 +0000},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:44:52 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  greggklymak14,
  Title		= {Mode-2 Hydraulic Control of Flow over a Small Ridge on a
		  Continental Shelf},
  Author	= {Gregg, {\relax MC} and Klymak, Jody M},
  Year		= 2014,
  Journal	= {J. Geophys. Res.},
  Volume	= {119},
  Number	= {11},
  Pages		= {8093--8108},
  Publisher	= {Wiley Online Library},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2015-01-28 16:39:03 +0000},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:44:52 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed},
  File		= {/Users/jklymak/Zotero/storage/KNBRY7DH/gregg2014modea.pdf}
}

@Article{	  satoetal14,
  Title		= {Turbulence and Internal Waves in {{Patricia Bay}},
		  {{Saanich Inlet}}, {{British Columbia}}},
  Author	= {Sato, M and Klymak, {\relax JM} and Kunze, E and Dewey, R
		  and Dower, {\relax JF}},
  Year		= 2014,
  Journal	= {Cont. Shelf Res.},
  Volume	= {85},
  Pages		= {153--167},
  Publisher	= {Elsevier},
  DOI		= {10.1016/j.csr.2014.06.009},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2014-08-25 17:42:01 +0000},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:44:52 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed},
  File		= {/Users/jklymak/Zotero/storage/VHT5TRK2/satoetal14a.pdf}
}

@Article{	  terkeretal14,
  Title		= {Observations of the Internal Tide on the {{California}}
		  Continental Margin near {{Monterey Bay}}},
  Author	= {Terker, Samantha R and Girton, James B and Kunze, Eric and
		  Klymak, Jody M and Pinkel, Robert},
  Year		= 2014,
  Journal	= {Cont. Shelf Res.},
  Volume	= {82},
  Pages		= {60--71},
  Publisher	= {Elsevier},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2014-08-25 17:43:42 +0000},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:44:52 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed},
  File		= {/Users/jklymak/Zotero/storage/4EG6I9EJ/terkeretal14a.pdf}
}

@Article{	  alfordetal13,
  Title		= {Turbulent Mixing and Hydraulic Control of Abyssal Water in
		  the {{Samoan Passage}}},
  Author	= {Alford, {\relax MH} and Girton, James B and Voet, Gunnar
		  and Carter, Glenn S and Mickett, John B and Klymak, Jody M},
  Year		= 2013,
  Journal	= {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  Publisher	= {Wiley Online Library},
  DOI		= {10.1002/grl.50684},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2013-09-09 20:22:29 +0000},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:44:52 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {Hydraulics,jmkrefereed,Observations,Samoan Passage}
}

@Article{	  holbrooketal13,
  Title		= {Estimating Oceanic Turbulence Dissipation from Seismic
		  Images.},
  Author	= {Holbrook, W Steven and Fer, Ilker and Schmitt, Raymond W
		  and Lizarralde, Daniel and Klymak, Jody M and Helfrich, L
		  Cody and Kubichek, Robert},
  Year		= 2013,
  Journal	= {J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech.},
  Volume	= {30},
  Number	= {8},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2014-01-25 21:42:34 +0000},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:44:52 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  klymaketal13a,
  Title		= {Parameterizing Baroclinic Internal Tide Scattering and
		  Breaking on Supercritical Topography: The One- and
		  Two-Ridge Cases},
  Author	= {Klymak, Jody M. and Buijsman, Maarten and Legg, Sonya M.
		  and Pinkel, Robert},
  Year		= 2013,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  Volume	= {43},
  Pages		= {1380--1397},
  DOI		= {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-12-061.1},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2014-01-25 21:40:43 +0000},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:44:28 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {Internal Tide,jmkrefereed,Modelling,turbulence}
}

@Article{	  mackinnonetal13a,
  Title		= {The Latitudinal Dependence of Shear and Mixing in the
		  {{Pacific}} Transiting the Critical Latitude for {{PSI}}},
  Author	= {MacKinnon, {\relax JA} and Alford, {\relax MH} and Pinkel,
		  Rob and Klymak, Jody and Zhao, Zhongxiang},
  Year		= 2013,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  Volume	= {43},
  Number	= {1},
  Pages		= {3--16},
  DOI		= {10.1175/JPO-D-11-0107.1},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2013-09-11 23:12:31 +0000},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:44:28 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {Hawaii,jmkrefereed,Observations,PSI}
}

@Article{	  mackinnonetal13b,
  Title		= {Parametric Subharmonic Instability of the Internal Tide at
		  29 {{N}}},
  Author	= {MacKinnon, {\relax JA} and Alford, Matthew H and Sun,
		  Oliver and Pinkel, Rob and Zhao, Zhongxiang and Klymak,
		  Jody},
  Year		= 2013,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  Volume	= {43},
  Number	= {1},
  Pages		= {17--28},
  DOI		= {10.1175/JPO-D-11-0108.1},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2013-09-11 23:14:59 +0000},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:44:28 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {Hawaii,jmkrefereed,Observations,PSI}
}

@Unpublished{	  pickeringetal13,
  Title		= {Near-Inertial Waves Observed during the {{Internal Waves
		  Across}} the {{Pacific}} Experiment},
  Author	= {Pickering, Andrew and Alford, Matthew and Zhao, Zhongxiang
		  and MacKinnon, Jennifer and Pinkel, Rob and Klymak, Jody},
  Year		= 2013,
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2011-08-18 16:06:49 -0700},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:44:52 -0700},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed},
  Note		= {in prep.}
}

@Article{	  shcherbinaetal13,
  Title		= {Statistics of Vertical Vorticity, Divergence, and Strain
		  in a Developed Submesoscale Turbulence Field},
  Author	= {Shcherbina, Andrey Y and D'Asaro, Eric A and Lee, Craig M
		  and Klymak, Jody M and Molemaker, M Jeroen and McWilliams,
		  James C},
  Year		= 2013,
  Journal	= {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  Volume	= {40},
  Number	= {17},
  Pages		= {4706--4711},
  DOI		= {10.1002/grl.50919},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2014-01-25 21:42:34 +0000},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:44:52 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  alfordetal11b,
  Title		= {Annual Cycle and Depth Penetration of Wind-Generated
		  near-Inertial Internal Waves at {{Ocean Station Papa}} in
		  the Sub-{{Arctic Pacific}}},
  Author	= {Alford, Matthew H. and Cronin, Meghan and Klymak, Jody
		  M.},
  Year		= 2012,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr},
  DOI		= {10.1175/JPO-D-11-092.1},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2011-05-22 16:53:05 -0700},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:44:28 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed,LineP,Near Inertial Waves,Observations},
  File		= {/Users/jklymak/Zotero/storage/MI2GNXFD/alfordetal11ba.pdf}
}

@Article{	  buijsmanetal12,
  Title		= {Double-Ridge Internal Tide Interference and Its Effect on
		  Dissipation in Luzon Strait},
  Author	= {Buijsman, Maarten C. and Legg, Sonya and Klymak, Jody},
  Year		= 2012,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  Volume	= {42},
  Number	= {8},
  Pages		= {1337--1356},
  Publisher	= {American Meteorological Society},
  DOI		= {10.1175/JPO-D-11-0210.1},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2013-02-27 22:52:45 +0000},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:44:28 -0700},
  ISBN		= {0022-3670},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  journal1	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed,Modelling,NLIWI,South China Sea,Turbulence},
  Note		= {doi: 10.1175/JPO-D-11-0210.1}
}

@Article{	  klymaketal12b,
  Title		= {The Direct Breaking of Internal Waves at Steep
		  Topography},
  Author	= {Klymak, Jody M. and Buijsman, Maarten and Legg, Sonya M.
		  and Pinkel, Robert},
  Year		= 2012,
  Journal	= {Oceanography},
  Volume	= {25},
  Number	= {2},
  Pages		= {150--159},
  DOI		= {10.5670/oceanog.2012.50},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2012-03-23 23:21:06 +0000},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:44:28 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {Internal Tides,jmkrefereed,Modelling,Turbulence},
  File		= {/Users/jklymak/Zotero/storage/L3SSFJKD/klymaketal12ba.pdf}
}

@Article{	  pinkel2012breaking,
  Title		= {Breaking Topographic Lee Waves in a Tidal Channel in
		  {{Luzon Strait}}},
  Author	= {Pinkel, R. and Buijsman, M. and Klymak, J.M.},
  Year		= 2012,
  Journal	= {Oceanography},
  Volume	= {25},
  Number	= {2},
  Pages		= {160},
  DOI		= {10.5670/oceanog.2012.51},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2012-10-30 22:00:32 +0000},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:44:28 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed,NLIWI,Observations,South China Sea}
}

@Article{	  pinkeletal12,
  Title		= {Semidiurnal Baroclinic Wave Momentum Fluxes at {{Kaena
		  Ridge}}, {{Hawaii}}},
  Author	= {Pinkel, Robert and Rainville, Luc and Klymak, Jody},
  Year		= 2012,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr},
  Volume	= {42},
  Number	= {8},
  Pages		= {1249--1269},
  Publisher	= {American Meteorological Society},
  DOI		= {10.1175/JPO-D-11-0124.1},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2012-10-30 21:58:47 +0000},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:44:28 -0700},
  ISBN		= {0022-3670},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  journal1	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  m3		= {doi: 10.1175/JPO-D-11-0124.1},
  ty		= {JOUR},
  year1		= {2012},
  Keywords	= {Hawaii,Internal Tide,jmkrefereed,Observations},
  Note		= {doi: 10.1175/JPO-D-11-0124.1}
}

@Article{	  alfordetal11a,
  Title		= {Energy Flux and Dissipation in {{Luzon Strait}}: Two Tales
		  of Two Ridges},
  Author	= {Alford, Matthew H. and MacKinnon, Jennifer A. and Nash,
		  Jonathan D. and Simmons, Harper and Pickering, Andy and
		  Klymak, Jody M. and Pinkel, Robert and Sun, Oliver and
		  Rainville, Luc and Musgrave, Ruth and Beitzel, Tamara and
		  Fu, Ke-Hsien and Lu, Chung-Wei},
  Year		= 2011,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr},
  Volume	= {41},
  Number	= {11},
  Pages		= {2211--2222},
  DOI		= {10.1175/JPO-D-11-073.1},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2011-05-22 16:49:50 -0700},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:43:50 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed,Modelling,NLIWI,Observations,South China Sea}
}

@Article{	  callendaretal11,
  Title		= {Tidal Generation of Large Sub-Mesoscale Eddy Dipoles},
  Author	= {Callendar, W. and Klymak, J. M. and Foreman, M. G. G.},
  Year		= 2011,
  Journal	= {Ocean Sci.},
  Volume	= {7},
  Number	= {4},
  Pages		= {487--502},
  DOI		= {10.5194/os-7-487-2011},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2011-08-03 05:52:36 -0700},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:43:50 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed,Modelling,Student,Vorticity}
}

@TechReport{	  greenklymak11,
  Title		= {Physical {{Oceanography}} in {{Canada}}, 2007-2010: {{A
		  Review}} for the {{International Association}} for the
		  {{Physical Sciences}} of the {{Oceans}}},
  Author	= {Greenan, Blair and Klymak, Jody M.},
  Year		= 2011,
  Institution	= {U. of Victoria},
  date-added	= {2013-06-01 21:02:46 +0000},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:43:54 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {other},
  Keywords	= {jmkother},
  File		= {/Users/jklymak/Zotero/storage/97DRKPNP/GreenKlymak11a}
}

@Article{	  klymaketal11a,
  Title		= {The Breaking and Scattering of the Internal Tide on a
		  Continental Slope},
  Author	= {Klymak, J.M. and Alford, M.H. and Pinkel, R. and Lien,
		  R.C. and Yang, Y.J. and Tang, T.Y.},
  Year		= 2011,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr},
  Volume	= {41},
  Pages		= {926--945},
  DOI		= {10.1175/2010JPO4500.1},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2011-08-02 10:06:17 -0700},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:43:50 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {Internal Tide,jmkrefereed,NLIWI,Observations,South China
		  Sea,Turbulence},
  File		= {/Users/jklymak/Zotero/storage/QYJHCVS7/klymaketal11aa.pdf}
}

@Article{	  alfordetal10,
  Title		= {Speed and Evolution of Nonlinear Internal Waves Transiting
		  the {{South China Sea}}},
  Author	= {Alford, M.H. and Lien, R.-C. and Simmons, H. and Klymak,
		  J.M. and Ramp, S. and Yang, Y. and Tang, D. and
		  {M.H.-Chang}},
  Year		= 2010,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  Volume	= {40},
  Number	= {6},
  Pages		= {1338--1355},
  DOI		= {10.1175/2010JPO4388.1},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2010-01-11 17:22:19 -0800},
  date-modified	= {2022-01-14 11:47:47 +0100},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed,NLIWI,observations,solitary waves,South China
		  Sea}
}

@Article{	  klymaketal10a,
  Title		= {High-Mode Stationary Waves in Stratified Flow over Large
		  Obstacles},
  Author	= {Klymak, Jody M. and Legg, Sonya and Pinkel, Robert},
  Year		= 2010,
  Journal	= {J. Fluid Mech.},
  Volume	= {644},
  Pages		= {312--336},
  DOI		= {10.1017/S0022112009992503},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:43:50 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed},
  File		= {/Users/jklymak/Zotero/storage/3ZB65SFN/klymaketal10aa.pdf}
}

@Article{	  klymaketal10b,
  Title		= {A Simple Parameterization of Turbulent Tidal Mixing near
		  Supercritical Topography},
  Author	= {Klymak, Jody M. and Legg, Sonya and Pinkel, Robert},
  Year		= 2010,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  Volume	= {40},
  Number	= {9},
  EPrint	= {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/2010JPO4396.1},
  Pages		= {2059--2074},
  DOI		= {10.1175/2010JPO4396.1},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:43:50 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  klymaklegg10,
  Title		= {A Simple Mixing Scheme for Models That Resolve Breaking
		  Internal Waves},
  Author	= {Klymak, Jody M. and Legg, Sonya M.},
  Year		= 2010,
  Journal	= {Ocean Modell.},
  Volume	= {33},
  Number	= {3-4},
  Pages		= {224--234},
  DOI		= {10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.02.005},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:43:50 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed,Parameterizations}
}

@InCollection{	  klymaknash09,
  Title		= {Estimates of Mixing},
  BookTitle	= {Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences},
  Author	= {Klymak, Jody M. and Nash, Jonathan D.},
  Editor	= {Steele, John H. and Turekian, Karl K. and Thorpe, Steve
		  A.},
  Year		= 2009,
  Pages		= {3696--3706},
  Publisher	= {Academic Press},
  DOI		= {DOI: 10.1016/B978-012374473-9.00615-9},
  Chapter	= {Estimates of Mixing},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:43:30 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {inbook},
  Keywords	= {jmkinbook}
}

@Article{	  alfordklymak08,
  Title		= {Assessing the State of the Art of Ocean Internal Wave
		  Research},
  Author	= {Alford, M. and Klymak, J.},
  Year		= 2008,
  Journal	= {Eos Trans. AGU},
  Volume	= {89},
  Pages		= {52},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-added	= {2010-03-05 15:07:48 -0800},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:43:13 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {other},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  klymaketal08,
  Title		= {Direct Breaking of the Internal Tide near Topography:
		  {{Kaena Ridge}}, {{Hawaii}}},
  Author	= {Klymak, Jody M. and Pinkel, Robert and Rainville, Luc},
  Year		= 2008,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  Volume	= {38},
  Pages		= {380--399},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:43:13 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  leggklymak08,
  Title		= {Internal Hydraulic Jumps and Overturning Generated by
		  Tidal Flow over a Tall Steep Ridge},
  Author	= {Legg, Sonya and Klymak, Jody M.},
  Year		= 2008,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  Volume	= {38},
  Number	= {9},
  Pages		= {1949--1964},
  DOI		= {10.1175/2008JPO3777.1},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:43:13 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  vol		= {38},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  moumetal08,
  Title		= {Small Scale Processes in the Coastal Ocean},
  Author	= {Moum, James N. and Nash, Jonathan D. and Klymak, Jody M.},
  Year		= 2008,
  Journal	= {Oceanography},
  Volume	= {21},
  Number	= {4},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:43:13 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  alfordetal07,
  Title		= {Internal Waves across the {{Pacific}}},
  Author	= {Alford, M. H. and MacKinnon, J. A. and Zhao, Z. and
		  Pinkel, R. and Klymak, J. and Peacock, T.},
  Year		= 2007,
  Journal	= {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  Volume	= {34},
  Number	= {L24601},
  DOI		= {doi:10.1029/2007GL031566},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:43:13 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed},
  File		= {/Users/jklymak/Zotero/storage/4FBY8GYP/Alford et al. -
		  2007 - Internal waves across the Pacific.pdf}
}

@Article{	  klymakmoum07,
  Title		= {Oceanic Isopycnal Slope Spectra. {{Part II}}:
		  {{Turbulence}}},
  Author	= {Klymak, J.M. and Moum, J.N.},
  Year		= 2007,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  Volume	= {37},
  Number	= {5},
  Pages		= {1232--1245},
  date-added	= {2011-02-12 09:14:43 -0800},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 17:48:27 -0700},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  klymakmoum07a,
  Title		= {Oceanic Isopycnal Slope Spectra. {{Part I}}: {{Internal}}
		  Waves},
  Author	= {Klymak, Jody M. and Moum, James N.},
  Year		= 2007,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  Volume	= {37},
  Number	= {5},
  Pages		= {1215--1231},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:43:13 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  moumetal07,
  Title		= {Energy Transport by Nonlinear Internal Waves},
  Author	= {Moum, James N. and Klymak, Jody M. and Nash, Jonathan D.
		  and Perlin, Alexander and Smyth, William D.},
  Year		= 2007,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  Volume	= {37},
  Pages		= {1968--1988},
  DOI		= {10.1175/JPO3094.1},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:43:13 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  perlinetal07,
  Title		= {Organization of Stratification, Turbulence, and Veering in
		  Bottom {{Ekman}} Layers},
  Author	= {Perlin, A. and Moum, J.N. and Klymak, J.M. and Levine,
		  M.D. and Boyd, T. and Kosro, M.},
  Year		= 2007,
  Journal	= {J. Geophys. Res.},
  Volume	= {112},
  DOI		= {10.1029/2004JC002641},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:43:13 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed},
  File		= {/Users/jklymak/Zotero/storage/AT7AIPLQ/Perlin et al. -
		  2007 - Organization of stratification, turbulence, and
		  veering in bottom Ekman layers.pdf}
}

@Article{	  klymaketal06a,
  Title		= {Prototypical Solitons in the {{South China Sea}}},
  Author	= {Klymak, Jody M. and Pinkel, Robert and Liu, Cho-Teng and
		  Liu, Anthony K. and David, Laura},
  Year		= 2006,
  Journal	= {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  Volume	= {33},
  Pages		= {doi:10.1029/2006GL025932},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:43:13 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  klymaketal06b,
  Title		= {An Estimate of Tidal Energy Lost to Turbulence at the
		  {{Hawaiian Ridge}}},
  Author	= {Klymak, Jody M. and Moum, James N. and Nash, Jonathan D.
		  and Kunze, Eric and Girton, James B. and Carter, Glenn S.
		  and Lee, Craig M. and Sanford, Thomas B. and Gregg, Micahel
		  C.},
  Year		= 2006,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  Volume	= {36},
  Pages		= {1148--1164},
  DOI		= {10.1175/JPO2885.1},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:43:13 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  liuetal06,
  Title		= {Non-Linear Internal Waves from {{Luzon Strait}}},
  Author	= {Liu, C.-T. and Pinkel, R. and Hsu, M.-K. and Klymak, J.M.
		  and Chen, H.-W. and Villanovy, C.},
  Year		= 2006,
  Journal	= {Eos Trans.AGU},
  Volume	= {87},
  Number	= {42},
  Pages		= {449--451},
  DOI		= {10.1029/2006EO420002},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:43:13 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  perlinetal05a,
  Title		= {A Modified Law-of-the-Wall Applied to Oceanic Bottom
		  Boundary Layers},
  Author	= {Perlin, A. and Moum, J.N. and Klymak, J.M. and Levine,
		  M.D. and Boyd, T. and Kosro, M.},
  Year		= 2005,
  Journal	= {J. Geophys. Res.},
  Volume	= {110},
  Number	= {C10S10},
  Pages		= {doi:10.1029/2004JC002310},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:43:13 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  read		= {1},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  perlinetal05b,
  Title		= {Response of the Bottom Boundary Layer over a Sloping Shelf
		  to Variations in Along-Shore Wind},
  Author	= {Perlin, A. and Moum, J.N. and Klymak, J.M.},
  Year		= 2005,
  Journal	= {J. Geophys. Res.},
  Volume	= {110},
  Number	= {C10S09},
  DOI		= {10.1029/2004JC002500},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:43:13 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed},
  File		= {/Users/jklymak/Zotero/storage/P5TJXM6T/Perlin et al. -
		  2005 - Response of the bottom boundary layer over a sloping
		  shelf to variations in along-shore wind.pdf}
}

@Article{	  klymakgregg04,
  Title		= {Tidally Generated Turbulence over the {{Knight Inlet}}
		  Sill},
  Author	= {Klymak, Jody M. and Gregg, Michael C.},
  Year		= 2004,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  Volume	= {34},
  Number	= {5},
  Pages		= {1135--1151},
  DOI		= {10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034<1135:TGTOTK>2.0.CO;2},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:37:10 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed},
  File		= {/Users/jklymak/Zotero/storage/5YHWDAG2/Klymak and Gregg -
		  2004 - Tidally generated turbulence over the Knight Inlet
		  sill.pdf}
}

@Article{	  moumetal04,
  Title		= {Convectively-Driven Mixing in the Bottom Boundary Layer},
  Author	= {Moum, J. N. and Perlin, A. and Klymak, J.M. and Levine,
		  M.D. and Boyd, T. and Kosro, M.},
  Year		= 2004,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  Volume	= {34},
  Pages		= {2189--2202},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:37:10 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  edwardsetal03,
  Title		= {Form Drag and Mixing Due to Tidal Flow Past a Sharp
		  Point},
  Author	= {Edwards, Kathleen A. and MacCready, Parker and Moum, James
		  N. and Pawlak, Geno and Klymak, Jody M. and Perlin,
		  Alexander},
  Year		= 2003,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  Volume	= {34},
  Pages		= {1297--1312},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:36:53 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  klymakgregg03,
  Title		= {The Role of Upstream Waves and a Downstream Density-Pool
		  in the Growth of Lee-Waves: Stratified Flow over the
		  {{Knight Inlet}} Sill},
  Author	= {Klymak, Jody M. and Gregg, Michael C.},
  Year		= 2003,
  Journal	= {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  Volume	= {33},
  Number	= {7},
  Pages		= {1446--1461},
  DOI		= {10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<1446:TROUWA>2.0.CO;2},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:37:00 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed},
  File		= {/Users/jklymak/Zotero/storage/YSINL7FL/Klymak and Gregg -
		  2003 - The role of upstream waves and a downstream
		  density-pool in the growth of lee-waves stratified
		  flow.pdf}
}

@Article{	  klymakmoum03,
  Title		= {Internal Solitary Waves of Elevation Advancing on a
		  Shoaling Shelf},
  Author	= {Klymak, Jody M. and Moum, James N.},
  Year		= 2003,
  Journal	= {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  Volume	= {30},
  Number	= {2045},
  Pages		= {10.1029/2003GL017706},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:36:44 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed}
}

@Article{	  rudnicketal03,
  Title		= {From Tides to Mixing along the {{Hawaiian Ridge}}},
  Author	= {Rudnick, Daniel L. and Boyd, Timothy J. and Brainard,
		  Russell E. and Carter, Glenn S. and Egbert, Gary D. and
		  Gregg, Michael C. and Holloway, Peter E. and Klymak, Jody
		  M. and Kunze, Eric and Lee, Craig M. and Levine, Murray D.
		  and Luther, Douglas S. and Martin, Joseph P. and
		  Merrifield, Mark A. and Moum, James N. and Nash, Jonathan
		  D. and Pinkel, Robert and Rainville, Luc and Sanford,
		  Thomas B.},
  Year		= 2003,
  Journal	= {Science},
  Volume	= {301},
  Number	= {5631},
  Pages		= {355--357},
  DOI		= {10.1126/science.1085837},
  Abstract	= {The cascade from tides to turbulence has been hypothesized
		  to serve as a major energy pathway for ocean mixing. We
		  investigated this cascade along the Hawaiian Ridge using
		  observations and numerical models. A divergence of internal
		  tidal energy flux observed at the ridge agrees with the
		  predictions of internal tide models. Large internal tidal
		  waves with peak-to-peak amplitudes of up to 300 meters
		  occur on the ridge. Internal-wave energy is enhanced, and
		  turbulent dissipation in the region near the ridge is 10
		  times larger than open-ocean values. Given these major
		  elements in the tides-to-turbulence cascade, an energy
		  budget approaches closure.},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  date-modified	= {2023-08-25 15:02:04 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {refereed,ClassProj},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed},
  File		= {/Users/jklymak/Zotero/storage/78CGIWRR/Rudnick et al. -
		  2003 - From tides to mixing along the Hawaiian Ridge.pdf}
}

The cascade from tides to turbulence has been hypothesized to serve as a major energy pathway for ocean mixing. We investigated this cascade along the Hawaiian Ridge using observations and numerical models. A divergence of internal tidal energy flux observed at the ridge agrees with the predictions of internal tide models. Large internal tidal waves with peak-to-peak amplitudes of up to 300 meters occur on the ridge. Internal-wave energy is enhanced, and turbulent dissipation in the region near the ridge is 10 times larger than open-ocean values. Given these major elements in the tides-to-turbulence cascade, an energy budget approaches closure.

@Article{	  klymakgregg01a,
  Title		= {Three-Dimensional Nature of Flow near a Sill},
  Author	= {Klymak, Jody M. and Gregg, Michael C.},
  Year		= 2001,
  Journal	= {J. Geophys. Res. Oceans},
  Volume	= {106},
  Number	= {C10},
  Pages		= {22295--22311},
  DOI		= {10.1029/2001JC000933},
  URLDate	= {2024-11-21},
  Abstract	= {Velocity and density sections across Knight Inlet, British
		  Columbia, demonstrate that lateral recirculations are a
		  first-order feature of the flow in the lee of the sill. The
		  flow over this sill has been used as a typical example of
		  two-dimensional hydraulics, with a lower layer that thins
		  and accelerates as it moves downstream below an almost
		  stagnant layer that widens downstream, creating a
		  distinctive wedge shape. However, we find that rather than
		  being stagnant, the velocity in this wedge-shaped layer is
		  actually quite large, consisting of a swiftly recirculating
		  dipole vortex during flood tide and a monopole vortex
		  during ebb tide, though we may have missed the matching
		  half of a dipole with our sampling during ebb. The
		  recirculations during flood tide carry an amount of water
		  equal to 25\% of the tidal flux, while the monopole during
		  ebb tide carries 20\% of the tidal flux. These
		  recirculations bias along-channel estimates of volume flux,
		  especially in the middle wedge-shaped layer, and
		  demonstrate that accurate volume fluxes in the lee wave are
		  only possible if three-dimensional surveys are made. Our
		  three-dimensional survey shows that there is a net
		  isopycnal convergence of water in the middle layer at a
		  rate adequate to close the volume budget of the flow
		  without recourse to diapycnal fluxes. We also calculate the
		  strength of the vorticity in the recirculations observed
		  during flood tide and attribute their formation to boundary
		  layer separation.},
  copyright	= {All rights reserved},
  langid	= {english},
  Keywords	= {jmkrefereed},
  File		= {/Users/jklymak/Zotero/storage/HD8NKM8D/Klymak and Gregg -
		  2001 - Three-dimensional nature of flow near a
		  sill.pdf;/Users/jklymak/Zotero/storage/AYRQN8RA/2001JC000933.html}
}

Velocity and density sections across Knight Inlet, British Columbia, demonstrate that lateral recirculations are a first-order feature of the flow in the lee of the sill. The flow over this sill has been used as a typical example of two-dimensional hydraulics, with a lower layer that thins and accelerates as it moves downstream below an almost stagnant layer that widens downstream, creating a distinctive wedge shape. However, we find that rather than being stagnant, the velocity in this wedge-shaped layer is actually quite large, consisting of a swiftly recirculating dipole vortex during flood tide and a monopole vortex during ebb tide, though we may have missed the matching half of a dipole with our sampling during ebb. The recirculations during flood tide carry an amount of water equal to 25% of the tidal flux, while the monopole during ebb tide carries 20% of the tidal flux. These recirculations bias along-channel estimates of volume flux, especially in the middle wedge-shaped layer, and demonstrate that accurate volume fluxes in the lee wave are only possible if three-dimensional surveys are made. Our three-dimensional survey shows that there is a net isopycnal convergence of water in the middle layer at a rate adequate to close the volume budget of the flow without recourse to diapycnal fluxes. We also calculate the strength of the vorticity in the recirculations observed during flood tide and attribute their formation to boundary layer separation.

@InProceedings{	  klymakgregg00,
  Title		= {Stratified Flow Separation in the Lee of the {{Knight
		  Inlet}} Sill},
  BookTitle	= {Proc. {{IAHR}} 5th {{Int}}. {{Symp}}. {{Stratif}}.
		  {{Flows}}},
  Author	= {Klymak, Jody M. and Gregg, Michael C.},
  Year		= 2000,
  date-modified	= {2021-06-10 16:36:33 -0700},
  jmkpubtype	= {other},
  Keywords	= {jmkother}
}