@article{penigaud_truth_2024,
	title = {Truth, the {People}, and {Climate} {Change}: {Toward} a {Non}-{Ideal} {Approach} to {Democratic} {Legitimacy}},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {0891-3811},
	shorttitle = {Truth, the {People}, and {Climate} {Change}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2024.2340248},
	doi = {10.1080/08913811.2024.2340248},
	abstract = {Democracy in Spite of the Demos challenges democratic authority when the people are no longer able to make good decisions in an economic environment generating systemic social delusion. However, the solution offered to overcome the stalemate remains precarious, and the tension between democracy and emancipation is addressed with wrong conceptual tools. This calls for a reflection on the conditions for a democratically legitimate refoundation of democracy, bridging the gap between critical and democratic theory.},
	number = {1-2},
	urldate = {2024-09-17},
	journal = {Critical Review},
	author = {Penigaud, Theophile},
	month = apr,
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2024.2340248},
	keywords = {democracy, global warming, legitimacy, non-ideal theory, political epistemology},
	pages = {20--44},
}

Democracy in Spite of the Demos challenges democratic authority when the people are no longer able to make good decisions in an economic environment generating systemic social delusion. However, the solution offered to overcome the stalemate remains precarious, and the tension between democracy and emancipation is addressed with wrong conceptual tools. This calls for a reflection on the conditions for a democratically legitimate refoundation of democracy, bridging the gap between critical and democratic theory.

@article{garcia_charles_2024,
	title = {{CHARLES} {MILLS}’ {EPISTEMOLOGY} {AND} {ITS} {IMPORTANCE} {FOR} {SOCIAL} {SCIENCE} {AND} {SOCIAL} {THEORY}},
	volume = {15},
	doi = {10.5840/logos-episteme202415213},
	abstract = {In Charles Mills’ essay, “White Ignorance,” and his trail-blazing monograph, The Racial Contract, he developed a view of how Whiteness or anti-Black-Indigenous-and-Latinx racism causes individuals to hold false beliefs or lack beliefs about racial injustice in particular and the world in general. I will defend a novel exegetical claim that Mills’ view is part of a more general view regarding how racial injustice can affect a subject’s epistemic standing such as whether they are justified in a belief and whether their degree of confidence in the belief is rational given their evidence. Then, in light of this novel exegetical claim, I show how this interpretation of Mills’ view about how racial injustice causes ignorance relates to proper evaluation of whether justified philosophers and social scientists count as epistemologically justified in holding the views that dominate their respective scholarly literature. © (2024), (Gheorghe Zane Institute for Economic and Social Research, Romanian Academy, Iasi Branch). All Rights Reserved.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Logos and Episteme},
	author = {García, E.B.},
	year = {2024},
	keywords = {Epistemic Justification, causal connection, racial injustice, social science, white ignorance},
	pages = {137--162},
}

In Charles Mills’ essay, “White Ignorance,” and his trail-blazing monograph, The Racial Contract, he developed a view of how Whiteness or anti-Black-Indigenous-and-Latinx racism causes individuals to hold false beliefs or lack beliefs about racial injustice in particular and the world in general. I will defend a novel exegetical claim that Mills’ view is part of a more general view regarding how racial injustice can affect a subject’s epistemic standing such as whether they are justified in a belief and whether their degree of confidence in the belief is rational given their evidence. Then, in light of this novel exegetical claim, I show how this interpretation of Mills’ view about how racial injustice causes ignorance relates to proper evaluation of whether justified philosophers and social scientists count as epistemologically justified in holding the views that dominate their respective scholarly literature. © (2024), (Gheorghe Zane Institute for Economic and Social Research, Romanian Academy, Iasi Branch). All Rights Reserved.

@incollection{denicola_institutionalized_2024,
	title = {Institutionalized expertise: {Trust}, rejection, and ignorance},
	shorttitle = {Institutionalized expertise},
	booktitle = {Expertise: {Philosophical} {Perspectives}},
	author = {DeNicola, D.R.},
	year = {2024},
	doi = {10.1093/oso/9780198877301.003.0004},
	pages = {44--62},
}

@incollection{bowden_ignorance_2024,
	title = {From ignorance to action on climate change},
	abstract = {Observing the broad shift from climate change denial to ignorance over the last decade, this chapter outlines how perceptions of climate change have altered, and how they might further develop into meaningful action. Although the political and economic motivations for resisting action on climate change has been well illustrated, the past decade has seen an increasing acceptance that climate change is occurring. This acceptance, however, has failed to result in emission reductions. Rather, increasing use of fossil fuels and investment in unproven technologies suggests an ignorance of the urgency of the issue. In this chapter, we use the sociology of ignorance to understand how climate change, even in the face of increasing danger from its worst impacts, has been deprioritized as a concern. We outline three barriers in responding to the issue: the notion that humans are separate from the environment, a mistrust of science, and disempowerment of individuals. In response, we suggest strategies to further deepen perceptions of both the urgency of the issue and the possibilities for change. We argue that through an interdisciplinary understanding of how these barriers are formed and the social processes through which they can be overcome, we can gain insight into the potential for a shift beyond ignorance, and toward urgent action on climate change. © 2024 Taylor \& Francis.},
	booktitle = {The {Routledge} {International} {Handbook} of {Changes} in {Human} {Perceptions} and {Behaviors}},
	author = {Bowden, V. and Nyberg, D.},
	year = {2024},
	doi = {10.4324/9781003316602-25},
	pages = {349--364},
}

Observing the broad shift from climate change denial to ignorance over the last decade, this chapter outlines how perceptions of climate change have altered, and how they might further develop into meaningful action. Although the political and economic motivations for resisting action on climate change has been well illustrated, the past decade has seen an increasing acceptance that climate change is occurring. This acceptance, however, has failed to result in emission reductions. Rather, increasing use of fossil fuels and investment in unproven technologies suggests an ignorance of the urgency of the issue. In this chapter, we use the sociology of ignorance to understand how climate change, even in the face of increasing danger from its worst impacts, has been deprioritized as a concern. We outline three barriers in responding to the issue: the notion that humans are separate from the environment, a mistrust of science, and disempowerment of individuals. In response, we suggest strategies to further deepen perceptions of both the urgency of the issue and the possibilities for change. We argue that through an interdisciplinary understanding of how these barriers are formed and the social processes through which they can be overcome, we can gain insight into the potential for a shift beyond ignorance, and toward urgent action on climate change. © 2024 Taylor & Francis.

@article{carter_brute_2024,
	title = {Brute ignorance},
	doi = {10.1111/phpr.13086},
	abstract = {We know a lot about what the world is like. We know less, it seems, about what we know about what the world is like. According to a common thought, it is easier for us to come to know about the state of the world than to come to know about the state of our own knowledge. What explains this gap? An attractively simple hypothesis is that our ignorance about what we know is explained by our ignorance about the world. There are things we fail to know about what we know about the world because there are things we fail to know about the world. This hypothesis is often motivated by the idea that knowledge requires a margin-for-error. In this paper, I'll argue that this simple hypothesis is inadequate. Not all our ignorance of our knowledge can be explained by our ignorance about the world. In this sense, at least some of our ignorance about what we know is brute. © 2024 Philosophy and Phenomenological Research LLC.},
	journal = {Philosophy and Phenomenological Research},
	author = {Carter, S.},
	year = {2024},
}

We know a lot about what the world is like. We know less, it seems, about what we know about what the world is like. According to a common thought, it is easier for us to come to know about the state of the world than to come to know about the state of our own knowledge. What explains this gap? An attractively simple hypothesis is that our ignorance about what we know is explained by our ignorance about the world. There are things we fail to know about what we know about the world because there are things we fail to know about the world. This hypothesis is often motivated by the idea that knowledge requires a margin-for-error. In this paper, I'll argue that this simple hypothesis is inadequate. Not all our ignorance of our knowledge can be explained by our ignorance about the world. In this sense, at least some of our ignorance about what we know is brute. © 2024 Philosophy and Phenomenological Research LLC.

@incollection{pritchard_public_2024,
	title = {Public {Expertise} and {Ignorance}},
	isbn = {978-0-19-887730-1},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198877301.003.0015},
	abstract = {One of the roles of public expertise is to spread useful knowledge throughout society. In this way, public expertise can combat ignorance. Crucially, however, it is also explained how a surprising central role of public expertise is often to manufacture the very ignorance that is being combatted. This is because there is more to ignorance than simply the absence of knowledge, as ignorance more specifically concerns lacking the knowledge that one should have. In this way, ignorance is never normatively neutral (in the manner that mere lack of knowledge can be). What expert-led public information does is thus create a reasonable expectation that one should know certain important truths, and hence ensures that those who remain unaware of them are now ignorant of them. Ignorance must thus often be manufactured by public experts before those same experts can combat it.},
	urldate = {2024-08-12},
	booktitle = {Expertise: {Philosophical} {Perspectives}},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Pritchard, Duncan},
	editor = {Pritchard, Duncan and Farina, Mirko and Lavazza, Andrea},
	month = jun,
	year = {2024},
	doi = {10.1093/oso/9780198877301.003.0015},
	pages = {0},
}

One of the roles of public expertise is to spread useful knowledge throughout society. In this way, public expertise can combat ignorance. Crucially, however, it is also explained how a surprising central role of public expertise is often to manufacture the very ignorance that is being combatted. This is because there is more to ignorance than simply the absence of knowledge, as ignorance more specifically concerns lacking the knowledge that one should have. In this way, ignorance is never normatively neutral (in the manner that mere lack of knowledge can be). What expert-led public information does is thus create a reasonable expectation that one should know certain important truths, and hence ensures that those who remain unaware of them are now ignorant of them. Ignorance must thus often be manufactured by public experts before those same experts can combat it.

@incollection{denicola_institutionalized_2024,
	title = {Institutionalized {Expertise}: {Trust}, {Rejection}, and {Ignorance}},
	isbn = {978-0-19-887730-1},
	shorttitle = {Institutionalized {Expertise}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198877301.003.0004},
	abstract = {The problematic of this article is the apparently oppositional interaction of two contemporary social trends: (1) the expansion, institutionalization, and specialization of expertise; and (2) rising public distrust and rejection of expert authority and the institutions that create and certify it. Among various forms of expertise, it is those that are normative-regulative (not merely descriptive), those that advise clients, those I call open-loop professions, for which the two trends are most acute. The erosion of public trust in advisory experts (health officials, economists, environmentalists, educators, etc.) is widely documented for the USA and the UK. I offer an analysis of forces propelling this disrespect and argue that, ironically, aspects of the first trend—the evolution of the professions—are implicated. I conclude with suggestions for coping with the epistemic asymmetry of client and expert advisor.},
	urldate = {2024-08-12},
	booktitle = {Expertise: {Philosophical} {Perspectives}},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {DeNicola, Daniel R.},
	editor = {Pritchard, Duncan and Farina, Mirko and Lavazza, Andrea},
	month = jun,
	year = {2024},
	doi = {10.1093/oso/9780198877301.003.0004},
	pages = {0},
}

The problematic of this article is the apparently oppositional interaction of two contemporary social trends: (1) the expansion, institutionalization, and specialization of expertise; and (2) rising public distrust and rejection of expert authority and the institutions that create and certify it. Among various forms of expertise, it is those that are normative-regulative (not merely descriptive), those that advise clients, those I call open-loop professions, for which the two trends are most acute. The erosion of public trust in advisory experts (health officials, economists, environmentalists, educators, etc.) is widely documented for the USA and the UK. I offer an analysis of forces propelling this disrespect and argue that, ironically, aspects of the first trend—the evolution of the professions—are implicated. I conclude with suggestions for coping with the epistemic asymmetry of client and expert advisor.

@article{yaure_two_2024,
	title = {Two {Varieties} of {White} {Ignorance}},
	volume = {86},
	doi = {10.1086/729937},
	abstract = {The concept of white ignorance refers to phenomena of not-knowing that are produced by and reinforce systems of white supremacist domination and exploitation. I distinguish two varieties of white ignorance, belief-based white ignorance and practice-based white ignorance. Belief-based white ignorance consists in an information deficit about systems of racist oppression. Practice-based white ignorance consists in unresponsiveness to the political agency of persons and groups subject to racist oppression. Drawing on the antebellum political thought of Black abolitionists Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs, I contend that an antiracist politics that conceives of its epistemic task in terms of combating practice-based white ignorance offers a more promising frame for liberatory struggle. A focus on practice-based white ignorance calls for a distinctive form of humility that involves recognition of the limits of one’s own political agency in relation to others, which is integral to democratic relations between free, equal, yet mutually dependent persons. © 2024 Southern Political Science Association.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Politics},
	author = {Yaure, P.},
	year = {2024},
	keywords = {Frederick Douglass, Harriet Jacobs, democratic theory, humility, white ignorance},
	pages = {920--933},
}

The concept of white ignorance refers to phenomena of not-knowing that are produced by and reinforce systems of white supremacist domination and exploitation. I distinguish two varieties of white ignorance, belief-based white ignorance and practice-based white ignorance. Belief-based white ignorance consists in an information deficit about systems of racist oppression. Practice-based white ignorance consists in unresponsiveness to the political agency of persons and groups subject to racist oppression. Drawing on the antebellum political thought of Black abolitionists Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs, I contend that an antiracist politics that conceives of its epistemic task in terms of combating practice-based white ignorance offers a more promising frame for liberatory struggle. A focus on practice-based white ignorance calls for a distinctive form of humility that involves recognition of the limits of one’s own political agency in relation to others, which is integral to democratic relations between free, equal, yet mutually dependent persons. © 2024 Southern Political Science Association.

@article{dixon_challenges_2024,
	title = {Challenges to correcting pluralistic ignorance: false consensus effects, competing information environments, and anticipated social conflict},
	volume = {50},
	shorttitle = {Challenges to correcting pluralistic ignorance},
	doi = {10.1093/hcr/hqae001},
	abstract = {For many policy issues, people holding the majority opinion often do not act in accordance with their beliefs. While underestimating public opinion appears as a likely cause, correcting this misperception often fails to motivate those in the majority to act. Investigating further, we surveyed a nationally representative sample (N ¼ 1,000) of Republican voters about vaccination. Despite a majority supporting vaccines, Republicans on average underestimated other Republicans’ support. However, this misperception occurred primarily among anti-vaccine Republicans—a group that reported a greater willingness to share their vaccine views. We show how an information environment overrepresented with minority views may discourage majority view holders from speaking out even when they are aware of their majority status. That is, instead of experiencing pluralistic ignorance, those in the majority may be discouraged from expressing their views due to anticipated social conflict from engaging in an information environment disproportionately made up of minority views. \# The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of International Communication Association. All rights reserved.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Human Communication Research},
	author = {Dixon, G.N. and Lerner, B. and Bashian, S.},
	year = {2024},
	keywords = {false consensus effect, information environment, opinion climate, pluralistic ignorance, vaccine hesitancy},
	pages = {419--429},
}

For many policy issues, people holding the majority opinion often do not act in accordance with their beliefs. While underestimating public opinion appears as a likely cause, correcting this misperception often fails to motivate those in the majority to act. Investigating further, we surveyed a nationally representative sample (N ¼ 1,000) of Republican voters about vaccination. Despite a majority supporting vaccines, Republicans on average underestimated other Republicans’ support. However, this misperception occurred primarily among anti-vaccine Republicans—a group that reported a greater willingness to share their vaccine views. We show how an information environment overrepresented with minority views may discourage majority view holders from speaking out even when they are aware of their majority status. That is, instead of experiencing pluralistic ignorance, those in the majority may be discouraged from expressing their views due to anticipated social conflict from engaging in an information environment disproportionately made up of minority views. # The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of International Communication Association. All rights reserved.

@article{meylan_defence_2024,
	title = {In {Defence} of the {Normative} {Account} of {Ignorance}},
	volume = {89},
	issn = {01650106},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85132841713&doi=10.1007%2fs10670-022-00529-7&partnerID=40&md5=25c855b58c4f420529ed6770fefae4b2},
	doi = {10.1007/s10670-022-00529-7},
	abstract = {The standard view of ignorance is that it consists in the mere lack of knowledge or true belief. Duncan Pritchard has recently argued, against the standard view, that ignorance is the lack of knowledge/true belief that is due to an improper inquiry. I shall call, Pritchard’s alternative account the Normative Account. The purpose of this article is to strengthen the Normative Account by providing an independent vargument supporting it. © 2022, The Author(s).},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Erkenntnis},
	author = {Meylan, Anne},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media B.V.
Type: Article},
	keywords = {PRINTED (Fonds papier)},
	pages = {207 -- 221},
}

The standard view of ignorance is that it consists in the mere lack of knowledge or true belief. Duncan Pritchard has recently argued, against the standard view, that ignorance is the lack of knowledge/true belief that is due to an improper inquiry. I shall call, Pritchard’s alternative account the Normative Account. The purpose of this article is to strengthen the Normative Account by providing an independent vargument supporting it. © 2022, The Author(s).

@article{barker_long_2024,
	title = {The long tail of {COVID} and the tale of long {COVID}: {Diagnostic} construction and the management of ignorance},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {01419889},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85145299697&doi=10.1111%2f1467-9566.13599&partnerID=40&md5=35acb017cf30ed79f3b33bc323503ee3},
	doi = {10.1111/1467-9566.13599},
	abstract = {We bring together insights from the sociology of diagnosis and the sociology of ignorance to examine the early diagnostic unfolding of ‘Long COVID’ (LC). Originally described by patient activists, researchers set out to ponder its unwieldy clinical boundaries. Using a scoping review method in tandem with qualitative content analytic techniques, we analyse medicine’s initial struggles to construct a LC diagnosis. Paying attention to the dynamics of ignorance, we highlight three consequential conceptual manoeuvres in the early classifications of LC: causal agnosticism concerning the relationship between COVID-19 and LC, evasion of lumping LC with similar conditions; and the predictable splitting off of medically explainable cases from the LC designation. These manoeuvres are not maleficent, inept or unreasonable. They are practical but impactful responses to the classificatory dilemmas present in the construction of diagnoses amidst ignorance. Although there are unique aspects to LC, we suggest that its early fate is nevertheless emblematic of medicine’s diagnostic standardisation processes more generally. To varying degrees, diagnoses are ignorance management strategies; they create a pathway through the uncertainty at the core of disease realities. However, while diagnoses circumscribe some types of ignorance, they produce others through the creation of blind spots and paths not taken. © 2022 Foundation for the Sociology of Health \& Illness.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Sociology of Health and Illness},
	author = {Barker, Kristin Kay and Whooley, Owen and Madden, Erin F. and Ahrend, Emily E. and Greene, R. Neil},
	year = {2024},
	pmid = {36580406},
	note = {Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc
Type: Article},
	keywords = {COVID-19, COVID-19 Testing, COVID-19 testing, Humans, Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome, Sociology, Uncertainty, contested illnesses, coronavirus disease 2019, human, long COVID, long COVID-19, scoping review, sociology, sociology of diagnosis, sociology of ignorance, sociology of medical knowledge, uncertainty},
	pages = {189 -- 207},
}

We bring together insights from the sociology of diagnosis and the sociology of ignorance to examine the early diagnostic unfolding of ‘Long COVID’ (LC). Originally described by patient activists, researchers set out to ponder its unwieldy clinical boundaries. Using a scoping review method in tandem with qualitative content analytic techniques, we analyse medicine’s initial struggles to construct a LC diagnosis. Paying attention to the dynamics of ignorance, we highlight three consequential conceptual manoeuvres in the early classifications of LC: causal agnosticism concerning the relationship between COVID-19 and LC, evasion of lumping LC with similar conditions; and the predictable splitting off of medically explainable cases from the LC designation. These manoeuvres are not maleficent, inept or unreasonable. They are practical but impactful responses to the classificatory dilemmas present in the construction of diagnoses amidst ignorance. Although there are unique aspects to LC, we suggest that its early fate is nevertheless emblematic of medicine’s diagnostic standardisation processes more generally. To varying degrees, diagnoses are ignorance management strategies; they create a pathway through the uncertainty at the core of disease realities. However, while diagnoses circumscribe some types of ignorance, they produce others through the creation of blind spots and paths not taken. © 2022 Foundation for the Sociology of Health & Illness.

@article{depecker_making_2024,
	title = {The {Making} of a {Reassuring} {Repertoire} of {Action}. {Agri}-{Food} {Industrialists} and their {Critics} (1972-2011)},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {0035-2969},
	shorttitle = {La fabrique d’un répertoire d’action rassuriste {Les} industriels de l’agroalimentaire face à leurs critiques (1972-2011)},
	abstract = {This article focuses on an organization created in 1974 by executives of large agri-food corporations: the French Foundation for Nutrition. Its initial objective was to fund research in the field of nutrition, but its activities gradually evolved into those of a think tank aiming to reassure the French people about food safety. Starting from a discussion of the litteratures on the repertoires of collective action and on the production of ignorance, the article shows how this think tank associating economic and academic elites was built in reaction to the rise of the consumerist movement, and how it developed a specific repertoire of action based on discrete action targeted at certain professions responsible for relaying reassuring scientific information to the general public. The succession of food crises and controversies from the mid-1990s onwards led to a significant change in the think tank’s repertoire of action. Its role should no longer be to disseminate the allegedly consensual point of view of the experts, but on the contrary to highlight the multiple debates around food choices, deflecting attention away from food safety toward the social and cultural dimension of food behavior and the responsibility of consumers. © 2024 Editions Ophrys. All rights reserved.},
	language = {French},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Revue Francaise de Sociologie},
	author = {Depecker, T. and Déplaude, M.-O. and Larchet, N.},
	year = {2024},
	keywords = {CONTROVERSIES, EXPERTISE, FOOD INDUSTRY, IGNORANCE, THINK TANKS},
	pages = {219--250},
}

This article focuses on an organization created in 1974 by executives of large agri-food corporations: the French Foundation for Nutrition. Its initial objective was to fund research in the field of nutrition, but its activities gradually evolved into those of a think tank aiming to reassure the French people about food safety. Starting from a discussion of the litteratures on the repertoires of collective action and on the production of ignorance, the article shows how this think tank associating economic and academic elites was built in reaction to the rise of the consumerist movement, and how it developed a specific repertoire of action based on discrete action targeted at certain professions responsible for relaying reassuring scientific information to the general public. The succession of food crises and controversies from the mid-1990s onwards led to a significant change in the think tank’s repertoire of action. Its role should no longer be to disseminate the allegedly consensual point of view of the experts, but on the contrary to highlight the multiple debates around food choices, deflecting attention away from food safety toward the social and cultural dimension of food behavior and the responsibility of consumers. © 2024 Editions Ophrys. All rights reserved.

@book{verburgt_debating_2024,
	series = {Debating {Contemporary} {Approaches} to the {History} of {Science}},
	title = {{DEBATING} {CONTEMPORARY} {APPROACHES} {TO} {THE} {HISTORY} {OF} {SCIENCE}},
	isbn = {978-1-350-32623-1},
	abstract = {Debating Contemporary Approaches to the History of Science explores the main themes, problems and challenges currently at the top of the discipline’s methodological agenda. In its chapters, established and emerging scholars introduce and discuss new approaches to the history of science and revisit older perspectives which remain crucial. Each chapter is followed by a critical commentary from another scholar in the field and the author’s response. The volume looks at such topics as the importance of the ‘global’, ‘digital’, ‘environmental’, and ‘posthumanist’ turns for the history of science, and the possibilities for the field of moving beyond a focus on ideas and texts towards active engagement with materials and practices. It also addresses important issues about the relationship between history of science, on the one hand, and philosophy of science, history of knowledge and ignorance studies, on the other. With its innovative format, this volume provides an up-to-date, authoritative overview of the field, and also explores how and why the history of science is practiced. It is essential reading for students and scholars eager to keep a finger on the pulse of what is happening in the history of science today, and to contribute to where it might go next. © Lukas M. Verburgt, 2024. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	author = {Verburgt, L.M.},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Pages: 368},
}

Debating Contemporary Approaches to the History of Science explores the main themes, problems and challenges currently at the top of the discipline’s methodological agenda. In its chapters, established and emerging scholars introduce and discuss new approaches to the history of science and revisit older perspectives which remain crucial. Each chapter is followed by a critical commentary from another scholar in the field and the author’s response. The volume looks at such topics as the importance of the ‘global’, ‘digital’, ‘environmental’, and ‘posthumanist’ turns for the history of science, and the possibilities for the field of moving beyond a focus on ideas and texts towards active engagement with materials and practices. It also addresses important issues about the relationship between history of science, on the one hand, and philosophy of science, history of knowledge and ignorance studies, on the other. With its innovative format, this volume provides an up-to-date, authoritative overview of the field, and also explores how and why the history of science is practiced. It is essential reading for students and scholars eager to keep a finger on the pulse of what is happening in the history of science today, and to contribute to where it might go next. © Lukas M. Verburgt, 2024. All rights reserved.

@article{daryani_veil--ignorance_2024,
	title = {Veil-of-ignorance reasoning affects moral judgment and cognitive flexibility in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder},
	volume = {220},
	issn = {01918869},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85182887465&doi=10.1016%2fj.paid.2023.112540&partnerID=40&md5=17c8b154d9d1d1fc6f5b15b139d843a2},
	doi = {10.1016/j.paid.2023.112540},
	abstract = {Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have rigid moral judgments compared to healthy people. They tend to prefer deontological options when they face moral dilemmas. Recent research has indicated that activating the Veil-of-Ignorance (VOI) reasoning changes moral judgment in healthy participants, leading them to favor utilitarian choices. However, the effect of VOI reasoning on OC patients' moral judgment has not been studied. The present research aimed to investigate the effect of VOI reasoning on moral judgment and cognitive flexibility of OC patients across two studies (N = 336). In study 1, we recruited 80 OCD participants and 80 healthy participants via convenience sampling and assigned them randomly to either the VOI or non-VOI group. Participants in the VOI group read the VOI versions of the footbridge (personal dilemma) and trolley (impersonal dilemma) dilemmas prior to answering the standard scenarios. In the control group, participants only responded to the standard versions of the dilemmas. In study 2, 88 OCD participants and 88 healthy participants were recruited and followed the same procedure as the first study except that they responded to the bioethical personal and impersonal dilemmas. At the end of each experiment, participants answered the cognitive flexibility test. Results indicated that OCD participants who engaged in VOI reasoning subsequently made more utilitarian choices in response to impersonal dilemmas compared to the OCD participants in the non-VOI condition. However, VOI reasoning did not change their choices in response to personal dilemmas. On the other hand, healthy participants favored utilitarian options in response to personal dilemmas. Both healthy and OC participants performed better on the cognitive flexibility test after engaging in VOI reasoning. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Personality and Individual Differences},
	author = {Daryani, Yalda and Noferesti, Azam and Nejat, Pegah},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Cognitive flexibility, Moral judgment, Obsessive-compulsive disorder, Veil-of-ignorance},
}

Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have rigid moral judgments compared to healthy people. They tend to prefer deontological options when they face moral dilemmas. Recent research has indicated that activating the Veil-of-Ignorance (VOI) reasoning changes moral judgment in healthy participants, leading them to favor utilitarian choices. However, the effect of VOI reasoning on OC patients' moral judgment has not been studied. The present research aimed to investigate the effect of VOI reasoning on moral judgment and cognitive flexibility of OC patients across two studies (N = 336). In study 1, we recruited 80 OCD participants and 80 healthy participants via convenience sampling and assigned them randomly to either the VOI or non-VOI group. Participants in the VOI group read the VOI versions of the footbridge (personal dilemma) and trolley (impersonal dilemma) dilemmas prior to answering the standard scenarios. In the control group, participants only responded to the standard versions of the dilemmas. In study 2, 88 OCD participants and 88 healthy participants were recruited and followed the same procedure as the first study except that they responded to the bioethical personal and impersonal dilemmas. At the end of each experiment, participants answered the cognitive flexibility test. Results indicated that OCD participants who engaged in VOI reasoning subsequently made more utilitarian choices in response to impersonal dilemmas compared to the OCD participants in the non-VOI condition. However, VOI reasoning did not change their choices in response to personal dilemmas. On the other hand, healthy participants favored utilitarian options in response to personal dilemmas. Both healthy and OC participants performed better on the cognitive flexibility test after engaging in VOI reasoning. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd

@article{farias_manufactured_2024,
	title = {Manufactured {Ignorance} and the {Violence} of {Not}-{Counting}: {The} {Experience} of {Censo} {Popular} of {Unhoused} {People} in {Buenos} {Aires}},
	volume = {56},
	issn = {00664812},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85165274618&doi=10.1111%2fanti.12967&partnerID=40&md5=e376b0bc0ab6df1f8d557e098b111761},
	doi = {10.1111/anti.12967},
	abstract = {While the unhoused population continues to increase in the context of a housing crisis in the city of Buenos Aires, the local government fails to produce accurate statistics about it. As a response to this, a coalition of grassroots organisations carried out the Popular Census of Unhoused People (PC) in 2017 and 2019 to challenge the numbers yielded by official surveys and demand appropriate responses from the Government of the City of Buenos Aires (GCBA). This paper works with different meanings of the verb “to count” to explore how the PC enacts a politics of counting focused on making visible and making count the unhoused population. The PC helps us to have a better understanding of the GCBA's concealment of the houselessness problem and the violence associated with it, while it brings into play other knowledges and lived experiences of the city for a different urban politics. © 2023 The Author. Antipode © 2023 Antipode Foundation Ltd.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Antipode},
	author = {Farías, Mónica},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Argentina, Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires [Federal District], Federal District [Argentina], Popular Census, census, counting, grassroots level, grassroots organisations, houselessness, local government, urban housing, urban politics, violence},
	pages = {72 -- 92},
}

While the unhoused population continues to increase in the context of a housing crisis in the city of Buenos Aires, the local government fails to produce accurate statistics about it. As a response to this, a coalition of grassroots organisations carried out the Popular Census of Unhoused People (PC) in 2017 and 2019 to challenge the numbers yielded by official surveys and demand appropriate responses from the Government of the City of Buenos Aires (GCBA). This paper works with different meanings of the verb “to count” to explore how the PC enacts a politics of counting focused on making visible and making count the unhoused population. The PC helps us to have a better understanding of the GCBA's concealment of the houselessness problem and the violence associated with it, while it brings into play other knowledges and lived experiences of the city for a different urban politics. © 2023 The Author. Antipode © 2023 Antipode Foundation Ltd.

@article{faini_advertising_2024,
	title = {Advertising doubt in early modern {Italy}: {Doubt} and ignorance in early modern paratexts},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {02691213},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85167565789&doi=10.1111%2frest.12900&partnerID=40&md5=89f89baeec02872c3e26a3f81d75fb22},
	doi = {10.1111/rest.12900},
	abstract = {Spelled in several different ways, the word ‘doubt’, usually in the plural ‘doubts’ (dubbi, dubitazioni) appears on the frontispiece of several works printed in Venice and elsewhere in Italy in the sixteenth century. Building on different traditions, ranging from the pseudo-Aristotelian Problemata to Medieval didactic literature, these texts, normally in the vernacular, address questions that the average reader may have on a variety of topics: from thermal baths to indulgences, from natural philosophy to duel. While usually the term ‘doubt’ means ‘question’, things can be sometimes less straightforward, especially when it comes to religious texts or works penned by unorthodox writers, as in the case of Ortensio Lando's Quattro libri di dubbi. This article will explore paratextual elements of works addressing doubts focusing on a variety of topics such as readership, definitions of doubt and its function, the role of these works in the dissemination of knowledge. © 2023 Society for Renaissance Studies and John Wiley \& Sons Ltd.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Renaissance Studies},
	author = {Faini, Marco},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc
Type: Article},
	keywords = {doubt, ignorance, natural philosophy, paratexts, renaissance},
	pages = {163 -- 180},
}

Spelled in several different ways, the word ‘doubt’, usually in the plural ‘doubts’ (dubbi, dubitazioni) appears on the frontispiece of several works printed in Venice and elsewhere in Italy in the sixteenth century. Building on different traditions, ranging from the pseudo-Aristotelian Problemata to Medieval didactic literature, these texts, normally in the vernacular, address questions that the average reader may have on a variety of topics: from thermal baths to indulgences, from natural philosophy to duel. While usually the term ‘doubt’ means ‘question’, things can be sometimes less straightforward, especially when it comes to religious texts or works penned by unorthodox writers, as in the case of Ortensio Lando's Quattro libri di dubbi. This article will explore paratextual elements of works addressing doubts focusing on a variety of topics such as readership, definitions of doubt and its function, the role of these works in the dissemination of knowledge. © 2023 Society for Renaissance Studies and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

@article{dixon_complexity_2024,
	title = {The complexity of pluralistic ignorance in {Republican} climate change policy support in the {United} {States}},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {26624435},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85187412317&doi=10.1038%2fs43247-024-01240-x&partnerID=40&md5=ed2cc2491a3af9ca716c3ea093788653},
	doi = {10.1038/s43247-024-01240-x},
	abstract = {Most Americans fail to recognize widespread public support for climate change action. Here we investigate how this phenomenon differs for Republican supporters versus opponents of several climate change policies. Surveying a representative sample of Republican voters (N = 1000), we find that misperception of in-group support for climate action is primarily restricted to Republicans already opposed to action. Specifically, those in the minority (i.e., Republicans opposed to climate action) were more likely to erroneously perceive other Republicans as holding views on climate change policy similar to their own. While Republican supporters recognize that most Republicans support climate change policy, they may be discouraged from expressing their support due to an information environment disproportionately portraying Republicans as opposed to climate change action. © The Author(s) 2024.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Communications Earth and Environment},
	author = {Dixon, Graham and Clarke, Christopher and Jacquet, Jeffrey and Evensen, Darrick T. N. and Hart, P. Sol},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group
Type: Article},
	keywords = {United States, action plan, climate change, complexity, environmental education, environmental planning, environmental policy, environmental politics, party politics, policy implementation, political relations},
}

Most Americans fail to recognize widespread public support for climate change action. Here we investigate how this phenomenon differs for Republican supporters versus opponents of several climate change policies. Surveying a representative sample of Republican voters (N = 1000), we find that misperception of in-group support for climate action is primarily restricted to Republicans already opposed to action. Specifically, those in the minority (i.e., Republicans opposed to climate action) were more likely to erroneously perceive other Republicans as holding views on climate change policy similar to their own. While Republican supporters recognize that most Republicans support climate change policy, they may be discouraged from expressing their support due to an information environment disproportionately portraying Republicans as opposed to climate change action. © The Author(s) 2024.

@article{abuseem_overcoming_2024,
	title = {Overcoming ignorance and the unknown in {UAE} projects: the role of improvisation},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {09756809},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85172994960&doi=10.1007%2fs13198-023-02165-y&partnerID=40&md5=b73bdca9632ff88ce66f7ceca3249900},
	doi = {10.1007/s13198-023-02165-y},
	abstract = {This study sets out to examine how the effects of ignorance and the unknown in project settings can be overcome through project manager (practitioner) improvisation. Data are obtained from 389 project management practitioners drawn from a range of public, private, and semi-government entities/organizations within the emirate of Sharjah (United Arab Emirates). Sampling is undertaking using an 11 factor ‘ignorance–unknown–improvisation’-focused questionnaire developed from the literature. The variables considered as moderators include ‘self-efficacy’, ‘behavioral integration’, ‘experience’, ‘teamwork quality’, ‘real-time information’, ‘communication’, ‘memory’, ‘knowledge creation’, ‘knowledge sharing’, ‘utilization of documented knowledge’, and ‘age’. Analysis of the data is via Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS). The findings of the study suggest the existence of four variables (‘experience’, ‘teamwork quality’, ‘memory’, and ‘age’) that serve to influence the improvisation-based practices that project management practitioners/managers are likely to employ when seeking to overcome the effects of ignorance and the unknown in projects. The findings from the study do facilitate the development of an improvisation-awareness typology that is leaning towards facilitating project management practitioner efficacy as relates to improvisation. © The Author(s) under exclusive licence to The Society for Reliability Engineering, Quality and Operations Management (SREQOM), India and The Division of Operation and Maintenance, Lulea University of Technology, Sweden 2023.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management},
	author = {Abuseem, Alya J. and Ojiako, Udechukwu and Dweiri, Fikri T.},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Springer
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Fuzzy inference, Fuzzy neural networks, Fuzzy systems, Government entities, Human resource management, Ignorance, Improvization, Project management, Project managers, Project success, Public-private, Self efficacy, Teamwork qualities, United Arab Emirates, Unknown},
	pages = {871 -- 897},
}

This study sets out to examine how the effects of ignorance and the unknown in project settings can be overcome through project manager (practitioner) improvisation. Data are obtained from 389 project management practitioners drawn from a range of public, private, and semi-government entities/organizations within the emirate of Sharjah (United Arab Emirates). Sampling is undertaking using an 11 factor ‘ignorance–unknown–improvisation’-focused questionnaire developed from the literature. The variables considered as moderators include ‘self-efficacy’, ‘behavioral integration’, ‘experience’, ‘teamwork quality’, ‘real-time information’, ‘communication’, ‘memory’, ‘knowledge creation’, ‘knowledge sharing’, ‘utilization of documented knowledge’, and ‘age’. Analysis of the data is via Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS). The findings of the study suggest the existence of four variables (‘experience’, ‘teamwork quality’, ‘memory’, and ‘age’) that serve to influence the improvisation-based practices that project management practitioners/managers are likely to employ when seeking to overcome the effects of ignorance and the unknown in projects. The findings from the study do facilitate the development of an improvisation-awareness typology that is leaning towards facilitating project management practitioner efficacy as relates to improvisation. © The Author(s) under exclusive licence to The Society for Reliability Engineering, Quality and Operations Management (SREQOM), India and The Division of Operation and Maintenance, Lulea University of Technology, Sweden 2023.

@article{bailey_lessons_2024,
	title = {Lessons {From} {Social} {Psychology} to {Improve} the {Implementation} and {Use} of the {Surgical} {Safety} {Checklist} in the {Operating} {Room}},
	volume = {279},
	issn = {00034932},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85187202987&doi=10.1097%2fSLA.0000000000006122&partnerID=40&md5=5585e461ad2da2700b015b136fcdf669},
	doi = {10.1097/SLA.0000000000006122},
	language = {English},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Annals of Surgery},
	author = {Bailey, Mandisa and Riley, Max S. and Smink, Douglas S. and Sonnay, Yves and Brindle, Mary and Molina, George},
	year = {2024},
	pmid = {37818669},
	note = {Publisher: Wolters Kluwer Health
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Article, Checklist, Humans, Operating Rooms, Patient Safety, Psychology, Social, ambiguity, anesthesiologist, behavior, checklist, education, human, intergroup bias, patient safety, safety, skill, social connectedness, social psychology, surgeon, surgical safety checklist},
	pages = {585 -- 587},
}

@article{chan_online_2024,
	title = {Online astroturfing: {A} problem beyond disinformation},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {01914537},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85132424786&doi=10.1177%2f01914537221108467&partnerID=40&md5=23e3cb81ce114eabd5d9d8533fab0d15},
	doi = {10.1177/01914537221108467},
	abstract = {Coordinated inauthentic behaviours online are becoming a more serious problem throughout the world. One common type of manipulative behaviour is astroturfing. It happens when an entity artificially creates an impression of widespread support for a product, policy, or concept, when in reality only limited support exists. Online astroturfing is often considered to be just like any other coordinated inauthentic behaviour; with considerable discussion focusing on how it aggravates the spread of fake news and disinformation. This paper shows that astroturfing creates additional problems for social media platforms and the online environment in general. The practice of astroturfing exploits our natural tendency to conform to what the crowd does; and because of the importance of conformity in our decision-making process, the negative consequences brought about by astroturfing can be much more far-reaching and alarming than just the spread of disinformation. © The Author(s) 2022.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Philosophy and Social Criticism},
	author = {Chan, Jovy},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc.
Type: Article},
	keywords = {astroturfing, conformity, coordinated inauthentic behaviour, crowd wisdom, disinformation, fake news, false marketing, pluralistic ignorance, social media},
	pages = {507 -- 528},
}

Coordinated inauthentic behaviours online are becoming a more serious problem throughout the world. One common type of manipulative behaviour is astroturfing. It happens when an entity artificially creates an impression of widespread support for a product, policy, or concept, when in reality only limited support exists. Online astroturfing is often considered to be just like any other coordinated inauthentic behaviour; with considerable discussion focusing on how it aggravates the spread of fake news and disinformation. This paper shows that astroturfing creates additional problems for social media platforms and the online environment in general. The practice of astroturfing exploits our natural tendency to conform to what the crowd does; and because of the importance of conformity in our decision-making process, the negative consequences brought about by astroturfing can be much more far-reaching and alarming than just the spread of disinformation. © The Author(s) 2022.

@article{chaney_black_2024,
	title = {Black {Americans} suppress emotions when prejudice is believed to stem from shared ignorance},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {16641078},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85189177784&doi=10.3389%2ffpsyg.2024.1336552&partnerID=40&md5=87e11b3e17a3a31e5dc3f2ffba34c463},
	doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1336552},
	abstract = {Past research examining lay theories of the origins of prejudice has focused on white Americans and has not considered how Black Americans’ lay theories of prejudice may impact emotion regulation following discrimination. Across three samples of Black Americans (N = 419), the present research examined relationships between endorsement of two lay theories of prejudice origins (1, beliefs that prejudice stems from shared social ignorance and 2, that prejudice stems from malice). Stronger beliefs that prejudice stems from shared ignorance were associated with greater expression suppression following experiences of racial discrimination (studies 1b and 2), which was, in turn, associated with psychological distress (study 2). By centering the beliefs and experiences of Black Americans in response to discrimination events, the present research has implications for understanding how emotion regulation following racial discrimination is impacted by marginalized groups’ conceptualizations of prejudice. Future research should investigate how these factors impact health disparities. Copyright © 2024 Chaney, Pham and Cipollina.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
	author = {Chaney, Kimberly E. and Pham, Minh Duc and Cipollina, Rebecca},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Type: Article},
}

Past research examining lay theories of the origins of prejudice has focused on white Americans and has not considered how Black Americans’ lay theories of prejudice may impact emotion regulation following discrimination. Across three samples of Black Americans (N = 419), the present research examined relationships between endorsement of two lay theories of prejudice origins (1, beliefs that prejudice stems from shared social ignorance and 2, that prejudice stems from malice). Stronger beliefs that prejudice stems from shared ignorance were associated with greater expression suppression following experiences of racial discrimination (studies 1b and 2), which was, in turn, associated with psychological distress (study 2). By centering the beliefs and experiences of Black Americans in response to discrimination events, the present research has implications for understanding how emotion regulation following racial discrimination is impacted by marginalized groups’ conceptualizations of prejudice. Future research should investigate how these factors impact health disparities. Copyright © 2024 Chaney, Pham and Cipollina.

@article{couchoux_navigating_2024,
	title = {Navigating knowledge and ignorance in the boardroom: {A} study of audit committee members' oversight styles},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {08239150},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85179972470&doi=10.1111%2f1911-3846.12890&partnerID=40&md5=647e836f030c02e971ed59e13f3cc838},
	doi = {10.1111/1911-3846.12890},
	abstract = {Using data collected from 21 interviews with audit committee members (ACMs) of Canadian reporting issuers, this study examines the ways in which ACMs understand and enact the additional responsibilities placed on them by regulators in the post–Sarbanes-Oxley Act era. Adopting a social constructivist approach to knowledge and expertise, the study shows that despite the financial literacy requirements for ACMs, financial expertise is far from being uniformly understood by ACMs. Indeed, ACMs perceive expertise in many different ways, which leads them to engage in a wide variety of practices to fulfill their responsibilities on audit committees (ACs). The analysis of the data makes it possible to identify three oversight styles—observing, inspecting, and storytelling—that illustrate the differences in how ACMs understand their role, prepare for AC meetings, invest time in this preparation, and develop lines of questioning. These findings provide empirical insights into both the substantive and symbolic roles of ACs and illustrate the role of knowledge and ignorance in shaping ACMs' understanding of their oversight role. This study also raises questions about the soundness of having ACs oversee multiple different processes. By highlighting that ACMs do not comprehend and enact their role uniformly, this study reveals the important nuances in ACMs' oversight approaches. © 2023 The Authors. Contemporary Accounting Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Canadian Academic Accounting Association.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Contemporary Accounting Research},
	author = {Couchoux, Oriane},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc
Type: Article},
	pages = {459 -- 497},
}

Using data collected from 21 interviews with audit committee members (ACMs) of Canadian reporting issuers, this study examines the ways in which ACMs understand and enact the additional responsibilities placed on them by regulators in the post–Sarbanes-Oxley Act era. Adopting a social constructivist approach to knowledge and expertise, the study shows that despite the financial literacy requirements for ACMs, financial expertise is far from being uniformly understood by ACMs. Indeed, ACMs perceive expertise in many different ways, which leads them to engage in a wide variety of practices to fulfill their responsibilities on audit committees (ACs). The analysis of the data makes it possible to identify three oversight styles—observing, inspecting, and storytelling—that illustrate the differences in how ACMs understand their role, prepare for AC meetings, invest time in this preparation, and develop lines of questioning. These findings provide empirical insights into both the substantive and symbolic roles of ACs and illustrate the role of knowledge and ignorance in shaping ACMs' understanding of their oversight role. This study also raises questions about the soundness of having ACs oversee multiple different processes. By highlighting that ACMs do not comprehend and enact their role uniformly, this study reveals the important nuances in ACMs' oversight approaches. © 2023 The Authors. Contemporary Accounting Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Canadian Academic Accounting Association.

@article{depecker_making_2024,
	title = {The {Making} of a {Reassuring} {Repertoire} of {Action}. {Agri}-{Food} {Industrialists} and their {Critics} (1972-2011); [{La} fabrique d’un répertoire d’action rassuriste {Les} industriels de l’agroalimentaire face à leurs critiques (1972-2011)]; [{Die} {Herstellung} eines beruhigenden {Handlungsrepertoires} {Die} {Lebensmittelindustriellen} im {Angesicht} ihrer {Kritiker} (1972-2011)]; [{Fabricación} de un repertorio de acciones destinadas a tranquilizar {Los} industriales del sector agroalimentario frente a las críticas (1972-2011)]},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {00352969},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85184045175&partnerID=40&md5=fbf0255fc01ca8416364de09218735f9},
	abstract = {This article focuses on an organization created in 1974 by executives of large agri-food corporations: the French Foundation for Nutrition. Its initial objective was to fund research in the field of nutrition, but its activities gradually evolved into those of a think tank aiming to reassure the French people about food safety. Starting from a discussion of the litteratures on the repertoires of collective action and on the production of ignorance, the article shows how this think tank associating economic and academic elites was built in reaction to the rise of the consumerist movement, and how it developed a specific repertoire of action based on discrete action targeted at certain professions responsible for relaying reassuring scientific information to the general public. The succession of food crises and controversies from the mid-1990s onwards led to a significant change in the think tank’s repertoire of action. Its role should no longer be to disseminate the allegedly consensual point of view of the experts, but on the contrary to highlight the multiple debates around food choices, deflecting attention away from food safety toward the social and cultural dimension of food behavior and the responsibility of consumers. © 2024 Editions Ophrys. All rights reserved.},
	language = {French},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Revue Francaise de Sociologie},
	author = {Depecker, Thomas and Déplaude, Marc-Olivier and Larchet, Nicolas},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Editions Ophrys
Type: Article},
	pages = {219 -- 250},
}

This article focuses on an organization created in 1974 by executives of large agri-food corporations: the French Foundation for Nutrition. Its initial objective was to fund research in the field of nutrition, but its activities gradually evolved into those of a think tank aiming to reassure the French people about food safety. Starting from a discussion of the litteratures on the repertoires of collective action and on the production of ignorance, the article shows how this think tank associating economic and academic elites was built in reaction to the rise of the consumerist movement, and how it developed a specific repertoire of action based on discrete action targeted at certain professions responsible for relaying reassuring scientific information to the general public. The succession of food crises and controversies from the mid-1990s onwards led to a significant change in the think tank’s repertoire of action. Its role should no longer be to disseminate the allegedly consensual point of view of the experts, but on the contrary to highlight the multiple debates around food choices, deflecting attention away from food safety toward the social and cultural dimension of food behavior and the responsibility of consumers. © 2024 Editions Ophrys. All rights reserved.

@article{anawalt_traversing_2024,
	title = {Traversing the {Mountain} of {Ignorance}: {Testosterone} and {Cardiovascular} {Safety}},
	volume = {109},
	issn = {19457197},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85187956632&doi=10.1210%2fclinem%2fdgad555&partnerID=40&md5=4a284a82e4843953516ec4786f1d5ef9},
	doi = {10.1210/clinem/dgad555},
	language = {English},
	number = {4},
	journal = {The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism},
	author = {Anawalt, Bradley D.},
	year = {2024},
	pmid = {37738547},
	note = {Type: Article},
	keywords = {Cardiovascular Diseases, Cardiovascular System, Diabetes Mellitus, Hormone Replacement Therapy, Humans, Hypogonadism, Testosterone, Testosterone Congeners, Type 2, cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular system, hormone substitution, human, hypogonadism, non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, testosterone, testosterone derivative},
	pages = {e1359 -- e1360},
}

@article{ashley_examining_2024,
	title = {Examining the role of nurse executives in homecare through the lens of the {Sociology} of {Ignorance} and {Critical} {Management} {Studies}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {14667681},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85156248123&doi=10.1111%2fnup.12445&partnerID=40&md5=c8b2eac00d5eea4698465b575df41469},
	doi = {10.1111/nup.12445},
	abstract = {This article presents a novel theoretical approach to explore nurse executives’ paradoxical identity and agency of executive and nurse in homecare organizations. This complex phenomenon has yet to be well theorized or analyzed. Through a synthesis of literature, we demonstrate that Critical Management Studies, as informed by Foucault, and the Sociology of Ignorance, can create a different understanding of the complex interplay between knowledge and nonknowledge (ignorance) that positions nurse executives in both influential and precarious ways in homecare organizations. This theoretical framework has the potential to allow for the explicit exploration of nurse executives’ strategic epistemic and discursive positioning and highlights hierarchal power structures within homecare organizations. We posit that this framework, that spans nursing, management and sociology disciplines, sets a different understanding of homecare organizations as epistemic landscapes, exposing institutional knowledge and ignorance dynamics that remain largely concealed and unchallenged, yet are integral to understanding nurse executives’ epistemic agency. © 2023 The Authors. Nursing Philosophy published by John Wiley \& Sons Ltd.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Nursing Philosophy},
	author = {Ashley, Lisa and Perron, Amélie},
	year = {2024},
	pmid = {37106477},
	note = {Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Humans, Leadership, Nurse Administrators, Organizational Culture, Sociology, article, conceptual framework, home care, human, leadership, nurse, nurse administrator, nursing management, organization, organizational culture, sociology, synthesis},
}

This article presents a novel theoretical approach to explore nurse executives’ paradoxical identity and agency of executive and nurse in homecare organizations. This complex phenomenon has yet to be well theorized or analyzed. Through a synthesis of literature, we demonstrate that Critical Management Studies, as informed by Foucault, and the Sociology of Ignorance, can create a different understanding of the complex interplay between knowledge and nonknowledge (ignorance) that positions nurse executives in both influential and precarious ways in homecare organizations. This theoretical framework has the potential to allow for the explicit exploration of nurse executives’ strategic epistemic and discursive positioning and highlights hierarchal power structures within homecare organizations. We posit that this framework, that spans nursing, management and sociology disciplines, sets a different understanding of homecare organizations as epistemic landscapes, exposing institutional knowledge and ignorance dynamics that remain largely concealed and unchallenged, yet are integral to understanding nurse executives’ epistemic agency. © 2023 The Authors. Nursing Philosophy published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

@article{brasil_financial_2024,
	title = {Financial {Resilience}, {Financial} {Ignorance}, and their impact on financial well-being during the {COVID}-19 pandemic: evidence from {Brazil}},
	issn = {18651704},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85181906378&doi=10.1007%2fs12232-023-00443-6&partnerID=40&md5=39aa908f75a297f195507723cf1db714},
	doi = {10.1007/s12232-023-00443-6},
	abstract = {This study aims to introduce a measure of Financial Resilience for evaluating its influence on financial well-being amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Financial Resilience, in this context, pertains to an individual's capacity to adapt, cope, and financially recover in the face of the new challenges posed by an economic downturn. We conducted a survey among 591 Brazilian citizens in 2021 and employed Structural Equation Modeling to examine the relationships between various constructs and validate our proposed measure of Financial Resilience. Our findings reveal a negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Financial Resilience, resulting in heightened uncertainty and insecurity concerning individuals' financial future during this period. Notably, those with lower Financial Resilience were found to be the most financially vulnerable during the pandemic. These results provide valuable insights into the measurement of financial contingencies faced by the population and can be useful to policy and governmental strategies aimed at mitigating the social, economic, and financial repercussions of economic downturns. Fostering Financial Resilience and reducing vulnerability among lower-income individuals are critical objectives, particularly in times of economic uncertainty. While the concept of Financial Resilience is of paramount importance, the literature on this subject remains relatively nascent, with ongoing developments in measurement instruments. In this regard, our study contributes by proposing a concise measure of Financial Resilience through two simple questions. © 2024, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {International Review of Economics},
	author = {Brasil, Camila Viana and Bressan, Aureliano Angel and Vieira, Kelmara Mendes and Matheis, Taiane Keila},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH
Type: Article},
}

This study aims to introduce a measure of Financial Resilience for evaluating its influence on financial well-being amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Financial Resilience, in this context, pertains to an individual's capacity to adapt, cope, and financially recover in the face of the new challenges posed by an economic downturn. We conducted a survey among 591 Brazilian citizens in 2021 and employed Structural Equation Modeling to examine the relationships between various constructs and validate our proposed measure of Financial Resilience. Our findings reveal a negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Financial Resilience, resulting in heightened uncertainty and insecurity concerning individuals' financial future during this period. Notably, those with lower Financial Resilience were found to be the most financially vulnerable during the pandemic. These results provide valuable insights into the measurement of financial contingencies faced by the population and can be useful to policy and governmental strategies aimed at mitigating the social, economic, and financial repercussions of economic downturns. Fostering Financial Resilience and reducing vulnerability among lower-income individuals are critical objectives, particularly in times of economic uncertainty. While the concept of Financial Resilience is of paramount importance, the literature on this subject remains relatively nascent, with ongoing developments in measurement instruments. In this regard, our study contributes by proposing a concise measure of Financial Resilience through two simple questions. © 2024, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

@article{de_boer_principle_2024,
	title = {A principle of maximum ignorance for semiclassical gravity},
	volume = {2024},
	issn = {10298479},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85185921574&doi=10.1007%2fJHEP02%282024%29003&partnerID=40&md5=5f781fd77dc5ac630e2825f80fddf98e},
	doi = {10.1007/JHEP02(2024)003},
	abstract = {The principle of maximum ignorance posits that the coarse-grained description of a system is maximally agnostic about its underlying microscopic structure. We briefly review this principle for random matrix theory and for the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis. We then apply this principle in holography to construct ensembles of random mixed states. This leads to an ensemble of microstates which models our microscopic ignorance, and which on average reproduces the effective semiclassical physics of a given bulk state. We call this ensemble the state-averaging ansatz. The output of our model is a prediction for semiclassical contributions to variances and higher statistical moments over the ensemble of microstates. The statistical moments provide coarse-grained — yet gravitationally non-perturbative — information about the microstructure of the individual states of the ensemble. We show that these contributions exactly match the on-shell action of known wormhole configurations of the gravitational path integral. These results strengthen the view that wormholes simply parametrize the ignorance of the microstructure of a fundamental state, given a fixed semiclassical bulk description. © The Author(s) 2024.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of High Energy Physics},
	author = {de Boer, Jan and Liska, Diego and Post, Boris and Sasieta, Martin},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH
Type: Article},
}

The principle of maximum ignorance posits that the coarse-grained description of a system is maximally agnostic about its underlying microscopic structure. We briefly review this principle for random matrix theory and for the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis. We then apply this principle in holography to construct ensembles of random mixed states. This leads to an ensemble of microstates which models our microscopic ignorance, and which on average reproduces the effective semiclassical physics of a given bulk state. We call this ensemble the state-averaging ansatz. The output of our model is a prediction for semiclassical contributions to variances and higher statistical moments over the ensemble of microstates. The statistical moments provide coarse-grained — yet gravitationally non-perturbative — information about the microstructure of the individual states of the ensemble. We show that these contributions exactly match the on-shell action of known wormhole configurations of the gravitational path integral. These results strengthen the view that wormholes simply parametrize the ignorance of the microstructure of a fundamental state, given a fixed semiclassical bulk description. © The Author(s) 2024.

@article{duran_lojo_calcific_2024,
	title = {Calcific {Tendinitis} of the {Longus} {Colli} {Muscle}: {From} {Ignorance} to {Misdiagnosis}; [{Tendinitis} calcificante del músculo largo del cuello: del desconocimiento al diagnóstico erróneo]},
	issn = {00338338},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85184064218&doi=10.1016%2fj.rx.2023.11.009&partnerID=40&md5=813f95a3f263efd4cd54ec0a97bbf363},
	doi = {10.1016/j.rx.2023.11.009},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Radiologia},
	author = {Durán Lojo, S. and Martel Villagrán, J.},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Ediciones Doyma, S.L.
Type: Article},
}

@article{hadarics_blindfolding_2024,
	title = {Blindfolding political trust: the palliative effect of trust-based ignorance of political performance problems},
	issn = {00224545},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85181692704&doi=10.1080%2f00224545.2023.2298886&partnerID=40&md5=45a6df66d2959d4db52cc512558fc2d6},
	doi = {10.1080/00224545.2023.2298886},
	abstract = {In this study, we gather empirical evidence supporting the assumption that political trust is related to the ignorance of political performance problems, which ignorance, in turn, has a palliative function as it protects subjective well-being. We hypothesized that political trust has a stronger positive effect on the evaluation of political performance (and indirectly on subjective well-being) if actual performance is more questionable. These hypotheses were tested by multilevel structural equation modeling. Our multilevel moderated mediation models supporting this hypothesis were based on the 2018 European Social Survey dataset (N = 49,519) extended with county-level indices indicating actual performance in healthcare, education, and economy. The results also imply that the bigger the actual problem is, the stronger ignorance is driven by political trust. © 2024 Taylor \& Francis.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of Social Psychology},
	author = {Hadarics, Márton},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
Type: Article},
	keywords = {adult, aged, article, economic aspect, female, human, male, structural equation modeling},
}

In this study, we gather empirical evidence supporting the assumption that political trust is related to the ignorance of political performance problems, which ignorance, in turn, has a palliative function as it protects subjective well-being. We hypothesized that political trust has a stronger positive effect on the evaluation of political performance (and indirectly on subjective well-being) if actual performance is more questionable. These hypotheses were tested by multilevel structural equation modeling. Our multilevel moderated mediation models supporting this hypothesis were based on the 2018 European Social Survey dataset (N = 49,519) extended with county-level indices indicating actual performance in healthcare, education, and economy. The results also imply that the bigger the actual problem is, the stronger ignorance is driven by political trust. © 2024 Taylor & Francis.

@article{hernandez_sanchez_cryptocurrencies_2024,
	title = {Cryptocurrencies, {Tax} {Ignorance} and {Tax} {Noncompliance} in {Direct} {Taxation}: {Spanish} {Empirical} {Evidence}},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {22277099},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85188847203&doi=10.3390%2feconomies12030062&partnerID=40&md5=59e3a2176fdbed6c78ca8b23b8aac422},
	doi = {10.3390/economies12030062},
	abstract = {This article highlights the complexity of taxation surrounding cryptocurrency transactions due to the lack of uniform regulation, creating uncertainty for both taxpayers and tax authorities. After determining the tax obligations of individuals in taxation, a survey has been conducted to assess the level of knowledge and compliance with tax obligations related to cryptocurrencies. The survey, in which 103 people participated, reveals the confusion and errors that prevail in perceptions of the tax obligations for cryptocurrencies, particularly in transactions such as swapping and staking in personal income tax. This results in almost half of the respondents (49.5\%) not declaring any of their operations with cryptocurrencies. The reasons for this include the fact that the majority of respondents (66\%) find the regulation of cryptocurrencies in Spain confusing and difficult to understand. Additionally, 87.4\% believe that tax agencies should provide more information and resources on the taxation of cryptocurrencies and digital assets, and that there should be clearer and more comprehensive regulation. However, it should be noted that 41.7\% also consider that tax regulation discourages investment in cryptocurrencies. © 2024 by the authors.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Economies},
	author = {Hernández Sánchez, Álvaro and Sastre-Hernández, Beatriz María and Jorge-Vazquez, Javier and Náñez Alonso, Sergio Luis},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
Type: Article},
}

This article highlights the complexity of taxation surrounding cryptocurrency transactions due to the lack of uniform regulation, creating uncertainty for both taxpayers and tax authorities. After determining the tax obligations of individuals in taxation, a survey has been conducted to assess the level of knowledge and compliance with tax obligations related to cryptocurrencies. The survey, in which 103 people participated, reveals the confusion and errors that prevail in perceptions of the tax obligations for cryptocurrencies, particularly in transactions such as swapping and staking in personal income tax. This results in almost half of the respondents (49.5%) not declaring any of their operations with cryptocurrencies. The reasons for this include the fact that the majority of respondents (66%) find the regulation of cryptocurrencies in Spain confusing and difficult to understand. Additionally, 87.4% believe that tax agencies should provide more information and resources on the taxation of cryptocurrencies and digital assets, and that there should be clearer and more comprehensive regulation. However, it should be noted that 41.7% also consider that tax regulation discourages investment in cryptocurrencies. © 2024 by the authors.

@article{jones_fan_2024,
	title = {Fan responses to ownership change in the {English} {Premier} {League}: {Motivated} ignorance, social creativity and social competition at {Newcastle} {United} {F}.{C}.},
	volume = {59},
	issn = {10126902},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85162936382&doi=10.1177%2f10126902231179067&partnerID=40&md5=7b2e74b1e23793ec1465184407578256},
	doi = {10.1177/10126902231179067},
	abstract = {Over recent years there has been a significant increase in foreign ownership within the English Premier League, with ‘sportswashing’ being identified as a key motive for some new club owners. Whilst the effects of changes of ownership have received considerable focus, especially in terms of their impacts upon the club, less attention has been paid to the status of the owners themselves, how any perceived sportswashing strategy impacts upon fans, and how that impact is managed, especially in terms of the strategies that are used by fans to maintain a sense of identification. This paper focuses on the takeover of one Premier League football club, Newcastle United, and explores fan responses to its high-profile and controversial takeover by the Saudi Arabian Public Investment Fund (PIF). The paper explores the identity-maintenance strategies used by fans to maintain a positive association with the club using existing frameworks related to social creativity and social competition, as well as through the application of a novel strategy that has yet to be explored within the sport fan literature, that of motivated ignorance. The results demonstrate that whilst social creativity and social competition strategies are evident, motivated ignorance also provides an additional mechanism through which social identities may be protected from identity threat. © The Author(s) 2023.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {International Review for the Sociology of Sport},
	author = {Jones, Ian and Adams, Andrew and Mayoh, Joanne},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd
Type: Article},
	keywords = {article, competition, creativity, football, human, human experiment, investment, social identity},
	pages = {101 -- 118},
}

Over recent years there has been a significant increase in foreign ownership within the English Premier League, with ‘sportswashing’ being identified as a key motive for some new club owners. Whilst the effects of changes of ownership have received considerable focus, especially in terms of their impacts upon the club, less attention has been paid to the status of the owners themselves, how any perceived sportswashing strategy impacts upon fans, and how that impact is managed, especially in terms of the strategies that are used by fans to maintain a sense of identification. This paper focuses on the takeover of one Premier League football club, Newcastle United, and explores fan responses to its high-profile and controversial takeover by the Saudi Arabian Public Investment Fund (PIF). The paper explores the identity-maintenance strategies used by fans to maintain a positive association with the club using existing frameworks related to social creativity and social competition, as well as through the application of a novel strategy that has yet to be explored within the sport fan literature, that of motivated ignorance. The results demonstrate that whilst social creativity and social competition strategies are evident, motivated ignorance also provides an additional mechanism through which social identities may be protected from identity threat. © The Author(s) 2023.

@article{kawamura_pluralistic_2024,
	title = {Pluralistic {Ignorance} did not {Prevent} {Paternity} {Leave} in {Japan} in {December} 2021: {A} {Replication} {Study1}},
	issn = {00215368},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85185685331&doi=10.1111%2fjpr.12507&partnerID=40&md5=ad1cafbb77e8481303b4e412873ad467},
	doi = {10.1111/jpr.12507},
	abstract = {In recent times, the circumstances surrounding childcare leave in Japan have undergone substantial change. The present study aimed to replicate the study by Miyajima and Yamaguchi (2017), who demonstrated that pluralistic ignorance inhibits paternity leave. Our preregistered replication survey, which comprised 222 employed males, found that participants recognized others' attitudes toward paternity leave as more negative than they actually were. This result indicates that, as in the previous study, pluralistic ignorance about paternity leave still exists. However, unlike Miyajima and Yamaguchi's (2017) work, pluralistic ignorance did not inhibit participants' willingness to take paternity leave. The potential causes of these differences are discussed. © 2024 Japanese Psychological Association. Published by John Wiley \& Sons Australia, Ltd.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Japanese Psychological Research},
	author = {Kawamura, Yuta and Totake, Kanatsu},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc
Type: Article},
}

In recent times, the circumstances surrounding childcare leave in Japan have undergone substantial change. The present study aimed to replicate the study by Miyajima and Yamaguchi (2017), who demonstrated that pluralistic ignorance inhibits paternity leave. Our preregistered replication survey, which comprised 222 employed males, found that participants recognized others' attitudes toward paternity leave as more negative than they actually were. This result indicates that, as in the previous study, pluralistic ignorance about paternity leave still exists. However, unlike Miyajima and Yamaguchi's (2017) work, pluralistic ignorance did not inhibit participants' willingness to take paternity leave. The potential causes of these differences are discussed. © 2024 Japanese Psychological Association. Published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.

@article{lapple_irish_2024,
	title = {Irish farmers’ engagement with dairy calf welfare: {An} exploratory analysis},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {26339048},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85186357711&doi=10.1093%2fqopen%2fqoae004&partnerID=40&md5=80c024b0db7fc4a37142182bcf04ac55},
	doi = {10.1093/qopen/qoae004},
	abstract = {Dairycalf welfare is receiving increasing public attention. To ensure optimal practices, farmers need to engage and be mindful of unethical behavior. However, avoiding information on animal welfare is common and often driven by willful ignorance. We conduct an exploratory analysis on survey data from 546 Irish dairy farmers. We investigate farmers’ choice to view a picture of transported dairy calves and find that over 20 per cent of farmers prefer to remain in a state of ignorance. Higher self-reported calf mortality and education increase the odds of viewing the picture while being a female decreases them. Farmers’ reasons for avoiding include the lack of new information in the picture, anticipated negative feelings, and biased information expectations. Additional explorations suggest that the farmers’ decision is not a survey artifact, but the results are not robust and further research is needed to confirm. Possible suggestions to improve calf welfare are to foster farmers’ trust, package information as new evidence on best calf-rearing practices, and better understand perceptions of animal welfare. © The Author(s) 2024.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Q Open},
	author = {Läpple, Doris and Arpinon, Thibaut},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press
Type: Article},
}

Dairycalf welfare is receiving increasing public attention. To ensure optimal practices, farmers need to engage and be mindful of unethical behavior. However, avoiding information on animal welfare is common and often driven by willful ignorance. We conduct an exploratory analysis on survey data from 546 Irish dairy farmers. We investigate farmers’ choice to view a picture of transported dairy calves and find that over 20 per cent of farmers prefer to remain in a state of ignorance. Higher self-reported calf mortality and education increase the odds of viewing the picture while being a female decreases them. Farmers’ reasons for avoiding include the lack of new information in the picture, anticipated negative feelings, and biased information expectations. Additional explorations suggest that the farmers’ decision is not a survey artifact, but the results are not robust and further research is needed to confirm. Possible suggestions to improve calf welfare are to foster farmers’ trust, package information as new evidence on best calf-rearing practices, and better understand perceptions of animal welfare. © The Author(s) 2024.

@article{kanitsar_is_2024,
	title = {Is football coming out? {Anti}-gay attitudes, social desirability, and pluralistic ignorance in amateur and professional football},
	volume = {117},
	issn = {0049089X},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85175874139&doi=10.1016%2fj.ssresearch.2023.102947&partnerID=40&md5=bb8c07ea63531c89f348eac8ca26c91a},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ssresearch.2023.102947},
	abstract = {Past work consistently points to improved attitudes towards gay athletes and growing support for homosexuality, yet reports of a homophobic climate in amateur and professional football persist. Here, we explore two potential explanations for the prevalence of homophobia in football despite low levels of anti-gay attitudes: social desirability and pluralistic ignorance. We conduct an online survey among a football-affine and socio-demographically diverse sample in the UK. We find that anti-gay attitudes are rare. Importantly, estimates from a list experiment do not differ from the prevalence measured by direct questions, providing no evidence of social desirability. By contrast, second-order beliefs about anti-gay attitudes substantially and consistently exceed attitudes, pointing towards pluralistic ignorance as the most likely explanation. We conclude by emphasizing the need for transparent communication to reduce pluralistic ignorance and correct misperceptions among players, officials and supporters. © 2023 The Authors},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Social Science Research},
	author = {Kanitsar, Georg and Pfaff, Katharina},
	year = {2024},
	pmid = {38049211},
	note = {Publisher: Academic Press Inc.
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Athletes, Attitude, Football, Homosexuality, Humans, Social Desirability, athlete, attitude, football, homosexuality, human, social desirability},
}

Past work consistently points to improved attitudes towards gay athletes and growing support for homosexuality, yet reports of a homophobic climate in amateur and professional football persist. Here, we explore two potential explanations for the prevalence of homophobia in football despite low levels of anti-gay attitudes: social desirability and pluralistic ignorance. We conduct an online survey among a football-affine and socio-demographically diverse sample in the UK. We find that anti-gay attitudes are rare. Importantly, estimates from a list experiment do not differ from the prevalence measured by direct questions, providing no evidence of social desirability. By contrast, second-order beliefs about anti-gay attitudes substantially and consistently exceed attitudes, pointing towards pluralistic ignorance as the most likely explanation. We conclude by emphasizing the need for transparent communication to reduce pluralistic ignorance and correct misperceptions among players, officials and supporters. © 2023 The Authors

@article{kasa_reproducing_2024,
	title = {Reproducing inequality through ambivalence, ignorance, and innocence–{Revisiting} practices of equality and human rights in {Finnish} teacher education},
	volume = {76},
	issn = {00131911},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85146249447&doi=10.1080%2f00131911.2022.2151572&partnerID=40&md5=d8e5c9ec3f6321f1c20b96a2a681d293},
	doi = {10.1080/00131911.2022.2151572},
	abstract = {Finland has repeatedly been presented as a “success story” of equality and education, promoter of human rights and included equality and human rights as part of national curricula. However, research has shown the slow progress of integrating topics of equality and human rights in teacher education despite hundreds of project-based interventions during the past 50 years. We used historically informed discursive reading drawing from the existent literature, human rights and equality policy documents, and data from student teachers (n = 311) about their perceptions. The theoretical framework in this article is grounded in critical and feminist theories. The aim is to analyse why student teachers still report receiving too little education in human rights and equality despite the improvements in human rights and equality education law and policy. We argue that Finnish teacher education has an ambivalent role of representing itself as “exceptional” while reproducing inequalities. Furthermore, this alleged “exceptionalism” does not enable a focus on equality and human rights policies goals. We constructed a general theoretical frame to re-examine critically the role of ambivalence, ignorance, and “innocence”, which reproduce inequalities. Our analysis describes several discursive realities of public narratives and student teachers’ experiences concerning equality and human rights education. This article provides a novel interpretation frame for the persisting inequalities in education in a country that profiles itself as a champion of human rights and equality. Based on our results, we suggest critical self-reflection for educational policy to advance continuous measures to affect structural inequalities. © 2023 Educational Review.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Educational Review},
	author = {Kasa, Tuija and Brunila, Kristiina and Toivanen, Reetta},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
Type: Article},
	pages = {145 -- 165},
}

Finland has repeatedly been presented as a “success story” of equality and education, promoter of human rights and included equality and human rights as part of national curricula. However, research has shown the slow progress of integrating topics of equality and human rights in teacher education despite hundreds of project-based interventions during the past 50 years. We used historically informed discursive reading drawing from the existent literature, human rights and equality policy documents, and data from student teachers (n = 311) about their perceptions. The theoretical framework in this article is grounded in critical and feminist theories. The aim is to analyse why student teachers still report receiving too little education in human rights and equality despite the improvements in human rights and equality education law and policy. We argue that Finnish teacher education has an ambivalent role of representing itself as “exceptional” while reproducing inequalities. Furthermore, this alleged “exceptionalism” does not enable a focus on equality and human rights policies goals. We constructed a general theoretical frame to re-examine critically the role of ambivalence, ignorance, and “innocence”, which reproduce inequalities. Our analysis describes several discursive realities of public narratives and student teachers’ experiences concerning equality and human rights education. This article provides a novel interpretation frame for the persisting inequalities in education in a country that profiles itself as a champion of human rights and equality. Based on our results, we suggest critical self-reflection for educational policy to advance continuous measures to affect structural inequalities. © 2023 Educational Review.

@article{kerner_information_2024,
	title = {Information avoidance and testing for {COVID}-19},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {17519004},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85178231758&doi=10.1111%2fspc3.12920&partnerID=40&md5=2153cd5d33804b4ca3ef96fee8ecf474},
	doi = {10.1111/spc3.12920},
	abstract = {To limit the spread of the COVID-19 virus, many employers and institutions developed procedures for people who tested positive. We propose that these procedures may have dissuaded people from testing. In a sample of 1142 participants (452 university students, 690 non-students) we examined the decision to test for COVID-19. More than 30\% of our sample opted to forego testing for COVID-19 despite having symptoms. Participants most frequently endorsed practical reasons for their decision (e.g., did not believe they had COVID-19, felt their symptoms were too mild to warrant testing). However, further analysis revealed that the cost of testing strongly predicted their choice. Such costs included losing income, having to move from one's residence, and among students, losing access to a meal plan. The findings suggest efforts to control the spread of COVID-19 can include costs that discourage people from testing. © 2023 John Wiley \& Sons Ltd.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Social and Personality Psychology Compass},
	author = {Kerner, Liz and Yusuf, Aisha and Dettra, Katherine and Carter, Paige and Alonso, Frances and Shepperd, James A.},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc
Type: Article},
}

To limit the spread of the COVID-19 virus, many employers and institutions developed procedures for people who tested positive. We propose that these procedures may have dissuaded people from testing. In a sample of 1142 participants (452 university students, 690 non-students) we examined the decision to test for COVID-19. More than 30% of our sample opted to forego testing for COVID-19 despite having symptoms. Participants most frequently endorsed practical reasons for their decision (e.g., did not believe they had COVID-19, felt their symptoms were too mild to warrant testing). However, further analysis revealed that the cost of testing strongly predicted their choice. Such costs included losing income, having to move from one's residence, and among students, losing access to a meal plan. The findings suggest efforts to control the spread of COVID-19 can include costs that discourage people from testing. © 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

@article{lessa_quantifying_2024,
	title = {Quantifying spatial ignorance in the effort to collect terrestrial fauna in {Namibia}, {Africa}},
	volume = {158},
	issn = {1470160X},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85183589586&doi=10.1016%2fj.ecolind.2023.111490&partnerID=40&md5=65937f1ca49fbe4027f7324b8357c36d},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.111490},
	abstract = {Effective conservation efforts and predictions of future impacts on biodiversity depend heavily on publicly available information about species distributions. However, data on species distributions is often patchy, especially in many countries of the Global South where resources for biological surveys have been historically limited. In this study, we use biodiversity ignorance scores to quantify and visualize gaps and biases in biodiversity data for Namibia, with a focus on five terrestrial taxa at a spatial scale of 10 x 10 km. We model the relationship between ignorance scores and socio-geographical variables using generalized additive models for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS). Our findings demonstrate that despite a high volume of occurrence records available on the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), publicly available knowledge of Namibia's terrestrial biodiversity remains very limited, with large areas contributing few or no records for key taxa. The exception is birds that have benefitted from a massive influx of data from the citizen science platform eBird. Our study also highlights the importance of citizen science initiatives for biodiversity knowledge and reinforces the usefulness of ignorance scores as a simple intuitive indicator of the relative availability and distribution of species occurrence records. However, further research, biological surveys, and renewed efforts to make existing data held by museums and other institutions widely available are still necessary to enhance biodiversity data coverage in countries with patchy data. © 2023},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Ecological Indicators},
	author = {Lessa, Thainá and Alves-Martins, Fernanda and Martinez-Arribas, Javier and Correia, Ricardo A. and Mendelsohn, John and Chimbioputo Fabiano, Ezequiel and Angombe, Simon T. and Malhado, Ana C.M. and Ladle, Richard J.},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Animals, Biodiversity, Biological surveys, Conservation, Global biodiversity information facility, Ignorance score, Information facilities, Namibia, Occurrence record, Population distribution, Southern africa, Species distributions, Survey effort, Vertebrate, biodiversity, population distribution, quantitative analysis, record, species occurrence, survey method, vertebrate},
}

Effective conservation efforts and predictions of future impacts on biodiversity depend heavily on publicly available information about species distributions. However, data on species distributions is often patchy, especially in many countries of the Global South where resources for biological surveys have been historically limited. In this study, we use biodiversity ignorance scores to quantify and visualize gaps and biases in biodiversity data for Namibia, with a focus on five terrestrial taxa at a spatial scale of 10 x 10 km. We model the relationship between ignorance scores and socio-geographical variables using generalized additive models for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS). Our findings demonstrate that despite a high volume of occurrence records available on the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), publicly available knowledge of Namibia's terrestrial biodiversity remains very limited, with large areas contributing few or no records for key taxa. The exception is birds that have benefitted from a massive influx of data from the citizen science platform eBird. Our study also highlights the importance of citizen science initiatives for biodiversity knowledge and reinforces the usefulness of ignorance scores as a simple intuitive indicator of the relative availability and distribution of species occurrence records. However, further research, biological surveys, and renewed efforts to make existing data held by museums and other institutions widely available are still necessary to enhance biodiversity data coverage in countries with patchy data. © 2023

@article{levy_does_2024,
	title = {Does {Moral} {Ignorance} {Excuse}?},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {14771756},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85183030626&doi=10.1017%2fS1477175623000350&partnerID=40&md5=8a1af002579ddfd5150c32f5e4228094},
	doi = {10.1017/S1477175623000350},
	abstract = {There's heated debate around whether people who did terrible things in the past, at a time when there was widespread acceptance of such actions, are appropriately blamed by us, on the grounds they weren't really morally ignorant, or their ignorance was itself culpable. I point to puzzles that arise if we blame them. We need to explain how they could act so badly if they weren't fully ignorant. I argue that plausible answers to that question entail that they're not blameworthy, or that we lack standing to blame them. Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Royal Institute of Philosophy.},
	language = {English},
	number = {66},
	journal = {Think (UK)},
	author = {Levy, Neil},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Type: Article},
	keywords = {confederacy, moral ignorance, slavery, statues},
	pages = {17 -- 19},
}

There's heated debate around whether people who did terrible things in the past, at a time when there was widespread acceptance of such actions, are appropriately blamed by us, on the grounds they weren't really morally ignorant, or their ignorance was itself culpable. I point to puzzles that arise if we blame them. We need to explain how they could act so badly if they weren't fully ignorant. I argue that plausible answers to that question entail that they're not blameworthy, or that we lack standing to blame them. Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Royal Institute of Philosophy.

@article{liebherr_calosoma_2024,
	title = {Calosoma ({Coleoptera}: {Carabidae}) biological control introductions to {Hawaiʻi}: {Taxonomic} ignorance and confusion lead to an unexpected result},
	volume = {188},
	issn = {10499644},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85180089817&doi=10.1016%2fj.biocontrol.2023.105398&partnerID=40&md5=eb27ee077c34247fe770ebe26b654c12},
	doi = {10.1016/j.biocontrol.2023.105398},
	abstract = {From 1897 until 1957, beetles of the genus Calosoma L. (Coleoptera: Carabidae) were repeatedly introduced to the Hawaiian Islands as predators of nutgrass armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Walker), armyworm, Mythimna unipuncta (Haworth), and lawn armyworm, Spodoptera mauritia (Boisduval). Through examination of institutional voucher specimens, archival field notes, and the literature, we document failed biological control introductions of eight flight-capable Calosoma species: C. calidum (F.), C. frigidum Kirby, C. marginale Casey, C. peregrinator Guérin-Méneville, C. prominens LeConte, C. protractum LeConte, C. semilaeve LeConte, and C. senegalense Dejean. In contrast, the vestigially-winged C. anthracinum Dejean, a rarely collected Mexican species never intentionally introduced, is the only Calosoma currently resident in Hawaiʻi. Calosoma anthracinum was misidentified initially as C. semilaeve, and thereafter misidentified as Calosoma blaptoides tehuanacum Lapouge. Both C. anthracinum and C. protractum were collected sympatrically at Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico during Hawaiʻi-based explorations, and we hypothesize that they were introduced together as a species mixture in a 1923 release made at Waikiʻi, Parker Ranch, Hawaiʻi Island. Calosoma anthracinum was little known to taxonomists at that time due to its limited native distribution, rarity in institutional collections, and absence from taxonomic keys, leading to repeated misidentifications. Calosoma peregrinator and C. prominens, two abundant, sympatric species from the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts, were also taxonomically confused over this period, resulting in mixed-species Hawaiian introductions. Three species that failed to establish upon introduction—C. marginale, C. peregrinator and C. semilaeve—have been intercepted as singletons or pairs of individuals decades later, without apparent establishment. Calosoma beetles’ ecological requirements, dispersal abilities, introduction histories, and native ranges and associated climate are compared among species, the only unique characteristic of the successful colonist being flightlessness. The history of Hawaiian Calosoma introductions illustrates the need for robust and accessible classifications based on accurately determined specimens as well as comprehensive understanding of the biological attributes and habitat requirements of candidate biological control agents. © 2023 The Authors},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Biological Control},
	author = {Liebherr, James K. and Matsunaga, Janis N. and Hajek, Ann E.},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Academic Press Inc.
Type: Article},
}

From 1897 until 1957, beetles of the genus Calosoma L. (Coleoptera: Carabidae) were repeatedly introduced to the Hawaiian Islands as predators of nutgrass armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Walker), armyworm, Mythimna unipuncta (Haworth), and lawn armyworm, Spodoptera mauritia (Boisduval). Through examination of institutional voucher specimens, archival field notes, and the literature, we document failed biological control introductions of eight flight-capable Calosoma species: C. calidum (F.), C. frigidum Kirby, C. marginale Casey, C. peregrinator Guérin-Méneville, C. prominens LeConte, C. protractum LeConte, C. semilaeve LeConte, and C. senegalense Dejean. In contrast, the vestigially-winged C. anthracinum Dejean, a rarely collected Mexican species never intentionally introduced, is the only Calosoma currently resident in Hawaiʻi. Calosoma anthracinum was misidentified initially as C. semilaeve, and thereafter misidentified as Calosoma blaptoides tehuanacum Lapouge. Both C. anthracinum and C. protractum were collected sympatrically at Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico during Hawaiʻi-based explorations, and we hypothesize that they were introduced together as a species mixture in a 1923 release made at Waikiʻi, Parker Ranch, Hawaiʻi Island. Calosoma anthracinum was little known to taxonomists at that time due to its limited native distribution, rarity in institutional collections, and absence from taxonomic keys, leading to repeated misidentifications. Calosoma peregrinator and C. prominens, two abundant, sympatric species from the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts, were also taxonomically confused over this period, resulting in mixed-species Hawaiian introductions. Three species that failed to establish upon introduction—C. marginale, C. peregrinator and C. semilaeve—have been intercepted as singletons or pairs of individuals decades later, without apparent establishment. Calosoma beetles’ ecological requirements, dispersal abilities, introduction histories, and native ranges and associated climate are compared among species, the only unique characteristic of the successful colonist being flightlessness. The history of Hawaiian Calosoma introductions illustrates the need for robust and accessible classifications based on accurately determined specimens as well as comprehensive understanding of the biological attributes and habitat requirements of candidate biological control agents. © 2023 The Authors

@article{march_ignorance_2024,
	title = {{IGNORANCE} {IS} {NOT} {BLISS}: {ON} {ISSUES} {MEASURING} {THE} {AWARENESS} {OF} {SUBOPTIMAL} {STIMULI}},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0278016X},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85187378586&doi=10.1521%2fsoco.2024.42.1.27&partnerID=40&md5=66f731823e050eb8916da8e8f2c00595},
	doi = {10.1521/soco.2024.42.1.27},
	abstract = {It is standard practice to assess participants’ perception of suboptimal stimuli by using an awareness measure. Yet the assessment of stimulus awareness is a difficult issue in masked priming studies; there is no standard for what constitutes participants’ conscious “awareness” nor what measure is best to assess awareness. Nonetheless, researchers make claims of participant (un)awareness based on idiosyncratic operationalizations of “awareness” and unstandardized practices for testing awareness. This unstandardized practice can lead to spurious conclusions based on faulty assumptions. The current work adds to an ongoing discussion on the methodology of the field by drawing attention to how operational definitions and tasks impact the results obtained from experiments. The concept of awareness is briefly discussed, work testing awareness across three attempts is presented, each using different oft-employed awareness measures that render different empirical conclusions, and finally the article discusses choosing an awareness measure that reflects one’s research goal. © 2024 The Guilford Press.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Social Cognition},
	author = {March, David S.},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Guilford Publications
Type: Article},
	keywords = {adult, article, awareness, diagnosis, female, forced choice method, human, human experiment, male, masking, normal human},
	pages = {27 -- 60},
}

It is standard practice to assess participants’ perception of suboptimal stimuli by using an awareness measure. Yet the assessment of stimulus awareness is a difficult issue in masked priming studies; there is no standard for what constitutes participants’ conscious “awareness” nor what measure is best to assess awareness. Nonetheless, researchers make claims of participant (un)awareness based on idiosyncratic operationalizations of “awareness” and unstandardized practices for testing awareness. This unstandardized practice can lead to spurious conclusions based on faulty assumptions. The current work adds to an ongoing discussion on the methodology of the field by drawing attention to how operational definitions and tasks impact the results obtained from experiments. The concept of awareness is briefly discussed, work testing awareness across three attempts is presented, each using different oft-employed awareness measures that render different empirical conclusions, and finally the article discusses choosing an awareness measure that reflects one’s research goal. © 2024 The Guilford Press.

@article{mitova_social_2024,
	title = {Social {Group} {Moral} {Encroachment}},
	issn = {17423600},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85186073538&doi=10.1017%2fepi.2024.7&partnerID=40&md5=4504e7913c9a205091e483123ee2d6f5},
	doi = {10.1017/epi.2024.7},
	abstract = {According to moral encroachers, the moral stakes of a belief partly determine how much evidence we need for the belief to count as knowledge. This view concerns the beliefs of individual believers. In this paper, I argue for a social group version of moral encroachment: dominant groups, such as white people or men, need to have more evidence than the marginalised in order for some of their beliefs to constitute knowledge. I argue for this claim in three steps. First, I spell out the group moral stakes involved - the harms dominant knowers cause the marginalised and the knowledge economy. Second, I show off the theoretical benefits of having the notion of social group moral encroachment at our disposal: it can be an invaluable tool for decolonial and feminist epistemologists if they want to avoid the relativistic ring to their views (a ring that tends to put off many well-wishers). Finally, I start on a positive account of social group moral encroachment by addressing a potential puzzle and responding to objections. Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Episteme},
	author = {Mitova, Veli},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Moral encroachment, collective responsibility, epistemology of groups, group belief, social groups, white ignorance},
}

According to moral encroachers, the moral stakes of a belief partly determine how much evidence we need for the belief to count as knowledge. This view concerns the beliefs of individual believers. In this paper, I argue for a social group version of moral encroachment: dominant groups, such as white people or men, need to have more evidence than the marginalised in order for some of their beliefs to constitute knowledge. I argue for this claim in three steps. First, I spell out the group moral stakes involved - the harms dominant knowers cause the marginalised and the knowledge economy. Second, I show off the theoretical benefits of having the notion of social group moral encroachment at our disposal: it can be an invaluable tool for decolonial and feminist epistemologists if they want to avoid the relativistic ring to their views (a ring that tends to put off many well-wishers). Finally, I start on a positive account of social group moral encroachment by addressing a potential puzzle and responding to objections. Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press.

@article{natale_angiotensin-converting_2024,
	title = {Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, statins and the polypill in cardiovascular diseases prevention: ignorance is bliss or not?},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {02636352},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85186847516&doi=10.1097%2fHJH.0000000000003687&partnerID=40&md5=4a0b08f9226105ba355b3ab5def98471},
	doi = {10.1097/HJH.0000000000003687},
	abstract = {The polypill strategy, which combines several medicines that simultaneously control different risk factors/diseases in a single pill, is one of the approaches used in cardiovascular therapy. In different guidelines, this one-pill combination therapy is suggested as first-line step in disease management. Because the cardiovascular diseases (CVD) pandemia, prevention is essential. The approaches that could improve adherence are of great importance to achieve health, social and economical benefits. However, direct or indirect experience of adverse drug reaction is often the reason for discontinuation, with serious fatal and non-fatal consequences especially for a polypill. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and statins are the most prescribed medications in CVD prevention. It is well known that both drugs may have adverse effects that induce discontinuation. Often, the personal awareness of these effects is a reason for self-discontinuation. In this study an analysis of the ACEi/statin awareness is reported. Is it potentially harmful for polypill? Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Hypertension},
	author = {Natale, Francesco and Golino, Paolo and Cimmino, Giovanni},
	year = {2024},
	pmid = {38441187},
	note = {Publisher: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, Article, Cardiovascular Diseases, Combined Modality Therapy, Disease Management, Humans, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors, awareness, cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular risk, dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase inhibitor, disease management, human, hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, multimodality cancer therapy, practice guideline, prophylaxis, risk factor},
	pages = {746 -- 748},
}

The polypill strategy, which combines several medicines that simultaneously control different risk factors/diseases in a single pill, is one of the approaches used in cardiovascular therapy. In different guidelines, this one-pill combination therapy is suggested as first-line step in disease management. Because the cardiovascular diseases (CVD) pandemia, prevention is essential. The approaches that could improve adherence are of great importance to achieve health, social and economical benefits. However, direct or indirect experience of adverse drug reaction is often the reason for discontinuation, with serious fatal and non-fatal consequences especially for a polypill. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and statins are the most prescribed medications in CVD prevention. It is well known that both drugs may have adverse effects that induce discontinuation. Often, the personal awareness of these effects is a reason for self-discontinuation. In this study an analysis of the ACEi/statin awareness is reported. Is it potentially harmful for polypill? Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

@article{ndabula_south_2024,
	title = {South {African} government responses to {Trump}'s {Global} {Gag} {Rule}: {Silence}, ignorance, and avoidance},
	issn = {02610183},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85185246369&doi=10.1177%2f02610183241229046&partnerID=40&md5=cb7dc885e2fe35c210a1f4a8d9a02e66},
	doi = {10.1177/02610183241229046},
	abstract = {In 2017, Donald Trump signed the Protecting Life in Global Health Assistance (PLGHA), thereby reinstating the Global Gag Rule. The policy restricted all United States foreign funding from abortion-related activities. Little research reports the responses of recipients of this bilateral assistance. The study documents the South African government's responses to the PLGHA. We accessed Hansard parliamentary debates, interviewed four parliamentarians alongside one government official, and reviewed a USAID-funded initiative developed while the policy was in effect. We analysed the data using interpretive content analysis through a global social policy and gendered coloniality lens. Our research documents silence, ignorance, avoidance, and possible over-interpretation of the PLGHA within the South African government. The colonialist politics of global redistribution created the grounds for gendered regulation, resulting in a fundamental undermining of reproductive rights. Ironically, the solution – advocacy and parliamentarian briefing regarding sexual and reproductive issues – is generally led by civil society, the bodies weakened by the PLGHA. © The Author(s) 2024.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Critical Social Policy},
	author = {Ndabula, Yanela and Macleod, Catriona Ida and du Plessis, Ulandi and Moore, Sarah},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd
Type: Article},
}

In 2017, Donald Trump signed the Protecting Life in Global Health Assistance (PLGHA), thereby reinstating the Global Gag Rule. The policy restricted all United States foreign funding from abortion-related activities. Little research reports the responses of recipients of this bilateral assistance. The study documents the South African government's responses to the PLGHA. We accessed Hansard parliamentary debates, interviewed four parliamentarians alongside one government official, and reviewed a USAID-funded initiative developed while the policy was in effect. We analysed the data using interpretive content analysis through a global social policy and gendered coloniality lens. Our research documents silence, ignorance, avoidance, and possible over-interpretation of the PLGHA within the South African government. The colonialist politics of global redistribution created the grounds for gendered regulation, resulting in a fundamental undermining of reproductive rights. Ironically, the solution – advocacy and parliamentarian briefing regarding sexual and reproductive issues – is generally led by civil society, the bodies weakened by the PLGHA. © The Author(s) 2024.

@article{nemes_jesuss_2024,
	title = {Jesus’s {Confession} of {Ignorance} and {Consubstantiality}},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {25930265},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85183668740&doi=10.14428%2fthl.v8i1.68353&partnerID=40&md5=8c41bebc8047fa3f67bf4d5dd7ce88fe},
	doi = {10.14428/thl.v8i1.68353},
	abstract = {This essay argues that Jesus’s confession of ignorance about the day and hour of his return (Matt. 24:36; Mark 13:32) is logically inconsistent with the Nicene-Constantinopolitan doctrine of his “consubstantiality” (homoousia) with God the Father. The essay first defines “consubstantiality”, then presents three formulations of the argument, and finally rebuts a number of possible responses: from the textual originality of the phrase “nor the Son”; from the reinterpretation of “knows” as “makes known”; from the ideas of partitive exegesis and communicatio idiomatum; and from the question of the Holy Spirit’s knowledge of the things of God. © 2024, Catholic University of Louvain. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {TheoLogica},
	author = {Nemes, Steven},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Catholic University of Louvain
Type: Article},
}

This essay argues that Jesus’s confession of ignorance about the day and hour of his return (Matt. 24:36; Mark 13:32) is logically inconsistent with the Nicene-Constantinopolitan doctrine of his “consubstantiality” (homoousia) with God the Father. The essay first defines “consubstantiality”, then presents three formulations of the argument, and finally rebuts a number of possible responses: from the textual originality of the phrase “nor the Son”; from the reinterpretation of “knows” as “makes known”; from the ideas of partitive exegesis and communicatio idiomatum; and from the question of the Holy Spirit’s knowledge of the things of God. © 2024, Catholic University of Louvain. All rights reserved.

@article{nelson_micro-dynamics_2024,
	title = {The micro-dynamics of scientific choice: research project motivations among public affairs academics},
	volume = {51},
	issn = {03023427},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85184042732&doi=10.1093%2fscipol%2fscad059&partnerID=40&md5=b5bafe6f5e17045ea533dd20db432208},
	doi = {10.1093/scipol/scad059},
	abstract = {Academic researchers' choices about research projects to pursue are an important mechanism in societal allocation of research effort. It is unclear whether researchers' criteria for project choice align with those articulated by policy scholars and philosophers. Many potential criteria for project choice are commonly discussed in scholarly and popular literature, but they have been little studied on the individual level. I review and catalog such potential criteria and then empirically explore researcher motivations for project choice through factor analysis of survey data from 409 authors of research articles in major public administration and public policy journals. I find empirical support for personal gain, societal importance, and intellectual interest as research motivations. These motivations do not neatly align with proposed ideal criteria for scientific choice. Thus, such criteria must be translated to speak to researchers' personal interests to achieve expression in individual scientific choice. © The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Science and Public Policy},
	author = {Nelson, John P.},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press
Type: Article},
	keywords = {academic research, economic policy, factor analysis, multicriteria analysis, policy implementation, policy making, research work},
	pages = {149 -- 161},
}

Academic researchers' choices about research projects to pursue are an important mechanism in societal allocation of research effort. It is unclear whether researchers' criteria for project choice align with those articulated by policy scholars and philosophers. Many potential criteria for project choice are commonly discussed in scholarly and popular literature, but they have been little studied on the individual level. I review and catalog such potential criteria and then empirically explore researcher motivations for project choice through factor analysis of survey data from 409 authors of research articles in major public administration and public policy journals. I find empirical support for personal gain, societal importance, and intellectual interest as research motivations. These motivations do not neatly align with proposed ideal criteria for scientific choice. Thus, such criteria must be translated to speak to researchers' personal interests to achieve expression in individual scientific choice. © The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.

@article{ost_recognizing_2024,
	title = {Recognizing the {Paradigm} of the {Unknowing} {Victim} and the {Implications} of {Liminality}},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {00070955},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85174020675&doi=10.1093%2fbjc%2fazad024&partnerID=40&md5=d8e8e2669d8f9a09c0c5b99808cd1d60},
	doi = {10.1093/bjc/azad024},
	abstract = {This article presents the novel conceptualization of the unknowing victim (UV) and addresses the ethical ramifications of this status. Criminology and victimology have primarily focused on knowing victims, but certain crimes occur without the victim’s detection (e.g. sexual assault of an unconscious victim). There is a critical liminal dimension to UV’s status: they are on the threshold between unawareness and conscious awareness of their status as victims of crime and are thus situated on the brink of experiencing harm through their own discovery, or someone else’s disclosure, of the crime committed against them. We call for the recognition of UVs and the temporalities of their embodied experiences, and argue that there is an ethical imperative to prioritize their lived experience. © 2024 Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {British Journal of Criminology},
	author = {Ost, Suzanne and Gillespie, Alisdair A.},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press
Type: Article},
	pages = {194 -- 210},
}

This article presents the novel conceptualization of the unknowing victim (UV) and addresses the ethical ramifications of this status. Criminology and victimology have primarily focused on knowing victims, but certain crimes occur without the victim’s detection (e.g. sexual assault of an unconscious victim). There is a critical liminal dimension to UV’s status: they are on the threshold between unawareness and conscious awareness of their status as victims of crime and are thus situated on the brink of experiencing harm through their own discovery, or someone else’s disclosure, of the crime committed against them. We call for the recognition of UVs and the temporalities of their embodied experiences, and argue that there is an ethical imperative to prioritize their lived experience. © 2024 Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.

@article{paulson_very_2024,
	title = {The very idea of rational irrationality},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {1470594X},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85162949900&doi=10.1177%2f1470594X231177640&partnerID=40&md5=7af592726d639b415c1ad9ba0fcad7c4},
	doi = {10.1177/1470594X231177640},
	abstract = {I am interested in the “rational irrationality hypothesis” about voter behavior. According to this hypothesis, voters regularly vote for policies that are contrary to their interests because the act of voting for them isn’t. Gathering political information is time-consuming and inconvenient. Doing so is unlikely to lead to positive results since one's vote is unlikely to be decisive. However, we have preferences over our political beliefs. We like to see ourselves as members of certain groups (e.g. “rugged individualists”) and being part of those groups depends on having certain beliefs (e.g. about welfare spending). Even if a decrease in welfare spending would be bad for me, I might still benefit by believing in and, consequently, voting for a decrease since my vote is unlikely to make a difference but getting to see myself as a rugged individualist will make a noticeable difference to my wellbeing. It is sometimes argued that this hypothesis fails for empirical reasons. I will argue that things are worse: it is conceptually incoherent. I will do so by first showing that it is a rationalizing explanation and then argue that rationalizing explanations must be reflectively stable from the agent's perspective. The rational irrationality hypothesis is not. © The Author(s) 2023.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Politics, Philosophy and Economics},
	author = {Paulson, Spencer},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc.
Type: Article},
	pages = {3 -- 21},
}

I am interested in the “rational irrationality hypothesis” about voter behavior. According to this hypothesis, voters regularly vote for policies that are contrary to their interests because the act of voting for them isn’t. Gathering political information is time-consuming and inconvenient. Doing so is unlikely to lead to positive results since one's vote is unlikely to be decisive. However, we have preferences over our political beliefs. We like to see ourselves as members of certain groups (e.g. “rugged individualists”) and being part of those groups depends on having certain beliefs (e.g. about welfare spending). Even if a decrease in welfare spending would be bad for me, I might still benefit by believing in and, consequently, voting for a decrease since my vote is unlikely to make a difference but getting to see myself as a rugged individualist will make a noticeable difference to my wellbeing. It is sometimes argued that this hypothesis fails for empirical reasons. I will argue that things are worse: it is conceptually incoherent. I will do so by first showing that it is a rationalizing explanation and then argue that rationalizing explanations must be reflectively stable from the agent's perspective. The rational irrationality hypothesis is not. © The Author(s) 2023.

@article{perez_critical_2024,
	title = {Critical {Reflections} on the {Constitutional} {Reform} in the {Field} of {National} {Guard}; [{Reflexiones} críticas sobre la reforma constitucional en materia de {Guardia} {Nacional}]},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {14059193},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85186449852&doi=10.22201%2fiij.24484881e.2024.50.18806&partnerID=40&md5=ff8f3b6ec554cd98ee8c34febb1174f1},
	doi = {10.22201/iij.24484881e.2024.50.18806},
	abstract = {The change in nature and restructuring of the National Guard meant a different approach in public security policy in our country. However, there are several errors of normative symmetry caused very possibly by the ignorance of the reforming power, of the nature and purposes of this nineteenth corporation that could lead to severe failures in the instrumentation of its actions. © 2024 Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. All rights reserved.},
	language = {Spanish},
	number = {50},
	journal = {Cuestiones Constitucionales},
	author = {Pérez, Alberto Herrera},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico
Type: Article},
	pages = {67 -- 99},
}

The change in nature and restructuring of the National Guard meant a different approach in public security policy in our country. However, there are several errors of normative symmetry caused very possibly by the ignorance of the reforming power, of the nature and purposes of this nineteenth corporation that could lead to severe failures in the instrumentation of its actions. © 2024 Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. All rights reserved.

@article{prodan_truthful_2024,
	title = {Truthful yet misleading: {Elementary} second-order deception in school-age children and its sociocognitive correlates},
	volume = {237},
	issn = {00220965},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85168526982&doi=10.1016%2fj.jecp.2023.105759&partnerID=40&md5=21958483b51e1d7e626a455cc669de2a},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105759},
	abstract = {In highly competitive contexts, deceptive intentions might be transparent, so conveying only false information to the opponent can become a predictable strategy. In such situations, alternating between truths and lies (second-order lying behavior) represents a less foreseeable option. The current study investigated the development of 8- to 10-year-old children's elementary second-order deception in relation to their attribution of ignorance (first- and second-order ignorance) and executive functions (inhibitory control, shifting ability, and verbal working memory). An adapted version of the hide-and-seek paradigm was used to assess children's second-order lie-telling, in which children were asked to hide a coin in either of their hands. Unlike the standard paradigm, the opponent did not consistently look for the coin in the location indicated by the children, so children needed to switch between telling simple lies and truths (elementary second-order lies about the coin location) to successfully deceive the recipient. The results showed that older children were less likely to tell elementary second-order lies. However, across the sample, when children decided to lie, this ability was positively related to their second-order ignorance attribution and their verbal working memory. Moreover, we obtained preliminary evidence for the presence of a habituation effect in second-order lying, with children being more accurate and having less variability in their truthful-to-deceive responses (this being the more frequently elicited response) than when telling lies to deceive. Our findings could have implications for understanding the mechanisms underlying children's ability to alternate between truths and lies to deceive. © 2023 Elsevier Inc.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Child Psychology},
	author = {Prodan, Narcisa and Ding, Xiao Pan and Visu-Petra, Laura},
	year = {2024},
	pmid = {37597452},
	note = {Publisher: Academic Press Inc.
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Child, Child Behavior, Deception, Executive Function, Humans, Intention, Memory, Short-Term, adolescent, article, behavior, child, child behavior, deception, executive function, female, habituation, human, human experiment, male, physiology, psychology, short term memory, working memory},
}

In highly competitive contexts, deceptive intentions might be transparent, so conveying only false information to the opponent can become a predictable strategy. In such situations, alternating between truths and lies (second-order lying behavior) represents a less foreseeable option. The current study investigated the development of 8- to 10-year-old children's elementary second-order deception in relation to their attribution of ignorance (first- and second-order ignorance) and executive functions (inhibitory control, shifting ability, and verbal working memory). An adapted version of the hide-and-seek paradigm was used to assess children's second-order lie-telling, in which children were asked to hide a coin in either of their hands. Unlike the standard paradigm, the opponent did not consistently look for the coin in the location indicated by the children, so children needed to switch between telling simple lies and truths (elementary second-order lies about the coin location) to successfully deceive the recipient. The results showed that older children were less likely to tell elementary second-order lies. However, across the sample, when children decided to lie, this ability was positively related to their second-order ignorance attribution and their verbal working memory. Moreover, we obtained preliminary evidence for the presence of a habituation effect in second-order lying, with children being more accurate and having less variability in their truthful-to-deceive responses (this being the more frequently elicited response) than when telling lies to deceive. Our findings could have implications for understanding the mechanisms underlying children's ability to alternate between truths and lies to deceive. © 2023 Elsevier Inc.

@article{riehle_ignorance_2024,
	title = {Ignorance, indifference, or incompetence: why are {Russian} covert actions so easily unmasked?},
	issn = {02684527},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85183920871&doi=10.1080%2f02684527.2023.2300165&partnerID=40&md5=5f42d157b9396b843ba6c177ec6988dd},
	doi = {10.1080/02684527.2023.2300165},
	abstract = {Although plausible deniability is a definitional characteristic of covert actions, numerous Russian actions have been unveiled and attributed to Russia over the past decade. The reason for these frequent revelations can be explained by three factors: ignorance, indifference, and incompetence. Russian actions often display ignorance about the reactions they might elicit, indifference to global opinion if they are caught, and incompetence that allows foreign governments to unpeel the sometimes thin veneer of clandestinity that is supposed to cover Russian actions. Frequent revelations based on a combination of those factors have given Russia a reputation of aggressiveness in the international arena, while also limiting Russia’s own actions, even in overt areas such as diplomacy and economic relations, because of that reputation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Intelligence and National Security},
	author = {Riehle, Kevin P.},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
Type: Article},
}

Although plausible deniability is a definitional characteristic of covert actions, numerous Russian actions have been unveiled and attributed to Russia over the past decade. The reason for these frequent revelations can be explained by three factors: ignorance, indifference, and incompetence. Russian actions often display ignorance about the reactions they might elicit, indifference to global opinion if they are caught, and incompetence that allows foreign governments to unpeel the sometimes thin veneer of clandestinity that is supposed to cover Russian actions. Frequent revelations based on a combination of those factors have given Russia a reputation of aggressiveness in the international arena, while also limiting Russia’s own actions, even in overt areas such as diplomacy and economic relations, because of that reputation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

@article{semenova_wisdom_2024,
	title = {Wisdom of the {Crowds} or {Ignorance} of the {Masses}? {A} {Data}-{Driven} {Guide} to {WallStreetBets}},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {00954918},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85184573883&doi=10.3905%2fjpm.2024.1.581&partnerID=40&md5=13ff882f263680a436cc38be008e72f6},
	doi = {10.3905/jpm.2024.1.581},
	abstract = {A trite yet fundamental question in economics is: What causes large asset price fluctuations? A 10-fold rise in the price of GameStop equity, between January 22, 2021, and January 28, 2021, demonstrated that herding behavior among retail investors is an important contributing factor. This article presents a data-driven guide to the forum that started the hype: WallStreetBets (WSB). The article's initial experiments decompose the forum using a large language topic model and network tools. The topic model describes the evolution of the forum over time and shows the persistence of certain topics (such as the market/S\&P 500 discussion) and the sporadic interest in others, such as COVID-19 or crude oil. The authors use network analysis to decompose the landscape of retail investors into clusters based on their posting and discussion habits; several large, correlated asset discussion clusters emerge, surrounded by smaller, niche ones. A second set of experiments assesses the impact that WSB discussions have had on the market. The authors show that forum activity has a Granger causal relationship with the returns of several assets, some of which are now commonly classified as meme stocks, while others have gone under the radar. The article extracts a set of short-term trade signals from posts and long-term (monthly and weekly) trade signals from forum dynamics and considers their predictive power at different time horizons. In addition to the analysis, the article presents the dataset, as well as an interactive dashboard, in order to promote further research. © The Author(s) 2024.},
	language = {English},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Portfolio Management},
	author = {Semenova, Valentina and Gorduza, Dragos and Wildi, William and Dong, Xiaowen and Zohren, Stefan},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Portfolio Management Research
Type: Article},
	pages = {88 -- 106},
}

A trite yet fundamental question in economics is: What causes large asset price fluctuations? A 10-fold rise in the price of GameStop equity, between January 22, 2021, and January 28, 2021, demonstrated that herding behavior among retail investors is an important contributing factor. This article presents a data-driven guide to the forum that started the hype: WallStreetBets (WSB). The article's initial experiments decompose the forum using a large language topic model and network tools. The topic model describes the evolution of the forum over time and shows the persistence of certain topics (such as the market/S&P 500 discussion) and the sporadic interest in others, such as COVID-19 or crude oil. The authors use network analysis to decompose the landscape of retail investors into clusters based on their posting and discussion habits; several large, correlated asset discussion clusters emerge, surrounded by smaller, niche ones. A second set of experiments assesses the impact that WSB discussions have had on the market. The authors show that forum activity has a Granger causal relationship with the returns of several assets, some of which are now commonly classified as meme stocks, while others have gone under the radar. The article extracts a set of short-term trade signals from posts and long-term (monthly and weekly) trade signals from forum dynamics and considers their predictive power at different time horizons. In addition to the analysis, the article presents the dataset, as well as an interactive dashboard, in order to promote further research. © The Author(s) 2024.

@article{sendra_astrazeneca_2024,
	title = {{AstraZeneca} {Vaccine} {Controversies} in the {Media}: {Theorizing} {About} the {Mediatization} of {Ignorance} in the {Context} of the {COVID}-19 {Vaccination} {Campaign}},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {10410236},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85147314511&doi=10.1080%2f10410236.2023.2171951&partnerID=40&md5=b8975eda448680c2e05063b8fee93ff4},
	doi = {10.1080/10410236.2023.2171951},
	abstract = {As is the case in other situations of deep uncertainty, the unknowns related to the COVID-19 pandemic have aroused a great deal of attention in the media. Drawing insights both from mediatization theory and ignorance studies, we discuss the coverage of the AstraZeneca vaccine controversies to develop a new concept that we call the mediatization of ignorance. In doing so, we conceptualize the procedure through which unknowns become mediatized as a three-step process that results from a combination of logics from the areas of politics, health, and science/industry. Moreover, we argue that the mediatization of ignorance may have promoted vaccine hesitancy at a moment when vaccination was crucial for addressing the COVID-19 pandemic. We conclude by suggesting the need to explore in further detail the role that ignorance plays not only in the management of the COVID-19 crisis but also in different areas of society. © 2023 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor \& Francis Group, LLC.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Health Communication},
	author = {Sendra, Anna and Torkkola, Sinikka and Parviainen, Jaana},
	year = {2024},
	pmid = {36703490},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
Type: Article},
	pages = {541 -- 551},
}

As is the case in other situations of deep uncertainty, the unknowns related to the COVID-19 pandemic have aroused a great deal of attention in the media. Drawing insights both from mediatization theory and ignorance studies, we discuss the coverage of the AstraZeneca vaccine controversies to develop a new concept that we call the mediatization of ignorance. In doing so, we conceptualize the procedure through which unknowns become mediatized as a three-step process that results from a combination of logics from the areas of politics, health, and science/industry. Moreover, we argue that the mediatization of ignorance may have promoted vaccine hesitancy at a moment when vaccination was crucial for addressing the COVID-19 pandemic. We conclude by suggesting the need to explore in further detail the role that ignorance plays not only in the management of the COVID-19 crisis but also in different areas of society. © 2023 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

@article{shu_understanding_2024,
	title = {Understanding absences and ambiguities of {Post}-decision {Project} {Evaluation} in the {UK}'s {PPPs}: drawing from the sociology of ignorance},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {09513574},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85161796686&doi=10.1108%2fAAAJ-03-2020-4451&partnerID=40&md5=94d31077a28bb52b241df1336a161057},
	doi = {10.1108/AAAJ-03-2020-4451},
	abstract = {Purpose: The authors explore the under-researched area of post-decision evaluation in PPPs (public–private partnerships), focusing upon how and whether Post-decision Project Evaluation (PdPE) is considered and provided for in United Kingdom (UK) public infrastructure projects. Design/methodology/approach: The authors’ research design sought insights from overviewing UK PPP planning and more focused exploration of PPP operational practice. The authors combine the extensive analysis of planning documents for operational UK PPP projects with interviews of different stakeholders in PPP projects in one city. Mobilising an open critical perspective, documents were analysed using ethnographic content analysis (ECA) and interviews were analysed using thematic analysis consistent therewith. The authors theorise the absence and ambiguities of PdPE drawing on the sociology of ignorance. Findings: The authors find a long-standing absence and lack of PdPE in PPP projects throughout planning and operational practice, reflecting a dynamic, multi-faceted ignorance. Concerning planning practice, the authors’ documentary analysis evidences a trend in PdPE from its absence in the early years (which may indicate some natural or genuine ignorance) to different levels or forms of weak inclusion later. Regarding this inclusion, the authors find strategic ignorance played a substantive role, involving “deliberate engineering” by both public sector and private partners. Interview findings indicate lack of clarity over PdPE and its under-development in PPP practice, deficiencies again suggestive of natural and strategic ignorance. Originality/value: The authors draw from the sociology of ignorance vis-à-vis accounting's absence and ambiguity in the context of PPP, contributing to an under-researched area. © 2023, Emerald Publishing Limited.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal},
	author = {Shu, Xia and Smyth, Stewart and Haslam, Jim},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Emerald Publishing
Type: Article},
	pages = {363 -- 392},
}

Purpose: The authors explore the under-researched area of post-decision evaluation in PPPs (public–private partnerships), focusing upon how and whether Post-decision Project Evaluation (PdPE) is considered and provided for in United Kingdom (UK) public infrastructure projects. Design/methodology/approach: The authors’ research design sought insights from overviewing UK PPP planning and more focused exploration of PPP operational practice. The authors combine the extensive analysis of planning documents for operational UK PPP projects with interviews of different stakeholders in PPP projects in one city. Mobilising an open critical perspective, documents were analysed using ethnographic content analysis (ECA) and interviews were analysed using thematic analysis consistent therewith. The authors theorise the absence and ambiguities of PdPE drawing on the sociology of ignorance. Findings: The authors find a long-standing absence and lack of PdPE in PPP projects throughout planning and operational practice, reflecting a dynamic, multi-faceted ignorance. Concerning planning practice, the authors’ documentary analysis evidences a trend in PdPE from its absence in the early years (which may indicate some natural or genuine ignorance) to different levels or forms of weak inclusion later. Regarding this inclusion, the authors find strategic ignorance played a substantive role, involving “deliberate engineering” by both public sector and private partners. Interview findings indicate lack of clarity over PdPE and its under-development in PPP practice, deficiencies again suggestive of natural and strategic ignorance. Originality/value: The authors draw from the sociology of ignorance vis-à-vis accounting's absence and ambiguity in the context of PPP, contributing to an under-researched area. © 2023, Emerald Publishing Limited.

@article{thiel_abolish_2024,
	title = {Abolish, {Accept}, {Apply}: {Coping} {With} {Ignorance} in {Project} {Ecologies}},
	volume = {55},
	issn = {87569728},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85165555875&doi=10.1177%2f87569728231179812&partnerID=40&md5=d75747ee6bf011716707385b2524a5cc},
	doi = {10.1177/87569728231179812},
	abstract = {This article seeks to advance the current debate on the role of ignorance in the management of large projects by mobilizing insights from recent literature on the interplay between temporary projects and permanent contexts. Instead of examining how ignorance shapes the success or failure of isolated projects, we intend to examine how ignorance is addressed and framed within these projects and their wider environment and how this framing shapes the practices of planning and managing projects. The usefulness of the proposed framework is gauged with two empirical vignettes that elucidate different perspectives on ignorance in recent, German, large construction projects. © 2023 Project Management Institute, Inc.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Project Management Journal},
	author = {Thiel, Joachim and Grabher, Gernot},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc.
Type: Article},
	pages = {139 -- 150},
}

This article seeks to advance the current debate on the role of ignorance in the management of large projects by mobilizing insights from recent literature on the interplay between temporary projects and permanent contexts. Instead of examining how ignorance shapes the success or failure of isolated projects, we intend to examine how ignorance is addressed and framed within these projects and their wider environment and how this framing shapes the practices of planning and managing projects. The usefulness of the proposed framework is gauged with two empirical vignettes that elucidate different perspectives on ignorance in recent, German, large construction projects. © 2023 Project Management Institute, Inc.

@article{vallejo_vilaro_claiming_2024,
	title = {Claiming the {Right} to {Health} in the {Face} of {Ignorance} of {Yagé} as a {Therapeutic} {Possibility}; [{Revendiquer} le droit à la santé face à la méconnaissance du yagé comme possibilité thérapeutique]; [{Reivindicación} del derecho a la salud frente al desconocimiento del yagé como posibilidad terapéutica]},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {18704670},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85187015262&doi=10.22201%2fiij.24487899e.2024.38.18939&partnerID=40&md5=3146a4b2e9ae4e943ff89d5f7426a6ec},
	doi = {10.22201/iij.24487899e.2024.38.18939},
	abstract = {As orphan diseases are of special interest, it is a priority according to Law 1392 of 2010 to incorporate all the necessary components to guarantee those who suffer from them social protection, beyond health. Treatment options are limited, however, it is contradictory to find that ayahuasca has been confirmed as a totally viable alternative, to improve the living conditions of people suffering from neurodegenerative diseases and who are in serious danger due to various factors that point to especially ignorance. It is proposed to review compliance with Statutory Law 1751 of 2015 regarding the guarantee and claim of rights in the face of ignorance of yagé as a therapeutic possibility in patients who do not respond satisfactorily to conventional medical treatments; analyze the importance of allowing the use of ayahuasca in medicine, examine its history and recommendations for its use as a therapeutic treatment. According to the consultations carried out, it is obtained that, although by law the research and implementation of ayahuasca should be prioritized, various factors in addition to cultural ones, are making it impossible for people who are seriously affected by orphan diseases not to enjoy this benefit. © 2024 Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Astronomia. All rights reserved.},
	language = {Spanish},
	journal = {Revista Latinoamericana de Derecho Social},
	author = {Vallejo Vilaró, Valerie Michelle and Montoya agudelo, César Alveiro},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Astronomia
Type: Article},
	pages = {151 -- 184},
}

As orphan diseases are of special interest, it is a priority according to Law 1392 of 2010 to incorporate all the necessary components to guarantee those who suffer from them social protection, beyond health. Treatment options are limited, however, it is contradictory to find that ayahuasca has been confirmed as a totally viable alternative, to improve the living conditions of people suffering from neurodegenerative diseases and who are in serious danger due to various factors that point to especially ignorance. It is proposed to review compliance with Statutory Law 1751 of 2015 regarding the guarantee and claim of rights in the face of ignorance of yagé as a therapeutic possibility in patients who do not respond satisfactorily to conventional medical treatments; analyze the importance of allowing the use of ayahuasca in medicine, examine its history and recommendations for its use as a therapeutic treatment. According to the consultations carried out, it is obtained that, although by law the research and implementation of ayahuasca should be prioritized, various factors in addition to cultural ones, are making it impossible for people who are seriously affected by orphan diseases not to enjoy this benefit. © 2024 Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Astronomia. All rights reserved.

@article{silva_ignorance_2024,
	title = {Ignorance and awareness},
	volume = {58},
	issn = {00294624},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85148381465&doi=10.1111%2fnous.12450&partnerID=40&md5=97ae1b03a65c2b5d143dd3f6a8e1a978},
	doi = {10.1111/nous.12450},
	abstract = {Knowledge implies the presence of a positive relation between a person and a fact. Factual ignorance, on the other hand, implies the absence of some positive relation between a person and a fact. The two most influential views of ignorance hold that what is lacking in cases of factual ignorance is knowledge or true belief, but these accounts fail to explain a number of basic facts about ignorance. In their place, we propose a novel and systematic defense of the view that factual ignorance is the absence of awareness, an account that both comes apart from the dominant views and overcomes their deficiencies. Given the important role that ignorance plays in moral and legal theory and our understanding of various epistemic injustices, a precise and theoretically unproblematic account of the nature of ignorance is important not only for normative epistemology, but also for law, ethics, and applied epistemology. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Nous},
	author = {Silva, Paul and Siscoe, Robert Weston},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc
Type: Article},
	pages = {225 -- 243},
}

Knowledge implies the presence of a positive relation between a person and a fact. Factual ignorance, on the other hand, implies the absence of some positive relation between a person and a fact. The two most influential views of ignorance hold that what is lacking in cases of factual ignorance is knowledge or true belief, but these accounts fail to explain a number of basic facts about ignorance. In their place, we propose a novel and systematic defense of the view that factual ignorance is the absence of awareness, an account that both comes apart from the dominant views and overcomes their deficiencies. Given the important role that ignorance plays in moral and legal theory and our understanding of various epistemic injustices, a precise and theoretically unproblematic account of the nature of ignorance is important not only for normative epistemology, but also for law, ethics, and applied epistemology. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

@article{togami_politics_2024,
	title = {The politics of airing grievances: an analysis of air quality knowledge and ignorance in {Pittsburgh}},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {13549839},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85181735399&doi=10.1080%2f13549839.2023.2300961&partnerID=40&md5=3346d90f0876718cad90920154ce263c},
	doi = {10.1080/13549839.2023.2300961},
	abstract = {Pittsburgh's airshed is among the most surveilled and studied in the United States, yet its residents continue to endure some of the worst air quality in the United States. In 2016, in response to the decades-long failure of the local Board of Health to take decisive action against regional polluters, Pittsburgh residents began documenting their air quality complaints using the Smell Pittsburgh app. Drawing from an analysis of thousands of Smell Pittsburgh users’ reports, interviews with local air activists, and observations of Board of Health meetings, we investigate why air quality authorities dismiss the information generated by Smell Pittsburgh. By examining the Smell Pittsburgh data and asking what is being ignored by environmental regulators, we show that the app is threatening insofar as it serves as a repository of uncomfortable knowledge that testifies to the extent of environmental suffering generated by the region's hazardous air. © 2024 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group.},
	language = {English},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Local Environment},
	author = {Togami, Chie and Murphy, Michael Warren},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, United States, air quality, atmospheric pollution, knowledge based system, pollution control, source apportionment},
	pages = {446 -- 459},
}

Pittsburgh's airshed is among the most surveilled and studied in the United States, yet its residents continue to endure some of the worst air quality in the United States. In 2016, in response to the decades-long failure of the local Board of Health to take decisive action against regional polluters, Pittsburgh residents began documenting their air quality complaints using the Smell Pittsburgh app. Drawing from an analysis of thousands of Smell Pittsburgh users’ reports, interviews with local air activists, and observations of Board of Health meetings, we investigate why air quality authorities dismiss the information generated by Smell Pittsburgh. By examining the Smell Pittsburgh data and asking what is being ignored by environmental regulators, we show that the app is threatening insofar as it serves as a repository of uncomfortable knowledge that testifies to the extent of environmental suffering generated by the region's hazardous air. © 2024 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

@article{van_den_brandeler_towards_2024,
	title = {Towards an {Epistemology} of ‘{Speciesist} {Ignorance}’},
	issn = {13564765},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85185935196&doi=10.1007%2fs11158-024-09656-0&partnerID=40&md5=8c53a6d25720816ee5adf20ad65f304d},
	doi = {10.1007/s11158-024-09656-0},
	abstract = {The literature on the epistemology of ignorance already discusses how certain forms of discrimination, such as racism and sexism, are perpetuated by the ignorance of individuals and groups. However, little attention has been given to how speciesism—a form of discrimination on the basis of species membership—is sustained through ignorance. Of the few animal ethicists who explicitly discuss ignorance, none have related this concept to speciesism as a form of discrimination. However, it is crucial to explore this connection, I argue, as ignorance is both an integral part of the injustice done to animals as well as an obstacle to improving their treatment. In order to adequately criticize sustained structural speciesism and injustices towards animals, I develop an epistemological account of ‘speciesist ignorance’. I begin by defining and distinguishing between individual and group-based accounts of speciesist ignorance. I argue that humans, taken as a group, enjoy a position of privilege, which allows them to comfortably remain ignorant of their participation in collective wrongdoings towards animals. Additionally, I point out that speciesist ignorance is structurally encouraged and thereby maintains the dominant view that the human-animal-relationship, as it stands, is just. In sum, this article lays the groundwork for a social epistemology of speciesist ignorance. In particular, it informs further debate about individual and institutional epistemic duties to inquire into speciesism and to inform the public, about the moral culpability of ignorant actions, and about effective animal advocacy and policy which actively rejects speciesist ignorance. © The Author(s) 2024.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Res Publica},
	author = {van den Brandeler, Emnée},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media B.V.
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Animal ethics, Group ignorance, Human privilege, Moral ignorance, Speciesism},
}

The literature on the epistemology of ignorance already discusses how certain forms of discrimination, such as racism and sexism, are perpetuated by the ignorance of individuals and groups. However, little attention has been given to how speciesism—a form of discrimination on the basis of species membership—is sustained through ignorance. Of the few animal ethicists who explicitly discuss ignorance, none have related this concept to speciesism as a form of discrimination. However, it is crucial to explore this connection, I argue, as ignorance is both an integral part of the injustice done to animals as well as an obstacle to improving their treatment. In order to adequately criticize sustained structural speciesism and injustices towards animals, I develop an epistemological account of ‘speciesist ignorance’. I begin by defining and distinguishing between individual and group-based accounts of speciesist ignorance. I argue that humans, taken as a group, enjoy a position of privilege, which allows them to comfortably remain ignorant of their participation in collective wrongdoings towards animals. Additionally, I point out that speciesist ignorance is structurally encouraged and thereby maintains the dominant view that the human-animal-relationship, as it stands, is just. In sum, this article lays the groundwork for a social epistemology of speciesist ignorance. In particular, it informs further debate about individual and institutional epistemic duties to inquire into speciesism and to inform the public, about the moral culpability of ignorant actions, and about effective animal advocacy and policy which actively rejects speciesist ignorance. © The Author(s) 2024.

@article{villiger_informed_2024,
	title = {Informed {Consent} {Under} {Ignorance}},
	issn = {15265161},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85181444918&doi=10.1080%2f15265161.2023.2296429&partnerID=40&md5=1dc9e73cb85089522ba3c949207ffbbb},
	doi = {10.1080/15265161.2023.2296429},
	abstract = {In recent years, an old challenge to informed consent has been rediscovered: the challenge of ignorance. Several authors argue that due to the presence of irreducible ignorance in certain treatments, giving informed consent to these treatments is not possible. The present paper examines in what ways ignorance is believed to prevent informed consent and which treatments are affected by that. At this, it becomes clear that if the challenge of ignorance truly holds, it poses a major problem to informed consent. The paper argues, however, that from both an empirical and a theoretical point of view, it is not convincing that ignorance prevents informed consent. Still, it seems important that the presence of irreducible ignorance is openly discussed during the informed consent process. © 2024 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor \& Francis Group, LLC.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {American Journal of Bioethics},
	author = {Villiger, Daniel},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor and Francis Ltd.
Type: Article},
	keywords = {adverse drug reaction, article, clinical article, drug analysis, drug combination, human, informed consent, medical ethics, side effect, therapy},
}

In recent years, an old challenge to informed consent has been rediscovered: the challenge of ignorance. Several authors argue that due to the presence of irreducible ignorance in certain treatments, giving informed consent to these treatments is not possible. The present paper examines in what ways ignorance is believed to prevent informed consent and which treatments are affected by that. At this, it becomes clear that if the challenge of ignorance truly holds, it poses a major problem to informed consent. The paper argues, however, that from both an empirical and a theoretical point of view, it is not convincing that ignorance prevents informed consent. Still, it seems important that the presence of irreducible ignorance is openly discussed during the informed consent process. © 2024 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

@article{vu_giving_2024,
	title = {Giving (in) to help an identified person},
	volume = {110},
	issn = {00221031},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85178002825&doi=10.1016%2fj.jesp.2023.104557&partnerID=40&md5=71cbc7714d48e5b8ecf641a8e6f0e7de},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104557},
	abstract = {People give more to a person in need when this person's identity is known. Such altruistic behaviors may arise from a genuine concern for the person, leading people to give. Alternatively, altruistic behavior may also arise from one's attempt to reduce the guilt of not giving, leading people to give in. Is the increased altruism towards an identified (vs. unidentified) charity recipient driven by a genuine concern for the person or by guilt? The current registered report addressed this question in two experiments (N = 3671), in which participants made allocation decisions in transparent vs. ambiguous settings with a predetermined (versus undetermined; Study 1) or an identified (versus unidentified; Study 2) child in need as the recipient. Consistent with our pre-registered hypothesis, results revealed that participants gave significantly less to undetermined/unidentified children in an ambiguous, compared with a transparent setting. However, in contrast to our predictions, predetermined/identified children did not receive more than undetermined/unidentified children in transparent settings in which they know how their choice impacts the children. Accordingly, the predicted interaction between identification and ambiguity was not significant. Exploratory analyses revealed that participants who willingly resolve the ambiguity surrounding the impact of their choice gave more compared to those who were given transparent information by default. The results suggest that some people give in when making their donation decisions, but the tendency to give in is independent of whether the recipient is identified or not. © 2023 The Authors},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Social Psychology},
	author = {Vu, Linh and Molho, Catherine and Soraperra, Ivan and Fiedler, Susann and Shalvi, Shaul},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Academic Press Inc.
Type: Article},
}

People give more to a person in need when this person's identity is known. Such altruistic behaviors may arise from a genuine concern for the person, leading people to give. Alternatively, altruistic behavior may also arise from one's attempt to reduce the guilt of not giving, leading people to give in. Is the increased altruism towards an identified (vs. unidentified) charity recipient driven by a genuine concern for the person or by guilt? The current registered report addressed this question in two experiments (N = 3671), in which participants made allocation decisions in transparent vs. ambiguous settings with a predetermined (versus undetermined; Study 1) or an identified (versus unidentified; Study 2) child in need as the recipient. Consistent with our pre-registered hypothesis, results revealed that participants gave significantly less to undetermined/unidentified children in an ambiguous, compared with a transparent setting. However, in contrast to our predictions, predetermined/identified children did not receive more than undetermined/unidentified children in transparent settings in which they know how their choice impacts the children. Accordingly, the predicted interaction between identification and ambiguity was not significant. Exploratory analyses revealed that participants who willingly resolve the ambiguity surrounding the impact of their choice gave more compared to those who were given transparent information by default. The results suggest that some people give in when making their donation decisions, but the tendency to give in is independent of whether the recipient is identified or not. © 2023 The Authors

@article{bartl_social_2024,
	title = {Social and {Ethical} {Implications} of {Digital} {Crisis} {Technologies}: {Case} {Study} of {Pandemic} {Simulation} {Models} {During} the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic}},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {14388871},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85182539849&doi=10.2196%2f45723&partnerID=40&md5=acbcfc65c8cba12a52127581ebad8810},
	doi = {10.2196/45723},
	abstract = {Background: Responses to public health crises are increasingly technological in nature, as the prominence of COVID-19–related statistics and simulations amply demonstrates. However, the use of technologies is preconditional and has various implications. These implications can not only affect acceptance but also challenge the acceptability of these technologies with regard to the ethical and normative dimension. Objective: This study focuses on pandemic simulation models as algorithmic governance tools that played a central role in political decision-making during the COVID-19 pandemic. To assess the social implications of pandemic simulation models, the premises of data collection, sorting, and evaluation must be disclosed and reflected upon. Consequently, the social construction principles of digital health technologies must be revealed and examined for their effects with regard to social, ethical, and ultimately political issues. Methods: This case study starts with a systematization of different simulation approaches to create a typology of pandemic simulation models. On the basis of this, various properties, functions, and challenges of these simulation models are revealed and discussed in detail from a socioscientific point of view. Results: The typology of pandemic simulation methods reveals the diversity of model-driven handling of pandemic threats. However, it is reasonable to assume that the use of simulation models could increasingly shift toward agent-based or artificial intelligence models in the future, thus promoting the logic of algorithmic decision-making in response to public health crises. As algorithmic decision-making focuses more on predicting future dynamics than statistical practices of assessing pandemic events, this study discusses this development in detail, resulting in an operationalized overview of the key social and ethical issues related to pandemic crisis technologies. Conclusions: This study identifies 3 major recommendations for the future of pandemic crisis technologies. ©Gabriel Bartl.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Internet Research},
	author = {Bartl, Gabriel},
	year = {2024},
	pmid = {38227361},
	note = {Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Article, Artificial Intelligence, COVID-19, Digital Technology, Humans, Pandemics, Technology, algorithm, artificial intelligence, case study, computer simulation, coronavirus disease 2019, decision making, digital technology, ethics, human, information processing, pandemic, politics, public health, social aspect, technology},
}

Background: Responses to public health crises are increasingly technological in nature, as the prominence of COVID-19–related statistics and simulations amply demonstrates. However, the use of technologies is preconditional and has various implications. These implications can not only affect acceptance but also challenge the acceptability of these technologies with regard to the ethical and normative dimension. Objective: This study focuses on pandemic simulation models as algorithmic governance tools that played a central role in political decision-making during the COVID-19 pandemic. To assess the social implications of pandemic simulation models, the premises of data collection, sorting, and evaluation must be disclosed and reflected upon. Consequently, the social construction principles of digital health technologies must be revealed and examined for their effects with regard to social, ethical, and ultimately political issues. Methods: This case study starts with a systematization of different simulation approaches to create a typology of pandemic simulation models. On the basis of this, various properties, functions, and challenges of these simulation models are revealed and discussed in detail from a socioscientific point of view. Results: The typology of pandemic simulation methods reveals the diversity of model-driven handling of pandemic threats. However, it is reasonable to assume that the use of simulation models could increasingly shift toward agent-based or artificial intelligence models in the future, thus promoting the logic of algorithmic decision-making in response to public health crises. As algorithmic decision-making focuses more on predicting future dynamics than statistical practices of assessing pandemic events, this study discusses this development in detail, resulting in an operationalized overview of the key social and ethical issues related to pandemic crisis technologies. Conclusions: This study identifies 3 major recommendations for the future of pandemic crisis technologies. ©Gabriel Bartl.

@article{demartino_economics_2024,
	title = {Economics for an uncertain world},
	volume = {173},
	issn = {0305750X},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85175204431&doi=10.1016%2fj.worlddev.2023.106426&partnerID=40&md5=c3cac888820f4c8b044e468d56a8e1e0},
	doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106426},
	abstract = {Uncertainty, where we do not know the likelihood of future events, dominates our world. This article examines how economics as a profession and discipline can address uncertainty. From Frank Knight to John Maynard Keynes to Friedrich von Hayek to George Shackle, economics has highlighted the importance of uncertain knowledge and distinguished this from calculable risk. In this article we show how such insights were lost through the rise of narrow neoclassical thinking and were excluded through the emergence of a dominant economics of control that rose to prominence during the twentieth century and especially in the neoliberal era. However, through a range of perspectives in economics that emphasise the importance of complexity, informality, positionality and narratives, uncertainty is once again being embraced within an increasingly heterodox economics. In many ways, this chimes with the work of Albert Hirschman who, starting from the mid-1960s, emphasised the importance of addressing uncertainty in development theory and practice. Through two examples on pastoral development and global financial governance, we highlight the continued relevance of Hirschman's thinking on the importance of adaptation, flexibility and learning-by-doing as responses to uncertainty and for the development of reliable, robust approaches to development policy and practice. In conclusion, we argue that economics theory, methodologies, professional practice and training need to change, recovering some of the insights from previous generations of economic thinkers and practitioners, in order to reinvent an economics appropriate for our uncertain world. © 2023 The Authors},
	language = {English},
	journal = {World Development},
	author = {DeMartino, George and Grabel, Ilene and Scoones, Ian},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Type: Article},
	keywords = {finance, global economy, neoclassical theory, neoliberalism, pastoralism, uncertainty analysis},
}

Uncertainty, where we do not know the likelihood of future events, dominates our world. This article examines how economics as a profession and discipline can address uncertainty. From Frank Knight to John Maynard Keynes to Friedrich von Hayek to George Shackle, economics has highlighted the importance of uncertain knowledge and distinguished this from calculable risk. In this article we show how such insights were lost through the rise of narrow neoclassical thinking and were excluded through the emergence of a dominant economics of control that rose to prominence during the twentieth century and especially in the neoliberal era. However, through a range of perspectives in economics that emphasise the importance of complexity, informality, positionality and narratives, uncertainty is once again being embraced within an increasingly heterodox economics. In many ways, this chimes with the work of Albert Hirschman who, starting from the mid-1960s, emphasised the importance of addressing uncertainty in development theory and practice. Through two examples on pastoral development and global financial governance, we highlight the continued relevance of Hirschman's thinking on the importance of adaptation, flexibility and learning-by-doing as responses to uncertainty and for the development of reliable, robust approaches to development policy and practice. In conclusion, we argue that economics theory, methodologies, professional practice and training need to change, recovering some of the insights from previous generations of economic thinkers and practitioners, in order to reinvent an economics appropriate for our uncertain world. © 2023 The Authors

@article{hoffmann_overcoming_2024,
	title = {Overcoming inaction: {An} agent-based modelling study of social interventions that promote systematic pro-environmental change},
	volume = {94},
	issn = {02724944},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85182382058&doi=10.1016%2fj.jenvp.2023.102221&partnerID=40&md5=127a801e06a6ea8152d63e6ba9641bb7},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102221},
	abstract = {Even though many people have pro-environmental convictions, oftentimes they do not actually engage in pro-environmental behaviour. We hypothesise that behavioural change is hampered by a social feedback loop that reinforces the status quo: People routinely underestimate others’ pro-environmental convictions, and when they expect that others care less, they are unlikely to show more pro-environmental behaviour themselves, which reinforces the general impression that people do not care. This leads to the question of how to effectively elicit a push from the current state to a state in which pro-environmental behaviour becomes more widespread. We examine this question with an agent-based model (ABM) which was parameterised using individual-level survey data collected in several Dutch neighbourhoods. We explore whether interventions that make people talk more about their convictions versus interventions that enhance the visibility of pro-environmental behaviour can trigger individuals to update their expectations and consequently tip the system into a more environmentally-friendly state. Our simulations suggest that enhancing the visibility of pro-environmental behaviour with an intervention may be most effective to motivate durable pro-environmental change. Motivating more talk on the topic only generates temporary effects in our simulations. These results can provide valuable guidance for empirical research on norm-based interventions and it may eventually inform the development of evidence-based policies that effectively encourage pro-environmental change. © 2024 The Authors},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of Environmental Psychology},
	author = {Hoffmann, Tabea and Ye, Mengbin and Zino, Lorenzo and Cao, Ming and Rauws, Ward and Bolderdijk, Jan Willem},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Academic Press
Type: Article},
}

Even though many people have pro-environmental convictions, oftentimes they do not actually engage in pro-environmental behaviour. We hypothesise that behavioural change is hampered by a social feedback loop that reinforces the status quo: People routinely underestimate others’ pro-environmental convictions, and when they expect that others care less, they are unlikely to show more pro-environmental behaviour themselves, which reinforces the general impression that people do not care. This leads to the question of how to effectively elicit a push from the current state to a state in which pro-environmental behaviour becomes more widespread. We examine this question with an agent-based model (ABM) which was parameterised using individual-level survey data collected in several Dutch neighbourhoods. We explore whether interventions that make people talk more about their convictions versus interventions that enhance the visibility of pro-environmental behaviour can trigger individuals to update their expectations and consequently tip the system into a more environmentally-friendly state. Our simulations suggest that enhancing the visibility of pro-environmental behaviour with an intervention may be most effective to motivate durable pro-environmental change. Motivating more talk on the topic only generates temporary effects in our simulations. These results can provide valuable guidance for empirical research on norm-based interventions and it may eventually inform the development of evidence-based policies that effectively encourage pro-environmental change. © 2024 The Authors

@article{bruno_moral_2024,
	title = {Moral reasoning behind the veil of ignorance: {An} investigation into perspective-taking accessibility in the context of autonomous vehicles},
	volume = {115},
	issn = {00071269},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85168919177&doi=10.1111%2fbjop.12679&partnerID=40&md5=263d064129fe31404570d7375cb816e5},
	doi = {10.1111/bjop.12679},
	abstract = {Perspective-taking (PT) accessibility has been recognized as an important factor in affecting moral reasoning, also playing a non-trivial role in moral investigation towards autonomous vehicles (AVs). A new proposal to deepen this effect leverages the principles of the veil of ignorance (VOI), as a moral reasoning device aimed to control self-interested decisions by limiting the access to specific perspectives and to potentially biased information. Throughout two studies, we deepen the role of VOI reasoning in the moral perception of AVs, disclosing personal and contingent information progressively throughout the experiment. With the use of the moral trilemma paradigm, two different VOI conditions were operationalized, inspired by the Original Position theory by John Rawls and the Equiprobability Model by John Harsanyi. Evidence suggests a significant role of VOI reasoning in affecting moral reasoning, which seems not independent from the order in which information is revealed. Coherently, a detrimental effect of self-involvement on utilitarian behaviours was detected. These results highlight the importance of considering PT accessibility and self-involvement when investigating moral attitudes towards AVs, since it can help the intelligibility of general concerns and hesitations towards this new technology. © 2023 The Authors. British Journal of Psychology published by John Wiley \& Sons Ltd on behalf of The British Psychological Society.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {British Journal of Psychology},
	author = {Bruno, Giovanni and Spoto, Andrea and Sarlo, Michela and Lotto, Lorella and Marson, Alex and Cellini, Nicola and Cutini, Simone},
	year = {2024},
	pmid = {37632706},
	note = {Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Ltd
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Autonomous Vehicles, Cognition, Humans, Morals, Problem Solving, article, autonomous vehicle, autonomous vehicles, cognition, controlled study, ethical dilemma, ethics, human, moral dilemma, moral reasoning, morality, perception, perspective-taking accessibility, problem solving, speech intelligibility, theoretical study, utilitarian behaviour, veil of ignorance},
	pages = {90 -- 114},
}

Perspective-taking (PT) accessibility has been recognized as an important factor in affecting moral reasoning, also playing a non-trivial role in moral investigation towards autonomous vehicles (AVs). A new proposal to deepen this effect leverages the principles of the veil of ignorance (VOI), as a moral reasoning device aimed to control self-interested decisions by limiting the access to specific perspectives and to potentially biased information. Throughout two studies, we deepen the role of VOI reasoning in the moral perception of AVs, disclosing personal and contingent information progressively throughout the experiment. With the use of the moral trilemma paradigm, two different VOI conditions were operationalized, inspired by the Original Position theory by John Rawls and the Equiprobability Model by John Harsanyi. Evidence suggests a significant role of VOI reasoning in affecting moral reasoning, which seems not independent from the order in which information is revealed. Coherently, a detrimental effect of self-involvement on utilitarian behaviours was detected. These results highlight the importance of considering PT accessibility and self-involvement when investigating moral attitudes towards AVs, since it can help the intelligibility of general concerns and hesitations towards this new technology. © 2023 The Authors. British Journal of Psychology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The British Psychological Society.

@article{givens_all_2024,
	title = {'{All} this in their ignorance they called civilisation': {Analysing} the relationship between nationalism and the display of {Roman} archaeology in {Britain}'s national museums},
	issn = {13635387},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85187404196&doi=10.11141%2fia.67.9&partnerID=40&md5=ddce9c46a35bcc21b5df7f5250c5850a},
	doi = {10.11141/ia.67.9},
	abstract = {This article evaluates how nationalist narratives affect the display of Roman artefacts in national museums. The unique nature of national museums as 'cultural constitutions' and arbiters of the 'Authorised Heritage Discourse' is discussed. This article builds upon previous work by demonstrating how nationalist influence affects the display of Roman artefacts, specifically through the use of two case studies: the British Museum in London and the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh. Museum displays are assessed for indications of nationalist influence through consideration of the use of space and collection composition as well as textual analysis of gallery signage and artefact descriptions. The two museums' divergent approaches to national narrative are then compared. © 2024 Council for British Archaeology. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	number = {67},
	journal = {Internet Archaeology},
	author = {Givens, William},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Council for British Archaeology
Type: Article},
}

This article evaluates how nationalist narratives affect the display of Roman artefacts in national museums. The unique nature of national museums as 'cultural constitutions' and arbiters of the 'Authorised Heritage Discourse' is discussed. This article builds upon previous work by demonstrating how nationalist influence affects the display of Roman artefacts, specifically through the use of two case studies: the British Museum in London and the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh. Museum displays are assessed for indications of nationalist influence through consideration of the use of space and collection composition as well as textual analysis of gallery signage and artefact descriptions. The two museums' divergent approaches to national narrative are then compared. © 2024 Council for British Archaeology. All rights reserved.

@article{ben-zeev_crisis_2024,
	title = {The {Crisis} of {Romantic} {Knowledge}: {The} {Role} of {Information} and {Ignorance} in {Times} of {Romantic} {Abundance}},
	issn = {1572-8749},
	shorttitle = {The {Crisis} of {Romantic} {Knowledge}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-024-10052-9},
	doi = {10.1007/s11245-024-10052-9},
	abstract = {Most crises of knowledge stem from lack of information. The current crisis of romantic knowledge stems from the opposite reason: too much information. The abundance of romantic information is the main reason for this crisis, making the romantic realm more complex, diverse and flexible than ever. In recent times, there has become a significantly greater emphasis on romantic ignorance. Romantic abundance facilitates finding a romantic (and sexual) partner, but is an obstacle for initiating and maintaining enduring, profound romantic relationships. A major optimal tool for overcoming these difficulties is a combination of intuition and deliberate thinking. The abundance of romantic information does not make adequate knowledge easy to obtain, and conversely has created a far more complex minefield to navigate. Nevertheless, our contemporary society has enabled the most flourishing romantic environment in the history of love.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-17},
	journal = {Topoi},
	author = {Ben-Ze’ev, Aaron},
	month = may,
	year = {2024},
	keywords = {Ignorance, Information, Intuition, Knowledge, Love},
}

Most crises of knowledge stem from lack of information. The current crisis of romantic knowledge stems from the opposite reason: too much information. The abundance of romantic information is the main reason for this crisis, making the romantic realm more complex, diverse and flexible than ever. In recent times, there has become a significantly greater emphasis on romantic ignorance. Romantic abundance facilitates finding a romantic (and sexual) partner, but is an obstacle for initiating and maintaining enduring, profound romantic relationships. A major optimal tool for overcoming these difficulties is a combination of intuition and deliberate thinking. The abundance of romantic information does not make adequate knowledge easy to obtain, and conversely has created a far more complex minefield to navigate. Nevertheless, our contemporary society has enabled the most flourishing romantic environment in the history of love.

@article{glavin_job_2024,
	title = {The {Job} {Satisfaction} {Paradox}: {Pluralistic} {Ignorance} and the {Myth} of the “{Unhappy} {Worker}”},
	issn = {0190-2725},
	shorttitle = {The {Job} {Satisfaction} {Paradox}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/01902725241253252},
	doi = {10.1177/01902725241253252},
	abstract = {American media coverage of the “Great Resignation” may have contributed to a belief that job dissatisfaction is widespread in the United States, even though surveys show relatively high and stable levels of job satisfaction among American workers. Using data from the 2023 Quality of Employment Survey, we investigate whether individuals’ beliefs about job dissatisfaction mirror empirical evidence or align more with media portrayals of widespread discontent. While most study participants expressed personal job satisfaction, over half believed that the majority of Americans were not at all satisfied, indicative of pluralistic ignorance—a phenomenon involving a collective misperception about a group’s norms or beliefs. Dissatisfaction beliefs were more common among remote workers and those with fewer work friendships. Moreover, believing in widespread job dissatisfaction was associated with lower organizational commitment, controlling for personal job satisfaction. We discuss the role of pluralistic ignorance in reconciling personal experiences with contrasting media representations of work and the economy.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-17},
	journal = {Social Psychology Quarterly},
	author = {Glavin, Paul and Schieman, Scott},
	month = may,
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc},
	pages = {01902725241253252},
}

American media coverage of the “Great Resignation” may have contributed to a belief that job dissatisfaction is widespread in the United States, even though surveys show relatively high and stable levels of job satisfaction among American workers. Using data from the 2023 Quality of Employment Survey, we investigate whether individuals’ beliefs about job dissatisfaction mirror empirical evidence or align more with media portrayals of widespread discontent. While most study participants expressed personal job satisfaction, over half believed that the majority of Americans were not at all satisfied, indicative of pluralistic ignorance—a phenomenon involving a collective misperception about a group’s norms or beliefs. Dissatisfaction beliefs were more common among remote workers and those with fewer work friendships. Moreover, believing in widespread job dissatisfaction was associated with lower organizational commitment, controlling for personal job satisfaction. We discuss the role of pluralistic ignorance in reconciling personal experiences with contrasting media representations of work and the economy.

@article{willard-kyle_ignorance_2024,
	title = {Ignorance, soundness, and norms of inquiry},
	issn = {1573-0883},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-024-02161-3},
	doi = {10.1007/s11098-024-02161-3},
	abstract = {The current literature on norms of inquiry features two families of norms: norms that focus on an inquirer’s ignorance and norms that focus on the question’s soundness. I argue that, given a factive conception of ignorance, it’s possible to derive a soundness-style norm from a version of the ignorance norm. A crucial lemma in the argument is that just as one can only be ignorant of a proposition if the proposition is true, so one can only be ignorant with respect to a question if the question is sound.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-17},
	journal = {Philosophical Studies},
	author = {Willard-Kyle, Christopher},
	month = may,
	year = {2024},
	keywords = {Ignorance, Inquiry, Questions, Soundness},
}

The current literature on norms of inquiry features two families of norms: norms that focus on an inquirer’s ignorance and norms that focus on the question’s soundness. I argue that, given a factive conception of ignorance, it’s possible to derive a soundness-style norm from a version of the ignorance norm. A crucial lemma in the argument is that just as one can only be ignorant of a proposition if the proposition is true, so one can only be ignorant with respect to a question if the question is sound.

@article{gripe_students_2024,
	title = {Students’ historicisation of the environmental crisis: {A} narrative of industrialisation, ignorance and greed},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {2203-7543},
	shorttitle = {Students’ historicisation of the environmental crisis},
	doi = {10.52289/hej11.101},
	abstract = {As the field of history education begins to acknowledge the need to respond to the challenges of the Anthropocene, questions arise concerning students’ ability to use history to make sense of pressing environmental issues. To address this, 67 Swedish upper secondary school students were asked to historicise issues like global warming and share their ideas concerning the present and the future. Within the framework of Jörn Rüsen's narrative theory, this article analyses how and to what extent these students experienced and interpreted the past and used history to orient themselves in relation to such issues. It also develops on the outcome of this process. While most students historicised the situation, many students made limited use of history. Their typical narrative can be described as a linear story of historical industrialisation driven by the hunger for progression and wealth and facilitated by ignorance. It was told with little detail or reference to evidence and in a way that generally seemed unsupported by historical thinking. Moreover, their typical narrative mostly aligned with the standard science-based Anthropocene narrative, lacking cultural and political perspectives. Although their orientations varied, students focused on technical solutions and lifestyle adjustments rather than civic engagement and politics. Students were worried about the future. However, the narrative of technological and scientific progression and the belief that people in the past lacked awareness and technological alternatives gave students hope. On the other hand, viewing them as informed or inherently selfish contributed to pessimism. Supported by theoretical work, the findings indicate ways school history may support students’ ability to deal with Anthropocene issues, helping them to experience and interpret the past and the present in a more nuanced and elaborate way. They also highlight the need for content that aids students ability to anticipate Anthropocene scenarios and reflect on strategies for engagement. © (2024) HERMES History Education Research Network},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Historical Encounters},
	author = {Gripe, A.S. and Sandahl, J.},
	year = {2024},
	keywords = {Anthropocene, Environmental and sustainability education, Historical consciousness, Historical thinking, History education, Public narratives},
	pages = {1--17},
}

As the field of history education begins to acknowledge the need to respond to the challenges of the Anthropocene, questions arise concerning students’ ability to use history to make sense of pressing environmental issues. To address this, 67 Swedish upper secondary school students were asked to historicise issues like global warming and share their ideas concerning the present and the future. Within the framework of Jörn Rüsen's narrative theory, this article analyses how and to what extent these students experienced and interpreted the past and used history to orient themselves in relation to such issues. It also develops on the outcome of this process. While most students historicised the situation, many students made limited use of history. Their typical narrative can be described as a linear story of historical industrialisation driven by the hunger for progression and wealth and facilitated by ignorance. It was told with little detail or reference to evidence and in a way that generally seemed unsupported by historical thinking. Moreover, their typical narrative mostly aligned with the standard science-based Anthropocene narrative, lacking cultural and political perspectives. Although their orientations varied, students focused on technical solutions and lifestyle adjustments rather than civic engagement and politics. Students were worried about the future. However, the narrative of technological and scientific progression and the belief that people in the past lacked awareness and technological alternatives gave students hope. On the other hand, viewing them as informed or inherently selfish contributed to pessimism. Supported by theoretical work, the findings indicate ways school history may support students’ ability to deal with Anthropocene issues, helping them to experience and interpret the past and the present in a more nuanced and elaborate way. They also highlight the need for content that aids students ability to anticipate Anthropocene scenarios and reflect on strategies for engagement. © (2024) HERMES History Education Research Network

@article{freedman_knowing_2024,
	title = {Knowing {Better}: {Motivated} {Ignorance} and {Willful} {Ignorance}},
	issn = {0887-5367},
	shorttitle = {Knowing {Better}},
	doi = {10.1017/hyp.2024.3},
	abstract = {Motivated ignorance is an incentivized absence of knowledge that arises in circumstances of unequal power relations, a self-protective non-knowing which frees individuals from having to reflect on the privileges they have in virtue of membership in a dominant social group. In philosophical discussions, the term “motivated ignorance” gets used interchangeably with “willful ignorance.” In the first half of this paper, using Charles Mills’ (2007) white ignorance as the defining case, I argue that this is a mistake. A significant swath of cases of motivated ignorance are non-willful, or deep, following Rik Peels (2010). But in all cases, benefits accrued to some in virtue of their social position are gained and maintained at the expense of harms to others. In the second half of this paper, I argue that these harms are what ground attributions of culpability in cases of motivated ignorance and drive the normative requirement that the subject know better, so long as the facts in question are ordinarily and easily knowable (in a sense to be specified). Willfulness is not a necessary condition for culpability, even if it is a sufficient one. © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Hypatia, a Nonprofit Corporation.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Hypatia},
	author = {Freedman, K.L.},
	year = {2024},
}

Motivated ignorance is an incentivized absence of knowledge that arises in circumstances of unequal power relations, a self-protective non-knowing which frees individuals from having to reflect on the privileges they have in virtue of membership in a dominant social group. In philosophical discussions, the term “motivated ignorance” gets used interchangeably with “willful ignorance.” In the first half of this paper, using Charles Mills’ (2007) white ignorance as the defining case, I argue that this is a mistake. A significant swath of cases of motivated ignorance are non-willful, or deep, following Rik Peels (2010). But in all cases, benefits accrued to some in virtue of their social position are gained and maintained at the expense of harms to others. In the second half of this paper, I argue that these harms are what ground attributions of culpability in cases of motivated ignorance and drive the normative requirement that the subject know better, so long as the facts in question are ordinarily and easily knowable (in a sense to be specified). Willfulness is not a necessary condition for culpability, even if it is a sufficient one. © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Hypatia, a Nonprofit Corporation.

@article{lamb_reasonable_2024,
	title = {A {Reasonable} {Expectation} {Account} of {The} {Epistemic} {Condition} of {Blameworthiness} and {Ignorance} {Rooted} in {Myside} {Bias}},
	issn = {0022-5363},
	doi = {10.1007/s10790-024-09979-4},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of Value Inquiry},
	author = {Lamb, M.},
	year = {2024},
}

@incollection{guenther_white_2024,
	title = {White ignorance},
	isbn = {978-1-04-003402-6},
	abstract = {This chapter discusses the potential contributions of phenomenology to the critical analysis of what Charles Mills calls ‘white ignorance.' White ignorance is a systemic form of not knowing that naturalizes white supremacy by marginalizing some forms of knowledge and authorizing others. The chapter begins by considering a methodological issue: How does one produce phenomenological knowledge about white ignorance? Is it possible to perform the epoché on a form of not knowing that resists conscious awareness? Bonnie Mann’s interpretation of the role of the epoché in feminist phenomenology helps address these methodological questions. The second section considers the relevance of Merleau-Ponty’s concept of the habit body for a phenomenology of white ignorance. The third section builds on this analysis through an engagement with phenomenologies of race. The fourth and final section analyzes white ignorance as a form of bad faith and suggests a phenomenological practice of unknowing that acknowledges the impossibility of ‘correcting’ bad faith through the ‘good faith’ of sincerity. © 2024 selection and editorial matter Steffen Herrmann, Gerhard Thonhauser, Sophie Loidolt, Tobias Matzner, and Nils Baratella; individual chapters, the contributors.},
	language = {English},
	booktitle = {The {Routledge} {Handbook} of {Political} {Phenomenology}},
	author = {Guenther, L.},
	year = {2024},
	doi = {10.4324/9781003197430-42},
	pages = {398--409},
}

This chapter discusses the potential contributions of phenomenology to the critical analysis of what Charles Mills calls ‘white ignorance.' White ignorance is a systemic form of not knowing that naturalizes white supremacy by marginalizing some forms of knowledge and authorizing others. The chapter begins by considering a methodological issue: How does one produce phenomenological knowledge about white ignorance? Is it possible to perform the epoché on a form of not knowing that resists conscious awareness? Bonnie Mann’s interpretation of the role of the epoché in feminist phenomenology helps address these methodological questions. The second section considers the relevance of Merleau-Ponty’s concept of the habit body for a phenomenology of white ignorance. The third section builds on this analysis through an engagement with phenomenologies of race. The fourth and final section analyzes white ignorance as a form of bad faith and suggests a phenomenological practice of unknowing that acknowledges the impossibility of ‘correcting’ bad faith through the ‘good faith’ of sincerity. © 2024 selection and editorial matter Steffen Herrmann, Gerhard Thonhauser, Sophie Loidolt, Tobias Matzner, and Nils Baratella; individual chapters, the contributors.

@incollection{verburgt_history_2024,
	title = {History {Of} {Scientific} {Ignorance}},
	isbn = {978-1-350-32623-1},
	language = {English},
	booktitle = {Debating {Contemporary} {Approaches} to the {History} of {Science}},
	author = {Verburgt, L.M.},
	year = {2024},
	pages = {289--311},
}

@article{bruno_must_2024,
	title = {Must we worry about epistemic shirkers?},
	issn = {0020-174X},
	doi = {10.1080/0020174X.2024.2338791},
	abstract = {It is commonly assumed that blameworthiness is epistemically constrained. If one lacks sufficient epistemic access to the fact that some action harms another, then one cannot be blamed for harming. Acceptance of an epistemic condition for blameworthiness can give rise to a worry, however: could agents ever successfully evade blameworthiness by deliberately stunting their epistemic position? I discuss a particularly worrisome version of such epistemic shirking, in which agents pre-emptively seek to avoid access to potentially morally relevant facts. As Roy Sorensen and Jan Willem Wieland have argued, we seem to be faced with a potentially troubling regress when trying to explain what goes wrong in such situations. I argue that the solution to this so-called Shirker Problem is not to be found in complicated and demanding anti-shirking-principles with universal scope and potentially self-reflexive content. Instead, careful consideration of the necessary motivational make-up of genuine shirkers reveals their ignorance to lack the necessary depth to be exculpatory. Since shirkers by definition react to the possibility of the revelation of morally relevant facts with acts of epistemic self-limitation, they necessarily prove guilty of a form of culpable moral recklessness. Epistemic shirking thus does not pose a worrisome problem for ethical theory. © 2024 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Inquiry (United Kingdom)},
	author = {Bruno, D.},
	year = {2024},
	keywords = {Epistemic condition of moral responsibility, Ignorance, Moral responsibility, Wilful ignorance},
}

It is commonly assumed that blameworthiness is epistemically constrained. If one lacks sufficient epistemic access to the fact that some action harms another, then one cannot be blamed for harming. Acceptance of an epistemic condition for blameworthiness can give rise to a worry, however: could agents ever successfully evade blameworthiness by deliberately stunting their epistemic position? I discuss a particularly worrisome version of such epistemic shirking, in which agents pre-emptively seek to avoid access to potentially morally relevant facts. As Roy Sorensen and Jan Willem Wieland have argued, we seem to be faced with a potentially troubling regress when trying to explain what goes wrong in such situations. I argue that the solution to this so-called Shirker Problem is not to be found in complicated and demanding anti-shirking-principles with universal scope and potentially self-reflexive content. Instead, careful consideration of the necessary motivational make-up of genuine shirkers reveals their ignorance to lack the necessary depth to be exculpatory. Since shirkers by definition react to the possibility of the revelation of morally relevant facts with acts of epistemic self-limitation, they necessarily prove guilty of a form of culpable moral recklessness. Epistemic shirking thus does not pose a worrisome problem for ethical theory. © 2024 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

@article{johnson_king_grasping_2024,
	title = {“{Grasping}” {Morality}},
	volume = {181},
	issn = {0031-8116},
	doi = {10.1007/s11098-023-01985-9},
	abstract = {Elinor Mason's Ways to be Blameworthy offers an interesting and potentially-fruitful distinction between varieties of blame and, correspondingly, between varieties of blameworthiness. The notion of "Grasping" Morality is central to her picture, distinguishing those who act subjectively wrongly and can be blamed in the ordinary way from those who only act objectively wrongly and can only be blamed in a detached way. Here I request more information about this central notion and pose a puzzle for Mason's account; I argue that the various things Mason says about agents who grasp Morality appear inconsistent once we recognize that people can count as grasping Morality overall despite significant gaps in their understanding of it. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2023.},
	language = {English},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Philosophical Studies},
	author = {Johnson King, Z.},
	year = {2024},
	keywords = {Blame, Blameworthiness, Elinor Mason, Moral ignorance, Objective wrongdoing, Subjective wrongdoing},
	pages = {929--938},
}

Elinor Mason's Ways to be Blameworthy offers an interesting and potentially-fruitful distinction between varieties of blame and, correspondingly, between varieties of blameworthiness. The notion of "Grasping" Morality is central to her picture, distinguishing those who act subjectively wrongly and can be blamed in the ordinary way from those who only act objectively wrongly and can only be blamed in a detached way. Here I request more information about this central notion and pose a puzzle for Mason's account; I argue that the various things Mason says about agents who grasp Morality appear inconsistent once we recognize that people can count as grasping Morality overall despite significant gaps in their understanding of it. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2023.

@article{fan2023b,
	title = {Axiomatizing {Rumsfeld} {Ignorance}},
	volume = {53},
	doi = {10.1007/s10992-023-09725-4},
	abstract = {In a recent paper, Kit Fine presents some striking results concerning the logical properties of (first-order) ignorance, second-order ignorance and Rumsfeld ignorance. However, Rumsfeld ignorance is definable in terms of ignorance, which makes some existing results and the axiomatization problem trivial. A main reason is that the accessibility relations for the implicit knowledge operator contained in the packaged operators of ignorance and Rumsfeld ignorance are the same. In this work, we assume the two accessibility relations to be different so that one of them is an arbitrary subset of the other. This will avoid the definability issue and retain most of the previous validities. The main results are axiomatizations over various proper bi-frame classes. Finally we apply our framework to analyze Fine’s results.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Philosophical Logic},
	author = {Fan, Jie},
	year = {2024},
	keywords = {Axiomatizations, Ignorance, Rumsfeld ignorance, Second-order ignorance},
	pages = {79--97},
}

In a recent paper, Kit Fine presents some striking results concerning the logical properties of (first-order) ignorance, second-order ignorance and Rumsfeld ignorance. However, Rumsfeld ignorance is definable in terms of ignorance, which makes some existing results and the axiomatization problem trivial. A main reason is that the accessibility relations for the implicit knowledge operator contained in the packaged operators of ignorance and Rumsfeld ignorance are the same. In this work, we assume the two accessibility relations to be different so that one of them is an arbitrary subset of the other. This will avoid the definability issue and retain most of the previous validities. The main results are axiomatizations over various proper bi-frame classes. Finally we apply our framework to analyze Fine’s results.

@article{leong_pluralistic_2024,
	title = {Pluralistic ignorance and occupational choice: {The} impact of communicating norms on graduate students' career aspirations},
	issn = {0021-9029},
	shorttitle = {Pluralistic ignorance and occupational choice},
	doi = {10.1111/jasp.13028},
	abstract = {Occupational choices at the early stage of one's career path are influenced by the real and imagined input of mentors. This research focuses on PhD advisors and the graduate students that they mentor. Each participant in that dyadic mentoring relationship holds assumptions about the beliefs of the other regarding the students' career preferences. We propose that, in the absence of discussions surrounding career goals in such relationships, pluralistic ignorance surrounding career norms may develop. PhD students may assume that their advisors prefer that students seek academic research positions; while advisors may assume students prefer academic research positions and may not bring up alternative careers. Three studies adopt a mixed-method approach to investigate divergent experiences surrounding career discussions. Study 1A (N = 301 faculty members in STEM fields) features qualitative and quantitative data and found that PhD advisors have experience working with students whose career preferences did not align with their expectations, and report changing their mentorship approaches while maintaining rigorous training. Study 1B (N = 195 PhD students in STEM fields) features qualitative data and found that students, although generally comfortable discussing different career options with their advisors, report several concerns that deterred them from discussing nonacademic research positions. Study 2, an experiment designed to compare perceived with actual norms (N = 200 PhD students in STEM fields) revealed that such discomfort could be alleviated by making explicit advisors' support for diverse career options and actual career preferences. The present research provides insights about pluralistic ignorance with implications for having more holistic career discussions in dyadic mentor relationships. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of Applied Social Psychology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Social Psychology},
	author = {Leong, S. and Hegarty, M. and Sherman, D.K.},
	year = {2024},
}

Occupational choices at the early stage of one's career path are influenced by the real and imagined input of mentors. This research focuses on PhD advisors and the graduate students that they mentor. Each participant in that dyadic mentoring relationship holds assumptions about the beliefs of the other regarding the students' career preferences. We propose that, in the absence of discussions surrounding career goals in such relationships, pluralistic ignorance surrounding career norms may develop. PhD students may assume that their advisors prefer that students seek academic research positions; while advisors may assume students prefer academic research positions and may not bring up alternative careers. Three studies adopt a mixed-method approach to investigate divergent experiences surrounding career discussions. Study 1A (N = 301 faculty members in STEM fields) features qualitative and quantitative data and found that PhD advisors have experience working with students whose career preferences did not align with their expectations, and report changing their mentorship approaches while maintaining rigorous training. Study 1B (N = 195 PhD students in STEM fields) features qualitative data and found that students, although generally comfortable discussing different career options with their advisors, report several concerns that deterred them from discussing nonacademic research positions. Study 2, an experiment designed to compare perceived with actual norms (N = 200 PhD students in STEM fields) revealed that such discomfort could be alleviated by making explicit advisors' support for diverse career options and actual career preferences. The present research provides insights about pluralistic ignorance with implications for having more holistic career discussions in dyadic mentor relationships. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of Applied Social Psychology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

@article{dixon_complexity_2024,
	title = {The complexity of pluralistic ignorance in {Republican} climate change policy support in the {United} {States}},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {2662-4435},
	doi = {10.1038/s43247-024-01240-x},
	abstract = {Most Americans fail to recognize widespread public support for climate change action. Here we investigate how this phenomenon differs for Republican supporters versus opponents of several climate change policies. Surveying a representative sample of Republican voters (N = 1000), we find that misperception of in-group support for climate action is primarily restricted to Republicans already opposed to action. Specifically, those in the minority (i.e., Republicans opposed to climate action) were more likely to erroneously perceive other Republicans as holding views on climate change policy similar to their own. While Republican supporters recognize that most Republicans support climate change policy, they may be discouraged from expressing their support due to an information environment disproportionately portraying Republicans as opposed to climate change action. © The Author(s) 2024.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Communications Earth and Environment},
	author = {Dixon, G. and Clarke, C. and Jacquet, J. and Evensen, D.T.N. and Hart, P.S.},
	year = {2024},
}

Most Americans fail to recognize widespread public support for climate change action. Here we investigate how this phenomenon differs for Republican supporters versus opponents of several climate change policies. Surveying a representative sample of Republican voters (N = 1000), we find that misperception of in-group support for climate action is primarily restricted to Republicans already opposed to action. Specifically, those in the minority (i.e., Republicans opposed to climate action) were more likely to erroneously perceive other Republicans as holding views on climate change policy similar to their own. While Republican supporters recognize that most Republicans support climate change policy, they may be discouraged from expressing their support due to an information environment disproportionately portraying Republicans as opposed to climate change action. © The Author(s) 2024.

@article{andre_globally_2024,
	title = {Globally representative evidence on the actual and perceived support for climate action},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1758-678X},
	doi = {10.1038/s41558-024-01925-3},
	abstract = {Mitigating climate change necessitates global cooperation, yet global data on individuals’ willingness to act remain scarce. In this study, we conducted a representative survey across 125 countries, interviewing nearly 130,000 individuals. Our findings reveal widespread support for climate action. Notably, 69\% of the global population expresses a willingness to contribute 1\% of their personal income, 86\% endorse pro-climate social norms and 89\% demand intensified political action. Countries facing heightened vulnerability to climate change show a particularly high willingness to contribute. Despite these encouraging statistics, we document that the world is in a state of pluralistic ignorance, wherein individuals around the globe systematically underestimate the willingness of their fellow citizens to act. This perception gap, combined with individuals showing conditionally cooperative behaviour, poses challenges to further climate action. Therefore, raising awareness about the broad global support for climate action becomes critically important in promoting a unified response to climate change. © The Author(s) 2024.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Nature Climate Change},
	author = {Andre, P. and Boneva, T. and Chopra, F. and Falk, A.},
	year = {2024},
	pages = {253--259},
}

Mitigating climate change necessitates global cooperation, yet global data on individuals’ willingness to act remain scarce. In this study, we conducted a representative survey across 125 countries, interviewing nearly 130,000 individuals. Our findings reveal widespread support for climate action. Notably, 69% of the global population expresses a willingness to contribute 1% of their personal income, 86% endorse pro-climate social norms and 89% demand intensified political action. Countries facing heightened vulnerability to climate change show a particularly high willingness to contribute. Despite these encouraging statistics, we document that the world is in a state of pluralistic ignorance, wherein individuals around the globe systematically underestimate the willingness of their fellow citizens to act. This perception gap, combined with individuals showing conditionally cooperative behaviour, poses challenges to further climate action. Therefore, raising awareness about the broad global support for climate action becomes critically important in promoting a unified response to climate change. © The Author(s) 2024.

@article{silva_ignorance_2024,
	title = {Ignorance and awareness},
	volume = {58},
	issn = {0029-4624},
	doi = {10.1111/nous.12450},
	abstract = {Knowledge implies the presence of a positive relation between a person and a fact. Factual ignorance, on the other hand, implies the absence of some positive relation between a person and a fact. The two most influential views of ignorance hold that what is lacking in cases of factual ignorance is knowledge or true belief, but these accounts fail to explain a number of basic facts about ignorance. In their place, we propose a novel and systematic defense of the view that factual ignorance is the absence of awareness, an account that both comes apart from the dominant views and overcomes their deficiencies. Given the important role that ignorance plays in moral and legal theory and our understanding of various epistemic injustices, a precise and theoretically unproblematic account of the nature of ignorance is important not only for normative epistemology, but also for law, ethics, and applied epistemology. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Nous},
	author = {Silva, Jr., P. and Siscoe, R.W.},
	year = {2024},
	pages = {225--243},
}

Knowledge implies the presence of a positive relation between a person and a fact. Factual ignorance, on the other hand, implies the absence of some positive relation between a person and a fact. The two most influential views of ignorance hold that what is lacking in cases of factual ignorance is knowledge or true belief, but these accounts fail to explain a number of basic facts about ignorance. In their place, we propose a novel and systematic defense of the view that factual ignorance is the absence of awareness, an account that both comes apart from the dominant views and overcomes their deficiencies. Given the important role that ignorance plays in moral and legal theory and our understanding of various epistemic injustices, a precise and theoretically unproblematic account of the nature of ignorance is important not only for normative epistemology, but also for law, ethics, and applied epistemology. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

@article{chan_online_2024,
	title = {Online astroturfing: {A} problem beyond disinformation},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {0191-4537},
	shorttitle = {Online astroturfing},
	doi = {10.1177/01914537221108467},
	abstract = {Coordinated inauthentic behaviours online are becoming a more serious problem throughout the world. One common type of manipulative behaviour is astroturfing. It happens when an entity artificially creates an impression of widespread support for a product, policy, or concept, when in reality only limited support exists. Online astroturfing is often considered to be just like any other coordinated inauthentic behaviour; with considerable discussion focusing on how it aggravates the spread of fake news and disinformation. This paper shows that astroturfing creates additional problems for social media platforms and the online environment in general. The practice of astroturfing exploits our natural tendency to conform to what the crowd does; and because of the importance of conformity in our decision-making process, the negative consequences brought about by astroturfing can be much more far-reaching and alarming than just the spread of disinformation. © The Author(s) 2022.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Philosophy and Social Criticism},
	author = {Chan, J.},
	year = {2024},
	keywords = {astroturfing, conformity, coordinated inauthentic behaviour, crowd wisdom, disinformation, fake news, false marketing, pluralistic ignorance, social media},
	pages = {507--528},
}

Coordinated inauthentic behaviours online are becoming a more serious problem throughout the world. One common type of manipulative behaviour is astroturfing. It happens when an entity artificially creates an impression of widespread support for a product, policy, or concept, when in reality only limited support exists. Online astroturfing is often considered to be just like any other coordinated inauthentic behaviour; with considerable discussion focusing on how it aggravates the spread of fake news and disinformation. This paper shows that astroturfing creates additional problems for social media platforms and the online environment in general. The practice of astroturfing exploits our natural tendency to conform to what the crowd does; and because of the importance of conformity in our decision-making process, the negative consequences brought about by astroturfing can be much more far-reaching and alarming than just the spread of disinformation. © The Author(s) 2022.

@article{oldham_scales_2024,
	title = {Scales of ignorance: an ethical normative framework to account for relative risk of harm in sport categorization},
	issn = {0094-8705},
	shorttitle = {Scales of ignorance},
	doi = {10.1080/00948705.2024.2330066},
	abstract = {Sport categorization is often justified by benefits such as increased fairness or inclusion. Taking inspiration from John Rawls, Sigmund Loland’s fair equality of opportunity principle in sport (FEOPs) is a tool for determining whether the existence of an inequality ethically justifies the institution of a new category in any given sport. It is an elegant ethical normative framework, but since FEOPs does not account explicitly for athlete safety (i.e. athlete physical and mental wellbeing), we are left in an ethically dubious situation where the risk of harm associated with a categorization regime might in fact prove to be greater than the risk of harm present within the sport before its introduction. To address this critical gap, I propose the ‘scales of ignorance’ ethical normative framework to weigh the relative risk of harm within a sport, crucially inserting athlete safety into the discourse surrounding ethical justification for categorization in sport. The current paper is the first explicit formulation of assessment and ethical justification of risk of harm in the familiar logic of FEOPs. The scales of ignorance framework can also be used independently of Loland’s approach. Two new concepts are also proposed: ‘insidious risk of harm’ and ‘pernicious risk of harm’. © 2024 IAPS.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of the Philosophy of Sport},
	author = {Oldham, A.C.},
	year = {2024},
	keywords = {Sport categorization, fair equality of opportunity, insidious risk of harm, pernicious risk of harm, risk of harm, safeguarding, sport ethics},
}

Sport categorization is often justified by benefits such as increased fairness or inclusion. Taking inspiration from John Rawls, Sigmund Loland’s fair equality of opportunity principle in sport (FEOPs) is a tool for determining whether the existence of an inequality ethically justifies the institution of a new category in any given sport. It is an elegant ethical normative framework, but since FEOPs does not account explicitly for athlete safety (i.e. athlete physical and mental wellbeing), we are left in an ethically dubious situation where the risk of harm associated with a categorization regime might in fact prove to be greater than the risk of harm present within the sport before its introduction. To address this critical gap, I propose the ‘scales of ignorance’ ethical normative framework to weigh the relative risk of harm within a sport, crucially inserting athlete safety into the discourse surrounding ethical justification for categorization in sport. The current paper is the first explicit formulation of assessment and ethical justification of risk of harm in the familiar logic of FEOPs. The scales of ignorance framework can also be used independently of Loland’s approach. Two new concepts are also proposed: ‘insidious risk of harm’ and ‘pernicious risk of harm’. © 2024 IAPS.

@article{windsor_visionen_2024,
	title = {‘{Visionen} vom idealen {Geschichte}-schreiben und {Geschichte}-machenʼ: {Epistemic} (in)justice and {Insurrection} in {Sharon} {Dodua} {Otoo}'s {Historical} and {Memory} {Activism}},
	volume = {77},
	issn = {0016-8777},
	shorttitle = {‘{VISIONEN} {VOM} {IDEALEN} {GESCHICHTE}-{SCHREIBEN} {UND} {GESCHICHTE}-{MACHENʼ}},
	doi = {10.1111/glal.12398},
	abstract = {This article explores Sharon Dodua Otoo's historical and memory activism and demonstrates how she challenges epistemic injustices inflicted by dominant models of cultural memory and identity in Germany, particularly in relation to its colonial history. Such epistemic injustice takes two main forms – the ongoing subjugation of subaltern (hi)stories and the under-acknowledgement of grassroots diasporic activism – resulting in multiple levels of marginalisation and sustaining what the philosopher Charles Mills calls ‘the white epistemology of ignorance’. Building on Sarah Colvin's studies of epistemic resistance in Otoo's literary prose, I argue that Otoo's historical and memory activism is an example of what José Medina refers to as ‘epistemic insurrection’. Otoo's self-consciously collaborative interventions in historical and memory politics facilitate the kind of ‘beneficial epistemic friction’ expounded by Medina, which is necessary to prevent dominant forces from co-opting insurgent counter-histories and counter-memories. Otoo invokes a community of activist experts and poets, past and present, whose collective knowledge production offers alternative ways of thinking about history and opportunities to subvert the power dynamics of cultural memory. Her activism reaches across diverse genres, media and public domains, and engages multiperspectivity to contribute to more pluralistic modes of doing history and memory. © 2023 The Authors. German Life and Letters published by Editorial Board of German Life and Letters and John Wiley \& Sons Ltd.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {German Life and Letters},
	author = {Windsor, T.T.},
	year = {2024},
	pages = {10--32},
}

This article explores Sharon Dodua Otoo's historical and memory activism and demonstrates how she challenges epistemic injustices inflicted by dominant models of cultural memory and identity in Germany, particularly in relation to its colonial history. Such epistemic injustice takes two main forms – the ongoing subjugation of subaltern (hi)stories and the under-acknowledgement of grassroots diasporic activism – resulting in multiple levels of marginalisation and sustaining what the philosopher Charles Mills calls ‘the white epistemology of ignorance’. Building on Sarah Colvin's studies of epistemic resistance in Otoo's literary prose, I argue that Otoo's historical and memory activism is an example of what José Medina refers to as ‘epistemic insurrection’. Otoo's self-consciously collaborative interventions in historical and memory politics facilitate the kind of ‘beneficial epistemic friction’ expounded by Medina, which is necessary to prevent dominant forces from co-opting insurgent counter-histories and counter-memories. Otoo invokes a community of activist experts and poets, past and present, whose collective knowledge production offers alternative ways of thinking about history and opportunities to subvert the power dynamics of cultural memory. Her activism reaches across diverse genres, media and public domains, and engages multiperspectivity to contribute to more pluralistic modes of doing history and memory. © 2023 The Authors. German Life and Letters published by Editorial Board of German Life and Letters and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

@article{goggins_discursive_2024,
	title = {Discursive trends in {New} {York} times coverage of {Evusheld} access: {A} case study in the social production of ignorance},
	volume = {349},
	issn = {0277-9536},
	shorttitle = {Discursive trends in {New} {York} times coverage of {Evusheld} access},
	doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116855},
	abstract = {English-language reporting on the continuing difficulties in accessing Evusheld reflects the marginalization of immunocompromised people in discussions about the public policy response to Covid-19. Moreover, the lack of available data on global Evusheld access, particularly in low-income countries, has emerged as a key form of nonknowledge that must be redressed within public health research. Through examining how knowledge about domestic and global barriers to Evusheld access circulates, and does not circulate, within The New York Times, this paper identifies a case study of the social production of ignorance related to a key issue in the Covid-19 pandemic. Drawing on science and technology studies, the history of science and media studies, I situate these trends in the context of longer explanatory histories of nonknowledge. First, through a critical discourse analysis of the New York Times’ reporting on Evusheld access in the U.S., I trace the individualizing framework evident in many articles to longstanding trends in reporting on health and illness, and to the structural marginalization of immunocompromised people in U.S. Secondly, I argue that the near-total absence of reporting on Evusheld access in low-income countries is consistent with the longstanding structural neglect of health crises in the global south. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Social Science and Medicine},
	author = {Goggins, S.},
	year = {2024},
}

English-language reporting on the continuing difficulties in accessing Evusheld reflects the marginalization of immunocompromised people in discussions about the public policy response to Covid-19. Moreover, the lack of available data on global Evusheld access, particularly in low-income countries, has emerged as a key form of nonknowledge that must be redressed within public health research. Through examining how knowledge about domestic and global barriers to Evusheld access circulates, and does not circulate, within The New York Times, this paper identifies a case study of the social production of ignorance related to a key issue in the Covid-19 pandemic. Drawing on science and technology studies, the history of science and media studies, I situate these trends in the context of longer explanatory histories of nonknowledge. First, through a critical discourse analysis of the New York Times’ reporting on Evusheld access in the U.S., I trace the individualizing framework evident in many articles to longstanding trends in reporting on health and illness, and to the structural marginalization of immunocompromised people in U.S. Secondly, I argue that the near-total absence of reporting on Evusheld access in low-income countries is consistent with the longstanding structural neglect of health crises in the global south. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd

@incollection{miller_when_2024,
	title = {When {Social} {Comparison} {Goes} {Awry}: {The} {Case} of {Pluralistic} {Ignorance}},
	isbn = {978-1-04-002554-3},
	shorttitle = {When {Social} {Comparison} {Goes} {Awry}},
	abstract = {Most of us have participated in, or at least witnessed, the following classroom dynamic. The sequence begins when the professor pauses during a complex lecture to ask the students if they have any questions. At this point, the bewildered but outwardly composed students furtively try to gauge their classmates’s reactions. Despite widespread confusion, no hands are raised. This aspect of the dynamic is not surprising-students can hardly be blamed for not wishing to embarrass themselves in front of their professor and peers. The surprise comes with the next step in the sequence. Students misinterpret the silence and demeanor of the other students, inferring that their classmates understand the lecture and that they alone are confused. © 1991 by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.},
	language = {English},
	booktitle = {Social {Comparison}: {Contemporary} {Theory} and {Research}},
	author = {Miller, D.T. and McFarland, C.},
	year = {2024},
	doi = {10.4324/9781003469490-14},
	pages = {287--313},
}

Most of us have participated in, or at least witnessed, the following classroom dynamic. The sequence begins when the professor pauses during a complex lecture to ask the students if they have any questions. At this point, the bewildered but outwardly composed students furtively try to gauge their classmates’s reactions. Despite widespread confusion, no hands are raised. This aspect of the dynamic is not surprising-students can hardly be blamed for not wishing to embarrass themselves in front of their professor and peers. The surprise comes with the next step in the sequence. Students misinterpret the silence and demeanor of the other students, inferring that their classmates understand the lecture and that they alone are confused. © 1991 by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

@article{wedgwood_pricean_2024,
	title = {Pricean ignorance},
	issn = {0960-8788},
	doi = {10.1080/09608788.2024.2334763},
	abstract = {Richard Price’s moral epistemology provides a distinctive account, not only of the sources of our moral knowledge, but also of its limits–that is, of the moral truths that we do not and even cannot know. According to this moral epistemology, the fundamental moral truths are necessary rather than contingent; if they are knowable at all, they are knowable a priori. In general, fundamental moral truths are akin to mathematical truths. Specifically, these necessary moral truths are grounded in the essences of act-types, which are knowable through ‘intuition’ if knowable at all. However, Price firmly rejects utilitarianism, recognizing several different ‘branches of virtue’, which can conflict with each other. As he argues, we cannot know the truth about act-types that exemplify such conflicting branches of virtue if the competing considerations are too finely balanced. This view of moral epistemology is compared with those of several other philosophers, including W. D. Ross. It is argued that Price has a more unified view than Ross: for Price, all moral knowledge flows from a priori intuition, but this is compatible with our being ignorant of many of the fine details of the fundamental truths of morality. © 2024 BSHP.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {British Journal for the History of Philosophy},
	author = {Wedgwood, R.},
	year = {2024},
	keywords = {Platonism, Richard Price, morality, rationalism, unknowable truths},
}

Richard Price’s moral epistemology provides a distinctive account, not only of the sources of our moral knowledge, but also of its limits–that is, of the moral truths that we do not and even cannot know. According to this moral epistemology, the fundamental moral truths are necessary rather than contingent; if they are knowable at all, they are knowable a priori. In general, fundamental moral truths are akin to mathematical truths. Specifically, these necessary moral truths are grounded in the essences of act-types, which are knowable through ‘intuition’ if knowable at all. However, Price firmly rejects utilitarianism, recognizing several different ‘branches of virtue’, which can conflict with each other. As he argues, we cannot know the truth about act-types that exemplify such conflicting branches of virtue if the competing considerations are too finely balanced. This view of moral epistemology is compared with those of several other philosophers, including W. D. Ross. It is argued that Price has a more unified view than Ross: for Price, all moral knowledge flows from a priori intuition, but this is compatible with our being ignorant of many of the fine details of the fundamental truths of morality. © 2024 BSHP.

@article{biebel2023,
	title = {Reasonable standards and exculpating moral ignorance},
	volume = {181},
	doi = {10.1007/s11098-023-02054-x},
	abstract = {It is widely agreed that ignorance of fact exculpates, but does moral ignorance exculpate? If so, does it exculpate in the same way as non-moral ignorance? In this paper I will argue that on one family of views explaining exculpating non-moral ignorance also explains exculpating moral ignorance. The view can be loosely stated in the following way: ignorance counts as an excuse only if it is not the result of a failure to meet some applicable reasonable epistemic standard—call this the Reasonable Epistemic Standards Thesis and call views that accept some version of this principle reasonable standards views. I argue that any plausible reasonable standards view ought to allow that moral ignorance exculpates, at least sometimes, and defend such views against the charge that they are susceptible to clear counterexamples.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Philosophical Studies},
	author = {Biebel, Nathan},
	year = {2024},
	keywords = {PRINTED (Fonds papier)},
	pages = {1--21},
}

It is widely agreed that ignorance of fact exculpates, but does moral ignorance exculpate? If so, does it exculpate in the same way as non-moral ignorance? In this paper I will argue that on one family of views explaining exculpating non-moral ignorance also explains exculpating moral ignorance. The view can be loosely stated in the following way: ignorance counts as an excuse only if it is not the result of a failure to meet some applicable reasonable epistemic standard—call this the Reasonable Epistemic Standards Thesis and call views that accept some version of this principle reasonable standards views. I argue that any plausible reasonable standards view ought to allow that moral ignorance exculpates, at least sometimes, and defend such views against the charge that they are susceptible to clear counterexamples.

@article{bacevic_liberal_2024,
	title = {Liberal fatalism, {COVID} 19 and the politics of impossibility},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {03085147},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85186457830&doi=10.1080%2f03085147.2024.2312710&partnerID=40&md5=a75608e3c7a9fde686b2bafc5ea3efd0},
	doi = {10.1080/03085147.2024.2312710},
	abstract = {How liberal governments manage knowledge, ignorance, prediction and uncertainty has attracted increased attention across the social sciences. In this paper, we analyse the strategy and rhetoric of the UK government during the COVID-19 pandemic, with particular attention to the first half of 2020. We see the initial UK policy response–as well as its later legitimation–as a form of ‘politics of impossibility’, effecting political change through claims of incapacity or impotence. We argue this approach departs from the uses of knowledge and ignorance in both classical liberalism and neoliberalism, and suggests the emergence of a new, hybrid form of governance which can be dubbed liberal fatalism. We discuss the relevance of this new form of governance for political futures of an increasingly volatile world. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Economy and Society},
	author = {Bacevic, Jana and McGoey, Linsey},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
Type: Article},
	keywords = {COVID-19, PRINTED (Fonds papier), United Kingdom, liberalism, political change, politics},
	pages = {163 -- 182},
}

How liberal governments manage knowledge, ignorance, prediction and uncertainty has attracted increased attention across the social sciences. In this paper, we analyse the strategy and rhetoric of the UK government during the COVID-19 pandemic, with particular attention to the first half of 2020. We see the initial UK policy response–as well as its later legitimation–as a form of ‘politics of impossibility’, effecting political change through claims of incapacity or impotence. We argue this approach departs from the uses of knowledge and ignorance in both classical liberalism and neoliberalism, and suggests the emergence of a new, hybrid form of governance which can be dubbed liberal fatalism. We discuss the relevance of this new form of governance for political futures of an increasingly volatile world. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

@article{lootens_inside_2024,
	title = {Inside the ivory tower, the view from a “space invader”: {An} exploratory study into the ways racialized {PhD} students experience white ignorance in elite universities in the {UK}},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {17519020},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85188301703&doi=10.1111%2fsoc4.13199&partnerID=40&md5=d251c6b70dc30675759f26fe679bc372},
	doi = {10.1111/soc4.13199},
	abstract = {This paper examines the experiences of racialized PhD students in British elite universities. It is framed by Mills' (2007) conception of white ignorance and reflects on the power of whiteness that shapes everyday experiences in such places of privilege. For Mills, the production of racism relies on epistemological processes that produce ignorance, and which promote various ways of ignoring the histories and legacies of European colonialism. Research has shown that professors find it difficult to talk about racism and coloniality within higher education. Professors responses are important as they may affect the outcomes of conducting research for PhD students, yet there is less understanding of how racialized PhD students experience or address white ignorance. Using in-depth interviews with 14 racialized PhD students, this paper critically examines the intertwined relationship between the coloniality of knowledge and white ignorance within elite universities in the United Kingdom. While universities have been regarded as “neutral” knowledge-producing institutions, this study challenges the assumptions, interactions, and practices of higher education disciplines in the social sciences, namely anthropology and sociology. Based on the findings of this work, we argue that white ignorance is an epistemic strategy that justifies racial domination within and beyond the halls of academia. © 2024 John Wiley \& Sons Ltd.},
	language = {English},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Sociology Compass},
	author = {Lootens, Elif and Fúnez-Flores, Jairo I.},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc
Type: Article},
}

This paper examines the experiences of racialized PhD students in British elite universities. It is framed by Mills' (2007) conception of white ignorance and reflects on the power of whiteness that shapes everyday experiences in such places of privilege. For Mills, the production of racism relies on epistemological processes that produce ignorance, and which promote various ways of ignoring the histories and legacies of European colonialism. Research has shown that professors find it difficult to talk about racism and coloniality within higher education. Professors responses are important as they may affect the outcomes of conducting research for PhD students, yet there is less understanding of how racialized PhD students experience or address white ignorance. Using in-depth interviews with 14 racialized PhD students, this paper critically examines the intertwined relationship between the coloniality of knowledge and white ignorance within elite universities in the United Kingdom. While universities have been regarded as “neutral” knowledge-producing institutions, this study challenges the assumptions, interactions, and practices of higher education disciplines in the social sciences, namely anthropology and sociology. Based on the findings of this work, we argue that white ignorance is an epistemic strategy that justifies racial domination within and beyond the halls of academia. © 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

@article{licon_better_2024,
	title = {Better {Not} to {Know}: {On} the {Possibility} of {Culpable} {Knowledge}},
	issn = {0269-1728},
	shorttitle = {Better {Not} to {Know}},
	doi = {10.1080/02691728.2024.2326822},
	abstract = {Many philosophers hold there are genuine cases of culpable ignorance. This paper argues that there are conditions that can render knowledge epistemically culpable too. First, we contrast culpable ignorance with morally culpable knowledge. Second, we examine the nature of epistemically culpable knowledge using a key example. We then highlight empirical support for the claim that there are real-world conditions that make epistemically culpable knowledge possible. Next, we survey three kinds of epistemic culpability fostered by culpable knowledge. Finally, we address the benefits objection and argue that it fails. © 2024 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Social Epistemology},
	author = {Licon, J.A.},
	year = {2024},
	keywords = {Epistemic culpability, epistemic injustice, ignorance, signaling},
}

Many philosophers hold there are genuine cases of culpable ignorance. This paper argues that there are conditions that can render knowledge epistemically culpable too. First, we contrast culpable ignorance with morally culpable knowledge. Second, we examine the nature of epistemically culpable knowledge using a key example. We then highlight empirical support for the claim that there are real-world conditions that make epistemically culpable knowledge possible. Next, we survey three kinds of epistemic culpability fostered by culpable knowledge. Finally, we address the benefits objection and argue that it fails. © 2024 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

@article{richmond_ignorance_2024,
	title = {Ignorance of critical race theory predicts {White} {Americans}’ opposition to it},
	issn = {00224537},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85188503629&doi=10.1111%2fjosi.12601&partnerID=40&md5=3a3ee907ddf6608ee6daa9e7e3938034},
	doi = {10.1111/josi.12601},
	abstract = {Acknowledging systemic racism, a key tenet of Critical Race Theory (CRT), may be threatening to many Americans but it can also reduce racial biases. However, anti-CRT legislation prohibits learning about racism, thus highlighting the mutually reinforcing relationship between systemic racism and the production of ignorance. We assessed White Americans’ knowledge about CRT through participant-generated definitions (Study 1, N = 199) and via a true/false questionnaire (Study 2, N = 194), and its relation to opposition to CRT. Opposition to CRT was associated with a less accurate understanding of CRT, even when controlling for political orientation. Content analyses revealed that opponents of CRT deny anti-Black racism, believe CRT harms Whites, and view discussing race as divisive. Based on these themes, we developed a meta-cognitive corrective intervention in Study 3 (N = 289). Participants who received corrective feedback after taking a multiple-choice test about CRT showed a larger decrease in their opposition to CRT than those in the control condition. © 2024 The Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of Social Issues},
	author = {Richmond, Brianna S. and Toosi, Negin R. and Wellman, Joseph D. and Wilkins, Clara L.},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc
Type: Article},
}

Acknowledging systemic racism, a key tenet of Critical Race Theory (CRT), may be threatening to many Americans but it can also reduce racial biases. However, anti-CRT legislation prohibits learning about racism, thus highlighting the mutually reinforcing relationship between systemic racism and the production of ignorance. We assessed White Americans’ knowledge about CRT through participant-generated definitions (Study 1, N = 199) and via a true/false questionnaire (Study 2, N = 194), and its relation to opposition to CRT. Opposition to CRT was associated with a less accurate understanding of CRT, even when controlling for political orientation. Content analyses revealed that opponents of CRT deny anti-Black racism, believe CRT harms Whites, and view discussing race as divisive. Based on these themes, we developed a meta-cognitive corrective intervention in Study 3 (N = 289). Participants who received corrective feedback after taking a multiple-choice test about CRT showed a larger decrease in their opposition to CRT than those in the control condition. © 2024 The Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues.

@article{mitova_can_2024,
	title = {Can theorising epistemic injustice help us decolonise?*},
	issn = {0020174X},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85188096855&doi=10.1080%2f0020174X.2024.2327489&partnerID=40&md5=2f764f4dea9f04bd5b705058a52164e0},
	doi = {10.1080/0020174X.2024.2327489},
	abstract = {The paper argues that some tools from the epistemic injustice literature can be fruitfully applied to the debate on epistemic decolonisation. The first step for such a project is to defuse recent misgivings about the liberatory potential of epistemic injustice scholarship. I group these misgivings under the slogan ‘Epistemic injustice is white-people stuff’, or ‘the WPS challenge’, for short, and use them to set desiderata for good theorising with epistemic injustice tools. I then look at three such tools–epistemic oppression, white ignorance, and contributory injustice–and argue that they advance theorising epistemic decolonisation while meeting the three desiderata. If the argument works, its implications for the topic of this special issue are that we don’t need to decolonise epistemic injustice; we can instead use the tools of the epistemic injustice literature to advance the decolonisation project. © 2024 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Inquiry (United Kingdom)},
	author = {Mitova, Veli},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
Type: Article},
}

The paper argues that some tools from the epistemic injustice literature can be fruitfully applied to the debate on epistemic decolonisation. The first step for such a project is to defuse recent misgivings about the liberatory potential of epistemic injustice scholarship. I group these misgivings under the slogan ‘Epistemic injustice is white-people stuff’, or ‘the WPS challenge’, for short, and use them to set desiderata for good theorising with epistemic injustice tools. I then look at three such tools–epistemic oppression, white ignorance, and contributory injustice–and argue that they advance theorising epistemic decolonisation while meeting the three desiderata. If the argument works, its implications for the topic of this special issue are that we don’t need to decolonise epistemic injustice; we can instead use the tools of the epistemic injustice literature to advance the decolonisation project. © 2024 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

@article{reibold_who_2024,
	title = {Who {Needs} to {Tell} the {Truth}? - {Epistemic} {Injustice} and {Truth} and {Reconciliation} {Commissions} for {Minorities} in {Non}-{Transitional} {Societies}},
	issn = {17423600},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85182206211&doi=10.1017%2fepi.2023.59&partnerID=40&md5=780995ee4a2092b5698d4a2f097284f3},
	doi = {10.1017/epi.2023.59},
	abstract = {Truth and Reconciliation Commissions (TRCs) have become a widely used tool to reconcile societies in the aftermath of widespread injustice or social and political conflict in a state. This article focuses on TRCs that take place in non-transitional societies in which the political and social structures, institutions, and power relations have largely remained in place since the time of injustice. Furthermore, it will focus on one particular injustice that TRCs try to address through the practice of truth-telling, namely the eradication of epistemic injustice. The article takes the Canadian and Norwegian TRCs as two examples to show that under conditions of enduring injustice, willful ignorance of the majority, and power inequality, TRCs might create a double bind for victims which makes them choose between epistemic exploitation and continued injustices based on the majority's ignorance. The article argues that the set-up and accompanying measures of TRCs are of the utmost importance if TRCs in non-transitional societies are to overcome epistemic injustice, instead of creating new relations of exploitation. Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Episteme},
	author = {Reibold, Kerstin},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Type: Article},
}

Truth and Reconciliation Commissions (TRCs) have become a widely used tool to reconcile societies in the aftermath of widespread injustice or social and political conflict in a state. This article focuses on TRCs that take place in non-transitional societies in which the political and social structures, institutions, and power relations have largely remained in place since the time of injustice. Furthermore, it will focus on one particular injustice that TRCs try to address through the practice of truth-telling, namely the eradication of epistemic injustice. The article takes the Canadian and Norwegian TRCs as two examples to show that under conditions of enduring injustice, willful ignorance of the majority, and power inequality, TRCs might create a double bind for victims which makes them choose between epistemic exploitation and continued injustices based on the majority's ignorance. The article argues that the set-up and accompanying measures of TRCs are of the utmost importance if TRCs in non-transitional societies are to overcome epistemic injustice, instead of creating new relations of exploitation. Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press.

@article{fejerskov_humanitarian_2024,
	title = {Humanitarian ignorance: towards a new paradigm of non-knowledge in digital humanitarianism},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {03613666},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85178295050&doi=10.1111%2fdisa.12609&partnerID=40&md5=086ad74d9e15ffe0501bb4d2be4237ca},
	doi = {10.1111/disa.12609},
	abstract = {This paper introduces the notion of ‘humanitarian ignorance’ to address growing concern regarding non-knowledge, as datafication becomes a central instrument and ambition of the humanitarian sector. With the turn to digital humanitarianism, contemporary humanitarian action increasingly relies on technology-driven quantification to expand the ability to collect, analyse, and present information. Utilising datafication processes, humanitarian organisations seek to assess ‘risk’ and mitigate ‘uncertainty’ more efficiently. Although central to their knowledge management and decision-making in low information circumstances, the conceptual notions of ‘risk’ and ‘uncertainty’ are inadequate to capture the full spectrum of non-knowledge in a time of digital humanitarianism. We introduce ‘humanitarian ignorance’ here to challenge the assumption that datafication allows humanitarian organisations to make fully informed, delimited, and thus ‘better’ decisions. Ultimately, we accentuate the paradox that while datafication is thought to reduce risk and uncertainty in humanitarian affairs by suggesting higher levels of control, insight, and certainty, these efforts in fact open new expanses of ignorance and unknowns. © 2023 The Authors. Disasters published by John Wiley \& Sons Ltd on behalf of ODI.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Disasters},
	author = {Fejerskov, Adam Moe and Clausen, Maria-Louise and Seddig, Sarah},
	year = {2024},
	pmid = {37587840},
	note = {Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Altruism, Humans, Uncertainty, altruism, digitization, human, knowledge, quantitative analysis, risk factor, uncertainty, uncertainty analysis},
}

This paper introduces the notion of ‘humanitarian ignorance’ to address growing concern regarding non-knowledge, as datafication becomes a central instrument and ambition of the humanitarian sector. With the turn to digital humanitarianism, contemporary humanitarian action increasingly relies on technology-driven quantification to expand the ability to collect, analyse, and present information. Utilising datafication processes, humanitarian organisations seek to assess ‘risk’ and mitigate ‘uncertainty’ more efficiently. Although central to their knowledge management and decision-making in low information circumstances, the conceptual notions of ‘risk’ and ‘uncertainty’ are inadequate to capture the full spectrum of non-knowledge in a time of digital humanitarianism. We introduce ‘humanitarian ignorance’ here to challenge the assumption that datafication allows humanitarian organisations to make fully informed, delimited, and thus ‘better’ decisions. Ultimately, we accentuate the paradox that while datafication is thought to reduce risk and uncertainty in humanitarian affairs by suggesting higher levels of control, insight, and certainty, these efforts in fact open new expanses of ignorance and unknowns. © 2023 The Authors. Disasters published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of ODI.

@article{sullivan-clarke_strategic_2024,
	title = {Strategic ignorance, is it appropriate for indigenous resistance?},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {13698230},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85183122501&doi=10.1080%2f13698230.2024.2305015&partnerID=40&md5=ed3e03527b9334d982ab41b86ba586e0},
	doi = {10.1080/13698230.2024.2305015},
	abstract = {In The Racial Contract, Charles Mills introduces the notion of an ‘inverted epistemology,’ an epistemology that construes social and racial ignorance as knowledge (p.18). As Mills points out, such ignorance can be used to oppress people by creating alternate realities or ‘white mythologies’ about race (p. 19). If the racial contract results in a society that oppresses people of color and supports white supremacy, then the question of how to correct an inverted epistemology becomes critical. Mills proposes the correction of history and the racist thinking underwriting it as a solution to the problem. Others, like Alison Bailey, seek to confront racial ignorance with active resistance by suggesting that individuals from historically marginalized groups exploit what members of dominant society don’t know (p. 77). While Bailey’s solution, referred to as strategic ignorance, may originate from good intentions, I argue that it is in general inappropriate for Indigenous people. Strategic ignorance is a product of the Western worldview, and it privileges Western values. In fact, both solutions offered by Mills and Bailey fail to consider Indigenous values. Mills’ proposed solution, however, is less objectionable. Instead of either solution, a more suitable form of resistance–one that embraces connectedness, balance, and harmony–would be ideal for the Indigenous communities of Turtle Island. © 2024 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy},
	author = {Sullivan-Clarke, Andrea},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
Type: Article},
	pages = {78 -- 93},
}

In The Racial Contract, Charles Mills introduces the notion of an ‘inverted epistemology,’ an epistemology that construes social and racial ignorance as knowledge (p.18). As Mills points out, such ignorance can be used to oppress people by creating alternate realities or ‘white mythologies’ about race (p. 19). If the racial contract results in a society that oppresses people of color and supports white supremacy, then the question of how to correct an inverted epistemology becomes critical. Mills proposes the correction of history and the racist thinking underwriting it as a solution to the problem. Others, like Alison Bailey, seek to confront racial ignorance with active resistance by suggesting that individuals from historically marginalized groups exploit what members of dominant society don’t know (p. 77). While Bailey’s solution, referred to as strategic ignorance, may originate from good intentions, I argue that it is in general inappropriate for Indigenous people. Strategic ignorance is a product of the Western worldview, and it privileges Western values. In fact, both solutions offered by Mills and Bailey fail to consider Indigenous values. Mills’ proposed solution, however, is less objectionable. Instead of either solution, a more suitable form of resistance–one that embraces connectedness, balance, and harmony–would be ideal for the Indigenous communities of Turtle Island. © 2024 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

@article{bessone_leuropeen_2024,
	title = {“l’européen sait et ne sait pas” {Frantz} {Fanon} and {Epistemologies} of {Ignorance}},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {21658684},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85187452475&doi=10.5325%2fcritphilrace.12.1.0083&partnerID=40&md5=96315ec3e7b5413782e558ad76090964},
	doi = {10.5325/critphilrace.12.1.0083},
	abstract = {This article argues that Frantz Fanon’s critique of the epistemology of the colonial situation is a complex, pluralized, epistemology of ignorance, where ignorance takes three main forms. Fanon first produces a critique of colonial ideology, in which ignorance is the product of the colonizers’ false justificatory ideology. Fanon unveils how Europeans, through human sciences such as “ethnopsychiatry” and “ethnophilosophy,” deliberately produce ignorance and devaluation of colonized subjects and colonized knowledge for purposes of domination. Second, ignorance is the unintentional result of the partial, situated, standpoint of embodied knowers. Fanon does not intend to substitute a “black truth” to white ideology. He rather insists that while truth is unattainable under colonial conditions, the affective perspective of the oppressed/ colonized is a necessary constitutive part of any objective account of the world. Third, by analyzing the “Conducts of confession in North Africa,” characterized by deliberate denial, lies, and opacity as resistance mechanisms, Fanon insists that no objective knowledge is possible in a colonial situation because of the total separation, and impossible epistemic collaboration, of dominant and dominated knowers. An anticolonial politics has to focus on producing the conditions of possibility of knowledge. © 2024 The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Critical Philosophy of Race},
	author = {Bessone, Magali},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Penn State University Press
Type: Article},
	pages = {83 -- 105},
}

This article argues that Frantz Fanon’s critique of the epistemology of the colonial situation is a complex, pluralized, epistemology of ignorance, where ignorance takes three main forms. Fanon first produces a critique of colonial ideology, in which ignorance is the product of the colonizers’ false justificatory ideology. Fanon unveils how Europeans, through human sciences such as “ethnopsychiatry” and “ethnophilosophy,” deliberately produce ignorance and devaluation of colonized subjects and colonized knowledge for purposes of domination. Second, ignorance is the unintentional result of the partial, situated, standpoint of embodied knowers. Fanon does not intend to substitute a “black truth” to white ideology. He rather insists that while truth is unattainable under colonial conditions, the affective perspective of the oppressed/ colonized is a necessary constitutive part of any objective account of the world. Third, by analyzing the “Conducts of confession in North Africa,” characterized by deliberate denial, lies, and opacity as resistance mechanisms, Fanon insists that no objective knowledge is possible in a colonial situation because of the total separation, and impossible epistemic collaboration, of dominant and dominated knowers. An anticolonial politics has to focus on producing the conditions of possibility of knowledge. © 2024 The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.

@article{alcoff_roots_2024,
	title = {“{The} roots (and routes) of the epistemology of ignorance”},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {13698230},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85182982954&doi=10.1080%2f13698230.2024.2305011&partnerID=40&md5=5adc3abb1579634b52bd53ffa1ee4826},
	doi = {10.1080/13698230.2024.2305011},
	abstract = {This paper elaborates on the idea of the epistemology of ignorance developed in Charles Mills’s work beginning in the 1980s and continuing throughout his writings. I I argue that his account developed initially from experiences of racism in north America as well as certain methods of organizing within parts of the Caribbean left. Essentially the epistemic practice of ignorance causes knowers to discredit or push away knowledge they in fact have. But this gives us cause for hope, for restoring existing knowledge through changing ideas about who knows. © 2024 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy},
	author = {Alcoff, Linda Martín},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
Type: Article},
	pages = {9 -- 28},
}

This paper elaborates on the idea of the epistemology of ignorance developed in Charles Mills’s work beginning in the 1980s and continuing throughout his writings. I I argue that his account developed initially from experiences of racism in north America as well as certain methods of organizing within parts of the Caribbean left. Essentially the epistemic practice of ignorance causes knowers to discredit or push away knowledge they in fact have. But this gives us cause for hope, for restoring existing knowledge through changing ideas about who knows. © 2024 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

@article{navon2023,
	title = {‘{And} she shall be called woman, because she was taken out of man’: androcentrism and the creation of knowledge-driven ignorance},
	volume = {26},
	doi = {10.1080/13691058.2023.2212291},
	abstract = {In this paper, I critically analyse biomedical clinical studies and literature reviews regarding the physiological phenomenon known as female ejaculation to demonstrate a process by which androcentric bias, which positions the male body as the scientific ‘standard human’, produces what I term as knowledge-driven ignorance. I show how even though knowledge about female ejaculation has expanded, its biomedical ontological status remains vague and controversial. The production of ignorance in this case does not result from active erasure or concealment, but rather from unintentional disregard, and is a by-product of knowledge-creation itself. As such, it is not only the narration of the scientific story that has the power to abject and exclude certain bodies from culture, but also what is untold and unknown.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Culture, Health \& Sexuality},
	author = {Beserman Navon, Lior},
	year = {2024},
	keywords = {4 Social aspects of ignorance},
	pages = {377--390},
}

In this paper, I critically analyse biomedical clinical studies and literature reviews regarding the physiological phenomenon known as female ejaculation to demonstrate a process by which androcentric bias, which positions the male body as the scientific ‘standard human’, produces what I term as knowledge-driven ignorance. I show how even though knowledge about female ejaculation has expanded, its biomedical ontological status remains vague and controversial. The production of ignorance in this case does not result from active erasure or concealment, but rather from unintentional disregard, and is a by-product of knowledge-creation itself. As such, it is not only the narration of the scientific story that has the power to abject and exclude certain bodies from culture, but also what is untold and unknown.

@article{sendra2023,
	title = {{AstraZeneca} {Vaccine} {Controversies} in the {Media}: {Theorizing} {About} the {Mediatization} of {Ignorance} in the {Context} of the {COVID}-19 {Vaccination} {Campaign}},
	volume = {39},
	doi = {10.1080/10410236.2023.2171951},
	abstract = {As is the case in other situations of deep uncertainty, the unknowns related to the COVID-19 pandemic have aroused a great deal of attention in the media. Drawing insights both from mediatization theory and ignorance studies, we discuss the coverage of the AstraZeneca vaccine controversies to develop a new concept that we call the mediatization of ignorance. In doing so, we conceptualize the procedure through which unknowns become mediatized as a three-step process that results from a combination of logics from the areas of politics, health, and science/industry. Moreover, we argue that the mediatization of ignorance may have promoted vaccine hesitancy at a moment when vaccination was crucial for addressing the COVID-19 pandemic. We conclude by suggesting the need to explore in further detail the role that ignorance plays not only in the management of the COVID-19 crisis but also in different areas of society.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Health Communication},
	author = {Sendra, Anna and Torkkola, Sinikka and Parviainen, Jaana},
	year = {2024},
	pages = {541--551},
}

As is the case in other situations of deep uncertainty, the unknowns related to the COVID-19 pandemic have aroused a great deal of attention in the media. Drawing insights both from mediatization theory and ignorance studies, we discuss the coverage of the AstraZeneca vaccine controversies to develop a new concept that we call the mediatization of ignorance. In doing so, we conceptualize the procedure through which unknowns become mediatized as a three-step process that results from a combination of logics from the areas of politics, health, and science/industry. Moreover, we argue that the mediatization of ignorance may have promoted vaccine hesitancy at a moment when vaccination was crucial for addressing the COVID-19 pandemic. We conclude by suggesting the need to explore in further detail the role that ignorance plays not only in the management of the COVID-19 crisis but also in different areas of society.

@book{parageau_paradoxes_2023,
	address = {Stanford},
	title = {The {Paradoxes} of {Ignorance} in {Early} {Modern} {England} and {France}},
	isbn = {978-1-5036-3256-1},
	abstract = {In the early modern period, ignorance was commonly perceived as a sin, a flaw, a defect, and even a threat to religion and the social order. Yet praises of ignorance were also expressed in the same context. Reclaiming the long-lasting legacy of medieval doctrines of ignorance and taking a comparative perspective, Sandrine Parageau tells the history of the apparently counter-intuitive moral, cognitive and epistemological virtues attributed to ignorance in the long seventeenth century (1580s-1700) in England and in France. With close textual analysis of hitherto neglected sources and a reassessment of canonical philosophical works by Montaigne, Bacon, Descartes, Locke, and others, Parageau specifically examines the role of ignorance in the production of knowledge, identifying three common virtues of ignorance as a mode of wisdom, a principle of knowledge, and an epistemological instrument, in philosophical and theological works. How could an essentially negative notion be turned into something profitable and even desirable? Taken in the context of Renaissance humanism, the Reformation and the "Scientific Revolution"—which all called for a redefinition and reaffirmation of knowledge—ignorance, Parageau finds, was not dismissed in the early modern quest for renewed ways of thinking and knowing. On the contrary, it was assimilated into the philosophical and scientific discourses of the time. The rehabilitation of ignorance emerged as a paradoxical cornerstone of the nascent modern science.},
	publisher = {Stanford University Press},
	author = {Parageau, Sandrine},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Cultural Studies, History -- Intellectual and Cultural, History -- Science, Technology, and Medicine, PRINTED (Fonds papier), Philosophy -- History and Philosophy of Science},
}

In the early modern period, ignorance was commonly perceived as a sin, a flaw, a defect, and even a threat to religion and the social order. Yet praises of ignorance were also expressed in the same context. Reclaiming the long-lasting legacy of medieval doctrines of ignorance and taking a comparative perspective, Sandrine Parageau tells the history of the apparently counter-intuitive moral, cognitive and epistemological virtues attributed to ignorance in the long seventeenth century (1580s-1700) in England and in France. With close textual analysis of hitherto neglected sources and a reassessment of canonical philosophical works by Montaigne, Bacon, Descartes, Locke, and others, Parageau specifically examines the role of ignorance in the production of knowledge, identifying three common virtues of ignorance as a mode of wisdom, a principle of knowledge, and an epistemological instrument, in philosophical and theological works. How could an essentially negative notion be turned into something profitable and even desirable? Taken in the context of Renaissance humanism, the Reformation and the "Scientific Revolution"—which all called for a redefinition and reaffirmation of knowledge—ignorance, Parageau finds, was not dismissed in the early modern quest for renewed ways of thinking and knowing. On the contrary, it was assimilated into the philosophical and scientific discourses of the time. The rehabilitation of ignorance emerged as a paradoxical cornerstone of the nascent modern science.

@book{mckenna_non-ideal_2023,
	title = {Non-{Ideal} {Epistemology}},
	isbn = {978-0-19-198242-2 978-0-19-288882-2},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85186014893&doi=10.1093%2foso%2f9780192888822.001.0001&partnerID=40&md5=93bad42b27f5fe87dafc81c3141bd20f},
	abstract = {Epistemologists often work with idealized pictures of what inquirers are like, how they interact with each other, and the social institutions and environment in which they do the interacting. These idealizations might be appropriate for the foundational issues in epistemology, such as the theory of knowledge. But they become problematic when epistemologists address applied and practical topics, such as public ignorance about important political and scientific issues, or our obligations and responsibilities as inquirers. A solution to a problem like public ignorance that might work in an ideal world could be disastrous in the real world. Ways of interacting that would yield epistemic benefits in an epistemically just world might not be so beneficial in an epistemically unjust world. In this book, McKenna argues that, to avoid these problems, we need to make space for non-ideal epistemology-a way of doing epistemology that eschews the idealizations typical in much contemporary epistemology and instead makes use of empirical research in political psychology and science communication. But this book is not just an exercise in philosophical methodology. McKenna also develops distinctive approaches to a range of important topics in applied and political epistemology, such as what to do about science denial, whether we should try to be intellectually autonomous, and the implications of epistemic injustice for our responsibilities as inquirers. The result is an illustration of why we need non-ideal epistemology and what it can do for us. © Robin McKenna 2023.},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {McKenna, Robin},
	year = {2023},
	doi = {10.1093/oso/9780192888822.001.0001},
	note = {Publication Title: Non-Ideal Epistemology
Type: Book},
	keywords = {PRINTED (Fonds papier)},
}

Epistemologists often work with idealized pictures of what inquirers are like, how they interact with each other, and the social institutions and environment in which they do the interacting. These idealizations might be appropriate for the foundational issues in epistemology, such as the theory of knowledge. But they become problematic when epistemologists address applied and practical topics, such as public ignorance about important political and scientific issues, or our obligations and responsibilities as inquirers. A solution to a problem like public ignorance that might work in an ideal world could be disastrous in the real world. Ways of interacting that would yield epistemic benefits in an epistemically just world might not be so beneficial in an epistemically unjust world. In this book, McKenna argues that, to avoid these problems, we need to make space for non-ideal epistemology-a way of doing epistemology that eschews the idealizations typical in much contemporary epistemology and instead makes use of empirical research in political psychology and science communication. But this book is not just an exercise in philosophical methodology. McKenna also develops distinctive approaches to a range of important topics in applied and political epistemology, such as what to do about science denial, whether we should try to be intellectually autonomous, and the implications of epistemic injustice for our responsibilities as inquirers. The result is an illustration of why we need non-ideal epistemology and what it can do for us. © Robin McKenna 2023.

@article{arora-jonsson2023a,
	title = {Unraveling the production of ignorance in climate policymaking: {The} imperative of a decolonial feminist intervention for transformation},
	volume = {149},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envsci.2023.103564},
	abstract = {Feminist decolonial scholars have called for disengaging from the current system built on a hierarchical logic of race and gender central to modern, colonial thinking. They have looked to worlds outside the modern system to lead us out of current unjust practices harming both humans and the environment. Although policymaking may be seen as the stronghold of the current political agenda and of the structures that have led to the climate crisis, we argue that climate policies too, are also crucial for rethinking and transforming societies. Our examination of climate adaptation policies in Sweden and the literature from Europe shows how policy documents ignore and unknow the oppressive intersections of gender and power despite the knowledge that exists on these issues in the public domain. Drawing on the tools of agnotology, we examine how this is achieved by strategies of 'denial, dismissal, diversion and displacement.' Building on feminist post and decolonial scholarship, we make explicit the gendered and racial hierarchies and dichotomies underpinning these policy documents. At the same time, we bring attention to the nuances in the policy documents we study and look for the openings that might be used to bring about transformation by making these hierarchies explicit and calling them into question. We argue that a transformation is possible through a feminist post and decolonial intervention, even in policymaking otherwise ignorant of culture, values and the colonial histories that have produced contemporary society.},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Policy},
	author = {Arora-Jonsson, Seema and Wahlström, Nora},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {PRINTED (Fonds papier)},
	pages = {103564},
}

Feminist decolonial scholars have called for disengaging from the current system built on a hierarchical logic of race and gender central to modern, colonial thinking. They have looked to worlds outside the modern system to lead us out of current unjust practices harming both humans and the environment. Although policymaking may be seen as the stronghold of the current political agenda and of the structures that have led to the climate crisis, we argue that climate policies too, are also crucial for rethinking and transforming societies. Our examination of climate adaptation policies in Sweden and the literature from Europe shows how policy documents ignore and unknow the oppressive intersections of gender and power despite the knowledge that exists on these issues in the public domain. Drawing on the tools of agnotology, we examine how this is achieved by strategies of 'denial, dismissal, diversion and displacement.' Building on feminist post and decolonial scholarship, we make explicit the gendered and racial hierarchies and dichotomies underpinning these policy documents. At the same time, we bring attention to the nuances in the policy documents we study and look for the openings that might be used to bring about transformation by making these hierarchies explicit and calling them into question. We argue that a transformation is possible through a feminist post and decolonial intervention, even in policymaking otherwise ignorant of culture, values and the colonial histories that have produced contemporary society.

@article{henry_toxic_2023,
	title = {Toxic {Avoidance}: {Using} {Science} and {Regulation} to {Produce} {Nonproblems}},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {0899-2363},
	shorttitle = {Toxic {Avoidance}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-10742523},
	doi = {10.1215/08992363-10742523},
	abstract = {If the words “our product is doubt” characterize the production of ignorance, in turn, the production of nonproblem could be encapsulated by “our product is silence.” This article looks behind both these words and this concept of nonproblems, drawing attention to public policy mechanisms whose effect (whether explicitly intended or not) is to reduce the attention paid to a given problem, resulting in public inaction, not taking charge of a problem. It highlights the role in those dynamics of two factors: the scientific instruments attempting to quantify environmental and occupational health issues and the scientific expertise in the field of the regulation of chemicals. Downstream of these regulatory processes, the use of science‐based regulatory instruments implicitly steers regulatory policies in a direction that results in tolerance of certain risks (rendering them acceptable) and can lead to public inaction.},
	number = {3 (101)},
	urldate = {2024-07-26},
	journal = {Public Culture},
	author = {Henry, Emmanuel},
	month = sep,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {355--365},
}

If the words “our product is doubt” characterize the production of ignorance, in turn, the production of nonproblem could be encapsulated by “our product is silence.” This article looks behind both these words and this concept of nonproblems, drawing attention to public policy mechanisms whose effect (whether explicitly intended or not) is to reduce the attention paid to a given problem, resulting in public inaction, not taking charge of a problem. It highlights the role in those dynamics of two factors: the scientific instruments attempting to quantify environmental and occupational health issues and the scientific expertise in the field of the regulation of chemicals. Downstream of these regulatory processes, the use of science‐based regulatory instruments implicitly steers regulatory policies in a direction that results in tolerance of certain risks (rendering them acceptable) and can lead to public inaction.

@book{heikes_epistemic_2023,
	series = {Epistemic {Responsibility} for {Undesirable} {Beliefs}},
	title = {Epistemic responsibility for undesirable beliefs},
	abstract = {This book considers whether we can be epistemically responsible for undesirable beliefs, such as racist and sexist ones. The problem with holding people responsible for their undesirable beliefs is: first, what constitutes an "undesirable belief" will differ among various epistemic communities; second, it is not clear what responsibility we have for beliefs simpliciter; and third, inherent in discussions of socially constructed ignorance (like white ignorance) is the idea that society is structured in such a way that white people are made deliberately unaware of their ignorance, which suggests their racial beliefs are not epistemically blameworthy. This book explores each of these topics with the aim of establishing the nature of undesirable beliefs and our responsibility for these beliefs with the understanding that there may well be (rare) occasions when undesirable beliefs are not epistemically culpable. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023. All rights reserved.},
	author = {Heikes, D.K.},
	year = {2023},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-41858-7},
	note = {Pages: 233},
	keywords = {Belief, Ignorance, Involuntarism, Racism, Responsibility, Sexism},
}

This book considers whether we can be epistemically responsible for undesirable beliefs, such as racist and sexist ones. The problem with holding people responsible for their undesirable beliefs is: first, what constitutes an "undesirable belief" will differ among various epistemic communities; second, it is not clear what responsibility we have for beliefs simpliciter; and third, inherent in discussions of socially constructed ignorance (like white ignorance) is the idea that society is structured in such a way that white people are made deliberately unaware of their ignorance, which suggests their racial beliefs are not epistemically blameworthy. This book explores each of these topics with the aim of establishing the nature of undesirable beliefs and our responsibility for these beliefs with the understanding that there may well be (rare) occasions when undesirable beliefs are not epistemically culpable. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023. All rights reserved.

@article{kirfel2023,
	title = {Why blame the ostrich? {Understanding} culpability for willful ignorance},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/kswtu},
	abstract = {Willful Ignorance (WI) is a term in Anglo-American law to refer to circumstances in which a defendant remains intentionally unaware of a fact that would render them liable. These cases pose a unique problem for the law,as it is uncertain whether deliberate ignorance can be viewed as a form of knowledge and, therefore, whether they satisfy the mens rea requirement for culpability. In this chapter, we report two experimental studies modeled on United States vs. Jewell, a case in which Jewell aided an international drug-trafficking operation by transporting a suitcase which he deliberately avoided inspecting. We manipulated various features of the defendant’s epistemic state, relating to their suspicion, its reasonableness and its specificity. Our results showed that WI partially satisfies the mens rea requirement, though not to the extent of genuine knowledge. Participants considered willful ignorance incriminating, as long as the defendant suspected that they were involved in criminal activity, and regardless of whether their suspicion was reasonable or even true. Additionally, our studies suggested that judgment of culpability are related to broader inferences about the defendant’s antisocial tendencies—in line with theories that conceptualise WI as a demonstration of ‘ill will’. In closing, we elaborate on the implications of our findings for the broader legal-theoretical debate around the normative propriety of the willful ignorance doctrine.},
	journal = {Advances in Experimental Philosophy of Law},
	author = {Kirfel, L. and Hannikainen, I. R.},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {PRINTED (Fonds papier)},
}

Willful Ignorance (WI) is a term in Anglo-American law to refer to circumstances in which a defendant remains intentionally unaware of a fact that would render them liable. These cases pose a unique problem for the law,as it is uncertain whether deliberate ignorance can be viewed as a form of knowledge and, therefore, whether they satisfy the mens rea requirement for culpability. In this chapter, we report two experimental studies modeled on United States vs. Jewell, a case in which Jewell aided an international drug-trafficking operation by transporting a suitcase which he deliberately avoided inspecting. We manipulated various features of the defendant’s epistemic state, relating to their suspicion, its reasonableness and its specificity. Our results showed that WI partially satisfies the mens rea requirement, though not to the extent of genuine knowledge. Participants considered willful ignorance incriminating, as long as the defendant suspected that they were involved in criminal activity, and regardless of whether their suspicion was reasonable or even true. Additionally, our studies suggested that judgment of culpability are related to broader inferences about the defendant’s antisocial tendencies—in line with theories that conceptualise WI as a demonstration of ‘ill will’. In closing, we elaborate on the implications of our findings for the broader legal-theoretical debate around the normative propriety of the willful ignorance doctrine.

@article{carrier_fake_2023,
	title = {Fake {Research} and {Harmful} {Findings}: {Introduction} to the {Special} {Issue}},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {0269-8595},
	shorttitle = {Fake {Research} and {Harmful} {Findings}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/02698595.2023.2284624},
	doi = {10.1080/02698595.2023.2284624},
	abstract = {The traditional mutual support of scientific progress and social advancement has given way to public reservation. Research is no longer considered worthwhile in general. Parts of the public have come to fear both scientific error and scientific success. This raises the question of how to deal with findings that could have a detrimental impact on society. In a different vein, fake research poses a serious challenge to science in that it could undermine the credibility of scientific accounts. Fake research actively produces ignorance rather than knowledge (agnotology). The question is how such actively misleading approaches are to be identified and separated from usual scientific error.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-03-07},
	journal = {International Studies in the Philosophy of Science},
	author = {Carrier, Martin},
	month = jul,
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/02698595.2023.2284624},
	keywords = {PRINTED (Fonds papier)},
	pages = {167--171},
}

The traditional mutual support of scientific progress and social advancement has given way to public reservation. Research is no longer considered worthwhile in general. Parts of the public have come to fear both scientific error and scientific success. This raises the question of how to deal with findings that could have a detrimental impact on society. In a different vein, fake research poses a serious challenge to science in that it could undermine the credibility of scientific accounts. Fake research actively produces ignorance rather than knowledge (agnotology). The question is how such actively misleading approaches are to be identified and separated from usual scientific error.

@article{kirkegaard2023,
	title = {The organization of ignorance: {An} ethnographic study of the production of subjects and objects in an artificial intelligence project},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {2052-1499},
	abstract = {This article is a study of the role of organization of ignorance in an artificial intelligence project in a municipality in Denmark. It raises the issue of how to understand the process through which a seemingly ordinary project involving the development of an algorithm for decision support turns into a fantastical, creative reimagining of subjects and objects through the organization of ignorance. Unlike many ignorance studies, we do not examine ignorance and knowledge through the lens of intentionality or strategic interest. We instead adopt a distinct Deleuzian perspective on ignorance based on the idea of the  ́will to ignorance ́ as productive force that forms subjects and objects of ignorance. By observing the project management team over time, the article shows how it transforms a mundane task into an imaginative quest through the will to ignorance. The findings contribute not only empirically to the understanding of ignorance in organizations but also show the utility of adopting a non-intentional perspective in this kind of study.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Ephemera. Theory and Politics in Organization},
	author = {Kirkegaard, L. and Kristensen, A. and Skov Lauridsen, T.},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {PRINTED (Fonds papier)},
	pages = {161--187},
}

This article is a study of the role of organization of ignorance in an artificial intelligence project in a municipality in Denmark. It raises the issue of how to understand the process through which a seemingly ordinary project involving the development of an algorithm for decision support turns into a fantastical, creative reimagining of subjects and objects through the organization of ignorance. Unlike many ignorance studies, we do not examine ignorance and knowledge through the lens of intentionality or strategic interest. We instead adopt a distinct Deleuzian perspective on ignorance based on the idea of the ́will to ignorance ́ as productive force that forms subjects and objects of ignorance. By observing the project management team over time, the article shows how it transforms a mundane task into an imaginative quest through the will to ignorance. The findings contribute not only empirically to the understanding of ignorance in organizations but also show the utility of adopting a non-intentional perspective in this kind of study.

@book{llopart_aux_2023,
	address = {Rennes},
	title = {Aux origines d'{AZF}. {Le} problème de l'azote en {France} (1919-1940)},
	isbn = {978-2-86906-913-8},
	url = {https://pufr-editions.fr/produit/aux-origines-dazf/},
	abstract = {Il y a bientôt cent ans, naissait à Toulouse l'Office national industriel de l'Azote (ONIA), l'ancêtre de ce qui deviendra plus tard AZF. La création de cette usine d'ammoniaque synthétique découle de la volonté des dirigeants politiques français de résoudre le problème d'approvisionnement du pays en azote qui s'était posé brutalement durant la Première Guerre mondiale. Outre l'incapacité de son industrie à pouvoir fournir assez de poudres et d'explosifs en cas de guerre, la France ne fabrique pas assez d'engrais azotés en temps de paix, ce qui nuit à la modernisation de son agriculture.
Cependant, malgré l'urgence de la situation, la création de cette entreprise publique ne fait pas l'unanimité, dans la mesure où l'opinion perçoit mal le fait que l'Etat intervienne sur un marché dévolu jusqu'ici aux seuls intérêts privés. De plus pour se développer et faire la preuve de son utilité industrielle, l'ONIA a dû surmonter de très nombreux défis. Revenant sur les origines de l'usine AZF et sur les raisons de sa création, ce livre analyse également les deux premières décennies d'existence de l'entreprise, en essayant de comprendre comment elle a contribué à la résolution du "problème de l'azote" durant l'entre-deux-guerres.
Adoptant une perspective globale, ce livre replace la trajectoire de l'ONIA dans le contexte plus large d'une époque marqué par une évolution rapide des techniques, des marchés, de la législation sociale, et du rôle de l'Etat en matière économique.},
	language = {fr},
	urldate = {2024-03-18},
	publisher = {PU François Rabelais},
	author = {Llopart, Michäel},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {PRINTED (Fonds papier)},
}

Il y a bientôt cent ans, naissait à Toulouse l'Office national industriel de l'Azote (ONIA), l'ancêtre de ce qui deviendra plus tard AZF. La création de cette usine d'ammoniaque synthétique découle de la volonté des dirigeants politiques français de résoudre le problème d'approvisionnement du pays en azote qui s'était posé brutalement durant la Première Guerre mondiale. Outre l'incapacité de son industrie à pouvoir fournir assez de poudres et d'explosifs en cas de guerre, la France ne fabrique pas assez d'engrais azotés en temps de paix, ce qui nuit à la modernisation de son agriculture. Cependant, malgré l'urgence de la situation, la création de cette entreprise publique ne fait pas l'unanimité, dans la mesure où l'opinion perçoit mal le fait que l'Etat intervienne sur un marché dévolu jusqu'ici aux seuls intérêts privés. De plus pour se développer et faire la preuve de son utilité industrielle, l'ONIA a dû surmonter de très nombreux défis. Revenant sur les origines de l'usine AZF et sur les raisons de sa création, ce livre analyse également les deux premières décennies d'existence de l'entreprise, en essayant de comprendre comment elle a contribué à la résolution du "problème de l'azote" durant l'entre-deux-guerres. Adoptant une perspective globale, ce livre replace la trajectoire de l'ONIA dans le contexte plus large d'une époque marqué par une évolution rapide des techniques, des marchés, de la législation sociale, et du rôle de l'Etat en matière économique.

@book{mcculloch_mining_2023,
	title = {Mining {Gold} and {Manufacturing} {Ignorance}: {Occupational} {Lung} {Disease} and the {Buying} and {Selling} of {Labour} in {Southern} {Africa}},
	isbn = {978-981-19832-7-6 978-981-19832-6-9},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85171518494&doi=10.1007%2f978-981-19-8327-6&partnerID=40&md5=7d5bea766ff6f0c98188bf4576a7a9b0},
	abstract = {This open access book charts how South Africa’s gold mines have systematically suppressed evidence of hazardous work practices and the risks associated with mining. For most of the twentieth century, South Africa was the world’s largest producer of gold. Although the country enjoyed a reputation for leading the world in occupational health legislation, the mining companies developed a system of medical surveillance and workers’ compensation which compromised the health of black gold miners, facilitated the spread of tuberculosis, and ravaged the communities and economies of labour-sending states. The culmination of two decades of meticulous archival research, this book exposes the making, contesting, and unravelling of the companies’ capacity to shape – and corrupt – medical knowledge. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2023. This book is an open access publication.},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Springer Nature},
	author = {McCulloch, Jock and Miller, Pavla},
	year = {2023},
	doi = {10.1007/978-981-19-8327-6},
	note = {Publication Title: Mining Gold and Manufacturing Ignorance: Occupational Lung Disease and the Buying and Selling of Labour in Southern Africa
Type: Book},
	keywords = {PRINTED (Fonds papier)},
}

This open access book charts how South Africa’s gold mines have systematically suppressed evidence of hazardous work practices and the risks associated with mining. For most of the twentieth century, South Africa was the world’s largest producer of gold. Although the country enjoyed a reputation for leading the world in occupational health legislation, the mining companies developed a system of medical surveillance and workers’ compensation which compromised the health of black gold miners, facilitated the spread of tuberculosis, and ravaged the communities and economies of labour-sending states. The culmination of two decades of meticulous archival research, this book exposes the making, contesting, and unravelling of the companies’ capacity to shape – and corrupt – medical knowledge. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2023. This book is an open access publication.

@article{lee2023,
	title = {Un(ac)countable no-bodies: the politics of ignorance in global health policymaking},
	volume = {33},
	doi = {10.1080/09581596.2022.2025578},
	abstract = {By analysing debates between member states of the World Health Organisation (WHO) over health inequities experienced by sexual and gender minorities (SGMs) from 2013 through to 2015 and 2016, this paper interrogates a WHO decision to ‘do nothing’, and the relationship between this decision and the production of ignorance and non-knowledge. This paper problematises state representatives’ discursive practices regarding the lack of evidence on SGM health inequalities, drawing on the sociology of ignorance. Informed by the sociology of nothing, two analytical categories – non-recognition (omissive) and mis-recognition (commissive) of SGM communities – are proposed to critically understand the production of ‘no-bodies’ and the tolerance of the lack of evidence. The lack of evidence, rather than prompting WHO action, was used as a rationale for intentionally neglecting the health concerns of particular social groups due to their invisibility in health research. Therefore, the paper argues that the lack of evidence in itself is symptomatic of the existence of SGM health inequities, which require the WHO to take action such as formally expressing concerns about and endorsing research on the topic.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Critical Public Health},
	author = {Lee, Po-Han},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Evidence-based public health, World Health Organisation, World Health Organization, article, drawing, female, human, human experiment, male, medical research, politics, public health, sexual and gender minorities, sexual and gender minority, sociology, sociology of ignorance, sociology of nothing},
	pages = {48--59},
}

By analysing debates between member states of the World Health Organisation (WHO) over health inequities experienced by sexual and gender minorities (SGMs) from 2013 through to 2015 and 2016, this paper interrogates a WHO decision to ‘do nothing’, and the relationship between this decision and the production of ignorance and non-knowledge. This paper problematises state representatives’ discursive practices regarding the lack of evidence on SGM health inequalities, drawing on the sociology of ignorance. Informed by the sociology of nothing, two analytical categories – non-recognition (omissive) and mis-recognition (commissive) of SGM communities – are proposed to critically understand the production of ‘no-bodies’ and the tolerance of the lack of evidence. The lack of evidence, rather than prompting WHO action, was used as a rationale for intentionally neglecting the health concerns of particular social groups due to their invisibility in health research. Therefore, the paper argues that the lack of evidence in itself is symptomatic of the existence of SGM health inequities, which require the WHO to take action such as formally expressing concerns about and endorsing research on the topic.

@article{simon_constitution_2023,
	title = {Constitution of ignorance and uncertainty in language use - a programmatic attempt at systematization; [{Konstitution} von {Nichtwissen} und {Unsicherheit} im {Sprachgebrauch} – ein programmatischer {Systematisierungsversuch}]},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {10173285},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85159844110&doi=10.24989%2ffs.v45i1-2.2235&partnerID=40&md5=7c1ed9326dee624dc76c60c3c32d58ec},
	doi = {10.24989/fs.v45i1-2.2235},
	abstract = {In this paper, we propose a systematisation of the constitution of ignorance and uncertainty in language use and interaction. To this end, we first distinguish between a local and a global perspective on ignorance and uncertainty constitution. For the local level of ignorance and uncertainty constitution, we propose that four different types of linguistically indexed attributions of ignorance and uncertainty can be distinguished, with which the speaker/writer refers to different knowledge domains involved in the social process of local knowledge constitution. We then provide an overview of the inventory of linguistic signs that can be used to index such attributions and, building on this, distinguish four different forms of ignorance and uncertainty indexing that can be used in heterogeneous ways to signal the different types of ignorance and uncertainty attributions in specific contexts and situations. For the global level of collective ignorance and uncertainty constitution, we propose a model of different types of propositional constellations that can be used discourse-analytically as a basis for external ignorance and uncertainty attributions. © 2023, Facultas Verlags- und Buchhandels AG. All rights reserved.},
	language = {German},
	number = {1-2},
	journal = {Fachsprache},
	author = {Simon, Niklas and Janich, Nina},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Facultas Verlags- und Buchhandels AG
Type: Article},
	pages = {5 -- 27},
}

In this paper, we propose a systematisation of the constitution of ignorance and uncertainty in language use and interaction. To this end, we first distinguish between a local and a global perspective on ignorance and uncertainty constitution. For the local level of ignorance and uncertainty constitution, we propose that four different types of linguistically indexed attributions of ignorance and uncertainty can be distinguished, with which the speaker/writer refers to different knowledge domains involved in the social process of local knowledge constitution. We then provide an overview of the inventory of linguistic signs that can be used to index such attributions and, building on this, distinguish four different forms of ignorance and uncertainty indexing that can be used in heterogeneous ways to signal the different types of ignorance and uncertainty attributions in specific contexts and situations. For the global level of collective ignorance and uncertainty constitution, we propose a model of different types of propositional constellations that can be used discourse-analytically as a basis for external ignorance and uncertainty attributions. © 2023, Facultas Verlags- und Buchhandels AG. All rights reserved.

@article{varwig_functions_2023,
	title = {Functions of uncertainty thematizations in journalistic media; [{Funktionen} von {Unsicherheitsthematisierungen} in journalistischen {Medien}]},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {10173285},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85159814722&doi=10.24989%2ffs.v45i1-2.2237&partnerID=40&md5=562dfd2c65910a7ba45f33dfc46c45ee},
	doi = {10.24989/fs.v45i1-2.2237},
	abstract = {Cornelia Varwig Abstract Theoretical and methodological approaches of discourse analysis in the wake of Foucault focus on how knowledge is constituted in discourses. They are therefore well suited for investigating the epistemic status of knowledge, and thus also uncertain knowledge and igno-rance. However, discourse research does not offer specialized analytical approaches to media discourses with their specific boundary conditions and inherent logics, while at the same time in practice many analyses deal with media products. Some writers even bemoan a “media oblivion” in discourse theory. This article aims to demonstrate how theoretical approaches in communication studies can help to specify the role of journalists as discourse producers and participants, as well as journalistic production principles. In the empirical part of the article, the scientifically ambiguous knowledge about burnout is used as an example to show ten discursive-communi-cative functions that the thematization of epistemic uncertainty can have in journalistic articles. © 2023, Facultas Verlags- und Buchhandels AG. All rights reserved.},
	language = {German},
	number = {1-2},
	journal = {Fachsprache},
	author = {Varwig, Cornelia},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Facultas Verlags- und Buchhandels AG
Type: Article},
	pages = {48 -- 65},
}

Cornelia Varwig Abstract Theoretical and methodological approaches of discourse analysis in the wake of Foucault focus on how knowledge is constituted in discourses. They are therefore well suited for investigating the epistemic status of knowledge, and thus also uncertain knowledge and igno-rance. However, discourse research does not offer specialized analytical approaches to media discourses with their specific boundary conditions and inherent logics, while at the same time in practice many analyses deal with media products. Some writers even bemoan a “media oblivion” in discourse theory. This article aims to demonstrate how theoretical approaches in communication studies can help to specify the role of journalists as discourse producers and participants, as well as journalistic production principles. In the empirical part of the article, the scientifically ambiguous knowledge about burnout is used as an example to show ten discursive-communi-cative functions that the thematization of epistemic uncertainty can have in journalistic articles. © 2023, Facultas Verlags- und Buchhandels AG. All rights reserved.

@article{bartl_governance_2023,
	title = {Governance between ignorance and evidence: {Technology} assessment in the context of pandemic crisis management},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {2568-020X},
	shorttitle = {Governance zwischen {Nichtwissen} und {Evidenz}: {Technikfolgen}-abschätzung im {Kontext} des {Pandemie}-{Krisenmanagements}},
	doi = {10.14512/tatup.32.2.30},
	abstract = {This article examines the relationship between knowledge and ignorance in the context of crises and corresponding technological solutions. It focuses on the case of pandemic simulation models as a specific form of dealing with uncertainty, which marks a transition from classical risk management to algorithmically organized anticipa-tion practices. The thesis of the paper is that technology assessment is affected by this development when it comes to reflecting on the nor-mative premises and social and political implications of digital crisis technologies. This refers in particular to what is considered crisis-rele-vant knowledge in the first place, according to what logics it circulates, and what attributions and effects can be observed with regard to digital crisis technologies. Against this background, the paper discusses the relevance of social science knowledge as well as the role of delib-erative practices in times of crisis.. © 2023 by the authors.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Zeitschrift fur Technikfolgenabschatzung in Theorie und Praxis / Journal for Technology Assessment in Theory and Practice},
	author = {Bartl, G.},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {co-production of knowledge, ignorance, pandemic simulation models, technologies of preparedness},
	pages = {30--35},
}

This article examines the relationship between knowledge and ignorance in the context of crises and corresponding technological solutions. It focuses on the case of pandemic simulation models as a specific form of dealing with uncertainty, which marks a transition from classical risk management to algorithmically organized anticipa-tion practices. The thesis of the paper is that technology assessment is affected by this development when it comes to reflecting on the nor-mative premises and social and political implications of digital crisis technologies. This refers in particular to what is considered crisis-rele-vant knowledge in the first place, according to what logics it circulates, and what attributions and effects can be observed with regard to digital crisis technologies. Against this background, the paper discusses the relevance of social science knowledge as well as the role of delib-erative practices in times of crisis.. © 2023 by the authors.

@article{de_mendonca_can_2023,
	title = {Can ignorance about the interest rate and macroeconomic surprises affect the stock market return? {Evidence} from a large emerging economy},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {10629408},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85144280499&doi=10.1016%2fj.najef.2022.101868&partnerID=40&md5=4d35e7e021d4620836c0f686a44418c1},
	doi = {10.1016/j.najef.2022.101868},
	abstract = {This paper analyzes whether the “ignorance” of private agents regarding the monetary policy interest rate and macroeconomic surprises affects the return in the stock exchange in a large emerging economy. Based on the Brazilian economy from January 2005 to September 2021, we build a measure of “ignorance” from the signal-to-noise ratio of the monetary policy interest rate and evaluate its effect on the stock market return. Furthermore, we analyze whether the “surprises” from macroeconomic variables can affect the stock market return. The findings indicate that increases in the “ignorance” of private agents regarding the monetary policy interest rate have a negative and statistically significant effect on the stock exchange return. Moreover, macroeconomic “surprises” have effects on stock market return. © 2022 Elsevier Inc.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {North American Journal of Economics and Finance},
	author = {de Mendonça, Helder Ferreira and Díaz, Raime Rolando Rodríguez},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier Inc.
Type: Article},
}

This paper analyzes whether the “ignorance” of private agents regarding the monetary policy interest rate and macroeconomic surprises affects the return in the stock exchange in a large emerging economy. Based on the Brazilian economy from January 2005 to September 2021, we build a measure of “ignorance” from the signal-to-noise ratio of the monetary policy interest rate and evaluate its effect on the stock market return. Furthermore, we analyze whether the “surprises” from macroeconomic variables can affect the stock market return. The findings indicate that increases in the “ignorance” of private agents regarding the monetary policy interest rate have a negative and statistically significant effect on the stock exchange return. Moreover, macroeconomic “surprises” have effects on stock market return. © 2022 Elsevier Inc.

@article{de_saxe_disrupting_2023,
	title = {Disrupting an {Epistemology} of {White} {Ignorance} through writing a {Racial} {Autobiography}},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {19204175},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85168990154&partnerID=40&md5=9d00635aa5adb4fb942cef8c09adbbe8},
	abstract = {White students who enter university having few experiences engaging with race and white supremacy are likely limited in their ability to perceive and understand structural white ignorance and racial bias towards Black, Indigenous and People of Color (BIPOC). As a result, these students and their professors tend to gloss over the insidious ways that hegemonic whiteness is upheld within the university setting. Such failure to critically examine structural whiteness misses opportunities to confront an epistemology of white ignorance, the Racial Contract, and their connection to sustained racial domination. Throughout this article, we argue that students can work towards identifying and disrupting white ignorance by writing a racial autobiography that critically reflects upon students' own experiences of race and racism. We use this assignment to illustrate what it might mean for students to 'become' co-conspirators within and beyond the university setting. © 2023 The Author(s).},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Critical Education},
	author = {de Saxe, Jennifer Gale and Ker, Alex},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Institute for Critical Education Studies
Type: Article},
	pages = {86 -- 100},
}

White students who enter university having few experiences engaging with race and white supremacy are likely limited in their ability to perceive and understand structural white ignorance and racial bias towards Black, Indigenous and People of Color (BIPOC). As a result, these students and their professors tend to gloss over the insidious ways that hegemonic whiteness is upheld within the university setting. Such failure to critically examine structural whiteness misses opportunities to confront an epistemology of white ignorance, the Racial Contract, and their connection to sustained racial domination. Throughout this article, we argue that students can work towards identifying and disrupting white ignorance by writing a racial autobiography that critically reflects upon students' own experiences of race and racism. We use this assignment to illustrate what it might mean for students to 'become' co-conspirators within and beyond the university setting. © 2023 The Author(s).

@article{portfliet2023,
	title = {How to study strategic ignorance in organizations},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {2052-1499},
	abstract = {This special issue is a testament to the interest in ignorance which has been shown across fields. However, questions remain on how to study the phenomenon. Methods diverge based on what type of ignorance is being examined and what field the study is located in. In this note, we find that a method to study a particular kind of ignorance, namely organizational strategic ignorance, is lacking, primarily due to the power and temporal dimensions at play. We offer that a material approach, specifically one focused on ‘boundary objects’, may be a fruitful avenue for investigating the topic. Objects have long been understood as sites of interpretive flexibility (Star, 2010), and there are parallels that can be drawn between materiality/absence and knowledge/ignorance, incorporating aspects of power, but also the temporal qualities that strategic ignorance encompasses. We draw on our research on whistleblowing to illustrate how boundary objects are a useful starting point for studies of strategic ignorance, and how a material approach in general may be an effective method for ignorance research more widely.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Ephemera},
	author = {Portfliet, M. Van and Fanchini, M.},
	year = {2023},
	pages = {217--230},
}

This special issue is a testament to the interest in ignorance which has been shown across fields. However, questions remain on how to study the phenomenon. Methods diverge based on what type of ignorance is being examined and what field the study is located in. In this note, we find that a method to study a particular kind of ignorance, namely organizational strategic ignorance, is lacking, primarily due to the power and temporal dimensions at play. We offer that a material approach, specifically one focused on ‘boundary objects’, may be a fruitful avenue for investigating the topic. Objects have long been understood as sites of interpretive flexibility (Star, 2010), and there are parallels that can be drawn between materiality/absence and knowledge/ignorance, incorporating aspects of power, but also the temporal qualities that strategic ignorance encompasses. We draw on our research on whistleblowing to illustrate how boundary objects are a useful starting point for studies of strategic ignorance, and how a material approach in general may be an effective method for ignorance research more widely.

@article{nordstrom2023a,
	title = {Strategic ignorance of health risk: its causes and policy consequences},
	volume = {7},
	doi = {10.1017/bpp.2019.52},
	abstract = {AbstractWe examine the causes and policy implications of strategic (willful) ignorance of risk as an excuse to over-engage in risky health behavior. In an experiment on Copenhagen adults, we allow subjects to choose whether to learn the calorie content of a meal before consuming it and then measure their subsequent calorie intake. Consistent with previous studies, we find strong evidence of strategic ignorance: 46\% of subjects choose to ignore calorie information, and these subjects subsequently consume more calories on average than they would have had they been informed. While previous studies have focused on self-control as the motivating factor for strategic ignorance of calorie information, we find that ignorance in our study is instead motivated by optimal expectations – subjects choose ignorance so that they can downplay the probability of their preferred meal being high-calorie. We discuss how the motivation matters to policy. Further, we find that the prevalence of strategic ignorance largely negates the effects of calorie information provision: on average, subjects who have the option to ignore calorie information consume the same number of calories as subjects who are provided no information.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Behavioural Public Policy},
	author = {NORDSTRÖM, JONAS and THUNSTRÖM, LINDA and VAN ’T VELD, KLAAS and SHOGREN, JASON F. and EHMKE, MARIAH},
	year = {2023},
	pages = {83--114},
}

AbstractWe examine the causes and policy implications of strategic (willful) ignorance of risk as an excuse to over-engage in risky health behavior. In an experiment on Copenhagen adults, we allow subjects to choose whether to learn the calorie content of a meal before consuming it and then measure their subsequent calorie intake. Consistent with previous studies, we find strong evidence of strategic ignorance: 46% of subjects choose to ignore calorie information, and these subjects subsequently consume more calories on average than they would have had they been informed. While previous studies have focused on self-control as the motivating factor for strategic ignorance of calorie information, we find that ignorance in our study is instead motivated by optimal expectations – subjects choose ignorance so that they can downplay the probability of their preferred meal being high-calorie. We discuss how the motivation matters to policy. Further, we find that the prevalence of strategic ignorance largely negates the effects of calorie information provision: on average, subjects who have the option to ignore calorie information consume the same number of calories as subjects who are provided no information.

@article{kirfel2023b,
	title = {Determining the {Epistemic} {Condition} of {Responsibility}-{Manipulation} of people's motivation for ignorance and knowledge in positive outcome cases},
	abstract = {In this study, we are interested in people’s responsibility attributions to wilfully ignorant agents whose actions result in a positive outcome. In previous studies, we have investigated the factors that drive people’s responsibility judgments to willfully ignorant agents who cause harm. In this study, we examine whether agents who remain ignorant with the intent to remain unbiased in their decision-making receive more responsibility for a positive outcome than agents who did not do so. More precisely, we will investigate cases in which an agent remains willfully ignorant to remain unbiased in their choice of a candidate for an international music competition. Just judging on the candidates’ musical quality but intentionally not knowing their identity, the agent unknowingly ends up choosing a candidate they have family or romantic ties with. That candidate then ends up winning the music competition. We are interested in people’s responsibility judgments in such a case, and how these compare to a case in which the agent had no choice of knowing the candidates’ identity, or a case in which the agent knowingly chooses their partner/relative.},
	journal = {osf.io},
	author = {Kirfel, L. and Gerstenberg, T.},
	year = {2023},
}

In this study, we are interested in people’s responsibility attributions to wilfully ignorant agents whose actions result in a positive outcome. In previous studies, we have investigated the factors that drive people’s responsibility judgments to willfully ignorant agents who cause harm. In this study, we examine whether agents who remain ignorant with the intent to remain unbiased in their decision-making receive more responsibility for a positive outcome than agents who did not do so. More precisely, we will investigate cases in which an agent remains willfully ignorant to remain unbiased in their choice of a candidate for an international music competition. Just judging on the candidates’ musical quality but intentionally not knowing their identity, the agent unknowingly ends up choosing a candidate they have family or romantic ties with. That candidate then ends up winning the music competition. We are interested in people’s responsibility judgments in such a case, and how these compare to a case in which the agent had no choice of knowing the candidates’ identity, or a case in which the agent knowingly chooses their partner/relative.

@article{asplin2023,
	title = {Unintended ignorance: {The} narrative of 'the missing patient voice'.},
	abstract = {This paper brings attention to the production of unintended ignorance in the
context of patient involvement in the re-design of healthcare services. Ignorance is
usually treated as the result of human and intentional inattention. Recent calls
stress that more empirical studies are needed that go beyond understanding
ignorance as performed by individuals to explore ignorance as a sociomaterial
practice, including all its heterogeneous elements. Actor-network-theory (ANT)
assumes that power does not relate primarily to human intention, but instead to the
capability of actors, human and non-human, to cause relational effect. Through the
lens of ANT and translation, this ethnographic study illustrates how ignorance is
produced throughout a service design process in Norwegian health care seeking to
involve patients and include the patient voice. It finds that ignorance is produced as
patient-centred policy translates into a label — ‘the missing patient voice’ —
enrolling actors and contributing to unintentionally ignoring the real patient voices.
This article brings empirical insight into ignorance as practice by giving voice to the
non-human actors involved in such efforts, bringing conceptual attention to the
material dimension of ignorance. Furthermore, this study affords nuance in
understanding practices of patient-centred care by offering a critical perspective on
how well-intended efforts of locating and including the patient voice in healthcare
services can become symbolic and instead bring passive, token patients (with no
voices) into being.},
	journal = {Ephemera: theory \& politics in organization},
	author = {Asplin, Betina Riis},
	year = {2023},
}

This paper brings attention to the production of unintended ignorance in the context of patient involvement in the re-design of healthcare services. Ignorance is usually treated as the result of human and intentional inattention. Recent calls stress that more empirical studies are needed that go beyond understanding ignorance as performed by individuals to explore ignorance as a sociomaterial practice, including all its heterogeneous elements. Actor-network-theory (ANT) assumes that power does not relate primarily to human intention, but instead to the capability of actors, human and non-human, to cause relational effect. Through the lens of ANT and translation, this ethnographic study illustrates how ignorance is produced throughout a service design process in Norwegian health care seeking to involve patients and include the patient voice. It finds that ignorance is produced as patient-centred policy translates into a label — ‘the missing patient voice’ — enrolling actors and contributing to unintentionally ignoring the real patient voices. This article brings empirical insight into ignorance as practice by giving voice to the non-human actors involved in such efforts, bringing conceptual attention to the material dimension of ignorance. Furthermore, this study affords nuance in understanding practices of patient-centred care by offering a critical perspective on how well-intended efforts of locating and including the patient voice in healthcare services can become symbolic and instead bring passive, token patients (with no voices) into being.

@article{becker2023,
	title = {Silence, secrecy, ignorance, and the making of class and status across generations},
	abstract = {A peculiar aura of uncertainty and difficulty of knowing surrounds class, and especially its transmission from one generation to another. In this programmatic text we trace silences around the reproduction of class through our ethnographic research in Kenya, Egypt, Iran, Kyrgyzstan, and Palestine, and among migrant diasporas that link those countries with Somalia, Afghanistan, Western Europe, Russia, and the Arab Gulf states. We propose a comparative and nuanced attention to the ways in which concealment and silences – that is, ways of not display- ing things or not speaking openly about them even while they may be known; secrets – that is, knowledge that is actively prevented from circulating; and ignorance – that is, ways of not knowing or not addressing something, together contribute to the reproduction of social status across generations. That reproduction, we argue, is in need of not being known or addressed because the mor- al and institutional claims and the public image that are inherent to status are frequently contradicted or compli- cated by the process in which the resources have been gathered, and by the ways in which they are passed on. The passing on of status from one generation to another therefore needs to be understood in a way that is not restricted to its discursive and performative dimension of explicit markers and accomplishments. Marks of dis- tinction, accomplishment of status – and also stigmas of discrimination and stories of failure – are likely to consist equally of aspects that are concealed, forcibly kept se- cret, or not addressed. At the same time, every display and utterance that qualitatively or quantitatively values a person’s or group’s standing vis-à-vis others is likely to be enabled and accompanied by blind spots and silenc- es. These can be best studied from the bottom up through a qualitative enquiry.},
	journal = {ssoar.info},
	author = {Becker, J. and Bromber, K. and Chavoshian, S.},
	year = {2023},
	pages = {1--15},
}

A peculiar aura of uncertainty and difficulty of knowing surrounds class, and especially its transmission from one generation to another. In this programmatic text we trace silences around the reproduction of class through our ethnographic research in Kenya, Egypt, Iran, Kyrgyzstan, and Palestine, and among migrant diasporas that link those countries with Somalia, Afghanistan, Western Europe, Russia, and the Arab Gulf states. We propose a comparative and nuanced attention to the ways in which concealment and silences – that is, ways of not display- ing things or not speaking openly about them even while they may be known; secrets – that is, knowledge that is actively prevented from circulating; and ignorance – that is, ways of not knowing or not addressing something, together contribute to the reproduction of social status across generations. That reproduction, we argue, is in need of not being known or addressed because the mor- al and institutional claims and the public image that are inherent to status are frequently contradicted or compli- cated by the process in which the resources have been gathered, and by the ways in which they are passed on. The passing on of status from one generation to another therefore needs to be understood in a way that is not restricted to its discursive and performative dimension of explicit markers and accomplishments. Marks of dis- tinction, accomplishment of status – and also stigmas of discrimination and stories of failure – are likely to consist equally of aspects that are concealed, forcibly kept se- cret, or not addressed. At the same time, every display and utterance that qualitatively or quantitatively values a person’s or group’s standing vis-à-vis others is likely to be enabled and accompanied by blind spots and silenc- es. These can be best studied from the bottom up through a qualitative enquiry.

@article{geiger2023,
	title = {What we think others think about climate change: generalizability of pluralistic ignorance across 11 countries},
	abstract = {The majority of people worldwide believe in human-caused climate change. Yet this social consensus is often underestimated, potentially undermining individual climate action. This preregistered study tests (a) whether systematic misperceptions of climate change beliefs generalize across a diverse sample of 11 countries, particularly those countries that are typically underrepresented in psychological research, and (b) whether presenting country-specific public opinion data on climate change beliefs can promote factors related to climate action. Using cross-quota samples (age and sex; N = 3,653), we find that people across all 11 countries underestimate the prevalence of pro-climate views (‘mainly and partly human-caused’), ranging from 7.5\% in Indonesia to 20.8\% in Brazil. However, providing social consensus information is largely ineffective, except for minimal effects on willingness to express one’s opinion on climate change. This effect may, nevertheless, be meaningful if it reduces ‘self-silencing’. The overall results question the continued use of social consensus messaging on social media and as an educational intervention.},
	journal = {osf.io},
	author = {Geiger, S. J. and Köhler, J. K. and Delabrida…, Z. N. C.},
	year = {2023},
}

The majority of people worldwide believe in human-caused climate change. Yet this social consensus is often underestimated, potentially undermining individual climate action. This preregistered study tests (a) whether systematic misperceptions of climate change beliefs generalize across a diverse sample of 11 countries, particularly those countries that are typically underrepresented in psychological research, and (b) whether presenting country-specific public opinion data on climate change beliefs can promote factors related to climate action. Using cross-quota samples (age and sex; N = 3,653), we find that people across all 11 countries underestimate the prevalence of pro-climate views (‘mainly and partly human-caused’), ranging from 7.5% in Indonesia to 20.8% in Brazil. However, providing social consensus information is largely ineffective, except for minimal effects on willingness to express one’s opinion on climate change. This effect may, nevertheless, be meaningful if it reduces ‘self-silencing’. The overall results question the continued use of social consensus messaging on social media and as an educational intervention.

@article{campbell2023,
	title = {Demystifying the black box: from ignorance to observation to mechanism in cancer research},
	volume = {38},
	doi = {10.1007/s10654-022-00935-9},
	abstract = {Pas de résumé…},
	number = {12},
	journal = {European Journal of Epidemiology},
	author = {Campbell, Peter J.},
	year = {2023},
	pages = {1265--1267},
}

Pas de résumé…

@article{desai2023,
	title = {Expert {Ignorance}: {The} {Law} and {Politics} of {Rule} of {Law} {Reform}},
	journal = {books.google.com},
	author = {Desai, D.},
	year = {2023},
}

@incollection{di_leo_conspiring_2023,
	title = {Conspiring with theory: {Popper}, {Antitheory}, and the {Epistemology} of {Ignorance}},
	isbn = {978-1-00-095804-1 978-1-03-245016-2},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85168859623&doi=10.4324%2f9781003375005-14&partnerID=40&md5=36e4c1d35fda3ca5bb517cc43196c11b},
	abstract = {This chapter argues that the open society of Karl Popper is one that is closed to theory. The conspiracy theory of theory that is part of its framework cuts off at the knees much of the contemporary thought that can be described as critique. What this means, for example, is that none of the theoretical revolutions regarding intersectional issues such as race, class, gender, disability, and sexuality have a place in the contemporary open society because they are not falsifiable. Also, theoretical efforts to elevate and make space for the voices and issues of those who are marginalized, discriminated against, or subject to violence are not welcome in the open society because they are viewed as a conspiracy by theory to end the static rule of falsifiable epistemology. This chapter revisits the epistemological and social science vision of Popper, which has through the philanthropy of George Soros, has come to be associated today with the Open Society Foundations and the Central European University (CEU). The question asked here is whether the legacies of Popper that conspire against theory for the betterment of the world achieve their aim-or whether conspiring with theory is at the present moment a surer path to improving the world. With 32 billion dollars pumped into the Open Society Foundations initiative since 1984, the legacy of Popper could very well be the most well-funded version of antitheory in history. © 2024 selection and editorial matter, Frida Beckman and Jeffrey R. Di Leo; individual chapters, the contributors.},
	language = {English},
	booktitle = {Theory {Conspiracy}},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Di Leo, Jeffrey R.},
	editor = {Beckman, Frida and Di Leo, Jeffrey R.},
	year = {2023},
	doi = {10.4324/9781003375005-14},
	note = {Publication Title: Theory Conspiracy
Type: Book chapter},
	pages = {185 -- 206},
}

This chapter argues that the open society of Karl Popper is one that is closed to theory. The conspiracy theory of theory that is part of its framework cuts off at the knees much of the contemporary thought that can be described as critique. What this means, for example, is that none of the theoretical revolutions regarding intersectional issues such as race, class, gender, disability, and sexuality have a place in the contemporary open society because they are not falsifiable. Also, theoretical efforts to elevate and make space for the voices and issues of those who are marginalized, discriminated against, or subject to violence are not welcome in the open society because they are viewed as a conspiracy by theory to end the static rule of falsifiable epistemology. This chapter revisits the epistemological and social science vision of Popper, which has through the philanthropy of George Soros, has come to be associated today with the Open Society Foundations and the Central European University (CEU). The question asked here is whether the legacies of Popper that conspire against theory for the betterment of the world achieve their aim-or whether conspiring with theory is at the present moment a surer path to improving the world. With 32 billion dollars pumped into the Open Society Foundations initiative since 1984, the legacy of Popper could very well be the most well-funded version of antitheory in history. © 2024 selection and editorial matter, Frida Beckman and Jeffrey R. Di Leo; individual chapters, the contributors.

@article{ding2023,
	title = {Reducing uncertainty and confronting ignorance about the potential impacts of microplastic on animals: {A} critical review},
	volume = {171},
	abstract = {… , the key words employed in this study encompassed “Microplastics and animals” to … by 2023. After a thorough selection and elimination process, 170 highly relevant studies were …},
	journal = {TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
	author = {Ding, R. and Dong, Y. and Ouyang, Z. and Zuo, X. and Zhang…, Y.},
	year = {2023},
}

… , the key words employed in this study encompassed “Microplastics and animals” to … by 2023. After a thorough selection and elimination process, 170 highly relevant studies were …

@incollection{robichaud_climate_2023,
	title = {Climate {Change}, {Difficulty}, and {Ignorance}},
	isbn = {978-1-00-093419-9},
	abstract = {This chapter will canvas some of the positions that have been defended in the literature regarding the way in which ignorance regarding climate change should impact our moral appraisal of individuals. It will then examine how the difficulty of ‘getting things right’ in these domains should affect the analysis. It will argue that careful attention to the nature and degree of difficulty will allow for a much more subtle understanding of how ignorance can impact climate ethics, and that this complex moral appraisal should be undertaken with care, but that we should welcome the fact that the complexities of real-life cases can be captured by several of the relevant theories on offer. © 2024 Taylor \& Francis.},
	language = {English},
	booktitle = {The {Routledge} {Handbook} of {Applied} {Climate} {Change} {Ethics}},
	author = {Robichaud, P.},
	year = {2023},
	doi = {10.4324/9781003039860-25},
	pages = {222--230},
}

This chapter will canvas some of the positions that have been defended in the literature regarding the way in which ignorance regarding climate change should impact our moral appraisal of individuals. It will then examine how the difficulty of ‘getting things right’ in these domains should affect the analysis. It will argue that careful attention to the nature and degree of difficulty will allow for a much more subtle understanding of how ignorance can impact climate ethics, and that this complex moral appraisal should be undertaken with care, but that we should welcome the fact that the complexities of real-life cases can be captured by several of the relevant theories on offer. © 2024 Taylor & Francis.

@incollection{robichaud_companion_2023,
	title = {A {Companion} to {Free} {Will}},
	isbn = {978-1-119-21017-7 978-1-119-21013-9},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85166059590&doi=10.1002%2f9781119210177.ch21&partnerID=40&md5=af3afcd86a4399d7087143adc7f0b096},
	abstract = {In this chapter I will canvas the central positions in debates about the epistemic condition of moral responsibility. In so doing, I will discuss some of the core theoretical and applied questions that concern the impact ignorance has on moral responsibility. My first task is to outline the structure of the epistemic condition and describe how the foreseeability of ignorance and ignorant wrongdoing is relevant to the question of whether the epistemic condition is met. I then go on to describe two of the main strands in the debate. I will then delve into two main perspectives on the topic: "volitionism," which posits that must trace to an instance of knowing or witting belief mismanagement, and "non-volitionism," which does not have this requirement and is therefore less restrictive in determining moral responsibility for ignorant actions. I will also examine the relevance of moral ignorance, difficulty, praiseworthiness, and luck to the epistemic condition. I conclude with a discussion of some issues in what might be called the applied ethics of the epistemic condition. © 2023 John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.},
	language = {English},
	booktitle = {The epistemic condition of moral responsibility},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	author = {Robichaud, Philip},
	editor = {Campbell, Joseph Keim and Mickelson, Christine L. and White, V. Alan},
	year = {2023},
	doi = {10.1002/9781119210177.ch21},
	note = {Publication Title: A Companion to Free Will
Type: Book chapter},
	pages = {355--368},
}

In this chapter I will canvas the central positions in debates about the epistemic condition of moral responsibility. In so doing, I will discuss some of the core theoretical and applied questions that concern the impact ignorance has on moral responsibility. My first task is to outline the structure of the epistemic condition and describe how the foreseeability of ignorance and ignorant wrongdoing is relevant to the question of whether the epistemic condition is met. I then go on to describe two of the main strands in the debate. I will then delve into two main perspectives on the topic: "volitionism," which posits that must trace to an instance of knowing or witting belief mismanagement, and "non-volitionism," which does not have this requirement and is therefore less restrictive in determining moral responsibility for ignorant actions. I will also examine the relevance of moral ignorance, difficulty, praiseworthiness, and luck to the epistemic condition. I conclude with a discussion of some issues in what might be called the applied ethics of the epistemic condition. © 2023 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

@incollection{perron_who_2023,
	title = {Who knew? {Towards} a sociology of ignorance in nursing},
	isbn = {978-1-00-342740-7 978-1-03-211460-6},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85170180037&doi=10.4324%2f9781003427407-33&partnerID=40&md5=4a78a9e80e88a5efd4152f12849d3ed5},
	abstract = {This chapter discusses an unusual concept in nursing and healthcare: ignorance. Using reports by a nurse whistleblower and migrant women about widespread gynaecological abuse in a US detention facility as a case study, the chapter illustrates the contributions of the sociology of ignorance and the related field of ignorance studies to the study of epistemological issues in nursing. Ignorance studies are concerned with non-knowledge-that is, information that is not identifiable, retrievable, or intelligible, both accidentally and strategically. In other words, they help assess the ways and the things we do not know, cannot know, or refuse to know. The chapter uses this perspective to critically outline particular patterns of knowledge production and obstruction that govern care spaces and that underpin associated media and government discourses. The chapter highlights how these epistemic patterns spell paradoxical positions for nurses in social and political systems as both subjects and drivers of ignorance. © 2024 selection and editorial matter, Martin Lipscomb. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	booktitle = {Routledge {Handbook} of {Philosophy} and {Nursing}},
	publisher = {Taylor and Francis},
	author = {Perron, Amélie},
	year = {2023},
	doi = {10.4324/9781003427407-33},
	note = {Publication Title: Routledge Handbook of Philosophy and Nursing
Type: Book chapter},
	pages = {287--297},
}

This chapter discusses an unusual concept in nursing and healthcare: ignorance. Using reports by a nurse whistleblower and migrant women about widespread gynaecological abuse in a US detention facility as a case study, the chapter illustrates the contributions of the sociology of ignorance and the related field of ignorance studies to the study of epistemological issues in nursing. Ignorance studies are concerned with non-knowledge-that is, information that is not identifiable, retrievable, or intelligible, both accidentally and strategically. In other words, they help assess the ways and the things we do not know, cannot know, or refuse to know. The chapter uses this perspective to critically outline particular patterns of knowledge production and obstruction that govern care spaces and that underpin associated media and government discourses. The chapter highlights how these epistemic patterns spell paradoxical positions for nurses in social and political systems as both subjects and drivers of ignorance. © 2024 selection and editorial matter, Martin Lipscomb. All rights reserved.

@book{boswell2023,
	address = {Cambridge},
	title = {States of {Ignorance} : {Governing} {Irregular} {Migrants} in {Western} {Europe}},
	abstract = {Much attention has been focused on how states produce knowledge about the people they govern; far less has been written about those aspects of society that states choose to keep obscure. This book makes an original contribution to understanding state ignorance by focusing on one of the most complex and contested social issues of our day: the governance of irregular migrants. Tracing the evolution of state monitoring and control of irregular migrants from the 1960s to the present day across France, Germany and the United Kingdom, the authors develop a theory of 'state ignorance', setting out three complementary ways of understanding such oversights: ignorance as omission, ignorance as strategy, and ignorance as ascription. The findings upend dominant approaches, which tend to assume that states are preoccupied with producing knowledge about their populations, and argues that states have actually been keen to sustain ignorance about their unauthorised populations.},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Boswell, Christina and Chabal, Emile},
	year = {2023},
}

Much attention has been focused on how states produce knowledge about the people they govern; far less has been written about those aspects of society that states choose to keep obscure. This book makes an original contribution to understanding state ignorance by focusing on one of the most complex and contested social issues of our day: the governance of irregular migrants. Tracing the evolution of state monitoring and control of irregular migrants from the 1960s to the present day across France, Germany and the United Kingdom, the authors develop a theory of 'state ignorance', setting out three complementary ways of understanding such oversights: ignorance as omission, ignorance as strategy, and ignorance as ascription. The findings upend dominant approaches, which tend to assume that states are preoccupied with producing knowledge about their populations, and argues that states have actually been keen to sustain ignorance about their unauthorised populations.

@article{bjerring_fragmentation_2023,
	title = {Fragmentation, metalinguistic ignorance, and logical omniscience},
	volume = {180},
	issn = {00318116},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85159335048&doi=10.1007%2fs11098-023-01962-2&partnerID=40&md5=e87735a024daa10521c1e39cb9db30ab},
	doi = {10.1007/s11098-023-01962-2},
	abstract = {To reconcile the standard possible worlds model of knowledge with the intuition that ordinary agents fall far short of logical omniscience, a Stalnakerian strategy appeals to two components. The first is the idea that mathematical and logical knowledge is at bottom metalinguistic knowledge. The second is the idea that non-ideal minds are often fragmented. In this paper, we investigate this Stalnakerian reconciliation strategy and argue, ultimately, that it fails. We are not the first to complain about the Stalnakerian strategy. But in contrast to existing complaints, we want to cause trouble for the strategy directly on its home turf. That is, we will advance our objection while granting both the plausibility of the fragmentation component—save for an extreme version of it—and that of the metalinguistic component. Once our central objection to the Stalnakerian strategy is in place, we will show how it negatively affects Adam Elga and Augustín Rayo’s recent attempt to apply the Stalnakerian strategy in the context of Bayesian decision theory. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.},
	language = {English},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Philosophical Studies},
	author = {Bjerring, Jens Christian and Tang, Weng Hong},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media B.V.
Type: Article},
	pages = {2129 -- 2151},
}

To reconcile the standard possible worlds model of knowledge with the intuition that ordinary agents fall far short of logical omniscience, a Stalnakerian strategy appeals to two components. The first is the idea that mathematical and logical knowledge is at bottom metalinguistic knowledge. The second is the idea that non-ideal minds are often fragmented. In this paper, we investigate this Stalnakerian reconciliation strategy and argue, ultimately, that it fails. We are not the first to complain about the Stalnakerian strategy. But in contrast to existing complaints, we want to cause trouble for the strategy directly on its home turf. That is, we will advance our objection while granting both the plausibility of the fragmentation component—save for an extreme version of it—and that of the metalinguistic component. Once our central objection to the Stalnakerian strategy is in place, we will show how it negatively affects Adam Elga and Augustín Rayo’s recent attempt to apply the Stalnakerian strategy in the context of Bayesian decision theory. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.

@article{crutchfield_ignorance_2023,
	title = {Ignorance and moral judgment: {Testing} the logical priority of the epistemic},
	volume = {108},
	issn = {10538100},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85147194447&doi=10.1016%2fj.concog.2023.103472&partnerID=40&md5=7cba355c201b5c352c7035cce13b5765},
	doi = {10.1016/j.concog.2023.103472},
	abstract = {It has recently been argued that a person's moral judgments (about both their own and others’ actions) are constrained by the nature and extent of their relevant ignorance and, thus, that such judgments are determined in the first instance by the person's epistemic circumstances. It has been argued, in other words, that the epistemic is logically prior to other normative (e.g., ethical, prudential, pecuniary) considerations in human decision-making, that these other normative considerations figure in decision-making only after (logically and temporally) relevant ignorance has constrained the decision-maker's menu of options. If this is right, then a person's moral judgments in some set of circumstances should vary with their knowledge and ignorance of these circumstances. In this study, we test the hypothesis of the logical priority of the epistemic. We describe two experiments in which subjects’ knowledge and ignorance of relevant consequences were manipulated. In the second experiment, we also compared the effect of ignorance on moral judgments with that of personal force, a factor previously shown to influence moral judgments. We found broad empirical support for the armchair arguments that epistemic considerations are logically prior to normative considerations. © 2023 Elsevier Inc.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Consciousness and Cognition},
	author = {Crutchfield, Parker and Scheall, Scott and Justin Rzeszutek, Mark and Dawn Brown, Hayley and Cardoso Sao Mateus, Cristal},
	year = {2023},
	pmid = {36724707},
	note = {Publisher: Academic Press Inc.
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Gravitation, Humans, Judgment, Morals, adult, article, case report, clinical article, decision making, female, gravity, human, human experiment, male, morality},
}

It has recently been argued that a person's moral judgments (about both their own and others’ actions) are constrained by the nature and extent of their relevant ignorance and, thus, that such judgments are determined in the first instance by the person's epistemic circumstances. It has been argued, in other words, that the epistemic is logically prior to other normative (e.g., ethical, prudential, pecuniary) considerations in human decision-making, that these other normative considerations figure in decision-making only after (logically and temporally) relevant ignorance has constrained the decision-maker's menu of options. If this is right, then a person's moral judgments in some set of circumstances should vary with their knowledge and ignorance of these circumstances. In this study, we test the hypothesis of the logical priority of the epistemic. We describe two experiments in which subjects’ knowledge and ignorance of relevant consequences were manipulated. In the second experiment, we also compared the effect of ignorance on moral judgments with that of personal force, a factor previously shown to influence moral judgments. We found broad empirical support for the armchair arguments that epistemic considerations are logically prior to normative considerations. © 2023 Elsevier Inc.

@article{zorzanelli_interview_2023,
	title = {Interview with {Sergio} {Sismondo}},
	volume = {64},
	copyright = {© 2022 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System},
	issn = {2694-3034, 2694-3042},
	url = {https://hopp.uwpress.org/content/64/2/187},
	doi = {10.3368/hopp.64.2.187},
	abstract = {This is the fifth interview in the journal’s “Conversations” section. Drawn from my broader project Interviews with Researchers from the Anthropology, History, and Sociology of Pharmaceuticals: Mapping Out the Area ,[1][1] the following discussion features Dr. Sergio Sismondo, a leading},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2023-10-11},
	journal = {History of Pharmacy and Pharmaceuticals},
	author = {Zorzanelli, Rafaela},
	month = feb,
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press
Section: Conversations},
	pages = {187--197},
}

This is the fifth interview in the journal’s “Conversations” section. Drawn from my broader project Interviews with Researchers from the Anthropology, History, and Sociology of Pharmaceuticals: Mapping Out the Area ,[1][1] the following discussion features Dr. Sergio Sismondo, a leading

@article{wu_patient-reported_2023,
	title = {Patient-reported outcome measures ({PROMs}) and patient-reported experience measures ({PREMs}), it's time to give more credits to patients' voice in research: the example of assessing hypoglycemia burden},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {1878-1780},
	shorttitle = {Patient-reported outcome measures ({PROMs}) and patient-reported experience measures ({PREMs}), it's time to give more credits to patients' voice in research},
	doi = {10.1016/j.diabet.2022.101417},
	language = {eng},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Diabetes \& Metabolism},
	author = {Wu, Zekai and Bandini, Aude and Brazeau, Anne-Sophie and Rabasa-Lhoret, Rémi},
	month = mar,
	year = {2023},
	pmid = {36586477},
	keywords = {Diabetes, Humans, Lived experience, Patient Reported Outcome Measures, Patient Satisfaction, Patient-reported experience measures (PREMs), Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), Research},
	pages = {101417},
}

@incollection{benavides_recalcitrance_2023,
	title = {The {Recalcitrance} of {White} {Ignorance}},
	isbn = {978-1-00-099945-7 978-1-03-227591-8},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85178563367&doi=10.4324%2f9781003293460-4&partnerID=40&md5=cfc0742c3da35909b80eec492126cb46},
	abstract = {White ignorance is, according to Charles Mills (2007), a specific kind of “group-based cognitive handicap”. As an “inverted epistemology”, it designates not just any kind of ignorance white people may have, but one in which race “plays a crucial causal role” (Mills, 2007). As an active pattern of “belief-forming practices” (Alcoff, 2007), it has a “militant”, “dynamic” and “aggressive” character (Mills, 2007). Mills identifies five main cognitive processes involved in the production of white ignorance: perception, conception, memory, testimony, and motivational group interest. It is unclear, however, which of these elements plays a more substantive role in the dynamic, militant, and aggressive character of white ignorance. In this chapter, I argue that what Mills calls “motivational group interest” can more specifically account for the recalcitrance of white ignorance. Whilst Mills analyses white ignorance as a primarily cognitive phenomenon, I argue, following José Medina and Shannon Sullivan, that its affective dimensions can help explain why this kind of ignorance is so difficult to eradicate. Drawing on the works of Audre Lorde, Sara Ahmed, and George Yancy, I aim to show that white ignorance is rooted in affective strategies, through which whites aim to maintain their power. In this sense, white ignorance can be thought of as a matrix of the coloniality of many political concepts, and any decolonial project will also need to contend with its conative and affective roots. © 2024 selection and editorial matter, Valentin Clavé-Mercier and Marie Wuth; individual chapters, the contributors.},
	language = {English},
	booktitle = {Decolonising {Political} {Concepts}},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Benavides, Laurencia Sáenz},
	editor = {Clavé-Mercier, Valentin and Wuth, Marie},
	year = {2023},
	doi = {10.4324/9781003293460-4},
	note = {Publication Title: Decolonising Political Concepts
Type: Book chapter},
}

White ignorance is, according to Charles Mills (2007), a specific kind of “group-based cognitive handicap”. As an “inverted epistemology”, it designates not just any kind of ignorance white people may have, but one in which race “plays a crucial causal role” (Mills, 2007). As an active pattern of “belief-forming practices” (Alcoff, 2007), it has a “militant”, “dynamic” and “aggressive” character (Mills, 2007). Mills identifies five main cognitive processes involved in the production of white ignorance: perception, conception, memory, testimony, and motivational group interest. It is unclear, however, which of these elements plays a more substantive role in the dynamic, militant, and aggressive character of white ignorance. In this chapter, I argue that what Mills calls “motivational group interest” can more specifically account for the recalcitrance of white ignorance. Whilst Mills analyses white ignorance as a primarily cognitive phenomenon, I argue, following José Medina and Shannon Sullivan, that its affective dimensions can help explain why this kind of ignorance is so difficult to eradicate. Drawing on the works of Audre Lorde, Sara Ahmed, and George Yancy, I aim to show that white ignorance is rooted in affective strategies, through which whites aim to maintain their power. In this sense, white ignorance can be thought of as a matrix of the coloniality of many political concepts, and any decolonial project will also need to contend with its conative and affective roots. © 2024 selection and editorial matter, Valentin Clavé-Mercier and Marie Wuth; individual chapters, the contributors.

@article{boguslav_creating_2023,
	title = {Creating an ignorance-base: {Exploring} known unknowns in the scientific literature},
	volume = {143},
	issn = {15320464},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85165097680&doi=10.1016%2fj.jbi.2023.104405&partnerID=40&md5=7e85a1781533742d839d05d078fdec66},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jbi.2023.104405},
	abstract = {Background: Scientific discovery progresses by exploring new and uncharted territory. More specifically, it advances by a process of transforming unknown unknowns first into known unknowns, and then into knowns. Over the last few decades, researchers have developed many knowledge bases to capture and connect the knowns, which has enabled topic exploration and contextualization of experimental results. But recognizing the unknowns is also critical for finding the most pertinent questions and their answers. Prior work on known unknowns has sought to understand them, annotate them, and automate their identification. However, no knowledge-bases yet exist to capture these unknowns, and little work has focused on how scientists might use them to trace a given topic or experimental result in search of open questions and new avenues for exploration. We show here that a knowledge base of unknowns can be connected to ontologically grounded biomedical knowledge to accelerate research in the field of prenatal nutrition. Results: We present the first ignorance-base, a knowledge-base created by combining classifiers to recognize ignorance statements (statements of missing or incomplete knowledge that imply a goal for knowledge) and biomedical concepts over the prenatal nutrition literature. This knowledge-base places biomedical concepts mentioned in the literature in context with the ignorance statements authors have made about them. Using our system, researchers interested in the topic of vitamin D and prenatal health were able to uncover three new avenues for exploration (immune system, respiratory system, and brain development) by searching for concepts enriched in ignorance statements. These were buried among the many standard enriched concepts. Additionally, we used the ignorance-base to enrich concepts connected to a gene list associated with vitamin D and spontaneous preterm birth and found an emerging topic of study (brain development) in an implied field (neuroscience). The researchers could look to the field of neuroscience for potential answers to the ignorance statements. Conclusion: Our goal is to help students, researchers, funders, and publishers better understand the state of our collective scientific ignorance (known unknowns) in order to help accelerate research through the continued illumination of and focus on the known unknowns and their respective goals for scientific knowledge. © 2023 The Author(s)},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Informatics},
	author = {Boguslav, Mayla R. and Salem, Nourah M. and White, Elizabeth K. and Sullivan, Katherine J. and Bada, Michael and Hernandez, Teri L. and Leach, Sonia M. and Hunter, Lawrence E.},
	year = {2023},
	pmid = {37270143},
	note = {Publisher: Academic Press Inc.
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Article, Brain development, Epistemology, Female, Humans, Infant, Information extraction, Knowledge, Knowledge Bases, Knowledge representation, Knowledge-base, Knowledge-representation, Language processing, Natural language processing, Natural language processing systems, Natural languages, Neurology, Newborn, Nutrition, Premature Birth, Publications, Respiratory system, Scientific literature, Vitamin D, Vitamin-D, Vitamins, brain development, epistemology, female, human, ignorance base, knowledge, knowledge base, maternal nutrition, maternal welfare, natural language processing, neuroscience, newborn, prematurity, publication, scientific literature, theory, vitamin D},
}

Background: Scientific discovery progresses by exploring new and uncharted territory. More specifically, it advances by a process of transforming unknown unknowns first into known unknowns, and then into knowns. Over the last few decades, researchers have developed many knowledge bases to capture and connect the knowns, which has enabled topic exploration and contextualization of experimental results. But recognizing the unknowns is also critical for finding the most pertinent questions and their answers. Prior work on known unknowns has sought to understand them, annotate them, and automate their identification. However, no knowledge-bases yet exist to capture these unknowns, and little work has focused on how scientists might use them to trace a given topic or experimental result in search of open questions and new avenues for exploration. We show here that a knowledge base of unknowns can be connected to ontologically grounded biomedical knowledge to accelerate research in the field of prenatal nutrition. Results: We present the first ignorance-base, a knowledge-base created by combining classifiers to recognize ignorance statements (statements of missing or incomplete knowledge that imply a goal for knowledge) and biomedical concepts over the prenatal nutrition literature. This knowledge-base places biomedical concepts mentioned in the literature in context with the ignorance statements authors have made about them. Using our system, researchers interested in the topic of vitamin D and prenatal health were able to uncover three new avenues for exploration (immune system, respiratory system, and brain development) by searching for concepts enriched in ignorance statements. These were buried among the many standard enriched concepts. Additionally, we used the ignorance-base to enrich concepts connected to a gene list associated with vitamin D and spontaneous preterm birth and found an emerging topic of study (brain development) in an implied field (neuroscience). The researchers could look to the field of neuroscience for potential answers to the ignorance statements. Conclusion: Our goal is to help students, researchers, funders, and publishers better understand the state of our collective scientific ignorance (known unknowns) in order to help accelerate research through the continued illumination of and focus on the known unknowns and their respective goals for scientific knowledge. © 2023 The Author(s)

@article{tana_motivating_2023,
	title = {Motivating ({Underdetermination}) {Scepticism}},
	issn = {03535150},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85165170189&doi=10.1007%2fs12136-023-00563-2&partnerID=40&md5=3726daafaaa49822d8148cefed2f1e74},
	doi = {10.1007/s12136-023-00563-2},
	abstract = {The aim of this paper is to analyse and develop how scepticism becomes an intelligible question starting from requirements that epistemologists themselves aim to endorse. We argue for and defend the idea that the root of scepticism is the underdetermination principle by articulating its specificity as a respectable epistemic principle and by defending it against objections in current literature. This engagement offers a novel understanding of underdetermination-based scepticism. While most anti-sceptical approaches challenge scepticism by understanding it as postulating uneliminated scenarios of mass deception, or as endorsing unnatural epistemic requirements, we argue here that both contentions are mistaken. Underdetermination-based scepticism targets our beliefs by issuing a genuine question about the rational support they enjoy. If we cannot establish that the sources of our beliefs provide them the required epistemic merit and authority, they lack non-arbitrary grounds. This has a sizable impact on what constitutes a satisfactory anti-sceptical strategy. Strategies that merely focus on the scenario-based aspect of scepticism, or on the truth-functional evaluation of our beliefs, are shown to miss the mark of the sceptical threat. The proposed analysis ultimately provides a shift in perspective concerning the character and reach of philosophical doubt. © 2023, The Author(s).},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Acta Analytica},
	author = {Tana, Guido},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Springer
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Evidence, Ignorance, Justification, Reasons, Scepticism, Underdetermination},
}

The aim of this paper is to analyse and develop how scepticism becomes an intelligible question starting from requirements that epistemologists themselves aim to endorse. We argue for and defend the idea that the root of scepticism is the underdetermination principle by articulating its specificity as a respectable epistemic principle and by defending it against objections in current literature. This engagement offers a novel understanding of underdetermination-based scepticism. While most anti-sceptical approaches challenge scepticism by understanding it as postulating uneliminated scenarios of mass deception, or as endorsing unnatural epistemic requirements, we argue here that both contentions are mistaken. Underdetermination-based scepticism targets our beliefs by issuing a genuine question about the rational support they enjoy. If we cannot establish that the sources of our beliefs provide them the required epistemic merit and authority, they lack non-arbitrary grounds. This has a sizable impact on what constitutes a satisfactory anti-sceptical strategy. Strategies that merely focus on the scenario-based aspect of scepticism, or on the truth-functional evaluation of our beliefs, are shown to miss the mark of the sceptical threat. The proposed analysis ultimately provides a shift in perspective concerning the character and reach of philosophical doubt. © 2023, The Author(s).

@article{parra_systematic_2023,
	title = {Systematic literature review on agrochemicals impacts dormant eggs in temporary wetlands: an ocean of unknowingness; [{Une} revue systématique de la littérature sur les impacts des produits agrochimiques sur les œufs dormants dans les zones humides temporaires: un océan d'ignorance]; [{Revisione} sistematica della letteratura sugli impatti dei prodotti fitosanitari sulle uova dormienti nelle zone umide temporanee: un oceano di incognite]; [{Revisão} sistemática da literatura sobre impactos de agroquímicos em ovos dormentes em áreas úmidas temporárias: um oceano de incognitas]; [{Revisión} sistemática sobre los impactos de los agroquímicos en los huevos de resistencia en humedales temporales: un océano de desconocimiento]},
	issn = {23408472},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85165967827&doi=10.17561%2fAT.22.6941&partnerID=40&md5=2b3b58863cabce896b4ecc498c05a8d1},
	doi = {10.17561/AT.22.6941},
	abstract = {Temporary wetlands are recognised biodiversity hotspots. Dormant egg banks, as part of their cryptic biodiversity, are responsible of wetlands resilience. Egg banks are also known to be sensitive indicators of anthropogenic disturbances. This study aims to assess the current state of research of agrochemical impact on dormant egg banks in temporary wetlands. The systematic literature review carried out has shown the small number of studies on this topic. This study provides evidence of commonality concerning negative impact effect on the organisms, reducing hatching success, dormant eggs production and emergence, or species richness, among others, which might weaken ecosystem stabilization mechanisms by reducing biodiversity. Our review also revealed a glaring lack of in situ and long-term studies for understanding ecosystem consequences of toxicants on temporary wetlands. These gaps in knowledge hamper our ability to design and implement evidence-based conservation and management programs but opens opportunities for new research lines. © Universidad de Jaén (España).},
	language = {English},
	number = {22},
	journal = {Agua y Territorio},
	author = {Parra, Gema},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Universidad de Jaen
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Egg bank, Recovery, Resilience, Systematic review, Temporary ponds},
	pages = {167 -- 179},
}

Temporary wetlands are recognised biodiversity hotspots. Dormant egg banks, as part of their cryptic biodiversity, are responsible of wetlands resilience. Egg banks are also known to be sensitive indicators of anthropogenic disturbances. This study aims to assess the current state of research of agrochemical impact on dormant egg banks in temporary wetlands. The systematic literature review carried out has shown the small number of studies on this topic. This study provides evidence of commonality concerning negative impact effect on the organisms, reducing hatching success, dormant eggs production and emergence, or species richness, among others, which might weaken ecosystem stabilization mechanisms by reducing biodiversity. Our review also revealed a glaring lack of in situ and long-term studies for understanding ecosystem consequences of toxicants on temporary wetlands. These gaps in knowledge hamper our ability to design and implement evidence-based conservation and management programs but opens opportunities for new research lines. © Universidad de Jaén (España).

@article{brice_unknowing_2023,
	title = {The unknowing expert: {Talking} to a man about supply chains},
	volume = {55},
	issn = {00040894},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85141538058&doi=10.1111%2farea.12845&partnerID=40&md5=72e1360be27748c79624b1f5ea738b98},
	doi = {10.1111/area.12845},
	abstract = {‘Expert’ or ‘elite’ interviews are often taken to be occasions when an interviewee shares specialist knowledge with a researcher. Drawing on an interview with a supermarket food safety manager, this paper explores what geographers might make of moments when ‘expert’ interviewees turn out to know little about the matters under discussion. Arguing that such moments unsettle depictions of interviewees as passive providers of knowledge or calculating co-constructors of interview accounts, it suggests that in challenging geographers' assumptions about expertise they can disclose new avenues of research and yield novel insights into the geographies of knowledge and the politics of accountability. The information, practices and views in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Royal Geographical Society (with IBG). © 2022 The Author. Area published by John Wiley \& Sons Ltd on behalf of Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers).},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Area},
	author = {Brice, Jeremy},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc
Type: Article},
	keywords = {academic research, accountability, elite, expert, food safety, geography education, ignorance, interviewing, literature review, qualitative analysis, qualitative methods, supermarket, supply chain, supply chain management},
	pages = {215 -- 220},
}

‘Expert’ or ‘elite’ interviews are often taken to be occasions when an interviewee shares specialist knowledge with a researcher. Drawing on an interview with a supermarket food safety manager, this paper explores what geographers might make of moments when ‘expert’ interviewees turn out to know little about the matters under discussion. Arguing that such moments unsettle depictions of interviewees as passive providers of knowledge or calculating co-constructors of interview accounts, it suggests that in challenging geographers' assumptions about expertise they can disclose new avenues of research and yield novel insights into the geographies of knowledge and the politics of accountability. The information, practices and views in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Royal Geographical Society (with IBG). © 2022 The Author. Area published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers).

@article{carabelli_keyness_2023,
	title = {On {Keynes}’s probability and uncertainty},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {01603477},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85166907710&doi=10.1080%2f01603477.2023.2224029&partnerID=40&md5=01a42e264bf2f14010dc2b79ddca3b03},
	doi = {10.1080/01603477.2023.2224029},
	abstract = {There has been great confusion on Keynes’s notions of probability and uncertainty in recent years. Keynes believes that probability (his logical probability) is the guide of life, i.e., it is having some reasons to believe and to act. So probability is a theory of reasonable partial belief and a logic of non-demonstrative reasoning, upon which decision and action in conditions of limited knowledge, are based. (His) probability is, for Keynes, a positive, constructive, and forward-looking element of life. Limited knowledge is not a bar to decision and action. According to him, (his) probability helps us in almost all ordinary situations of life. This is the main reason why Keynes believes that ignorance and uncertainty are the two most difficult issues to tackle in life and in economics in particular. Both are related to a lack of limited knowledge. Ignorance is a lack of known reasons; Keynes writes we do not know. Keynes’s uncertainty is a much more intriguing concept than mere ignorance. Uncertainty is due to various reasons, one of them is the intrinsic incommensurability of probabilities. So, uncertainty is related to Keynes’s philosophy of measurement, a philosophy that also pervades his complex economics. © 2023 Taylor \& Francis Group, LLC.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Post Keynesian Economics},
	author = {Carabelli, Anna},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Keynes, complexity, defeasible reasoning, ignorance, probability, rational and moral dilemmas, uncertainty},
	pages = {465 -- 492},
}

There has been great confusion on Keynes’s notions of probability and uncertainty in recent years. Keynes believes that probability (his logical probability) is the guide of life, i.e., it is having some reasons to believe and to act. So probability is a theory of reasonable partial belief and a logic of non-demonstrative reasoning, upon which decision and action in conditions of limited knowledge, are based. (His) probability is, for Keynes, a positive, constructive, and forward-looking element of life. Limited knowledge is not a bar to decision and action. According to him, (his) probability helps us in almost all ordinary situations of life. This is the main reason why Keynes believes that ignorance and uncertainty are the two most difficult issues to tackle in life and in economics in particular. Both are related to a lack of limited knowledge. Ignorance is a lack of known reasons; Keynes writes we do not know. Keynes’s uncertainty is a much more intriguing concept than mere ignorance. Uncertainty is due to various reasons, one of them is the intrinsic incommensurability of probabilities. So, uncertainty is related to Keynes’s philosophy of measurement, a philosophy that also pervades his complex economics. © 2023 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

@article{schulz_parity_2023,
	title = {Parity versus {Ignorance}},
	volume = {73},
	issn = {00318094},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85171899400&doi=10.1093%2fpq%2fpqad038&partnerID=40&md5=58c881f43a8c00869af6c73826ae4953},
	doi = {10.1093/pq/pqad038},
	abstract = {Why are hard decisions hard? According to the incomparabilists, hard choices are hard because the options cannot be compared. Proponents of parity hold that hard choices are hard because the options can be compared but only in terms of a fourth value relation - parity - in addition to the three standard relations: better, worse, and equally good. Others claim that hard choices are hard because it is vague (or indeterminate) how the options relate in terms of the three standard relations. Lastly, there is the epistemicist. For the epistemicist, hard choices are hard because one is irresolvably ignorant about how the options compare. In the debate about hard choices, epistemicism is often mentioned but rarely defended. The present paper is a contribution to closing this gap. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Scots Philosophical Association and the University of St Andrews.},
	language = {English},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Philosophical Quarterly},
	author = {Schulz, Moritz},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press
Type: Article},
	keywords = {epistemicism, hard choice, ignorance, incomparability, parity},
	pages = {1183 -- 1204},
}

Why are hard decisions hard? According to the incomparabilists, hard choices are hard because the options cannot be compared. Proponents of parity hold that hard choices are hard because the options can be compared but only in terms of a fourth value relation - parity - in addition to the three standard relations: better, worse, and equally good. Others claim that hard choices are hard because it is vague (or indeterminate) how the options relate in terms of the three standard relations. Lastly, there is the epistemicist. For the epistemicist, hard choices are hard because one is irresolvably ignorant about how the options compare. In the debate about hard choices, epistemicism is often mentioned but rarely defended. The present paper is a contribution to closing this gap. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Scots Philosophical Association and the University of St Andrews.

@article{rushanova_ignorance_2023,
	title = {"{Ignorance}" in ethnic culture – the philosophy of {Al}-{Farabi}},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {13378384},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85165922832&doi=10.18355%2fXL.2023.16.03.03&partnerID=40&md5=c799d287ea2f9e7b7f5ed898dfd62d49},
	doi = {10.18355/XL.2023.16.03.03},
	abstract = {This article provides a brief overview of al-Farabi's contribution to science. Abu Nasr al-Farabi was the greatest philosopher and scientist of his time. Initially, he completed his studies in Farabi and Bukhara. Later, he went to Baghdad, where he studied and worked for a long time. During this time, al-Farabi mastered several languages and various branches of knowledge and technology. The article identifies specific problems of ignorance in the ethical philosophy of al-Farabi, the founder of the actual political and ethical philosophy, especially Farabi's synthesis of ancient and Muslim traditions. The paper reveals the place of the Platonic political concepts. We introduce the influence of Farabi's ideas on the further development of ethical thought in Islam. In addition, the article indicates the thoughts and treatises where al-Farabi implacably and harshly criticized ignorant, weak and lazy managers, unworthy to lead even small communities. In his works, he gives the characteristic features of a "rule". © 2023, Slovenska Vzdelavacia Obstaravacia. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {XLinguae},
	author = {Rushanova, Nelya and Syrgakbaeva, Akmaral and Kulshanova, Arman and Akhmetova, Elmira and Mukhamejanova, Ainagul},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Slovenska Vzdelavacia Obstaravacia
Type: Article},
	keywords = {contribution to science, scientific treatises, significant works, the existence of a vacuum, various branches},
	pages = {27 -- 34},
}

This article provides a brief overview of al-Farabi's contribution to science. Abu Nasr al-Farabi was the greatest philosopher and scientist of his time. Initially, he completed his studies in Farabi and Bukhara. Later, he went to Baghdad, where he studied and worked for a long time. During this time, al-Farabi mastered several languages and various branches of knowledge and technology. The article identifies specific problems of ignorance in the ethical philosophy of al-Farabi, the founder of the actual political and ethical philosophy, especially Farabi's synthesis of ancient and Muslim traditions. The paper reveals the place of the Platonic political concepts. We introduce the influence of Farabi's ideas on the further development of ethical thought in Islam. In addition, the article indicates the thoughts and treatises where al-Farabi implacably and harshly criticized ignorant, weak and lazy managers, unworthy to lead even small communities. In his works, he gives the characteristic features of a "rule". © 2023, Slovenska Vzdelavacia Obstaravacia. All rights reserved.

@article{beauchamp_epistemic_2023,
	title = {Epistemic injustice as a ground for religious education in public schools},
	volume = {118},
	issn = {00344087},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85148514381&doi=10.1080%2f00344087.2023.2181916&partnerID=40&md5=cfb9c9518d61751ba140b5e4aec449a5},
	doi = {10.1080/00344087.2023.2181916},
	abstract = {Should the state provide religious education in public schools; if yes, what form should it take? I argue that alertness to epistemic injustices that religious persons can suffer can help us answer those questions and can provide grounds for fostering religious literacy. I argue that, if religious persons can suffer testimonial injustice, we should reject inadequate religious education and that, if religious persons can suffer hermeneutical injustice, we should also reject an absence of religious education. That leaves us with the remaining option to have a proper form of religious education which I suggest religious literacy can provide. © 2023 The Religious Education Association.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Religious Education},
	author = {Beauchamp, Gilles},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
Type: Article},
	pages = {119 -- 132},
}

Should the state provide religious education in public schools; if yes, what form should it take? I argue that alertness to epistemic injustices that religious persons can suffer can help us answer those questions and can provide grounds for fostering religious literacy. I argue that, if religious persons can suffer testimonial injustice, we should reject inadequate religious education and that, if religious persons can suffer hermeneutical injustice, we should also reject an absence of religious education. That leaves us with the remaining option to have a proper form of religious education which I suggest religious literacy can provide. © 2023 The Religious Education Association.

@article{besedin_attention_2023,
	title = {Attention as a condition for moral responsibility*; [ТРЕБОВАНИЕ ВНИМАНИЯ ДЛЯ МОРАЛЬНОЙ ОТВЕТСТВЕННОСТИ*]},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {20720726},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85158137678&doi=10.21146%2f2072-0726-2023-16-1-146-159&partnerID=40&md5=30b5375693f514c7d5150130ee68f20d},
	doi = {10.21146/2072-0726-2023-16-1-146-159},
	abstract = {The article analyzes an epistemic condition for moral responsibility. The condition is taken in a dispositional form: the attribution of responsibility is appropriate only if the agent was in an epistemic position suitable for obtaining knowledge relevant to moral responsibility. The choice of a dispositional interpretation of the epistemic condition is justified with the help of four thought experiments showing that the actualist understanding of this condition is unacceptable. The main question of the article concerns this epistemic position. The article presents N. Levy’s criticism of the concept of responsibility that rests on the thesis that we never find ourselves in the epistemic position required for moral responsibility. Two lines of response to Levy’s criticism are briefly considered: the Reasonable Expectation Approach and the Attributionist Approach. With the help of the analysis of a thought experiment, the condition of basic knowledge of a morally significant situation is revealed. Further analysis of this condition exposes the condition of attention for moral responsibility. Attention refers to the ability to redirect one’s cognitive resources to different tasks. The moral significance of attention is demonstrated: inattention as an excusing factor is investigated, the connection between attention and such phenomena of moral life as care and respect is shown. The article shows that the requirement of attention implies certain control over attention. The condition of attention provides an answer to Levy’s criticism, according to which we have no control over the psychological states leading to actions. This is not the case since control of attention plays this role. In conclusion, the prospects for further research are discussed: the study of the concept of control over attention, the connection of moral responsibility and consciousness, and examination of the condition of attention in the context of virtue epistemology. © The Author(s) 2023.},
	language = {Russian},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Filosofskii Zhurnal},
	author = {Besedin, Artem P.},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Russian Academy of Sciences
Type: Article},
	pages = {146 -- 159},
}

The article analyzes an epistemic condition for moral responsibility. The condition is taken in a dispositional form: the attribution of responsibility is appropriate only if the agent was in an epistemic position suitable for obtaining knowledge relevant to moral responsibility. The choice of a dispositional interpretation of the epistemic condition is justified with the help of four thought experiments showing that the actualist understanding of this condition is unacceptable. The main question of the article concerns this epistemic position. The article presents N. Levy’s criticism of the concept of responsibility that rests on the thesis that we never find ourselves in the epistemic position required for moral responsibility. Two lines of response to Levy’s criticism are briefly considered: the Reasonable Expectation Approach and the Attributionist Approach. With the help of the analysis of a thought experiment, the condition of basic knowledge of a morally significant situation is revealed. Further analysis of this condition exposes the condition of attention for moral responsibility. Attention refers to the ability to redirect one’s cognitive resources to different tasks. The moral significance of attention is demonstrated: inattention as an excusing factor is investigated, the connection between attention and such phenomena of moral life as care and respect is shown. The article shows that the requirement of attention implies certain control over attention. The condition of attention provides an answer to Levy’s criticism, according to which we have no control over the psychological states leading to actions. This is not the case since control of attention plays this role. In conclusion, the prospects for further research are discussed: the study of the concept of control over attention, the connection of moral responsibility and consciousness, and examination of the condition of attention in the context of virtue epistemology. © The Author(s) 2023.

@article{bozalek_privileged_2023,
	title = {Privileged {Irresponsibility}},
	volume = {Part F1194},
	issn = {26627329},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85167581987&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-031-34996-6_3&partnerID=40&md5=927576c211348a2d8332e6f686416fd2},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-34996-6_3},
	abstract = {This chapter takes on Joan Tronto’s idea of privileged irresponsibility, which emanates from her work on caring responsibilities, and asks how it may be extended into other concerns such as coloniality and responsibility for the damaged planet. In particular, we examine Tronto’s understanding of how privileged irresponsibility allows privileged groups to excuse themselves from responsibility and Val Plumwood’s mechanisms of dualism which make it possible to maintain privileged irresponsibility. We then discuss how the notion of wilful ignorance plays a significant role in maintaining privileged irresponsibility. Understanding responsibility as relational and political, and hence privileged irresponsibility as also social and political, turns our attention to re-evaluating the ways we understand caring responsibilities for marginalised and disempowered groups of the society. Such a framework makes visible the way in which caring responsibilities—for humans and non-humans alike—are bound up with gender, race, class, ability, human-centredness and other forms of inequality and serve to reproduce privileged irresponsibility. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Palgrave Critical University Studies},
	author = {Bozalek, Vivienne and Zembylas, Michalinos},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
Type: Book chapter},
	pages = {37 -- 61},
}

This chapter takes on Joan Tronto’s idea of privileged irresponsibility, which emanates from her work on caring responsibilities, and asks how it may be extended into other concerns such as coloniality and responsibility for the damaged planet. In particular, we examine Tronto’s understanding of how privileged irresponsibility allows privileged groups to excuse themselves from responsibility and Val Plumwood’s mechanisms of dualism which make it possible to maintain privileged irresponsibility. We then discuss how the notion of wilful ignorance plays a significant role in maintaining privileged irresponsibility. Understanding responsibility as relational and political, and hence privileged irresponsibility as also social and political, turns our attention to re-evaluating the ways we understand caring responsibilities for marginalised and disempowered groups of the society. Such a framework makes visible the way in which caring responsibilities—for humans and non-humans alike—are bound up with gender, race, class, ability, human-centredness and other forms of inequality and serve to reproduce privileged irresponsibility. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

@article{breilh_health_2023,
	title = {Health reform in the 21st century: knowledge dispute and planned ignorance in the era of digital acceleration and collapse of bioethics; [{Reforma} en salud en el siglo xxi: disputa del conocimiento e ignorancia planificada en la era de aceleración digital y desplome de la bioética]},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0120386X},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85174342401&doi=10.17533%2fudea.rfnsp.e355017&partnerID=40&md5=c3e5c2d8ea5a19681f4bb959cc34ead3},
	doi = {10.17533/udea.rfnsp.e355017},
	abstract = {The greatest paradox of human society in the 21st century is the dizzying acceleration of unbridled neo-extractivism, and the collapse of the principles and values that make healthy living possible. This is aggravated in current times, paradoxically, when humanity reaches the highest thresholds of knowledge and technology. The exponential and parallel growth of the private accumulation of wealth, along with the reproduction of profound inequality, is now taking place even in unprecedented spaces and dimensions of hyper-neoliberal accumulation, within a civilization guided by greed. The consequences in the field of planetary health are devastating. In this era, human knowledge and accelerated digital thinking-misnamed "artificial intelligence"-instead of strongly promoting the emancipatory uses of technologies, are generating increasingly dangerous productive systems, distorting the potential of science and distancing universities from a fight for so-called "epistemic justice", in the complex task of overcoming biased scientific knowledge that feeds strategic ignorance and blocks academic reform. © 2023 The Author(s).},
	language = {Spanish},
	journal = {Revista Facultad Nacional de Salud Publica},
	author = {Breilh, Jaime},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Universidad de Antioquia
Type: Article},
}

The greatest paradox of human society in the 21st century is the dizzying acceleration of unbridled neo-extractivism, and the collapse of the principles and values that make healthy living possible. This is aggravated in current times, paradoxically, when humanity reaches the highest thresholds of knowledge and technology. The exponential and parallel growth of the private accumulation of wealth, along with the reproduction of profound inequality, is now taking place even in unprecedented spaces and dimensions of hyper-neoliberal accumulation, within a civilization guided by greed. The consequences in the field of planetary health are devastating. In this era, human knowledge and accelerated digital thinking-misnamed "artificial intelligence"-instead of strongly promoting the emancipatory uses of technologies, are generating increasingly dangerous productive systems, distorting the potential of science and distancing universities from a fight for so-called "epistemic justice", in the complex task of overcoming biased scientific knowledge that feeds strategic ignorance and blocks academic reform. © 2023 The Author(s).

@article{brooks_we_2023,
	title = {“{We} should have held this in a circle”: {White} ignorance and answerability in outdoor education},
	volume = {54},
	issn = {00958964},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85148525423&doi=10.1080%2f00958964.2023.2169897&partnerID=40&md5=633c979fafcce48acc035fdb4fc8731d},
	doi = {10.1080/00958964.2023.2169897},
	abstract = {This critical ethnography highlights an ongoing research partnership between two Indigenous studies scholars and their effort to prepare outdoor educators to support Indigenous students more effectively in their programs. After a listening session at the Oregon Indian Education Association annual conference where Indigenous educators and community members urged the Oregon State University Outdoor School 1 program to address how outdoor education reproduced stereotypes of Indigenous peoples and appropriated Indigenous knowledge systems, the authors developed and implemented a series of professional development workshops for outdoor educators in various regions throughout Oregon. The workshops sought to prepare outdoor educators to more effectively support Indigenous students in their classrooms and schools. This article documents the ways outdoor educators embraced or evaded those concepts and commitments and offers recommendations for outdoor education programs and professional development. © 2023 Taylor \& Francis Group, LLC.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Environmental Education},
	author = {Brooks, Spirit Dine’tah and Sabzalian, Leilani and Weiser-Nieto, Roshelle and Springer, Shareen},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
Type: Article},
	pages = {114 -- 131},
}

This critical ethnography highlights an ongoing research partnership between two Indigenous studies scholars and their effort to prepare outdoor educators to support Indigenous students more effectively in their programs. After a listening session at the Oregon Indian Education Association annual conference where Indigenous educators and community members urged the Oregon State University Outdoor School 1 program to address how outdoor education reproduced stereotypes of Indigenous peoples and appropriated Indigenous knowledge systems, the authors developed and implemented a series of professional development workshops for outdoor educators in various regions throughout Oregon. The workshops sought to prepare outdoor educators to more effectively support Indigenous students in their classrooms and schools. This article documents the ways outdoor educators embraced or evaded those concepts and commitments and offers recommendations for outdoor education programs and professional development. © 2023 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

@article{calvetti_praise_2023,
	title = {The {Praise} of {Ignorance}: {Randomnessas} {Lack} of {Certainty}},
	volume = {215},
	issn = {00665452},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85149947996&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-031-23824-6_5&partnerID=40&md5=c0f929c514df14d2cac71d45bda439fe},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-23824-6_5},
	abstract = {After the lengthy technical introduction of the previous chapters, we are now ready to start estimating unknown quantities based on incomplete information and indirect observations. We adopt here the Bayesian point of view: Any quantity that is not known exactly, in the sense that a value can be attached to it with no uncertainty, is modeled as a random variable. In this sense, randomness means lack of certainty. The subjective part of this approach is clear: even if we believed that an underlying parameter corresponds to an existing physical quantity that could, in principle, be determined and therefore is conceptually deterministic, the lack of the subject’s information about it justifies modeling it as a random variable. The question of whether a parameter will be modeled as a random variable is then answered according to how much we know about the quantity or how strong our beliefs are. This general guiding principle will be followed throughout the rest of the book, applied to various degrees of rigor. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Applied Mathematical Sciences (Switzerland)},
	author = {Calvetti, Daniela and Somersalo, Erkki},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Springer
Type: Book chapter},
	pages = {81 -- 93},
}

After the lengthy technical introduction of the previous chapters, we are now ready to start estimating unknown quantities based on incomplete information and indirect observations. We adopt here the Bayesian point of view: Any quantity that is not known exactly, in the sense that a value can be attached to it with no uncertainty, is modeled as a random variable. In this sense, randomness means lack of certainty. The subjective part of this approach is clear: even if we believed that an underlying parameter corresponds to an existing physical quantity that could, in principle, be determined and therefore is conceptually deterministic, the lack of the subject’s information about it justifies modeling it as a random variable. The question of whether a parameter will be modeled as a random variable is then answered according to how much we know about the quantity or how strong our beliefs are. This general guiding principle will be followed throughout the rest of the book, applied to various degrees of rigor. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

@article{corradi_ignorance_2023,
	title = {Ignorance in the cryptocurrency ecosystem {Bitcoin} as a case study},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {19733194},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85163115818&doi=10.3240%2f107045&partnerID=40&md5=873020df376d447d07751e5633733311},
	doi = {10.3240/107045},
	abstract = {The cryptocurrency ecosystem has growingly attracted the attention of sociologists, especially those interested in the sociology of finance and in its critical and interdisciplinary research programme. This essay focuses on the multiple roles of ignorance in the financial sector of cryptocurrencies, considering Bitcoin as a case study. Ignorance is analyzed in four different meanings: 1) in terms of anonymity, or rather, pseudonymity; 2) in terms of information asymmetry and low financial literacy; 3) as unsound confidence in the stereotype of egalitarian networks; 4) as wrong belief in the existence of a trustless form of money. These meanings are explored theoretically and on the basis of empirical evidence in order to assess the practical effects that ignorance entails at the macro level of the cryptosystem, as well as at the micro level of individual investment decisions. © 2023 Societa Editrice il Mulino. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Etnografia e Ricerca Qualitativa},
	author = {Corradi, Fiammetta},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Societa Editrice Il Mulino
Type: Article},
	pages = {111 -- 126},
}

The cryptocurrency ecosystem has growingly attracted the attention of sociologists, especially those interested in the sociology of finance and in its critical and interdisciplinary research programme. This essay focuses on the multiple roles of ignorance in the financial sector of cryptocurrencies, considering Bitcoin as a case study. Ignorance is analyzed in four different meanings: 1) in terms of anonymity, or rather, pseudonymity; 2) in terms of information asymmetry and low financial literacy; 3) as unsound confidence in the stereotype of egalitarian networks; 4) as wrong belief in the existence of a trustless form of money. These meanings are explored theoretically and on the basis of empirical evidence in order to assess the practical effects that ignorance entails at the macro level of the cryptosystem, as well as at the micro level of individual investment decisions. © 2023 Societa Editrice il Mulino. All rights reserved.

@article{corson_researcher_2023,
	title = {A {Researcher} {With} {Conclusions} in {Search} of {Questions}: {On} {Wandering} {Toward} {Ignorance}},
	issn = {20965311},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85163986806&doi=10.1177%2f20965311231182731&partnerID=40&md5=efa1682c41eff9294064a85a797e4ae6},
	doi = {10.1177/20965311231182731},
	abstract = {Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to provoke new understandings of the roles and uses of research. Specifically, I argue for the productive and creative potential of ignorance in educational research. Design/Approach/Methods: This conceptual paper undertakes a playful experiment, beginning with conclusions and working backward to create a paper within a paper based on these conclusions. The paper then offers philosophical critiques on the generation and use of research. Findings: It is a thinkable discourse that educational research begins with conclusions and works backward to justify those prefigured conclusions. It would make sense, therefore, to suggest a re-centering of inquiry. Yet, this approach to research remains grounded in stable understandings of knowledge. Rather than the transcendent approach to research, which moves from ignorance toward knowledge, this paper finds that ignorance resides in a plane of immanence, situated within and pursuing new questions. It calls for ignorance not as a means of research but as an ends. Originality/Value: The paper contributes new understandings of how research can be conducted and used, welcoming new playful understandings of research, attending to shifting roles, and blurring the lines drawn between the researcher and research subjects or academic research and creative projects. © The Author(s) 2023.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {ECNU Review of Education},
	author = {Corson, Jordan},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd
Type: Article},
}

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to provoke new understandings of the roles and uses of research. Specifically, I argue for the productive and creative potential of ignorance in educational research. Design/Approach/Methods: This conceptual paper undertakes a playful experiment, beginning with conclusions and working backward to create a paper within a paper based on these conclusions. The paper then offers philosophical critiques on the generation and use of research. Findings: It is a thinkable discourse that educational research begins with conclusions and works backward to justify those prefigured conclusions. It would make sense, therefore, to suggest a re-centering of inquiry. Yet, this approach to research remains grounded in stable understandings of knowledge. Rather than the transcendent approach to research, which moves from ignorance toward knowledge, this paper finds that ignorance resides in a plane of immanence, situated within and pursuing new questions. It calls for ignorance not as a means of research but as an ends. Originality/Value: The paper contributes new understandings of how research can be conducted and used, welcoming new playful understandings of research, attending to shifting roles, and blurring the lines drawn between the researcher and research subjects or academic research and creative projects. © The Author(s) 2023.

@article{chignell_one_2023,
	title = {One size fits all: {How} the “{Ethiopian} {Highlands}” made {Bale} {Mountains} {National} {Park} inscrutable},
	issn = {25148486},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85181227024&doi=10.1177%2f25148486231222621&partnerID=40&md5=d0ccb85e8303b572a03c50fbb455c853},
	doi = {10.1177/25148486231222621},
	abstract = {The categories we use to make sense of a place are never neutral. Scientific classifications can maintain ignorance about some aspects of a landscape, even as they create knowledge about others. This article considers this in the context of Ethiopia's Bale Mountains National Park, a landscape whose hydrologic and socio-cultural characteristics have been made inscrutable through the convergence of imperial legacies, processes of knowledge production, and complex biophysical properties. We use the example to conduct a genealogy of the notion of the “Ethiopian Highlands” and its associated metaphors, tracing the political-economic, biophysical, and epistemic factors by which this category came into use, and how these intersected to maintain a particular yet partial vision of the region. By critically analyzing bibliometric data, historical sources, and chains of reasoning in the scientific literature, we show how a small group of foreign experts erroneously conflated the landscapes, peoples, and environmental concerns of one area with those of another. Together these forces reify imperial gazes, perpetuate degraded wilderness narratives, and overlook significant geologic, (paleo)climatic, sociocultural, and land use differences. The result is a simplistic understanding of a distinct hydrosocial landscape, the perpetuation of conflict and resentment, and poorer conservation outcomes. © The Author(s) 2023.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space},
	author = {Chignell, Stephen M. and Ramachandran, Aishwarya and Satterfield, Terre},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc.
Type: Article},
}

The categories we use to make sense of a place are never neutral. Scientific classifications can maintain ignorance about some aspects of a landscape, even as they create knowledge about others. This article considers this in the context of Ethiopia's Bale Mountains National Park, a landscape whose hydrologic and socio-cultural characteristics have been made inscrutable through the convergence of imperial legacies, processes of knowledge production, and complex biophysical properties. We use the example to conduct a genealogy of the notion of the “Ethiopian Highlands” and its associated metaphors, tracing the political-economic, biophysical, and epistemic factors by which this category came into use, and how these intersected to maintain a particular yet partial vision of the region. By critically analyzing bibliometric data, historical sources, and chains of reasoning in the scientific literature, we show how a small group of foreign experts erroneously conflated the landscapes, peoples, and environmental concerns of one area with those of another. Together these forces reify imperial gazes, perpetuate degraded wilderness narratives, and overlook significant geologic, (paleo)climatic, sociocultural, and land use differences. The result is a simplistic understanding of a distinct hydrosocial landscape, the perpetuation of conflict and resentment, and poorer conservation outcomes. © The Author(s) 2023.

@incollection{corces-zimmerman_white_2023,
	title = {White racial ignorance: {White} {Lies} and {Inverted} {Epistemologies}},
	isbn = {978-1-00-097200-9 978-1-64267-268-8},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85166141847&doi=10.4324%2f9781003443919-5&partnerID=40&md5=b832db6370e336fcf46bf62f1429665b},
	abstract = {This chapter thoroughly explores the intricacies of Mills’s theorization of the racial contract and his conceptualization of epistemologies of ignorance in order to better understand the concept of white racial ignorance and how it can be applied to research and practice in higher education and student affairs. Moreover, the relationship between white racial ignorance and systemic racism and white supremacy is symbiotic in that racist structures are necessary to maintain a society rooted in an epistemology of ignorance, and this inverted epistemology simultaneously allows for the maintenance of racist structures. Lastly, white racial ignorance functions as the mechanism that allows white students to participate in a historical amnesia, which becomes particularly important as practitioners attempt to apply student development research and theory to their work with students. Through the institutional epistemology of ignorance, white-serving institutions might advance the idea that change can happen by ensuring that institutions uphold their promises to hire more Faculty of Color. © 2022 Taylor \& Francis Group.},
	language = {English},
	booktitle = {Critical {Whiteness} {Praxis} in {Higher} {Education}: {Considerations} for the {Pursuit} of {Racial} {Justice} on {Campus}},
	publisher = {Taylor and Francis},
	author = {Corces-Zimmerman, Chris and Guida, Tonia},
	editor = {Foste, Zak and Tevis, Tenisha L.},
	year = {2023},
	doi = {10.4324/9781003443919-5},
	note = {Publication Title: Critical Whiteness Praxis in Higher Education: Considerations for the Pursuit of Racial Justice on Campus
Type: Book chapter},
}

This chapter thoroughly explores the intricacies of Mills’s theorization of the racial contract and his conceptualization of epistemologies of ignorance in order to better understand the concept of white racial ignorance and how it can be applied to research and practice in higher education and student affairs. Moreover, the relationship between white racial ignorance and systemic racism and white supremacy is symbiotic in that racist structures are necessary to maintain a society rooted in an epistemology of ignorance, and this inverted epistemology simultaneously allows for the maintenance of racist structures. Lastly, white racial ignorance functions as the mechanism that allows white students to participate in a historical amnesia, which becomes particularly important as practitioners attempt to apply student development research and theory to their work with students. Through the institutional epistemology of ignorance, white-serving institutions might advance the idea that change can happen by ensuring that institutions uphold their promises to hire more Faculty of Color. © 2022 Taylor & Francis Group.

@article{crenzel_what_2023,
	title = {What we still do not know. {Knowledge} and epistemological obstacles about enforced disappearance in {Argentina}; [{Lo} que aún ignoramos. {Conocimiento} y obstáculos epistemológicos sobre la desaparición forzada de personas en la {Argentina}]},
	volume = {120},
	issn = {11200650},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85178450936&doi=10.3280%2fPASS2023-120006&partnerID=40&md5=c64287439d7aada3d527c74d2feeb865},
	doi = {10.3280/PASS2023-120006},
	abstract = {Disappearance was the emblematic crime of the last Argentine military dictatorship (1976-1983). The article examines the process of making knowledge about disappearances; offers evidence of the persistence of important aspects that we still do not know about this criminal system, and the processes that established the epistemological obstacles that hindered its investigation. In this way, the article questions the scope and limits of the knowledge that sustains the imperative of ‘never again’ in Argentina. Copyright © FrancoAngeli.},
	language = {Spanish},
	journal = {Passato e Presente},
	author = {Crenzel, Emilio},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: FrancoAngeli
Type: Article},
	pages = {120 -- 138},
}

Disappearance was the emblematic crime of the last Argentine military dictatorship (1976-1983). The article examines the process of making knowledge about disappearances; offers evidence of the persistence of important aspects that we still do not know about this criminal system, and the processes that established the epistemological obstacles that hindered its investigation. In this way, the article questions the scope and limits of the knowledge that sustains the imperative of ‘never again’ in Argentina. Copyright © FrancoAngeli.

@article{costa-font_ideological_2023,
	title = {Ideological spillovers across the {Atlantic}? {Evidence} from {Trump}'s presidential election},
	volume = {76},
	issn = {01762680},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85130422479&doi=10.1016%2fj.ejpoleco.2022.102231&partnerID=40&md5=b8668cc927586dee09c45bd9a1056349},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2022.102231},
	abstract = {Ideological spillovers refer to the modification of an individual's core beliefs after learning about other people's beliefs. We study one specific international ideological spillover, namely, the effect of the unexpected election of a United States (US) president (Donald Trump on the 9th of November 2016), who openly questioned the so-called ‘core liberal consensus’, on European's core political beliefs. Using a regression discontinuity design (RDD) around the election event, we show that the Trump presidential election (TPE) gave rise to a ‘backlash effect’. That is, it steered core European beliefs in two specific domains, making Europeans more favourable to (i) globalisation and (ii) international mobility (about 10\% change in the overall Likert scale range of the statement that immigrants contribute to a country). Contrasting with the hypotheses of ‘belief contagion’, we do not find evidence that TPE steered illiberal beliefs. Furthermore, TPE improved (deteriorated) the view Europeans had of their own country (the United States). © 2022 Elsevier B.V.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {European Journal of Political Economy},
	author = {Costa-Font, Joan and Ljunge, Martin},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Type: Article},
}

Ideological spillovers refer to the modification of an individual's core beliefs after learning about other people's beliefs. We study one specific international ideological spillover, namely, the effect of the unexpected election of a United States (US) president (Donald Trump on the 9th of November 2016), who openly questioned the so-called ‘core liberal consensus’, on European's core political beliefs. Using a regression discontinuity design (RDD) around the election event, we show that the Trump presidential election (TPE) gave rise to a ‘backlash effect’. That is, it steered core European beliefs in two specific domains, making Europeans more favourable to (i) globalisation and (ii) international mobility (about 10% change in the overall Likert scale range of the statement that immigrants contribute to a country). Contrasting with the hypotheses of ‘belief contagion’, we do not find evidence that TPE steered illiberal beliefs. Furthermore, TPE improved (deteriorated) the view Europeans had of their own country (the United States). © 2022 Elsevier B.V.

@article{cross_exclusion_2023,
	title = {Exclusion and {Ignorance}: {International} {Legal} {Recognition} and {Criminalisation} {Responses} to {Transgender} {Communities} in the {Context} of {Political} {Economy}},
	volume = {Part F271},
	issn = {27310604},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85161874446&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-031-29893-6_3&partnerID=40&md5=8b171cbc74f2ec401033dde5ce2ed2de},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-29893-6_3},
	abstract = {In this chapter, definitions and enforcement of criminal laws which discriminate against transgender identities across the world will be discussed. Legal frameworks operating in a range of countries across the world will be analysed in terms of their tendencies to discriminate against transgender communities and contrasted with discussion of legal frameworks in countries in these areas which recognise the rights of transgender communities in the law. Patterns in legal recognition and criminalisation will then be contextualised within wider socio-historical, economic, and political frameworks, drawing out contrasts between law definition and law enforcement by criminal justice agencies. Such discussion will draw on the work of (Cavadino in Penal systems: A comparative approach. Sage, 2006; Cavadino and Dignan in Criminol Crim Justice 6:435–456, 2006) in terms of their models of penalty and political economy. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Critical Criminological Perspectives},
	author = {Cross, Noel},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
Type: Book chapter},
	pages = {47 -- 72},
}

In this chapter, definitions and enforcement of criminal laws which discriminate against transgender identities across the world will be discussed. Legal frameworks operating in a range of countries across the world will be analysed in terms of their tendencies to discriminate against transgender communities and contrasted with discussion of legal frameworks in countries in these areas which recognise the rights of transgender communities in the law. Patterns in legal recognition and criminalisation will then be contextualised within wider socio-historical, economic, and political frameworks, drawing out contrasts between law definition and law enforcement by criminal justice agencies. Such discussion will draw on the work of (Cavadino in Penal systems: A comparative approach. Sage, 2006; Cavadino and Dignan in Criminol Crim Justice 6:435–456, 2006) in terms of their models of penalty and political economy. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

@article{foust_information_2023,
	title = {Information {Avoidance}: {Past} {Perspectives} and {Future} {Directions}},
	issn = {17456916},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85174066754&doi=10.1177%2f17456916231197668&partnerID=40&md5=f8ebe3332641ab51549f9132b885deca},
	doi = {10.1177/17456916231197668},
	abstract = {In the present age of unprecedented access to information, it is important to understand how and why people avoid information. Multiple definitions of “information avoidance” exist, and key aspects of these definitions deserve attention, such as distinguishing information avoidance from (lack of) information seeking, considering the intentionality and temporal nature of information avoidance, and considering the personal relevance of the information. In this review, we provide a cross-disciplinary historical account of theories and empirical research on information avoidance and seeking, drawing from research in multiple fields. We provide a framework of antecedents of information avoidance, categorized into beliefs about the information (e.g., risk perceptions), beliefs about oneself (e.g., coping resources), and social and situational factors (e.g., social norms), noting that constructs across categories overlap and are intertwined. We suggest that research is needed on both positive and negative consequences of information avoidance and on interventions to reduce information avoidance (when appropriate). Research is also needed to better understand temporal dynamics of information avoidance and how it manifests in everyday life. Finally, comprehensive theoretical models are needed that differentiate avoidance from seeking. Research on information avoidance is quickly expanding, and the topic will only grow in importance. © The Author(s) 2023.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Perspectives on Psychological Science},
	author = {Foust, Jeremy L. and Taber, Jennifer M.},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc.
Type: Article},
	keywords = {access to information, article, attention, drawing, empirical research, human, human experiment, information avoidance, information seeking, information system, nonhuman, ostrich, reasoning, risk perception, social norm},
}

In the present age of unprecedented access to information, it is important to understand how and why people avoid information. Multiple definitions of “information avoidance” exist, and key aspects of these definitions deserve attention, such as distinguishing information avoidance from (lack of) information seeking, considering the intentionality and temporal nature of information avoidance, and considering the personal relevance of the information. In this review, we provide a cross-disciplinary historical account of theories and empirical research on information avoidance and seeking, drawing from research in multiple fields. We provide a framework of antecedents of information avoidance, categorized into beliefs about the information (e.g., risk perceptions), beliefs about oneself (e.g., coping resources), and social and situational factors (e.g., social norms), noting that constructs across categories overlap and are intertwined. We suggest that research is needed on both positive and negative consequences of information avoidance and on interventions to reduce information avoidance (when appropriate). Research is also needed to better understand temporal dynamics of information avoidance and how it manifests in everyday life. Finally, comprehensive theoretical models are needed that differentiate avoidance from seeking. Research on information avoidance is quickly expanding, and the topic will only grow in importance. © The Author(s) 2023.

@article{leyland_maybe_2023,
	title = {“{Maybe} {I} would’ve been more comfortable in my {Ignorance}?”: {Exploring} future physical therapist’s lived experience of an elective pain science course},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {09593985},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85133655096&doi=10.1080%2f09593985.2022.2098213&partnerID=40&md5=18f3026372ec86a824c61e77d148a5ae},
	doi = {10.1080/09593985.2022.2098213},
	abstract = {Introduction: Through the Master of Physical Therapy program at a Canadian University, Understanding Pain in Rehabilitation (PT9551b) has been an elective option for physical therapy students with the final submission based on a reflective diary. The primary intention of the course is to introduce a critical social science perspective of pain and pain management. A secondary intention is to facilitate student reflection on how they see themselves as ‘providers of pain management’ or ‘providers of physical therapy for people in pain’ although at this point, the students’ experiences of learning in this way has not been rigorously explored. There has yet to be a systemic examination of how physical therapy students experience learning about pain through such a course, and how the course has impacted their perspectives. Method: This study followed an interpretive phenomenological research design. Single semi-structured in-depth 45–90-minute interviews of recent students were audio recorded and transcribed. In addition, the reflective diaries of students were included in the data set with students’ permission. The analysis process followed a detailed reading approach to analysis by reading transcriptions line by line and engaging in critical reflection. Findings: Six major themes were identified including: 1) Therapeutic Power of Words; 2) Learning through Reflection; 3) Lived Experience with Pain; 4) Patient Partnership; 5) Conceptualizations of Pain; and 6) Pain and Physiotherapy Practice. Conclusion: It is recommended that researchers and educators encourage a continuation of reflective practice to conceptualize new information and as a means for participants to reflect on their personal and professional experiences. © 2022 Taylor \& Francis Group, LLC.},
	language = {English},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Physiotherapy Theory and Practice},
	author = {Leyland, Zoe A. and Walton, David M. and Kinsella, Elizabeth Anne},
	year = {2023},
	pmid = {35801298},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor and Francis Ltd.
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Canada, Humans, Learning, Pain, Physical Therapists, Students, human, learning, pain, physiotherapist, student},
	pages = {2688 -- 2697},
}

Introduction: Through the Master of Physical Therapy program at a Canadian University, Understanding Pain in Rehabilitation (PT9551b) has been an elective option for physical therapy students with the final submission based on a reflective diary. The primary intention of the course is to introduce a critical social science perspective of pain and pain management. A secondary intention is to facilitate student reflection on how they see themselves as ‘providers of pain management’ or ‘providers of physical therapy for people in pain’ although at this point, the students’ experiences of learning in this way has not been rigorously explored. There has yet to be a systemic examination of how physical therapy students experience learning about pain through such a course, and how the course has impacted their perspectives. Method: This study followed an interpretive phenomenological research design. Single semi-structured in-depth 45–90-minute interviews of recent students were audio recorded and transcribed. In addition, the reflective diaries of students were included in the data set with students’ permission. The analysis process followed a detailed reading approach to analysis by reading transcriptions line by line and engaging in critical reflection. Findings: Six major themes were identified including: 1) Therapeutic Power of Words; 2) Learning through Reflection; 3) Lived Experience with Pain; 4) Patient Partnership; 5) Conceptualizations of Pain; and 6) Pain and Physiotherapy Practice. Conclusion: It is recommended that researchers and educators encourage a continuation of reflective practice to conceptualize new information and as a means for participants to reflect on their personal and professional experiences. © 2022 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

@article{li_strategic_2023,
	title = {Strategic ignorance: {Managing} endogenous demand in a supply chain},
	volume = {114},
	issn = {03050483},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85137058058&doi=10.1016%2fj.omega.2022.102729&partnerID=40&md5=db7accc0dec2f45ee64732d0c964cd21},
	doi = {10.1016/j.omega.2022.102729},
	abstract = {This paper studies a supply chain in which a manufacturer sells a product to consumers through a retailer. The retailer makes an endogenous demand improvement decision on whether or not to increase the potential market base, which is imperfectly observed by the manufacturer. Two common contract types, wholesale price and two-part tariff, are studied. The paper studies how the manufacturer's capability to acquire demand information affects the retailer's demand investment decision as well as each firm's profit. We find that the retailer benefits from the manufacturer's increased capability to acquire demand information, i.e., the more accurate the manufacturer's demand information, the higher the retailer's profit. We also show that when the manufacturer can choose the level at which it can acquire demand information, it prefers not to acquire demand information at all under wholesale price contracts and not to acquire perfect demand information under two-part tariff contracts. Our results offer some new insights into how a manufacturer's capability to acquire demand information and a retailer's demand investment decision interact in a supply chain and challenge some well-established results in the exiting literature. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Omega (United Kingdom)},
	author = {Li, Xi and Liu, Qian},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Type: Article},
	keywords = {article, consumer, human, investment, price, profit},
}

This paper studies a supply chain in which a manufacturer sells a product to consumers through a retailer. The retailer makes an endogenous demand improvement decision on whether or not to increase the potential market base, which is imperfectly observed by the manufacturer. Two common contract types, wholesale price and two-part tariff, are studied. The paper studies how the manufacturer's capability to acquire demand information affects the retailer's demand investment decision as well as each firm's profit. We find that the retailer benefits from the manufacturer's increased capability to acquire demand information, i.e., the more accurate the manufacturer's demand information, the higher the retailer's profit. We also show that when the manufacturer can choose the level at which it can acquire demand information, it prefers not to acquire demand information at all under wholesale price contracts and not to acquire perfect demand information under two-part tariff contracts. Our results offer some new insights into how a manufacturer's capability to acquire demand information and a retailer's demand investment decision interact in a supply chain and challenge some well-established results in the exiting literature. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd

@article{van_tongeren_intellectual_2023,
	title = {Intellectual humility and existentially relevant moral decisions},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {17439760},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85121715196&doi=10.1080%2f17439760.2021.2006763&partnerID=40&md5=57d492918e3de561ebf14118db5d3f28},
	doi = {10.1080/17439760.2021.2006763},
	abstract = {Research on intellectual humility has grown, but little work has explored its role in moral decisions. Building on recent work on the Veil of Ignorance, we randomly assigned some participants to imagine being part of an existentially-threatening situation that could possibly lead to the greater good for society (i.e. The Human Challenge Experiments [HCE]). We predicted that informing participants that they might be part of such a study (i.e. the veil of ignorance [VOI]) would reduce HCE support, and that this would be amplified among intellectually humble participants. A preregistered study (N = 1,032) drawn from three samples, including participants from the United States (n = 346), the Netherlands (n = 340), and Hong Kong (n = 346), confirmed our hypothesis. In addition, this effect was pronounced for those high in intellectual humility. This work offers a novel contribution by examining the role of intellectual humility in existentially-relevant moral decisions. © 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Positive Psychology},
	author = {Van Tongeren, Daryl R. and DeWall, C. Nathan and Davis, Don E. and Hook, Joshua N.},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Hong Kong, Netherlands, United States, adult, article, human, human experiment, major clinical study, morality},
	pages = {363 -- 369},
}

Research on intellectual humility has grown, but little work has explored its role in moral decisions. Building on recent work on the Veil of Ignorance, we randomly assigned some participants to imagine being part of an existentially-threatening situation that could possibly lead to the greater good for society (i.e. The Human Challenge Experiments [HCE]). We predicted that informing participants that they might be part of such a study (i.e. the veil of ignorance [VOI]) would reduce HCE support, and that this would be amplified among intellectually humble participants. A preregistered study (N = 1,032) drawn from three samples, including participants from the United States (n = 346), the Netherlands (n = 340), and Hong Kong (n = 346), confirmed our hypothesis. In addition, this effect was pronounced for those high in intellectual humility. This work offers a novel contribution by examining the role of intellectual humility in existentially-relevant moral decisions. © 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

@article{sniadecki_biologically_2023,
	title = {A biologically “old” breast cancer subtype in a very young woman: a plea of ignorance},
	volume = {94},
	issn = {00170011},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85182501418&doi=10.5603%2fGP.a2023.0058&partnerID=40&md5=f01591adf68cafbfbb802f7837c5dbb6},
	doi = {10.5603/GP.a2023.0058},
	language = {English},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Ginekologia Polska},
	author = {Sniadecki, Marcin and Krajewska, Magdalena and Stasiak, Maria and Walkiewicz, Aleksandra and Guzik, Pawel W.},
	year = {2023},
	pmid = {37417379},
	note = {Publisher: Via Medica
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Breast Neoplasms, ErbB-2, Estrogen, Female, Humans, Receptor, Receptors, breast tumor, epidermal growth factor receptor 2, estrogen receptor, female, human},
	pages = {1032 -- 1033},
}

@article{atkinson_people_2023,
	title = {People {Overestimate} {Backlash} {Against} {Helpers} {Who} {Violate} {Gender} {Stereotypes}: {Experimental} {Examination} of a {Prosociality} {Paradox}},
	volume = {88},
	issn = {03600025},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85149800211&doi=10.1007%2fs11199-023-01354-0&partnerID=40&md5=ae0896d2bedd511259fdd50bcce183cd},
	doi = {10.1007/s11199-023-01354-0},
	abstract = {Men and women typically help others in gender stereotypic ways (gender-consistent helping), but how might people judge helpers who do so in counter-stereotypic ways (gender-inconsistent helping)? Most of the time helpers are viewed favorably, but behaviors that deviate from gender stereotypes tend to elicit social sanctions from others. Thus, gender-inconsistent helping presents a paradox wherein people may anticipate facing negative judgments from others despite helping being a positive, prosocial act. Across three experiments (two pre-registered), participants provided their own (Studies 1–3) and normative (Studies 2–3) evaluations of gender-consistent and gender-inconsistent helpers. Taken together, results revealed that participants expected other people to evaluate gender-inconsistent helpers less favorably than gender-consistent helpers (Hypothesis 1), and less favorably than they actually did themselves (Hypothesis 2). These findings show that gender-inconsistent helping is less susceptible to backlash than people think, and instead suggest that pluralistic ignorance could be a barrier to gender-inconsistent helping, if people fear that others’ judgments of gender-inconsistent helpers are harsher than their own. Our results highlight novel opportunities for addressing persistent occupational gender segregation in prosocial contexts (by confronting pluralistic ignorance), which could subsequently enhance gender equality more broadly. © 2023, The Author(s).},
	language = {English},
	number = {5-6},
	journal = {Sex Roles},
	author = {Atkinson, Ciara and Sandstrom, Gillian and Croft, Alyssa},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Springer
Type: Article},
	keywords = {adult, article, decision making, fear, female, gender equity, human, male, prosocial behavior, sex role, stereotypy},
	pages = {268 -- 289},
}

Men and women typically help others in gender stereotypic ways (gender-consistent helping), but how might people judge helpers who do so in counter-stereotypic ways (gender-inconsistent helping)? Most of the time helpers are viewed favorably, but behaviors that deviate from gender stereotypes tend to elicit social sanctions from others. Thus, gender-inconsistent helping presents a paradox wherein people may anticipate facing negative judgments from others despite helping being a positive, prosocial act. Across three experiments (two pre-registered), participants provided their own (Studies 1–3) and normative (Studies 2–3) evaluations of gender-consistent and gender-inconsistent helpers. Taken together, results revealed that participants expected other people to evaluate gender-inconsistent helpers less favorably than gender-consistent helpers (Hypothesis 1), and less favorably than they actually did themselves (Hypothesis 2). These findings show that gender-inconsistent helping is less susceptible to backlash than people think, and instead suggest that pluralistic ignorance could be a barrier to gender-inconsistent helping, if people fear that others’ judgments of gender-inconsistent helpers are harsher than their own. Our results highlight novel opportunities for addressing persistent occupational gender segregation in prosocial contexts (by confronting pluralistic ignorance), which could subsequently enhance gender equality more broadly. © 2023, The Author(s).

@article{weidinger_using_2023,
	title = {Using the {Veil} of {Ignorance} to align {AI} systems with principles of justice},
	volume = {120},
	issn = {00278424},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85153686741&doi=10.1073%2fpnas.2213709120&partnerID=40&md5=b00c4f32784b75d63fb30d3befc1e82a},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2213709120},
	abstract = {The philosopher John Rawls proposed the Veil of Ignorance (VoI) as a thought experiment to identify fair principles for governing a society. Here, we apply the VoI to an important governance domain: artificial intelligence (AI). In five incentive-compatible studies (N = 2,508), including two preregistered protocols, participants choose principles to govern an Artificial Intelligence (AI) assistant from behind the veil: that is, without knowledge of their own relative position in the group. Compared to participants who have this information, we find a consistent preference for a principle that instructs the AI assistant to prioritize the worst-off. Neither risk attitudes nor political preferences adequately explain these choices. Instead, they appear to be driven by elevated concerns about fairness: Without prompting, participants who reason behind the VoI more frequently explain their choice in terms of fairness, compared to those in the Control condition. Moreover, we find initial support for the ability of the VoI to elicit more robust preferences: In the studies presented here, the VoI increases the likelihood of participants continuing to endorse their initial choice in a subsequent round where they know how they will be affected by the AI intervention and have a self-interested motivation to change their mind. These results emerge in both a descriptive and an immersive game. Our findings suggest that the VoI may be a suitable mechanism for selecting distributive principles to govern AI. Copyright © 2023 the Author(s).},
	language = {English},
	number = {118},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Weidinger, Laura and McKee, Kevin R. and Everett, Richard and Huang, Saffron and Zhu, Tina O. and Chadwick, Martin J. and Summerfield, Christopher and Gabriel, Iason},
	year = {2023},
	pmid = {37094137},
	note = {Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Artificial Intelligence, Humans, Social Justice, Societies, adult, article, artificial intelligence, controlled study, decision making, ethics, fairness, female, human, human experiment, incentive, justice, major clinical study, male, motivation, organization, risk attitude, social justice},
}

The philosopher John Rawls proposed the Veil of Ignorance (VoI) as a thought experiment to identify fair principles for governing a society. Here, we apply the VoI to an important governance domain: artificial intelligence (AI). In five incentive-compatible studies (N = 2,508), including two preregistered protocols, participants choose principles to govern an Artificial Intelligence (AI) assistant from behind the veil: that is, without knowledge of their own relative position in the group. Compared to participants who have this information, we find a consistent preference for a principle that instructs the AI assistant to prioritize the worst-off. Neither risk attitudes nor political preferences adequately explain these choices. Instead, they appear to be driven by elevated concerns about fairness: Without prompting, participants who reason behind the VoI more frequently explain their choice in terms of fairness, compared to those in the Control condition. Moreover, we find initial support for the ability of the VoI to elicit more robust preferences: In the studies presented here, the VoI increases the likelihood of participants continuing to endorse their initial choice in a subsequent round where they know how they will be affected by the AI intervention and have a self-interested motivation to change their mind. These results emerge in both a descriptive and an immersive game. Our findings suggest that the VoI may be a suitable mechanism for selecting distributive principles to govern AI. Copyright © 2023 the Author(s).

@article{zembylas_white_2023,
	title = {White racial ignorance and refusing culpability: how the emotionalities of whiteness ignore race in teacher education},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {13613324},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85158818005&doi=10.1080%2f13613324.2023.2207981&partnerID=40&md5=3f64d2333198ab0ff823f46feb307b21},
	doi = {10.1080/13613324.2023.2207981},
	abstract = {This article builds on Charles W. Mills’ foundational concept of white racial ignorance to expand his work by exploring the inner dynamics and practices of teacher education (its rationales, student teaching, practicums, pedagogies, curriculum) and explaining how the emotionalities of whiteness play a significant role in the ways that whiteness persists perniciously in teacher education. In order to hold whiteness accountable and culpable, it is argued that teacher education needs to stop emotionally deflecting anti-racist critiques by over pontificating their lackluster commitments to race, a practice which only ignores, and diverts attention away from the hegemonic presence of whiteness. It suggests that teacher educators need to help pre-service and in-service teachers be attentive to how racial politics are felt, acted upon, and reproduced, and how emotionalities of whiteness become ‘ordinary’ in everyday life in schools. The article concludes by outlining some implications for research and theory in critical whiteness studies. © 2023 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group.},
	language = {English},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Race Ethnicity and Education},
	author = {Zembylas, Michalinos and Matias, Cheryl E.},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
Type: Article},
	keywords = {curriculum, education, race, student, teacher training},
	pages = {456 -- 477},
}

This article builds on Charles W. Mills’ foundational concept of white racial ignorance to expand his work by exploring the inner dynamics and practices of teacher education (its rationales, student teaching, practicums, pedagogies, curriculum) and explaining how the emotionalities of whiteness play a significant role in the ways that whiteness persists perniciously in teacher education. In order to hold whiteness accountable and culpable, it is argued that teacher education needs to stop emotionally deflecting anti-racist critiques by over pontificating their lackluster commitments to race, a practice which only ignores, and diverts attention away from the hegemonic presence of whiteness. It suggests that teacher educators need to help pre-service and in-service teachers be attentive to how racial politics are felt, acted upon, and reproduced, and how emotionalities of whiteness become ‘ordinary’ in everyday life in schools. The article concludes by outlining some implications for research and theory in critical whiteness studies. © 2023 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

@article{baranzelli_knowledge_2023,
	title = {Knowledge shortfalls' interactions shadow our perception of species' exposure to human threats},
	volume = {282},
	issn = {00063207},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85152717557&doi=10.1016%2fj.biocon.2023.110069&partnerID=40&md5=5594a4b89676ef37a146da1e8cb41611},
	doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2023.110069},
	abstract = {Only a small fraction of the species on Earth is known (Linnean shortfall), while geographic ranges of already described species are poorly documented (Wallacean shortfall). While the effect of both shortfalls in conservation assessments has been analyzed and discussed individually, it is still unclear how these knowledge shortfalls interplay affect our perception of species' exposure to human-driven changes. To asses this, by simulating virtual species in a geographically-fragmented ecoregion, we raised hypothetical scenarios of taxonomical and/or geographical knowledge accumulation through time. We described how such accumulation affects our perception of species' exposure to climate and land-use changes. We found that filling both Wallacean and Linnean shortfalls separately, could generate contrasting perceptions on the potential response of species to a given threat. Moreover, the filling of both gaps together would increase or decrease our risk perception depending, exclusively, on the trend of taxonomic changes. These findings highlight a clear but poorly considered interplay between Linnean and Wallacean shortfalls. Trends on basic knowledge accumulation for a given taxon, especially its taxonomic stability, will determine the degree and direction of our biases in estimating its exposure to human threats. Robust assessments of taxonomic effort and geographic ignorance are essential in conservation assessments. There is also a pressing need to bridge the gap between taxonomic and biogeographic efforts, taking into account the interplay between geographic and taxonomic knowledge deficits, to achieve accurate conservation assessments and resource allocations. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	author = {Baranzelli, Matias C. and Villalobos, Fabricio and Cordier, Javier Maximiliano and Nori, Javier},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Type: Article},
	keywords = {biodiversity, geographical knowledge, human activity, resource allocation, risk perception, species conservation, uncertainty analysis},
}

Only a small fraction of the species on Earth is known (Linnean shortfall), while geographic ranges of already described species are poorly documented (Wallacean shortfall). While the effect of both shortfalls in conservation assessments has been analyzed and discussed individually, it is still unclear how these knowledge shortfalls interplay affect our perception of species' exposure to human-driven changes. To asses this, by simulating virtual species in a geographically-fragmented ecoregion, we raised hypothetical scenarios of taxonomical and/or geographical knowledge accumulation through time. We described how such accumulation affects our perception of species' exposure to climate and land-use changes. We found that filling both Wallacean and Linnean shortfalls separately, could generate contrasting perceptions on the potential response of species to a given threat. Moreover, the filling of both gaps together would increase or decrease our risk perception depending, exclusively, on the trend of taxonomic changes. These findings highlight a clear but poorly considered interplay between Linnean and Wallacean shortfalls. Trends on basic knowledge accumulation for a given taxon, especially its taxonomic stability, will determine the degree and direction of our biases in estimating its exposure to human threats. Robust assessments of taxonomic effort and geographic ignorance are essential in conservation assessments. There is also a pressing need to bridge the gap between taxonomic and biogeographic efforts, taking into account the interplay between geographic and taxonomic knowledge deficits, to achieve accurate conservation assessments and resource allocations. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd

@article{darcangelo_ignorance_2023,
	title = {Ignorance is bliss? {Information} and risk on crowdfunding platforms},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {19326203},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85163274662&doi=10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0286876&partnerID=40&md5=c0f1e94560877fc44aa0f8e411838b9b},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0286876},
	abstract = {This research examines the determinants of project success on crowdfunding platforms within a competitive context. We focus on the specific horizontal attributes of the project- attributes that do not affect the project returns but over which investors may have heterogeneous preferences-and on the project returns' risk level. We run a laboratory experiment with several set-ups, where multiple projects compete for funding simultaneously and where potential investors operate in a quasi-continuous time. We find the horizontal attributes' information affects project selection, while the risk level of the project returns affects the amount of collected funding. © 2023 D'Arcangelo et al.},
	language = {English},
	number = {6 JUNE},
	journal = {PLoS ONE},
	author = {D'Arcangelo, Chiara and Morreale, Azzurra and Mittone, Luigi and Collan, Mikael},
	year = {2023},
	pmid = {37327223},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Crowdsourcing, Fund Raising, Laboratories, article, crowdsourcing, financial management, funding, laboratory},
}

This research examines the determinants of project success on crowdfunding platforms within a competitive context. We focus on the specific horizontal attributes of the project- attributes that do not affect the project returns but over which investors may have heterogeneous preferences-and on the project returns' risk level. We run a laboratory experiment with several set-ups, where multiple projects compete for funding simultaneously and where potential investors operate in a quasi-continuous time. We find the horizontal attributes' information affects project selection, while the risk level of the project returns affects the amount of collected funding. © 2023 D'Arcangelo et al.

@article{fares_incorporating_2023,
	title = {Incorporating ignorance within game theory: {An} imprecise probability approach},
	volume = {154},
	issn = {0888613X},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85146055944&doi=10.1016%2fj.ijar.2022.12.008&partnerID=40&md5=d1d3ea701a9a0c2b035dccac2b477ad4},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ijar.2022.12.008},
	abstract = {Ignorance within non-cooperative games, reflected as a player's uncertain preferences towards a game's outcome, is examined from a Bayesian point of view. This topic has had scarce treatment in the literature, which emphasises exogenous uncertainties caused by other players or nature and not by players themselves. That is primarily because a player's endogenous uncertainty over an outcome poses significant challenges and complex sequences of reciprocal expectations. Therefore, it is often ignored, and preferences are either assumed from a continuous domain or set using introspection, resulting in non-optimal models. We here explore a solution concept based on recent research in imprecise probabilities and de Finetti's approach to defining subjective probabilities, which utilises bets to assess beliefs. The resulting model allows players to be ignorant about their initial preferences and learn about them in repeated games. Furthermore, it permits improving the value of information in these situations. This model is proposed as a possible solution to the problem of utility inference in game-theoretic settings that include uncertainty over outcomes. We demonstrate it through motivating repeated-game problems modified to have uncertainty and through a simulation over a case of extreme ignorance. © 2022 Elsevier Inc.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {International Journal of Approximate Reasoning},
	author = {Fares, Bernard and Zhang, Mimi},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier Inc.
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Bayesian, Complex sequences, Endogenous uncertainty, Game theory, Imprecise probabilities, Noncooperative game, Nonparametrics, Probability approach, Repeated games, Uncertain utility, Uncertainty},
	pages = {133 -- 148},
}

Ignorance within non-cooperative games, reflected as a player's uncertain preferences towards a game's outcome, is examined from a Bayesian point of view. This topic has had scarce treatment in the literature, which emphasises exogenous uncertainties caused by other players or nature and not by players themselves. That is primarily because a player's endogenous uncertainty over an outcome poses significant challenges and complex sequences of reciprocal expectations. Therefore, it is often ignored, and preferences are either assumed from a continuous domain or set using introspection, resulting in non-optimal models. We here explore a solution concept based on recent research in imprecise probabilities and de Finetti's approach to defining subjective probabilities, which utilises bets to assess beliefs. The resulting model allows players to be ignorant about their initial preferences and learn about them in repeated games. Furthermore, it permits improving the value of information in these situations. This model is proposed as a possible solution to the problem of utility inference in game-theoretic settings that include uncertainty over outcomes. We demonstrate it through motivating repeated-game problems modified to have uncertainty and through a simulation over a case of extreme ignorance. © 2022 Elsevier Inc.

@article{iltis_ignorance_2023,
	title = {Ignorance is {Not} {Bliss}: {The} {Case} for {Comprehensive} {Reproductive} {Counseling} for {Women} with {Chronic} {Kidney} {Disease}},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {09562737},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85116551983&doi=10.1007%2fs10730-021-09463-7&partnerID=40&md5=4491a3f35ab0ad1b740977ef1a4e44e8},
	doi = {10.1007/s10730-021-09463-7},
	abstract = {The bioethics literature has paid little attention to matters of informed reproductive decision-making among women of childbearing age who have chronic kidney disease (CKD), including women who are on dialysis or women who have had a kidney transplant. Women with CKD receive inconsistent and, sometimes, inadequate reproductive counseling, particularly with respect to information about pursuing pregnancy. We identify four factors that might contribute to inadequate and inconsistent reproductive counseling. We argue that women with CKD should receive comprehensive reproductive counseling, including information about the possibility of pursuing pregnancy, and that more rigorous research on pregnancy in women with CKD, including women on dialysis or who have received a kidney transplant, is warranted to improve informed reproductive decision making in this population. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {HEC Forum},
	author = {Iltis, Ana S. and Mehta, Maya and Sawinski, Deirdre},
	year = {2023},
	pmid = {34617168},
	note = {Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media B.V.
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Chronic, Counseling, Family Planning Services, Female, Humans, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Renal Dialysis, Renal Insufficiency, chronic kidney failure, complication, counseling, family planning, female, hemodialysis, human, pregnancy, pregnancy complication, psychology},
	pages = {223 -- 236},
}

The bioethics literature has paid little attention to matters of informed reproductive decision-making among women of childbearing age who have chronic kidney disease (CKD), including women who are on dialysis or women who have had a kidney transplant. Women with CKD receive inconsistent and, sometimes, inadequate reproductive counseling, particularly with respect to information about pursuing pregnancy. We identify four factors that might contribute to inadequate and inconsistent reproductive counseling. We argue that women with CKD should receive comprehensive reproductive counseling, including information about the possibility of pursuing pregnancy, and that more rigorous research on pregnancy in women with CKD, including women on dialysis or who have received a kidney transplant, is warranted to improve informed reproductive decision making in this population. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.

@article{leube_single-cell_2023,
	title = {Single-cell fate mapping reveals widespread clonal ignorance of low-affinity {T} cells exposed to systemic infection},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {00142980},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85144100660&doi=10.1002%2feji.202250009&partnerID=40&md5=cb8c82db4085dd4403a8eac731b0d64b},
	doi = {10.1002/eji.202250009},
	abstract = {T cell ignorance is a specific form of immunological tolerance. It describes the maintenance of naivety in antigen-specific T cells in vivo despite the presence of their target antigen. It is thought to mainly play a role during the steady state, when self-antigens are presented in absence of costimulatory signals and at low density or to T cells of low affinity. In how far antigen-specific T cells can also remain clonally ignorant to foreign antigens, presented in the inflammatory context of systemic infection, remains unclear. Using single-cell in vivo fate mapping and high throughput flow cytometric enrichment, we find that high-affinity antigen-specific CD8+ T cells are efficiently recruited upon systemic infection. In contrast, most low-affinity antigen-specific T cells ignore the priming antigen and persist in the naïve state while remaining fully responsive to subsequent immunization with a high-affinity ligand. These data establish the widespread clonal ignorance of low-affinity T cells as a major factor shaping the composition of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses to systemic infection. © 2022 The Authors. European Journal of Immunology published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {European Journal of Immunology},
	author = {Leube, Justin and Mühlbauer, Anton and Andrä, Immanuel and Biggel, Madleen and Busch, Dirk H. and Kretschmer, Lorenz and Buchholz, Veit R.},
	year = {2023},
	pmid = {36458456},
	note = {Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Article, Autoantigens, CD8+ T lymphocyte, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Cell Differentiation, Immune Tolerance, animal cell, animal experiment, antigen specificity, autoantigen, cell differentiation, cell fate, cell tracking, cellular immunity, chemical composition, controlled study, flow cytometry, high throughput analysis, immunization, immunological tolerance, in vivo study, infection, mouse, nonhuman, single cell analysis},
}

T cell ignorance is a specific form of immunological tolerance. It describes the maintenance of naivety in antigen-specific T cells in vivo despite the presence of their target antigen. It is thought to mainly play a role during the steady state, when self-antigens are presented in absence of costimulatory signals and at low density or to T cells of low affinity. In how far antigen-specific T cells can also remain clonally ignorant to foreign antigens, presented in the inflammatory context of systemic infection, remains unclear. Using single-cell in vivo fate mapping and high throughput flow cytometric enrichment, we find that high-affinity antigen-specific CD8+ T cells are efficiently recruited upon systemic infection. In contrast, most low-affinity antigen-specific T cells ignore the priming antigen and persist in the naïve state while remaining fully responsive to subsequent immunization with a high-affinity ligand. These data establish the widespread clonal ignorance of low-affinity T cells as a major factor shaping the composition of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses to systemic infection. © 2022 The Authors. European Journal of Immunology published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.

@article{kirfel_pervasive_2023,
	title = {The pervasive impact of ignorance},
	volume = {231},
	issn = {00100277},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85141946382&doi=10.1016%2fj.cognition.2022.105316&partnerID=40&md5=b7be4195672e35f45dd5cb725fed71c5},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105316},
	abstract = {Norm violations have been demonstrated to impact a wide range of seemingly non-normative judgments. Among other things, when agents' actions violate prescriptive norms they tend to be seen as having done those actions more freely, as having acted more intentionally, as being more of a cause of subsequent outcomes, and even as being less happy. The explanation of this effect continue to be debated, with some researchers appealing to features of actions that violate norms, and other researcher emphasizing the importance of agents' mental states when acting. Here, we report the results of two large-scale experiments that replicate and extend twelve of the studies that originally demonstrated the pervasive impact of norm violations. In each case, we build on the pre-existing experimental paradigms to additionally manipulate whether the agents knew that they were violating a norm while holding fixed the action done. We find evidence for a pervasive impact of ignorance: the impact of norm violations on non-normative judgments depends largely on the agent knowing that they were violating a norm when acting. Moreover, we find evidence that the reduction in the impact of normality is underpinned by people's counterfactual reasoning: people are less likely to consider an alternative to the agent's action if the agent is ignorant. We situate our findings in the wider debate around the role or normality in people's reasoning. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Cognition},
	author = {Kirfel, Lara and Phillips, Jonathan},
	year = {2023},
	pmid = {36402085},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Article, Humans, Judgment, Problem Solving, adult, behavior, cognition, decision making, dependent variable, epistemology, experimental study, female, freedom, happiness, heuristics, human, ignorance, knowledge, major clinical study, male, mental health, moral reasoning, moral status, morality, motivation, problem solving, replication study, social norm},
}

Norm violations have been demonstrated to impact a wide range of seemingly non-normative judgments. Among other things, when agents' actions violate prescriptive norms they tend to be seen as having done those actions more freely, as having acted more intentionally, as being more of a cause of subsequent outcomes, and even as being less happy. The explanation of this effect continue to be debated, with some researchers appealing to features of actions that violate norms, and other researcher emphasizing the importance of agents' mental states when acting. Here, we report the results of two large-scale experiments that replicate and extend twelve of the studies that originally demonstrated the pervasive impact of norm violations. In each case, we build on the pre-existing experimental paradigms to additionally manipulate whether the agents knew that they were violating a norm while holding fixed the action done. We find evidence for a pervasive impact of ignorance: the impact of norm violations on non-normative judgments depends largely on the agent knowing that they were violating a norm when acting. Moreover, we find evidence that the reduction in the impact of normality is underpinned by people's counterfactual reasoning: people are less likely to consider an alternative to the agent's action if the agent is ignorant. We situate our findings in the wider debate around the role or normality in people's reasoning. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.

@article{lamb_difficulty_2023,
	title = {Difficulty and the {Reasonable} {Expectation} {Account} of {Exculpating} {Ignorance}},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {13824554},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85146848409&doi=10.1007%2fs10892-023-09417-w&partnerID=40&md5=36ea7d37ce81151d73736f332e18f0bf},
	doi = {10.1007/s10892-023-09417-w},
	abstract = {A plausible view about the epistemic condition of blameworthiness holds the following. Reasonable Expectation (RE): S's state of ignorance excuses iff S could not have been reasonably expected to have corrected or avoided the ignorance. An important, yet underexplored issue for RE concerns cases where an agent had the capacities and opportunities to have corrected or avoided the state of ignorance yet failed to do because of the difficulty involved. When does the fact that it was difficult for the agent to have corrected or avoided the ignorance make an expectation to have done so an unreasonable expectation? Addressing this question is important for understanding what RE implies for a broad range of interesting cases where non-ideal agents out in the real world are ignorant because of commonplace difficulties (e.g., cognitive biases, complexity of large bodies of evidence, and misinformation). Whether commonplace difficulties excuse is an interesting and important topic that a satisfactory account of the epistemic condition needs to address. This paper proposes and defends an irreducibly normative account of when difficulty precludes a reasonable expectation to know better. The paper then shows how this account can be used alongside empirical research to reveal what RE implies for important cases of ignorance had by real non-ideal agents. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Ethics},
	author = {Lamb, Matthew},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media B.V.
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Blameworthiness, Difficulty, Epistemic Condition, Ignorance, Moral Responsibility, Reasonable Expectations},
	pages = {233 -- 243},
}

A plausible view about the epistemic condition of blameworthiness holds the following. Reasonable Expectation (RE): S's state of ignorance excuses iff S could not have been reasonably expected to have corrected or avoided the ignorance. An important, yet underexplored issue for RE concerns cases where an agent had the capacities and opportunities to have corrected or avoided the state of ignorance yet failed to do because of the difficulty involved. When does the fact that it was difficult for the agent to have corrected or avoided the ignorance make an expectation to have done so an unreasonable expectation? Addressing this question is important for understanding what RE implies for a broad range of interesting cases where non-ideal agents out in the real world are ignorant because of commonplace difficulties (e.g., cognitive biases, complexity of large bodies of evidence, and misinformation). Whether commonplace difficulties excuse is an interesting and important topic that a satisfactory account of the epistemic condition needs to address. This paper proposes and defends an irreducibly normative account of when difficulty precludes a reasonable expectation to know better. The paper then shows how this account can be used alongside empirical research to reveal what RE implies for important cases of ignorance had by real non-ideal agents. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.

@article{lugo-fagundo_medical_2023,
	title = {From medical school through residency applications: {Puerto} {Ricans} may face ignorance and prejudice},
	volume = {101},
	issn = {08997071},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85161312762&doi=10.1016%2fj.clinimag.2023.06.002&partnerID=40&md5=95e2588230587154b437ec07a433c86a},
	doi = {10.1016/j.clinimag.2023.06.002},
	abstract = {It is not that unusual to find that Americans are unaware that Puerto Rico is a territory of the United States, and, like them, Puerto Ricans are U.S citizens enjoying the same liberties, freedoms, and rights. It may be less expected to face such incognizance or ignorance within the medical community as careers in medicine offer healthcare professionals the opportunity to serve patients spanning race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, and other demographic differences. Unfortunately, some of the personal experiences of the primary author have prompted us to cull four personal narratives of Puerto Rican individuals (Boricuas), who comprise 20.8\% of the Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish Origin applicants to U.S. medical schools, during various early stages of a medical career. Of course, these personal anecdotes, offered in response to just a few general questions about recent experiences of bias in medical applications or in early training, do not indicate pervasive bias. Similarly, these instances may be more common than people in the medical community would prefer to believe. In the brief narratives that follow, Boricuas at different junctures in their medical educations highlight the bias that they have faced and their reactions to it. We present this information with the hope of promoting awareness of potential biases at different stages of medical education. © 2023 Elsevier Inc.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Clinical Imaging},
	author = {Lugo-Fagundo, Elias and Weisberg, Edmund M. and Lugo-Fagundo, Maria and Fishman, Elliot K.},
	year = {2023},
	pmid = {37295231},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier Inc.
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Accreditation, Accreditation council for graduate medical education, Bias, Boricuas, Equal opportunity, Female, Health care professionals, Hispanic, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Internship and Residency, Liaison committee on medical education, Male, Medical, Medical applications, Medical community, Medical education, Medical schools, Prejudice, Puerto Rican, Puerto Rico, Schools, Sexual orientations, United States, accreditation, adult, article, awareness, career, case report, clinical article, demography, ethnicity, female, freedom, gender, human, literature, male, medical education, medical school, narrative, personal experience, prejudice, race, religion, sexual orientation},
	pages = {34 -- 36},
}

It is not that unusual to find that Americans are unaware that Puerto Rico is a territory of the United States, and, like them, Puerto Ricans are U.S citizens enjoying the same liberties, freedoms, and rights. It may be less expected to face such incognizance or ignorance within the medical community as careers in medicine offer healthcare professionals the opportunity to serve patients spanning race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, and other demographic differences. Unfortunately, some of the personal experiences of the primary author have prompted us to cull four personal narratives of Puerto Rican individuals (Boricuas), who comprise 20.8% of the Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish Origin applicants to U.S. medical schools, during various early stages of a medical career. Of course, these personal anecdotes, offered in response to just a few general questions about recent experiences of bias in medical applications or in early training, do not indicate pervasive bias. Similarly, these instances may be more common than people in the medical community would prefer to believe. In the brief narratives that follow, Boricuas at different junctures in their medical educations highlight the bias that they have faced and their reactions to it. We present this information with the hope of promoting awareness of potential biases at different stages of medical education. © 2023 Elsevier Inc.

@article{de_brasi_socratic_2023,
	title = {Socratic ignorance, intellectual humility and intellectual autonomy},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {01006045},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85159336370&doi=10.1590%2f0100-6045.2023.V46N1.LM&partnerID=40&md5=d1dc3b49b420c6d3d6ee8a512a94d7a4},
	doi = {10.1590/0100-6045.2023.V46N1.LM},
	abstract = {A recent stream of epistemology gives special relevance to ignorance within the framework of an epistemological theory. Indeed, some want to give a significant role to ignorance in epistemological theorizing. In this paper, we argue that a particular sort of ignorance, which involves recognition of the fact that one is ignorant, is central to the acquisition of knowledge given the epistemic structure of society. It is clear, we hold, that Socrates realized the relevance of what we call ‘Socratic ignorance’ in the acquisition of knowledge and was aware of the division of epistemic and cognitive labor that we find in our society. We shall explain the way we understand this Socratic ignorance, as opposed to what we will call ‘stubborn ignorance’ and the role this ignorance of Socratic overtones and related character traits can play in the acquisition of knowledge from others and with others. © 2023, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Centro de Logica, Epistemologia e Historia da Ciencia. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Manuscrito},
	author = {De Brasi, Leandro and Boeri, Marcelo D.},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Centro de Logica, Epistemologia e Historia da Ciencia
Type: Article},
	pages = {117 -- 146},
}

A recent stream of epistemology gives special relevance to ignorance within the framework of an epistemological theory. Indeed, some want to give a significant role to ignorance in epistemological theorizing. In this paper, we argue that a particular sort of ignorance, which involves recognition of the fact that one is ignorant, is central to the acquisition of knowledge given the epistemic structure of society. It is clear, we hold, that Socrates realized the relevance of what we call ‘Socratic ignorance’ in the acquisition of knowledge and was aware of the division of epistemic and cognitive labor that we find in our society. We shall explain the way we understand this Socratic ignorance, as opposed to what we will call ‘stubborn ignorance’ and the role this ignorance of Socratic overtones and related character traits can play in the acquisition of knowledge from others and with others. © 2023, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Centro de Logica, Epistemologia e Historia da Ciencia. All rights reserved.

@article{eski_ignorance-led_2023,
	title = {Ignorance-led port policing? {The} limits of information sharing-based policing in the {North} {Sea} {Canal} {Area} and {Port} of {Amsterdam} and in the {Port} of {Moerdijk}},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {17524512},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85165577376&doi=10.1093%2fpolice%2fpaac071&partnerID=40&md5=c401895746db2984c440525e5b2d7c08},
	doi = {10.1093/police/paac071},
	abstract = {Whereas the Dutch government considers the Port of Rotterdam and Amsterdam Airport as crucial drug transport hubs for organized crime groups, there is scarce governance focus on the increasing shift of these groups to small, medium-sized, and (still) relatively anonymous Dutch ports, like the North Sea Canal Area (NSCA) and the Port of Moerdijk (PoM). They can be considered criminal diversion ports where port policing parties relies strongly on information sharing to establish intelligence-led port policing. What has remained un(der)studied are not only these criminal diversion ports, but also, and more specifically how and why (frontline) port policing staff (do not) share information and intelligence (position) with one another other. What are their motivations to withhold or share information? That is the key research question answered in this contribution by comparing two recent studies, one on the NSCA (Eski, Y., Boelens, M., Mesic, A., and Boutellier, H. (2021). Van Verhalen naar Verbalen: Een verkennende studie naar de aanpak van ondermijnende drugscriminaliteit in het Noordzeekanaalgebied en de haven van Amsterdam (NZKG). The Hague: Sdu.) and the other on the PoM (Fiddelers, V. [2021]. Intel aan het roer. Een studie naar informatiedeling binnen de politie ten behoeve van de aanpak ondermijnende criminaliteit in de haven van Moerdijk. Amsterdam: VU University.). By exploring comparatively the reasons the studies' participants have, or think others have, for (withholding) information, this article considers to which extent Dutch small, medium-sized criminal diversion ports accommodate ignorance-led port policing (Reiner in Shepherd, J., Pease, K., Reiner, R., Squires, P., and Westmarland, L. (2010). 'Debating Policing Research: A Research Council for Crime and Justice? Jonathan Shepherd and Ken Pease Call for Medical Research Standards to be Replicated in Policing Studies. Robert Reiner, Peter Squires, and Louise Westmarland respond.' Criminal Justice Matters 80(1): 2-5.). © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Policing (Oxford)},
	author = {Eski, Yarin and Fiddelers, Valérie},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press
Type: Article},
}

Whereas the Dutch government considers the Port of Rotterdam and Amsterdam Airport as crucial drug transport hubs for organized crime groups, there is scarce governance focus on the increasing shift of these groups to small, medium-sized, and (still) relatively anonymous Dutch ports, like the North Sea Canal Area (NSCA) and the Port of Moerdijk (PoM). They can be considered criminal diversion ports where port policing parties relies strongly on information sharing to establish intelligence-led port policing. What has remained un(der)studied are not only these criminal diversion ports, but also, and more specifically how and why (frontline) port policing staff (do not) share information and intelligence (position) with one another other. What are their motivations to withhold or share information? That is the key research question answered in this contribution by comparing two recent studies, one on the NSCA (Eski, Y., Boelens, M., Mesic, A., and Boutellier, H. (2021). Van Verhalen naar Verbalen: Een verkennende studie naar de aanpak van ondermijnende drugscriminaliteit in het Noordzeekanaalgebied en de haven van Amsterdam (NZKG). The Hague: Sdu.) and the other on the PoM (Fiddelers, V. [2021]. Intel aan het roer. Een studie naar informatiedeling binnen de politie ten behoeve van de aanpak ondermijnende criminaliteit in de haven van Moerdijk. Amsterdam: VU University.). By exploring comparatively the reasons the studies' participants have, or think others have, for (withholding) information, this article considers to which extent Dutch small, medium-sized criminal diversion ports accommodate ignorance-led port policing (Reiner in Shepherd, J., Pease, K., Reiner, R., Squires, P., and Westmarland, L. (2010). 'Debating Policing Research: A Research Council for Crime and Justice? Jonathan Shepherd and Ken Pease Call for Medical Research Standards to be Replicated in Policing Studies. Robert Reiner, Peter Squires, and Louise Westmarland respond.' Criminal Justice Matters 80(1): 2-5.). © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press.

@article{earle_postracial_2023,
	title = {Postracial {Presumptions}: {The} {Supreme} {Court}’s {Undoing} of the {Voting} {Rights} {Act} through {Racial} {Ignorance}},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {02773945},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85151636739&doi=10.1080%2f02773945.2022.2129764&partnerID=40&md5=a0bc6ff374714b91ceabb80f5ba101ce},
	doi = {10.1080/02773945.2022.2129764},
	abstract = {To warrant the weakening of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the Supreme Court’s conservative majority has actively manufactured ignorance of racism in the realm of voting. Through an analysis of majority opinions in Shelby County v. Holder (2013), Abbott v. Perez (2018), and cases concerning states’ antivoting fraud restrictions, I demonstrate how considerable evidence of racial discrimination is deemed to fail the standard of proof imposed by the court. I offer the term postracial presumption to account for how dominant publics are empowered to reason as if the United States was beyond race, to employ postracial premises to warrant judgments for which there is insufficient evidence and, indeed, for which there is considerable disconfirming evidence. The essay demonstrates how presumption and proof burdens can be critical tools in the study of postracism and is suggestive of how racial ignorance cannot simply be rectified by more proof. © 2023 The Rhetoric Society of America.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Rhetoric Society Quarterly},
	author = {Earle, Chris S.},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
Type: Article},
	pages = {247 -- 261},
}

To warrant the weakening of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the Supreme Court’s conservative majority has actively manufactured ignorance of racism in the realm of voting. Through an analysis of majority opinions in Shelby County v. Holder (2013), Abbott v. Perez (2018), and cases concerning states’ antivoting fraud restrictions, I demonstrate how considerable evidence of racial discrimination is deemed to fail the standard of proof imposed by the court. I offer the term postracial presumption to account for how dominant publics are empowered to reason as if the United States was beyond race, to employ postracial premises to warrant judgments for which there is insufficient evidence and, indeed, for which there is considerable disconfirming evidence. The essay demonstrates how presumption and proof burdens can be critical tools in the study of postracism and is suggestive of how racial ignorance cannot simply be rectified by more proof. © 2023 The Rhetoric Society of America.

@article{gabatz_rhetorical_2023,
	title = {The rhetorical contours, appeals to ignorance, resentments, messianisms and conspiracies in bolsonarista disruptive governance; [os contornos retóricos, apelos à ignorância, ressentimentos, messianismos e conspirações na governança disruptiva bolsonarista1]},
	volume = {76},
	issn = {01024442},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85170839930&doi=10.23925%2f2176-2767.2023v76p174-195&partnerID=40&md5=eb2a75425d5d11294ffd1ad44df6933b},
	doi = {10.23925/2176-2767.2023v76p174-195},
	abstract = {This article seeks to analyze the recent Brazilian situation from the perspective of multiple articulations based on polarization and strategies that make explicit disinformation, the advance of conspiracy theories, resentment, fear and messianism. Through an epistemological approach on the intricacies of rhetoric and authoritarian power, we glimpse in this exhibition an ideology of values that make explicit and engender the violation of rights, intolerances and exclusions. The results indicate that Bolsonaro's disruptive governance was able to strengthen a project of power through a behavior capable of disseminating hatred and evoking dichotomies, appeals to ignorance and generalizations. © 2023, Pontificia Universidade Catolica de Sao Paulo. All rights reserved.},
	language = {Portuguese},
	journal = {Projeto Historia},
	author = {Gabatz, Celso},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Pontificia Universidade Catolica de Sao Paulo
Type: Article},
	pages = {174 -- 195},
}

This article seeks to analyze the recent Brazilian situation from the perspective of multiple articulations based on polarization and strategies that make explicit disinformation, the advance of conspiracy theories, resentment, fear and messianism. Through an epistemological approach on the intricacies of rhetoric and authoritarian power, we glimpse in this exhibition an ideology of values that make explicit and engender the violation of rights, intolerances and exclusions. The results indicate that Bolsonaro's disruptive governance was able to strengthen a project of power through a behavior capable of disseminating hatred and evoking dichotomies, appeals to ignorance and generalizations. © 2023, Pontificia Universidade Catolica de Sao Paulo. All rights reserved.

@article{garcia-reyes_parable_2023,
	title = {The parable of the entrepreneur: power, ignorance, and reason in the land grabbing in montes de maría, colombia; [{La} parábola del empresario: poder, ignorancia y razón en la apropiación de tierras en montes de maría, colombia]},
	volume = {55},
	issn = {07161182},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85172454755&doi=10.4067%2fS0717-73562023005001102&partnerID=40&md5=03c365c20f522c8600a06e349c5f2ecd},
	doi = {10.4067/S0717-73562023005001102},
	abstract = {Between 2005 and 2010, in the region of Montes de María, Colombia, there was a mass purchase of lands by agribusinessmen from peasants who had been victims of the internal armed conflict. In this article, I ask about the forms of knowledge that were behind these deals. In particular, I seek to evaluate the proposition that the accumulation of land was the result of blindness towards the other, in this case the peasant farmer, which is typical of the game of power in the framework of the construction of the State: the businessmen ignored the peasants. To this end, I start from the anthropological understanding of interpretative work. As a methodological approach, I employ the concepts of liminality and diagnostic event and, on that basis, make a propositional analysis of the testimonies collected in a corpus of land restitution court rulings (2011 - 2019). The results show that the ignorance of businessmen, although it existed, was not generic, but consisted in an attitude of disregard towards peasants as subjects of state recognition. This opens up questions about the complex ways in which power, rules, and ignorance interact, the latter understood as a specific epistemic category. © (), (). All Rights Reserved.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Chungara},
	author = {García-Reyes, Paola},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Universidad de Tarapaca
Type: Article},
}

Between 2005 and 2010, in the region of Montes de María, Colombia, there was a mass purchase of lands by agribusinessmen from peasants who had been victims of the internal armed conflict. In this article, I ask about the forms of knowledge that were behind these deals. In particular, I seek to evaluate the proposition that the accumulation of land was the result of blindness towards the other, in this case the peasant farmer, which is typical of the game of power in the framework of the construction of the State: the businessmen ignored the peasants. To this end, I start from the anthropological understanding of interpretative work. As a methodological approach, I employ the concepts of liminality and diagnostic event and, on that basis, make a propositional analysis of the testimonies collected in a corpus of land restitution court rulings (2011 - 2019). The results show that the ignorance of businessmen, although it existed, was not generic, but consisted in an attitude of disregard towards peasants as subjects of state recognition. This opens up questions about the complex ways in which power, rules, and ignorance interact, the latter understood as a specific epistemic category. © (), (). All Rights Reserved.

@article{geisenhansluke_ghost_2023,
	title = {A {Ghost} to {Bed} {Hölderlin} and the {Poetics} of {Ignorance} in {Modernity}; [{Ein} {Geist} zu {Bette} {Hölderlin} und die {Poetik} des {Nichtwissens} in der {Moderne}]},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {1899315X},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85179449800&doi=10.12775%2fLC.2023.024&partnerID=40&md5=a92da346c947a0775c8fa3d47d7baa13},
	doi = {10.12775/LC.2023.024},
	abstract = {Using the example of Hölderlin’s translation of Antigone and the poem Blödigkeit (Timidity) by the same author, the paper deals with the relation between knowing and not-knowing and thus also with the productive handling of different forms of not-knowing. By avoiding a one-to-one translation of the Antique source, Hölderlin experiments with forms of not-knowing. The not-knowing turns out, which becomes distinct in the concept of timidity, to be a corrective element and a supplement to the forms of clear and bright knowing. This is demonstrated by the different semantic dimensions of the timidity concept, which in Hölderlin becomes a part of his poetology. In that sense timidity is not only the origin and the prerequisite for poetry but also something constantly co-produced by the poet. The absolute power of reason is thus pushed to its limits. From this perspective, the forms of not-knowing have the function of a corrective to knowing and are, consequently, an integral component of a Modernity that should not be misunderstood as a process of an increasing, teleological accumulation of knowing. © 2023 Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikolaja Kopernika. All rights reserved},
	language = {German},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Litteraria Copernicana},
	author = {Geisenhanslüke, Achim},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikolaja Kopernika
Type: Article},
	pages = {57 -- 68},
}

Using the example of Hölderlin’s translation of Antigone and the poem Blödigkeit (Timidity) by the same author, the paper deals with the relation between knowing and not-knowing and thus also with the productive handling of different forms of not-knowing. By avoiding a one-to-one translation of the Antique source, Hölderlin experiments with forms of not-knowing. The not-knowing turns out, which becomes distinct in the concept of timidity, to be a corrective element and a supplement to the forms of clear and bright knowing. This is demonstrated by the different semantic dimensions of the timidity concept, which in Hölderlin becomes a part of his poetology. In that sense timidity is not only the origin and the prerequisite for poetry but also something constantly co-produced by the poet. The absolute power of reason is thus pushed to its limits. From this perspective, the forms of not-knowing have the function of a corrective to knowing and are, consequently, an integral component of a Modernity that should not be misunderstood as a process of an increasing, teleological accumulation of knowing. © 2023 Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikolaja Kopernika. All rights reserved

@article{grashuis_is_2023,
	title = {Is the {Veil} of {Ignorance} more than a {Thought} {Experiment}? {An} {Empirical} {Application} to {Grocery} {Shopper} {Preferences} during the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic}},
	issn = {08974438},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85164910597&doi=10.1080%2f08974438.2023.2233959&partnerID=40&md5=616f15e6175a38d2f97c6aa554bae014},
	doi = {10.1080/08974438.2023.2233959},
	abstract = {During the COVID-19 pandemic, grocery shoppers face a moral dilemma: to go inside the store or to use online alternatives, such as curbside pickup or home delivery to limit physical interaction. The veil of ignorance, a hypothetical state of mind, is an experimental tool used to nudge people toward the social welfare option during a decision-making process. We empirically test the effect of the veil of ignorance on grocery shopper preferences by implementing an online choice experiment with 613 U.S. consumers. Subjects who are veiled by ignorance about the state of the COVID-19 pandemic are not willing to pay significantly more for curbside pickup or home delivery than (unveiled) subjects in the control group. We also find heterogeneous effects by vaccination status. Consistent with limited evidence in the prior literature, the veil of ignorance is seemingly unable to induce moral choice behavior in real-world scenarios. © 2023 Taylor \& Francis Group, LLC.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of International Food and Agribusiness Marketing},
	author = {Grashuis, Jasper and Segovia, Michelle},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
Type: Article},
}

During the COVID-19 pandemic, grocery shoppers face a moral dilemma: to go inside the store or to use online alternatives, such as curbside pickup or home delivery to limit physical interaction. The veil of ignorance, a hypothetical state of mind, is an experimental tool used to nudge people toward the social welfare option during a decision-making process. We empirically test the effect of the veil of ignorance on grocery shopper preferences by implementing an online choice experiment with 613 U.S. consumers. Subjects who are veiled by ignorance about the state of the COVID-19 pandemic are not willing to pay significantly more for curbside pickup or home delivery than (unveiled) subjects in the control group. We also find heterogeneous effects by vaccination status. Consistent with limited evidence in the prior literature, the veil of ignorance is seemingly unable to induce moral choice behavior in real-world scenarios. © 2023 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

@article{giray_how_2023,
	title = {How {Can} {Ignorance} {Be} {Useful} to {Teachers}?},
	issn = {20965311},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85153592550&doi=10.1177%2f20965311231167189&partnerID=40&md5=39b9bed935c85f4f991ddd42d2baafc5},
	doi = {10.1177/20965311231167189},
	abstract = {Teachers can use ignorance to improve their role and facilitate the learning process. Strategic ignorance can be used to strengthen impartiality and avoid spreading oneself thinly. Feigned ignorance can be used to reinforce independent learning skills and avoid high dependence on simple questions. Teachers’ admission to ignorance can be used to promote humility, curiosity, and psychologically safe environments. © The Author(s) 2023.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {ECNU Review of Education},
	author = {Giray, Louie},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd
Type: Article},
}

Teachers can use ignorance to improve their role and facilitate the learning process. Strategic ignorance can be used to strengthen impartiality and avoid spreading oneself thinly. Feigned ignorance can be used to reinforce independent learning skills and avoid high dependence on simple questions. Teachers’ admission to ignorance can be used to promote humility, curiosity, and psychologically safe environments. © The Author(s) 2023.

@article{grabowski_superficiality_2023,
	title = {Superficiality, {Disregard}, and {Ignorance} in the {Process} of {Protection} and {Conservation} of {Postindustrial} {Heritage} in {Poland}; [{Powierzchownosc}, lekcewazenie i ignorancja w procesie ochrony i konserwacji dziedzictwa poindustrialnego w {Polsce}]},
	volume = {2023},
	issn = {08602395},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85172445028&doi=10.48234%2fWK74POLAND&partnerID=40&md5=83921efa1eb83b777af6f4157013b564},
	doi = {10.48234/WK74POLAND},
	abstract = {Buildings do not have to be demolished for heritage to be lost. Development pressure on postindustrial sites often leads to the loss of features determining their real, but not obvious, cultural value. The examples of adaptive re¬use projects included in this article show the irreversible loss of historical values of postindustrial buildings and their surroundings. Their analysis and comparison with other types of monuments showed even discriminatory phenomena in the field of protection of industrial heri¬tage. Its superficial treatment is reinforced by the general consent to far-reaching interference, which has led to the recognition of such solutions as acceptable or even advisable. Although the issue of the protection of indus¬trial monuments has been the subject of research for many years, the gap between theory and practice in the field of protection and conservation of industrial heri¬tage in Poland seems to be growing. The purpose of this article is therefore to start a discussion on the possible ways to improve the current situation. © 2023, Zarzad Glowny Stowarzyszenia Konserwatorow Zabytkow. All rights reserved.},
	language = {Polish},
	number = {74},
	journal = {Wiadomosci Konserwatorskie},
	author = {Grabowski, Mateusz and Walczak, Bartosz},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Zarzad Glowny Stowarzyszenia Konserwatorow Zabytkow
Type: Article},
	pages = {84 -- 99},
}

Buildings do not have to be demolished for heritage to be lost. Development pressure on postindustrial sites often leads to the loss of features determining their real, but not obvious, cultural value. The examples of adaptive re¬use projects included in this article show the irreversible loss of historical values of postindustrial buildings and their surroundings. Their analysis and comparison with other types of monuments showed even discriminatory phenomena in the field of protection of industrial heri¬tage. Its superficial treatment is reinforced by the general consent to far-reaching interference, which has led to the recognition of such solutions as acceptable or even advisable. Although the issue of the protection of indus¬trial monuments has been the subject of research for many years, the gap between theory and practice in the field of protection and conservation of industrial heri¬tage in Poland seems to be growing. The purpose of this article is therefore to start a discussion on the possible ways to improve the current situation. © 2023, Zarzad Glowny Stowarzyszenia Konserwatorow Zabytkow. All rights reserved.

@article{hajji_rewriting_2023,
	title = {Rewriting the {Myth} of {Ulysses} in {Milan} {Kundera}’s {L}’{Ignorance}; [{La} réécriture du mythe d’{Ulysse} dans {L}’{Ignorance} de {Milan} {Kundera}]},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {18037399},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85179478656&doi=10.5817%2fERB2023-2-22&partnerID=40&md5=5b7327b65c6669831b0edaca46a1f1c9},
	doi = {10.5817/ERB2023-2-22},
	abstract = {Milan Kundera’s Ignorance is a literary meditation on exile and emigration. In particular, the author rethinks the essence of emigration through the experience of Irena and Josef, two protagonists who left their native country during the Russian invasion in 1968. Kundera rewrites the Homeric myth to play down the status of the emigrant while showing the advantages of emigration and the illusion of the “great return”. From this point of view, Homer’s Ulysses does not escape this illusion, so much so that he is dissatisfied as soon as he arrives in Ithaca. In a general way, Kundera fights against the stereotypes of the emigrant as a being of suffering. In particular, he seeks to strip emigration of its sentimental, lyrical and political dimensions. Moreover, the novel poses the problem of otherness in a context of emigration. The nightmares of Irena and her husband, Martin, reveal the complexity of the return, the cruelty and the effects of totalitarianism. The emigrant is thus subjected to such cultural ambivalence that he is not fully recognized either in his adopted country or in his native land. He embodies in fact the figure of the transborder being. © 2023 Masaryk University. All rights reserved.},
	language = {French},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Etudes Romanes de Brno},
	author = {Hajji, Abdelouahed},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Masaryk University
Type: Article},
	pages = {365 -- 376},
}

Milan Kundera’s Ignorance is a literary meditation on exile and emigration. In particular, the author rethinks the essence of emigration through the experience of Irena and Josef, two protagonists who left their native country during the Russian invasion in 1968. Kundera rewrites the Homeric myth to play down the status of the emigrant while showing the advantages of emigration and the illusion of the “great return”. From this point of view, Homer’s Ulysses does not escape this illusion, so much so that he is dissatisfied as soon as he arrives in Ithaca. In a general way, Kundera fights against the stereotypes of the emigrant as a being of suffering. In particular, he seeks to strip emigration of its sentimental, lyrical and political dimensions. Moreover, the novel poses the problem of otherness in a context of emigration. The nightmares of Irena and her husband, Martin, reveal the complexity of the return, the cruelty and the effects of totalitarianism. The emigrant is thus subjected to such cultural ambivalence that he is not fully recognized either in his adopted country or in his native land. He embodies in fact the figure of the transborder being. © 2023 Masaryk University. All rights reserved.

@article{jalonen_ignorance_2023,
	title = {Ignorance in organisations – a systematic literature review},
	issn = {21981620},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85146963354&doi=10.1007%2fs11301-023-00321-z&partnerID=40&md5=e43310103658ee92555c9d7a68237552},
	doi = {10.1007/s11301-023-00321-z},
	abstract = {This study is linked to previous research that approaches organisations as systems of shared meaning where ignorance is created and sustained, either unintentionally or deliberately, through various social interactions,symbolic processes, and organisational structures. While previous studies have touched upon organisational ignorance, there is a lack of systematically conducted research on its many forms and its many sources. This study analyses the causes, characteristics, and consequences of organisational ignorance. By reporting a systematic review of the literature, the paper contributes to the theory of organizational ignorance by developing a framework of organisational ignorance comprising the manageability (intentional or unintentional) and dynamics (bounded or expanding) of ignorance. Instead of framing ignorance as something that should be avoided, the study adopts anuanced approach to the organisation of ignorance. © 2023, The Author(s).},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Management Review Quarterly},
	author = {Jalonen, Harri},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Institute for Ionics
Type: Article},
}

This study is linked to previous research that approaches organisations as systems of shared meaning where ignorance is created and sustained, either unintentionally or deliberately, through various social interactions,symbolic processes, and organisational structures. While previous studies have touched upon organisational ignorance, there is a lack of systematically conducted research on its many forms and its many sources. This study analyses the causes, characteristics, and consequences of organisational ignorance. By reporting a systematic review of the literature, the paper contributes to the theory of organizational ignorance by developing a framework of organisational ignorance comprising the manageability (intentional or unintentional) and dynamics (bounded or expanding) of ignorance. Instead of framing ignorance as something that should be avoided, the study adopts anuanced approach to the organisation of ignorance. © 2023, The Author(s).

@article{ju_taxation_2023,
	title = {Taxation behind the veil of ignorance},
	volume = {60},
	issn = {01761714},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85109002626&doi=10.1007%2fs00355-021-01344-9&partnerID=40&md5=e8224b8f5ad95e2af78058b37ce6f84b},
	doi = {10.1007/s00355-021-01344-9},
	abstract = {We explore the design of impartial tax schemes in a simple setup where agents’ incomes are completely determined by their inborn talents. Building on Harsanyi’s veil-of-ignorance approach, we conceptualize an impartial observer who chooses a tax scheme without knowing her own preferences and the distribution of talents, and whose vNM preferences behind the veil obey Harsanyi’s principle of acceptance and are independent, in terms of utility-scale, of the distribution of talents. Our results in the resulting framework provide three main messages: (i) the veil of ignorance implies anonymity of tax schemes; (ii) the veil of ignorance generically rejects utilitarian tax schemes; (iii) the veil of ignorance endorses the (Rawlsian) leveling tax scheme. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1-2},
	journal = {Social Choice and Welfare},
	author = {Ju, Biung-Ghi and Moreno-Ternero, Juan D.},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH
Type: Article},
	pages = {165 -- 181},
}

We explore the design of impartial tax schemes in a simple setup where agents’ incomes are completely determined by their inborn talents. Building on Harsanyi’s veil-of-ignorance approach, we conceptualize an impartial observer who chooses a tax scheme without knowing her own preferences and the distribution of talents, and whose vNM preferences behind the veil obey Harsanyi’s principle of acceptance and are independent, in terms of utility-scale, of the distribution of talents. Our results in the resulting framework provide three main messages: (i) the veil of ignorance implies anonymity of tax schemes; (ii) the veil of ignorance generically rejects utilitarian tax schemes; (iii) the veil of ignorance endorses the (Rawlsian) leveling tax scheme. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

@article{husak_is_2023,
	title = {Is {Fair} {Opportunity} a {Comprehensive} {Theory} of {Responsibility}?},
	issn = {18719791},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85159431185&doi=10.1007%2fs11572-023-09676-6&partnerID=40&md5=6b46abb0988e5e2e609b3c4a7c675e82},
	doi = {10.1007/s11572-023-09676-6},
	abstract = {I challenge the adequacy of David Brink’s “master principle” of culpability. I allege that it fails to account for the moral relevance of ignorance of wrongdoing. I describe three cases in which I believe that Brink’s theory of normative competence cannot account for the significance of a variable that bears on culpability. In most of this paper I attempt to anticipate and reply to the various responses Brink might offer to my challenge. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Criminal Law and Philosophy},
	author = {Husak, Douglas},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media B.V.
Type: Article},
}

I challenge the adequacy of David Brink’s “master principle” of culpability. I allege that it fails to account for the moral relevance of ignorance of wrongdoing. I describe three cases in which I believe that Brink’s theory of normative competence cannot account for the significance of a variable that bears on culpability. In most of this paper I attempt to anticipate and reply to the various responses Brink might offer to my challenge. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.

@article{iwabuchi_inter-asian_2023,
	title = {Inter-{Asian} perceptions of studying ‘abroad’ in {Asia}: analysis of {Japanese} students’ discourse},
	issn = {14767724},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85176302769&doi=10.1080%2f14767724.2023.2272739&partnerID=40&md5=45860f31539345f9d5345979c5415c35},
	doi = {10.1080/14767724.2023.2272739},
	abstract = {Today, Asia attracts more international students. A dominant paradigm in student mobility scholarship focuses on the presence or absence of push and pull factors, mainly practical, educational, cultural or financial ones. This perspective, however, pays little attention to students’ perceptions towards destination countries or regions. Through interviews, this study elucidates perceptions of a Japanese public university’s students towards Asia as a study abroad destination. Results reveal that students avoid Asia by employing a ‘strategy of ignorance’. Simultaneously, ignorance surfaced as a key motivation to study in Asia–a first step towards critical reflection on dominant views on Asia in Japan. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Globalisation, Societies and Education},
	author = {Iwabuchi, Kazuaki and Shimauchi, Sae},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
Type: Article},
}

Today, Asia attracts more international students. A dominant paradigm in student mobility scholarship focuses on the presence or absence of push and pull factors, mainly practical, educational, cultural or financial ones. This perspective, however, pays little attention to students’ perceptions towards destination countries or regions. Through interviews, this study elucidates perceptions of a Japanese public university’s students towards Asia as a study abroad destination. Results reveal that students avoid Asia by employing a ‘strategy of ignorance’. Simultaneously, ignorance surfaced as a key motivation to study in Asia–a first step towards critical reflection on dominant views on Asia in Japan. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

@article{laise_excuse_2023,
	title = {Excuse my ignorance: {Should} criminal judges adopt a “gender sensitive approach” in their precedents?; [{Scusate} la mia ignoranza: i giudici penali dovrebbero adottare un “approccio sensibile al genere” nei loro precedenti?]; [{DISCULPE} {MI} {IGNORANCIA}: ¿{DEBEN} {LOS} {JUECES} {PENALES} {DECIDIR} {CON} “{PERSPECTIVA} {DE} {GÉNERO}”?]},
	volume = {2023},
	issn = {03262774},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85163584757&doi=10.46553%2fprudentia.95.2023.pp.61-91&partnerID=40&md5=be02c4f1fd71ef704d7b6af6c21781cd},
	doi = {10.46553/prudentia.95.2023.pp.61-91},
	abstract = {The gender sensitive approach became a must as the Interamerican jurispru-dence and many High Courts of most of Latin American countries remarked. Those courts insist on a specific point: only through the embedment of the gender sensitive approach we will terminate negative gender stereotypes. Only by that means we will be able to achieve a robust fairness and equality. But what does that approach entail and mean? Should judges really adopt that approach in all their precedents? This article aims at tackling those questions by offering an alternative approach. I shall maintain that a gender sensitive approach is improper for accomplishing its very own purpose; that is, to achieve fairness and equality in our societies. That would not be enough to empower vulnerable persons to overcome asymmetric and toxic relations. In contrast, I will argue that a vulnerability approach would function as better means for achieving equality and fairness. In fact, a vulnerability approach will allow victims to overcome asymmetric relations, to empower themselves and, by the same token, to arrive at a just solution. © 2023, Pontificia Universidad Catolica Argentina. All rights reserved.},
	language = {Spanish},
	number = {95},
	journal = {Prudentia Iuris},
	author = {Laise, Luciano D.},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Pontificia Universidad Catolica Argentina
Type: Article},
	pages = {61 -- 91},
}

The gender sensitive approach became a must as the Interamerican jurispru-dence and many High Courts of most of Latin American countries remarked. Those courts insist on a specific point: only through the embedment of the gender sensitive approach we will terminate negative gender stereotypes. Only by that means we will be able to achieve a robust fairness and equality. But what does that approach entail and mean? Should judges really adopt that approach in all their precedents? This article aims at tackling those questions by offering an alternative approach. I shall maintain that a gender sensitive approach is improper for accomplishing its very own purpose; that is, to achieve fairness and equality in our societies. That would not be enough to empower vulnerable persons to overcome asymmetric and toxic relations. In contrast, I will argue that a vulnerability approach would function as better means for achieving equality and fairness. In fact, a vulnerability approach will allow victims to overcome asymmetric relations, to empower themselves and, by the same token, to arrive at a just solution. © 2023, Pontificia Universidad Catolica Argentina. All rights reserved.

@article{kaushal_re-conceptualizing_2023,
	title = {Re-conceptualizing the villain: {Todd} {Phillips}'s {Joker} through the lens of {Vedic} hermeneutics},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1477965X},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85174182628&doi=10.1386%2ftear_00104_1&partnerID=40&md5=a6159eb1cc771a7bba61939604e79753},
	doi = {10.1386/tear_00104_1},
	abstract = {This article attempts to examine the portrayal of the character of Arthur Fleck in Todd Phillips's Joker (2019). In the initial part of the film, Arthur exhibits signs that reveal he is headed towards committing a violent crime. Arthur displays signs of psychopathy and a lack of empathy. This article links criminal behaviour analysis to the Bible of the Arya Samaj, an Indian text, to find out how ancient Indian literature's empirical theories, which are intertwined with philosophical and religious content, shed light on criminal behaviour. The primary purpose of this article is to analyse the behavioural pattern in the character of Fleck and establish links to Dayanand Saraswati's Satyarth Prakash, which discusses different types of Avidyas, a key concept in Indian philosophy that can be translated as ignorance or unwisdom, which is seen as a fundamental cause of suffering and bondage. It is certainly a significant factor in a person's personality and behaviour. The major aim of this character analysis is not only to establish the link between Indian ancient texts and criminological behavioural patterns but also to reconceptualize evil through the lenses of Vedic hermeneutics. Vedic hermeneutics is the study of interpreting and understanding the ancient Vedic texts of Hinduism, where an important aspect is the recognition of different levels of meaning within the texts. © 2023 Intellect Ltd Article.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Technoetic Arts},
	author = {Kaushal, Lalit Aditya and Kalia, Nipun},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Intellect Ltd.
Type: Article},
	pages = {135 -- 145},
}

This article attempts to examine the portrayal of the character of Arthur Fleck in Todd Phillips's Joker (2019). In the initial part of the film, Arthur exhibits signs that reveal he is headed towards committing a violent crime. Arthur displays signs of psychopathy and a lack of empathy. This article links criminal behaviour analysis to the Bible of the Arya Samaj, an Indian text, to find out how ancient Indian literature's empirical theories, which are intertwined with philosophical and religious content, shed light on criminal behaviour. The primary purpose of this article is to analyse the behavioural pattern in the character of Fleck and establish links to Dayanand Saraswati's Satyarth Prakash, which discusses different types of Avidyas, a key concept in Indian philosophy that can be translated as ignorance or unwisdom, which is seen as a fundamental cause of suffering and bondage. It is certainly a significant factor in a person's personality and behaviour. The major aim of this character analysis is not only to establish the link between Indian ancient texts and criminological behavioural patterns but also to reconceptualize evil through the lenses of Vedic hermeneutics. Vedic hermeneutics is the study of interpreting and understanding the ancient Vedic texts of Hinduism, where an important aspect is the recognition of different levels of meaning within the texts. © 2023 Intellect Ltd Article.

@article{licon_moral_2023,
	title = {Some moral benefits of ignorance},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {09515089},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85125394301&doi=10.1080%2f09515089.2022.2042230&partnerID=40&md5=45eb67a11f4223ec66ecf580ceea5536},
	doi = {10.1080/09515089.2022.2042230},
	abstract = {When moral philosophers study ignorance, their efforts are almost exclusively confined to its exculpatory and blameworthy aspects. Unfortunately, though, this trend overlooks that certain kinds of propositional ignorance, namely of the personal costs and benefits of altruistic actions, can indirectly incentivize those actions. Humans require cooperation from others to survive, and that can be facilitated by a good reputation. One avenue to a good reputation is helping others, sticking to moral principles, and so forth, without calculating the personal costs of doing so, e.g., saving someone from a burning building without calculating how personally costly or beneficial it would be. These actions are indirect moral benefits (partly) resulting from that kind of propositional ignorance. © 2022 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Philosophical Psychology},
	author = {Licon, Jimmy Alfonso},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
Type: Article},
	pages = {319 -- 336},
}

When moral philosophers study ignorance, their efforts are almost exclusively confined to its exculpatory and blameworthy aspects. Unfortunately, though, this trend overlooks that certain kinds of propositional ignorance, namely of the personal costs and benefits of altruistic actions, can indirectly incentivize those actions. Humans require cooperation from others to survive, and that can be facilitated by a good reputation. One avenue to a good reputation is helping others, sticking to moral principles, and so forth, without calculating the personal costs of doing so, e.g., saving someone from a burning building without calculating how personally costly or beneficial it would be. These actions are indirect moral benefits (partly) resulting from that kind of propositional ignorance. © 2022 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

@article{martos-garcia_emancipation_2023,
	title = {Emancipation or simulation? {The} pedagogy of ignorance and action research in {PETE}},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {17408989},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85107520686&doi=10.1080%2f17408989.2021.1936477&partnerID=40&md5=02e2837499bd79e363b12627a72713a8},
	doi = {10.1080/17408989.2021.1936477},
	abstract = {Background: Education is increasingly a bureaucratized, standardized and regulated service in which everything is decided by the ‘experts’. There is an abandonment of the concept of education centred on the subject, social progress and collective transformation. Thus, education in general and teacher-training in particular, need innovative approaches that question the role of schools with regard to the social reproduction and neoliberalism. Critical pedagogies must develop practical propositions for transformation beyond theoretical criticism. In this sense, one of these possibilities is the philosophy of emancipation, which demands that students participate in their own education to recognize themselves as active social agents in the process of transformation and as authors in the construction of their own world. Purpose: This study is an outline and an evaluation of an experience that was based on the main objective of emancipating the students of a Master’s degree in Physical Education in Secondary Education Teaching in order to carry out their own Action Research (AR) projects. Methods: The study was carried out through the planning of three cycles of AR, and a teaching role closely associated to the pedagogy of ignorance. Data from the study was collected through reflective journals from the teachers (n = 2) and the participating students (n = 90). Added to this were two discussion groups, developed for the purpose of giving the students a more active voice. Findings: The results show, on the one hand, how the combination of the pedagogy of ignorance and the cycles of AR required students to act with autonomy and responsibility; however, although they valued this precept in the end, they asked for more intervention by teachers. Their overriding feeling of needing to ‘be taught’ made the study, unexpectedly, resemble a simulation. On the other hand, the methodology demanded that the authors of the study to not only maintain distance and not intervene but also to continually reconsider their role and authority in the classroom. Conclusions: Based on this study, the conclusions are that the course was designed too extensively planning fewer cycles might have resolved the sensation of the emotional distance that was perceived by the students. Reflection on the dynamics of the course also bred a feeling that the objectives of the study could have been shared with the students sooner to have obtained more accurate results. Despite these complications, it was a process of intense reflection and pedagogical learning, and a valuable experience on many levels. © 2021 Association for Physical Education.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy},
	author = {Martos-García, Daniel and García-Puchades, Wenceslao},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
Type: Article},
	pages = {43 -- 55},
}

Background: Education is increasingly a bureaucratized, standardized and regulated service in which everything is decided by the ‘experts’. There is an abandonment of the concept of education centred on the subject, social progress and collective transformation. Thus, education in general and teacher-training in particular, need innovative approaches that question the role of schools with regard to the social reproduction and neoliberalism. Critical pedagogies must develop practical propositions for transformation beyond theoretical criticism. In this sense, one of these possibilities is the philosophy of emancipation, which demands that students participate in their own education to recognize themselves as active social agents in the process of transformation and as authors in the construction of their own world. Purpose: This study is an outline and an evaluation of an experience that was based on the main objective of emancipating the students of a Master’s degree in Physical Education in Secondary Education Teaching in order to carry out their own Action Research (AR) projects. Methods: The study was carried out through the planning of three cycles of AR, and a teaching role closely associated to the pedagogy of ignorance. Data from the study was collected through reflective journals from the teachers (n = 2) and the participating students (n = 90). Added to this were two discussion groups, developed for the purpose of giving the students a more active voice. Findings: The results show, on the one hand, how the combination of the pedagogy of ignorance and the cycles of AR required students to act with autonomy and responsibility; however, although they valued this precept in the end, they asked for more intervention by teachers. Their overriding feeling of needing to ‘be taught’ made the study, unexpectedly, resemble a simulation. On the other hand, the methodology demanded that the authors of the study to not only maintain distance and not intervene but also to continually reconsider their role and authority in the classroom. Conclusions: Based on this study, the conclusions are that the course was designed too extensively planning fewer cycles might have resolved the sensation of the emotional distance that was perceived by the students. Reflection on the dynamics of the course also bred a feeling that the objectives of the study could have been shared with the students sooner to have obtained more accurate results. Despite these complications, it was a process of intense reflection and pedagogical learning, and a valuable experience on many levels. © 2021 Association for Physical Education.

@article{montanari_reality_2023,
	title = {"{Reality} {Speaks} for {Itself} ". {When} {Exhibiting} {Strong} {Convictions} is {Not} {Properly} a {Virtue}; ["{La} realidad habla por sí sola". {Cuando} exhibir fuertes convicciones no es propiamente una virtud]},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {20072406},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85177488309&doi=10.23924%2fOI.V14I32.574&partnerID=40&md5=56c6618d835fc5aca8086f598caa3f0e},
	doi = {10.23924/OI.V14I32.574},
	abstract = {The article introduces conspiracy beliefs and considers the most relevant literature in the field. The main purpose of the article is phenomenological: it proposes to understand conspiracy beliefs within the broader genre of what I call general conceptual beliefs (or simply, general beliefs), whose central features are big issues, logical-conceptual fallacies, pseudo-rationality, bad faith, and monological bias. I claim that general beliefs are functional to a motivationally biased and inherently dishonest communication (the same one that conspiracy narratives share with political extremism, religious fundamentalism and other eccentric belief systems), which is essentially conceived for practical and self-representational purposes (not for knowledge). The article argues against the mere stigmatization of this phenomenon and rather seeks to understand it by looking at a broader and murkier region of human experience, for which we are all responsible in some way. © 2023 Centro de Investigacion Social Avanzada. All rights reserved.},
	language = {Spanish},
	number = {32},
	journal = {Open Insight},
	author = {Montanari, Pietro},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Centro de Investigacion Social Avanzada
Type: Article},
	pages = {165 -- 212},
}

The article introduces conspiracy beliefs and considers the most relevant literature in the field. The main purpose of the article is phenomenological: it proposes to understand conspiracy beliefs within the broader genre of what I call general conceptual beliefs (or simply, general beliefs), whose central features are big issues, logical-conceptual fallacies, pseudo-rationality, bad faith, and monological bias. I claim that general beliefs are functional to a motivationally biased and inherently dishonest communication (the same one that conspiracy narratives share with political extremism, religious fundamentalism and other eccentric belief systems), which is essentially conceived for practical and self-representational purposes (not for knowledge). The article argues against the mere stigmatization of this phenomenon and rather seeks to understand it by looking at a broader and murkier region of human experience, for which we are all responsible in some way. © 2023 Centro de Investigacion Social Avanzada. All rights reserved.

@article{morris_classroom-based_2023,
	title = {Classroom-based peer interventions targeting autism ignorance, prejudice and/or discrimination: a systematic {PRISMA} review},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {13603116},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85102916791&doi=10.1080%2f13603116.2021.1900421&partnerID=40&md5=f96b1f5e9d9583a70e0ca709f62a3164},
	doi = {10.1080/13603116.2021.1900421},
	abstract = {A growing movement towards inclusive education worldwide means more children with autism are being educated in mainstream classrooms. However, integration does not equate to inclusion, and peer stigmatisation of autism is commonplace. This systematic review explores the merit of school-based peer education interventions targeting the stigmatisation of children with autism spectrum disorders. Relevant records published from 1994 were identified through systematic searches of five electronic databases: EBSCO, Medline, PsychInfo, PsychArticles and ERIC. Thirty-one documents pertaining to 27 studies met the pre-specified eligibility criteria and were included for data-extraction. A narrative synthesis highlighted significant flaws in the available literature, most notably poor methodological quality and a narrow research focus with regards to age, the gender of target child and implementation methods. Nevertheless, this study reports on evidence tentatively supporting the efficacy of ASD de-stigmatisation interventions when targeting ignorance and prejudice. Although no one approach can be determined as most effective, manualised programmes combining different types of information about ASD and delivered using various mediums seem to hold the most promise. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group.},
	language = {English},
	number = {13},
	journal = {International Journal of Inclusive Education},
	author = {Morris, S. and O’Reilly, G. and Nayyar, J.},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
Type: Article},
	pages = {1389 -- 1433},
}

A growing movement towards inclusive education worldwide means more children with autism are being educated in mainstream classrooms. However, integration does not equate to inclusion, and peer stigmatisation of autism is commonplace. This systematic review explores the merit of school-based peer education interventions targeting the stigmatisation of children with autism spectrum disorders. Relevant records published from 1994 were identified through systematic searches of five electronic databases: EBSCO, Medline, PsychInfo, PsychArticles and ERIC. Thirty-one documents pertaining to 27 studies met the pre-specified eligibility criteria and were included for data-extraction. A narrative synthesis highlighted significant flaws in the available literature, most notably poor methodological quality and a narrow research focus with regards to age, the gender of target child and implementation methods. Nevertheless, this study reports on evidence tentatively supporting the efficacy of ASD de-stigmatisation interventions when targeting ignorance and prejudice. Although no one approach can be determined as most effective, manualised programmes combining different types of information about ASD and delivered using various mediums seem to hold the most promise. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

@article{navas_if_2023,
	title = {‘{If} there's no evidence, there's no victim’: undone science and political organisation in marginalising women as victims of {DBCP} in {Nicaragua}},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {03066150},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85126267106&doi=10.1080%2f03066150.2021.2024517&partnerID=40&md5=55d937f0bcd59fa6782d8ac922f9842c},
	doi = {10.1080/03066150.2021.2024517},
	abstract = {Victims of pesticides are often disregarded when demanding reparations and political action because of the ‘undone science.’ Studies have examined how people organise to rectify the ‘undone science’, but less is known about how the ‘undone science’ permeates local organisations to direct their strategies in acknowledging some, but not others, as victims of pesticide contamination. Using the case of plantation workers’ struggle to demand redress for ailments caused by the pesticide Dibromochloropropane (DBCP) in Nicaragua, I analyse how what counts as ‘evidence’ shapes the struggle and how, in the process, women’s lived experience of harm is not prioritised. © 2022 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group.},
	language = {English},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Peasant Studies},
	author = {Navas, Grettel},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Nicaragua, pesticide, plantation, womens health, womens status},
	pages = {1569 -- 1592},
}

Victims of pesticides are often disregarded when demanding reparations and political action because of the ‘undone science.’ Studies have examined how people organise to rectify the ‘undone science’, but less is known about how the ‘undone science’ permeates local organisations to direct their strategies in acknowledging some, but not others, as victims of pesticide contamination. Using the case of plantation workers’ struggle to demand redress for ailments caused by the pesticide Dibromochloropropane (DBCP) in Nicaragua, I analyse how what counts as ‘evidence’ shapes the struggle and how, in the process, women’s lived experience of harm is not prioritised. © 2022 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

@article{mason_precis_2023,
	title = {Precis of ways to be blameworthy: rightness, wrongness, and responsibility},
	issn = {00318116},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85173938270&doi=10.1007%2fs11098-023-02050-1&partnerID=40&md5=1246dcc595750fb086678737bc3cedc7},
	doi = {10.1007/s11098-023-02050-1},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Philosophical Studies},
	author = {Mason, Elinor},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media B.V.
Type: Article},
}

@article{mendelow_russellian_2023,
	title = {Russellian {Monism} and {Ignorance} of {Non}-structural {Properties}},
	issn = {00048402},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85168095063&doi=10.1080%2f00048402.2023.2243622&partnerID=40&md5=de0509ff1a7be0917ef264bbd38e557c},
	doi = {10.1080/00048402.2023.2243622},
	abstract = {Russellian monists argue that non-structural properties, or a combination of structural and non-structural properties, necessitate phenomenal properties. Different Russellian monists offer varying accounts of the structural/non-structural distinction, leading to divergent forms of Russellian monism. In this paper, I criticise Derk Pereboom’s characterisation of the structural/non-structural distinction proposed in his Consciousness and the Prospects of Physicalism and further work. I argue that from Pereboom’s characterisation of structural and non-structural properties, one can formulate general metaphysical principles concerning what structural and non-structural properties necessitate. These principles undermine the claim that non-structural properties—either alone or in combination with structural properties—necessitate phenomenal properties. Moreover, these principles are not affected by our supposed inability to conceive of non-structural properties in a manner conducive to the success of conceivability arguments. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Australasian Journal of Philosophy},
	author = {Mendelow, Justin},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
Type: Article},
}

Russellian monists argue that non-structural properties, or a combination of structural and non-structural properties, necessitate phenomenal properties. Different Russellian monists offer varying accounts of the structural/non-structural distinction, leading to divergent forms of Russellian monism. In this paper, I criticise Derk Pereboom’s characterisation of the structural/non-structural distinction proposed in his Consciousness and the Prospects of Physicalism and further work. I argue that from Pereboom’s characterisation of structural and non-structural properties, one can formulate general metaphysical principles concerning what structural and non-structural properties necessitate. These principles undermine the claim that non-structural properties—either alone or in combination with structural properties—necessitate phenomenal properties. Moreover, these principles are not affected by our supposed inability to conceive of non-structural properties in a manner conducive to the success of conceivability arguments. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

@article{orozco-melendez_co-producing_2023,
	title = {Co-producing uncomfortable, transdisciplinary, actionable knowledges against the corporate food regime through critical science approaches},
	issn = {1387585X},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85160243542&doi=10.1007%2fs10668-023-03377-9&partnerID=40&md5=40eb1bbd4e24383011a7b2ed9e3c137a},
	doi = {10.1007/s10668-023-03377-9},
	abstract = {The current corporate food regime generates some of the most challenging ecological, social, and ethical problems for humanity in its quest for sustainability and ecological justice. Different scientific disciplines have analyzed these problems in-depth, but usually from their comfort zone, i.e., without engagement with other disciplines and epistemologies. The predominance of disciplinary visions seriously limits, however, understanding the complexities of the corporate food regime, including the impacts it generates. Further, most research concerned with this food regime confronts epistemological, methodological, and political limitations to engage with the type of solutions that could lead to transitions to just sustainabilities. Here we review and integrate the findings from scientific literature focused on the ecological, social, or ethical impacts of the corporate food regime, with an emphasis on impacts that operate on a global scale. In addition, we analyze the need for critical science approaches to trigger generative processes for the co-production of uncomfortable, transdisciplinary, actionable knowledges that are fit for designing just and sustainable food regimes. Much of the evidence presented in our analysis is in tension with the interests of the corporate food regime, which fosters decision-making processes based on selective ignorance of the impacts caused by this regime. Our work provides arguments that justify the need to promote transitions to just sustainabilities in agricultural systems from multiple domains (e.g., research and development, public policies, grassroots innovations). We posit that strategies to co-design and build such transitions can emerge from the co-production of uncomfortable, transdisciplinary, actionable knowledges through critical science approaches. © 2023, The Author(s).},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Environment, Development and Sustainability},
	author = {Orozco-Meléndez, José Francisco and Paneque-Gálvez, Jaime},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media B.V.
Type: Article},
}

The current corporate food regime generates some of the most challenging ecological, social, and ethical problems for humanity in its quest for sustainability and ecological justice. Different scientific disciplines have analyzed these problems in-depth, but usually from their comfort zone, i.e., without engagement with other disciplines and epistemologies. The predominance of disciplinary visions seriously limits, however, understanding the complexities of the corporate food regime, including the impacts it generates. Further, most research concerned with this food regime confronts epistemological, methodological, and political limitations to engage with the type of solutions that could lead to transitions to just sustainabilities. Here we review and integrate the findings from scientific literature focused on the ecological, social, or ethical impacts of the corporate food regime, with an emphasis on impacts that operate on a global scale. In addition, we analyze the need for critical science approaches to trigger generative processes for the co-production of uncomfortable, transdisciplinary, actionable knowledges that are fit for designing just and sustainable food regimes. Much of the evidence presented in our analysis is in tension with the interests of the corporate food regime, which fosters decision-making processes based on selective ignorance of the impacts caused by this regime. Our work provides arguments that justify the need to promote transitions to just sustainabilities in agricultural systems from multiple domains (e.g., research and development, public policies, grassroots innovations). We posit that strategies to co-design and build such transitions can emerge from the co-production of uncomfortable, transdisciplinary, actionable knowledges through critical science approaches. © 2023, The Author(s).

@article{otero_metacognition_2023,
	title = {Metacognition in science learning: knowing what one does not know or does not understand; [{Metacognición} en el aprendizaje de las ciencias: saber lo que no se sabe o no se comprende]},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {15179702},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85151032071&doi=10.1590%2fS1678-4634202349250081&partnerID=40&md5=6a6a3888c6708cf22423b85ef7031e81},
	doi = {10.1590/S1678-4634202349250081},
	abstract = {This work deals with metacognitive knowledge in science teaching and learning. In particular, the role of students’ knowledge about what they do not know about science curriculum content is examined. After a brief introduction to the notion of metacognition, we analyze the role of conscious lack of knowledge and lack of understanding both in scientific research and in science learning in a school context. In particular, a characteristic of the role played by lack of knowledge and lack of understanding in science teaching is discussed: the monopoly that teachers have on what is not known and should be known. Then, we analyze two of the variables that influence the awareness of lack of knowledge and lack of understanding: knowledge of the subject and the source of the information provided. Studies are reviewed that show how the lack of knowledge leads to diffuse lack of knowledge, of a low quality. Also, other research is analyzed that relates characteristics of the information source, such as the credibility that students perceive in it, with the expression of difficulties in understanding this information. Finally, some conclusions and implications for science teaching are synthesized © This content is licensed under a Creative Commons attribution-type BY 4.0},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Educacao e Pesquisa},
	author = {Otero, José and da Rosa, Cleci Werner},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Emerson de Pietri
Type: Article},
}

This work deals with metacognitive knowledge in science teaching and learning. In particular, the role of students’ knowledge about what they do not know about science curriculum content is examined. After a brief introduction to the notion of metacognition, we analyze the role of conscious lack of knowledge and lack of understanding both in scientific research and in science learning in a school context. In particular, a characteristic of the role played by lack of knowledge and lack of understanding in science teaching is discussed: the monopoly that teachers have on what is not known and should be known. Then, we analyze two of the variables that influence the awareness of lack of knowledge and lack of understanding: knowledge of the subject and the source of the information provided. Studies are reviewed that show how the lack of knowledge leads to diffuse lack of knowledge, of a low quality. Also, other research is analyzed that relates characteristics of the information source, such as the credibility that students perceive in it, with the expression of difficulties in understanding this information. Finally, some conclusions and implications for science teaching are synthesized © This content is licensed under a Creative Commons attribution-type BY 4.0

@article{oner_children_2023,
	title = {Children {Use} {Epistemic} {States} {Flexibly} to {Make} {Diagnostic} {Social} {Inferences}},
	volume = {59},
	issn = {00121649},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85182887534&doi=10.1037%2fdev0001653&partnerID=40&md5=a41c4e955cee2e1552bf5b35af922a73},
	doi = {10.1037/dev0001653},
	abstract = {Children are sensitive to their own and others’ epistemic states and use these to guide their learning and communication. Here, we systematically examined children’s use of epistemic states to make diagnostic social inferences. Specifically, we investigated children’s group membership inferences based on what others do and do not knowand what role children’s own knowledge states and the type of knowledge play in these inferences. Across two preregistered studies, 7- and 8-year-old children (N=100) were shown targets who were knowledgeable (Study 1) or ignorant (Study 2) of familiar and unfamiliar knowledge items that were either general or culture-specific and asked to guess whether the targets would be linguistic ingroup or outgroup members. Children inferred that the targets would speak their native language if they shared targets’ epistemic states and a foreign language if they did not. Importantly, these patterns were particularly evident when epistemic states involved cultural knowledge. Further, children’s inferences became more nuanced with age. These findings suggest that others’ knowledge states are socially meaningful in childhood and children use their own and others’ epistemic states in flexible ways to guide their diagnostic social judgments. © 2023 American Psychological Association},
	language = {English},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Developmental Psychology},
	author = {Öner, Güneş and Soley, Gaye},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: American Psychological Association
Type: Article},
	pages = {2277 -- 2286},
}

Children are sensitive to their own and others’ epistemic states and use these to guide their learning and communication. Here, we systematically examined children’s use of epistemic states to make diagnostic social inferences. Specifically, we investigated children’s group membership inferences based on what others do and do not knowand what role children’s own knowledge states and the type of knowledge play in these inferences. Across two preregistered studies, 7- and 8-year-old children (N=100) were shown targets who were knowledgeable (Study 1) or ignorant (Study 2) of familiar and unfamiliar knowledge items that were either general or culture-specific and asked to guess whether the targets would be linguistic ingroup or outgroup members. Children inferred that the targets would speak their native language if they shared targets’ epistemic states and a foreign language if they did not. Importantly, these patterns were particularly evident when epistemic states involved cultural knowledge. Further, children’s inferences became more nuanced with age. These findings suggest that others’ knowledge states are socially meaningful in childhood and children use their own and others’ epistemic states in flexible ways to guide their diagnostic social judgments. © 2023 American Psychological Association

@article{peacock_structural_2023,
	title = {Structural {Injustice} and {Ethical} {Consumption}},
	issn = {13824554},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85149975018&doi=10.1007%2fs10892-023-09430-z&partnerID=40&md5=bdda923cd37fe41060d4f0a297c47446},
	doi = {10.1007/s10892-023-09430-z},
	abstract = {This paper examines the role played by consumers in producing what Iris Marion Young calls structural injustice. Through their consumption of a commodity, consumers can contribute to injustice, often as a result of their ignorance toward the ethical footprint of the commodity in question. After establishing that consumers are routinely implicated in structural injustice (Section I), I defend Young’s scepticism towards attributing blame to those who contribute to injustice through acts of consumption, whether their contribution to injustice result from a state of moral or factual ignorance (Sections II-IV). I then examine the action-guiding implications of Young’s work and introduce the concept of conspicuousness to narrow the vast range of possibilities for action (Section V). I also suggest a revision to Young’s derivation of the responsibility she ascribes to people for ameliorating injustice. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of Ethics},
	author = {Peacock, Mark},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media B.V.
Type: Article},
}

This paper examines the role played by consumers in producing what Iris Marion Young calls structural injustice. Through their consumption of a commodity, consumers can contribute to injustice, often as a result of their ignorance toward the ethical footprint of the commodity in question. After establishing that consumers are routinely implicated in structural injustice (Section I), I defend Young’s scepticism towards attributing blame to those who contribute to injustice through acts of consumption, whether their contribution to injustice result from a state of moral or factual ignorance (Sections II-IV). I then examine the action-guiding implications of Young’s work and introduce the concept of conspicuousness to narrow the vast range of possibilities for action (Section V). I also suggest a revision to Young’s derivation of the responsibility she ascribes to people for ameliorating injustice. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.

@article{pepperell_dream_2023,
	title = {“{To} dream of a wildness distant from ourselves”: {Capitalism}, colonialism, and the {Robinsonade}},
	volume = {59},
	issn = {17449855},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85169924773&doi=10.1080%2f17449855.2023.2244698&partnerID=40&md5=352d34866f2032a8c6bbd76285167b43},
	doi = {10.1080/17449855.2023.2244698},
	abstract = {Daniel Defoe’s novel Robinson Crusoe holds an iconic position, not solely as a work of literature, but also for its influence in economic and social theory. This article reflects on this influence by mobilizing Charles Mills’s concept of epistemologies of ignorance and Lorenzo Veracini’s work on psychological defence mechanisms in settler colonial societies. This theoretical framework motivates a close textual analysis of Robinson Crusoe that focuses particularly on four textual strategies: paired contrasts between Xury and Friday that frame enslavement as a sacrificial act; strategic use of “cosmopolitan” ideals; a theory of subjection as the foundation for legitimate power; and moral relativisms that rationalize Crusoe’s theft of Indigenous land. This analysis then provides the foundation for an original interpretation of Marx’s Capital as a critically inverted Robinsonade: one designed to demonstrate how global relations of colonial expropriation generate a crucible in which a particular imaginary of autonomous individuality is forged. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group.},
	language = {English},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Postcolonial Writing},
	author = {Pepperell, Nicole},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
Type: Article},
	pages = {449 -- 464},
}

Daniel Defoe’s novel Robinson Crusoe holds an iconic position, not solely as a work of literature, but also for its influence in economic and social theory. This article reflects on this influence by mobilizing Charles Mills’s concept of epistemologies of ignorance and Lorenzo Veracini’s work on psychological defence mechanisms in settler colonial societies. This theoretical framework motivates a close textual analysis of Robinson Crusoe that focuses particularly on four textual strategies: paired contrasts between Xury and Friday that frame enslavement as a sacrificial act; strategic use of “cosmopolitan” ideals; a theory of subjection as the foundation for legitimate power; and moral relativisms that rationalize Crusoe’s theft of Indigenous land. This analysis then provides the foundation for an original interpretation of Marx’s Capital as a critically inverted Robinsonade: one designed to demonstrate how global relations of colonial expropriation generate a crucible in which a particular imaginary of autonomous individuality is forged. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

@article{pina-romero_citizen_2023,
	title = {Citizen science “from the margins”: epistemologies of ignorance in the {Movement} of {Women} with {Endometriosis} in {Mexico}; [ {Ciência} cidadã “das margens”: epistemologias da ignorância no {Movimento} de {Mulheres} com {Endometriose} no {México}]; [ {Ciencia} ciudadana “desde los márgenes”: epistemologías de la ignorancia en el {Movimiento} de {Mujeres} con {Endometriosis} en {México}]},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {25729861},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85175543123&doi=10.1080%2f25729861.2023.2247834&partnerID=40&md5=fb9d8df22b190f21349a7407f0b420d8},
	doi = {10.1080/25729861.2023.2247834},
	abstract = {This paper analyzes, from the perspective of feminist epistemologies of ignorance, the case of Endometriosis México: an association of women with endometriosis that denounces different types of ignorance produced around their disease. I examine how the unveiling and analysis of the production of ignorance has become a central element of their struggle and the driving force behind the creation of new knowledge. This is a case of citizen science made “from the margins” that does not fit the typical citizen science instrumental or democratic discourse. In this sense, it proposes new directions for discussing public participation in science and technology. The work accounts for the process of production of ignorance identified by the Association in the light of three forms suggested by Nancy Tuana: (i) “knowing that we do not know, but not caring to know,” (ii) “we do not even know that we do not know,” and (iii) “they do not want us to know.” I propose a citizen science “from the margins” as a form of public participation in science and technology based on an epistemology of ignorance. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Tapuya: Latin American Science, Technology and Society},
	author = {Piña-Romero, Julieta},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
Type: Article},
}

This paper analyzes, from the perspective of feminist epistemologies of ignorance, the case of Endometriosis México: an association of women with endometriosis that denounces different types of ignorance produced around their disease. I examine how the unveiling and analysis of the production of ignorance has become a central element of their struggle and the driving force behind the creation of new knowledge. This is a case of citizen science made “from the margins” that does not fit the typical citizen science instrumental or democratic discourse. In this sense, it proposes new directions for discussing public participation in science and technology. The work accounts for the process of production of ignorance identified by the Association in the light of three forms suggested by Nancy Tuana: (i) “knowing that we do not know, but not caring to know,” (ii) “we do not even know that we do not know,” and (iii) “they do not want us to know.” I propose a citizen science “from the margins” as a form of public participation in science and technology based on an epistemology of ignorance. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

@article{schwenkenbecher_epistemology_2023,
	title = {Epistemology of ignorance: the contribution of philosophy to the science-policy interface of marine biosecurity},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {22967745},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85169660902&doi=10.3389%2ffmars.2023.1178949&partnerID=40&md5=bf6cedc44d3055576a2e00789d5c872f},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2023.1178949},
	abstract = {Marine ecosystems are under increasing pressure from human activity, yet successful management relies on knowledge. The evidence-based policy (EBP) approach has been promoted on the grounds that it provides greater transparency and consistency by relying on ‘high quality’ information. However, EBP also creates epistemic responsibilities. Decision-making where limited or no empirical evidence exists, such as is often the case in marine systems, creates epistemic obligations for new information acquisition. We argue that philosophical approaches can inform the science-policy interface. Using marine biosecurity examples, we specifically examine the epistemic challenges in the acquisition and acceptance of evidence to inform policy, discussing epistemic due care and biases in consideration of evidence. Copyright © 2023 Schwenkenbecher, Hewitt, Heesen, Campbell, Fritsch, Knight and Nash.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	author = {Schwenkenbecher, Anne and Hewitt, Chad L. and Heesen, Remco and Campbell, Marnie L. and Fritsch, Oliver and Knight, Andrew T. and Nash, Erin},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Type: Article},
}

Marine ecosystems are under increasing pressure from human activity, yet successful management relies on knowledge. The evidence-based policy (EBP) approach has been promoted on the grounds that it provides greater transparency and consistency by relying on ‘high quality’ information. However, EBP also creates epistemic responsibilities. Decision-making where limited or no empirical evidence exists, such as is often the case in marine systems, creates epistemic obligations for new information acquisition. We argue that philosophical approaches can inform the science-policy interface. Using marine biosecurity examples, we specifically examine the epistemic challenges in the acquisition and acceptance of evidence to inform policy, discussing epistemic due care and biases in consideration of evidence. Copyright © 2023 Schwenkenbecher, Hewitt, Heesen, Campbell, Fritsch, Knight and Nash.

@article{schimmel_distorted_2023,
	title = {Distorted {Representations} of {Rwandan} {Tutsis} in {American} {Popular} {Culture}: {Ignorance}, {Racism}, and the {Hollywood} {Gaze}},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {10402659},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85150624275&doi=10.1080%2f10402659.2023.2186168&partnerID=40&md5=d40b1575498de3d36c70527c9193da2e},
	doi = {10.1080/10402659.2023.2186168},
	abstract = {This essay examines early musical, dance, and film representations of Rwandan Tutsis in American popular culture. It illustrates how these representations distort Rwandan and Tutsi heritage, history, and culture and reflect a range of prejudiced, discriminatory, and racist attitudes toward Africans in general and Tutsis in particular in the United States and the West more generally. It illustrates how Tutsis have been directly harmed by these pejorative attitudes and beliefs. The ultimate, most extreme harm resulting from these prejudicial attitudes and willful ignorance was American and Western misrepresentation of the genocide against the Tutsi, indifference to the fate of the Tutsi before, during, and after the genocide, and complicity in the genocide and in the case of France, participation in it. The essay examines how Tutsis and Rwandans continue to be misrepresented in American popular culture today in movies such as ‘Hotel Rwanda,’ which distorts the history of the genocide and how the Tutsis experienced it. ©, Copyright © Taylor \& Francis Group, LLC.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Peace Review},
	author = {Schimmel, Noam},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor and Francis Ltd.
Type: Article},
	pages = {460 -- 471},
}

This essay examines early musical, dance, and film representations of Rwandan Tutsis in American popular culture. It illustrates how these representations distort Rwandan and Tutsi heritage, history, and culture and reflect a range of prejudiced, discriminatory, and racist attitudes toward Africans in general and Tutsis in particular in the United States and the West more generally. It illustrates how Tutsis have been directly harmed by these pejorative attitudes and beliefs. The ultimate, most extreme harm resulting from these prejudicial attitudes and willful ignorance was American and Western misrepresentation of the genocide against the Tutsi, indifference to the fate of the Tutsi before, during, and after the genocide, and complicity in the genocide and in the case of France, participation in it. The essay examines how Tutsis and Rwandans continue to be misrepresented in American popular culture today in movies such as ‘Hotel Rwanda,’ which distorts the history of the genocide and how the Tutsis experienced it. ©, Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

@article{steele_non-indigenous_2023,
	title = {Non-{Indigenous} {Initial} {Teacher} {Education} students navigating the cultural interface},
	issn = {17508487},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85180897726&doi=10.1080%2f17508487.2023.2298200&partnerID=40&md5=5653f982bc9a1e45f0897380987a8e46},
	doi = {10.1080/17508487.2023.2298200},
	abstract = {Despite strong policy impetus to embed Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander content across all levels of education in Australia, it is frequently reported that these aims are not being met. Settler ignorance and resistance are key contributing factors. However, recently, in our experiences teaching Initial Teacher Education (ITE) courses in the university sector, we found students who are, without being required to, including Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander content into their lesson plans, representing a shift from this dominant discourse about teachers and students. In this small-scale qualitative study, we sought to expand the dialogue from why non-Indigenous teachers do not include Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander content to a strengths-based understanding of why others do. Using ‘yarning’ approaches we interviewed four non-Indigenous ITE students to understand the factors that shaped their decisions and how they navigated the cultural interface. We put forward that students felt morally compelled to include Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander content in their lessons. They were deeply concerned with ethics, actively positioned themselves as ‘learners’ and privileged First Nations voices to mitigate their positioning as non-Indigenous teachers. We conclude with implications for policy responses and questions about institutional responsibility. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Critical Studies in Education},
	author = {Steele, Carly and Gower, Graeme and Benson, Sophie},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
Type: Article},
}

Despite strong policy impetus to embed Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander content across all levels of education in Australia, it is frequently reported that these aims are not being met. Settler ignorance and resistance are key contributing factors. However, recently, in our experiences teaching Initial Teacher Education (ITE) courses in the university sector, we found students who are, without being required to, including Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander content into their lesson plans, representing a shift from this dominant discourse about teachers and students. In this small-scale qualitative study, we sought to expand the dialogue from why non-Indigenous teachers do not include Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander content to a strengths-based understanding of why others do. Using ‘yarning’ approaches we interviewed four non-Indigenous ITE students to understand the factors that shaped their decisions and how they navigated the cultural interface. We put forward that students felt morally compelled to include Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander content in their lessons. They were deeply concerned with ethics, actively positioned themselves as ‘learners’ and privileged First Nations voices to mitigate their positioning as non-Indigenous teachers. We conclude with implications for policy responses and questions about institutional responsibility. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

@article{talbert_blaming_2023,
	title = {Blaming {Reasonable} {Wrongdoers}},
	issn = {13564765},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85174956951&doi=10.1007%2fs11158-023-09644-w&partnerID=40&md5=e2ec1f2e54571543d124bc8a619e705f},
	doi = {10.1007/s11158-023-09644-w},
	abstract = {‘Reasonable wrongdoers’ reasonably, but wrongly, take themselves to act permissibly. Many responsibility theorists assume that since we cannot reasonably expect these wrongdoers to behave differently, they are not blameworthy. These theorists impose a Reasonable Expectation Condition on blame. I argue that reasonable wrongdoers may be blameworthy. It is true that we often excuse reasonable wrongdoers, but sometimes this is because we do not regard their behavior as objectionable in a way that makes blame appropriate. As such, these cases do not support the proposition that wrongdoers are excused just because they reasonably take themselves to act permissibly. For the relevant support, we should consider cases in which a reasonable wrongdoer’s behavior is unambiguously objectionable by our moral lights. But here again we fail to find decisive support for the Reasonable Expectation Condition since it is not obvious—independent of a prior commitment to this condition—that such wrongdoers are not blameworthy. After laying out the above argument, as well as offering a positive account of why reasonable wrongdoers are sometimes blameworthy, I turn to consider objections. The most important of these is that it is simply unfair to blame those who reasonably take themselves to behave unobjectionably and who cannot be expected to behave otherwise. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Res Publica},
	author = {Talbert, Matthew},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media B.V.
Type: Article},
}

‘Reasonable wrongdoers’ reasonably, but wrongly, take themselves to act permissibly. Many responsibility theorists assume that since we cannot reasonably expect these wrongdoers to behave differently, they are not blameworthy. These theorists impose a Reasonable Expectation Condition on blame. I argue that reasonable wrongdoers may be blameworthy. It is true that we often excuse reasonable wrongdoers, but sometimes this is because we do not regard their behavior as objectionable in a way that makes blame appropriate. As such, these cases do not support the proposition that wrongdoers are excused just because they reasonably take themselves to act permissibly. For the relevant support, we should consider cases in which a reasonable wrongdoer’s behavior is unambiguously objectionable by our moral lights. But here again we fail to find decisive support for the Reasonable Expectation Condition since it is not obvious—independent of a prior commitment to this condition—that such wrongdoers are not blameworthy. After laying out the above argument, as well as offering a positive account of why reasonable wrongdoers are sometimes blameworthy, I turn to consider objections. The most important of these is that it is simply unfair to blame those who reasonably take themselves to behave unobjectionably and who cannot be expected to behave otherwise. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.

@article{sobe_uncertainty_2023,
	title = {Uncertainty as {Ignorance}? {Governing} {Futures} of {Education}},
	issn = {20965311},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85165881120&doi=10.1177%2f20965311231189518&partnerID=40&md5=cded8a3a99d8d96fb9fd967a54dbfa45},
	doi = {10.1177/20965311231189518},
	abstract = {Purpose: At what point does a humble and/or realistic acknowledgment of unknowing tip over into ignorance-making of a misleading or dangerous sort? This article tackles this question by examining invocations of “uncertainty” that circulate in educational futures literature. Design/Approach/Methods: Through a critical reading of a selected set of education futures publications from leading global actors (e.g., OECD and UNESCO) it aims to unpack the ways that certainty/uncertainty govern the future by installing norms and disabling certain possibilities while enabling others. Findings: The paper finds that not-knowing plays an important role in education futures work, with significant consequences that demand thoughtful, critical analysis of each concrete situation. Originality/Value: Calculating certainty and taming chance has had a long (if checkered) career in educational planning. This is well recognized in the literature. However, less attention has been paid to “calculations of uncertainty,” specifically to the ontologies of indeterminacy that are generated through educational planning and policy that pretends to account for what is “known” and “unknown” about the future—which is the intellectual project of this article. © The Author(s) 2023.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {ECNU Review of Education},
	author = {Sobe, Noah W.},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd
Type: Article},
}

Purpose: At what point does a humble and/or realistic acknowledgment of unknowing tip over into ignorance-making of a misleading or dangerous sort? This article tackles this question by examining invocations of “uncertainty” that circulate in educational futures literature. Design/Approach/Methods: Through a critical reading of a selected set of education futures publications from leading global actors (e.g., OECD and UNESCO) it aims to unpack the ways that certainty/uncertainty govern the future by installing norms and disabling certain possibilities while enabling others. Findings: The paper finds that not-knowing plays an important role in education futures work, with significant consequences that demand thoughtful, critical analysis of each concrete situation. Originality/Value: Calculating certainty and taming chance has had a long (if checkered) career in educational planning. This is well recognized in the literature. However, less attention has been paid to “calculations of uncertainty,” specifically to the ontologies of indeterminacy that are generated through educational planning and policy that pretends to account for what is “known” and “unknown” about the future—which is the intellectual project of this article. © The Author(s) 2023.

@article{vanhoucke_perfect_2023,
	title = {The {Perfect} {Researcher}},
	volume = {Part F1},
	issn = {21928096},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85164704551&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-031-31785-9_16&partnerID=40&md5=c73455638184f678d178409968c48900},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-31785-9_16},
	abstract = {This last chapter discusses the four typical qualities the perfect researcher should possess. Research into data-driven project management has grown significantly in recent decades, and much of the work of the Operations Research \& Scheduling group is due to the young and enthusiastic researchers who spend their days (and nights) seeking the impossible. Scientific research is not an easy task, and I believe a researcher should possess these four typical qualities to become the perfect researcher. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Management for Professionals},
	author = {Vanhoucke, Mario},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Springer Nature
Type: Book chapter},
	pages = {293 -- 300},
}

This last chapter discusses the four typical qualities the perfect researcher should possess. Research into data-driven project management has grown significantly in recent decades, and much of the work of the Operations Research & Scheduling group is due to the young and enthusiastic researchers who spend their days (and nights) seeking the impossible. Scientific research is not an easy task, and I believe a researcher should possess these four typical qualities to become the perfect researcher. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

@article{xiang_decolonising_2023,
	title = {Decolonising {Sinology}: on {Sinology}’s weaponisation of the discourse of race},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {02533952},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85164480145&doi=10.1080%2f02533952.2023.2220589&partnerID=40&md5=69613e58329a9627699ceb77e22d75e4},
	doi = {10.1080/02533952.2023.2220589},
	abstract = {The previous generation of Sinologists were of the overwhelming consensus that race consciousness did not exist in pre-modern China. However, in recent decades there has been a revision of this consensus. This paper frames this shift in terms of Sinology’s complicity with white supremacy, imperialism and the military-industrial-academic complex. Contemporary Sinology sets itself up as exposing a colonial mentality in pre-modern China. The irony is that it is contemporary Sinology which is complicit with white supremacy and itself is in need of decolonisation. This paper will analyse the most prominent example of this sea-shift in the Sinological consensus on race in China: Frank Dikötter’s The Discourse of Race in Modern China. That such scholarship, deficient in the most basic scholarly standards, was overwhelmingly feted upon its publication, continues to be cited as an authority and to receive inordinate recognition reveals Western academia’s problematic attitudes towards China and the issue of racism. This paper will show how all of the above phenomena can be understood in terms of the “epistemology of ignorance.” By misappropriating the discourse of the critical philosophy of race, Sinology’s epistemology of ignorance universalises Western racism. Sinology has weaponised the discourse of race. © 2023 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Social Dynamics},
	author = {Xiang, Shuchen},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Centre for African Studies
Type: Article},
	pages = {280 -- 298},
}

The previous generation of Sinologists were of the overwhelming consensus that race consciousness did not exist in pre-modern China. However, in recent decades there has been a revision of this consensus. This paper frames this shift in terms of Sinology’s complicity with white supremacy, imperialism and the military-industrial-academic complex. Contemporary Sinology sets itself up as exposing a colonial mentality in pre-modern China. The irony is that it is contemporary Sinology which is complicit with white supremacy and itself is in need of decolonisation. This paper will analyse the most prominent example of this sea-shift in the Sinological consensus on race in China: Frank Dikötter’s The Discourse of Race in Modern China. That such scholarship, deficient in the most basic scholarly standards, was overwhelmingly feted upon its publication, continues to be cited as an authority and to receive inordinate recognition reveals Western academia’s problematic attitudes towards China and the issue of racism. This paper will show how all of the above phenomena can be understood in terms of the “epistemology of ignorance.” By misappropriating the discourse of the critical philosophy of race, Sinology’s epistemology of ignorance universalises Western racism. Sinology has weaponised the discourse of race. © 2023 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

@article{wexler_ignorance_2023,
	title = {Ignorance of the {Rules} of {Omission}: {An} {Essay} on {Privilege} {Law}},
	volume = {76},
	issn = {00422533},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85178422971&partnerID=40&md5=0a152568c42c94993fcb87c70c944238},
	language = {English},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Vanderbilt Law Review},
	author = {Wexler, Rebecca},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Vanderbilt Law Review
Type: Article},
	pages = {1609 -- 1629},
}

@article{zhu_rethinking_2023,
	title = {Rethinking {Ignorance} {Through} {Confucianism} and {Daoism}: {Propriety}, {Transcendence}, and {Their} {Educational} {Implications}},
	issn = {20965311},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85162705006&doi=10.1177%2f20965311231180219&partnerID=40&md5=dd132f08776ef05789f7c66b943bd311},
	doi = {10.1177/20965311231180219},
	abstract = {Purpose: Ignorance has been seen as negative in the mainstream philosophical narrative and knowledge-based society. This study introduces Chinese epistemic traditions of Confucianism and Daoism as resources to reunderstand ignorance and current educational issues. Design/Approach/Methods: Guided by hermeneutic openness, this study fuses ancient epistemic and modern educational horizons by reinterpreting early Confucian and Daoist classics. Findings: The boundary between ignorance and knowledge is flexible and blurry in Confucianism and Daoism, and ignorance is distinctively understood as Confucian admissible propriety and Daoist transcendence of conventional knowledge. Rooted in these epistemologies, Confucianism and Daoism have developed unique educational ideas and forms—congyou (从游) and zuowang (坐忘)—which advocate moral socialization and self-reflexivity beyond knowing through language. These traditions inspire today's educators and learners to find more space for self-formation, appropriate forgetting, and illuminating intuition in education. Originality/Value: As an initial exploration, this study examines potential nonnegative ignorance and its educational implications in Confucian and Daoist wisdom. The findings are instructive for rethinking today's knowledge-based society and the text-oriented education of Chinese culture and can contribute to world epistemic diversity and cultural interactions. © The Author(s) 2023.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {ECNU Review of Education},
	author = {Zhu, Yanzhen},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd
Type: Article},
}

Purpose: Ignorance has been seen as negative in the mainstream philosophical narrative and knowledge-based society. This study introduces Chinese epistemic traditions of Confucianism and Daoism as resources to reunderstand ignorance and current educational issues. Design/Approach/Methods: Guided by hermeneutic openness, this study fuses ancient epistemic and modern educational horizons by reinterpreting early Confucian and Daoist classics. Findings: The boundary between ignorance and knowledge is flexible and blurry in Confucianism and Daoism, and ignorance is distinctively understood as Confucian admissible propriety and Daoist transcendence of conventional knowledge. Rooted in these epistemologies, Confucianism and Daoism have developed unique educational ideas and forms—congyou (从游) and zuowang (坐忘)—which advocate moral socialization and self-reflexivity beyond knowing through language. These traditions inspire today's educators and learners to find more space for self-formation, appropriate forgetting, and illuminating intuition in education. Originality/Value: As an initial exploration, this study examines potential nonnegative ignorance and its educational implications in Confucian and Daoist wisdom. The findings are instructive for rethinking today's knowledge-based society and the text-oriented education of Chinese culture and can contribute to world epistemic diversity and cultural interactions. © The Author(s) 2023.

@article{anta_ignorance_2023,
	title = {Ignorance, {Milk} and {Coffee}: {Can} {Epistemic} {States} be {Causally}-{Explanatorily} {Relevant} in {Statistical} {Mechanics}?},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {12331821},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85109331086&doi=10.1007%2fs10699-021-09803-3&partnerID=40&md5=666a481f7aa499df357bd307439cf13e},
	doi = {10.1007/s10699-021-09803-3},
	abstract = {In this paper I will evaluate whether some knowledge states that are interpretatively derived from statistical mechanical probabilities could be somehow relevant in actual practices, as famously rejected by Albert (Time and chance, Harvard University Press, 2000). On one side, I follow Frigg (in: Ernst \& Hüttermann (eds) Probability in Boltzmannian statistical mechanics, 2010) in rejecting the causal relevance of knowledge states as a mere byproduct of misinterpreting this theoretical field. On the other side, I will argue against Uffink (in: Beisbart \& Hartmann (eds) Probabilities in physics, Oxford University Press, 2011) that probability-represented epistemic states cannot be explanatorily relevant, because (i) probabilities cannot faithfully represent significant epistemic states, and (ii) those states cannot satisfactorily account for why an agent should theoretically believe or expect something. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Foundations of Science},
	author = {Anta, Javier},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media B.V.
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Epistemic probability, Epistemic state, Explanatory relevance, Hartmann, Harvard University, Huttermann, Knowledge state, Mechanical, Presses (machine tools), Probability, Statistical mechanics, University press},
	pages = {489 -- 505},
}

In this paper I will evaluate whether some knowledge states that are interpretatively derived from statistical mechanical probabilities could be somehow relevant in actual practices, as famously rejected by Albert (Time and chance, Harvard University Press, 2000). On one side, I follow Frigg (in: Ernst & Hüttermann (eds) Probability in Boltzmannian statistical mechanics, 2010) in rejecting the causal relevance of knowledge states as a mere byproduct of misinterpreting this theoretical field. On the other side, I will argue against Uffink (in: Beisbart & Hartmann (eds) Probabilities in physics, Oxford University Press, 2011) that probability-represented epistemic states cannot be explanatorily relevant, because (i) probabilities cannot faithfully represent significant epistemic states, and (ii) those states cannot satisfactorily account for why an agent should theoretically believe or expect something. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.

@article{noauthor_adam_2023,
	title = {{ADAM} {ZAGAJEWSKI}, {MASTEROF} {MY} {IGNORANCE}; [{ADAM} {ZAGAJEWSKI}, {MEISTER} {MEINES} {NICHTWISSENS}]},
	volume = {75},
	issn = {00375756},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85179306847&partnerID=40&md5=6f699dd35c8514cddb4fba469554840e},
	language = {German},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Sinn und Form},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Aufbau-Verlag GmbH
Type: Article},
	pages = {454 -- 461},
}

@article{baekgaard_own-party_2023,
	title = {Own-{Party} {Bias}: {How} {Voters} {Evaluate} {Electoral} {Outcomes}},
	volume = {58},
	issn = {0017257X},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85120986447&doi=10.1017%2fgov.2021.55&partnerID=40&md5=389b620adac419a014519e832ca34904},
	doi = {10.1017/gov.2021.55},
	abstract = {A voluminous literature documents that citizens' perceptions of democracy are shaped by electoral victories and defeats, but what reasoning do citizens use to evaluate parties as winners or losers? Drawing on research on partisan-motivated reasoning, I propose an own-party bias in winner-loser evaluations according to which voters evaluate the electoral fate of their party more favourably than that of other parties. Data gathered in the aftermath of the Danish parliamentary election in 2015 support this expectation. Citizens are more inclined to interpret the election outcome as successful for their preferred party, regardless of the actual election result. This is more pronounced the stronger their partisan attachment and among the less politically knowledgeable, who also assign less importance to objective indicators of electoral success. The findings have implications for our understanding of electoral winners and losers and of how electoral results shape party support and polarization. Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Government and Opposition Limited.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Government and Opposition},
	author = {Baekgaard, Martin},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Type: Article},
	pages = {556 -- 575},
}

A voluminous literature documents that citizens' perceptions of democracy are shaped by electoral victories and defeats, but what reasoning do citizens use to evaluate parties as winners or losers? Drawing on research on partisan-motivated reasoning, I propose an own-party bias in winner-loser evaluations according to which voters evaluate the electoral fate of their party more favourably than that of other parties. Data gathered in the aftermath of the Danish parliamentary election in 2015 support this expectation. Citizens are more inclined to interpret the election outcome as successful for their preferred party, regardless of the actual election result. This is more pronounced the stronger their partisan attachment and among the less politically knowledgeable, who also assign less importance to objective indicators of electoral success. The findings have implications for our understanding of electoral winners and losers and of how electoral results shape party support and polarization. Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Government and Opposition Limited.

@article{bain_millss_2023,
	title = {Mills’s account of white ignorance: {Structural} or non-structural?},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {14778785},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85150977409&doi=10.1177%2f14778785231162779&partnerID=40&md5=457eb959c9c21c1ecd063ec31f7a2b0f},
	doi = {10.1177/14778785231162779},
	abstract = {Recent philosophical secondary literature on white ignorance – a concept most famously developed by the late philosopher Charles W. Mills – suggests that white ignorance is, one way or another, a non-structural phenomenon. I analyse two such readings, the agential view and the cognitivist view. I argue that they misinterpret Mills’ work by (among other things) committing a kind of structural erasure, and one which implies that Mills’ account cannot capture, for example, cases where white ignorance (and white racial domination) involves historical erasure, especially when perpetrated by sociopolitical institutions. This is particularly salient in cases such as the recent movement against anti-racist education, now widely conflated with critical race theory, in the United States and United Kingdom, which I offer as a brief case study. © The Author(s) 2023.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Theory and Research in Education},
	author = {Bain, Zara},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd
Type: Article},
	pages = {18 -- 32},
}

Recent philosophical secondary literature on white ignorance – a concept most famously developed by the late philosopher Charles W. Mills – suggests that white ignorance is, one way or another, a non-structural phenomenon. I analyse two such readings, the agential view and the cognitivist view. I argue that they misinterpret Mills’ work by (among other things) committing a kind of structural erasure, and one which implies that Mills’ account cannot capture, for example, cases where white ignorance (and white racial domination) involves historical erasure, especially when perpetrated by sociopolitical institutions. This is particularly salient in cases such as the recent movement against anti-racist education, now widely conflated with critical race theory, in the United States and United Kingdom, which I offer as a brief case study. © The Author(s) 2023.

@article{aycinena_does_2023,
	title = {Does free information provision crowd out costly information acquisition? {It}'s a matter of timing},
	volume = {141},
	issn = {08998256},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85163150133&doi=10.1016%2fj.geb.2023.05.006&partnerID=40&md5=d4c5f2144841f02ebd7eb396b05538e9},
	doi = {10.1016/j.geb.2023.05.006},
	abstract = {Conventional wisdom suggests that promising free information to an agent would crowd out costly information acquisition. We theoretically demonstrate that this intuition only holds as a knife-edge case in which priors are symmetric. Indeed, when priors are asymmetric, a promise of free information in the future induces agents to increase information acquisition. In the lab, we test whether such crowding out occurs for both symmetric and asymmetric priors. Our results are qualitatively in line with the predictions: When priors are asymmetric, the promise of future free information induces subjects to acquire more costly information. © 2023 Elsevier Inc.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Games and Economic Behavior},
	author = {Aycinena, Diego and Elbittar, Alexander and Gomberg, Andrei and Rentschler, Lucas},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Academic Press Inc.
Type: Article},
	pages = {182 -- 195},
}

Conventional wisdom suggests that promising free information to an agent would crowd out costly information acquisition. We theoretically demonstrate that this intuition only holds as a knife-edge case in which priors are symmetric. Indeed, when priors are asymmetric, a promise of free information in the future induces agents to increase information acquisition. In the lab, we test whether such crowding out occurs for both symmetric and asymmetric priors. Our results are qualitatively in line with the predictions: When priors are asymmetric, the promise of future free information induces subjects to acquire more costly information. © 2023 Elsevier Inc.

@incollection{barrell_one_2023,
	title = {One {Health}},
	isbn = {978-1-80382-783-4 978-1-80382-784-1},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85153560679&doi=10.1108%2f978-1-80382-783-420231002&partnerID=40&md5=5db716ddb918e6bb8d3709226a358861},
	language = {English},
	booktitle = {Body and mind - reflections on knowledge and ignorance affecting health, wellbeing, the value of shared purposes and a relational society seeking to optimise digital technology},
	publisher = {Emerald Group Publishing Ltd.},
	author = {Barrell, Alan},
	year = {2023},
	doi = {10.1108/978-1-80382-783-420231002},
	note = {Publication Title: One Health: Transformative Enterprises, Wellbeing and Education in the Knowledge Economy
Type: Book chapter},
	pages = {43--54},
}

@article{basu_robust_2023,
	title = {A {Robust} {Bayesian} {Analysis} of {Variable} {Selection} under {Prior} {Ignorance}},
	volume = {85},
	issn = {0976836X},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85132413335&doi=10.1007%2fs13171-022-00287-2&partnerID=40&md5=11b67a4a2bfe356091fab7e272dc1244},
	doi = {10.1007/s13171-022-00287-2},
	abstract = {We propose a cautious Bayesian variable selection routine by investigating the sensitivity of a hierarchical model, where the regression coefficients are specified by spike and slab priors. We exploit the use of latent variables to understand the importance of the co-variates. These latent variables also allow us to obtain the size of the model space which is an important aspect of high dimensional problems. In our approach, instead of fixing a single prior, we adopt a specific type of robust Bayesian analysis, where we consider a set of priors within the same parametric family to specify the selection probabilities of these latent variables. We achieve that by considering a set of expected prior selection probabilities, which allows us to perform a sensitivity analysis to understand the effect of prior elicitation on the variable selection. The sensitivity analysis provides us sets of posteriors for the regression coefficients as well as the selection indicators and we show that the posterior odds of the model selection probabilities are monotone with respect to the prior expectations of the selection probabilities. We also analyse synthetic and real life datasets to illustrate our cautious variable selection method and compare it with other well known methods. © 2022, Indian Statistical Institute.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Sankhya A},
	author = {Basu, Tathagata and Troffaes, Matthias C. M. and Einbeck, Jochen},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Springer
Type: Article},
	pages = {1014 -- 1057},
}

We propose a cautious Bayesian variable selection routine by investigating the sensitivity of a hierarchical model, where the regression coefficients are specified by spike and slab priors. We exploit the use of latent variables to understand the importance of the co-variates. These latent variables also allow us to obtain the size of the model space which is an important aspect of high dimensional problems. In our approach, instead of fixing a single prior, we adopt a specific type of robust Bayesian analysis, where we consider a set of priors within the same parametric family to specify the selection probabilities of these latent variables. We achieve that by considering a set of expected prior selection probabilities, which allows us to perform a sensitivity analysis to understand the effect of prior elicitation on the variable selection. The sensitivity analysis provides us sets of posteriors for the regression coefficients as well as the selection indicators and we show that the posterior odds of the model selection probabilities are monotone with respect to the prior expectations of the selection probabilities. We also analyse synthetic and real life datasets to illustrate our cautious variable selection method and compare it with other well known methods. © 2022, Indian Statistical Institute.

@article{bouricius_ignorance_2023,
	title = {{IGNORANCE}, {IRRATIONALITY}, {ELECTIONS}, {AND} {SORTITION}},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0961754X},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85183195368&doi=10.1215%2f0961754X-10568722&partnerID=40&md5=a03cab98fe8c294ba2aebb0b3aca876d},
	doi = {10.1215/0961754X-10568722},
	abstract = {Part 1 of this article, which appeared in the first installment of the Common Knowledge symposium “Antipolitics,” argues that elections are not the best basis for democracy. Elections promote corruption, do not result in accurate representation of the populace in government positions, and prevent open-minded dialogue about reliable information as the means to arrive at optimal decisions on public policy. Here, in this second installment of “Antipolitics,” part 2 of my project treats an alternative and epistemically superior basis for democratic self-rule - sortition, “a system whereby multiple, short-duration, representative samples of the full population are constituted into bodies that, like large courtroom juries, are chosen randomly from among ordinary equal citizens.”1 Parts 1 and 2 both focus on the American electoral experience, and while some of its faults may not be relevant to other electoral systems (such as those with party-based, proportional representation), the core of the argument does apply to elections generally. © 2023 Duke University Press. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Common Knowledge},
	author = {Bouricius, Terrill G.},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Duke University Press
Type: Article},
	pages = {206 -- 223},
}

Part 1 of this article, which appeared in the first installment of the Common Knowledge symposium “Antipolitics,” argues that elections are not the best basis for democracy. Elections promote corruption, do not result in accurate representation of the populace in government positions, and prevent open-minded dialogue about reliable information as the means to arrive at optimal decisions on public policy. Here, in this second installment of “Antipolitics,” part 2 of my project treats an alternative and epistemically superior basis for democratic self-rule - sortition, “a system whereby multiple, short-duration, representative samples of the full population are constituted into bodies that, like large courtroom juries, are chosen randomly from among ordinary equal citizens.”1 Parts 1 and 2 both focus on the American electoral experience, and while some of its faults may not be relevant to other electoral systems (such as those with party-based, proportional representation), the core of the argument does apply to elections generally. © 2023 Duke University Press. All rights reserved.

@article{buarque_its_2023,
	title = {It's always sunny in {Brazil}: images, stereotypes, ignorance, and the country’s international status; [{Le} {Brésil} est toujours ensoleillé: images, stéréotypes, ignorance et status international du pays]; [{O} {Brasil} é sempre ensolarado: imagens, estereótipos, desconhecimento e o status internacional do país]; [{Brasil} siempre está soleado: imágenes, estereotipos, ignorancia y el status internacional del país]},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {01046276},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85186541152&doi=10.1590%2f1807-01912023293551&partnerID=40&md5=2e926dd75bfc9b9b3f03c18046f8dac2},
	doi = {10.1590/1807-01912023293551},
	abstract = {Brazil is an emerging country with tremendous potential and the ambition to become a major player in global politics. Achieving high international status, however, depends not only on aspiration, but on the intersubjective perceptions of states that are already established as great powers. Brazil’s rise is connected not only to its attributes of power but to how the country is perceived by others. This article advances the study of Brazil’s status by analyzing the image of the country according to the perceptions of the foreign policy community of the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. It contributes to International Relations scholarship by addressing the relation between images of a nation and its level of prestige. The article argues that knowledge about Brazil is limited even among global elites and is mostly associated with superficial stereotypes. © Opinião Pública adota a licença Creative Commons CC-BY.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Opiniao Publica},
	author = {Buarque, Daniel},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Universidade Estadual de Campinas UNICAMP
Type: Article},
	pages = {551 -- 574},
}

Brazil is an emerging country with tremendous potential and the ambition to become a major player in global politics. Achieving high international status, however, depends not only on aspiration, but on the intersubjective perceptions of states that are already established as great powers. Brazil’s rise is connected not only to its attributes of power but to how the country is perceived by others. This article advances the study of Brazil’s status by analyzing the image of the country according to the perceptions of the foreign policy community of the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. It contributes to International Relations scholarship by addressing the relation between images of a nation and its level of prestige. The article argues that knowledge about Brazil is limited even among global elites and is mostly associated with superficial stereotypes. © Opinião Pública adota a licença Creative Commons CC-BY.

@article{bertschek_political_2023,
	title = {Political {Ignorance} and the {Internet}},
	volume = {243},
	issn = {00214027},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85142932111&doi=10.1515%2fjbnst-2021-0066&partnerID=40&md5=73dad7b3326a3bd190514bd9cbd44d97},
	doi = {10.1515/jbnst-2021-0066},
	abstract = {We examine the link between Internet usage and political ignorance. To do so, we construct a novel index measuring individuals' indifference with respect to political issues, which determines the degree of individual political ignorance. Our descriptive econometric analysis is based on a rich dataset consisting of six surveys of individuals covering the time period 2001-2014 and being representative for the German electorate. The empirical results show that in earlier years of Internet diffusion, there is a negative link between using the Internet and political ignorance. This link changes sign in later years of Internet diffusion. We discuss potential explanations of this observed change in the link such as information overload and the increase in heterogeneity of Internet users. © 2022 the author(s), published by De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Jahrbucher fur Nationalokonomie und Statistik},
	author = {Bertschek, Irene and Müller, David F.},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: De Gruyter Oldenbourg
Type: Article},
	pages = {3 -- 28},
}

We examine the link between Internet usage and political ignorance. To do so, we construct a novel index measuring individuals' indifference with respect to political issues, which determines the degree of individual political ignorance. Our descriptive econometric analysis is based on a rich dataset consisting of six surveys of individuals covering the time period 2001-2014 and being representative for the German electorate. The empirical results show that in earlier years of Internet diffusion, there is a negative link between using the Internet and political ignorance. This link changes sign in later years of Internet diffusion. We discuss potential explanations of this observed change in the link such as information overload and the increase in heterogeneity of Internet users. © 2022 the author(s), published by De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston.

@article{brohinsky_when_2023,
	title = {When the {Light} {Goes} {Out}: {Ignorance} and {Multiplicity} in {Teaching} and {Learning}},
	issn = {20965311},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85153583376&doi=10.1177%2f20965311231167190&partnerID=40&md5=4b9617672b4b573c6488f2a0b2e68ec0},
	doi = {10.1177/20965311231167190},
	abstract = {Purpose: If education is the movement from dark to light, what does it mean for the light to go out? Following this question, this paper examines how conceptions of ignorance inform and are embedded in ideas of learning and pedagogy. Design/Approach/Methods: Through historical and contemporary examples, I ask how an understanding of ignorance as absence frames some forms of teaching and learning, how ignorance might be understood differently, and how a different formulation of ignorance creates possibilities for imagining teaching and learning otherwise. Findings: The framing of ignorance as absence articulates a distance between knowing and not knowing that defines what I call explicatory spacetime. This arrangement positions ignorance as a social problem and schooling as a solution aimed at closing the gap. I point to ways this framing persists today in research and practices that posit the acquisition of positive knowledge and the eradication of negative ignorance as a foremost educational responsibility. Originality/Value: Engaging work across science and technology studies, psychoanalysis, and the philosophy of education, I argue that alternative conceptions of ignorance often maintain associations with absence. Building from this scholarship, I ask how reframing ignorance through multiplicity, that is, within a field of possibility out of which a thing called knowledge can cohere, offers a different framework and pedagogical arrangements. Finally, I explore how reframing ignorance in a spacetime of multiplicity opens possibilities for understanding and enacting pedagogical encounters. © The Author(s) 2023.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {ECNU Review of Education},
	author = {Brohinsky, Jais},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd
Type: Article},
}

Purpose: If education is the movement from dark to light, what does it mean for the light to go out? Following this question, this paper examines how conceptions of ignorance inform and are embedded in ideas of learning and pedagogy. Design/Approach/Methods: Through historical and contemporary examples, I ask how an understanding of ignorance as absence frames some forms of teaching and learning, how ignorance might be understood differently, and how a different formulation of ignorance creates possibilities for imagining teaching and learning otherwise. Findings: The framing of ignorance as absence articulates a distance between knowing and not knowing that defines what I call explicatory spacetime. This arrangement positions ignorance as a social problem and schooling as a solution aimed at closing the gap. I point to ways this framing persists today in research and practices that posit the acquisition of positive knowledge and the eradication of negative ignorance as a foremost educational responsibility. Originality/Value: Engaging work across science and technology studies, psychoanalysis, and the philosophy of education, I argue that alternative conceptions of ignorance often maintain associations with absence. Building from this scholarship, I ask how reframing ignorance through multiplicity, that is, within a field of possibility out of which a thing called knowledge can cohere, offers a different framework and pedagogical arrangements. Finally, I explore how reframing ignorance in a spacetime of multiplicity opens possibilities for understanding and enacting pedagogical encounters. © The Author(s) 2023.

@article{burdziej_cultural_2023,
	title = {Cultural {Expertise} versus {Strategic} {Ignorance}: {Confronting} {Cultural} {Diversity} {In} and {Out} of {Court} in {Poland}},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {08883254},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85133950156&doi=10.1177%2f08883254221096169&partnerID=40&md5=02d1aa1a5356899778961f2ccc4cc707},
	doi = {10.1177/08883254221096169},
	abstract = {Based on a systematic analysis of three databases of court decisions and a comprehensive overview of out-of-court use of cultural expertise in dispute resolution across various institutional contexts, this article investigates how Polish authorities tackle emerging issues of cultural diversity. Although Poland remains one of the European Union’s (EU) most ethnically and culturally homogeneous countries, increased immigration and internal pluralism bring new challenges for the courts and other public institutions involved in dispute resolution. Increasingly, generic references and commonsense understandings are replaced by more precise indications of sources, uses of academic sources or reports by non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and appointment of relevant experts. On the other hand, judges still tend to attempt their own interpretations and usually reject motions to instruct social scientists as expert witnesses, choosing the approach once aptly described as “strategic ignorance.”2 Thus, in this article, I look at how Polish courts justify instruction (or rejection of motions to instruct) social scientists as expert witnesses and where they draw the line between common sense and expert interpretations of culture. I also survey the rising demand for cultural expertise in dispute settlement in immigration services, detention centers, the military, and education. © 2022 Sage Publications.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {East European Politics and Societies},
	author = {Burdziej, Stanisław},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc.
Type: Article},
	pages = {413 -- 434},
}

Based on a systematic analysis of three databases of court decisions and a comprehensive overview of out-of-court use of cultural expertise in dispute resolution across various institutional contexts, this article investigates how Polish authorities tackle emerging issues of cultural diversity. Although Poland remains one of the European Union’s (EU) most ethnically and culturally homogeneous countries, increased immigration and internal pluralism bring new challenges for the courts and other public institutions involved in dispute resolution. Increasingly, generic references and commonsense understandings are replaced by more precise indications of sources, uses of academic sources or reports by non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and appointment of relevant experts. On the other hand, judges still tend to attempt their own interpretations and usually reject motions to instruct social scientists as expert witnesses, choosing the approach once aptly described as “strategic ignorance.”2 Thus, in this article, I look at how Polish courts justify instruction (or rejection of motions to instruct) social scientists as expert witnesses and where they draw the line between common sense and expert interpretations of culture. I also survey the rising demand for cultural expertise in dispute settlement in immigration services, detention centers, the military, and education. © 2022 Sage Publications.

@article{espinosa-jaramillo_special_2023,
	title = {Special deductions and the hiring of people with disabilities, the effect of ignorance in private companies in {Ecuador}; [{Deducciones} especiales y contratación de personas con discapacidad, el efecto del desconocimiento en las empresas privadas de {Ecuador}]},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {29534860},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85186913825&doi=10.56294%2fsctconf2024543&partnerID=40&md5=1a6c934cf8a859af5bcbc187d5c0d2fa},
	doi = {10.56294/sctconf2024543},
	abstract = {To date, the tax reform has gone through several modifications allowing the collection of taxes for the provision of public services, among the changes in the law there have always been tax benefits for hiring employees with disabilities, thus achieving a mutual benefit for both the state and the taxpayer. In particular, the Labour Code was analysed with regard to work for persons with disabilities hired only in the private sector. Equal and dignified employment by promoting the integration of people with disabilities into the labour market, together with existing tax incentives such as tax deductions for both employers and employees. The lack of awareness of these incentives is taken into account due to the low number of private companies that enjoy this benefit and also to the low number of people with disabilities hired. The purpose of this research is to inform in a more simplified way the benefits that companies do not enjoy due to lack of knowledge, making a brief comparison and analysis to promote the right to equal work. This article is developed under a descriptive research methodology with a study technique and comparative analysis based on data from Ecuador. © Autor(es); 2023.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Salud, Ciencia y Tecnologia - Serie de Conferencias},
	author = {Espinosa-Jaramillo, María Teresa and Ricón-Castillo, Elita Luisa},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Editorial Salud, Ciencia y Tecnologia
Type: Article},
}

To date, the tax reform has gone through several modifications allowing the collection of taxes for the provision of public services, among the changes in the law there have always been tax benefits for hiring employees with disabilities, thus achieving a mutual benefit for both the state and the taxpayer. In particular, the Labour Code was analysed with regard to work for persons with disabilities hired only in the private sector. Equal and dignified employment by promoting the integration of people with disabilities into the labour market, together with existing tax incentives such as tax deductions for both employers and employees. The lack of awareness of these incentives is taken into account due to the low number of private companies that enjoy this benefit and also to the low number of people with disabilities hired. The purpose of this research is to inform in a more simplified way the benefits that companies do not enjoy due to lack of knowledge, making a brief comparison and analysis to promote the right to equal work. This article is developed under a descriptive research methodology with a study technique and comparative analysis based on data from Ecuador. © Autor(es); 2023.

@article{de_coninck_original_2023,
	title = {Original position arguments and social choice under ignorance},
	volume = {94},
	issn = {00405833},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85131037855&doi=10.1007%2fs11238-022-09889-6&partnerID=40&md5=3742e470c98cd1a32243d54cf394eb61},
	doi = {10.1007/s11238-022-09889-6},
	abstract = {John Rawls famously argued that the Difference Principle would be chosen by any rational agent in the original position. Derek Parfit and Philippe Van Parijs have claimed, contra Rawls, that it is not the Difference Principle which is implied by Rawls’ original position argument, but rather the more refined Lexical Difference Principle. In this paper, we study both principles in the context of social choice under ignorance. First, we present a general format for evaluating original position arguments in this context. We argue that in this format, the Difference Principle can be specified in three conceptually distinct ways. We show that these three specifications give the same choice recommendations, and can be grounded in an original position argument in combination with the well-known maximin rule. Analogously, we argue that one can give at least four plausible specifications of the Lexical Difference Principle, which however turn out to give different recommendations in concrete choice scenarios. We prove that only one of these four specifications can be grounded in an original position argument. Moreover, this one specification seems the least appealing from the viewpoint of distributive justice. This insight points towards a general weakness of original position arguments. © 2022, The Author(s).},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Theory and Decision},
	author = {De Coninck, Thijs and Van De Putte, Frederik},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Springer
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Artificial intelligence, Difference principle, Leximin, Maximin, Original position argument, Rational agents, Social choice, Social choice under ignorance, Specifications},
	pages = {275 -- 298},
}

John Rawls famously argued that the Difference Principle would be chosen by any rational agent in the original position. Derek Parfit and Philippe Van Parijs have claimed, contra Rawls, that it is not the Difference Principle which is implied by Rawls’ original position argument, but rather the more refined Lexical Difference Principle. In this paper, we study both principles in the context of social choice under ignorance. First, we present a general format for evaluating original position arguments in this context. We argue that in this format, the Difference Principle can be specified in three conceptually distinct ways. We show that these three specifications give the same choice recommendations, and can be grounded in an original position argument in combination with the well-known maximin rule. Analogously, we argue that one can give at least four plausible specifications of the Lexical Difference Principle, which however turn out to give different recommendations in concrete choice scenarios. We prove that only one of these four specifications can be grounded in an original position argument. Moreover, this one specification seems the least appealing from the viewpoint of distributive justice. This insight points towards a general weakness of original position arguments. © 2022, The Author(s).

@article{eklund_fury_2023,
	title = {Fury or {Folly}? '{Greek} {Passage}' in {Luke} 6.11},
	volume = {69},
	issn = {00286885},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85149904616&doi=10.1017%2fS0028688522000376&partnerID=40&md5=f71023633cb9e4764cc1e35b9fb44783},
	doi = {10.1017/S0028688522000376},
	abstract = {In Luke 6.11, the scribes and Pharisees are filled with 'Greek Passage' after they witness Jesus' healing on the Sabbath. Modern English translations, beginning with the RSV, translate the word 'Greek Passage' as rage or fury, whereas older English translations render it as madness, and modern German translations follow Martin Luther by rendering the phrase with terms such as unsinnig ('wurden ganz unsinnig') or Unverstand ('wurden mit Unverstand erfÜllt'). This article argues that Plato's explanation of the word 'Greek Passage' in Timaeus 86b provides the typical semantic range of the word; it includes 'Greek Passage' (the folly of ignorance) and 'Greek Passage' (the folly of madness, or the loss of one's rational faculties), but not anger.1 This twofold usage is reflected in Greek literature from the fifth/fourth century bce through the fifth century ce, including in 2 Tim 3.9, the only other text in which 'Greek Passage' occurs in the New Testament. To say that the scribes and Pharisees are filled with rage in Luke 6.11, therefore, both exceeds the typical function of the word 'Greek Passage' and risks further dehumanising two groups of people who are too often dehumanised by Christian tradition. Copyright © 2023 The Author(s).},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {New Testament Studies},
	author = {Eklund, Rebekah},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Type: Article},
	pages = {222 -- 229},
}

In Luke 6.11, the scribes and Pharisees are filled with 'Greek Passage' after they witness Jesus' healing on the Sabbath. Modern English translations, beginning with the RSV, translate the word 'Greek Passage' as rage or fury, whereas older English translations render it as madness, and modern German translations follow Martin Luther by rendering the phrase with terms such as unsinnig ('wurden ganz unsinnig') or Unverstand ('wurden mit Unverstand erfÜllt'). This article argues that Plato's explanation of the word 'Greek Passage' in Timaeus 86b provides the typical semantic range of the word; it includes 'Greek Passage' (the folly of ignorance) and 'Greek Passage' (the folly of madness, or the loss of one's rational faculties), but not anger.1 This twofold usage is reflected in Greek literature from the fifth/fourth century bce through the fifth century ce, including in 2 Tim 3.9, the only other text in which 'Greek Passage' occurs in the New Testament. To say that the scribes and Pharisees are filled with rage in Luke 6.11, therefore, both exceeds the typical function of the word 'Greek Passage' and risks further dehumanising two groups of people who are too often dehumanised by Christian tradition. Copyright © 2023 The Author(s).

@article{gasemyr_prior_2023,
	title = {Prior distributions expressing ignorance about convex increasing failure rates},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {03036898},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85128281278&doi=10.1111%2fsjos.12588&partnerID=40&md5=a854e59175f89c531a30424c73e0f992},
	doi = {10.1111/sjos.12588},
	abstract = {This paper deals with the specification of probability distributions expressing ignorance concerning annual or otherwise discretized failure or mortality rates, when these rates can safely be assumed to be increasing and convex, but are completely unknown otherwise. Such distributions can be used as noninformative priors for Bayesian analysis of failure data. We demonstrate why a uniform distribution used in earlier work is unsatisfactory, especially from the point of view of insensitivity with respect to the time scale that is chosen for the problem at hand. We suggest alternative distributions based on Dirichlet distributed weights for the extreme points of relevant convex sets, and discuss which consequences a requirement for scale neutrality has for the choice of Dirichlet parameters. © 2022 The Authors. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics published by John Wiley \& Sons Ltd on behalf of The Board of the Foundation of the Scandinavian Journal of Statistics.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Scandinavian Journal of Statistics},
	author = {Gåsemyr, Jørund and Hubin, Aliaksandr},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc
Type: Article},
	pages = {452 -- 476},
}

This paper deals with the specification of probability distributions expressing ignorance concerning annual or otherwise discretized failure or mortality rates, when these rates can safely be assumed to be increasing and convex, but are completely unknown otherwise. Such distributions can be used as noninformative priors for Bayesian analysis of failure data. We demonstrate why a uniform distribution used in earlier work is unsatisfactory, especially from the point of view of insensitivity with respect to the time scale that is chosen for the problem at hand. We suggest alternative distributions based on Dirichlet distributed weights for the extreme points of relevant convex sets, and discuss which consequences a requirement for scale neutrality has for the choice of Dirichlet parameters. © 2022 The Authors. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Board of the Foundation of the Scandinavian Journal of Statistics.

@article{gonzalez-martin_guilty_2023,
	title = {Guilty ignorance: {An} internalist perspective from dispositional beliefs for the technological context; [{Ignorancia} culpable: una perspectiva internalista a partir de creencias disposicionales para el contexto tecnológico]},
	volume = {2023},
	issn = {11306149},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85151890289&doi=10.6035%2frecerca.6268&partnerID=40&md5=f08fa292b4e309c382a5c24aa97c83e8},
	doi = {10.6035/recerca.6268},
	abstract = {Ignorance is often a valid excuse for wrongdoing. But authors such as William FitzPatrick argued that ignorance is culpable if we could have reasonably expected the agent to take action that would have corrected or prevented it, given his capabilities and the opportunities provided by the context, but failed to do so due to vices such as laziness, indifference, disdain, etc. Guilty ignorance is still present in the debate and, in recent times, has become more pressing with the problem of technological responsibility. In this paper, an internalist perspective of culpable ignorance is adopted to analyze a form of culpability distribution in the technological context based on dispositional beliefs. Thus, two types of responsibility are found. By examining the implications of culpable ignorance, we realize that we can respond to the unambiguous idea that an engineer is morally and epistemically responsible for certain facts. © 2023 Universitat Jaume I. All rights reserved.},
	language = {Spanish},
	journal = {Recerca},
	author = {González-Martín, Joshua Alexander},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Universitat Jaume I
Type: Article},
}

Ignorance is often a valid excuse for wrongdoing. But authors such as William FitzPatrick argued that ignorance is culpable if we could have reasonably expected the agent to take action that would have corrected or prevented it, given his capabilities and the opportunities provided by the context, but failed to do so due to vices such as laziness, indifference, disdain, etc. Guilty ignorance is still present in the debate and, in recent times, has become more pressing with the problem of technological responsibility. In this paper, an internalist perspective of culpable ignorance is adopted to analyze a form of culpability distribution in the technological context based on dispositional beliefs. Thus, two types of responsibility are found. By examining the implications of culpable ignorance, we realize that we can respond to the unambiguous idea that an engineer is morally and epistemically responsible for certain facts. © 2023 Universitat Jaume I. All rights reserved.

@article{guzmen-carmeli_entrepreneurial_2023,
	title = {Entrepreneurial treatment activism for undone science: mannitol and {Parkinson}’s disease},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {17458552},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85117804717&doi=10.1057%2fs41292-021-00258-0&partnerID=40&md5=93f7860bc42a0f0e4462ad6fdebe91e7},
	doi = {10.1057/s41292-021-00258-0},
	abstract = {This paper describes CliniCrowd, a patient-designed, entrepreneurial, crowd-sourced citizen-science approach to evaluating mannitol—essentially, an orphan drug—as a Parkinson’s disease treatment. As such, CliniCrowd addresses ‘undone science’, and our paper contributes to the sociological literature thereon. Based on 38 qualitative interviews, fieldwork, and content analyses (2017–2020), we trace CliniCrowd’s background and rationale. We: discuss undone science and its wider contexts; present earlier iterations of citizen-science and treatment activism; examine CliniCrowd’s application of crowd-sourced citizen-science to address undone science around ‘orphan drug’ treatment for Parkinson’s disease; explore how CliniCrowd has evolved, and re-framed its work, since its founding; ponder its future; and consider whether their approach can guide future citizen-science treatment research. Our paper contributes to the existing literature in four ways. First, we focus on medical treatment issues, an under-studied area of undone science. Second, we highlight orphan drugs as both major source of, and fruitful area for research on, undone science. Third, we describe CliniCrowd’s pragmatic, entrepreneurial—rather than the more common activist—citizen-science approach to addressing undone treatment science. Finally, from our data on CliniCrowd we distil a preliminary model for future treatment activism around undone science. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {BioSocieties},
	author = {Guzmen-Carmeli, Shlomo and Rier, David A.},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
Type: Article},
	pages = {128 -- 155},
}

This paper describes CliniCrowd, a patient-designed, entrepreneurial, crowd-sourced citizen-science approach to evaluating mannitol—essentially, an orphan drug—as a Parkinson’s disease treatment. As such, CliniCrowd addresses ‘undone science’, and our paper contributes to the sociological literature thereon. Based on 38 qualitative interviews, fieldwork, and content analyses (2017–2020), we trace CliniCrowd’s background and rationale. We: discuss undone science and its wider contexts; present earlier iterations of citizen-science and treatment activism; examine CliniCrowd’s application of crowd-sourced citizen-science to address undone science around ‘orphan drug’ treatment for Parkinson’s disease; explore how CliniCrowd has evolved, and re-framed its work, since its founding; ponder its future; and consider whether their approach can guide future citizen-science treatment research. Our paper contributes to the existing literature in four ways. First, we focus on medical treatment issues, an under-studied area of undone science. Second, we highlight orphan drugs as both major source of, and fruitful area for research on, undone science. Third, we describe CliniCrowd’s pragmatic, entrepreneurial—rather than the more common activist—citizen-science approach to addressing undone treatment science. Finally, from our data on CliniCrowd we distil a preliminary model for future treatment activism around undone science. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.

@article{forrest_stinking_2023,
	title = {‘{The} stinking whirlpool of abuse and ignorance’: the marginalisation of sex workers in {Ireland}, c.1975–1985},
	issn = {09612025},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85180195843&doi=10.1080%2f09612025.2023.2288348&partnerID=40&md5=e77586edd12be440183bbdbf7907cd40},
	doi = {10.1080/09612025.2023.2288348},
	abstract = {This article explores the lives of sex workers in late twentieth-century Ireland. In 1979, at least 98 women worked in one small area of Dublin alone, and in 1980 many of them helped Jim Finucane TD produce a report outlining their plight and demanding support. However, this was a period of great uncertainty and change, and there was little appetite to provide progressive aid for sex workers. Political and economic instability caused anxiety about the future of the republic. The patriarchal and restrictive moral practices of the Catholic Church came into conflict with an increasingly complex, modern society. The impact of this turbulence upon the lives of Ireland’s marginalised communities has been under-investigated. Sex workers, whilst made visible in the Finucane report, have been absent from historical research. This article examines the relationship between working-class women and the institutions of Church, State and society. It highlights the abuse and ignorance sex workers faced in the 1970s and 1980s, linking their marginalisation to Ireland’s containment culture and the protection of a morally pure, Catholic Irish national identity. This research affords Dublin’s sex workers the attention they deserve within historiography concerning containment culture, nationalism, and feminism in late twentieth-century Ireland . © 2023 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Women's History Review},
	author = {Forrest, Charlotte},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
Type: Article},
}

This article explores the lives of sex workers in late twentieth-century Ireland. In 1979, at least 98 women worked in one small area of Dublin alone, and in 1980 many of them helped Jim Finucane TD produce a report outlining their plight and demanding support. However, this was a period of great uncertainty and change, and there was little appetite to provide progressive aid for sex workers. Political and economic instability caused anxiety about the future of the republic. The patriarchal and restrictive moral practices of the Catholic Church came into conflict with an increasingly complex, modern society. The impact of this turbulence upon the lives of Ireland’s marginalised communities has been under-investigated. Sex workers, whilst made visible in the Finucane report, have been absent from historical research. This article examines the relationship between working-class women and the institutions of Church, State and society. It highlights the abuse and ignorance sex workers faced in the 1970s and 1980s, linking their marginalisation to Ireland’s containment culture and the protection of a morally pure, Catholic Irish national identity. This research affords Dublin’s sex workers the attention they deserve within historiography concerning containment culture, nationalism, and feminism in late twentieth-century Ireland . © 2023 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

@article{hannon_public_2023,
	title = {Public discourse and its problems},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1470594X},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85132626501&doi=10.1177%2f1470594X221100578&partnerID=40&md5=ab856e1c783bd494058d805f254fd54f},
	doi = {10.1177/1470594X221100578},
	abstract = {It is widely believed that open and public speech is at the heart of the democratic ideal. Public discourse is instrumentally epistemically valuable for identifying good policies, as well as necessary for resisting domination (e.g. by vocally challenging decision-makers, demanding public justifications, and using democratic speech to hold leaders accountable). But in our highly polarized and socially fragmented political environment, an increasingly pressing question is: Do actual democratic societies live up to the ideal of inclusive public speech? In this essay, I explore Maxime Lepoutre's defense of discursive democracy from the challenge of defective public discourse. I argue that political ignorance, dogmatism, and social fragmentation present more formidable challenges to discursive democracy than Lepoutre acknowledges. © The Author(s) 2022.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Politics, Philosophy and Economics},
	author = {Hannon, Michael},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc.
Type: Article},
	pages = {336 -- 356},
}

It is widely believed that open and public speech is at the heart of the democratic ideal. Public discourse is instrumentally epistemically valuable for identifying good policies, as well as necessary for resisting domination (e.g. by vocally challenging decision-makers, demanding public justifications, and using democratic speech to hold leaders accountable). But in our highly polarized and socially fragmented political environment, an increasingly pressing question is: Do actual democratic societies live up to the ideal of inclusive public speech? In this essay, I explore Maxime Lepoutre's defense of discursive democracy from the challenge of defective public discourse. I argue that political ignorance, dogmatism, and social fragmentation present more formidable challenges to discursive democracy than Lepoutre acknowledges. © The Author(s) 2022.

@incollection{hasse_socratic_2023,
	title = {Socratic ignorance in processes of learning with technology},
	isbn = {978-1-00-085140-3 978-1-03-213159-7},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85148480362&doi=10.4324%2f9781003227946-7&partnerID=40&md5=a30271d5566ae0c6ff8cff81501b6da1},
	abstract = {In this chapter, Socratic ignorance of material artefacts is introduced as a relevant issue to be discussed in relation to Anne Edwards’ work on interprofessional collaborations and relational expertise. Many new technologies, like robots, are increasingly changing the circumstances of workplace learning. Robots are often created in contexts far away, from where they are put to use. They come with all kinds of imaginaries, which are put to the test when implemented locally. Engineers and local staffs increasingly need to work across institutions to make the real robot meet the local realities. In this unfolding process of relations, it is argued that the acknowledgment of own ignorance (of technical matters as well as what matters locally) is a prerequisite for developing relational agency.},
	language = {English},
	booktitle = {Workplace {Learning} for {Changing} {Social} and {Economic} {Circumstances}},
	publisher = {Taylor and Francis},
	author = {Hasse, Cathrine},
	editor = {Bound and Edwards, Anne and Evans, Karen and Chia, Arthur},
	year = {2023},
	doi = {10.4324/9781003227946-7},
	note = {Publication Title: Workplace Learning for Changing Social and Economic Circumstances
Type: Book chapter},
}

In this chapter, Socratic ignorance of material artefacts is introduced as a relevant issue to be discussed in relation to Anne Edwards’ work on interprofessional collaborations and relational expertise. Many new technologies, like robots, are increasingly changing the circumstances of workplace learning. Robots are often created in contexts far away, from where they are put to use. They come with all kinds of imaginaries, which are put to the test when implemented locally. Engineers and local staffs increasingly need to work across institutions to make the real robot meet the local realities. In this unfolding process of relations, it is argued that the acknowledgment of own ignorance (of technical matters as well as what matters locally) is a prerequisite for developing relational agency.

@article{han_new_2023,
	title = {A new method for disease diagnosis based on hierarchical {BRB} with power set},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {24058440},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85148888768&doi=10.1016%2fj.heliyon.2023.e13619&partnerID=40&md5=276da1f8dcfb7fc25251dc4562530326},
	doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13619},
	abstract = {Disease diagnosis occupies an important position in the medical field. The diagnosis of the disease is the basis for choosing the right treatment plan. Doctors must first diagnose what the patient has based on the clinical characteristics of various diseases, and then they can administer the right medicine. When building models for disease diagnosis, models are required to be able to handle various uncertainty information. The belief rule base (BRB) can effectively handle various information under uncertainty by introducing belief distributions. However, in current research, BRB-based disease diagnosis models still have problems of combinatorial rule explosion and inability to deal with local ignorance effectively. Therefore, a hierarchical BRB with power set (H-BRBp)-based disease diagnosis model is proposed in this paper. First, the physiological indexes and data of the patients were analyzed, and the data were preprocessed using the principal component regression (PCR) algorithm. Second, the H-BRBp disease diagnosis model was constructed to solve the deficiencies in the above BRB disease diagnosis model. Finally, the validity and advantages of the model were verified by experiments on lumbar spine disease diagnosis and a large number of comparison experiments. © 2023 The Authors},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Heliyon},
	author = {Han, Wence and Kang, Xiao and He, Wei and Jiang, Li and Li, Hongyu and Xu, Bing},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Type: Article},
}

Disease diagnosis occupies an important position in the medical field. The diagnosis of the disease is the basis for choosing the right treatment plan. Doctors must first diagnose what the patient has based on the clinical characteristics of various diseases, and then they can administer the right medicine. When building models for disease diagnosis, models are required to be able to handle various uncertainty information. The belief rule base (BRB) can effectively handle various information under uncertainty by introducing belief distributions. However, in current research, BRB-based disease diagnosis models still have problems of combinatorial rule explosion and inability to deal with local ignorance effectively. Therefore, a hierarchical BRB with power set (H-BRBp)-based disease diagnosis model is proposed in this paper. First, the physiological indexes and data of the patients were analyzed, and the data were preprocessed using the principal component regression (PCR) algorithm. Second, the H-BRBp disease diagnosis model was constructed to solve the deficiencies in the above BRB disease diagnosis model. Finally, the validity and advantages of the model were verified by experiments on lumbar spine disease diagnosis and a large number of comparison experiments. © 2023 The Authors

@article{hannah_role_2023,
	title = {The role of 'non-knowledge' in crisis policymaking: a proposal and agenda for future research},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {17442648},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85159651304&doi=10.1332%2f174426421X16552882375377&partnerID=40&md5=60785dd6bec3863ba696ba61b04af2dd},
	doi = {10.1332/174426421X16552882375377},
	abstract = {Background: Recent complex and cross-boundary policy problems, such as climate change, pandemics, and financial crises, have recentred debates about state capacity, democratic discontent and the 'crisis of expertise'. These problems are contested and open to redefinition, misunderstanding, spin, and deception, challenging the ability of policymakers to locate, discriminate, comprehend, and respond to competing sources of knowledge and expertise. We argue that 'non-knowledge' is an under-explored aspect of responses to major policy crises. Key points: While discussed in recent work in sociology and other social sciences, non-knowledge has been given less explicit attention in policy studies, and is not fully captured by orthodox understandings of knowledge and evidence use. We outline three main forms of non-knowledge that challenge public agencies: amnesia, ignorance and misinformation. In each case, 'non-knowledge' is not simply the absence of policy-relevant knowledge. Amnesia refers to what is forgotten, reinvented or 'unlearned', while claims of ignorance involve obscuring or casting aside of relevant knowledge that could (or even should) be available. To be misinformed is to actively believe false or misleading information. In each instance, non-knowledge may have strategic value for policy actors or aid the pursuit of self-interest. Conclusions and implications: We demonstrate the relevance of non-knowledge through a brief case study, emerging from the inquiry into the COVID-19 hotel quarantine programme in the Australian state of Victoria. We argue that both amnesia and 'practical' forms of ignorance contributed to failures during the early part of the programme. © Policy Press 2023.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Evidence and Policy},
	author = {Hannah, Adam and Tchilingirian, Jordan and Botterill, Linda and Attwell, Katie},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Policy Press
Type: Article},
	pages = {116 -- 130},
}

Background: Recent complex and cross-boundary policy problems, such as climate change, pandemics, and financial crises, have recentred debates about state capacity, democratic discontent and the 'crisis of expertise'. These problems are contested and open to redefinition, misunderstanding, spin, and deception, challenging the ability of policymakers to locate, discriminate, comprehend, and respond to competing sources of knowledge and expertise. We argue that 'non-knowledge' is an under-explored aspect of responses to major policy crises. Key points: While discussed in recent work in sociology and other social sciences, non-knowledge has been given less explicit attention in policy studies, and is not fully captured by orthodox understandings of knowledge and evidence use. We outline three main forms of non-knowledge that challenge public agencies: amnesia, ignorance and misinformation. In each case, 'non-knowledge' is not simply the absence of policy-relevant knowledge. Amnesia refers to what is forgotten, reinvented or 'unlearned', while claims of ignorance involve obscuring or casting aside of relevant knowledge that could (or even should) be available. To be misinformed is to actively believe false or misleading information. In each instance, non-knowledge may have strategic value for policy actors or aid the pursuit of self-interest. Conclusions and implications: We demonstrate the relevance of non-knowledge through a brief case study, emerging from the inquiry into the COVID-19 hotel quarantine programme in the Australian state of Victoria. We argue that both amnesia and 'practical' forms of ignorance contributed to failures during the early part of the programme. © Policy Press 2023.

@article{howlett_towards_2023,
	title = {Towards an agnotology of policy studies: identifying, understanding and addressing knowledge limitations in real world policymaking},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {17442648},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85163517779&doi=10.1332%2f174426421X16607429323592&partnerID=40&md5=35025f5c6ead5491c9bd799dc53c48f7},
	doi = {10.1332/174426421X16607429323592},
	abstract = {Background: This comment responds to points raised in Hannah et al (2023). Aims and objectives: The commentary frames the Hannah et al discussion within other recent moves in the policy field to take 'non-knowledge' more seriously. Methods: The commentary situates the Hannah et al discussion within the traditional literature on knowledge utilisation in the public policy literature. Findings: It is argued that while the Hannah et al article is an advance in thinking in the field it does not deal adequately with earlier efforts and findings in the literature. Discussion and conclusion: More work towards 'An agnotology of the policy studies' is needed. © Policy Press 2023.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Evidence and Policy},
	author = {Howlett, Michael},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Policy Press
Type: Article},
	pages = {131 -- 134},
}

Background: This comment responds to points raised in Hannah et al (2023). Aims and objectives: The commentary frames the Hannah et al discussion within other recent moves in the policy field to take 'non-knowledge' more seriously. Methods: The commentary situates the Hannah et al discussion within the traditional literature on knowledge utilisation in the public policy literature. Findings: It is argued that while the Hannah et al article is an advance in thinking in the field it does not deal adequately with earlier efforts and findings in the literature. Discussion and conclusion: More work towards 'An agnotology of the policy studies' is needed. © Policy Press 2023.

@article{hruska_distrust_2023,
	title = {Distrust or {Ignorance} of the {Institution}? {Explaining} {Extremely} {Low} {Electoral} {Turnout} in the {Czech} {Senate} {Elections}},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {12113247},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85183434744&doi=10.5817%2fPC2023-1-3&partnerID=40&md5=752d047057261eb453f332721e1aea4a},
	doi = {10.5817/PC2023-1-3},
	abstract = {Extremely low voter turnout may indicate low interest in public affairs, or even in democracy itself, and is thus often seen as an indicator of the quality of democracy. It also undermines the legitimacy of elections and whole institutions. In the long run, low turnout can be a threat to the preservation of democracy. Using the case of Czech Senate elections, this research examines factors that potentially explain the extremely low turnout we observe during certain types of elections. This study measures the effect of trust in an institution and knowledge of the institution – two factors which have to date received little attention in previous research and which have the potential to explain the differences in electoral turnout between institutions in the same country where traditional theories (such as the Second Order Election Thesis) are insufficient. Using an online survey method that included questions measuring general political knowledge, knowledge of the Senate, and the trust in the Senate, original data representing the population of the Czech Republic aged 18 to 65 (n = 2,096) were collected. A logistic regression model analysis reveals that the odds ratio of people voting in Senate elections has a strong positive association with trust in the Senate as an institution. Consequently, future research should develop a more detailed concept of trust in a particular institution and explain how such trust is constituted. This applies not only to Czech Senate elections: a similar effect is evident in European Parliament elections in several EU member states. Although this study fails to show that knowledge of an institution affects voter turnout, it does show that people’s knowledge of the Senate is much lower than their general political knowledge. This study also confirms previous work showing a strong positive association between higher general political knowledge and voter turnout. © 2023, Masaryk University. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Politologicky Casopis},
	author = {Hruška, Jan},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Masaryk University
Type: Article},
	pages = {3 -- 24},
}

Extremely low voter turnout may indicate low interest in public affairs, or even in democracy itself, and is thus often seen as an indicator of the quality of democracy. It also undermines the legitimacy of elections and whole institutions. In the long run, low turnout can be a threat to the preservation of democracy. Using the case of Czech Senate elections, this research examines factors that potentially explain the extremely low turnout we observe during certain types of elections. This study measures the effect of trust in an institution and knowledge of the institution – two factors which have to date received little attention in previous research and which have the potential to explain the differences in electoral turnout between institutions in the same country where traditional theories (such as the Second Order Election Thesis) are insufficient. Using an online survey method that included questions measuring general political knowledge, knowledge of the Senate, and the trust in the Senate, original data representing the population of the Czech Republic aged 18 to 65 (n = 2,096) were collected. A logistic regression model analysis reveals that the odds ratio of people voting in Senate elections has a strong positive association with trust in the Senate as an institution. Consequently, future research should develop a more detailed concept of trust in a particular institution and explain how such trust is constituted. This applies not only to Czech Senate elections: a similar effect is evident in European Parliament elections in several EU member states. Although this study fails to show that knowledge of an institution affects voter turnout, it does show that people’s knowledge of the Senate is much lower than their general political knowledge. This study also confirms previous work showing a strong positive association between higher general political knowledge and voter turnout. © 2023, Masaryk University. All rights reserved.

@article{jensen_learning_2023,
	title = {Learning from errors in digital patient communication: professionals’ enactment of negative knowledge and digital ignorance in the workplace},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {13665626},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85161071935&doi=10.1108%2fJWL-12-2022-0177&partnerID=40&md5=34cbd33c08baf4c9e0932dc08dc63662},
	doi = {10.1108/JWL-12-2022-0177},
	abstract = {Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate how professionals learn from varying experiences with errors in health-care digitalization and develop and use negative knowledge and digital ignorance in efforts to improve digitalized health care. Design/methodology/approach: A two-year qualitative field study was conducted in the context of a public health-care organization working with digital patient communication. The data consisted of participant observation, semistructured interviews and document data. Inductive coding and a theoretically informed generation of themes were applied. Findings: The findings show that both health-care and digital communication professionals learn through experiences with digital “rule-” and “knowledge-based” errors in patient communication and develop negative knowledge and awareness of digital ignorance. In their joint efforts, they use negative knowledge to “bend the rules” and to explore digital ignorance in efforts to improve patient communication. Originality/value: This study provides insight into the importance of collaboration between professionals with varying experience of errors in digitalizing patient communication. Such collaboration is required to acknowledge own shortcomings and create complementary negative knowledge to improve digital patient communication. This is particularly important when working with innovative digitalization in health care. © 2023, Emerald Publishing Limited.},
	language = {English},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Journal of Workplace Learning},
	author = {Jensen, Rikke Amalie Agergaard and Jonasson, Charlotte and Gartmeier, Martin and Parviainen, Jaana},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Emerald Publishing
Type: Article},
	pages = {432 -- 449},
}

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate how professionals learn from varying experiences with errors in health-care digitalization and develop and use negative knowledge and digital ignorance in efforts to improve digitalized health care. Design/methodology/approach: A two-year qualitative field study was conducted in the context of a public health-care organization working with digital patient communication. The data consisted of participant observation, semistructured interviews and document data. Inductive coding and a theoretically informed generation of themes were applied. Findings: The findings show that both health-care and digital communication professionals learn through experiences with digital “rule-” and “knowledge-based” errors in patient communication and develop negative knowledge and awareness of digital ignorance. In their joint efforts, they use negative knowledge to “bend the rules” and to explore digital ignorance in efforts to improve patient communication. Originality/value: This study provides insight into the importance of collaboration between professionals with varying experience of errors in digitalizing patient communication. Such collaboration is required to acknowledge own shortcomings and create complementary negative knowledge to improve digital patient communication. This is particularly important when working with innovative digitalization in health care. © 2023, Emerald Publishing Limited.

@article{karabacak_practices_2023,
	title = {Practices of {Polytheists} {Contrary} to {Tawhid}: {The} {Example} of {Hajj}; [{MÜŞRİKLERİN} {TEVHİDE} {AYKIRI} {UYGULAMALARI}: {HAC} Ö{RNEĞİ}]},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {21485631},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85180691935&doi=10.30523%2fmutefekkir.1312446&partnerID=40&md5=546ef97afd48b5f75abe48983ac57b98},
	doi = {10.30523/mutefekkir.1312446},
	abstract = {Hajj is a kind of worship that has similar forms in all divine religions. It is one of the basic worships of Islam and is performed in the city of Mecca. According to the statement of the al-Qurʾān, the first prophet to call for pilgrimage was prophet Ibrāhīm. He determined the principles of pilgrimage for the first time and ensured that the Kaʿba was visited, and the prophets and their ummahs who came after him also visited the Kaʿba. There have been changes in the dimensions of tawḥīd, place, time and form over time in these principles that prophet Ibrāhīm set about pilgrimage. Possibly, due to its different dimensions, the most changed form of worship is the pilgrimage. It is possible to see these changes regarding the pilgrimage in the economic and class practices of the Meccans at the time of the advent of Islam. Due to the limitations of the article, all the changes made by the Meccans in the pilgrimage worship were not evaluated, and only the tawḥīd dimension of the subject was discussed in the study. Tawḥīd, on the other hand, is the most basic principle of all religions in general, and of Islam in particular. Because the purpose of sending all the prophets sent by Allah is to reorganize the consciousness of tawḥīd that has been falsified over time. It is possible to say that the first and most important deviation from Ibrāhīm’s principles regarding ḥajj is about tawḥīd. These changes,which were practised by the Meccans, were transformed into its original form in the light of ayath and the practises of the prophet. In this transformation, it is also possible to clearly see the stance that Islam has taken against the practices of previous religions, which is to continue some with the same, reject some and accept some by changing. Thus, the verse and with the practices of the Prophet, pilgrimage was purified from idolatry and polytheism, superstitious beliefs were erased and it was converted to its original form in the prophet Ibrāhīm period. © Published by Aksaray Üniversitesi İslami İlimler Fakültesi / Aksaray University Faculty of Islamic Sciences, 68100, Aksaray, Turkey. Tüm Hakları saklıdır / All rights reserved.},
	language = {Turkish},
	number = {19},
	journal = {Mutefekkir},
	author = {Karabacak, Mustafa},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Aksaray University, Faculty of Islamic Sciences
Type: Article},
	pages = {67 -- 89},
}

Hajj is a kind of worship that has similar forms in all divine religions. It is one of the basic worships of Islam and is performed in the city of Mecca. According to the statement of the al-Qurʾān, the first prophet to call for pilgrimage was prophet Ibrāhīm. He determined the principles of pilgrimage for the first time and ensured that the Kaʿba was visited, and the prophets and their ummahs who came after him also visited the Kaʿba. There have been changes in the dimensions of tawḥīd, place, time and form over time in these principles that prophet Ibrāhīm set about pilgrimage. Possibly, due to its different dimensions, the most changed form of worship is the pilgrimage. It is possible to see these changes regarding the pilgrimage in the economic and class practices of the Meccans at the time of the advent of Islam. Due to the limitations of the article, all the changes made by the Meccans in the pilgrimage worship were not evaluated, and only the tawḥīd dimension of the subject was discussed in the study. Tawḥīd, on the other hand, is the most basic principle of all religions in general, and of Islam in particular. Because the purpose of sending all the prophets sent by Allah is to reorganize the consciousness of tawḥīd that has been falsified over time. It is possible to say that the first and most important deviation from Ibrāhīm’s principles regarding ḥajj is about tawḥīd. These changes,which were practised by the Meccans, were transformed into its original form in the light of ayath and the practises of the prophet. In this transformation, it is also possible to clearly see the stance that Islam has taken against the practices of previous religions, which is to continue some with the same, reject some and accept some by changing. Thus, the verse and with the practices of the Prophet, pilgrimage was purified from idolatry and polytheism, superstitious beliefs were erased and it was converted to its original form in the prophet Ibrāhīm period. © Published by Aksaray Üniversitesi İslami İlimler Fakültesi / Aksaray University Faculty of Islamic Sciences, 68100, Aksaray, Turkey. Tüm Hakları saklıdır / All rights reserved.

@article{kardelis_relevance_2023,
	title = {The relevance of the greek understanding of philosophy: what can we learn from the ancient greeks; [{Graikiškosios} filosofijos sampratos aktualumas: ko galėtume pasimokyti iš senovės graikų]},
	volume = {2023},
	issn = {18225047},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85183449855&doi=10.53631%2fAthena.2023.18.2&partnerID=40&md5=770e5f3dc7467ff3a1de36a8f5d9ad39},
	doi = {10.53631/Athena.2023.18.2},
	abstract = {The article is dedicated to the problem of relevance of the Classical Greek understanding of philosophy to contemporary philosophy. A distinction is made between the relevance of the Greek philosophy that has already been realized, or made actual, in the sphere of contemporary philosophy and culture, and the relevance of the Greek philosophy which is yet in need of realization, that is, which has a potential of being realized in the future. The author, mainly focusing on this latter kind of relevance, for it is more interesting from the philosophical point of view and suggests new ways to reinvigorate the contemporary field of philosophical thought, discusses the original Greek understanding of philosophy that can be discerned from the ancient Greek philosophical texts and the original Greek term for philosophy, philosophia. The author presents an analysis of the Greek word philosophia from the etymological and conceptual points of view, disclosing its several layers of meaning. It is argued that the Greek philosophical thinking employs a productive combination of pre-methodical and methodical thought, deriving from this combination a specific synergy that might also be useful to contemporary philosophy. A point is made that the original Greek notion of philosophy, understood as the love of divine wisdom, presupposes both modesty, stemming from the acknowledgment of one’s absolute ignorance of the most important philosophical answers, and intellectual passion. The author makes a claim that the original close and deep relation between the Greek philosophy and astronomy was instrumental in the original Greek understanding of the philosopher as a theōros of a special kind, that is, as a theoretic viewer of the entire cosmos who focuses on the whole of the cosmos (or reality in general), not on its individual constituents and details. What was expected of the Greek philosopher was the ability to deeply appreciate the beauty, unity, and underlying divine order of the cosmos, not the capacity to acquire the knowledge of concrete information related to it. The attention is drawn to the circumstance that the Greek philosopher’s aesthetic appreciation of the cosmos that took place at the moments of its theoretical contemplation had also a specific ethical aspect to it – an aspect that cannot be simply explained in terms of the Classical Greek virtue ethics and can be rather viewed in terms of the modern approaches to ethics. The relation between the ability to acknowledge one’s ignorance of the most important matters and the capacity to theoretically contemplate and aesthetically appreciate the cosmos in holistic terms is viewed by the author as potentially relevant to those contemporary thinkers who seek to reassert the unique status of philosophy, its special place among other disciplines, and to rethink the radical difference between philosophy and science. After discussing some other aspects of potential relevance of the Greek understanding of philosophy to contemporary philosophy, the author makes a conclusion that the Classical Greek understanding of the nature of philosophy should be viewed not as having to replace, but as being able to complement the current understanding of the nature and mission of philosophy. © 2023, Lithuanian Cultural Research Institute. All rights reserved.},
	language = {Lithuanian},
	number = {18},
	journal = {Athena: Filosofijos Studijos},
	author = {Kardelis, Naglis},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Lithuanian Cultural Research Institute
Type: Article},
	pages = {17 -- 43},
}

The article is dedicated to the problem of relevance of the Classical Greek understanding of philosophy to contemporary philosophy. A distinction is made between the relevance of the Greek philosophy that has already been realized, or made actual, in the sphere of contemporary philosophy and culture, and the relevance of the Greek philosophy which is yet in need of realization, that is, which has a potential of being realized in the future. The author, mainly focusing on this latter kind of relevance, for it is more interesting from the philosophical point of view and suggests new ways to reinvigorate the contemporary field of philosophical thought, discusses the original Greek understanding of philosophy that can be discerned from the ancient Greek philosophical texts and the original Greek term for philosophy, philosophia. The author presents an analysis of the Greek word philosophia from the etymological and conceptual points of view, disclosing its several layers of meaning. It is argued that the Greek philosophical thinking employs a productive combination of pre-methodical and methodical thought, deriving from this combination a specific synergy that might also be useful to contemporary philosophy. A point is made that the original Greek notion of philosophy, understood as the love of divine wisdom, presupposes both modesty, stemming from the acknowledgment of one’s absolute ignorance of the most important philosophical answers, and intellectual passion. The author makes a claim that the original close and deep relation between the Greek philosophy and astronomy was instrumental in the original Greek understanding of the philosopher as a theōros of a special kind, that is, as a theoretic viewer of the entire cosmos who focuses on the whole of the cosmos (or reality in general), not on its individual constituents and details. What was expected of the Greek philosopher was the ability to deeply appreciate the beauty, unity, and underlying divine order of the cosmos, not the capacity to acquire the knowledge of concrete information related to it. The attention is drawn to the circumstance that the Greek philosopher’s aesthetic appreciation of the cosmos that took place at the moments of its theoretical contemplation had also a specific ethical aspect to it – an aspect that cannot be simply explained in terms of the Classical Greek virtue ethics and can be rather viewed in terms of the modern approaches to ethics. The relation between the ability to acknowledge one’s ignorance of the most important matters and the capacity to theoretically contemplate and aesthetically appreciate the cosmos in holistic terms is viewed by the author as potentially relevant to those contemporary thinkers who seek to reassert the unique status of philosophy, its special place among other disciplines, and to rethink the radical difference between philosophy and science. After discussing some other aspects of potential relevance of the Greek understanding of philosophy to contemporary philosophy, the author makes a conclusion that the Classical Greek understanding of the nature of philosophy should be viewed not as having to replace, but as being able to complement the current understanding of the nature and mission of philosophy. © 2023, Lithuanian Cultural Research Institute. All rights reserved.

@incollection{kind_ignorance_2023,
	title = {Ignorance is no defense: {Reply} to {Daniel} {Stoljar}},
	isbn = {978-1-00-086660-5 978-0-367-33242-6},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85166149190&doi=10.4324%2f9780429324017-5&partnerID=40&md5=2260c58cb60d68d496c7765889592474},
	abstract = {This chapter responds to Stoljar’s defense of a non-standard version of physicalism, what he calls the epistemic view. It offers reasons to think that the view is unsatisfactory.},
	language = {English},
	booktitle = {What is {Consciousness}? {A} {Debate}},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Kind, Amy},
	year = {2023},
	doi = {10.4324/9780429324017-5},
	note = {Publication Title: What is Consciousness?: A Debate
Type: Book chapter},
	pages = {135--154},
}

This chapter responds to Stoljar’s defense of a non-standard version of physicalism, what he calls the epistemic view. It offers reasons to think that the view is unsatisfactory.

@article{kozyreva_critical_2023,
	title = {Critical {Ignoring} as a {Core} {Competence} for {Digital} {Citizens}},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {09637214},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85142063777&doi=10.1177%2f09637214221121570&partnerID=40&md5=b5eb2af9b137d5f97ae2b22a401214f5},
	doi = {10.1177/09637214221121570},
	abstract = {Low-quality and misleading information online can hijack people’s attention, often by evoking curiosity, outrage, or anger. Resisting certain types of information and actors online requires people to adopt new mental habits that help them avoid being tempted by attention-grabbing and potentially harmful content. We argue that digital information literacy must include the competence of critical ignoring—choosing what to ignore and where to invest one’s limited attentional capacities. We review three types of cognitive strategies for implementing critical ignoring: self-nudging, in which one ignores temptations by removing them from one’s digital environments; lateral reading, in which one vets information by leaving the source and verifying its credibility elsewhere online; and the do-not-feed-the-trolls heuristic, which advises one to not reward malicious actors with attention. We argue that these strategies implementing critical ignoring should be part of school curricula on digital information literacy. Teaching the competence of critical ignoring requires a paradigm shift in educators’ thinking, from a sole focus on the power and promise of paying close attention to an additional emphasis on the power of ignoring. Encouraging students and other online users to embrace critical ignoring can empower them to shield themselves from the excesses, traps, and information disorders of today’s attention economy. © The Author(s) 2022.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Current Directions in Psychological Science},
	author = {Kozyreva, Anastasia and Wineburg, Sam and Lewandowsky, Stephan and Hertwig, Ralph},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc.
Type: Article},
	pages = {81 -- 88},
}

Low-quality and misleading information online can hijack people’s attention, often by evoking curiosity, outrage, or anger. Resisting certain types of information and actors online requires people to adopt new mental habits that help them avoid being tempted by attention-grabbing and potentially harmful content. We argue that digital information literacy must include the competence of critical ignoring—choosing what to ignore and where to invest one’s limited attentional capacities. We review three types of cognitive strategies for implementing critical ignoring: self-nudging, in which one ignores temptations by removing them from one’s digital environments; lateral reading, in which one vets information by leaving the source and verifying its credibility elsewhere online; and the do-not-feed-the-trolls heuristic, which advises one to not reward malicious actors with attention. We argue that these strategies implementing critical ignoring should be part of school curricula on digital information literacy. Teaching the competence of critical ignoring requires a paradigm shift in educators’ thinking, from a sole focus on the power and promise of paying close attention to an additional emphasis on the power of ignoring. Encouraging students and other online users to embrace critical ignoring can empower them to shield themselves from the excesses, traps, and information disorders of today’s attention economy. © The Author(s) 2022.

@article{koivurova_randomness_2023,
	title = {Randomness, determinism, and ignorance in coherence},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {01469592},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85163902900&doi=10.1364%2fOL.493785&partnerID=40&md5=29eebb1c55d72393cd02540a379c9c44},
	doi = {10.1364/OL.493785},
	abstract = {The effect of randomness and determinism on the coherence properties of light are studied in detail. As it is well known, a random field can have widely varying coherence properties. Here, it is shown that one can also produce a deterministic field with an arbitrarily low degree of coherence. The role of constant (non-random) fields are then considered, and some simulations with a toy model laser are presented. An interpretation of coherence as a measure of “ignorance” is presented. © 2023 Optica Publishing Group.},
	language = {English},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Optics Letters},
	author = {Koivurova, Matias},
	year = {2023},
	pmid = {37319058},
	note = {Publisher: Optica Publishing Group (formerly OSA)
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Coherence properties, Degree of coherence, Deterministics, Low degree, Random fields, Random processes, Toy models},
	pages = {3187 -- 3190},
}

The effect of randomness and determinism on the coherence properties of light are studied in detail. As it is well known, a random field can have widely varying coherence properties. Here, it is shown that one can also produce a deterministic field with an arbitrarily low degree of coherence. The role of constant (non-random) fields are then considered, and some simulations with a toy model laser are presented. An interpretation of coherence as a measure of “ignorance” is presented. © 2023 Optica Publishing Group.

@article{korner_ignorance_2023,
	title = {Ignorance is no excuse in law: {Rating} the liability of child sexual exploitation material depending on the sex of the offender; [{Unwissenheit} schützt vor {Strafe} nicht: {Wie} wird die {Strafbarkeit} von {Missbrauchsabbildungen} für weibliche und männliche {Täter} beurteilt?]},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {18627072},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85146389733&doi=10.1007%2fs11757-023-00759-7&partnerID=40&md5=bfb330362f65d2d65c0f095e8c2ef6f7},
	doi = {10.1007/s11757-023-00759-7},
	abstract = {The production, possession, and distribution of child pornographic material (more correctly “child sexual exploitation material”, CSEM) is a criminal act under German law and is in the spotlight of public attention. According to the Federal Criminal Police Office, the number of uncovered crimes in this area has increased dramatically in recent years. Following a legal reform in 2021, all variations of CSEM behavior in this respect have been reclassified as crimes. In terms of universal and selective prevention, it is important to highlight potential risks in CSEM offenses at an early stage. International studies show that legal knowledge in this area is poor. In addition, women as perpetrators have received little attention. In a vignette-based online study, we surveyed 407 individuals about their CSEM legal knowledge. In addition, we assessed their risk for others as well as the emotional reactions towards the described suspects (male vs. female). This German sample shows a high degree of uncertainty for certain CSEM offenses. The described crime suspects are predominantly assessed as dangerous, especially for children and for young people. Females as perpetrators are assessed as less dangerous and receive fewer negative responses than their male counterparts. We discuss the results considering prevention approaches and the overburdening of authorities in the context of the increase in CSEM offenses. © 2023, The Author(s).},
	language = {German},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie},
	author = {Körner, André and Yegane Arani, Azade A. O. and Bussweiler, Julia and Lehmann, Robert J. B.},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Institute for Ionics
Type: Article},
	pages = {95 -- 107},
}

The production, possession, and distribution of child pornographic material (more correctly “child sexual exploitation material”, CSEM) is a criminal act under German law and is in the spotlight of public attention. According to the Federal Criminal Police Office, the number of uncovered crimes in this area has increased dramatically in recent years. Following a legal reform in 2021, all variations of CSEM behavior in this respect have been reclassified as crimes. In terms of universal and selective prevention, it is important to highlight potential risks in CSEM offenses at an early stage. International studies show that legal knowledge in this area is poor. In addition, women as perpetrators have received little attention. In a vignette-based online study, we surveyed 407 individuals about their CSEM legal knowledge. In addition, we assessed their risk for others as well as the emotional reactions towards the described suspects (male vs. female). This German sample shows a high degree of uncertainty for certain CSEM offenses. The described crime suspects are predominantly assessed as dangerous, especially for children and for young people. Females as perpetrators are assessed as less dangerous and receive fewer negative responses than their male counterparts. We discuss the results considering prevention approaches and the overburdening of authorities in the context of the increase in CSEM offenses. © 2023, The Author(s).

@article{lee_feigning_2023,
	title = {Feigning ignorance for long-term gains},
	volume = {138},
	issn = {08998256},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85144393783&doi=10.1016%2fj.geb.2022.11.009&partnerID=40&md5=c2f566f8e23cdb4ebd6c6065d2a830bb},
	doi = {10.1016/j.geb.2022.11.009},
	abstract = {In dynamic strategic interactions, a player who spies the opponent's actions might have incentives to feign ignorance and forgo immediate payoffs so that he can earn higher future payoffs by manipulating the opponent's suspicion. I model and experimentally implement the situation as a two-stage hide-and-seek game. A substantial share of the spying players fails to feign ignorance, despite the empirical suboptimality of the behavior and their largely correct predictions about opponents' suspicion. Subjects are highly heterogeneous in their tendency to feign ignorance and show only moderate learning. The players who are spied on hold empirically correct beliefs and mostly best-respond. © 2022 The Author},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Games and Economic Behavior},
	author = {Lee, Natalie},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Academic Press Inc.
Type: Article},
	pages = {42 -- 71},
}

In dynamic strategic interactions, a player who spies the opponent's actions might have incentives to feign ignorance and forgo immediate payoffs so that he can earn higher future payoffs by manipulating the opponent's suspicion. I model and experimentally implement the situation as a two-stage hide-and-seek game. A substantial share of the spying players fails to feign ignorance, despite the empirical suboptimality of the behavior and their largely correct predictions about opponents' suspicion. Subjects are highly heterogeneous in their tendency to feign ignorance and show only moderate learning. The players who are spied on hold empirically correct beliefs and mostly best-respond. © 2022 The Author

@article{lepoutre_discursive_2023,
	title = {Discursive optimism defended},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1470594X},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85162950568&doi=10.1177%2f1470594X231179665&partnerID=40&md5=e74237e9a69bad5b457172aa0f82ee40},
	doi = {10.1177/1470594X231179665},
	abstract = {This article defends the democratic ideal of inclusive public discourse, as articulated in Democratic Speech in Divided Times, against the critiques offered by Billingham, Fraser, and Hannon. Specifically, it considers and responds to three core challenges. The first challenge argues, notably, that the “shared reasons” constraint should either apply everywhere or not at all, and that, if this constraint is to apply in divided circumstances, its justificatory constituency must be idealized. The second challenge contends that the resistance of hate speech and misinformation to counterspeech cannot adequately be explained by considerations of salience, and therefore cannot adequately by countered (as I suggest) by “positive” forms of counterspeech. Finally, the last challenge objects that the ideal of inclusive public discourse I defend remains, as pessimists allege, excessively idealistic. © The Author(s) 2023.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Politics, Philosophy and Economics},
	author = {Lepoutre, Maxime},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc.
Type: Article},
	pages = {357 -- 374},
}

This article defends the democratic ideal of inclusive public discourse, as articulated in Democratic Speech in Divided Times, against the critiques offered by Billingham, Fraser, and Hannon. Specifically, it considers and responds to three core challenges. The first challenge argues, notably, that the “shared reasons” constraint should either apply everywhere or not at all, and that, if this constraint is to apply in divided circumstances, its justificatory constituency must be idealized. The second challenge contends that the resistance of hate speech and misinformation to counterspeech cannot adequately be explained by considerations of salience, and therefore cannot adequately by countered (as I suggest) by “positive” forms of counterspeech. Finally, the last challenge objects that the ideal of inclusive public discourse I defend remains, as pessimists allege, excessively idealistic. © The Author(s) 2023.

@article{lepoutre_political_2023,
	title = {Political {Understanding}},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {00071234},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85127508139&doi=10.1017%2fS0007123422000023&partnerID=40&md5=32b5d9452f4a92c0970cfb0b39dad494},
	doi = {10.1017/S0007123422000023},
	abstract = {Public opinion research has shown that voters accept many falsehoods about politics. This observation is widely considered troubling for democracy - and especially participatory ideals of democracy. I argue that this influential narrative is nevertheless flawed because it misunderstands the nature of political understanding. Drawing on philosophical examinations of scientific modelling, I demonstrate that accepting falsehoods within one's model of political reality is compatible with - and indeed can positively enhance - one's understanding of that reality. Thus, the observation that voters accept many political falsehoods does not necessarily establish that they lack political understanding. I then address three worries: that voters cannot generally engage in such political modelling; that political modelling obscures facts that are crucial to political understanding; and that successful political modelling would require knowing that one's model contains falsehoods. My responses reveal how, going forward, we should measure political ignorance, and they highlight the standing importance of participatory democracy. Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
	author = {Lepoutre, Maxime},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Type: Article},
	pages = {346 -- 365},
}

Public opinion research has shown that voters accept many falsehoods about politics. This observation is widely considered troubling for democracy - and especially participatory ideals of democracy. I argue that this influential narrative is nevertheless flawed because it misunderstands the nature of political understanding. Drawing on philosophical examinations of scientific modelling, I demonstrate that accepting falsehoods within one's model of political reality is compatible with - and indeed can positively enhance - one's understanding of that reality. Thus, the observation that voters accept many political falsehoods does not necessarily establish that they lack political understanding. I then address three worries: that voters cannot generally engage in such political modelling; that political modelling obscures facts that are crucial to political understanding; and that successful political modelling would require knowing that one's model contains falsehoods. My responses reveal how, going forward, we should measure political ignorance, and they highlight the standing importance of participatory democracy. Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press.

@article{lepoutre_democratic_2023,
	title = {Democratic speech in divided times: {An} introduction},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1470594X},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85162995596&doi=10.1177%2f1470594X231179666&partnerID=40&md5=a473b3addb02d8dd91c94fa4ed6cd15b},
	doi = {10.1177/1470594X231179666},
	abstract = {This is the introduction to the symposium on Maxime Lepoutre, Democratic Speech in Divided Times (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021). The symposium contains articles by Paul Billingham, Rachel Fraser, and Michael Hannon, and a response by the author. © The Author(s) 2023.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Politics, Philosophy and Economics},
	author = {Lepoutre, Maxime},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc.
Type: Article},
	pages = {290 -- 293},
}

This is the introduction to the symposium on Maxime Lepoutre, Democratic Speech in Divided Times (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021). The symposium contains articles by Paul Billingham, Rachel Fraser, and Michael Hannon, and a response by the author. © The Author(s) 2023.

@article{leverton_i_2023,
	title = {'{I} have enough pressure as it is, without the worry of doing something wrong because of ignorance': {The} impact of {Covid}-19 on people who employ social care personal assistants},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {00453102},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85171758676&doi=10.1093%2fbjsw%2fbcac228&partnerID=40&md5=f1f632303115809b1fd00c7864d17bf5},
	doi = {10.1093/bjsw/bcac228},
	abstract = {People with care and support needs were often badly affected by Covid-19, although the impact on people employing Personal Assistants (PAs) has not been addressed. We aimed to explore the experiences of people employing PAs during the pandemic to inform care systems and social work practice. Remote qualitative interviews were conducted with seventy PA employers across England in 2021-2022. Data were analysed thematically to explore salient themes. The Covid-19 pandemic elucidated role tensions of PA employers: Navigating care arrangements during a time of unprecedented uncertainty reinforced participants' role as an employer, but exposed some aspects of employment responsibilities and legal obligations that participants felt ill-equipped to manage. Reports of contact with or by social workers were few and not perceived as helpful. The often-informal nature of PA arrangements and its blurred relational boundaries affected participants' expectations of their PAs. PA employers would welcome support from social workers in their employment role and flexibility with care plans, albeit with greater autonomy over their Direct Payment (DP) budget to enhance the potential of this arrangement. In the context of declining DP uptake in England, our study offers some potential explanations for this, with suggestions for systemic change and social work practice. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The British Association of Social Workers.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {British Journal of Social Work},
	author = {Leverton, Monica and Samsi, Kritika and Woolham, John and Manthorpe, Jill},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press
Type: Article},
	pages = {1243 -- 1262},
}

People with care and support needs were often badly affected by Covid-19, although the impact on people employing Personal Assistants (PAs) has not been addressed. We aimed to explore the experiences of people employing PAs during the pandemic to inform care systems and social work practice. Remote qualitative interviews were conducted with seventy PA employers across England in 2021-2022. Data were analysed thematically to explore salient themes. The Covid-19 pandemic elucidated role tensions of PA employers: Navigating care arrangements during a time of unprecedented uncertainty reinforced participants' role as an employer, but exposed some aspects of employment responsibilities and legal obligations that participants felt ill-equipped to manage. Reports of contact with or by social workers were few and not perceived as helpful. The often-informal nature of PA arrangements and its blurred relational boundaries affected participants' expectations of their PAs. PA employers would welcome support from social workers in their employment role and flexibility with care plans, albeit with greater autonomy over their Direct Payment (DP) budget to enhance the potential of this arrangement. In the context of declining DP uptake in England, our study offers some potential explanations for this, with suggestions for systemic change and social work practice. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The British Association of Social Workers.

@article{lopez_sirvent_perception_2023,
	title = {Perception and adaptation of the tourist municipalities to the increase in temperature and heat waves: between ignorance and inaction. {The} study case of {Cap} de {Creus} ({Catalonia}); [{Percepción} y adaptación de los municipios turísticos al aumento de la temperatura y las olas de calor: entre el desconocimiento y la inacción. {El} caso del {Cap} de {Creus} ({Cataluña})]},
	issn = {02134691},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85167716472&doi=10.14198%2fINGEO.23750&partnerID=40&md5=7eb2a6e1e0ad4a1547875e3732066226},
	doi = {10.14198/INGEO.23750},
	abstract = {Climate change leads to an increase in the frequency, duration and intensity of climate risks. Rising temperatures and heat waves constitute the climatic risk that causes the most deaths in Europe. More and more economic and natural implications are also being identified. Municipalities must guarantee a fair and equitable socio-ecological transition in urban centers through adaptation. Nature-based Solutions (NbS) can facilitate this and several European cities are already applying them. However, smaller municipalities may be left behind. The literature identifies different incentives and barriers during the phases of adaptation policy making. The research objective of this paper is to determine the perception that technical and political managers have of this climate risk, the level of adaptation through NbS of the municipalities and the incentives and barriers that may arise in the Costa Brava Region. To do this this, seven public officials from different municipalities of Cap de Creus (Alt Empordà, Catalonia) have been interviewed. The analysis has been carried out with a mixed triangulation methodology. The main results indicate that the risk studied is not perceived as being of great concern. NbS are adaptation measures that are little known by municipalities but relevant measures in the adaption process. New incentives and barriers not identified in the literature have also emerged. © 2023 Interuniversity Institute of Geography and University of Alicante. All rights reserved.},
	language = {Spanish},
	number = {80},
	journal = {Investigaciones Geograficas (Spain)},
	author = {López Sirvent, Ernest and Palom, Anna Ribas},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Interuniversity Institute of Geography and University of Alicante
Type: Article},
	pages = {29 -- 55},
}

Climate change leads to an increase in the frequency, duration and intensity of climate risks. Rising temperatures and heat waves constitute the climatic risk that causes the most deaths in Europe. More and more economic and natural implications are also being identified. Municipalities must guarantee a fair and equitable socio-ecological transition in urban centers through adaptation. Nature-based Solutions (NbS) can facilitate this and several European cities are already applying them. However, smaller municipalities may be left behind. The literature identifies different incentives and barriers during the phases of adaptation policy making. The research objective of this paper is to determine the perception that technical and political managers have of this climate risk, the level of adaptation through NbS of the municipalities and the incentives and barriers that may arise in the Costa Brava Region. To do this this, seven public officials from different municipalities of Cap de Creus (Alt Empordà, Catalonia) have been interviewed. The analysis has been carried out with a mixed triangulation methodology. The main results indicate that the risk studied is not perceived as being of great concern. NbS are adaptation measures that are little known by municipalities but relevant measures in the adaption process. New incentives and barriers not identified in the literature have also emerged. © 2023 Interuniversity Institute of Geography and University of Alicante. All rights reserved.

@article{li_examination_2023,
	title = {An examination of the effect of feedback on meta-ignorance of mental illness public stigma},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {15561623},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85139486076&doi=10.1007%2fs11409-022-09325-8&partnerID=40&md5=72deadee153280b53f678fc88d237141},
	doi = {10.1007/s11409-022-09325-8},
	abstract = {The Dunning-Kruger (DK) effect is a form of meta-ignorance of knowledge (Kruger \& Dunning, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,77(6), 121–1134, 1999) that has not been explored regarding mental illness public stigma. The current study examined the DK effect in this field by comparing participants’ actual stigma (measured by a social distance scale) and their perceived stigma (measured by a self-rating scale compared to their peers). In addition, the effectiveness of two types of feedback on stigma reduction was explored. Undergraduate participants (N = 393) with low actual public stigma perceived their public stigma level to be higher than it was, while those with high actual public stigma perceived it to be lower, supporting the DK effect. Generalized feedback did not reduce public stigma, whereas personalized feedback reduced public stigma for participants with high public stigma. This study revealed the existence of meta-ignorance in the field of mental illness public stigma and the effectiveness of personalized feedback. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Metacognition and Learning},
	author = {Li, Xiaomiao and Lindsay, Brittany L. and Szeto, Andrew C. H. and Dobson, Keith S.},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Springer
Type: Article},
	pages = {165 -- 181},
}

The Dunning-Kruger (DK) effect is a form of meta-ignorance of knowledge (Kruger & Dunning, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,77(6), 121–1134, 1999) that has not been explored regarding mental illness public stigma. The current study examined the DK effect in this field by comparing participants’ actual stigma (measured by a social distance scale) and their perceived stigma (measured by a self-rating scale compared to their peers). In addition, the effectiveness of two types of feedback on stigma reduction was explored. Undergraduate participants (N = 393) with low actual public stigma perceived their public stigma level to be higher than it was, while those with high actual public stigma perceived it to be lower, supporting the DK effect. Generalized feedback did not reduce public stigma, whereas personalized feedback reduced public stigma for participants with high public stigma. This study revealed the existence of meta-ignorance in the field of mental illness public stigma and the effectiveness of personalized feedback. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

@article{mattila_shoulders_2023,
	title = {On the {Shoulders} of a {Perfect} {Stranger}: {Knowledge} {Gap} {About} the {Indigenous} {Sámi} in the {Finnish} {Teacher} {Education} {Curriculum}},
	issn = {13613324},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85168362436&doi=10.1080%2f13613324.2023.2249292&partnerID=40&md5=bd90d9aa0714a6c6980cb61f9d0872fe},
	doi = {10.1080/13613324.2023.2249292},
	abstract = {Motivated by the growing discussion of the decolonial significance of teacher education (TE) and the problematic mainstream knowledge gap about Indigenous peoples, this study examines Finnish TE curriculum discourses that limit or enable attaining knowledge about and from the Sámi people (henceforth, ‘Sámi knowledge’). The topic is approached through critical discourse analysis and Susan Dion’s theory of the ‘perfect stranger’, a subjective position impeding engagement with Indigenous-related knowledges and reforms. The findings indicate that the formal curricula of the renowned Finnish TE perpetuate future teachers’ perfect stranger position by overriding critical and Indigenous perspectives with biased narratives and liberal discourses uncommitted to social change. Contextualizing the findings within the Finnish system, this study discusses how inadequate institutional support for disrupting the perfect stranger positionality leaves the reality of Sámi knowledge unsustainably dependent on future teachers and calls into question the education system’s capacity to address the knowledge gap undermining Sámi rights in Finland. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Race Ethnicity and Education},
	author = {Mattila, Ella and Lindén, Jyri and Annala, Johanna},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
Type: Article},
}

Motivated by the growing discussion of the decolonial significance of teacher education (TE) and the problematic mainstream knowledge gap about Indigenous peoples, this study examines Finnish TE curriculum discourses that limit or enable attaining knowledge about and from the Sámi people (henceforth, ‘Sámi knowledge’). The topic is approached through critical discourse analysis and Susan Dion’s theory of the ‘perfect stranger’, a subjective position impeding engagement with Indigenous-related knowledges and reforms. The findings indicate that the formal curricula of the renowned Finnish TE perpetuate future teachers’ perfect stranger position by overriding critical and Indigenous perspectives with biased narratives and liberal discourses uncommitted to social change. Contextualizing the findings within the Finnish system, this study discusses how inadequate institutional support for disrupting the perfect stranger positionality leaves the reality of Sámi knowledge unsustainably dependent on future teachers and calls into question the education system’s capacity to address the knowledge gap undermining Sámi rights in Finland. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

@article{milko_contractualism_2023,
	title = {Contractualism, the veil of ignorance and moral status of animals: what moral principles would we choose if we did not know our species membership?; [{Kontraktualismus}, závoj nevědomosti a morální status zvířat: jaké morální principy bychom zvolili, kdybychom neznali svou druhovou příslušnost?]},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {18048137},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85185135011&partnerID=40&md5=e0d09ad299fc9bb1b215dae4270fc476},
	abstract = {This paper defends the thesis that contractualism, properly understood, provides a plausible theoretical basis for the attribution of direct moral status to animals. The first part explains how John Rawls’s contractualism can be aplied – through his own arguments – to defend direct moral duties to animals. The second part focuses on solving practical moral questions using the contract theory. It deals with the issue of intensive farming and animal experimentation. © 2023, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of State and Law. All rights reserved.},
	language = {Czech},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Casopis Zdravotnickeho Prava a Bioetiky},
	author = {Milko, Michal},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of State and Law
Type: Article},
	pages = {72 -- 114},
}

This paper defends the thesis that contractualism, properly understood, provides a plausible theoretical basis for the attribution of direct moral status to animals. The first part explains how John Rawls’s contractualism can be aplied – through his own arguments – to defend direct moral duties to animals. The second part focuses on solving practical moral questions using the contract theory. It deals with the issue of intensive farming and animal experimentation. © 2023, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of State and Law. All rights reserved.

@article{nikolaidis_structural_2023,
	title = {Structural white ignorance and education for racial justice},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {14778785},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85150932811&doi=10.1177%2f14778785231162106&partnerID=40&md5=b4df4d3d073e1c1c4dff50b89ed47165},
	doi = {10.1177/14778785231162106},
	abstract = {While white ignorance is primarily produced and reproduced through social-structural processes, philosophy of education scholarship has focused on agent-centered educational solutions. This article argues that agent-centered solutions are ineffective and that education for disrupting white ignorance must be structure-centered. Specifically, the article contends that (1) social-structural processes often render being in a state of white ignorance reasonable and that (2) assigning white ignorant agents individual responsibility for overcoming their ignorance is often unreasonable. Consequently, epistemic virtue-based approaches to education are insufficient and inappropriate. Instead, the author proposes prioritizing political forms of education. This includes educating students on how to participate in political action and using political action to educate the public. © The Author(s) 2023.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Theory and Research in Education},
	author = {Nikolaidis, A.C.},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd
Type: Article},
	pages = {52 -- 70},
}

While white ignorance is primarily produced and reproduced through social-structural processes, philosophy of education scholarship has focused on agent-centered educational solutions. This article argues that agent-centered solutions are ineffective and that education for disrupting white ignorance must be structure-centered. Specifically, the article contends that (1) social-structural processes often render being in a state of white ignorance reasonable and that (2) assigning white ignorant agents individual responsibility for overcoming their ignorance is often unreasonable. Consequently, epistemic virtue-based approaches to education are insufficient and inappropriate. Instead, the author proposes prioritizing political forms of education. This includes educating students on how to participate in political action and using political action to educate the public. © The Author(s) 2023.

@article{seymour_ignorance_2023,
	title = {Ignorance is {Bliss}? {The} {Effect} of {Explanations} on {Perceptions} of {Voice} {Assistants}},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {25730142},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85153928887&doi=10.1145%2f3579497&partnerID=40&md5=e90f6b633f3ff53c9f5fa49cb9ea6e05},
	doi = {10.1145/3579497},
	abstract = {Voice assistants offer a convenient and hands-free way of accessing computing in the home, but a key problem with speech as an interaction modality is how to scaffold accurate mental models of voice assistants, a task complicated by privacy and security concerns. We present the results of a survey of voice assistant users (n=1314) measuring trust, security, and privacy perceptions of voice assistants with varying levels of online functionality explained in different ways. We then asked participants to re-explain how these voice assistants worked, showing that while privacy explanations relieved privacy concerns, trust concerns were exacerbated by trust explanations. Participants' trust, privacy, and security perceptions also distinguished between first party online functionality from the voice assistant vendor and third party online functionality from other developers, and trust in vendors appeared to operate independently from device explanations. Our findings point to the use of analogies to guide users, targeting trust and privacy concerns, key improvements required from manufacturers, and implications for competition in the sector. © 2023 ACM.},
	language = {English},
	number = {CSCW1},
	journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},
	author = {Seymour, William and Such, Jose},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Association for Computing Machinery
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Ai assistant, Cognitive systems, Explanation, Hands-free, Mental model, Privacy and security, Privacy concerns, Scaffolds, Security and privacy, Third parties, Trust, Voice assistant},
}

Voice assistants offer a convenient and hands-free way of accessing computing in the home, but a key problem with speech as an interaction modality is how to scaffold accurate mental models of voice assistants, a task complicated by privacy and security concerns. We present the results of a survey of voice assistant users (n=1314) measuring trust, security, and privacy perceptions of voice assistants with varying levels of online functionality explained in different ways. We then asked participants to re-explain how these voice assistants worked, showing that while privacy explanations relieved privacy concerns, trust concerns were exacerbated by trust explanations. Participants' trust, privacy, and security perceptions also distinguished between first party online functionality from the voice assistant vendor and third party online functionality from other developers, and trust in vendors appeared to operate independently from device explanations. Our findings point to the use of analogies to guide users, targeting trust and privacy concerns, key improvements required from manufacturers, and implications for competition in the sector. © 2023 ACM.

@article{roche_activation_2023,
	title = {Activation through marketisation as a process of ignorancing},
	volume = {57},
	issn = {01445596},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85140257161&doi=10.1111%2fspol.12871&partnerID=40&md5=56fa83e9a3f243e743ac2e8d39d2701c},
	doi = {10.1111/spol.12871},
	abstract = {This article explores the rationalities and mechanisms of outsourcing public employment service activation casework. We draw on textual and documentary data from minutes of meetings and inspection reports between the Irish Government and two market providers, over 7 years, to better understand how activation through marketisation unfolds in practice. We identify how the outsourcing contract unleashing a process of ignorancing (agnotology), where the Government wilfully and strategically seeks to overwrite existing forms of street-level bureaucratic knowledge and practice. Our analysis reveals how activation through marketisation unfolds, first as strategic ignorance, then as involuntary ignorance as Government officials and contractors become bound by the contract until finally, the contract generates naturalised ignorance–new caseworkers without the basic knowledge, education, and training to support unemployed people. In this way, we offer a deeper understanding of the administration of activation through marketisation policies. © 2022 John Wiley \& Sons Ltd.},
	language = {English},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Social Policy and Administration},
	author = {Roche, Zach and Griffin, Ray},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Ireland, education, government, knowledge, public service, training, unemployment},
	pages = {565 -- 579},
}

This article explores the rationalities and mechanisms of outsourcing public employment service activation casework. We draw on textual and documentary data from minutes of meetings and inspection reports between the Irish Government and two market providers, over 7 years, to better understand how activation through marketisation unfolds in practice. We identify how the outsourcing contract unleashing a process of ignorancing (agnotology), where the Government wilfully and strategically seeks to overwrite existing forms of street-level bureaucratic knowledge and practice. Our analysis reveals how activation through marketisation unfolds, first as strategic ignorance, then as involuntary ignorance as Government officials and contractors become bound by the contract until finally, the contract generates naturalised ignorance–new caseworkers without the basic knowledge, education, and training to support unemployed people. In this way, we offer a deeper understanding of the administration of activation through marketisation policies. © 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

@article{rubio-godoy_equal_2023,
	title = {Equal rights for parasites: {Windsor} 1995, revisited after ecological parasitology has come of age},
	volume = {284},
	issn = {00063207},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85163464108&doi=10.1016%2fj.biocon.2023.110174&partnerID=40&md5=9118b42a1d73ea764aebd867182ba446},
	doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2023.110174},
	abstract = {Lack of data to properly model key biological characteristics like abundance or distribution, seriously hinder comprehension of biodiversity patterns and their drivers — even for historically well-studied and charismatic organisms. Knowledge shortfalls are more extreme in the case of parasites, which are mostly part of the “hidden biodiversity” and generally have a bad reputation. However, being an extremely large portion of biodiversity and a fundamental part of ecosystems, failure to consider parasites is itself an information shortfall for conservation, and can result in important consequences not only for planning strategies to conserve biological diversity, but also to understand fully the patterns and processes that shape ecosystems. Parasites exhibit a marked duality: while some species are pathogenic and do compromise their host's survival (and human interests), the majority exert apparently negligible negative effects on their hosts and could be considered non-pathogenic; indeed, parasites are beneficial as they provide important ecosystemic functions and services. Using a comprehensive dataset of fish host-helminth parasites in Mexico as a case study, we review knowledge shortfalls relating to parasites, exemplifying their impacts — both positive and negative. A holistic appreciation of parasites should consider both their (many) beneficial and (a few, proven) detrimental impacts, something which could be operationally incorporated into conservation assessments and strategies (e.g., IUCN Green and Red Lists, respectively). Outreach and education are key to modify negative perceptions towards parasites, and to induce recognition of their importance for ecosystemic function and structure. © 2023},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	author = {Rubio-Godoy, Miguel and Pérez-Ponce de León, Gerardo},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Mexico [North America], Red List, biodiversity, biological characteristics, conservation status, host-parasite interaction, invertebrate, parasite, parasitology, survival},
}

Lack of data to properly model key biological characteristics like abundance or distribution, seriously hinder comprehension of biodiversity patterns and their drivers — even for historically well-studied and charismatic organisms. Knowledge shortfalls are more extreme in the case of parasites, which are mostly part of the “hidden biodiversity” and generally have a bad reputation. However, being an extremely large portion of biodiversity and a fundamental part of ecosystems, failure to consider parasites is itself an information shortfall for conservation, and can result in important consequences not only for planning strategies to conserve biological diversity, but also to understand fully the patterns and processes that shape ecosystems. Parasites exhibit a marked duality: while some species are pathogenic and do compromise their host's survival (and human interests), the majority exert apparently negligible negative effects on their hosts and could be considered non-pathogenic; indeed, parasites are beneficial as they provide important ecosystemic functions and services. Using a comprehensive dataset of fish host-helminth parasites in Mexico as a case study, we review knowledge shortfalls relating to parasites, exemplifying their impacts — both positive and negative. A holistic appreciation of parasites should consider both their (many) beneficial and (a few, proven) detrimental impacts, something which could be operationally incorporated into conservation assessments and strategies (e.g., IUCN Green and Red Lists, respectively). Outreach and education are key to modify negative perceptions towards parasites, and to induce recognition of their importance for ecosystemic function and structure. © 2023

@article{vuletich_peoples_2023,
	title = {People's {Preferences} for {Inequality} {Respond} {Instantly} to {Changes} in {Status}: {A} {Simulated} {Society} {Experiment} of {Conflict} {Between} the {Rich} and the {Poor}},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {03640213},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85162762977&doi=10.1111%2fcogs.13306&partnerID=40&md5=372e272dfbd5e0ec636c039ec784599f},
	doi = {10.1111/cogs.13306},
	abstract = {Most people in the United States agree they want some income inequality but debate exactly how much is fair. High-status people generally prefer more inequality than low-status individuals. Here we examine how much preferences for inequality are (or are not) driven by self-interest. Past work has generally investigated this idea in two ways: The first is by stratifying preferences by income, and the second is by randomly assigning financial status within lab-constructed scenarios. In this paper, we develop a method that combines both experimental control and the social experience of inequality—a simulated society experiment. Across two experiments (N = 138, observations = 690), participants voted on the distribution of rewards—first behind a veil of ignorance, and then when they were randomly assigned a status within a game of chance. Status varied repeatedly across five rounds, allowing us to measure dynamic preferences. Under the veil of ignorance, people preferred inequality favoring the top status. When the veil of ignorance disappeared, self-interest immediately influenced inequality preferences. Those who randomly landed in top positions were satisfied with the status quo established under the veil of ignorance, whereas those who randomly landed in bottom positions wanted more equality. Yet these preferences were not stable; decisions about the optimal level of inequality changed according to changes in social status. Our results also showed that, when inequality grows in a society, preferences regarding inequality become polarized by social status. Individuals in low-status positions, particularly, tend to demand more equality. © 2023 Cognitive Science Society LLC.},
	language = {English},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Cognitive Science},
	author = {Vuletich, Heidi A. and Gray, Kurt and Payne, B. Keith},
	year = {2023},
	pmid = {37354033},
	note = {Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Humans, Reward, controlled study, human, randomized controlled trial, reward},
}

Most people in the United States agree they want some income inequality but debate exactly how much is fair. High-status people generally prefer more inequality than low-status individuals. Here we examine how much preferences for inequality are (or are not) driven by self-interest. Past work has generally investigated this idea in two ways: The first is by stratifying preferences by income, and the second is by randomly assigning financial status within lab-constructed scenarios. In this paper, we develop a method that combines both experimental control and the social experience of inequality—a simulated society experiment. Across two experiments (N = 138, observations = 690), participants voted on the distribution of rewards—first behind a veil of ignorance, and then when they were randomly assigned a status within a game of chance. Status varied repeatedly across five rounds, allowing us to measure dynamic preferences. Under the veil of ignorance, people preferred inequality favoring the top status. When the veil of ignorance disappeared, self-interest immediately influenced inequality preferences. Those who randomly landed in top positions were satisfied with the status quo established under the veil of ignorance, whereas those who randomly landed in bottom positions wanted more equality. Yet these preferences were not stable; decisions about the optimal level of inequality changed according to changes in social status. Our results also showed that, when inequality grows in a society, preferences regarding inequality become polarized by social status. Individuals in low-status positions, particularly, tend to demand more equality. © 2023 Cognitive Science Society LLC.

@article{wu_information_2023,
	title = {Information security ignorance: {An} exploration of the concept and its antecedents},
	volume = {60},
	issn = {03787206},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85147191183&doi=10.1016%2fj.im.2023.103753&partnerID=40&md5=b126c2adb4b0263f63b009bf0b507229},
	doi = {10.1016/j.im.2023.103753},
	abstract = {In this study, we propose and examine the concept of information security ignorance, which is an individual's chosen state of remaining underinformed about information security. Ignorance may be a rational choice for individuals when feeling overwhelmed by the available information. The findings of this study, based on the analysis of 319 survey responses, suggest that media and interpersonal communication influence information security ignorance. However, personal traits, including locus of control, intellectual curiosity, and computer anxiety, play a stronger role in shaping ignorance. Security ignorance was found to be positively related to the perception that the Internet is a safe place. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Information and Management},
	author = {Wu, Andy Yu and Hanus, Bartlomiej and Xue, Botong and Mahto, Raj V.},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Computer anxiety, Ignorance, Intellectual curiosity, Inter-personal communications, Locus of control, Media communications, Medium, Personal traits, Safer places, Security awareness, Security of data},
}

In this study, we propose and examine the concept of information security ignorance, which is an individual's chosen state of remaining underinformed about information security. Ignorance may be a rational choice for individuals when feeling overwhelmed by the available information. The findings of this study, based on the analysis of 319 survey responses, suggest that media and interpersonal communication influence information security ignorance. However, personal traits, including locus of control, intellectual curiosity, and computer anxiety, play a stronger role in shaping ignorance. Security ignorance was found to be positively related to the perception that the Internet is a safe place. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.

@article{llucmetkwe_moving_2023,
	title = {Moving beyond {Ignorance} and {Epistemic} {Violence}: {Indigenous} {Health} {Nurses}’ {Response} to {Systems} {Transformation}},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1488917X},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85164261807&doi=10.12927%2fhcpap.2023.27107&partnerID=40&md5=51c619797349d62fa33e4944c2cf34a2},
	doi = {10.12927/hcpap.2023.27107},
	abstract = {Health inequity among Indigenous populations continues to widen despite advances in Indigenous health research. Under Canada’s esteemed universal healthcare system, Indigenous populations continue to experience much poorer health outcomes due to the intersectional legacies of colonialism and racism. In this commentary, we reflect on structural, systemic and service delivery racism at all levels of care, which are deeply embedded in historical, political, institutional and socioeconomic policies and practices that continue to perpetuate harm and genocide of Indigenous Peoples. We call for immediate action to re-establishing epistemic justice and reframing Indigenous knowledge systems in nursing practices, policies, research and education as the starting point in counteracting systemic racism. © 2023 Longwoods Publishing Corp.. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Healthcare Papers},
	author = {Llucmetkwe, Meste'si and Seymour, Colleen and Melnyk, Rose and Bearskin, Mona Lisa Bourque and Porter, Nikki Rose Hunter and Wazni, Liquaa and Padley, Michelle},
	year = {2023},
	pmid = {37417348},
	note = {Publisher: Longwoods Publishing Corp.
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Canada, Humans, Indigenous Peoples, Violence, article, colonialism, education, genocide, health care delivery, health disparity, human, human experiment, indigenous people, justice, medical research, nurse, nursing practice, structural racism, universal health care, violence},
	pages = {35 -- 41},
}

Health inequity among Indigenous populations continues to widen despite advances in Indigenous health research. Under Canada’s esteemed universal healthcare system, Indigenous populations continue to experience much poorer health outcomes due to the intersectional legacies of colonialism and racism. In this commentary, we reflect on structural, systemic and service delivery racism at all levels of care, which are deeply embedded in historical, political, institutional and socioeconomic policies and practices that continue to perpetuate harm and genocide of Indigenous Peoples. We call for immediate action to re-establishing epistemic justice and reframing Indigenous knowledge systems in nursing practices, policies, research and education as the starting point in counteracting systemic racism. © 2023 Longwoods Publishing Corp.. All rights reserved.

@article{mitova_socialising_2023,
	title = {Socialising epistemic risk: {On} the risks of epistemic injustice},
	volume = {54},
	issn = {00261068},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85162698542&doi=10.1111%2fmeta.12640&partnerID=40&md5=bad62566c41f0adafd26d263adefae97},
	doi = {10.1111/meta.12640},
	abstract = {Epistemic risk is of central importance to epistemology nowadays: one common way in which a belief can fail to be knowledge is by being formed in an epistemically risky way, that is, a way that makes it true by luck. Recently, epistemologists have been expanding this rather narrow conception of risk in every direction, except arguably the most obvious one—to enable it to accommodate the increasingly commonplace thought that knowledge has an irreducibly social dimension. This paper fills this lacuna by bringing issues of epistemic injustice to bear on epistemic risk. In particular, it draws on the phenomenon of white ignorance, to sketch a more social notion of epistemic risk, on which the interests of one's epistemic community partly determine whether a belief-forming procedure is epistemically risky. © 2023 The Author. Metaphilosophy published by Metaphilosophy LLC and John Wiley \& Sons Ltd.},
	language = {English},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Metaphilosophy},
	author = {Mitova, Veli},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc
Type: Article},
	pages = {539 -- 552},
}

Epistemic risk is of central importance to epistemology nowadays: one common way in which a belief can fail to be knowledge is by being formed in an epistemically risky way, that is, a way that makes it true by luck. Recently, epistemologists have been expanding this rather narrow conception of risk in every direction, except arguably the most obvious one—to enable it to accommodate the increasingly commonplace thought that knowledge has an irreducibly social dimension. This paper fills this lacuna by bringing issues of epistemic injustice to bear on epistemic risk. In particular, it draws on the phenomenon of white ignorance, to sketch a more social notion of epistemic risk, on which the interests of one's epistemic community partly determine whether a belief-forming procedure is epistemically risky. © 2023 The Author. Metaphilosophy published by Metaphilosophy LLC and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

@article{liu_robust_2023,
	title = {Robust meta gradient learning for high-dimensional data with noisy-label ignorance},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {19326203},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85179640429&doi=10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0295678&partnerID=40&md5=118b8b72caa109974bcf330e63f6d667},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0295678},
	abstract = {Large datasets with noisy labels and high dimensions have become increasingly prevalent in industry. These datasets often contain errors or inconsistencies in the assigned labels and introduce a vast number of predictive variables. Such issues frequently arise in real-world scenarios due to uncertainties or human errors during data collection and annotation processes. The presence of noisy labels and high dimensions can significantly impair the generalization ability and accuracy of trained models. To address the above issues, we introduce a simple-structured penalized γ-divergence model and a novel meta-gradient correction algorithm and establish the foundations of these two modules based on rigorous theoretical proofs. Finally, comprehensive experiments are conducted to validate their effectiveness in detecting noisy labels and mitigating the curse of dimensionality and suggest that our proposed model and algorithm can achieve promising outcomes. Moreover, we open-source our codes and distinctive datasets on GitHub (refer to https://github.com/DebtVC2022/Robust\_Learning\_with\_MGC). © 2023 Public Library of Science. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	number = {12 December},
	journal = {PLoS ONE},
	author = {Liu, Ben and Lin, Yu},
	year = {2023},
	pmid = {38079441},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Data Collection, Generalization, Humans, Industry, Learning, Psychological, aged, algorithm, article, controlled study, drug therapy, generalization (psychology), human, industry, information processing, learning},
}

Large datasets with noisy labels and high dimensions have become increasingly prevalent in industry. These datasets often contain errors or inconsistencies in the assigned labels and introduce a vast number of predictive variables. Such issues frequently arise in real-world scenarios due to uncertainties or human errors during data collection and annotation processes. The presence of noisy labels and high dimensions can significantly impair the generalization ability and accuracy of trained models. To address the above issues, we introduce a simple-structured penalized γ-divergence model and a novel meta-gradient correction algorithm and establish the foundations of these two modules based on rigorous theoretical proofs. Finally, comprehensive experiments are conducted to validate their effectiveness in detecting noisy labels and mitigating the curse of dimensionality and suggest that our proposed model and algorithm can achieve promising outcomes. Moreover, we open-source our codes and distinctive datasets on GitHub (refer to https://github.com/DebtVC2022/Robust_Learning_with_MGC). © 2023 Public Library of Science. All rights reserved.

@article{lundberg_they_2023,
	title = {“{They} {Stopped} the {Lives} of {Others}”: {Stateless} {Palestinians} {Facing} {Bureaucratic} {Violence} in {Sweden}},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {02295113},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85179314338&doi=10.25071%2f1920-7336.41063&partnerID=40&md5=589e1c9b5561f50fdd1f2bfa85420ec4},
	doi = {10.25071/1920-7336.41063},
	abstract = {Official calls for “failed” asylum seekers to leave Sweden ignore the difficulties and harms befalling stateless people who cannot return to previous countries of residence because they lack citizenship. Stateless people are caught in limbo, a position where they have no prospects of return or of attaining a residence permit in a predictable future. To learn the underlying logics and consequences of such limbo and how it is (re)produced in the Swedish migration bureaucracy, this article investigates three data sets: interviews with seven stateless Palestinians, the Swedish Migration Agency’s internal guidelines for the return process, and the same agency’s country reports on stateless people’s situation in the assigned deportation countries. Inspired by Hannah Arendt’s reflections on statelessness and modern bureaucratized societies, the article reveals that there are great challenges to access rights for stateless persons and in holding anyone accountable for decisions adopted by Swedish migration authorities. Moreover, the article shows how limbo induces two interconnected and multilevel technologies in migration authorities: ignorance and repressive consent. As communicating vessels, these technologies form a bureaucratic violence. While diminishing migrants’ access to safety and a dignified life, violence is sustained by legislative changes and insidiously hidden from public debate. © Lundberg A. 2023.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Refuge},
	author = {Lundberg, Anna},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: York University Libraries
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Palestine, Sweden, bureaucracy, immigrant population, immigration policy, international migration, police force, refugee, territorial management, violence},
	pages = {1 -- 16},
}

Official calls for “failed” asylum seekers to leave Sweden ignore the difficulties and harms befalling stateless people who cannot return to previous countries of residence because they lack citizenship. Stateless people are caught in limbo, a position where they have no prospects of return or of attaining a residence permit in a predictable future. To learn the underlying logics and consequences of such limbo and how it is (re)produced in the Swedish migration bureaucracy, this article investigates three data sets: interviews with seven stateless Palestinians, the Swedish Migration Agency’s internal guidelines for the return process, and the same agency’s country reports on stateless people’s situation in the assigned deportation countries. Inspired by Hannah Arendt’s reflections on statelessness and modern bureaucratized societies, the article reveals that there are great challenges to access rights for stateless persons and in holding anyone accountable for decisions adopted by Swedish migration authorities. Moreover, the article shows how limbo induces two interconnected and multilevel technologies in migration authorities: ignorance and repressive consent. As communicating vessels, these technologies form a bureaucratic violence. While diminishing migrants’ access to safety and a dignified life, violence is sustained by legislative changes and insidiously hidden from public debate. © Lundberg A. 2023.

@article{luo_ambiguous_2023,
	title = {Ambiguous {Consumption} and {Asset} {Allocation} with {Unknown} {Markovian} {Income} {Growth}},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {15297373},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85174499179&partnerID=40&md5=ab420242a179bca643512d6ddc3eb1ac},
	abstract = {This paper constructs a recursive utility version of a canonical Merton (1971) model with uninsurable labor income and unknown income growth to study how the interaction between two types of uncertainty due to ignorance affects strategic consumption-portfolio rules and precautionary savings. Specifically, after solving the model explicitly, we theoretically and quantitatively explore (i) how these ignorance-induced uncertainties interact with intertemporal substitution, risk aversion, and the correlation between the equity return and labor income, and (ii) how they jointly affect strategic asset allocation, precautionary savings, and the equilibrium asset returns. Further-more, we use data to test our model’s predictions on the relationship between ignorance and asset allocation and quantitatively show that the interaction between the two types of uncertainty is the key to explain the data. Finally, we find that the welfare costs of ignorance can be very large. © 2023, Central University of Finance and Economics. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Annals of Economics and Finance},
	author = {Luo, Yulei and Nie, Jun and Wang, Haijun},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Central University of Finance and Economics
Type: Article},
	pages = {237 -- 275},
}

This paper constructs a recursive utility version of a canonical Merton (1971) model with uninsurable labor income and unknown income growth to study how the interaction between two types of uncertainty due to ignorance affects strategic consumption-portfolio rules and precautionary savings. Specifically, after solving the model explicitly, we theoretically and quantitatively explore (i) how these ignorance-induced uncertainties interact with intertemporal substitution, risk aversion, and the correlation between the equity return and labor income, and (ii) how they jointly affect strategic asset allocation, precautionary savings, and the equilibrium asset returns. Further-more, we use data to test our model’s predictions on the relationship between ignorance and asset allocation and quantitatively show that the interaction between the two types of uncertainty is the key to explain the data. Finally, we find that the welfare costs of ignorance can be very large. © 2023, Central University of Finance and Economics. All rights reserved.

@article{miyajima_ordinance_2023,
	title = {Ordinance influences individuals' perceptions towards prospects of social circumstance but not the status quo: {An} experimental field study on sexual minorities issues in {Japan}},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {13672223},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85157990405&doi=10.1111%2fajsp.12568&partnerID=40&md5=e0e0a84e8776d7ab791617a423fe841c},
	doi = {10.1111/ajsp.12568},
	abstract = {Scientific evidence shows that institutional decisions can change individuals' private attitudes towards relevant issues. However, little is known about their effect on individuals' perceptions of social norms. This intriguing question has gained the attention of scholars. Nonetheless, the findings are primarily observed only in samples of the Western, Educated, Industrialised, Rich, and Democratic countries, leading to doubts about their generalisability. This study experimentally tested residents' (N = 411) reactions to the new Tokyo ordinance prohibiting discrimination against sexual minorities enacted on October 5, 2018, and tested whether it dispelled self–other discrepancies regarding tolerance towards sexual minorities (i.e., pluralistic ignorance). The results showed that exposure to information about enactment increased future perceptions of support and understanding of sexual minorities. By contrast, private attitudes, perceptions of current social norms, and willingness to speak out did not change. Willingness to speak out was indirectly enhanced through increased perceptions of gaining future support. Furthermore, Tokyo residents overestimated other residents' negative attitudes towards sexual minorities. However, even when informed of the new ordinance, this self–other discrepancy in intolerance towards sexual minorities was not corrected. These findings suggest that institutional decisions can shape the perception of social norm change in the future beyond Western countries. © 2023 Asian Association of Social Psychology and John Wiley \& Sons Australia, Ltd.},
	language = {English},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Asian Journal of Social Psychology},
	author = {Miyajima, Takeru and Nakawake, Yo and Meng, Xianwei and Sudo, Ryunosuke},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Japan, adult, article, discrimination against sexual and gender minorities, female, field study, human, major clinical study, male, perception, resident, sexual and gender minority, social norm},
	pages = {419 -- 430},
}

Scientific evidence shows that institutional decisions can change individuals' private attitudes towards relevant issues. However, little is known about their effect on individuals' perceptions of social norms. This intriguing question has gained the attention of scholars. Nonetheless, the findings are primarily observed only in samples of the Western, Educated, Industrialised, Rich, and Democratic countries, leading to doubts about their generalisability. This study experimentally tested residents' (N = 411) reactions to the new Tokyo ordinance prohibiting discrimination against sexual minorities enacted on October 5, 2018, and tested whether it dispelled self–other discrepancies regarding tolerance towards sexual minorities (i.e., pluralistic ignorance). The results showed that exposure to information about enactment increased future perceptions of support and understanding of sexual minorities. By contrast, private attitudes, perceptions of current social norms, and willingness to speak out did not change. Willingness to speak out was indirectly enhanced through increased perceptions of gaining future support. Furthermore, Tokyo residents overestimated other residents' negative attitudes towards sexual minorities. However, even when informed of the new ordinance, this self–other discrepancy in intolerance towards sexual minorities was not corrected. These findings suggest that institutional decisions can shape the perception of social norm change in the future beyond Western countries. © 2023 Asian Association of Social Psychology and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.

@article{mondon_epistemologies_2023,
	title = {Epistemologies of ignorance in far right studies: the invisibilisation of racism and whiteness in times of populist hype},
	volume = {58},
	issn = {00016810},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85142254754&doi=10.1057%2fs41269-022-00271-6&partnerID=40&md5=186c93ffb83333da481434b019aff798},
	doi = {10.1057/s41269-022-00271-6},
	abstract = {Research on the far right has been a booming field for decades now, with far-right parties generally being much more researched than their right, centre and left counterparts, even when they are marginal in terms of politics or electoral support. Yet, for a field that is notorious for its lively definitional debates and tendency to evolve and reinvent itself terminologically, it has appeared unwilling to engage with the concepts of race, racism and whiteness, or with its very positioning in political structures. Through a mixed-methods discursive approach, this article analyses the titles and abstracts of all articles published in peer-reviewed journal in the sub-field of far right studies between 2016 and 2021 (n = 2543) to highlight which terms and concepts are primed and which are obscured. This article highlights a tendency to prime euphemising terms and concepts such as ‘populism’ and avoid those which engage with systemic and structural forms of oppression such as racism and whiteness. This article thus aims to both map and make sense of the absence of whiteness and racism in the corpus by arguing that it is a symbol of the ongoing presence of colourblind approaches and a lack of reckoning with the scale and pervasion of systemic racism in contemporary societies. © 2022, The Author(s).},
	language = {English},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Acta Politica},
	author = {Mondon, Aurelien},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Discourse, Far right, Populism, Racism, Whiteness},
	pages = {876 -- 894},
}

Research on the far right has been a booming field for decades now, with far-right parties generally being much more researched than their right, centre and left counterparts, even when they are marginal in terms of politics or electoral support. Yet, for a field that is notorious for its lively definitional debates and tendency to evolve and reinvent itself terminologically, it has appeared unwilling to engage with the concepts of race, racism and whiteness, or with its very positioning in political structures. Through a mixed-methods discursive approach, this article analyses the titles and abstracts of all articles published in peer-reviewed journal in the sub-field of far right studies between 2016 and 2021 (n = 2543) to highlight which terms and concepts are primed and which are obscured. This article highlights a tendency to prime euphemising terms and concepts such as ‘populism’ and avoid those which engage with systemic and structural forms of oppression such as racism and whiteness. This article thus aims to both map and make sense of the absence of whiteness and racism in the corpus by arguing that it is a symbol of the ongoing presence of colourblind approaches and a lack of reckoning with the scale and pervasion of systemic racism in contemporary societies. © 2022, The Author(s).

@article{peto_need_2023,
	title = {The need for {Ignorance} in cancer research},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {15737284},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85181395667&doi=10.1007%2fs10654-023-01085-2&partnerID=40&md5=4d7c4dc886421954e8687509c165d972},
	doi = {10.1007/s10654-023-01085-2},
	language = {English},
	number = {12},
	journal = {European journal of epidemiology},
	author = {Peto, Richard},
	year = {2023},
	pmid = {38150108},
	note = {Type: Article},
	keywords = {Humans, Neoplasms, Politics, Research, human, neoplasm, politics, research},
	pages = {1239 -- 1243},
}

@article{sala_filling_2023,
	title = {Filling in the areas of ignorance; [{Zapełnianie} obszarów niewiedzy]},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {20818130},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85186550953&doi=10.19195%2fprt.2023.3.1&partnerID=40&md5=09ac60c4aaef38d7ec0488e627c6bb8f},
	doi = {10.19195/prt.2023.3.1},
	abstract = {An introductory article for the thematic issue of the journal Theoretical Practice entitled “Areas of Ignorance. Left-wing literary criticism of the Polish inter-war period”. © 2023, University of Wroclaw. All rights reserved.},
	language = {Polish},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Praktyka Teoretyczna},
	author = {Sala, Zuzanna and Żurek, Łukasz},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: University of Wroclaw
Type: Article},
	pages = {9 -- 14},
}

An introductory article for the thematic issue of the journal Theoretical Practice entitled “Areas of Ignorance. Left-wing literary criticism of the Polish inter-war period”. © 2023, University of Wroclaw. All rights reserved.

@article{szczygielski_rent-limiting_2023,
	title = {A rent-limiting design of professional self-regulation},
	volume = {91},
	issn = {14636786},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85164173688&doi=10.1111%2fmanc.12453&partnerID=40&md5=a3616519dd190a085b8c3c964d5d6a28},
	doi = {10.1111/manc.12453},
	abstract = {We consider a government that purchases a public good or a private good for public consumption from a heterogenous group of professionals (such as scientists, doctors, or lawyers) in an environment characterized by an extremely high level of information asymmetry. Specifically, we assume that the government needs information from a self-regulatory organization (SRO) of agents (such as a research council, a medical board, or a bar association) to draft the contract. We show that the government information disadvantage is minimized when the SRO is dictatorial, that is, when it follows the preferences of the efficient agents. © 2023 The University of Manchester and John Wiley \& Sons Ltd.},
	language = {English},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Manchester School},
	author = {Szczygielski, Krzysztof},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc
Type: Article},
	pages = {570 -- 586},
}

We consider a government that purchases a public good or a private good for public consumption from a heterogenous group of professionals (such as scientists, doctors, or lawyers) in an environment characterized by an extremely high level of information asymmetry. Specifically, we assume that the government needs information from a self-regulatory organization (SRO) of agents (such as a research council, a medical board, or a bar association) to draft the contract. We show that the government information disadvantage is minimized when the SRO is dictatorial, that is, when it follows the preferences of the efficient agents. © 2023 The University of Manchester and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

@article{taher_discours_2023,
	title = {Discours public québécois sur l'affaire du mot en « n »: entre dénonciation d'une insulte raciale et défense des libertés universitaires},
	volume = {56},
	issn = {00084239},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85182989638&doi=10.1017%2fS0008423923000550&partnerID=40&md5=65b9fa52032981b6829f9ce175b033da},
	doi = {10.1017/S0008423923000550},
	abstract = {Focusing on the Quebec public debate concerning the N-word affair that occurred in 2020 at the University of Ottawa, this article aims to determine how the discourses of racism denial produced by members of dominant groups are maintained within the public space, despite the anti-racist critiques produced by members of dominated groups. By combining critical race theory, the theory of epistemic injustice and ignorance and the speech act theory, this article offers a critical analysis of the Quebec media discourse on the N-word affair. It thus traces the positions denouncing the use of the N-word as a racial insult and a manifestation of systemic racism and those justifying the need to protect academic freedom and freedom of expression in the face of a cancel culture threatening to censor them. The analysis of the Quebec case reveals that the public denial of racism reproduces hermeneutical injustices regarding anti-racist critiques, particularly regarding those expressed by Black communities, and this through a new linguistic mechanism that I call illocutionary deviations. . Copyright © The Author(s), 2023.},
	language = {French},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Political Science},
	author = {Taher, Saaz},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Type: Article},
	pages = {950 -- 974},
}

Focusing on the Quebec public debate concerning the N-word affair that occurred in 2020 at the University of Ottawa, this article aims to determine how the discourses of racism denial produced by members of dominant groups are maintained within the public space, despite the anti-racist critiques produced by members of dominated groups. By combining critical race theory, the theory of epistemic injustice and ignorance and the speech act theory, this article offers a critical analysis of the Quebec media discourse on the N-word affair. It thus traces the positions denouncing the use of the N-word as a racial insult and a manifestation of systemic racism and those justifying the need to protect academic freedom and freedom of expression in the face of a cancel culture threatening to censor them. The analysis of the Quebec case reveals that the public denial of racism reproduces hermeneutical injustices regarding anti-racist critiques, particularly regarding those expressed by Black communities, and this through a new linguistic mechanism that I call illocutionary deviations. . Copyright © The Author(s), 2023.

@article{van_treek_present_2023,
	title = {Present generation's negotiators realize their interests at the cost of future generations},
	volume = {91},
	issn = {02724944},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85170515094&doi=10.1016%2fj.jenvp.2023.102126&partnerID=40&md5=3c0b2083c4b13100a310f19d3c0fc503},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102126},
	abstract = {Decision-makers often apply negotiations as a powerful and pervasive means to solve their conflicts over natural resources. The resulting agreements have not only immediate effects on the parties currently concerned, but also dramatic delayed consequences for future generations. Consequently, negotiators are simultaneously involved in co-occurring conflicts with (1) their present counterparts and (2) future generations. The resulting interdependence makes it challenging to find efficient and fair agreements. We investigated to what extent the present generation's negotiators realize the future generation's interests and which barriers they encounter. Across five interactive and simulated experiments (N = 524 participants), the present generation's negotiators reached agreements with significantly better outcomes for themselves in the present than for the future generation. This finding occurred, (1) when the present generation's negotiators had to bear costs to realize the future generation's interests (i.e., barrier: self-oriented tradeoffs; Studies 1a \& 1b), (2) when present negotiators only needed to consider and realize the future generation's preferences without bearing costs (i.e., barrier: tendency to ignore, Studies 2a \& 2b) and (3) even persisted when the consequences for future generations became more severe (Study 3). Additionally, we explored resource scarcity as a moderating variable and found multifaceted effects on the present and the future generation's outcomes. The present research is among the first to disentangle the co-occurring conflicts arising in present generation's negotiations with an impact on future others and to experimentally investigate the independent barriers to realizing the future generation's interests. It also provides departure points for interventions aimed at realizing the future generation's interests. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of Environmental Psychology},
	author = {van Treek, Marie and Majer, Johann M. and Zhang, Hong and Zhang, Kai and Trötschel, Roman},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Academic Press
Type: Article},
}

Decision-makers often apply negotiations as a powerful and pervasive means to solve their conflicts over natural resources. The resulting agreements have not only immediate effects on the parties currently concerned, but also dramatic delayed consequences for future generations. Consequently, negotiators are simultaneously involved in co-occurring conflicts with (1) their present counterparts and (2) future generations. The resulting interdependence makes it challenging to find efficient and fair agreements. We investigated to what extent the present generation's negotiators realize the future generation's interests and which barriers they encounter. Across five interactive and simulated experiments (N = 524 participants), the present generation's negotiators reached agreements with significantly better outcomes for themselves in the present than for the future generation. This finding occurred, (1) when the present generation's negotiators had to bear costs to realize the future generation's interests (i.e., barrier: self-oriented tradeoffs; Studies 1a & 1b), (2) when present negotiators only needed to consider and realize the future generation's preferences without bearing costs (i.e., barrier: tendency to ignore, Studies 2a & 2b) and (3) even persisted when the consequences for future generations became more severe (Study 3). Additionally, we explored resource scarcity as a moderating variable and found multifaceted effects on the present and the future generation's outcomes. The present research is among the first to disentangle the co-occurring conflicts arising in present generation's negotiations with an impact on future others and to experimentally investigate the independent barriers to realizing the future generation's interests. It also provides departure points for interventions aimed at realizing the future generation's interests. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd

@article{wallenburg_nurses_2023,
	title = {'{Nurses} are seen as general cargo, not the smart {TVs} you ship carefully': {The} politics of nurse staffing in {England}, {Spain}, {Sweden}, and the {Netherlands}},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {17441331},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85172196746&doi=10.1017%2fS1744133123000178&partnerID=40&md5=98c1b5d7f897d6c8ecf4ac6e9bed2812},
	doi = {10.1017/S1744133123000178},
	abstract = {Nurse workforce shortages put healthcare systems under pressure, moving the nursing profession into the core of healthcare policymaking. In this paper, we shift the focus from workforce policy to workforce politics and highlight the political role of nurses in healthcare systems in England, Spain, Sweden, and the Netherlands. Using a comparative discursive institutionalist approach, we study how nurses are organised and represented in these four countries. We show how nurse politics plays out at the levels of representation, working conditions, career building, and by breaking with the public healthcare system. Although there are differences between the countries - with nurses in England and Spain under more pressure than in the Netherlands and Sweden - nurses are often not represented in policy discourses; not just because of institutional ignorance but also because of fragmentation of the profession itself. This institutional ignorance and lack of collective representation, we argue, requires attention to foster the role and position of nurses in contemporary healthcare systems. © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press.},
	language = {English},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Health Economics, Policy and Law},
	author = {Wallenburg, Iris and Friebel, Rocco and Winblad, Ulrika and Maynou Pujolras, Laia and Bal, Roland},
	year = {2023},
	pmid = {37702051},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Type: Article},
	keywords = {England, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, article, attention, career, controlled study, health care system, human, nurse, nursing staff, occupation, personnel shortage, politics, work environment},
	pages = {411 -- 425},
}

Nurse workforce shortages put healthcare systems under pressure, moving the nursing profession into the core of healthcare policymaking. In this paper, we shift the focus from workforce policy to workforce politics and highlight the political role of nurses in healthcare systems in England, Spain, Sweden, and the Netherlands. Using a comparative discursive institutionalist approach, we study how nurses are organised and represented in these four countries. We show how nurse politics plays out at the levels of representation, working conditions, career building, and by breaking with the public healthcare system. Although there are differences between the countries - with nurses in England and Spain under more pressure than in the Netherlands and Sweden - nurses are often not represented in policy discourses; not just because of institutional ignorance but also because of fragmentation of the profession itself. This institutional ignorance and lack of collective representation, we argue, requires attention to foster the role and position of nurses in contemporary healthcare systems. © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press.

@article{yokoyama_public_2023,
	title = {Public acceptance of nuclear waste disposal sites: a decision-making process utilising the ‘veil of ignorance’ concept},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {26629992},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85173593116&doi=10.1057%2fs41599-023-02139-2&partnerID=40&md5=48854da45430b7e085668130c7da8003},
	doi = {10.1057/s41599-023-02139-2},
	abstract = {This study demonstrates that a decision-making process utilising ‘the veil of ignorance’ concept, defined in process terms as beginning from a blank slate encompassing the entire country as potential sites and shortlisting candidate sites based on scientific (geological) safety, promotes public acceptance of siting a repository for the geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste and fosters procedural fairness. A hypothetical scenario experiment was conducted in Japan, manipulating the site selection process by setting two conditions—one being the application/proposal condition that the Japanese government currently employs, such as an application by municipalities or a proposal by the government, and the other being the veil of ignorance condition, in which multiple candidate areas are selected from a blank slate for the entire land area based purely on geological factors. Three stages of acceptance were presumed—at the level of general management policy, the site selection process itself with a specified decision policy, and the siting of a repository in their area of residence. Two hypotheses were tested: (a) the veil of ignorance condition will be evaluated as a more acceptable and fairer procedure and will engender increased national consensus than the application/proposal condition at the site selection and repository siting stages, and (b) procedural fairness and national consensus will impact acceptance at each stage; these variables at each stage help shape the same variables in the next stage. The results supported these hypotheses. This study discusses the importance of the site selection process, beginning where any de facto site can be a candidate and shortlisting the candidate sites based on scientific criteria. © 2023, Springer Nature Limited.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Humanities and Social Sciences Communications},
	author = {Yokoyama, Miki and Ohnuma, Susumu and Osawa, Hideaki and Ohtomo, Shoji and Hirose, Yukio},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Springer Nature
Type: Article},
}

This study demonstrates that a decision-making process utilising ‘the veil of ignorance’ concept, defined in process terms as beginning from a blank slate encompassing the entire country as potential sites and shortlisting candidate sites based on scientific (geological) safety, promotes public acceptance of siting a repository for the geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste and fosters procedural fairness. A hypothetical scenario experiment was conducted in Japan, manipulating the site selection process by setting two conditions—one being the application/proposal condition that the Japanese government currently employs, such as an application by municipalities or a proposal by the government, and the other being the veil of ignorance condition, in which multiple candidate areas are selected from a blank slate for the entire land area based purely on geological factors. Three stages of acceptance were presumed—at the level of general management policy, the site selection process itself with a specified decision policy, and the siting of a repository in their area of residence. Two hypotheses were tested: (a) the veil of ignorance condition will be evaluated as a more acceptable and fairer procedure and will engender increased national consensus than the application/proposal condition at the site selection and repository siting stages, and (b) procedural fairness and national consensus will impact acceptance at each stage; these variables at each stage help shape the same variables in the next stage. The results supported these hypotheses. This study discusses the importance of the site selection process, beginning where any de facto site can be a candidate and shortlisting the candidate sites based on scientific criteria. © 2023, Springer Nature Limited.

@article{zhang_when_2023,
	title = {When ignorance is bliss: {The} retailer's intelligence hazard under information sharing and exchanging},
	volume = {180},
	issn = {13665545},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85177040267&doi=10.1016%2fj.tre.2023.103356&partnerID=40&md5=40594b998bc007aeb7dcdaf7ed1f0e74},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tre.2023.103356},
	abstract = {When a manufacturer possesses demand information, there is an opportunity for the retailer to infer the manufacturer's demand information based on the wholesale price. This paper explores the impact of such inference on the retailer's unilateral information sharing and bilateral information exchanging strategies in a supply chain with one retailer and two competing manufacturers. Two scenarios were studied under information sharing and exchanging schemes: an intelligent retailer who infers the manufacturers’ demand information from the wholesale prices and an unintelligent retailer who does not infer the information. Our analysis reveals that, regardless of whether the retailer infers or not, the retailer does not want to unilaterally share his information upward with the manufacturers. However, an unintelligent retailer is willing to exchange information with the manufacturers, and the inference does not fully undermine the retailer's incentives to exchange information. Furthermore, we find that, although the retailer's inference can help him cope with demand uncertainty, it can actually turn into a hazard (i.e., the retailer's intelligence hazard) under both information sharing scheme and information exchanging scheme; that is, being ignorant to the manufacturers’ demand information may be a bliss to everyone. We finally observe that side payment transfer may help eliminate the intelligence hazard under bilateral information exchanging but cannot resolve the intelligence hazard under unilateral information sharing. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review},
	author = {Zhang, Chu and Liu, Bin and Cai, Gangshu George and Huang, Tao},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Costs, Demand information, Demand uncertainty, Hazards, Inference capability, Information analysis, Information dissemination, Information exchanging, Information sharing, Intelligence hazard, Sales, Sharing information, Sharing schemes, Supply chain competitions, Supply chain management, Whole sale prices, artificial intelligence, information processing, manufacturing, retailing, supply chain management},
}

When a manufacturer possesses demand information, there is an opportunity for the retailer to infer the manufacturer's demand information based on the wholesale price. This paper explores the impact of such inference on the retailer's unilateral information sharing and bilateral information exchanging strategies in a supply chain with one retailer and two competing manufacturers. Two scenarios were studied under information sharing and exchanging schemes: an intelligent retailer who infers the manufacturers’ demand information from the wholesale prices and an unintelligent retailer who does not infer the information. Our analysis reveals that, regardless of whether the retailer infers or not, the retailer does not want to unilaterally share his information upward with the manufacturers. However, an unintelligent retailer is willing to exchange information with the manufacturers, and the inference does not fully undermine the retailer's incentives to exchange information. Furthermore, we find that, although the retailer's inference can help him cope with demand uncertainty, it can actually turn into a hazard (i.e., the retailer's intelligence hazard) under both information sharing scheme and information exchanging scheme; that is, being ignorant to the manufacturers’ demand information may be a bliss to everyone. We finally observe that side payment transfer may help eliminate the intelligence hazard under bilateral information exchanging but cannot resolve the intelligence hazard under unilateral information sharing. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd

@article{peterson_ignorance_2023,
	title = {The {Ignorance} of {Xenophon}’s {Socrates}},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {07402007},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85183385443&doi=10.5840%2fancientphil20234318&partnerID=40&md5=5aac2a87555c6cc6670150fe81d6799c},
	doi = {10.5840/ancientphil20234318},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Ancient Philosophy},
	author = {Peterson, Sandra},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Philosophy Documentation Center
Type: Article},
	pages = {21 -- 34},
}

@article{olasehinde-williams_test_2023,
	title = {A {Test} of {Hirschman}'s {Hiding} {Hand} {Principle} in {World} {Bank}-{Financed} {Hydropower} {Projects}},
	volume = {86},
	issn = {21945888},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85161297198&doi=10.1017%2fbca.2023.18&partnerID=40&md5=32e909bde68c4ee462e211bcb95b6ea5},
	doi = {10.1017/bca.2023.18},
	abstract = {This study is an attempt to determine whether the need to get hydropower project appraisals perfectly right during the pre-construction phase, so as to prevent significant overruns along with benefit shortfalls, should supersede the need to deliver projects at the earliest possible time so as to meet the needs of the people. To achieve the study objective, we test whether the Hiding Hand principle is predominantly benevolent or malevolent. We argue that if the Hiding Hand is benevolent, then project stakeholders are better off focusing on the quick delivery of power projects; however, if it is malevolent, then more attention should be given to perfecting project appraisals. It transpires from the statistical analysis that the Benevolent Hiding Hand dominates the Malevolent Hiding Hand in the selected World Bank-financed hydropower projects (33\% v. 21\%), and that ultimately, 75\% of the projects were even more successful than anticipated - while 25\% of the projects failed. Our findings further show that while a total loss of 2.335 billion USD in the sampled dams was caused by the Malevolent Hiding Hand, 11.259 billion USD was gained as a result of the Benevolent Hiding Hand. The predominance of the Benevolent Hiding Hand justifies placing some weight on proceeding with hydropower projects that show significant promise even if all the implantation risks are not fully quantified at the appraisal stage, especially in developing countries. © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Society for Benefit-Cost Analysis.},
	language = {English},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis},
	author = {Olasehinde-Williams, Godwin and Jenkins, Glenn P.},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Type: Article},
}

This study is an attempt to determine whether the need to get hydropower project appraisals perfectly right during the pre-construction phase, so as to prevent significant overruns along with benefit shortfalls, should supersede the need to deliver projects at the earliest possible time so as to meet the needs of the people. To achieve the study objective, we test whether the Hiding Hand principle is predominantly benevolent or malevolent. We argue that if the Hiding Hand is benevolent, then project stakeholders are better off focusing on the quick delivery of power projects; however, if it is malevolent, then more attention should be given to perfecting project appraisals. It transpires from the statistical analysis that the Benevolent Hiding Hand dominates the Malevolent Hiding Hand in the selected World Bank-financed hydropower projects (33% v. 21%), and that ultimately, 75% of the projects were even more successful than anticipated - while 25% of the projects failed. Our findings further show that while a total loss of 2.335 billion USD in the sampled dams was caused by the Malevolent Hiding Hand, 11.259 billion USD was gained as a result of the Benevolent Hiding Hand. The predominance of the Benevolent Hiding Hand justifies placing some weight on proceeding with hydropower projects that show significant promise even if all the implantation risks are not fully quantified at the appraisal stage, especially in developing countries. © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Society for Benefit-Cost Analysis.

@article{podosky_rethinking_2023,
	title = {Rethinking {Epistemic} {Appropriation}},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {17423600},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85103707745&doi=10.1017%2fepi.2021.8&partnerID=40&md5=3174a8117a18d9bbf60de555f82a9c8d},
	doi = {10.1017/epi.2021.8},
	abstract = {Emmalon Davis has offered an insightful analysis of an under-theorized form of epistemic oppression called epistemic appropriation. This occurs when an epistemic resource developed within marginalized situatedness gains inter-communal uptake, but the author of the epistemic resource is unacknowledged. In this paper, I argue that Davis’s definition of epistemic appropriation is not exhaustive. In particular, she misses out on explaining cases of epistemic appropriation in which an intra-communal epistemic resource is obscured through inter-communal uptake. Being attentive to this form of epistemic appropriation allows us to identify unique forms of epistemic oppression that emerge as a result of socially maintained active ignorance. © The Author(s), 2021.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Episteme},
	author = {Podosky, Paul-Mikhail Catapang},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Type: Article},
	pages = {142 -- 162},
}

Emmalon Davis has offered an insightful analysis of an under-theorized form of epistemic oppression called epistemic appropriation. This occurs when an epistemic resource developed within marginalized situatedness gains inter-communal uptake, but the author of the epistemic resource is unacknowledged. In this paper, I argue that Davis’s definition of epistemic appropriation is not exhaustive. In particular, she misses out on explaining cases of epistemic appropriation in which an intra-communal epistemic resource is obscured through inter-communal uptake. Being attentive to this form of epistemic appropriation allows us to identify unique forms of epistemic oppression that emerge as a result of socially maintained active ignorance. © The Author(s), 2021.

@article{ray_differential-geometric_2023,
	title = {A {Differential}-{Geometric} {Approach} to {Quantum} {Ignorance} {Consistent} with {Entropic} {Properties} of {Statistical} {Mechanics}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {10994300},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85160538649&doi=10.3390%2fe25050788&partnerID=40&md5=3e8c98c01f804a0f288ebe554d514873},
	doi = {10.3390/e25050788},
	abstract = {In this paper, we construct the metric tensor and volume for the manifold of purifications associated with an arbitrary reduced density operator (Formula presented.). We also define a quantum coarse-graining (CG) to study the volume where macrostates are the manifolds of purifications, which we call surfaces of ignorance (SOI), and microstates are the purifications of (Formula presented.). In this context, the volume functions as a multiplicity of the macrostates that quantifies the amount of information missing from (Formula presented.). Using examples where the SOI are generated using representations of (Formula presented.), (Formula presented.), and (Formula presented.), we show two features of the CG: (1) A system beginning in an atypical macrostate of smaller volume evolves to macrostates of greater volume until it reaches the equilibrium macrostate in a process in which the system and environment become strictly more entangled, and (2) the equilibrium macrostate takes up the vast majority of the coarse-grained space especially as the dimension of the total system becomes large. Here, the equilibrium macrostate corresponds to a maximum entanglement between the system and the environment. To demonstrate feature (1) for the examples considered, we show that the volume behaves like the von Neumann entropy in that it is zero for pure states, maximal for maximally mixed states, and is a concave function with respect to the purity of (Formula presented.). These two features are essential to typicality arguments regarding thermalization and Boltzmann’s original CG. © 2023 by the authors.},
	language = {English},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Entropy},
	author = {Ray, Shannon and Alsing, Paul M. and Cafaro, Carlo and Jacinto, H.S.},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: MDPI
Type: Article},
}

In this paper, we construct the metric tensor and volume for the manifold of purifications associated with an arbitrary reduced density operator (Formula presented.). We also define a quantum coarse-graining (CG) to study the volume where macrostates are the manifolds of purifications, which we call surfaces of ignorance (SOI), and microstates are the purifications of (Formula presented.). In this context, the volume functions as a multiplicity of the macrostates that quantifies the amount of information missing from (Formula presented.). Using examples where the SOI are generated using representations of (Formula presented.), (Formula presented.), and (Formula presented.), we show two features of the CG: (1) A system beginning in an atypical macrostate of smaller volume evolves to macrostates of greater volume until it reaches the equilibrium macrostate in a process in which the system and environment become strictly more entangled, and (2) the equilibrium macrostate takes up the vast majority of the coarse-grained space especially as the dimension of the total system becomes large. Here, the equilibrium macrostate corresponds to a maximum entanglement between the system and the environment. To demonstrate feature (1) for the examples considered, we show that the volume behaves like the von Neumann entropy in that it is zero for pure states, maximal for maximally mixed states, and is a concave function with respect to the purity of (Formula presented.). These two features are essential to typicality arguments regarding thermalization and Boltzmann’s original CG. © 2023 by the authors.

@article{sa_solows_2023,
	title = {On {Solow}'s {Ignorance}: the {Sources} of {Economic} {Growth}},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {19237529},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85169802015&doi=10.55365%2f1923.x2023.21.88&partnerID=40&md5=e1771ce7165ea0ef8c06e8dfa6fe2230},
	doi = {10.55365/1923.x2023.21.88},
	abstract = {In spite of the importance, strong empirical evidence has eluded the topic of the sources of economic growth. This article contributes to the subject by considering countries as large organizations, whose competitiveness de-pends on the quality of their business administration areas: strategy, marketing, information systems, human re-sources policies and so on. Under this perspective and for a sample of 33 countries during an homogeneous five year period, it is possible to ex-plain 90\% of the variance in income per capita. © 2023 Better Advances Press. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Review of Economics and Finance},
	author = {Sá, Jorge and Rodrigues, Paulo},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: REF Press
Type: Article},
	pages = {819 -- 824},
}

In spite of the importance, strong empirical evidence has eluded the topic of the sources of economic growth. This article contributes to the subject by considering countries as large organizations, whose competitiveness de-pends on the quality of their business administration areas: strategy, marketing, information systems, human re-sources policies and so on. Under this perspective and for a sample of 33 countries during an homogeneous five year period, it is possible to ex-plain 90% of the variance in income per capita. © 2023 Better Advances Press. All rights reserved.

@article{sajjad_subaltern_2023,
	title = {A subaltern gaze on {White} ignorance, (in)security and the possibility of educating the {White} rescue plans},
	volume = {54},
	issn = {09670106},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85162649104&doi=10.1177%2f09670106231165660&partnerID=40&md5=de2fb522d4516ada66f1498f1ba23913},
	doi = {10.1177/09670106231165660},
	abstract = {In this article, I, as a subaltern, offer a reverse gaze on White security plans to rescue the world from the tide of violent extremism. Violent extremism has been identified as a global security threat by the United Nations, which announced a Plan of Action to combat the threat in 2016. Education has been considered a valuable tool for preventing violent extremism. In 2017, UNESCO published a policy guide explaining how education can be used to prevent violent extremism. This article offers a critique of the UNESCO policy guide, using the construct of White ignorance as explained by Charles Mills and Jennifer Mueller’s Theory of Racial Ignorance. This critique, coming from a location (Pakistan) where education has been under intense White scrutiny since 9/11, owing to its alleged link with violent ideologies, provides an inverse perspective on the problem of violent extremism. Using Mills’s concept of the epistemology of ignorance, I argue that international security policies view security as maintenance of White hegemony and refuse to listen to the people labelled as a security problem by White epistemic authorities. I contend that it is the White security policy that needs to be educated to prevent violence and maintain durable security. © The Author(s) 2023.},
	language = {English},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Security Dialogue},
	author = {Sajjad, Fatima Waqi},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd
Type: Article},
	pages = {337 -- 355},
}

In this article, I, as a subaltern, offer a reverse gaze on White security plans to rescue the world from the tide of violent extremism. Violent extremism has been identified as a global security threat by the United Nations, which announced a Plan of Action to combat the threat in 2016. Education has been considered a valuable tool for preventing violent extremism. In 2017, UNESCO published a policy guide explaining how education can be used to prevent violent extremism. This article offers a critique of the UNESCO policy guide, using the construct of White ignorance as explained by Charles Mills and Jennifer Mueller’s Theory of Racial Ignorance. This critique, coming from a location (Pakistan) where education has been under intense White scrutiny since 9/11, owing to its alleged link with violent ideologies, provides an inverse perspective on the problem of violent extremism. Using Mills’s concept of the epistemology of ignorance, I argue that international security policies view security as maintenance of White hegemony and refuse to listen to the people labelled as a security problem by White epistemic authorities. I contend that it is the White security policy that needs to be educated to prevent violence and maintain durable security. © The Author(s) 2023.

@article{schuessler_moral_2023,
	title = {Moral {Legislation} behind a {Veil} of {Ignorance}: {Cardinal} {Sforza} {Pallavicino} (1607–67) on the {Procedure} of {Natural} {Law}},
	volume = {61},
	issn = {00225053},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85159571466&doi=10.1353%2fhph.2023.0018&partnerID=40&md5=3818fe93373a40d7212b0964c7ace07f},
	doi = {10.1353/hph.2023.0018},
	abstract = {Cardinal Sforza Pallavicino, SJ (1607–67), conceived a procedure for determining natural moral laws by voting under a veil of ignorance. Behind this veil, imagined possible people who are ignorant of their social position, personal characteristics, nation, and the historical period in which they live vote as equals. These possible people are asked to establish a moral law in pursuit of their own and collective happiness, which they are obligated by God to follow. This article discusses Pallavicino’s innovative approach to natural law and examines its reception in Southern Germany and (what is now) Austria. © 2023 Johns Hopkins University Press. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of the History of Philosophy},
	author = {Schuessler, Rudolf},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Johns Hopkins University Press
Type: Article},
	pages = {193 -- 213},
}

Cardinal Sforza Pallavicino, SJ (1607–67), conceived a procedure for determining natural moral laws by voting under a veil of ignorance. Behind this veil, imagined possible people who are ignorant of their social position, personal characteristics, nation, and the historical period in which they live vote as equals. These possible people are asked to establish a moral law in pursuit of their own and collective happiness, which they are obligated by God to follow. This article discusses Pallavicino’s innovative approach to natural law and examines its reception in Southern Germany and (what is now) Austria. © 2023 Johns Hopkins University Press. All rights reserved.

@article{sevincer_political_2023,
	title = {Political {Ideology} {Outdoes} {Personal} {Experience} in {Predicting} {Support} for {Gender} {Equality}},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {0162895X},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85151409578&doi=10.1111%2fpops.12887&partnerID=40&md5=c84ce7aa5fc256c5e8160bd8c5aea48c},
	doi = {10.1111/pops.12887},
	abstract = {Indices of gender equality provide an inconsistent picture of current gender inequality in countries with relatively high equality. We examined women's and men's subjectively perceived gender inequality and their support for gender equality in the general population and in politicians, respectively, in three countries with relatively high gender equality: the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany (total N = 1,612). In both women's and men's perceptions, women were treated more unequally than men. However, the inequality that women perceived was larger than the inequality men perceived. Additionally, women reported they personally experience less inequality than women as a group (person-group discrepancy). Finally, women's and men's left/liberal (vs. right/conservative) political ideology turned out to be a relatively more powerful predictor of support for gender equality than perceived personal and societal inequality. We discuss reasons for why political ideology emerged as the strongest predictor of equality support and sketch out implications for policy efforts toward promoting gender equality. © 2023 The Authors. Political Psychology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Society of Political Psychology.},
	language = {English},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Political Psychology},
	author = {Sevincer, A. Timur and Galinsky, Cindy and Martensen, Lena and Oettingen, Gabriele},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc
Type: Article},
	pages = {829 -- 855},
}

Indices of gender equality provide an inconsistent picture of current gender inequality in countries with relatively high equality. We examined women's and men's subjectively perceived gender inequality and their support for gender equality in the general population and in politicians, respectively, in three countries with relatively high gender equality: the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany (total N = 1,612). In both women's and men's perceptions, women were treated more unequally than men. However, the inequality that women perceived was larger than the inequality men perceived. Additionally, women reported they personally experience less inequality than women as a group (person-group discrepancy). Finally, women's and men's left/liberal (vs. right/conservative) political ideology turned out to be a relatively more powerful predictor of support for gender equality than perceived personal and societal inequality. We discuss reasons for why political ideology emerged as the strongest predictor of equality support and sketch out implications for policy efforts toward promoting gender equality. © 2023 The Authors. Political Psychology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Society of Political Psychology.

@article{smist_nicholas_2023,
	title = {Nicholas {Cusanus} and the {Problem} of {Ignorance}. {A} {Minor} {Polemic} with the {Interpretation} of Étienne {Gilson}},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {23000066},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85179830719&doi=10.26385%2fSG.120313&partnerID=40&md5=5cf7e569e6cf223336575e327de80709},
	doi = {10.26385/SG.120313},
	abstract = {Nicholas cusanus (1401–1464) was a leading figure of the intellectual milieu of the late Middle Ages, one who “towers above his century,” as Étienne Gilson puts it.1 As a consequence, cusanus’s writings have compelled us to undertake various interpretative efforts in order to understand his intellectual legacy in light of the vital issues of this period, including its manifold tensions and conflicts.2 in the periodization that is usually employed by historians of philosophy, cusanus is placed at the end of the Middle Ages and might be easily seen as someone who closes this period by going against the declining medieval © 2023 International Etienne Gilson Society. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Studia Gilsoniana},
	author = {Śmist, Antoni},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: International Etienne Gilson Society
Type: Article},
	pages = {353 -- 377},
}

Nicholas cusanus (1401–1464) was a leading figure of the intellectual milieu of the late Middle Ages, one who “towers above his century,” as Étienne Gilson puts it.1 As a consequence, cusanus’s writings have compelled us to undertake various interpretative efforts in order to understand his intellectual legacy in light of the vital issues of this period, including its manifold tensions and conflicts.2 in the periodization that is usually employed by historians of philosophy, cusanus is placed at the end of the Middle Ages and might be easily seen as someone who closes this period by going against the declining medieval © 2023 International Etienne Gilson Society. All rights reserved.

@article{sokolic_claims_2023,
	title = {Claims to ignorance as a form of participation in transitional justice},
	volume = {58},
	issn = {00108367},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85130462928&doi=10.1177%2f00108367221090111&partnerID=40&md5=c27e8e984fdf0303c2ce5fbeea0f71eb},
	doi = {10.1177/00108367221090111},
	abstract = {Transitional justice is premised on participation that allows local publics to construct, critique and have some ownership over the process. The current scholarship assumes that individuals openly express their views of the process, or that they remain silent. The scholarship has neglected a third, significant form of participation: active withholding of views by saying ‘I don’t know’. This article examines such claims to ignorance and argues that they can provide insight into participation. While both qualitative and quantitative researchers of transitional justice have observed a pervasive pattern of high ‘don’t know’ responses, such claims to ignorance have not been studied. This article develops a theoretical framework that shows that ‘don’t know’ responses are a valuable source of information and argues that they are often an expression of a lack of willingness to respond, rather than genuine ignorance. Drawing on an original corpus of data collected through inter-ethnic focus groups and surveys conducted in four former Yugoslav countries, the study demonstrates how claims to ignorance are constructed as novel manifestations of resistance, restraint or disentitlement. These point to a rejection of transitional justice, which needs to be addressed if individuals are to feel like legitimate participants in the process. © The Author(s) 2022.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Cooperation and Conflict},
	author = {Sokolić, Ivor},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd
Type: Article},
	pages = {102 -- 128},
}

Transitional justice is premised on participation that allows local publics to construct, critique and have some ownership over the process. The current scholarship assumes that individuals openly express their views of the process, or that they remain silent. The scholarship has neglected a third, significant form of participation: active withholding of views by saying ‘I don’t know’. This article examines such claims to ignorance and argues that they can provide insight into participation. While both qualitative and quantitative researchers of transitional justice have observed a pervasive pattern of high ‘don’t know’ responses, such claims to ignorance have not been studied. This article develops a theoretical framework that shows that ‘don’t know’ responses are a valuable source of information and argues that they are often an expression of a lack of willingness to respond, rather than genuine ignorance. Drawing on an original corpus of data collected through inter-ethnic focus groups and surveys conducted in four former Yugoslav countries, the study demonstrates how claims to ignorance are constructed as novel manifestations of resistance, restraint or disentitlement. These point to a rejection of transitional justice, which needs to be addressed if individuals are to feel like legitimate participants in the process. © The Author(s) 2022.

@article{streltsov_epistemological_2023,
	title = {Epistemological {TRiad} in the {SocRatic} {memoRabilia} of {J}.{G}. {Hamann}; [Эпистемологическая триада в «Сократических достопамятностях» И.Г. Гамана]},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {24103047},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85185191245&partnerID=40&md5=2a2c50b2633c8d7b663b4efb0aa5db4a},
	abstract = {In his debut 1759 work Socratic memorabilia (Sokratische Denkwürdigkeiten) directed at Riga entrepreneur I.K. Berens and philosopher I. Kant, Johann Georg Hamann aimed to interpret Socratic ignorance and provide an apologetic of his own stance in life. Hamann’s interpretation significantly differed from the prevalent 18th-century image of Socrates as a champion of reason. For Hamann, the paradox of Pythia’s proclaming a man who said of himself that he “knows nothing” as the wisest reveals the principle of coincidentia oppositorum. To realize his program, Hamann uses, among others, philosophers of Modern times, such as F. Bacon and D. Hume. Hume’s sensualism, in particular, rendered a major influence on Hamann’s view of “faith” in its relation to reason. According to Hamann, Socrates had reached a limit in his way of self-knowledge by recognizing or “believing in” his ignorance. To break through an impasse, he had to resort to an external agent (daimon), which was equivalent to reliance on tradition or external authority despised by the Enlightenment thinkers. Socratic ignorance was not just partial or insufficient knowledge, but rather comprehensive ignorance as feeling (Empfindung). It represented the final step of his inner development while challenging the sophists who did not push through to the limits of self-knowledge like Socrates did. Through his triad of self-knowledge – ignorance – being known Hamann transfers the historical Socrates into his own framework, bringing the key concept of faith (Glaube) into his discussion with the representatives of the Enlightenment. Though not an irrationalist, Hamann emphasizes the non-rational aspect of self-knowledge that was assumed in Antiquity, while his Aufklärung counterparts looked askance at it. © 2023 Plato Philosophical Society. All rights reserved.},
	language = {Russian},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Platonic Investigations},
	author = {Streltsov, Alexey},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Plato Philosophical Society
Type: Article},
	pages = {118 -- 143},
}

In his debut 1759 work Socratic memorabilia (Sokratische Denkwürdigkeiten) directed at Riga entrepreneur I.K. Berens and philosopher I. Kant, Johann Georg Hamann aimed to interpret Socratic ignorance and provide an apologetic of his own stance in life. Hamann’s interpretation significantly differed from the prevalent 18th-century image of Socrates as a champion of reason. For Hamann, the paradox of Pythia’s proclaming a man who said of himself that he “knows nothing” as the wisest reveals the principle of coincidentia oppositorum. To realize his program, Hamann uses, among others, philosophers of Modern times, such as F. Bacon and D. Hume. Hume’s sensualism, in particular, rendered a major influence on Hamann’s view of “faith” in its relation to reason. According to Hamann, Socrates had reached a limit in his way of self-knowledge by recognizing or “believing in” his ignorance. To break through an impasse, he had to resort to an external agent (daimon), which was equivalent to reliance on tradition or external authority despised by the Enlightenment thinkers. Socratic ignorance was not just partial or insufficient knowledge, but rather comprehensive ignorance as feeling (Empfindung). It represented the final step of his inner development while challenging the sophists who did not push through to the limits of self-knowledge like Socrates did. Through his triad of self-knowledge – ignorance – being known Hamann transfers the historical Socrates into his own framework, bringing the key concept of faith (Glaube) into his discussion with the representatives of the Enlightenment. Though not an irrationalist, Hamann emphasizes the non-rational aspect of self-knowledge that was assumed in Antiquity, while his Aufklärung counterparts looked askance at it. © 2023 Plato Philosophical Society. All rights reserved.

@article{tzeng_ignorance-oriented_2023,
	title = {Ignorance-{Oriented} {Instruction} {For} {Future} {Learning}: {Principles} {And} {Practices}},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {19418027},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85185497292&doi=10.18785%2fjetde.1602.14&partnerID=40&md5=97c71d6d32fd66558a848307eabf764d},
	doi = {10.18785/jetde.1602.14},
	abstract = {This article presents a teaching approach known as Ignorance-Oriented Instruction (IOI), which views ignorance as both the driving force and the goal of learning. IOI aims to prepare students for an uncertain future by cultivating their ability to learn by delving into their ignorance and making predictions for the unknown. Key principles underlying the practice of IOI, a course designed based on IOI, and A COPE TRAP model for formulating questions are proposed. The experiences of applying IOI in various classes show that students responded to IOI favorably, although IOI makes the course more challenging than ordinary lecture-based instruction. IOI also presents a significant challenge to instructors because some students’ questions cannot be met without preparation in advance. Overall, IOI offers a promising approach to education that can help students learn how to learn, thereby enhancing their capacity to cope with the future challenges. © 2023, University of Southern MIssissippi. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange},
	author = {Tzeng, Jeng-Yi},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: University of Southern MIssissippi
Type: Article},
	pages = {205 -- 220},
}

This article presents a teaching approach known as Ignorance-Oriented Instruction (IOI), which views ignorance as both the driving force and the goal of learning. IOI aims to prepare students for an uncertain future by cultivating their ability to learn by delving into their ignorance and making predictions for the unknown. Key principles underlying the practice of IOI, a course designed based on IOI, and A COPE TRAP model for formulating questions are proposed. The experiences of applying IOI in various classes show that students responded to IOI favorably, although IOI makes the course more challenging than ordinary lecture-based instruction. IOI also presents a significant challenge to instructors because some students’ questions cannot be met without preparation in advance. Overall, IOI offers a promising approach to education that can help students learn how to learn, thereby enhancing their capacity to cope with the future challenges. © 2023, University of Southern MIssissippi. All rights reserved.

@article{valdes_lectio_2023,
	title = {Lectio at the {Honoris} {Causa} {Doctorate} by the {University} of {Valencia}: {Some} {Reflections} on ignorance; [{Lectio} en el {Doctorado} {Honors} {Causa} por la {Universitat} de {València}: {Algunas} reflexiones sobre la ignorancia]},
	issn = {11389877},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85183711727&doi=10.7203%2fCEFD.50.28016&partnerID=40&md5=4dc6a0edce7169977d82a42437414394},
	doi = {10.7203/CEFD.50.28016},
	language = {Spanish},
	number = {50},
	journal = {Cuadernos Electronicos de Filosofia del Derecho},
	author = {Valdés, Ernesto Garzón},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: University of Valencia, Human Rights Institute.
Type: Article},
	pages = {1 -- 20},
}

@article{truccone-borgogno_climate_2023,
	title = {Climate {Justice} and the {Duty} of {Restitution}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {21945616},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85151302457&doi=10.1515%2fmopp-2021-0071&partnerID=40&md5=c1b93ba08337b80a5856cd67968b5393},
	doi = {10.1515/mopp-2021-0071},
	abstract = {Much of the climate justice discussion revolves around how the remaining carbon budget should be globally allocated. Some authors defend the unjust enrichment interpretation of the beneficiary pays principle (BPP). According to this principle, those states unjustly enriched from historical emissions should pay. I argue that if the BPP is to be constructed along the lines of the unjust enrichment doctrine, countervailing reasons that might be able to block the existence of a duty of restitution should be assessed. One might think that the duty to provide restitution no longer has moral weight if many benefits were already consumed, if the particular benefits obtained from historical emissions cannot be transferred from one country to another, or if present members of developed countries framed their life plans based upon the expectation of continued possession of those benefits. I show that none of these reasons negate the duty to provide restitution. © 2022 the author(s), published by De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Moral Philosophy and Politics},
	author = {Truccone-Borgogno, Santiago},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Type: Article},
	pages = {203 -- 224},
}

Much of the climate justice discussion revolves around how the remaining carbon budget should be globally allocated. Some authors defend the unjust enrichment interpretation of the beneficiary pays principle (BPP). According to this principle, those states unjustly enriched from historical emissions should pay. I argue that if the BPP is to be constructed along the lines of the unjust enrichment doctrine, countervailing reasons that might be able to block the existence of a duty of restitution should be assessed. One might think that the duty to provide restitution no longer has moral weight if many benefits were already consumed, if the particular benefits obtained from historical emissions cannot be transferred from one country to another, or if present members of developed countries framed their life plans based upon the expectation of continued possession of those benefits. I show that none of these reasons negate the duty to provide restitution. © 2022 the author(s), published by De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston.

@article{davis_its_2023,
	title = {It's {Not} an {Issue} of {Malice}, but of {Ignorance}},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {24749567},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85173210189&doi=10.1145%2f3610901&partnerID=40&md5=0a79c789010674bbb3d7932e2c09f198},
	doi = {10.1145/3610901},
	abstract = {As video conferencing (VC) has become necessary for many professional, educational, and social tasks, people who are d/Deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) face distinct accessibility barriers. We conducted studies to understand the challenges faced by DHH people during VCs and found that they struggled to easily present or communicate effectively due to accessibility limitations of VC platforms. These limitations include the lack of tools for DHH speakers to discreetly communicate their accommodation needs to the group. Based on these findings, we prototyped a suite of tools, called Erato that enables DHH speakers to be aware of their performance while speaking and remind participants of proper etiquette. We evaluated Erato by running a mock classroom case study over VC for three sessions. All participants felt more confident in their speaking ability and paid closer attention to making the classroom more inclusive while using our tool. We share implications of these results for the design of VC interfaces and human-the-the-loop assistive systems that can support users who are DHH to communicate effectively and advocate for their accessibility needs. © 2023 ACM.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies},
	author = {Davis, Josh Urban and Wang, Hongwei and Chilana, Parmit K. and Yang, Xing-Dong},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Association for Computing Machinery
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Accessibility, Accessibility barriers, Assistive system, Audition, Behavioral research, Behaviour changes, Case-studies, Hard of hearings, Performance, Telepresence, Video conferencing, Video-conferencing, Visual communication},
}

As video conferencing (VC) has become necessary for many professional, educational, and social tasks, people who are d/Deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) face distinct accessibility barriers. We conducted studies to understand the challenges faced by DHH people during VCs and found that they struggled to easily present or communicate effectively due to accessibility limitations of VC platforms. These limitations include the lack of tools for DHH speakers to discreetly communicate their accommodation needs to the group. Based on these findings, we prototyped a suite of tools, called Erato that enables DHH speakers to be aware of their performance while speaking and remind participants of proper etiquette. We evaluated Erato by running a mock classroom case study over VC for three sessions. All participants felt more confident in their speaking ability and paid closer attention to making the classroom more inclusive while using our tool. We share implications of these results for the design of VC interfaces and human-the-the-loop assistive systems that can support users who are DHH to communicate effectively and advocate for their accessibility needs. © 2023 ACM.

@article{babb_official_2023,
	title = {Official {Misrepresentations} of the {Law} and {Fairness}},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {18719791},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85111112076&doi=10.1007%2fs11572-021-09596-3&partnerID=40&md5=84a07b14532d9c0d9c39cef44252cda5},
	doi = {10.1007/s11572-021-09596-3},
	abstract = {An official misrepresentation of the law occurs when an official, acting as an agent of the state, represents what is legal or not in an erroneous or misleading way. Should reliance on such misrepresentations excuse one from criminal responsibility? American courts presently recognize two official misrepresentation defenses: Entrapment by Estoppel and Public Authority. However, there is disagreement about what constitutes these defenses and what their limits are. Part of the confusion surrounds why these defenses are justified at all, especially given the general principle ignorantia juris non excusat. We propose an answer to this justification question: these defenses are justified because official misrepresentations preclude knowledge of the illegality of the acts in question. It is not simply that someone on the receiving end did not know; they could not know. We develop this account, linking it to due process and fairness, and then use it to clarify Entrapment by Estoppel and Public Authority and argue both should be subject to important restrictions. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Criminal Law and Philosophy},
	author = {Babb, Matthew and Emmerich, Lauren},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media B.V.
Type: Article},
	pages = {83 -- 109},
}

An official misrepresentation of the law occurs when an official, acting as an agent of the state, represents what is legal or not in an erroneous or misleading way. Should reliance on such misrepresentations excuse one from criminal responsibility? American courts presently recognize two official misrepresentation defenses: Entrapment by Estoppel and Public Authority. However, there is disagreement about what constitutes these defenses and what their limits are. Part of the confusion surrounds why these defenses are justified at all, especially given the general principle ignorantia juris non excusat. We propose an answer to this justification question: these defenses are justified because official misrepresentations preclude knowledge of the illegality of the acts in question. It is not simply that someone on the receiving end did not know; they could not know. We develop this account, linking it to due process and fairness, and then use it to clarify Entrapment by Estoppel and Public Authority and argue both should be subject to important restrictions. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.

@article{boult_access_2023,
	title = {Access to collective epistemic reasons: reply to {Mitova}},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {27314642},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85183667092&doi=10.1007%2fs44204-023-00114-x&partnerID=40&md5=4d504197c8ff97ec1ec16c6bff2d215a},
	doi = {10.1007/s44204-023-00114-x},
	abstract = {In this short paper, I critically examine Veli Mitova’s proposal that social-identity groups can have collective epistemic reasons. My primary focus is the role of privileged access in her account of how collective reasons become epistemic reasons for social-identity groups. I argue that there is a potentially worrying structural asymmetry in her account of two different types of cases. More specifically, the mechanisms at play in cases of “doxastic reasons” seem fundamentally different from those at play in cases of “epistemic-conduct reasons.” The upshot is a need for further explanation of what unifies these dimensions of the account. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Asian Journal of Philosophy},
	author = {Boult, Cameron},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Springer Nature
Type: Article},
}

In this short paper, I critically examine Veli Mitova’s proposal that social-identity groups can have collective epistemic reasons. My primary focus is the role of privileged access in her account of how collective reasons become epistemic reasons for social-identity groups. I argue that there is a potentially worrying structural asymmetry in her account of two different types of cases. More specifically, the mechanisms at play in cases of “doxastic reasons” seem fundamentally different from those at play in cases of “epistemic-conduct reasons.” The upshot is a need for further explanation of what unifies these dimensions of the account. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.

@article{chung_when_2023,
	title = {When utilitarianism dominates justice as fairness: an economic defence of utilitarianism from the original position},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {02662671},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85172662348&doi=10.1017%2fS0266267122000098&partnerID=40&md5=3af1cfd659e60699a79f267c56d3465a},
	doi = {10.1017/S0266267122000098},
	abstract = {The original position together with the veil of ignorance have served as one of the main methodological devices to justify principles of distributive justice. Most approaches to this topic have primarily focused on the single person decision-theoretic aspect of the original position. This paper, in contrast, will directly model the basic structure and the economic agents therein to project the economic consequences and social outcomes generated either by utilitarianism or Rawls's two principles of justice. It will be shown that when the differences in people's productive abilities are sufficiently great, utilitarianism dominates Rawls's two principles of justice by providing a higher level of overall well-being to every member of society. Whenever this is the case, the parties can rely on the Principle of Dominance (which is a direct implication of instrumental rationality) to choose utilitarianism over Rawls's two principles of justice. Furthermore, when this is so, utilitarianism is free from one of its most fundamental criticisms that it 'does not take seriously the distinction between persons' (Rawls 1971 [1999]: 24). © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Economics and Philosophy},
	author = {Chung, Hun},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Type: Article},
	pages = {308 -- 333},
}

The original position together with the veil of ignorance have served as one of the main methodological devices to justify principles of distributive justice. Most approaches to this topic have primarily focused on the single person decision-theoretic aspect of the original position. This paper, in contrast, will directly model the basic structure and the economic agents therein to project the economic consequences and social outcomes generated either by utilitarianism or Rawls's two principles of justice. It will be shown that when the differences in people's productive abilities are sufficiently great, utilitarianism dominates Rawls's two principles of justice by providing a higher level of overall well-being to every member of society. Whenever this is the case, the parties can rely on the Principle of Dominance (which is a direct implication of instrumental rationality) to choose utilitarianism over Rawls's two principles of justice. Furthermore, when this is so, utilitarianism is free from one of its most fundamental criticisms that it 'does not take seriously the distinction between persons' (Rawls 1971 [1999]: 24). © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press.

@article{dancy_how_2023,
	title = {How well-intentioned white male physicists maintain ignorance of inequity and justify inaction},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {21967822},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85163038562&doi=10.1186%2fs40594-023-00433-8&partnerID=40&md5=cd3576668f9c0354e8a85440b7e800af},
	doi = {10.1186/s40594-023-00433-8},
	abstract = {Background: We present an analysis of interviews with 27 self-identified progressive white-male physics faculty and graduate students discussing race and gender in physics. White cis men dominate most STEM fields and are particularly overrepresented in positions of status and influence (i.e., full professors, chairs, deans, etc.), positioning them as a potentially powerful demographic for enacting systemic reform. Despite their proclaimed outrage at and interest in addressing inequity, they frequently engage in patterns of belief, speech and (in)action that ultimately support the status quo of white male privilege in opposition to their intentions. Results: The white male physicists we interviewed used numerous discourses which support racist and sexist norms and position them as powerless to disrupt their own privilege. We present and discuss three overarching themes, seen in our data, demonstrating how highly educated, well-intentioned people of privilege maintain their power and privilege despite their own intentions: (1) denying inequity is physically near them; (2) locating causes of inequity in large societal systems over which they have little influence; and (3) justifying inaction. Conclusions: Despite being progressively minded and highly educated, these men are frequently complicit in racism and sexism. We end with recommendations for helping cis men engage the power they hold to better work with marginalized people to disrupt inequity. © 2023, The Author(s).},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {International Journal of STEM Education},
	author = {Dancy, Melissa and Hodari, Apriel K.},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH
Type: Article},
}

Background: We present an analysis of interviews with 27 self-identified progressive white-male physics faculty and graduate students discussing race and gender in physics. White cis men dominate most STEM fields and are particularly overrepresented in positions of status and influence (i.e., full professors, chairs, deans, etc.), positioning them as a potentially powerful demographic for enacting systemic reform. Despite their proclaimed outrage at and interest in addressing inequity, they frequently engage in patterns of belief, speech and (in)action that ultimately support the status quo of white male privilege in opposition to their intentions. Results: The white male physicists we interviewed used numerous discourses which support racist and sexist norms and position them as powerless to disrupt their own privilege. We present and discuss three overarching themes, seen in our data, demonstrating how highly educated, well-intentioned people of privilege maintain their power and privilege despite their own intentions: (1) denying inequity is physically near them; (2) locating causes of inequity in large societal systems over which they have little influence; and (3) justifying inaction. Conclusions: Despite being progressively minded and highly educated, these men are frequently complicit in racism and sexism. We end with recommendations for helping cis men engage the power they hold to better work with marginalized people to disrupt inequity. © 2023, The Author(s).

@article{grutza_among_2023,
	title = {Among {Traitors}, {Thieves}, and {Brokers} {The} {Play} of {Intimacy} in the {Epistemic} {Economies} of {Cold} {War} {Intelligence} {Operations1}},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {1016765X},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85184481085&doi=10.25365%2foezg-2023-34-3-8&partnerID=40&md5=358c5d5d1438594cd22652b20e8d2e9a},
	doi = {10.25365/oezg-2023-34-3-8},
	abstract = {This article deals with the communicative interactions between actors as a crucial epistemological moment. In particular, it analyses the information exchanges and negotiations between the Polish section of the US-American Cold War broadcaster Radio Free Europe (RFE) and its Polish informants as go-betweens in the 1950s to the early 1970s. Framing these interactions as intimate epistemic economies, the author pays special attention to questions of intimacy, confidentiality, testimony, and trust as well as epistemic uncertainty regarding the identity of actors and the content of messages. Furthermore, following recent scholarship, I investigate the boundaries between the history of science and the history of knowledge by interrogating about the role of subjectivity, ignorance, error, and failure in knowledge making. Finally, two main case studies are used to exemplify the tension between different types of knowledge including rumour and gossip, in the light of the epistemic realm of un/knowledgeability in which the US and Polish secret services operated. © 2023 StudienVerlag. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Osterreichische Zeitschrift fur Geschichtswissenschaften},
	author = {Grutza, Anna},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: StudienVerlag
Type: Article},
	pages = {118 -- 137},
}

This article deals with the communicative interactions between actors as a crucial epistemological moment. In particular, it analyses the information exchanges and negotiations between the Polish section of the US-American Cold War broadcaster Radio Free Europe (RFE) and its Polish informants as go-betweens in the 1950s to the early 1970s. Framing these interactions as intimate epistemic economies, the author pays special attention to questions of intimacy, confidentiality, testimony, and trust as well as epistemic uncertainty regarding the identity of actors and the content of messages. Furthermore, following recent scholarship, I investigate the boundaries between the history of science and the history of knowledge by interrogating about the role of subjectivity, ignorance, error, and failure in knowledge making. Finally, two main case studies are used to exemplify the tension between different types of knowledge including rumour and gossip, in the light of the epistemic realm of un/knowledgeability in which the US and Polish secret services operated. © 2023 StudienVerlag. All rights reserved.

@article{kim_is_2023,
	title = {Is {Ignorance} {Bliss}? {Use} of {Alternative} {Financial} {Services}, {Financial} {Knowledge}, and {Financial} {Anxiety}},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {10580476},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85144465387&doi=10.1007%2fs10834-022-09883-8&partnerID=40&md5=d46022b5cb42d45416ad711c6fbeecbe},
	doi = {10.1007/s10834-022-09883-8},
	abstract = {While there is growing empirical attention to the factors affecting the use of Alternative Financial Services (AFS), outcomes of use of AFS are not fully understood. We examined the relationship between AFS use and financial anxiety, with a role of financial knowledge on the association. Using the 2018 National Financial Capability Study, AFS use was measured in three different ways as follows: (1) A binary indicator whether respondents had used at least one of AFS products, (2) the number of different AFS types used, and (3) binary indicators of uses of five different types of AFS. Financial anxiety measure was constructed based on three questions regarding worry, anxious and stressed about personal finance. Regression results demonstrated that AFS use was associated with higher level of financial anxiety while financial knowledge was negatively associated with financial anxiety. Further, results indicated positive interactions between financial knowledge and AFS use, which implies that financial knowledge may increase financial anxiety among AFS users. Considering the interaction and direct effects of financial knowledge on financial anxiety, financial knowledge has a negative effect on anxiety for non-AFS users but little to no effect on anxiety for AFS users. Findings of this study have implications for consumer professionals who work with AFS users. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.},
	language = {English},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Family and Economic Issues},
	author = {Kim, Kyoung Tae and Cho, Soo Hyun and Xiao, Jing Jian},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Springer
Type: Article},
	pages = {956 -- 967},
}

While there is growing empirical attention to the factors affecting the use of Alternative Financial Services (AFS), outcomes of use of AFS are not fully understood. We examined the relationship between AFS use and financial anxiety, with a role of financial knowledge on the association. Using the 2018 National Financial Capability Study, AFS use was measured in three different ways as follows: (1) A binary indicator whether respondents had used at least one of AFS products, (2) the number of different AFS types used, and (3) binary indicators of uses of five different types of AFS. Financial anxiety measure was constructed based on three questions regarding worry, anxious and stressed about personal finance. Regression results demonstrated that AFS use was associated with higher level of financial anxiety while financial knowledge was negatively associated with financial anxiety. Further, results indicated positive interactions between financial knowledge and AFS use, which implies that financial knowledge may increase financial anxiety among AFS users. Considering the interaction and direct effects of financial knowledge on financial anxiety, financial knowledge has a negative effect on anxiety for non-AFS users but little to no effect on anxiety for AFS users. Findings of this study have implications for consumer professionals who work with AFS users. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

@article{kondo_power_2023,
	title = {Power and {Theory}: {Structural} {Racism} and {Zones} of {Sanctioned} {Ignorance}},
	volume = {75},
	issn = {01922882},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85188299246&doi=10.1353%2ftj.2023.a922221&partnerID=40&md5=b30eba80813068023184fdbe5a309a0c},
	doi = {10.1353/tj.2023.a922221},
	language = {English},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Theatre Journal},
	author = {Kondo, Dorinne},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Johns Hopkins University Press
Type: Article},
	pages = {519 -- 532},
}

@article{enninga_achieving_2023,
	title = {Achieving {Ecological} {Reflexivity}: {The} {Limits} of {Deliberation} and the {Alternative} of {Free}-{Market}-{Environmentalism}},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {20711050},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85156147516&doi=10.3390%2fsu15086396&partnerID=40&md5=86fa89accf69d8b8bb886010c610ce6f},
	doi = {10.3390/su15086396},
	abstract = {Environmental problems are often highly complex and demand a great amount of knowledge of the people tasked to solve them. Therefore, a dynamic polit-economic institutional framework is necessary in which people can adapt and learn from changing environmental and social circumstances and in light of their own performance. The environmentalist literature refers to this knowledge producing and self-correcting capacity as ecological reflexivity. Large parts of the literature agree that deliberative democracy is the right institutional arrangement to achieve ecological reflexivity. Our paper sheds doubt on this consensus. While we agree with the critique of centralized, technocratic planning within the literature on deliberative democracy and agree that ecologically reflexive institutions must take advantage of the environmental ‘wisdom of the crowd’, we doubt that deliberative democracy is the right institutional arrangement to achieve this. Ecological deliberation fails to address its own epistemic shortcomings in using crowd wisdom: Rational ignorance, rational irrationality and radical ignorance weaken the performance of deliberative institutions as an alternative and reflexive form of ecological governance. Instead, we propose an institutional order based on market-based approaches as the best alternative for using the environmental wisdom of the crowd. © 2023 by the authors.},
	language = {English},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Sustainability (Switzerland)},
	author = {Enninga, Justus and Yonk, Ryan M.},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: MDPI
Type: Article},
	keywords = {democracy, ecological economics, environmental degradation, environmental economics, institutional framework, market conditions},
}

Environmental problems are often highly complex and demand a great amount of knowledge of the people tasked to solve them. Therefore, a dynamic polit-economic institutional framework is necessary in which people can adapt and learn from changing environmental and social circumstances and in light of their own performance. The environmentalist literature refers to this knowledge producing and self-correcting capacity as ecological reflexivity. Large parts of the literature agree that deliberative democracy is the right institutional arrangement to achieve ecological reflexivity. Our paper sheds doubt on this consensus. While we agree with the critique of centralized, technocratic planning within the literature on deliberative democracy and agree that ecologically reflexive institutions must take advantage of the environmental ‘wisdom of the crowd’, we doubt that deliberative democracy is the right institutional arrangement to achieve this. Ecological deliberation fails to address its own epistemic shortcomings in using crowd wisdom: Rational ignorance, rational irrationality and radical ignorance weaken the performance of deliberative institutions as an alternative and reflexive form of ecological governance. Instead, we propose an institutional order based on market-based approaches as the best alternative for using the environmental wisdom of the crowd. © 2023 by the authors.

@article{spitzer_functional_2023,
	title = {The functional unknomics: {Explaining} ignorance to expand research; [{Das} funktionelle {Unbekanntom}]},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {07221541},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85174835717&doi=10.1055%2fa-2106-0196&partnerID=40&md5=95495c54c562a80a8439c010a545a0fe},
	doi = {10.1055/a-2106-0196},
	language = {German},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Nervenheilkunde},
	author = {Spitzer, Manfred},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Article, functional unknomics, medical research, omics},
	pages = {727 -- 731},
}

@incollection{arfini_serendipity_2023,
	address = {Cham},
	title = {Serendipity and {Ignorance} {Studies}},
	isbn = {978-3-031-33529-7},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33529-7_7},
	abstract = {Selene Arfini seeks to resolve a long-standing paradoxParadox and the seemingly exclusive dichotomy between knowledgeKnowledge and ignoranceIgnorance (also Aching Ignorance) through the concept of serendipity. How can we find new knowledgeKnowledge when we do not know what are we looking for? This question is a brief version of Meno’s or the Learner’s ParadoxParadox, which still manages to be upsetting in contemporary philosophy, despite having been discussed since Plato’s times. Arfini believes that the paradoxParadox still upsets because we strongly connect the explicit act of searching to the event of finding, in the same way as we describe the ideas of knowledgeKnowledge and ignorance as opposite and unrelated. Arfini argues that these assumptions live on, thanks to a cluster of misconceptions that still envelop the ideas of discoveryDiscovery (also, Scientific Discovery), which could be overcome by utilizing insights from recent studies in serendipity, and by reframing ignoranceIgnorance (also Aching Ignorance) from a cognitiveCognition, Cognitive (-offloading) (-trajectory) (-probatonics) perspective.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-17},
	booktitle = {Serendipity {Science}: {An} {Emerging} {Field} and its {Methods}},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	author = {Arfini, Selene},
	editor = {Copeland, Samantha and Ross, Wendy and Sand, Martin},
	year = {2023},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-33529-7_7},
	pages = {125--143},
}

Selene Arfini seeks to resolve a long-standing paradoxParadox and the seemingly exclusive dichotomy between knowledgeKnowledge and ignoranceIgnorance (also Aching Ignorance) through the concept of serendipity. How can we find new knowledgeKnowledge when we do not know what are we looking for? This question is a brief version of Meno’s or the Learner’s ParadoxParadox, which still manages to be upsetting in contemporary philosophy, despite having been discussed since Plato’s times. Arfini believes that the paradoxParadox still upsets because we strongly connect the explicit act of searching to the event of finding, in the same way as we describe the ideas of knowledgeKnowledge and ignorance as opposite and unrelated. Arfini argues that these assumptions live on, thanks to a cluster of misconceptions that still envelop the ideas of discoveryDiscovery (also, Scientific Discovery), which could be overcome by utilizing insights from recent studies in serendipity, and by reframing ignoranceIgnorance (also Aching Ignorance) from a cognitiveCognition, Cognitive (-offloading) (-trajectory) (-probatonics) perspective.

@article{salter_antiepistemology_2023,
	title = {The antiepistemology of organized abuse: {Ignorance}, exploitation, inaction},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {0007-0955},
	shorttitle = {The antiepistemology of organized abuse},
	doi = {10.1093/bjc/azac007},
	abstract = {Organized abuse, in which multiple adults sexually abuse multiple children, has an important role to play in the production of child sexual abuse material (CSAM) but has been relegated to the margins of criminological concern. This paper presents the findings of an international survey of 74 adults who described childhood victimization in CSAM and organized abuse, emphasizing the relationship between organized abuse and entrenched ignorance of it. The paper identifies the multiple zones, practices and structures of ignorance that render organized abuse unknowable and advocates for strategic forms of knowledge production in which ignorance features as a provocation towards information-seeking rather than as a defence mechanism against intolerable realities. © The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Centre for Crime and Justice Studies (ISTD). All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {British Journal of Criminology},
	author = {Salter, M. and Woodlock, D.},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {child sexual abuse, epistemology, exploitation, ignorance, knowledge, policy},
	pages = {221--237},
}

Organized abuse, in which multiple adults sexually abuse multiple children, has an important role to play in the production of child sexual abuse material (CSAM) but has been relegated to the margins of criminological concern. This paper presents the findings of an international survey of 74 adults who described childhood victimization in CSAM and organized abuse, emphasizing the relationship between organized abuse and entrenched ignorance of it. The paper identifies the multiple zones, practices and structures of ignorance that render organized abuse unknowable and advocates for strategic forms of knowledge production in which ignorance features as a provocation towards information-seeking rather than as a defence mechanism against intolerable realities. © The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Centre for Crime and Justice Studies (ISTD). All rights reserved.

@article{naegeli_guilty_2023,
	title = {Guilty ignorance and moral overload in consumer ethics},
	volume = {77},
	issn = {0044-3301},
	shorttitle = {Schuldhafte {Unkenntnis} und moralische überforderung in der {Konsumethik}},
	doi = {10.3196/004433023838087557},
	language = {German},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Zeitschrift fur Philosophische Forschung},
	author = {Naegeli, L.},
	year = {2023},
	pages = {543--567},
}

@article{ju_taxation_2023,
	title = {Taxation behind the veil of ignorance},
	volume = {60},
	issn = {0176-1714},
	doi = {10.1007/s00355-021-01344-9},
	abstract = {We explore the design of impartial tax schemes in a simple setup where agents’ incomes are completely determined by their inborn talents. Building on Harsanyi’s veil-of-ignorance approach, we conceptualize an impartial observer who chooses a tax scheme without knowing her own preferences and the distribution of talents, and whose vNM preferences behind the veil obey Harsanyi’s principle of acceptance and are independent, in terms of utility-scale, of the distribution of talents. Our results in the resulting framework provide three main messages: (i) the veil of ignorance implies anonymity of tax schemes; (ii) the veil of ignorance generically rejects utilitarian tax schemes; (iii) the veil of ignorance endorses the (Rawlsian) leveling tax scheme. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1-2},
	journal = {Social Choice and Welfare},
	author = {Ju, B.-G. and Moreno-Ternero, J.D.},
	year = {2023},
	pages = {165--181},
}

We explore the design of impartial tax schemes in a simple setup where agents’ incomes are completely determined by their inborn talents. Building on Harsanyi’s veil-of-ignorance approach, we conceptualize an impartial observer who chooses a tax scheme without knowing her own preferences and the distribution of talents, and whose vNM preferences behind the veil obey Harsanyi’s principle of acceptance and are independent, in terms of utility-scale, of the distribution of talents. Our results in the resulting framework provide three main messages: (i) the veil of ignorance implies anonymity of tax schemes; (ii) the veil of ignorance generically rejects utilitarian tax schemes; (iii) the veil of ignorance endorses the (Rawlsian) leveling tax scheme. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

@article{gonzalez-martin_guilty_2023,
	title = {Guilty ignorance: {An} internalist perspective from dispositional beliefs for the technological context},
	volume = {2023},
	issn = {1130-6149},
	shorttitle = {Ignorancia culpable: una perspectiva internalista a partir de creencias disposicionales para el contexto tecnológico},
	doi = {10.6035/recerca.6268},
	abstract = {Ignorance is often a valid excuse for wrongdoing. But authors such as William FitzPatrick argued that ignorance is culpable if we could have reasonably expected the agent to take action that would have corrected or prevented it, given his capabilities and the opportunities provided by the context, but failed to do so due to vices such as laziness, indifference, disdain, etc. Guilty ignorance is still present in the debate and, in recent times, has become more pressing with the problem of technological responsibility. In this paper, an internalist perspective of culpable ignorance is adopted to analyze a form of culpability distribution in the technological context based on dispositional beliefs. Thus, two types of responsibility are found. By examining the implications of culpable ignorance, we realize that we can respond to the unambiguous idea that an engineer is morally and epistemically responsible for certain facts. © 2023 Universitat Jaume I. All rights reserved.},
	language = {Spanish},
	journal = {Recerca},
	author = {González-Martín, J.A.},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {dispositional beliefs, epistemic responsibility, guilty ignorance, internalism, moral culpability},
}

Ignorance is often a valid excuse for wrongdoing. But authors such as William FitzPatrick argued that ignorance is culpable if we could have reasonably expected the agent to take action that would have corrected or prevented it, given his capabilities and the opportunities provided by the context, but failed to do so due to vices such as laziness, indifference, disdain, etc. Guilty ignorance is still present in the debate and, in recent times, has become more pressing with the problem of technological responsibility. In this paper, an internalist perspective of culpable ignorance is adopted to analyze a form of culpability distribution in the technological context based on dispositional beliefs. Thus, two types of responsibility are found. By examining the implications of culpable ignorance, we realize that we can respond to the unambiguous idea that an engineer is morally and epistemically responsible for certain facts. © 2023 Universitat Jaume I. All rights reserved.

@article{kinney2023,
	title = {Risk aversion and elite‐group ignorance},
	volume = {106},
	doi = {10.1111/phpr.12837},
	abstract = {Critical race theorists and standpoint epistemologists argue that agents who are members of dominant social groups are often in a state of ignorance about the extent of their social dominance, where this ignorance is explained by these agents' membership in a socially dominant group (e.g., Mills 2007). To illustrate this claim bluntly, it is argued: 1) that many white men do not know the extent of their social dominance, 2) that they remain ignorant as to the extent of their dominant social position even where this information is freely attainable, and 3) that this ignorance is due in part to the fact that they are white men. We argue that on Buchak's (2010, 2013) model of risk averse instrumental rationality, ignorance of one's privileges can be rational. This argument yields a new account of elite‐group ignorance, why it may occur, and how it might be alleviated.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Philosophy and Phenomenological Research},
	author = {Kinney, David and Bright, Liam Kofi},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {PRINTED (Fonds papier)},
	pages = {35--57},
}

Critical race theorists and standpoint epistemologists argue that agents who are members of dominant social groups are often in a state of ignorance about the extent of their social dominance, where this ignorance is explained by these agents' membership in a socially dominant group (e.g., Mills 2007). To illustrate this claim bluntly, it is argued: 1) that many white men do not know the extent of their social dominance, 2) that they remain ignorant as to the extent of their dominant social position even where this information is freely attainable, and 3) that this ignorance is due in part to the fact that they are white men. We argue that on Buchak's (2010, 2013) model of risk averse instrumental rationality, ignorance of one's privileges can be rational. This argument yields a new account of elite‐group ignorance, why it may occur, and how it might be alleviated.

@article{denicola_rik_2023,
	title = {Rik {Peels}' {Ignorance}: {A} {Philosophical} {Study}},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {2210-5700},
	shorttitle = {Rik {Peels}' {Ignorance}},
	doi = {10.1163/22105700-bja10064},
	abstract = {Although Rik Peels modestly subtitles his book A Philosophical Study,1 he promptly declares his ambitious, two-fold plan: to develop a "full-blown epistemology of ignorance"and then to use his epistemology "to enlighten several important debates that involve the notion of ignorance"(14, 18). The opening chapter includes a seven-page history of the philosophy of ignorance including brief notices of Hindu and Buddhist concepts, an account of the historic neglect of ignorance in analytic epistemology, and notice of recent scholarship. Though this introduction is largely self-contained, it does set a scholarly context for Peels' study, which he then previews. © 2023 Brill Academic Publishers. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {International Journal for the Study of Skepticism},
	author = {Denicola, D.R.},
	year = {2023},
}

Although Rik Peels modestly subtitles his book A Philosophical Study,1 he promptly declares his ambitious, two-fold plan: to develop a "full-blown epistemology of ignorance"and then to use his epistemology "to enlighten several important debates that involve the notion of ignorance"(14, 18). The opening chapter includes a seven-page history of the philosophy of ignorance including brief notices of Hindu and Buddhist concepts, an account of the historic neglect of ignorance in analytic epistemology, and notice of recent scholarship. Though this introduction is largely self-contained, it does set a scholarly context for Peels' study, which he then previews. © 2023 Brill Academic Publishers. All rights reserved.

@article{dorozhkin_ignorance_2023,
	title = {Ignorance as an epistemological problem},
	volume = {60},
	issn = {1811-833X},
	shorttitle = {{НЕЗНАНИЕ} КАК ЭПИСТЕМОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ПРОБЛЕМА},
	doi = {10.5840/202360343},
	abstract = {The article explores the controversial concept of “epistemology of ignorance”, defined as an oxymoron. The use of this term in philosophical literature is primarily associated with research on the distribution of information in group-to-group interaction (L. Alkoff, E. Malewski, N. Jaramillo, C. Mills). Nevertheless, authors of this article suppose that such interpretation narrows the epistemological content of the problem of ignorance. One of the goals of this work is an attempt to give a conceptual load to the mentioned phrase. To do this we consider, first of all, the question of the meaning of the concept of ignorance, and then the rationale for the possibility of a harmonious combination of the concepts of “ignorance” and “epistemology”. The article reviews four theses that show the close relationship between ignorance and knowledge, which is in our opinion the primary justification of the epistemological nature of a problem. The first thesis is widely known in the history of philosophy and science and states that ignorance can be a condition of knowledge. The second thesis protects feedback: ignorance is realized through knowledge. The third and fourth theses address states that combine the properties of knowledge and ignorance: the first may have signs of the second, and the second may have signs of the first. This indicates the need to give the well-known concept of “epistemology” some additional aspects necessary for such a relationship; after all, it must be recognized that such a form as an oxymoron is not often found in epistemological studies. Based on this, a conclusion is made about what images epistemological analysis can be carried out. The authors see here two possible research tasks, namely, the analysis of the non – production of knowledge and the analysis of the production of ignorance. © 2023 RAS Institute of Philosophy. All rights reserved.},
	language = {Russian},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Epistemology and Philosophy of Science},
	author = {Dorozhkin, A.M. and Golubinskaya, A.V.},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {epistemology of ignorance, ignorance, knowledge-intensive ignorance, non-production of knowledge, production of ignorance, uncertainty},
	pages = {77--90},
}

The article explores the controversial concept of “epistemology of ignorance”, defined as an oxymoron. The use of this term in philosophical literature is primarily associated with research on the distribution of information in group-to-group interaction (L. Alkoff, E. Malewski, N. Jaramillo, C. Mills). Nevertheless, authors of this article suppose that such interpretation narrows the epistemological content of the problem of ignorance. One of the goals of this work is an attempt to give a conceptual load to the mentioned phrase. To do this we consider, first of all, the question of the meaning of the concept of ignorance, and then the rationale for the possibility of a harmonious combination of the concepts of “ignorance” and “epistemology”. The article reviews four theses that show the close relationship between ignorance and knowledge, which is in our opinion the primary justification of the epistemological nature of a problem. The first thesis is widely known in the history of philosophy and science and states that ignorance can be a condition of knowledge. The second thesis protects feedback: ignorance is realized through knowledge. The third and fourth theses address states that combine the properties of knowledge and ignorance: the first may have signs of the second, and the second may have signs of the first. This indicates the need to give the well-known concept of “epistemology” some additional aspects necessary for such a relationship; after all, it must be recognized that such a form as an oxymoron is not often found in epistemological studies. Based on this, a conclusion is made about what images epistemological analysis can be carried out. The authors see here two possible research tasks, namely, the analysis of the non – production of knowledge and the analysis of the production of ignorance. © 2023 RAS Institute of Philosophy. All rights reserved.

@article{jahaj_beraten_2023,
	title = {Beraten und {Prognostizieren}. {Unsicheres} {Wissen} in der institutionellen vs. der massenmedialen {Politikberatung}},
	volume = {45},
	copyright = {Copyright (c) 2023},
	issn = {2523-9201},
	url = {https://ejournals.facultas.at},
	doi = {10.24989/fs.v45i1-2.2230},
	abstract = {Scientific policy advice provides a special framework for processing scientific uncertainties. Socio-political decisions often require a reliable scientific basis that can be used as orientation and legitimation for political decisions. On the one hand, policy advice takes place institutionalized (e. g. by the Office of Technology Assessment at the German Bundestag [TAB] and the National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina), but also in public media discourse, when scientists give interviews or inform about scientific topics in talk shows. The need for advice concerns future actions and is thus closely linked to uncertain knowledge and the providing of forecasts, i. e. a look into the future. In this article, we focus on the practices of consulting and forecasting in the context of policy advice and capture them in their differentiations as well as show what role uncertain knowledge plays in their argumentation. In addition, we analyze to what extent the formulation of prognoses and advice is influenced by the genre and media context of the statement (expert opinion vs. interview / talk show, i. e. also: written and oral contexts).},
	language = {de},
	number = {1-2},
	urldate = {2023-06-06},
	journal = {Fachsprache},
	author = {Jahaj, Dorothee and Rhein, Lisa},
	month = may,
	year = {2023},
	note = {Number: 1-2},
	pages = {66--84},
}

Scientific policy advice provides a special framework for processing scientific uncertainties. Socio-political decisions often require a reliable scientific basis that can be used as orientation and legitimation for political decisions. On the one hand, policy advice takes place institutionalized (e. g. by the Office of Technology Assessment at the German Bundestag [TAB] and the National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina), but also in public media discourse, when scientists give interviews or inform about scientific topics in talk shows. The need for advice concerns future actions and is thus closely linked to uncertain knowledge and the providing of forecasts, i. e. a look into the future. In this article, we focus on the practices of consulting and forecasting in the context of policy advice and capture them in their differentiations as well as show what role uncertain knowledge plays in their argumentation. In addition, we analyze to what extent the formulation of prognoses and advice is influenced by the genre and media context of the statement (expert opinion vs. interview / talk show, i. e. also: written and oral contexts).

@article{mondon2023,
	title = {Epistemologies of ignorance in far right studies: the invisibilisation of racism and whiteness in times of populist hype},
	volume = {58},
	issn = {0001-6810 {\textbar} 1741-1416 (online)},
	doi = {10.1057/s41269-022-00271-6},
	abstract = {Research on the far right has been a booming field for decades now, with far-right parties generally being much more researched than their right, centre and left counterparts, even when they are marginal in terms of politics or electoral support. Yet, for a field that is notorious for its lively definitional debates and tendency to evolve and reinvent itself terminologically, it has appeared unwilling to engage with the concepts of race, racism and whiteness, or with its very positioning in political structures. Through a mixed-methods discursive approach, this article analyses the titles and abstracts of all articles published in peer-reviewed journal in the sub-field of far right studies between 2016 and 2021 (n = 2543) to highlight which terms and concepts are primed and which are obscured. This article highlights a tendency to prime euphemising terms and concepts such as ‘populism’ and avoid those which engage with systemic and structural forms of oppression such as racism and whiteness. This article thus aims to both map and make sense of the absence of whiteness and racism in the corpus by arguing that it is a symbol of the ongoing presence of colourblind approaches and a lack of reckoning with the scale and pervasion of systemic racism in contemporary societies.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Acta Politica},
	author = {Mondon, Aurelien},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Discourse, Far right, Populism, Racism, Whiteness},
	pages = {876--894},
}

Research on the far right has been a booming field for decades now, with far-right parties generally being much more researched than their right, centre and left counterparts, even when they are marginal in terms of politics or electoral support. Yet, for a field that is notorious for its lively definitional debates and tendency to evolve and reinvent itself terminologically, it has appeared unwilling to engage with the concepts of race, racism and whiteness, or with its very positioning in political structures. Through a mixed-methods discursive approach, this article analyses the titles and abstracts of all articles published in peer-reviewed journal in the sub-field of far right studies between 2016 and 2021 (n = 2543) to highlight which terms and concepts are primed and which are obscured. This article highlights a tendency to prime euphemising terms and concepts such as ‘populism’ and avoid those which engage with systemic and structural forms of oppression such as racism and whiteness. This article thus aims to both map and make sense of the absence of whiteness and racism in the corpus by arguing that it is a symbol of the ongoing presence of colourblind approaches and a lack of reckoning with the scale and pervasion of systemic racism in contemporary societies.

@article{rudy-hiller2023,
	title = {Moral ignorance and the social nature of responsible agency},
	volume = {66},
	doi = {10.1080/0020174x.2019.1667871},
	abstract = {In this paper I sketch a socially situated account of responsible agency, the main tenet of which is that the powers that constitute responsible agency are themselves socially constituted. I explain in detail the constitution relation between responsibility-relevant powers and social context and provide detailed examples of how it is realized by focusing on what I call ‘expectations-generating social factors’ such as social practices, cultural scripts, social roles, socially available self-conceptions, and political and legal institutions. I then bring my account to bear on the debate about the exculpatory potential of moral ignorance. I show that a prominent position in this debate – the position that denies that moral ignorance exculpates – is grounded on an individualistic and acontextualist conception of moral capacities, moral cognition, and blameworthiness, and that this conception leads those philosophers who endorse it to make a number of questionable claims regarding the ability of ordinary agents to overcome their moral ignorance and the culpability they bear for the latter. I conclude by indicating how my socially situated account addresses the issue of moral ignorance.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Inquiry},
	author = {Rudy-Hiller, Fernando},
	year = {2023},
	pages = {821--848},
}

In this paper I sketch a socially situated account of responsible agency, the main tenet of which is that the powers that constitute responsible agency are themselves socially constituted. I explain in detail the constitution relation between responsibility-relevant powers and social context and provide detailed examples of how it is realized by focusing on what I call ‘expectations-generating social factors’ such as social practices, cultural scripts, social roles, socially available self-conceptions, and political and legal institutions. I then bring my account to bear on the debate about the exculpatory potential of moral ignorance. I show that a prominent position in this debate – the position that denies that moral ignorance exculpates – is grounded on an individualistic and acontextualist conception of moral capacities, moral cognition, and blameworthiness, and that this conception leads those philosophers who endorse it to make a number of questionable claims regarding the ability of ordinary agents to overcome their moral ignorance and the culpability they bear for the latter. I conclude by indicating how my socially situated account addresses the issue of moral ignorance.

@article{willard-kyle_valuable_2023,
	title = {Valuable ignorance: delayed epistemic gratification},
	volume = {180},
	issn = {0031-8116},
	shorttitle = {Valuable ignorance},
	doi = {10.1007/s11098-022-01902-6},
	abstract = {A long line of epistemologists including Sosa (Epistemic explanations: a theory of telic normativity, and what it explains. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2021), Feldman (The ethics of belief. Philos and Phenomenol Res 60:667–695, 2002), and Chisholm (Theory of knowledge, 2nd edn. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 2007) have argued that, at least for a certain class of questions that we take up, we should (or should aim to) close inquiry iff by closing inquiry we would meet a unique epistemic standard. I argue that no epistemic norm of this general form is true: there is not a single epistemic standard that demarcates the boundary between inquiries we are forbidden and obligated to close. In short, such norms are false because they are insensitive to the potentially ambitious epistemic goals that agents may permissibly bring to bear on an inquiry. Focusing particularly on knowledge-oriented versions of the norm, I argue that beliefless ignorance has a positive role to play in epistemic life by licensing prolonged inquiry into questions that we especially care about. © 2022, The Author(s).},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Philosophical Studies},
	author = {Willard-Kyle, C.},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Delayed gratification, Epistemic value, Ignorance, Ignorance in history and philosophy of science and technology - general information, Inquiry, PRINTED (Fonds papier)},
	pages = {363--384},
}

A long line of epistemologists including Sosa (Epistemic explanations: a theory of telic normativity, and what it explains. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2021), Feldman (The ethics of belief. Philos and Phenomenol Res 60:667–695, 2002), and Chisholm (Theory of knowledge, 2nd edn. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 2007) have argued that, at least for a certain class of questions that we take up, we should (or should aim to) close inquiry iff by closing inquiry we would meet a unique epistemic standard. I argue that no epistemic norm of this general form is true: there is not a single epistemic standard that demarcates the boundary between inquiries we are forbidden and obligated to close. In short, such norms are false because they are insensitive to the potentially ambitious epistemic goals that agents may permissibly bring to bear on an inquiry. Focusing particularly on knowledge-oriented versions of the norm, I argue that beliefless ignorance has a positive role to play in epistemic life by licensing prolonged inquiry into questions that we especially care about. © 2022, The Author(s).

@article{jones2023,
	title = {Motivated ignorance and social identity threat: the case of the {Flat} {Earth}},
	volume = {29},
	doi = {10.1080/13504630.2023.2208033},
	abstract = {Belief in a conspiracy theory may, for some, provide a social identity. Because of the nature of many conspiracy theories, social identities associated with such beliefs may be subject to varied and considerable threats. Whilst various mechanisms for dealing with social identity threat have received widespread attention, this paper introduces an as yet unexplored strategy – that of ‘motivated ignorance' – as a further mechanism for social identity maintenance. This is a behavior where individuals actively avoid freely available and accessible information in order to protect a social identity from information that may be harmful to the existence of the broader social group, and thus the individual’s own sense of self. Using a netnographic approach, we explored motivated ignorance related to the social identities formed around beliefs in the Flat Earth. Data revealed two categories of motivated ignorance. Firstly, that of ‘poisoning the well', where ignorance was justified by derogating the perceived epistemic quality of the information. The second was more instrumental, through ad hominem attacks on the source rather than the epistemic quality of information. The study suggests that motivated ignorance may be used as a strategy that may be used to protect social identities that are under threat, adding a further mechanism to the literature on coping with social identity threat.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Social Identities},
	author = {Jones, Ian and Adams, Andrew and Mayoh, Joanne},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {ethnography, identity construction, social theory},
	pages = {79--94},
}

Belief in a conspiracy theory may, for some, provide a social identity. Because of the nature of many conspiracy theories, social identities associated with such beliefs may be subject to varied and considerable threats. Whilst various mechanisms for dealing with social identity threat have received widespread attention, this paper introduces an as yet unexplored strategy – that of ‘motivated ignorance' – as a further mechanism for social identity maintenance. This is a behavior where individuals actively avoid freely available and accessible information in order to protect a social identity from information that may be harmful to the existence of the broader social group, and thus the individual’s own sense of self. Using a netnographic approach, we explored motivated ignorance related to the social identities formed around beliefs in the Flat Earth. Data revealed two categories of motivated ignorance. Firstly, that of ‘poisoning the well', where ignorance was justified by derogating the perceived epistemic quality of the information. The second was more instrumental, through ad hominem attacks on the source rather than the epistemic quality of information. The study suggests that motivated ignorance may be used as a strategy that may be used to protect social identities that are under threat, adding a further mechanism to the literature on coping with social identity threat.

@article{kadel2023,
	title = {Deliberate ignorance—a barrier for information interventions targeting reduced meat consumption},
	doi = {10.1080/08870446.2023.2182895},
	abstract = {Objective
Despite abundant information about negative consequences of consuming meat, consumption in many Western countries is many times higher than recommended. One possible explanation for this discrepancy is that people consciously decide to ignore such information—a phenomenon called deliberate ignorance. We investigated this potential barrier for information interventions aiming to reduce meat consumption.
Methods
In three studies, a total of 1133 participants had the opportunity to see 18 information chunks on negative consequences of meat consumption or to ignore part of the information. Deliberate ignorance was measured as the number of ignored information chunks. We assessed potential predictors and outcomes of deliberate ignorance. Interventions to reduce deliberate ignorance (i.e., self-affirmation, contemplation, and self-efficacy) were experimentally tested.
Results
The more information participants ignored, the less they changed their intention to reduce their meat consumption (r = −.124). This effect was partially explained by cognitive dissonance induced by the presented information. While neither self-affirmation nor contemplation exercises reduced deliberate ignorance, self-efficacy exercises did.
Conclusion
Deliberate ignorance is a potential barrier for information interventions aiming to reduce meat consumption and needs to be considered in future interventions and research. Self-efficacy exercises are a promising approach to reduce deliberate ignorance and should be further explored},
	journal = {Psychology \& Health},
	author = {Kadel, Philipp and Herwig, Ira E. and Mata, Jutta},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {adult, article, clinical assessment, cognition, exercise, female, human, major clinical study, male, meat consumption, self concept},
	pages = {1--18},
}

Objective Despite abundant information about negative consequences of consuming meat, consumption in many Western countries is many times higher than recommended. One possible explanation for this discrepancy is that people consciously decide to ignore such information—a phenomenon called deliberate ignorance. We investigated this potential barrier for information interventions aiming to reduce meat consumption. Methods In three studies, a total of 1133 participants had the opportunity to see 18 information chunks on negative consequences of meat consumption or to ignore part of the information. Deliberate ignorance was measured as the number of ignored information chunks. We assessed potential predictors and outcomes of deliberate ignorance. Interventions to reduce deliberate ignorance (i.e., self-affirmation, contemplation, and self-efficacy) were experimentally tested. Results The more information participants ignored, the less they changed their intention to reduce their meat consumption (r = −.124). This effect was partially explained by cognitive dissonance induced by the presented information. While neither self-affirmation nor contemplation exercises reduced deliberate ignorance, self-efficacy exercises did. Conclusion Deliberate ignorance is a potential barrier for information interventions aiming to reduce meat consumption and needs to be considered in future interventions and research. Self-efficacy exercises are a promising approach to reduce deliberate ignorance and should be further explored

@article{marchetti2023,
	title = {When {Political} {Ignorance} is really harmful for {Democracy}: {Moral} {Intuitions} and {Biased} {Attitudes} in {Voting} {Behaviour}},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {1461-734X},
	doi = {10.1177/01914537221093742},
	abstract = {Ignorance about political related issues has long been considered a threat to democracy. This paper revolves around the concept of political ignorance, focusing especially on Ilya Somin’s book Democracy and Political Ignorance and going beyond his standpoint in two ways. First of all, it moves away from the notion of factual knowledge by showing that political ignorance cannot be limited to a matter of information quality. On the contrary, it shows that ignorance concerns the formation of opinions about political facts, which are the bricks with which disagreement is built. Then, using the insights of the Moral Foundation Theory by Jonathan Haidt and his colleagues, the paper argues that moral intuitions represent an additional source of bias that current research on the problem of voters’ ignorance should address. While Somin argues that biased moral values are the outcome of ignorance, Moral Foundation Theory suggests that moral intuitions are a robust determinant of people’s political views as they make factual knowledge partially irrelevant and also make people with different moral minds unable to understand the basis of reciprocal factual argumentations.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Philosophy \& Social Criticism},
	author = {Marchetti, Jacopo},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Somin, democratic disagreement, moral foundation theory, political ignorance},
	pages = {1046--1060},
}

Ignorance about political related issues has long been considered a threat to democracy. This paper revolves around the concept of political ignorance, focusing especially on Ilya Somin’s book Democracy and Political Ignorance and going beyond his standpoint in two ways. First of all, it moves away from the notion of factual knowledge by showing that political ignorance cannot be limited to a matter of information quality. On the contrary, it shows that ignorance concerns the formation of opinions about political facts, which are the bricks with which disagreement is built. Then, using the insights of the Moral Foundation Theory by Jonathan Haidt and his colleagues, the paper argues that moral intuitions represent an additional source of bias that current research on the problem of voters’ ignorance should address. While Somin argues that biased moral values are the outcome of ignorance, Moral Foundation Theory suggests that moral intuitions are a robust determinant of people’s political views as they make factual knowledge partially irrelevant and also make people with different moral minds unable to understand the basis of reciprocal factual argumentations.

@article{moojen2023,
	title = {Using misperceived social norms as a license: does pluralistic ignorance trigger complacency in the food environment},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {1553-4529},
	doi = {10.1080/15534510.2023.2251643},
	abstract = {The current food environment strongly communicates the normality of consuming unhealthy and unsustainable food products. However, it is unclear whether people truly support this unhealthy and unsustainable social norm, or that they follow the norm (reluctantly) because they believe that other people agree with it, a phenomenon that is generally known as pluralistic ignorance. While previous research has documented the existence of pluralistic ignorance in a variety of settings, it is unknown to what extent it directly influences behavior and which mechanism may account for this influence. The present study examines whether the perception that others seem to agree with unhealthy and unsustainable eating norms acts as a license to not change one’s eating behavior and leads to complacency. We assessed pluralistic ignorance by comparing self- and other-scores on the importance, frequency, normalcy, and intentions dimensions of consuming healthy and sustainable food in a large sample of Dutch participants (N = 415). To investigate the effect of pluralistic ignorance on self-licensing and complacency, we calculated healthy and sustainable ‘misperception scores’ per dimension. Healthy eating misperceptions only marginally predicted self-licensing, but healthy misperceived intentions did predict an increase in complacency. Sustainable eating misperceptions seem more influential because misperceptions on importance and frequency predicted an increase in self-licensing, and sustainable misperceived normalcy predicted a decrease in complacency and intentions predicted an increase in complacency. These findings suggest that pluralistic ignorance may be more influential in sustainable eating since people could be uncertain what appropriate sustainable food choices are. Prospects for future research and suggestions to address pluralistic ignorance to potentially increase healthy and sustainable food choices are discussed.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Social Influence},
	author = {Moojen, Reinoud and Gillebaart, Marleen and de Ridder, Denise},
	year = {2023},
	pages = {1--17},
}

The current food environment strongly communicates the normality of consuming unhealthy and unsustainable food products. However, it is unclear whether people truly support this unhealthy and unsustainable social norm, or that they follow the norm (reluctantly) because they believe that other people agree with it, a phenomenon that is generally known as pluralistic ignorance. While previous research has documented the existence of pluralistic ignorance in a variety of settings, it is unknown to what extent it directly influences behavior and which mechanism may account for this influence. The present study examines whether the perception that others seem to agree with unhealthy and unsustainable eating norms acts as a license to not change one’s eating behavior and leads to complacency. We assessed pluralistic ignorance by comparing self- and other-scores on the importance, frequency, normalcy, and intentions dimensions of consuming healthy and sustainable food in a large sample of Dutch participants (N = 415). To investigate the effect of pluralistic ignorance on self-licensing and complacency, we calculated healthy and sustainable ‘misperception scores’ per dimension. Healthy eating misperceptions only marginally predicted self-licensing, but healthy misperceived intentions did predict an increase in complacency. Sustainable eating misperceptions seem more influential because misperceptions on importance and frequency predicted an increase in self-licensing, and sustainable misperceived normalcy predicted a decrease in complacency and intentions predicted an increase in complacency. These findings suggest that pluralistic ignorance may be more influential in sustainable eating since people could be uncertain what appropriate sustainable food choices are. Prospects for future research and suggestions to address pluralistic ignorance to potentially increase healthy and sustainable food choices are discussed.

@article{chen2022,
	title = {The impact of ignorance and bias on information security protection motivation: a case of e-waste handling},
	volume = {33},
	doi = {10.1108/intr-04-2022-0238},
	abstract = {Protection motivation theory (PMT) explains that the intention to cope with information security risks is based on informed threat and coping appraisals. However, people cannot always make appropriate assessments due to possible ignorance and cognitive biases. This study proposes a research model that introduces four antecedent factors from ignorance and bias perspectives into the PMT model and empirically tests this model with data from a survey of electronic waste (e-waste) handling.Design/methodology/approachThe data collected from 356 Chinese samples are analyzed via structural equation modeling (SEM).FindingsThe results revealed that for threat appraisal, optimistic bias leads to a lower perception of risks. However, factual ignorance (lack of knowledge of risks) does not significantly affect the perceived threat. For coping appraisal, practical ignorance (lack of knowledge of coping with risks) leads to low response efficacy and self-efficacy and high perceptions of coping cost, but the illusion of control overestimates response efficacy and self-efficacy.Originality/valueFirst, this study addresses a new type of information security problem in e-waste handling. Second, this study extends the PMT model by exploring the roles of ignorance and bias as antecedents. Finally, the authors reinvestigate the basic constructs of PMT to identify how rational threat and coping assessments affect user intentions to cope with data security risks.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Internet Research},
	author = {Chen, Hao and Yuan, Yufei},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {1 Learned ignorance, Bias, E-waste information security, Empirical study, Ignorance, Information security management, Protection motivation theory, Survey},
	pages = {2244--2275},
}

Protection motivation theory (PMT) explains that the intention to cope with information security risks is based on informed threat and coping appraisals. However, people cannot always make appropriate assessments due to possible ignorance and cognitive biases. This study proposes a research model that introduces four antecedent factors from ignorance and bias perspectives into the PMT model and empirically tests this model with data from a survey of electronic waste (e-waste) handling.Design/methodology/approachThe data collected from 356 Chinese samples are analyzed via structural equation modeling (SEM).FindingsThe results revealed that for threat appraisal, optimistic bias leads to a lower perception of risks. However, factual ignorance (lack of knowledge of risks) does not significantly affect the perceived threat. For coping appraisal, practical ignorance (lack of knowledge of coping with risks) leads to low response efficacy and self-efficacy and high perceptions of coping cost, but the illusion of control overestimates response efficacy and self-efficacy.Originality/valueFirst, this study addresses a new type of information security problem in e-waste handling. Second, this study extends the PMT model by exploring the roles of ignorance and bias as antecedents. Finally, the authors reinvestigate the basic constructs of PMT to identify how rational threat and coping assessments affect user intentions to cope with data security risks.

@article{muller2023,
	title = {Corpus {Approaches} to {Analysing} {Uncertainty} and {Ignorance} in {Academic} {Discourse}},
	volume = {45},
	doi = {10.24989/fs.v45i1-2.2232},
	abstract = {The article provides an overview of corpus approaches to researching linguistic practices for dealing with ignorance and uncertainty. Uncertainty and ignorance are first and foremost epistemological or socio-psychological categories rather than linguistic ones. But they can be applied to a corpus linguistic setting. Based on a presentation of the central terms and their relevance for digital corpus research, this paper exemplifies proposals for operationalisations using a corpus of political science texts from the field of International Relations (DIReC). It gives an overview of various methods of researching ignorance and uncertainty in academic discourse, focusing on lexicon-based, annotation-based and pattern-search-based approaches as well as combinations thereof. The structure of the explanations reflects a central conflict of aims: On the one hand, corpus-based research on ignorance and uncertainty requires a precise, interpretive approach to the contextual meaning and epistemic function of each individual piece of evidence. On the other hand, it seems advantageous to investigate the largest possible corpora for reasons of reliability. The final section presents an application sketch that addresses and exemplifies several methodological problems. It compares uncertainty markers in political science discourse as found in the DIReC corpus with those in conspiracy theories, drawing on the LOCO corpus and journalistic discourse represented in a reference corpus of US newspapers.},
	number = {1-2},
	journal = {Fachsprache},
	author = {Müller, Marcus},
	year = {2023},
	pages = {28--47},
}

The article provides an overview of corpus approaches to researching linguistic practices for dealing with ignorance and uncertainty. Uncertainty and ignorance are first and foremost epistemological or socio-psychological categories rather than linguistic ones. But they can be applied to a corpus linguistic setting. Based on a presentation of the central terms and their relevance for digital corpus research, this paper exemplifies proposals for operationalisations using a corpus of political science texts from the field of International Relations (DIReC). It gives an overview of various methods of researching ignorance and uncertainty in academic discourse, focusing on lexicon-based, annotation-based and pattern-search-based approaches as well as combinations thereof. The structure of the explanations reflects a central conflict of aims: On the one hand, corpus-based research on ignorance and uncertainty requires a precise, interpretive approach to the contextual meaning and epistemic function of each individual piece of evidence. On the other hand, it seems advantageous to investigate the largest possible corpora for reasons of reliability. The final section presents an application sketch that addresses and exemplifies several methodological problems. It compares uncertainty markers in political science discourse as found in the DIReC corpus with those in conspiracy theories, drawing on the LOCO corpus and journalistic discourse represented in a reference corpus of US newspapers.

@article{dieterle2023,
	title = {Other-{Oriented} {Hermeneutical} {Injustice}, {Affected} {Ignorance}, or {Human} {Ignorance}},
	volume = {37},
	doi = {10.1080/02691728.2023.2248044},
	abstract = {Paul-Mikhail Podosky introduces the notion of other-oriented hermeneutical injustice and argues that non-human animals are often the subjects of such injustice. In this paper, I argue that although the notion of other-oriented hermeneutical injustice is coherent, Podosky’s examples – including his primary case of non-human animals – are not instances of it. I attempt to show that an epistemology of ignorance serves as a better theoretical basis for Podosky’s argument. In the final section of the paper, I discuss a case that, at first glance, seems to be one of other-oriented hermeneutical injustice. However, I argue that ultimately an epistemology of ignorance gives us a better account of the case.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Social Epistemology},
	author = {Dieterle, J. M.},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {4 Social aspects of ignorance},
	pages = {852--863},
}

Paul-Mikhail Podosky introduces the notion of other-oriented hermeneutical injustice and argues that non-human animals are often the subjects of such injustice. In this paper, I argue that although the notion of other-oriented hermeneutical injustice is coherent, Podosky’s examples – including his primary case of non-human animals – are not instances of it. I attempt to show that an epistemology of ignorance serves as a better theoretical basis for Podosky’s argument. In the final section of the paper, I discuss a case that, at first glance, seems to be one of other-oriented hermeneutical injustice. However, I argue that ultimately an epistemology of ignorance gives us a better account of the case.

@article{fjellheim2023,
	title = {Wind {Energy} on {Trial} in {Saepmie}: {Epistemic} {Controversies} and {Strategic} {Ignorance} in {Norway}’s {Green} {Energy} {Transition}},
	volume = {14},
	doi = {10.23865/arctic.v14.5586},
	abstract = {Climate change policies and the green energy transition have renewed colonial structures and injustices for Indigenous peoples in land-use conflicts, but not without resistance. This article explores epistemic controversies in a legal struggle concerning impacts from wind energy infrastructure on Southern Saami reindeer herding and culture in Norway. The article draws on courtroom ethnography and diverse written material concerning a court case between the wind energy company Fosen Vind DA and the Southern Saami reindeer herders in Fovsen Njaarke Sïjte. The findings show that the parties’ competing claims to truth rely on different knowledge systems and worldviews concerning what Southern Saami reindeer herding is an ought to be. However, beyond onto-epistemological struggles between the “Indigenous” and the “Western”, Fosen Vind DA and the Norwegian state strategically ignored all knowledges that threatened capitalist and green colonial interests. The Fosen case illustrates how Indigenous peoples can contest dominant knowledge regimes and colonial presumptions about their livelihoods, culture, and rights through the legal system. However, the Norwegian state’s reluctancy to respect the outcome of the Supreme Court verdict reveals that asymmetric power relations continue to pave the way for colonial dispossession of Saami landscapes, epistemes, and human rights in the green energy transition.},
	journal = {Arctic Review on Law and Politics},
	author = {Fjellheim, Eva Maria},
	year = {2023},
	pages = {140--168},
}

Climate change policies and the green energy transition have renewed colonial structures and injustices for Indigenous peoples in land-use conflicts, but not without resistance. This article explores epistemic controversies in a legal struggle concerning impacts from wind energy infrastructure on Southern Saami reindeer herding and culture in Norway. The article draws on courtroom ethnography and diverse written material concerning a court case between the wind energy company Fosen Vind DA and the Southern Saami reindeer herders in Fovsen Njaarke Sïjte. The findings show that the parties’ competing claims to truth rely on different knowledge systems and worldviews concerning what Southern Saami reindeer herding is an ought to be. However, beyond onto-epistemological struggles between the “Indigenous” and the “Western”, Fosen Vind DA and the Norwegian state strategically ignored all knowledges that threatened capitalist and green colonial interests. The Fosen case illustrates how Indigenous peoples can contest dominant knowledge regimes and colonial presumptions about their livelihoods, culture, and rights through the legal system. However, the Norwegian state’s reluctancy to respect the outcome of the Supreme Court verdict reveals that asymmetric power relations continue to pave the way for colonial dispossession of Saami landscapes, epistemes, and human rights in the green energy transition.

@article{hoffmann2023,
	title = {Petty bribery, pluralistic ignorance, and the collective action problem},
	volume = {5},
	doi = {10.1017/dap.2023.19},
	abstract = {Bribery for access to public goods and services remains a widespread and seemingly innocuous practice which disproportionately targets the poor and helps keep them poor. Furthermore, its aggregate effects erode the legitimacy of government institutions and their capacity to fairly administer public goods and services as well as protection under the law. Drawing on original evidence using social norms methodology, this research tests underlying beliefs and expectations which sustain persistent forms of bribery and draws attention to the presence of pluralistic ignorance and consequent collective action problems. With examples focused on bribery in traffic law enforcement, healthcare, and education—three critical areas where bribery is often identified as an entrenched practice—this article contributes new evidence of: (a) the presence of pluralistic ignorance, a common social comparison error, surrounding bribery behavior; (b) differing social evaluations of bribe-solicitation; and finally, (c) how this context might exacerbate collective action problems. This empirical case study of Nigeria shows that even though more people are likely to be directly affected by bribery during routine interactions with public officials and institutions and many believe this practice is wrong, most people incorrectly believe that others in their community tolerate or even accept bribery behavior.},
	journal = {Data \& Policy},
	author = {Hoffmann, Leena K. and Patel, Raj N.},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Bribery, collective action, pluralistic ignorance, social norms},
	pages = {e24--1--24},
}

Bribery for access to public goods and services remains a widespread and seemingly innocuous practice which disproportionately targets the poor and helps keep them poor. Furthermore, its aggregate effects erode the legitimacy of government institutions and their capacity to fairly administer public goods and services as well as protection under the law. Drawing on original evidence using social norms methodology, this research tests underlying beliefs and expectations which sustain persistent forms of bribery and draws attention to the presence of pluralistic ignorance and consequent collective action problems. With examples focused on bribery in traffic law enforcement, healthcare, and education—three critical areas where bribery is often identified as an entrenched practice—this article contributes new evidence of: (a) the presence of pluralistic ignorance, a common social comparison error, surrounding bribery behavior; (b) differing social evaluations of bribe-solicitation; and finally, (c) how this context might exacerbate collective action problems. This empirical case study of Nigeria shows that even though more people are likely to be directly affected by bribery during routine interactions with public officials and institutions and many believe this practice is wrong, most people incorrectly believe that others in their community tolerate or even accept bribery behavior.

@incollection{ferrari_mimetic_2023,
	title = {Mimetic isomorphism, pluralistic ignorance, and entrepreneurial decision-making in {SMEs}: {A} socio-psychological approach explaining the collective diffusion of "bad practices" in an organizational field},
	isbn = {978-3-11-074765-2},
	shorttitle = {Mimetic isomorphism, pluralistic ignorance, and entrepreneurial decision-making in {SMEs}},
	abstract = {Empirical evidence shows that inter-organizational imitative behaviors with negative outcomes for innovation are a common occurrence in SMEs. This chapter aims to provide an explanation for the widespread diffusion of such managerial practices within an organizational field (manufacturing district, firms' network, local communities). In order to explain this diffusion, a socio-psychological approach can be very useful in addition to a managerial one. This paper also aims to provide suggestions for the prevention of these types of dysfunctional organizational innovation. © 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.},
	language = {English},
	booktitle = {De {Gruyter} {Handbook} of {SME} {Entrepreneurship}},
	author = {Ferrari, F.},
	year = {2023},
	doi = {10.1515/9783110747652-014},
	keywords = {Metamanagement, Mimetic isomorphism, Organizational innovation, Pluralistic ignorance, SMEs},
	pages = {281--299},
}

Empirical evidence shows that inter-organizational imitative behaviors with negative outcomes for innovation are a common occurrence in SMEs. This chapter aims to provide an explanation for the widespread diffusion of such managerial practices within an organizational field (manufacturing district, firms' network, local communities). In order to explain this diffusion, a socio-psychological approach can be very useful in addition to a managerial one. This paper also aims to provide suggestions for the prevention of these types of dysfunctional organizational innovation. © 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.

@article{aghbolagh_coevolutionary_2023,
	title = {Coevolutionary {Dynamics} of {Actions} and {Opinions} in {Social} {Networks}},
	volume = {68},
	issn = {0018-9286},
	doi = {10.1109/TAC.2023.3290771},
	abstract = {Empirical studies suggest a deep intertwining between opinion formation and decision-making processes, but these have been treated as separate problems in the study of dynamical models for social networks. In this article, we bridge the gap in the literature by proposing a novel coevolutionary model, in which each individual selects an action from a binary set and has an opinion on which action they prefer. Actions and opinions coevolve on a two-layer network. For homogeneous parameters, undirected networks, and under reasonable assumptions on the asynchronous updating mechanics, we prove that the coevolutionary dynamics is an ordinal potential game, enabling analysis via potential game theory. Specifically, we establish global convergence to the Nash equilibria of the game, proving that actions converge in a finite number of time steps, while opinions converge asymptotically. Next, we provide sufficient conditions for the existence of, and convergence to, polarized equilibria, whereby the population splits into two communities, each selecting and supporting one of the actions. Finally, we use simulations to examine the social psychological phenomenon of pluralistic ignorance. © 1963-2012 IEEE.},
	language = {English},
	number = {12},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control},
	author = {Aghbolagh, H.D. and Ye, M. and Zino, L. and Chen, Z. and Cao, M.},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Decision making, dynamics on networks, evolutionary game theory, opinion dynamics, polarization},
	pages = {7708--7723},
}

Empirical studies suggest a deep intertwining between opinion formation and decision-making processes, but these have been treated as separate problems in the study of dynamical models for social networks. In this article, we bridge the gap in the literature by proposing a novel coevolutionary model, in which each individual selects an action from a binary set and has an opinion on which action they prefer. Actions and opinions coevolve on a two-layer network. For homogeneous parameters, undirected networks, and under reasonable assumptions on the asynchronous updating mechanics, we prove that the coevolutionary dynamics is an ordinal potential game, enabling analysis via potential game theory. Specifically, we establish global convergence to the Nash equilibria of the game, proving that actions converge in a finite number of time steps, while opinions converge asymptotically. Next, we provide sufficient conditions for the existence of, and convergence to, polarized equilibria, whereby the population splits into two communities, each selecting and supporting one of the actions. Finally, we use simulations to examine the social psychological phenomenon of pluralistic ignorance. © 1963-2012 IEEE.

@article{lamb_difficulty_2023,
	title = {Difficulty and the {Reasonable} {Expectation} {Account} of {Exculpating} {Ignorance}},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {1382-4554},
	doi = {10.1007/s10892-023-09417-w},
	abstract = {A plausible view about the epistemic condition of blameworthiness holds the following. Reasonable Expectation (RE): S's state of ignorance excuses iff S could not have been reasonably expected to have corrected or avoided the ignorance. An important, yet underexplored issue for RE concerns cases where an agent had the capacities and opportunities to have corrected or avoided the state of ignorance yet failed to do because of the difficulty involved. When does the fact that it was difficult for the agent to have corrected or avoided the ignorance make an expectation to have done so an unreasonable expectation? Addressing this question is important for understanding what RE implies for a broad range of interesting cases where non-ideal agents out in the real world are ignorant because of commonplace difficulties (e.g., cognitive biases, complexity of large bodies of evidence, and misinformation). Whether commonplace difficulties excuse is an interesting and important topic that a satisfactory account of the epistemic condition needs to address. This paper proposes and defends an irreducibly normative account of when difficulty precludes a reasonable expectation to know better. The paper then shows how this account can be used alongside empirical research to reveal what RE implies for important cases of ignorance had by real non-ideal agents. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Ethics},
	author = {Lamb, M.},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Blameworthiness, Difficulty, Epistemic Condition, Ignorance, Moral Responsibility, Reasonable Expectations},
	pages = {233--243},
}

A plausible view about the epistemic condition of blameworthiness holds the following. Reasonable Expectation (RE): S's state of ignorance excuses iff S could not have been reasonably expected to have corrected or avoided the ignorance. An important, yet underexplored issue for RE concerns cases where an agent had the capacities and opportunities to have corrected or avoided the state of ignorance yet failed to do because of the difficulty involved. When does the fact that it was difficult for the agent to have corrected or avoided the ignorance make an expectation to have done so an unreasonable expectation? Addressing this question is important for understanding what RE implies for a broad range of interesting cases where non-ideal agents out in the real world are ignorant because of commonplace difficulties (e.g., cognitive biases, complexity of large bodies of evidence, and misinformation). Whether commonplace difficulties excuse is an interesting and important topic that a satisfactory account of the epistemic condition needs to address. This paper proposes and defends an irreducibly normative account of when difficulty precludes a reasonable expectation to know better. The paper then shows how this account can be used alongside empirical research to reveal what RE implies for important cases of ignorance had by real non-ideal agents. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.

@article{coggins_seven_2023,
	title = {The seven troubles with norm-compliant robots},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1388-1957},
	doi = {10.1007/s10676-023-09701-1},
	abstract = {Many researchers from robotics, machine ethics, and adjacent fields seem to assume that norms represent good behavior that social robots should learn to benefit their users and society. We would like to complicate this view and present seven key troubles with norm-compliant robots: (1) norm biases, (2) paternalism (3) tyrannies of the majority, (4) pluralistic ignorance, (5) paths of least resistance, (6) outdated norms, and (7) technologically-induced norm change. Because discussions of why norm-compliant robots can be problematic are noticeably absent from the robot and machine ethics literature, this paper fills an important research gap. We argue that it is critical for researchers to take these issues into account if they wish to make norm-compliant robots. © 2023, The Author(s).},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Ethics and Information Technology},
	author = {Coggins, T.N. and Steinert, S.},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Machine ethics, Norms, Robot ethics, Robots, Social norms, Social robots},
}

Many researchers from robotics, machine ethics, and adjacent fields seem to assume that norms represent good behavior that social robots should learn to benefit their users and society. We would like to complicate this view and present seven key troubles with norm-compliant robots: (1) norm biases, (2) paternalism (3) tyrannies of the majority, (4) pluralistic ignorance, (5) paths of least resistance, (6) outdated norms, and (7) technologically-induced norm change. Because discussions of why norm-compliant robots can be problematic are noticeably absent from the robot and machine ethics literature, this paper fills an important research gap. We argue that it is critical for researchers to take these issues into account if they wish to make norm-compliant robots. © 2023, The Author(s).

@incollection{ross_strategic_2023,
	title = {Strategic {Theory} of {Norms} for {Empirical} {Applications} in {Political} {Science} {And} {Political} {Economy}},
	isbn = {978-0-19-751983-7},
	abstract = {The study of social norms sprawls across all of the social sciences but the the concept lacks a unified conception and formal theory. We synthesize an account that can be applied generally, at the social scale of analysis, and can be applied to empirical evidence generated in field and lab experiments. More specifically, we provide new analysis on representing norms for application in empirical political science, and in parts of economics that do not follow the recent trend among some behavioral economists to build models of the cognitive and motivational states of individuals taken “one at a time”. Foundational sources for our project are Bicchieri (2006, 2017), Kuran (1995), and Stirling (2012, 2016). From Bicchieri take that a norm exists in a social structure when a significant networked subset of individuals share descriptive and injunctive expectations that it regulates their interactions. From Kuran we take the insight that prevailing norms may come to be widely disliked by participants in networks but survive because norm suppress public displays of disenchantment. From Stirling we apply conditional game theory (CGT) to provide the technical resources for building our model of a norm-regulated social interaction. The example we use is a multi-player Investment/Trust Game. © Oxford University Press 2023.},
	language = {English},
	booktitle = {The {Oxford} {Handbook} of {Philosophy} of {Political} {Science}},
	author = {Ross, D. and Stirling, W.C. and Tummolini, L.},
	year = {2023},
	doi = {10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197519806.013.5},
	keywords = {conditional game theory, normative expectations, pluralistic ignorance, preference falsification, social norms, trust game},
	pages = {86--121},
}

The study of social norms sprawls across all of the social sciences but the the concept lacks a unified conception and formal theory. We synthesize an account that can be applied generally, at the social scale of analysis, and can be applied to empirical evidence generated in field and lab experiments. More specifically, we provide new analysis on representing norms for application in empirical political science, and in parts of economics that do not follow the recent trend among some behavioral economists to build models of the cognitive and motivational states of individuals taken “one at a time”. Foundational sources for our project are Bicchieri (2006, 2017), Kuran (1995), and Stirling (2012, 2016). From Bicchieri take that a norm exists in a social structure when a significant networked subset of individuals share descriptive and injunctive expectations that it regulates their interactions. From Kuran we take the insight that prevailing norms may come to be widely disliked by participants in networks but survive because norm suppress public displays of disenchantment. From Stirling we apply conditional game theory (CGT) to provide the technical resources for building our model of a norm-regulated social interaction. The example we use is a multi-player Investment/Trust Game. © Oxford University Press 2023.

@incollection{sanchez_reimagining_2023,
	title = {Reimagining the {Canon} {Through} the {Lens} of {Mexican} {Philosophy}},
	isbn = {978-1-00-089650-3},
	abstract = {The premise of this chapter is that the current philosophical canon does not adequately represent non-white-dead-European-males (non-DWEMs). In response to ‘the problem of representation’, some argue that, because the canon is inherently racist, sexist, elitist or otherwise hierarchical, it should be abolished altogether. Others argue that despite a lamentable history of exclusion, the canon should be preserved and made more inclusive or pluralistic. The author offers a third response: we ought to reimagine the canon in a way that helps us to understand why certain contributions have been wrongly excluded and that encourages us to reconsider who belongs on the list. To help make his case, the author introduces the reader to four (non-canonical) Mexican philosophers to make three points. First, the traditional canon is imperialistic in the sense that it is based on an understanding of the Western tradition that justifies our ignorance of other traditions and makes us indifferent to our ignorance. Second, the purpose of canonical works is to help us grow into our full humanity. Third, we ought to understand our common humanity in terms of the precariousness and fragility of human existence that one Mexican philosopher calls our ‘common accidentality’. The aim of reimagining the canon then is not to make it more inclusive in the sense of adding marginalised figures to an already established list but to identify new criteria for reconsidering everyone on and off the list. © 2023 Taylor and Francis.},
	language = {English},
	booktitle = {Historiography and the {Formation} of {Philosophical} {Canons}},
	author = {Sanchez, Jr., R.E.},
	year = {2023},
	doi = {10.4324/9781003184294-2},
	pages = {9--28},
}

The premise of this chapter is that the current philosophical canon does not adequately represent non-white-dead-European-males (non-DWEMs). In response to ‘the problem of representation’, some argue that, because the canon is inherently racist, sexist, elitist or otherwise hierarchical, it should be abolished altogether. Others argue that despite a lamentable history of exclusion, the canon should be preserved and made more inclusive or pluralistic. The author offers a third response: we ought to reimagine the canon in a way that helps us to understand why certain contributions have been wrongly excluded and that encourages us to reconsider who belongs on the list. To help make his case, the author introduces the reader to four (non-canonical) Mexican philosophers to make three points. First, the traditional canon is imperialistic in the sense that it is based on an understanding of the Western tradition that justifies our ignorance of other traditions and makes us indifferent to our ignorance. Second, the purpose of canonical works is to help us grow into our full humanity. Third, we ought to understand our common humanity in terms of the precariousness and fragility of human existence that one Mexican philosopher calls our ‘common accidentality’. The aim of reimagining the canon then is not to make it more inclusive in the sense of adding marginalised figures to an already established list but to identify new criteria for reconsidering everyone on and off the list. © 2023 Taylor and Francis.

@article{jouzel_pesticides_2023,
	title = {Pesticides : exposition des agriculteurs, contamination et reconnaissance des maladies professionnelles},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {1956-7413},
	shorttitle = {Pesticides},
	url = {https://www.cairn.info/revue-regards-croises-sur-l-economie-2023-2-page-234.htm},
	doi = {10.3917/rce.033.0234},
	abstract = {Cet entretien revient sur la fabrique de l’ignorance dans l’évaluation des risques encourus par les agriculteurs exposés aux pesticides. Les modèles sous-estiment l’exposition des agriculteurs, victimes de contamination au long cours. L’exposition aux pesticides est peu à peu reconnue dans les tableaux des maladies professionnelles, mais leur sous-reconnaissance demeure.},
	language = {fr},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-03-15},
	journal = {Regards croisés sur l'économie},
	author = {Jouzel, Jean-Noël},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Place: Paris
Publisher: La Découverte},
	keywords = {exposition, ignorance, maladie professionnelle, épidémiologie, évaluation des risques},
	pages = {234--243},
}

Cet entretien revient sur la fabrique de l’ignorance dans l’évaluation des risques encourus par les agriculteurs exposés aux pesticides. Les modèles sous-estiment l’exposition des agriculteurs, victimes de contamination au long cours. L’exposition aux pesticides est peu à peu reconnue dans les tableaux des maladies professionnelles, mais leur sous-reconnaissance demeure.

@article{portfliet2023,
	title = {How to study strategic ignorance in organizations},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {2052-1499},
	abstract = {This special issue is a testament to the interest in ignorance which has been shown across fields. However, questions remain on how to study the phenomenon. Methods diverge based on what type of ignorance is being examined and what field the study is located in. In this note, we find that a method to study a particular kind of ignorance, namely organizational strategic ignorance, is lacking, primarily due to the power and temporal dimensions at play. We offer that a material approach, specifically one focused on ‘boundary objects’, may be a fruitful avenue for investigating the topic. Objects have long been understood as sites of interpretive flexibility (Star, 2010), and there are parallels that can be drawn between materiality/absence and knowledge/ignorance, incorporating aspects of power, but also the temporal qualities that strategic ignorance encompasses. We draw on our research on whistleblowing to illustrate how boundary objects are a useful starting point for studies of strategic ignorance, and how a material approach in general may be an effective method for ignorance research more widely.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Ephemera},
	author = {Portfliet, M. Van and Fanchini, M.},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {PRINTED (Fonds papier)},
	pages = {217--230},
}

This special issue is a testament to the interest in ignorance which has been shown across fields. However, questions remain on how to study the phenomenon. Methods diverge based on what type of ignorance is being examined and what field the study is located in. In this note, we find that a method to study a particular kind of ignorance, namely organizational strategic ignorance, is lacking, primarily due to the power and temporal dimensions at play. We offer that a material approach, specifically one focused on ‘boundary objects’, may be a fruitful avenue for investigating the topic. Objects have long been understood as sites of interpretive flexibility (Star, 2010), and there are parallels that can be drawn between materiality/absence and knowledge/ignorance, incorporating aspects of power, but also the temporal qualities that strategic ignorance encompasses. We draw on our research on whistleblowing to illustrate how boundary objects are a useful starting point for studies of strategic ignorance, and how a material approach in general may be an effective method for ignorance research more widely.

@article{plesner2023,
	title = {Digitalize and deny: {Pluralistic} collective ignorance in an algorithmic profiling project},
	volume = {23},
	url = {https://ephemerajournal.org/contribution/digitalize-and-deny-pluralistic-collective-ignorance-algorithmic-profiling-project},
	abstract = {The digital transformation paradigm, marked by optimistic tech determinism, pushes contemporary management to constantly consider the usefulness of cutting- edge digital technologies for their organizations. When experiments with such technologies fail, the same optimistic tech determinism seems to play a role in actors’ denial of that failure. Based on an ethnographic study of a public organization, this paper analyzes an empirical case involving an unsuccessful digitalization flagship project. Despite encountering fundamental problems and clearly failing to fulfill its promises, the project was allowed to continue, and daily work took place unabated. This study explores how managers, project managers, and employees reacted to the numerous problems and failures related to the project in both the development and implementation phases. Our paper is situated within the literature on organizational ignorance and denial, and it advances the concept of ‘pluralistic collective ignorance’. Inspired by science and technology studies, the term ‘pluralistic collective ignorance’ is developed to account for the diversity in how organizational members ignore a phenomenon and the diversity of actors who do so. Tech optimism seems to prevent otherwise reflective actors from asking certain kinds of questions about technological solutions. However, as it is often unknown whether a digitalization project will have a positive impact in practice, it remains on open question whether denial should be viewed as supportive or destructive for organizational development.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {ephemera: theory \& politics in organization},
	author = {Plesner, U. and Justesen, L.},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {PRINTED (Fonds papier)},
	pages = {19--48},
}

The digital transformation paradigm, marked by optimistic tech determinism, pushes contemporary management to constantly consider the usefulness of cutting- edge digital technologies for their organizations. When experiments with such technologies fail, the same optimistic tech determinism seems to play a role in actors’ denial of that failure. Based on an ethnographic study of a public organization, this paper analyzes an empirical case involving an unsuccessful digitalization flagship project. Despite encountering fundamental problems and clearly failing to fulfill its promises, the project was allowed to continue, and daily work took place unabated. This study explores how managers, project managers, and employees reacted to the numerous problems and failures related to the project in both the development and implementation phases. Our paper is situated within the literature on organizational ignorance and denial, and it advances the concept of ‘pluralistic collective ignorance’. Inspired by science and technology studies, the term ‘pluralistic collective ignorance’ is developed to account for the diversity in how organizational members ignore a phenomenon and the diversity of actors who do so. Tech optimism seems to prevent otherwise reflective actors from asking certain kinds of questions about technological solutions. However, as it is often unknown whether a digitalization project will have a positive impact in practice, it remains on open question whether denial should be viewed as supportive or destructive for organizational development.

@article{nathan2023,
	title = {Can {Ignorance} {Be} an {Epistemic} {Virtue}},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {2036-9972},
	doi = {10.13137/2036-9972/35478},
	abstract = {Ignorance has traditionally been perceived negatively, as a hurdle. Our knowledge inevitably has gaps and blunders, which are gradually filled in as more is discovered. Over the last few decades, agnotologists and epistemologists of ignorance have challenged this standard story emphasizing that ignorance is not merely the culpable absence of information. Ignorance also has a “virtuous” component, when a specific inquiry ought to be left untouched. Yet, can ignorance become an epistemic virtue in science, a goal in and of itself? This essay shifts the spotlight to a more constructive side of ignorance and its philosophical implications. I begin by distinguishing three kinds of ignorance. Next, I illustrate the claim that ignorance can play a strongly productive role by connecting it to debates over reductionism and the status of black boxes. Finally, I offer some suggestions for incorporating the pursuit of ignorance into our textbooks and other pedagogical tools.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {APhEx},
	author = {Nathan, Marco J.},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {PRINTED (Fonds papier)},
	pages = {159--175},
}

Ignorance has traditionally been perceived negatively, as a hurdle. Our knowledge inevitably has gaps and blunders, which are gradually filled in as more is discovered. Over the last few decades, agnotologists and epistemologists of ignorance have challenged this standard story emphasizing that ignorance is not merely the culpable absence of information. Ignorance also has a “virtuous” component, when a specific inquiry ought to be left untouched. Yet, can ignorance become an epistemic virtue in science, a goal in and of itself? This essay shifts the spotlight to a more constructive side of ignorance and its philosophical implications. I begin by distinguishing three kinds of ignorance. Next, I illustrate the claim that ignorance can play a strongly productive role by connecting it to debates over reductionism and the status of black boxes. Finally, I offer some suggestions for incorporating the pursuit of ignorance into our textbooks and other pedagogical tools.

@article{hertwig2023,
	title = {Blinding to {Circumvent} {Human} {Biases}: {Deliberate} {Ignorance} in {Humans}, {Institutions}, and {Machines}},
	doi = {10.1177/17456916231188052},
	abstract = {Inequalities and injustices are thorny issues in liberal societies, manifesting in forms such as the gender–pay gap; sentencing discrepancies among Black, Hispanic, and White defendants; and unequal medical-resource distribution across ethnicities. One cause of these inequalities is implicit social bias—unconsciously formed associations between social groups and attributions such as “nurturing,” “lazy,” or “uneducated.” One strategy to counteract implicit and explicit human biases is delegating crucial decisions, such as how to allocate benefits, resources, or opportunities, to algorithms. Algorithms, however, are not necessarily impartial and objective. Although they can detect and mitigate human biases, they can also perpetuate and even amplify existing inequalities and injustices. We explore how a philosophical thought experiment, Rawls’s “veil of ignorance,” and a psychological phenomenon, deliberate ignorance, can help shield individuals, institutions, and algorithms from biases. We discuss the benefits and drawbacks of methods for shielding human and artificial decision makers from potentially biasing information. We then broaden our discussion beyond the issues of bias and fairness and turn to a research agenda aimed at improving human judgment accuracy with the assistance of algorithms that conceal information that has the potential to undermine performance. Finally, we propose interdisciplinary research questions.},
	journal = {Perspectives on Psychological Science},
	author = {Hertwig, Ralph and Herzog, Stefan M. and Kozyreva, Anastasia},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {PRINTED (Fonds papier)},
	pages = {1--11},
}

Inequalities and injustices are thorny issues in liberal societies, manifesting in forms such as the gender–pay gap; sentencing discrepancies among Black, Hispanic, and White defendants; and unequal medical-resource distribution across ethnicities. One cause of these inequalities is implicit social bias—unconsciously formed associations between social groups and attributions such as “nurturing,” “lazy,” or “uneducated.” One strategy to counteract implicit and explicit human biases is delegating crucial decisions, such as how to allocate benefits, resources, or opportunities, to algorithms. Algorithms, however, are not necessarily impartial and objective. Although they can detect and mitigate human biases, they can also perpetuate and even amplify existing inequalities and injustices. We explore how a philosophical thought experiment, Rawls’s “veil of ignorance,” and a psychological phenomenon, deliberate ignorance, can help shield individuals, institutions, and algorithms from biases. We discuss the benefits and drawbacks of methods for shielding human and artificial decision makers from potentially biasing information. We then broaden our discussion beyond the issues of bias and fairness and turn to a research agenda aimed at improving human judgment accuracy with the assistance of algorithms that conceal information that has the potential to undermine performance. Finally, we propose interdisciplinary research questions.

@article{havas2023a,
	title = {Innovation studies, social innovation, and sustainability transitions research: {From} mutual ignorance towards an integrative perspective},
	volume = {48},
	doi = {10.1016/j.eist.2023.100754},
	journal = {Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions},
	author = {Havas, Attila and Schartinger, Doris and Weber, K. Matthias},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {PRINTED (Fonds papier)},
	pages = {100754},
}

@article{haider_google_2023,
	title = {Google {Search} and the creation of ignorance: {The} case of the climate crisis},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {20539517},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85150046024&doi=10.1177%2f20539517231158997&partnerID=40&md5=e63cd57a9ac62725c7a695c8915341cf},
	doi = {10.1177/20539517231158997},
	abstract = {The article examines the relationship between commercial search engines, using Google Search as an example, and various forms of ignorance related to climate change. It draws on concepts from the field of agnotology to explore how environmental ignorances, and specifically related to the climate crisis, are shaped at the intersection of the logics of Google Search, everyday life and civil society/politics. Ignorance refers to a multi-facetted understanding of the culturally contingent ways in which something may not be known. Two research questions are addressed: How are environmental ignorances, and in particular related to the climate crisis, shaped at the intersection of the logics of Google Search, everyday life and civil society/politics? In what ways can we conceptualise Google's role as configured into the creation of ignorances? The argument is made through four vignettes, each of which explores and illustrates how Google Search is configured into a different kind of socially produced ignorance: (1) Ignorance through information avoidance: climate anxiety; (2) Ignorance through selective choice: gaming search terms; (3) Ignorance by design: algorithmically embodied emissions; (4) Ignorance through query suggestions: directing people to data voids. The article shows that while Google Search and its underlying algorithmic and commercial logic pre-figure these ignorances, they are also co-created and co-maintained by content producers, users and other human and non-human actors, as Google Search has become integral of social practices and ideas about them. The conclusion draws attention to a new logic of ignorance that is emerging in conjunction with a new knowledge logic. © The Author(s) 2023.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Big Data and Society},
	author = {Haider, Jutta and Rödl, Malte},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Agnotology, Civil society, Climate change, Computer circuits, Embodied emissions, Environmental communication, Google+, Ignorance, Information avoidance, PRINTED (Fonds papier), Relevance, Research questions, Search engines, Search terms},
}

The article examines the relationship between commercial search engines, using Google Search as an example, and various forms of ignorance related to climate change. It draws on concepts from the field of agnotology to explore how environmental ignorances, and specifically related to the climate crisis, are shaped at the intersection of the logics of Google Search, everyday life and civil society/politics. Ignorance refers to a multi-facetted understanding of the culturally contingent ways in which something may not be known. Two research questions are addressed: How are environmental ignorances, and in particular related to the climate crisis, shaped at the intersection of the logics of Google Search, everyday life and civil society/politics? In what ways can we conceptualise Google's role as configured into the creation of ignorances? The argument is made through four vignettes, each of which explores and illustrates how Google Search is configured into a different kind of socially produced ignorance: (1) Ignorance through information avoidance: climate anxiety; (2) Ignorance through selective choice: gaming search terms; (3) Ignorance by design: algorithmically embodied emissions; (4) Ignorance through query suggestions: directing people to data voids. The article shows that while Google Search and its underlying algorithmic and commercial logic pre-figure these ignorances, they are also co-created and co-maintained by content producers, users and other human and non-human actors, as Google Search has become integral of social practices and ideas about them. The conclusion draws attention to a new logic of ignorance that is emerging in conjunction with a new knowledge logic. © The Author(s) 2023.

@article{griessl2023,
	title = {The {Power} of {Secret} {Knowledge}: {The} {RAND} {Corporation}, {Ignorance} {Studies} and {Sociology}},
	doi = {10.1007/s12108-023-09567-2},
	abstract = {The following contribution is concerned with the relation of Dayé’s work on the RAND Corporation during the Cold War and the field of ignorance studies. In doing so, I aim to emphasise the interconnection of three central themes that pervade Dayé’s work: secrecy, ignorance, and power. In an era of Cold War insecurity, marked by strategic attempts by both sides to obscure their own capabilities, a largely secretive organization emerged as a reliable source of knowledge, helping to guide decision-making in uncertain times and to generate policy recommendations. This not only raises significant questions about the power of certain groups or individuals to define what counts as policy-guiding knowledge, it also points to a form of ignorance that is highly productive. It not only affords the creation of new knowledge practices, but it becomes a force in itself that mobilizes the creation of further ignorance. While these connections are implicit in Dayé’s work, this study seeks to bring them to the forefront and to explore them in dialogue with classical sociological literature and in the context of seminal contributions to the field of ignorance studies. In order to do so, I will start with a brief elaboration on the secrecy that surrounded the work conducted at the RAND corporation, alongside a brief discussion of the notion of secrecy and elite power in the canon of classical literature in sociology, to then introduce the field of ignorance studies. From this angle, I will explore how a particular form of ignorance lies at the core of the workings at RAND and how ignorance studies might help to better understand the developing influence and rule of experts.},
	journal = {The American Sociologist},
	author = {Griessl, Lukas},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {2 Ignorance and secret, PRINTED (Fonds papier)},
}

The following contribution is concerned with the relation of Dayé’s work on the RAND Corporation during the Cold War and the field of ignorance studies. In doing so, I aim to emphasise the interconnection of three central themes that pervade Dayé’s work: secrecy, ignorance, and power. In an era of Cold War insecurity, marked by strategic attempts by both sides to obscure their own capabilities, a largely secretive organization emerged as a reliable source of knowledge, helping to guide decision-making in uncertain times and to generate policy recommendations. This not only raises significant questions about the power of certain groups or individuals to define what counts as policy-guiding knowledge, it also points to a form of ignorance that is highly productive. It not only affords the creation of new knowledge practices, but it becomes a force in itself that mobilizes the creation of further ignorance. While these connections are implicit in Dayé’s work, this study seeks to bring them to the forefront and to explore them in dialogue with classical sociological literature and in the context of seminal contributions to the field of ignorance studies. In order to do so, I will start with a brief elaboration on the secrecy that surrounded the work conducted at the RAND corporation, alongside a brief discussion of the notion of secrecy and elite power in the canon of classical literature in sociology, to then introduce the field of ignorance studies. From this angle, I will explore how a particular form of ignorance lies at the core of the workings at RAND and how ignorance studies might help to better understand the developing influence and rule of experts.

@article{degerman2023,
	title = {In defence of fear: {COVID}-19, crises and democracy},
	volume = {26},
	doi = {10.1080/13698230.2020.1834744},
	abstract = {The COVID-19 crisis has served not just to instil fear in the populace but to highlight the importance of fear as a motivating dynamic in politics. The gradual emergence of political-philosophical approaches calling for concern for ‘positive’ emotions may have made sense under non-pandemic conditions. Now, however, describing fear in the face of a deadly pandemic as ‘irrational’ or born of ‘ignorance’ seems ‘irrational’ and ‘ignorant’. In this article, we draw upon the work of John Gray and behavioural science to present a defence of fear. We show how the pandemic has highlighted deficits in the work of four thinkers highly critical of fear: Martha Nussbaum, Zygmunt Bauman, Hannah Arendt and Sara Ahmed. We argue that, if such approaches are to be of value in anything other than optimal conditions, then they have to acknowledge the fundamental role of fear in helping human beings to pursue fundamental interests.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy},
	author = {Degerman, Dan and Flinders, Matthew and Johnson, Matthew Thomas},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {PRINTED (Fonds papier)},
	pages = {788--809},
}

The COVID-19 crisis has served not just to instil fear in the populace but to highlight the importance of fear as a motivating dynamic in politics. The gradual emergence of political-philosophical approaches calling for concern for ‘positive’ emotions may have made sense under non-pandemic conditions. Now, however, describing fear in the face of a deadly pandemic as ‘irrational’ or born of ‘ignorance’ seems ‘irrational’ and ‘ignorant’. In this article, we draw upon the work of John Gray and behavioural science to present a defence of fear. We show how the pandemic has highlighted deficits in the work of four thinkers highly critical of fear: Martha Nussbaum, Zygmunt Bauman, Hannah Arendt and Sara Ahmed. We argue that, if such approaches are to be of value in anything other than optimal conditions, then they have to acknowledge the fundamental role of fear in helping human beings to pursue fundamental interests.

@inproceedings{crusoe2023,
	title = {Ignorance in public sector digital transformation. {Empirical} evidence and conjecture},
	doi = {10.1145/3598469.3598507},
	abstract = {With digital government becoming increasingly relevant as a new mode of safeguarding relevance and operations of the public sector, previous research has highlighted the need for additional studies on the prerequisites of successful digital transformation. The current literature is laden with examples of said prerequisites, but so far there have been only limited empirical studies on the extent to which the prerequisites are known within public sector organizations. We study the ignorance of necessary prerequisites for digital transformation within public sector organizations through a quantitative survey conducted with 91 local authorities in Sweden in 2022. The study finds distinguishable nescient areas and patterns in the degrees of ignorance, which are then used for initial theorization and to discuss future avenues for research.},
	publisher = {ACM},
	author = {Crusoe, Jonathan and Magnusson, Johan and Torell, Jacob},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {PRINTED (Fonds papier)},
	pages = {338--348},
}

With digital government becoming increasingly relevant as a new mode of safeguarding relevance and operations of the public sector, previous research has highlighted the need for additional studies on the prerequisites of successful digital transformation. The current literature is laden with examples of said prerequisites, but so far there have been only limited empirical studies on the extent to which the prerequisites are known within public sector organizations. We study the ignorance of necessary prerequisites for digital transformation within public sector organizations through a quantitative survey conducted with 91 local authorities in Sweden in 2022. The study finds distinguishable nescient areas and patterns in the degrees of ignorance, which are then used for initial theorization and to discuss future avenues for research.

@article{bonzio_logical_2023,
	title = {A {Logical} {Modeling} of {Severe} {Ignorance}},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {1573-0433},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10992-022-09697-x},
	doi = {10.1007/s10992-022-09697-x},
	abstract = {In the logical context, ignorance is traditionally defined recurring to epistemic logic. In particular, ignorance is essentially interpreted as “lack of knowledge”. This received view has - as we point out - some problems, in particular we will highlight how it does not allow to express a type of content-theoretic ignorance, i.e. an ignorance of φ that stems from an unfamiliarity with its meaning. Contrarily to this trend, in this paper, we introduce and investigate a modal logic having a primitive epistemic operator I, modeling ignorance. Our modal logic is essentially constructed on the modal logics based on weak Kleene three-valued logic introduced by Segerberg (Theoria, 33(1):53–71, 1997). Such non-classical propositional basis allows to define a Kripke-style semantics with the following, very intuitive, interpretation: a formula φ is ignored by an agent if φ is neither true nor false in every world accessible to the agent. As a consequence of this choice, we obtain a type of content-theoretic notion of ignorance, which is essentially different from the traditional approach. We dub it severe ignorance. We axiomatize, prove completeness and decidability for the logic of reflexive (three-valued) Kripke frames, which we find the most suitable candidate for our novel proposal and, finally, compare our approach with the most traditional one.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2024-03-29},
	journal = {Journal of Philosophical Logic},
	author = {Bonzio, S. and Fano, V. and Graziani, P. and Pra Baldi, M.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Bochvar external logic, Ignorance, PRINTED (Fonds papier), Three-valued modal logic, Weak Kleene logic},
	pages = {1053--1080},
}

In the logical context, ignorance is traditionally defined recurring to epistemic logic. In particular, ignorance is essentially interpreted as “lack of knowledge”. This received view has - as we point out - some problems, in particular we will highlight how it does not allow to express a type of content-theoretic ignorance, i.e. an ignorance of φ that stems from an unfamiliarity with its meaning. Contrarily to this trend, in this paper, we introduce and investigate a modal logic having a primitive epistemic operator I, modeling ignorance. Our modal logic is essentially constructed on the modal logics based on weak Kleene three-valued logic introduced by Segerberg (Theoria, 33(1):53–71, 1997). Such non-classical propositional basis allows to define a Kripke-style semantics with the following, very intuitive, interpretation: a formula φ is ignored by an agent if φ is neither true nor false in every world accessible to the agent. As a consequence of this choice, we obtain a type of content-theoretic notion of ignorance, which is essentially different from the traditional approach. We dub it severe ignorance. We axiomatize, prove completeness and decidability for the logic of reflexive (three-valued) Kripke frames, which we find the most suitable candidate for our novel proposal and, finally, compare our approach with the most traditional one.

@article{binuyo2023,
	title = {Pluralistic {Ignorance} and {Non}-{Use} of {Modern} {Contraceptives} in {Southwestern} {Nigeria}: {A} {Qualitative} {Study} {Using} the {Social} {Norms} {Theory}},
	volume = {7},
	abstract = {Background: The 2018 National Demographic Health Survey (NDHS)
revealed that out of the current non-users of contraceptives amongst married
women, only 38\% of them made their own decision to abstain. The remaining
62\% either decided jointly with their partner or the partner solely decided for
them. This elicits the notion that social expectations within reference networks
could influence the use of modern contraceptives (MCs) in Nigeria.
Methods: 16 structured qualitative interviews were used to gather the beliefs,
attitudes and social expectations of the respondents as regards the non-use of
MCs between March and June 2020. Through snowballing sampling method,
residents in the Ibadan Metropolis, southwest Nigeria responded to the
hypothetical scenarios presented by the vignettes during interviews. Data were
analysed using the Social Norms Analysis Plot framework. This framework
serves as the checklist for the reporting of findings. Basic ethical principles were
upheld throughout the study.
Results: Seven categories and five main themes emerged from this study.
These categories include gender norms, social influence, peer pressure, myths,
misconceptions, awareness and pluralistic ignorance. The themes were
generated using the Social Norms Analysis Plot framework and they include
empirical expectation, normative expectations, sanctions, sensitivity to
sanctions and exceptions. The majority of the respondents strongly believe that
most women in their community will not use contraceptives simply because of
their male partners and friends. Out of those who do not use MCs due to social
expectations, it was seen that the majority personally support its use.
Conclusion: To promote the uptake of modern contraceptive use in Southwest
Nigeria, it is important to update people’s social expectations. The findings of
these study studies are relevant for policymakers and civil society
organizations in designing effective intervention reproductive health programs
in different regions of Nigeria (especially areas of lower use of modern
contraceptives).},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Social Behavior and Community Heath},
	author = {Binuyo, O. A.},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {4 Social aspects of ignorance, PRINTED (Fonds papier)},
	pages = {980--989},
}

Background: The 2018 National Demographic Health Survey (NDHS) revealed that out of the current non-users of contraceptives amongst married women, only 38% of them made their own decision to abstain. The remaining 62% either decided jointly with their partner or the partner solely decided for them. This elicits the notion that social expectations within reference networks could influence the use of modern contraceptives (MCs) in Nigeria. Methods: 16 structured qualitative interviews were used to gather the beliefs, attitudes and social expectations of the respondents as regards the non-use of MCs between March and June 2020. Through snowballing sampling method, residents in the Ibadan Metropolis, southwest Nigeria responded to the hypothetical scenarios presented by the vignettes during interviews. Data were analysed using the Social Norms Analysis Plot framework. This framework serves as the checklist for the reporting of findings. Basic ethical principles were upheld throughout the study. Results: Seven categories and five main themes emerged from this study. These categories include gender norms, social influence, peer pressure, myths, misconceptions, awareness and pluralistic ignorance. The themes were generated using the Social Norms Analysis Plot framework and they include empirical expectation, normative expectations, sanctions, sensitivity to sanctions and exceptions. The majority of the respondents strongly believe that most women in their community will not use contraceptives simply because of their male partners and friends. Out of those who do not use MCs due to social expectations, it was seen that the majority personally support its use. Conclusion: To promote the uptake of modern contraceptive use in Southwest Nigeria, it is important to update people’s social expectations. The findings of these study studies are relevant for policymakers and civil society organizations in designing effective intervention reproductive health programs in different regions of Nigeria (especially areas of lower use of modern contraceptives).

@article{alvergne2023,
	title = {Why we must fight ignorance about {COVID}-19 vaccines and menstrual cycles},
	volume = {29},
	doi = {10.1016/j.molmed.2023.06.005},
	abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed a critical gap in female health science, fueling anxiety, polarized views, and vaccine hesitancy. Although menstrual cycles feel like a niche topic for some, efforts to augment knowledge on the 'fifth vital sign' experienced by more than 300 million people on any given day worldwide are crucial to promote gender equity in health.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Trends in Molecular Medicine},
	author = {Alvergne, Alexandra},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {PRINTED (Fonds papier)},
	pages = {678--680},
}

The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed a critical gap in female health science, fueling anxiety, polarized views, and vaccine hesitancy. Although menstrual cycles feel like a niche topic for some, efforts to augment knowledge on the 'fifth vital sign' experienced by more than 300 million people on any given day worldwide are crucial to promote gender equity in health.

@article{alexander2023,
	title = {Waste and {Its} {Disguises}: {Technologies} of ({Un}){Knowing}},
	volume = {88},
	doi = {10.1080/00141844.2020.1796734},
	abstract = {The introduction to this special issue starts with a brief thematisation of the key theoretical interventions in the anthropology of waste in order to situate our own contribution. We follow this by discussing, and adding to the recent anthropology and sociology of ignorance and not knowing, before turning to the intersections between waste and ignorance, thinking through how we and other scholars have theorised ways of deflecting attention away from wastes, whether they are lands, material or human bodies. We broadly categorise these technologies of deflection and unknowing into ‘spatial’, ‘temporal’, ‘epistemological’, ‘calculative’ and ‘rhetorical’. Specific techniques within these categories serve to eclipse other ways of knowing (i.e. the sensory, affective aspects of waste (e)valuation) and often depoliticise decisions concerning wastes, places, materials, people and their livelihoods.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Ethnos},
	author = {Alexander, Catherine and O’Hare, Patrick},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {PRINTED (Fonds papier)},
	pages = {419--443},
}

The introduction to this special issue starts with a brief thematisation of the key theoretical interventions in the anthropology of waste in order to situate our own contribution. We follow this by discussing, and adding to the recent anthropology and sociology of ignorance and not knowing, before turning to the intersections between waste and ignorance, thinking through how we and other scholars have theorised ways of deflecting attention away from wastes, whether they are lands, material or human bodies. We broadly categorise these technologies of deflection and unknowing into ‘spatial’, ‘temporal’, ‘epistemological’, ‘calculative’ and ‘rhetorical’. Specific techniques within these categories serve to eclipse other ways of knowing (i.e. the sensory, affective aspects of waste (e)valuation) and often depoliticise decisions concerning wastes, places, materials, people and their livelihoods.

@article{aldini2023,
	title = {A {Hierarchical} {Characterization} of {Ignorance} in {Epistemic} {Logic}},
	volume = {16},
	abstract = {Introduction au dossier sur « L’ignorance en logique épistémique »

We study different forms of ignorance and their correlations in a bi-modal logical language expressing the two modalities of knowledge and belief. In particular, we are mainly interested in clarifying which definitions of ignorance and which circumstances trigger higher-order forms of ignorance, inducing ignorance about ignorance and so on. To this aim, three ground conditions concerning knowledge and belief are presented, which may be seen as a cause of ignorance and can help us to identify the conditions enabling the emergence of higher-order forms of ignorance.},
	journal = {Argumenta},
	author = {Aldini, A. and Graziani, P. and Tagliaferri, M.},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Ignorance, Epistemic Logic, Doxastic Logic, PRINTED (Fonds papier)},
	pages = {373--386},
}

Introduction au dossier sur « L’ignorance en logique épistémique » We study different forms of ignorance and their correlations in a bi-modal logical language expressing the two modalities of knowledge and belief. In particular, we are mainly interested in clarifying which definitions of ignorance and which circumstances trigger higher-order forms of ignorance, inducing ignorance about ignorance and so on. To this aim, three ground conditions concerning knowledge and belief are presented, which may be seen as a cause of ignorance and can help us to identify the conditions enabling the emergence of higher-order forms of ignorance.

@article{mica_expectations_2023,
	title = {Expectations of {Failure}: {Political} {Risks} in the {Moral} {Economy} of {Ignorance} and {Social} {Injustice}},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {19718853},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85188430106&doi=10.6092%2fissn.1971-8853%2f18340&partnerID=40&md5=e62a7a5e01841ff90048e95e3cd98924},
	doi = {10.6092/issn.1971-8853/18340},
	abstract = {We are observing how contemporary failure regimes increasingly challenge ignorance and social injustice, and how this opens expectations for public policy to move beyond effectiveness and to pursue more emancipatory and progressive aims. Policy reinterpretations and expectations of failure however, are not coming solely from critical and alternative groups in the society. They are first and foremost political, which raises the question how does the moral economy and epistemology of just futures unfold? What are the effects of political exploitation and contamination? Our answer is to review political risks of emancipatory activism in abortion debates, which manifest high levels of polarization and contestation in relation to reproductive justice and human rights. We map out various hazards, showing how they produce what we term post-failure, and sustain emancipation fantasies and alternative policy futures that are linked with oppression effects. With this exploration we see that addressing ignorance and social injustice in policymaking has never been more essential, yet also unpredictable and convoluted in the political risks that it poses. Copyright © 2023 Adriana Mica, Mikołaj Pawlak, Paweł Kubicki.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Sociologica},
	author = {Mica, Adriana and Pawlak, Mikołaj and Kubicki, Paweł},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: University of Bologna
Type: Article},
	pages = {75 -- 97},
}

We are observing how contemporary failure regimes increasingly challenge ignorance and social injustice, and how this opens expectations for public policy to move beyond effectiveness and to pursue more emancipatory and progressive aims. Policy reinterpretations and expectations of failure however, are not coming solely from critical and alternative groups in the society. They are first and foremost political, which raises the question how does the moral economy and epistemology of just futures unfold? What are the effects of political exploitation and contamination? Our answer is to review political risks of emancipatory activism in abortion debates, which manifest high levels of polarization and contestation in relation to reproductive justice and human rights. We map out various hazards, showing how they produce what we term post-failure, and sustain emancipation fantasies and alternative policy futures that are linked with oppression effects. With this exploration we see that addressing ignorance and social injustice in policymaking has never been more essential, yet also unpredictable and convoluted in the political risks that it poses. Copyright © 2023 Adriana Mica, Mikołaj Pawlak, Paweł Kubicki.

@article{soutjis_dedieu_2023,
	title = {Dedieu ({François}), {Pesticides}: le confort de l’ignorance, {Paris}, {Seuil}, 2022, 391 p.},
	volume = {142},
	issn = {02952319},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85180767785&doi=10.3917%2fpox.142.0159&partnerID=40&md5=805b4b203956e2d70bbb76d764eea69c},
	doi = {10.3917/pox.142.0159},
	language = {French},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Politix},
	author = {Soutjis, Bastien},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Armand Colin
Type: Article},
	pages = {159 -- 164},
}

@article{lister_contractualist_2023,
	title = {Contractualist alternatives to the veil of ignorance},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {09638016},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85149623047&doi=10.1111%2fjopp.12292&partnerID=40&md5=02206d9594ca40c3f1ac788531385155},
	doi = {10.1111/jopp.12292},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Political Philosophy},
	author = {Lister, Andrew},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc
Type: Article},
	pages = {177 -- 197},
}

@article{wilson_philosophical_2023,
	title = {Philosophical silences: race, gender, disability, and philosophical practice},
	volume = {57},
	issn = {03098249},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85178139396&doi=10.1093%2fjopedu%2fqhad076&partnerID=40&md5=877aa9a6c261c457bab43bf0f3ba9d46},
	doi = {10.1093/jopedu/qhad076},
	abstract = {Who is recognized as a philosopher and what counts as philosophy influence both the content of a philosophical education and academic philosophy's continuing demographic skew. The 'philosophical who' and the 'philosophical what' themselves are a partial function of matters that have been passed over in collective silence, even if that now feels to some like a silence belonging to the distant past. This paper discusses some philosophical silences regarding race, gender, and disability in the context of reflection on philosophical education and on philosophical practice in the public sphere. It focusses on Charles Mills' writings on race, Susan Babbitt's on race and gender, and on more collaboratively generated work on eugenics and disability. © 2023 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	number = {4-5},
	journal = {Journal of Philosophy of Education},
	author = {Wilson, Robert A.},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press
Type: Article},
	pages = {1004 -- 1024},
}

Who is recognized as a philosopher and what counts as philosophy influence both the content of a philosophical education and academic philosophy's continuing demographic skew. The 'philosophical who' and the 'philosophical what' themselves are a partial function of matters that have been passed over in collective silence, even if that now feels to some like a silence belonging to the distant past. This paper discusses some philosophical silences regarding race, gender, and disability in the context of reflection on philosophical education and on philosophical practice in the public sphere. It focusses on Charles Mills' writings on race, Susan Babbitt's on race and gender, and on more collaboratively generated work on eugenics and disability. © 2023 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved.

@article{lara-steidel_epistemic_2023,
	title = {Epistemic injustice? {Banning} 'critical race theory', 'divisive topics', and 'embedded racism' in the classroom},
	volume = {57},
	issn = {03098249},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85182883564&doi=10.1093%2fjopedu%2fqhad069&partnerID=40&md5=0c21d582df5b673c09dd4ef66b5f7965},
	doi = {10.1093/jopedu/qhad069},
	abstract = {In more than half of its states, the USA has recently passed or proposed legislation to limit or ban public educational curricular reference to race, gender, sexuality, or other identity topics. The stated justifications for these legislative moves are myriad, but they share a foundational claim; namely, these topics are asserted to be politically and socially divisive such that they ought not to be included within state-controlled schools. In this paper, we consider the claims of divisiveness regarding these topics and explore whether, even if taken in good faith, the popular versions of these arguments and actions are epistemically defensible. We conclude that these bans are an epistemic injustice and therefore argue for their end. The article proceeds to consider the foundational claims of epistemic injustice, followed by the invocation of epistemic standards by which the arguments for these bans can be evaluated. The article then transitions to a close application of these standards, weighing the possible epistemic gains and losses. Before concluding, we consider objections and explore the social and epistemic significance of these issues. © The Author(s) 2023.},
	language = {English},
	number = {4-5},
	journal = {Journal of Philosophy of Education},
	author = {Lara-Steidel, Henry and Thompson, Winston C.},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press
Type: Article},
	pages = {862 -- 879},
}

In more than half of its states, the USA has recently passed or proposed legislation to limit or ban public educational curricular reference to race, gender, sexuality, or other identity topics. The stated justifications for these legislative moves are myriad, but they share a foundational claim; namely, these topics are asserted to be politically and socially divisive such that they ought not to be included within state-controlled schools. In this paper, we consider the claims of divisiveness regarding these topics and explore whether, even if taken in good faith, the popular versions of these arguments and actions are epistemically defensible. We conclude that these bans are an epistemic injustice and therefore argue for their end. The article proceeds to consider the foundational claims of epistemic injustice, followed by the invocation of epistemic standards by which the arguments for these bans can be evaluated. The article then transitions to a close application of these standards, weighing the possible epistemic gains and losses. Before concluding, we consider objections and explore the social and epistemic significance of these issues. © The Author(s) 2023.

@article{nygren_free_2023,
	title = {Free {Choice} in {Modal} {Inquisitive} {Logic}},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {00223611},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85136966948&doi=10.1007%2fs10992-022-09674-4&partnerID=40&md5=54b9ae9f227757bbec78fd730ac28eda},
	doi = {10.1007/s10992-022-09674-4},
	abstract = {This paper investigates inquisitive extensions of normal modal logic with an existential modal operator taken as primitive. The semantics of the existential modality is generalized to apply to questions, as well as statements. When the generalized existential modality is applied to a question, the result is a statement that roughly expresses that each way of resolving the question is consistent with the available information. I study the resulting logic both from a semantic and from a proof-theoretic point of view. I argue that it can be used for reasoning about a general notion of ignorance, and for reasoning about choice-offering permissions and obligations. The main technical results are sound and complete axiomatizations, both for the class of all Kripke frames, and for any class of frames corresponding to a canonical normal modal logic. © 2022, The Author(s).},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Philosophical Logic},
	author = {Nygren, Karl},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media B.V.
Type: Article},
	pages = {347 -- 391},
}

This paper investigates inquisitive extensions of normal modal logic with an existential modal operator taken as primitive. The semantics of the existential modality is generalized to apply to questions, as well as statements. When the generalized existential modality is applied to a question, the result is a statement that roughly expresses that each way of resolving the question is consistent with the available information. I study the resulting logic both from a semantic and from a proof-theoretic point of view. I argue that it can be used for reasoning about a general notion of ignorance, and for reasoning about choice-offering permissions and obligations. The main technical results are sound and complete axiomatizations, both for the class of all Kripke frames, and for any class of frames corresponding to a canonical normal modal logic. © 2022, The Author(s).

@article{wieland_indifference_2023,
	title = {Indifference as excuse},
	issn = {0020174X},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85163103484&doi=10.1080%2f0020174X.2023.2222775&partnerID=40&md5=7ecd34b626692bd08d5dbfdb81ff335a},
	doi = {10.1080/0020174X.2023.2222775},
	abstract = {According to an influential view, ‘the amount of blame people deserve varies with the extent of their indifference’. That is, the more wrongdoers act from a lack of moral concern, the more they would be blameworthy. This paper argues for the exact opposite claim: the more wrongdoers act from indifference, the less they are blameworthy–that is, in a properly interpersonal way. © 2023 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Inquiry (United Kingdom)},
	author = {Wieland, Jan Willem and Vanderveen, Jojanneke},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
Type: Article},
}

According to an influential view, ‘the amount of blame people deserve varies with the extent of their indifference’. That is, the more wrongdoers act from a lack of moral concern, the more they would be blameworthy. This paper argues for the exact opposite claim: the more wrongdoers act from indifference, the less they are blameworthy–that is, in a properly interpersonal way. © 2023 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

@article{cvijanovic_rawls_2023,
	title = {Rawls {Behind} the {Veil} of {Ignorance} {The} {Gap} of {Inequality} and the {Illusions} of {Justice}; [{Rawls} iza vela neznanja {Jaz} nejednakosti i iluzije pravednosti]},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {03514706},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85189019102&doi=10.21464%2ffi43303&partnerID=40&md5=0621a7039c58f37766c885036064f4e2},
	doi = {10.21464/fi43303},
	abstract = {The author examines the “veil of ignorance” thought experiment and the principles of justice of John Rawls via two main directions of criticism. First, although Rawls constructs a veil of ignorance with Kantian categories, the author derives Rawls’s motivation from the link between justice and the tradition of curbing pleonexic human nature, arguing that in this context Rawls’s Kantian rhetoric is actually driven by the Hobbesian fear of instability arising from the pro-blem of cooperation in the social contract tradition. Second, the veil of ignorance is a cunning instrument of the privileged to preserve their previously acquired advantages, control stability, and cover up socio-political injustices. At the same time, the principle of difference that derives from it does not reduce the gap of inequality – economic and historical – but legitimizes and establishes it. In fact, Rawls’s bourgeois liberalism and its theoretical constructs serve to hedge the well-off by securing and increasing what they already have. © 2023, Croatian Philosophical Society. All rights reserved.},
	language = {Croatian},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Filozofska Istrazivanja},
	author = {Cvijanović, Hrvoje},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Croatian Philosophical Society
Type: Article},
	pages = {481 -- 493},
}

The author examines the “veil of ignorance” thought experiment and the principles of justice of John Rawls via two main directions of criticism. First, although Rawls constructs a veil of ignorance with Kantian categories, the author derives Rawls’s motivation from the link between justice and the tradition of curbing pleonexic human nature, arguing that in this context Rawls’s Kantian rhetoric is actually driven by the Hobbesian fear of instability arising from the pro-blem of cooperation in the social contract tradition. Second, the veil of ignorance is a cunning instrument of the privileged to preserve their previously acquired advantages, control stability, and cover up socio-political injustices. At the same time, the principle of difference that derives from it does not reduce the gap of inequality – economic and historical – but legitimizes and establishes it. In fact, Rawls’s bourgeois liberalism and its theoretical constructs serve to hedge the well-off by securing and increasing what they already have. © 2023, Croatian Philosophical Society. All rights reserved.

@article{kostina_ignorance_2023,
	title = {Ignorance in the epistemic practices the standpoints of virtue epistemology and feminist philosophy and methodology of science},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {25878719},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85163985068&doi=10.17323%2f2587-8719-2023-2-43-59&partnerID=40&md5=1744be6c08791f3f64fdeccd9811e34f},
	doi = {10.17323/2587-8719-2023-2-43-59},
	abstract = {The issue of ignorance from the standpoint of virtue epistemology and feminist science methodology is the focus of the following article. Both research traditions, estab-lished as reactions to the crisis of the positivist approach, create new normative criteria for credibility and objectivity of knowledge. Analyzing the contents and practices of ignorance becomes essential to the process. Both traditions are set to scrutinize ignorance’s nature and functioning mechanisms in a broad social context in general and science in particular. In virtue epistemology, ignorance could give credence to unbiased epistemic activity, serving as a virtue in this case. At the same time, ignorance, imposed on personal traits of the epistemic agent, expressed as modesty and caution, potentially turns a virtue into an intellectual vice. Ignorance, expressed by an epistemic agent, could share similarities in scientific and political practices. Following this assumption, the rational, irrational, and inadvertent versions of ig-norance, suggested by J. Freidman, are described and analyzed in the given article. There is an independent project of the epistemology of ignorance, which has been developed in the course of feminist philosophy and methodology of science. The latter criticized the notion of the universal scientific method, which has had a dominant position in science for centuries. It is seen as a mediator of epistemic injustice directly related to the production and reproduction of ignorance. Here ignorance acts as an instrument that shapes scientific and political reality, intervening with each other and embodied in the institute of expertise. The expressed alternative is the standpoint theory (S. Harding) with its more just and efficient methodol-ogy. Revision of the existing methodological basis allows a non-conventional look at the issue of normativity, reliability of knowledge, and trust (trustworthiness) of epistemic agents in epistemic activities, along with the creation of a viable project of collective epistemology. © 2023, National Research University, Higher School of Econoimics. All rights reserved.},
	language = {Russian},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Filosofiya. Zhurnal Vysshey Shkoly Ekonomiki},
	author = {Kostina, Alina},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: National Research University, Higher School of Econoimics
Type: Article},
	pages = {43 -- 59},
}

The issue of ignorance from the standpoint of virtue epistemology and feminist science methodology is the focus of the following article. Both research traditions, estab-lished as reactions to the crisis of the positivist approach, create new normative criteria for credibility and objectivity of knowledge. Analyzing the contents and practices of ignorance becomes essential to the process. Both traditions are set to scrutinize ignorance’s nature and functioning mechanisms in a broad social context in general and science in particular. In virtue epistemology, ignorance could give credence to unbiased epistemic activity, serving as a virtue in this case. At the same time, ignorance, imposed on personal traits of the epistemic agent, expressed as modesty and caution, potentially turns a virtue into an intellectual vice. Ignorance, expressed by an epistemic agent, could share similarities in scientific and political practices. Following this assumption, the rational, irrational, and inadvertent versions of ig-norance, suggested by J. Freidman, are described and analyzed in the given article. There is an independent project of the epistemology of ignorance, which has been developed in the course of feminist philosophy and methodology of science. The latter criticized the notion of the universal scientific method, which has had a dominant position in science for centuries. It is seen as a mediator of epistemic injustice directly related to the production and reproduction of ignorance. Here ignorance acts as an instrument that shapes scientific and political reality, intervening with each other and embodied in the institute of expertise. The expressed alternative is the standpoint theory (S. Harding) with its more just and efficient methodol-ogy. Revision of the existing methodological basis allows a non-conventional look at the issue of normativity, reliability of knowledge, and trust (trustworthiness) of epistemic agents in epistemic activities, along with the creation of a viable project of collective epistemology. © 2023, National Research University, Higher School of Econoimics. All rights reserved.

@article{yong_risk_2023,
	title = {Risk, {Rationality} and ({Information}) {Resistance}: {De}-rationalizing {Elite}-{Group} {Ignorance}},
	issn = {01650106},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85146713149&doi=10.1007%2fs10670-022-00656-1&partnerID=40&md5=4fe4206b90bec9f9ad474f625ec527d3},
	doi = {10.1007/s10670-022-00656-1},
	abstract = {There has been a movement aiming to teach agents about their privilege by making the information about their privilege as costless as possible. However, some argue that in risk-sensitive frameworks, such as Lara Buchak’s (2013), it can be rational for privileged agents to shield themselves from learning about their privilege, even if the information is costless and relevant. This threatens the efficacy of these information-access efforts in alleviating the problem of elite-group ignorance. In response, I show that even within the same framework, in this case David Kinney and Liam Kofi Bright’s (2021), the rationality of this information avoidance rests on shaky ground in practice. In this framework, whether an agent should avoid information depends on the precise details of (1) how relevant they expect the information to be, (2) their priors about the value of various options, and (3) their risk attitudes. The model sugests that rationality of elite-group ignorance is a function of structural factors that are pervasive but nonetheless not insurmountable, thus offering a way out of pessimism about elite group education. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Erkenntnis},
	author = {Yong, Xin Hui},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media B.V.
Type: Article},
}

There has been a movement aiming to teach agents about their privilege by making the information about their privilege as costless as possible. However, some argue that in risk-sensitive frameworks, such as Lara Buchak’s (2013), it can be rational for privileged agents to shield themselves from learning about their privilege, even if the information is costless and relevant. This threatens the efficacy of these information-access efforts in alleviating the problem of elite-group ignorance. In response, I show that even within the same framework, in this case David Kinney and Liam Kofi Bright’s (2021), the rationality of this information avoidance rests on shaky ground in practice. In this framework, whether an agent should avoid information depends on the precise details of (1) how relevant they expect the information to be, (2) their priors about the value of various options, and (3) their risk attitudes. The model sugests that rationality of elite-group ignorance is a function of structural factors that are pervasive but nonetheless not insurmountable, thus offering a way out of pessimism about elite group education. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.

@article{kogelmann_finding_2023,
	title = {Finding the {Epistocrats}},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {17423600},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85153347932&doi=10.1017%2fepi.2022.18&partnerID=40&md5=fbf3f200703ea26c3f3ce52f5a514146},
	doi = {10.1017/epi.2022.18},
	abstract = {Concerned about widespread incompetence among voters in democratic societies, epistocrats propose quasi-democratic electoral systems that amplify the voices of competent voters while silencing (or perhaps just subduing) the voices of those deemed incompetent. In order to amplify the voices of the competent we first need to know what counts as political competence, and then we need a way of identifying those who possess the relevant characteristics. After developing an account of what it means to be politically competent, I argue that there is no way for the epistocrat to identify such persons. Therefore, epistocracy cannot be implemented. Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Episteme},
	author = {Kogelmann, Brian},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Type: Article},
	pages = {497 -- 512},
}

Concerned about widespread incompetence among voters in democratic societies, epistocrats propose quasi-democratic electoral systems that amplify the voices of competent voters while silencing (or perhaps just subduing) the voices of those deemed incompetent. In order to amplify the voices of the competent we first need to know what counts as political competence, and then we need a way of identifying those who possess the relevant characteristics. After developing an account of what it means to be politically competent, I argue that there is no way for the epistocrat to identify such persons. Therefore, epistocracy cannot be implemented. Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press.

@article{tu_invisible_2023,
	title = {“{Invisible}” {Pollution}? {Knowledge} {Gridlock} in {Regulatory} {Science} on {Electronics} {Toxics}},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {18752160},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85119661361&doi=10.1080%2f18752160.2021.1924950&partnerID=40&md5=b6192347eb2c62e248a58c381ea6cb14},
	doi = {10.1080/18752160.2021.1924950},
	abstract = {“High-tech” provides a cachet of futuristic wonders to localities claiming cutting-edge technological research and industrial innovation. But the high-tech electronic manufacturing processes release hundreds of chemicals and are no doubt ridden with extremely high but hidden environmental health risks. This article aims to increase our understanding of “ignorance” about electronics hazards in the Asian context. It argues that the electronics industries have been under constant innovation, and novel uses of chemicals are introduced to the industrial operation at a much faster pace than the health and environmental assessment can work to comprehend the impacts of the chemicals. In such a context, regulatory science has often failed to effectively monitor and control toxic waste discharges in the high-tech electronics sector. Taking several high-tech pollution disputes in Taiwan as examples, and based on interviews with experts in pollution regulation, this paper discusses multiple constraints on scientific advance in studying toxics that are exacerbated by lagging regulations. These are further entangled with research resource limitations, privileging of high-tech industries in suppressing negative information about toxicity risks, and knowledge repression within the scientific community due to dependence on government and industry, all of which has crippled building knowledge for effective regulatory science–resulting in knowledge gridlock. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group.},
	language = {English},
	number = {4},
	journal = {East Asian Science, Technology and Society},
	author = {Tu, Wen-Ling},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
Type: Article},
	pages = {435 -- 461},
}

“High-tech” provides a cachet of futuristic wonders to localities claiming cutting-edge technological research and industrial innovation. But the high-tech electronic manufacturing processes release hundreds of chemicals and are no doubt ridden with extremely high but hidden environmental health risks. This article aims to increase our understanding of “ignorance” about electronics hazards in the Asian context. It argues that the electronics industries have been under constant innovation, and novel uses of chemicals are introduced to the industrial operation at a much faster pace than the health and environmental assessment can work to comprehend the impacts of the chemicals. In such a context, regulatory science has often failed to effectively monitor and control toxic waste discharges in the high-tech electronics sector. Taking several high-tech pollution disputes in Taiwan as examples, and based on interviews with experts in pollution regulation, this paper discusses multiple constraints on scientific advance in studying toxics that are exacerbated by lagging regulations. These are further entangled with research resource limitations, privileging of high-tech industries in suppressing negative information about toxicity risks, and knowledge repression within the scientific community due to dependence on government and industry, all of which has crippled building knowledge for effective regulatory science–resulting in knowledge gridlock. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

@article{gauckler_expert_2023,
	title = {Expert identification for ethics expertise informed by feminist epistemology—{Using} awareness of biases and situated ignorance as an indicator of trustworthiness},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {02699702},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85135224064&doi=10.1111%2fbioe.13082&partnerID=40&md5=591b269b0abf47090c33d262595ff72a},
	doi = {10.1111/bioe.13082},
	abstract = {The notion of moral expertise poses a variety of challenges concerning both the question of existence of such experts and their identification by laypeople. I argue for a view of ethics expertise, based on moral understanding instead of on moral knowledge, that is less robust than genuine moral expertise and that does not rely on deference to testimony. I propose identification criteria that focus mainly on the awareness and communication of implicit biases and situated ignorance. According to the account of ethics expertise presented in this paper, the expert's testimony is not an epistemic reason for the layperson's belief, but merely an epistemic influence. The epistemic reasons for the layperson's belief are largely independent from the expert. But there is still some epistemic risk involved in the proposed method of knowledge transfer, and therefore criteria for the identification of a trustworthy expert are necessary. The risk involved in knowledge transfer can be both due to willful manipulation and due to the expert's implicit biases and situated ignorance. While willful manipulation cannot really be avoided, the influence from biases and ignorance can be minimized. I argue that the best way to do this is if the expert is aware of their own biases and ignorance and communicates them. Combined with evidence of the expert's education in moral philosophy and experience with the topic in question, this gives the layperson the best chance to identify someone who can really help them consider all relevant aspects of a situation and come to a better justified decision. © 2022 The Authors. Bioethics published by John Wiley \& Sons Ltd.},
	language = {English},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Bioethics},
	author = {Gauckler, Charlotte},
	year = {2023},
	pmid = {35920062},
	note = {Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc
Type: Article},
	keywords = {Bias, Feminism, Humans, Knowledge, Morals, Philosophy, article, awareness, education, epistemology, ethics, feminism, human, human experiment, implicit bias, knowledge, layperson, morality, philosophy, statistical bias, witness},
	pages = {523 -- 532},
}

The notion of moral expertise poses a variety of challenges concerning both the question of existence of such experts and their identification by laypeople. I argue for a view of ethics expertise, based on moral understanding instead of on moral knowledge, that is less robust than genuine moral expertise and that does not rely on deference to testimony. I propose identification criteria that focus mainly on the awareness and communication of implicit biases and situated ignorance. According to the account of ethics expertise presented in this paper, the expert's testimony is not an epistemic reason for the layperson's belief, but merely an epistemic influence. The epistemic reasons for the layperson's belief are largely independent from the expert. But there is still some epistemic risk involved in the proposed method of knowledge transfer, and therefore criteria for the identification of a trustworthy expert are necessary. The risk involved in knowledge transfer can be both due to willful manipulation and due to the expert's implicit biases and situated ignorance. While willful manipulation cannot really be avoided, the influence from biases and ignorance can be minimized. I argue that the best way to do this is if the expert is aware of their own biases and ignorance and communicates them. Combined with evidence of the expert's education in moral philosophy and experience with the topic in question, this gives the layperson the best chance to identify someone who can really help them consider all relevant aspects of a situation and come to a better justified decision. © 2022 The Authors. Bioethics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

@article{bodini_democracy_2023,
	title = {From {Democracy} to {Epistocracy} and {Back} {Again}. {Meaning} and {Normative} {Paths} of a {Rising} {Concept}; [{Dalla} democrazia all’epistocrazia e ritorno {Significato} e itinerari normativi di un concetto emergente]},
	volume = {2023},
	issn = {17202396},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85162109820&doi=10.1415%2f107274&partnerID=40&md5=e8b31a5edd0af42e27338fc0d3b0341c},
	doi = {10.1415/107274},
	abstract = {The article deals with epistocratic theorists and their reflection over people’s political ignorance. In their view, the cognitive weakness of citizens betrays the reluctance to act as political decision-makers and the consequent necessity to limit people’s power in favor of more committed epistemic agents. Goal of the paper is to explain conceptual premises of epistocracy, uncover its fallacy, but safe the intuition that epistème represents a pivotal element for democratic theory. Epistocratic criticism spotlights the role of «enlightened» demos as normative assumption of democracy. On this basis, the analysis argues that protection and diffusion of factual knowledge should be institutionalized as democracy already institutionalizes citizens’ ability to understand reality and decide accordingly. © 2023, Ragion Pratica. All Rights Reserved.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Ragion Pratica},
	author = {Bodini, Paolo},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Societa Editrice Il Mulino
Type: Article},
	pages = {291 -- 315},
}

The article deals with epistocratic theorists and their reflection over people’s political ignorance. In their view, the cognitive weakness of citizens betrays the reluctance to act as political decision-makers and the consequent necessity to limit people’s power in favor of more committed epistemic agents. Goal of the paper is to explain conceptual premises of epistocracy, uncover its fallacy, but safe the intuition that epistème represents a pivotal element for democratic theory. Epistocratic criticism spotlights the role of «enlightened» demos as normative assumption of democracy. On this basis, the analysis argues that protection and diffusion of factual knowledge should be institutionalized as democracy already institutionalizes citizens’ ability to understand reality and decide accordingly. © 2023, Ragion Pratica. All Rights Reserved.

@article{fraser-burgess_does_2023,
	title = {Does {Mills}' epistemology suggest a hermeneutic injustice of {White} {Afroscepticism}?},
	volume = {57},
	issn = {03098249},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85182914913&doi=10.1093%2fjopedu%2fqhad065&partnerID=40&md5=90aa1aff2686bfb936a15e55e23e00e0},
	doi = {10.1093/jopedu/qhad065},
	abstract = {Charles Mills posits an epistemology of ignorance that underwrites the complicity of Whites, or people of Western European descent, as signatories of the racial contract. There is prevailing discourse about the complicity of White persons in perpetuating racism and whether they can experience epistemic injustice. In this paper, the claim to hermeneutical injustice, in particular, makes a further assertion that moral blameworthiness is mitigated for a subcategory of White Americans because of being socialized into a White-dominant culture of caste-based Afroscepticism. I argue, based on Peirce's conceptualization of doubt, as against Descartes, that Afroscepticism is a totalizing belief system predicated on a racial group-based social epistemology and maintains a settled stance of questioning the commensurate citizenship of Blacks or American descendants of slaves. These perceived social costs warrant educational interventions that can dismantle its reasoning architecture. White Afroscepticism poses a barrier to the teacher's efforts to cultivate the democratic habitus in students; however, educator preparation that takes its existence into account can build on the standard classroom practices of critical social justice that promote equity, critical multicultural education, and critical thinking. © The Author(s) 2023.},
	language = {English},
	number = {4-5},
	journal = {Journal of Philosophy of Education},
	author = {Fraser-Burgess, Sheron},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press
Type: Article},
	pages = {826 -- 841},
}

Charles Mills posits an epistemology of ignorance that underwrites the complicity of Whites, or people of Western European descent, as signatories of the racial contract. There is prevailing discourse about the complicity of White persons in perpetuating racism and whether they can experience epistemic injustice. In this paper, the claim to hermeneutical injustice, in particular, makes a further assertion that moral blameworthiness is mitigated for a subcategory of White Americans because of being socialized into a White-dominant culture of caste-based Afroscepticism. I argue, based on Peirce's conceptualization of doubt, as against Descartes, that Afroscepticism is a totalizing belief system predicated on a racial group-based social epistemology and maintains a settled stance of questioning the commensurate citizenship of Blacks or American descendants of slaves. These perceived social costs warrant educational interventions that can dismantle its reasoning architecture. White Afroscepticism poses a barrier to the teacher's efforts to cultivate the democratic habitus in students; however, educator preparation that takes its existence into account can build on the standard classroom practices of critical social justice that promote equity, critical multicultural education, and critical thinking. © The Author(s) 2023.

@article{arfini_feeling_2023,
	title = {Feeling stuck. {Epistemic} and emotional dimensions of impasse and doubt; [{Dimensioni} epistemiche ed emotive degli stati di impasse e dubbio]},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {11209550},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85184515004&doi=10.1422%2f109319&partnerID=40&md5=2d9c63a00fafcbb241809e4b5a7f87c1},
	doi = {10.1422/109319},
	abstract = {Psychological and philosophical literature on impasse and doubt are full of assumptions regarding the unpleasantness and quick temporality of these states. These assumptions live on unquestioned thanks to a generally accepted focus on the importance of the solving part of problem-solving dynamics. In this paper we aim at introducing a perspective change that aims to reveal the inconsistency of philosophical and psychological theories with regards to the epistemic and emotional nuances of impasse and doubt. The paper is divided into five main parts: after a brief introduction on the over-and under-studied parts of problem solving, in the second section we will present and briefly discuss the psychological and philosophical theories on impasse and doubt. In the third section, we will explain some inconsistencies between these theories by referring to the lack of attention paid to two situated and crucial variables of problem-solving contexts: time and relative expertise. Then, in the fourth section, we will discuss how discussing particular scenarios, in which agents have high expertise in a field and are not too time pressured, can dramatically change our definition of impasse and doubt. Finally, the fifth section will conclude the paper; in this section we will propose ways to advance the study of these interesting cognitive phenomena, especially focusing on what the still needed empirical research should aim at explaining and describing. In order to depict a feasible line of research, we will comment on recent studies we are conducting on the phenomenology of impasse and doubt – what we call the “feeling of being stuck” – and we will propose ways to reduce the knowledge gaps on these cognitive phenomena. © (2023), (Societa Editrice Il Mulino). All Rights Reserved.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Sistemi Intelligenti},
	author = {Arfini, Selene and Ross, Wendy},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Societa Editrice Il Mulino
Type: Article},
	keywords = {competence, doubt, ignorance, impasse, insight, problem-solving},
	pages = {587 -- 609},
}

Psychological and philosophical literature on impasse and doubt are full of assumptions regarding the unpleasantness and quick temporality of these states. These assumptions live on unquestioned thanks to a generally accepted focus on the importance of the solving part of problem-solving dynamics. In this paper we aim at introducing a perspective change that aims to reveal the inconsistency of philosophical and psychological theories with regards to the epistemic and emotional nuances of impasse and doubt. The paper is divided into five main parts: after a brief introduction on the over-and under-studied parts of problem solving, in the second section we will present and briefly discuss the psychological and philosophical theories on impasse and doubt. In the third section, we will explain some inconsistencies between these theories by referring to the lack of attention paid to two situated and crucial variables of problem-solving contexts: time and relative expertise. Then, in the fourth section, we will discuss how discussing particular scenarios, in which agents have high expertise in a field and are not too time pressured, can dramatically change our definition of impasse and doubt. Finally, the fifth section will conclude the paper; in this section we will propose ways to advance the study of these interesting cognitive phenomena, especially focusing on what the still needed empirical research should aim at explaining and describing. In order to depict a feasible line of research, we will comment on recent studies we are conducting on the phenomenology of impasse and doubt – what we call the “feeling of being stuck” – and we will propose ways to reduce the knowledge gaps on these cognitive phenomena. © (2023), (Societa Editrice Il Mulino). All Rights Reserved.

@book{ah-king_female_2023,
	title = {The {Female} {Turn}: {How} {Evolutionary} {Science} {Shifted} {Perceptions} {About} {Females}},
	isbn = {978-981-19716-1-7 978-981-19716-0-0},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85153651128&doi=10.1007%2f978-981-19-7161-7&partnerID=40&md5=f3976a933b92a95f6ce7a64e20b56f4b},
	abstract = {This book traces the history of how evolutionary biology transformed its understanding of females from being coy, reserved and sexually passive, to having active sexual strategies and often mating with multiple males. Why did it take so long to discover female active sexual strategies? What prevented some researchers from engaging in sexually active females, and what prompted others to develop this new knowledge? The Female Turn provides a global overview of shifting perceptions about females in sexual selection research on a wide range of animals, from invertebrates to primates. Evolutionary biologist and feminist science scholar Malin Ah-King explores this history from a unique interdisciplinary vantage point. Based on extensive knowledge of the scientific literature on sexual selection and in-depth interviews with leading researchers, pioneers and feminist scientists in the field, her analysis engages with key theoretical approaches in gender studies of science. Analyzing the researchers’ scientific interests, theoretical frameworks, specific study animals, technological innovations, methodologies and sometimes feminist insights, reveals how these have shaped conclusions drawn about sex. Thereby, The Female Turn shows how certain researchers gained knowledge about active females whereas others missed, ignored or delayed it – that is, how ignorance was produced. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Springer Nature},
	author = {Ah-King, Malin},
	year = {2023},
	doi = {10.1007/978-981-19-7161-7},
	note = {Publication Title: The Female Turn: How Evolutionary Science Shifted Perceptions about Females
Type: Book},
}

This book traces the history of how evolutionary biology transformed its understanding of females from being coy, reserved and sexually passive, to having active sexual strategies and often mating with multiple males. Why did it take so long to discover female active sexual strategies? What prevented some researchers from engaging in sexually active females, and what prompted others to develop this new knowledge? The Female Turn provides a global overview of shifting perceptions about females in sexual selection research on a wide range of animals, from invertebrates to primates. Evolutionary biologist and feminist science scholar Malin Ah-King explores this history from a unique interdisciplinary vantage point. Based on extensive knowledge of the scientific literature on sexual selection and in-depth interviews with leading researchers, pioneers and feminist scientists in the field, her analysis engages with key theoretical approaches in gender studies of science. Analyzing the researchers’ scientific interests, theoretical frameworks, specific study animals, technological innovations, methodologies and sometimes feminist insights, reveals how these have shaped conclusions drawn about sex. Thereby, The Female Turn shows how certain researchers gained knowledge about active females whereas others missed, ignored or delayed it – that is, how ignorance was produced. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.

@article{abatemarco_optimal_2023,
	title = {Optimal redistribution behind the veil of ignorance},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {11202890},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85145866125&doi=10.1007%2fs40888-022-00290-8&partnerID=40&md5=eb0945d3a71c6e3d65f7678708e6ee0a},
	doi = {10.1007/s40888-022-00290-8},
	abstract = {We propose a formalization of the Difference Principle (maximin) by which Rawls’ contribution is shown to go beyond distributive value judgments in such a way as to embrace efficiency issues as well. In our model, inequalities are shown to be permitted as far as they stimulate a greater effort in education (or training), and so economic growth. This is the only possibility for an income disparity to be unanimously accepted by both the most-, and above all, the least-advantaged individual. In this vein, we highlight the peculiarity of the Rawlsian equity-efficiency trade off behind the veil of ignorance. Finally, by recalling the old tradition of ‘universal ex-post efficiency’, we identify the set of Rawls-optimal social contracts, which is shown to be a subset of Pareto-optimal ones. © 2023, The Author(s).},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Economia Politica},
	author = {Abatemarco, Antonio and Stroffolini, Francesca},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH
Type: Article},
	pages = {995 -- 1024},
}

We propose a formalization of the Difference Principle (maximin) by which Rawls’ contribution is shown to go beyond distributive value judgments in such a way as to embrace efficiency issues as well. In our model, inequalities are shown to be permitted as far as they stimulate a greater effort in education (or training), and so economic growth. This is the only possibility for an income disparity to be unanimously accepted by both the most-, and above all, the least-advantaged individual. In this vein, we highlight the peculiarity of the Rawlsian equity-efficiency trade off behind the veil of ignorance. Finally, by recalling the old tradition of ‘universal ex-post efficiency’, we identify the set of Rawls-optimal social contracts, which is shown to be a subset of Pareto-optimal ones. © 2023, The Author(s).

@misc{thibaud-latour_ignorance_2023,
	title = {Ignorance, injustice structurelle et responsabilité [{Mémoire}]},
	url = {https://papyrus.bib.umontreal.ca/xmlui/handle/1866/32010},
	abstract = {S’inscrivant en épistémologie sociale, ce projet souhaite comprendre l’ignorance comme  un phénomène actif dans la production de connaissance et non comme sa simple absence. Se  détachant des théories traditionnelles d’épistémologie comprenant l’ignorance comme un état passif, comme antinomie de la connaissance, ce mémoire à l’ambition de comprendre l’ignorance  comme un phénomène multifactoriel soit comme une pratique se situant à l’intersection entre le  social, le structurel et l’épistémique. Précisément, l’objectif de ce mémoire est de démontrer que,  présentes sous plusieurs formes, les pratiques d’ignorances ont des ramifications concrètes sur  plusieurs aspects de nos vies telles que nos interactions sociales, notre univers intellectuel et notre  partage de connaissances. Se basant sur un cadre critique, sollicitant des écrits issus des études  féministes, décoloniales et intersectionnelles, la visée majeure de ce projet est de démontrer la  possibilité de considérer l’ignorance comme un élément clef de la production et du maintien  d’injustices sociales. Par exemple, le rôle de l’ignorance quant à certaines formes de racisme et de sexisme tels l’incapacité à être considéré comme un individu pouvant produire des connaissances légitimes ou le refus, non fondé, de comprendre certains individus issus des groupes marginalisés comme égaux sur le plan social et épistémique. Accorder un rôle déterminant à l’ignorance permettra d’amener une meilleure compréhension de la persistance de certaines formes d’injustices sociales en rendant compte de leur nature abstraite et parfois difficile à saisir. Nous analyserons l’ignorance en termes sociaux et en relation aux vices épistémiques ce qui rendra compte de la systématicité de certaines actions sexistes ou racistes et permettra de comprendre plus clairement les mécanismes soutenant le maintien de ces inégalités. Avec ceci, nous tenterons de rendre compte du type de vice épistémique que constitue l’ignorance, c’est-à-dire le type de traits de caractère, d’attitudes, ou de manières de penser qui nuit à l’accessibilité de la connaissance. Cette approche permet de souligner le fait que l’ignorance n’est pas la même chose que l’erreur et qu’elle peut être durable et activement maintenue.},
	language = {fra},
	urldate = {2023-11-24},
	publisher = {Université de Montréal},
	author = {Thibaud-Latour, Ellena},
	month = sep,
	year = {2023},
	note = {Accepted: 2023-10-25T19:20:08Z},
}

S’inscrivant en épistémologie sociale, ce projet souhaite comprendre l’ignorance comme un phénomène actif dans la production de connaissance et non comme sa simple absence. Se détachant des théories traditionnelles d’épistémologie comprenant l’ignorance comme un état passif, comme antinomie de la connaissance, ce mémoire à l’ambition de comprendre l’ignorance comme un phénomène multifactoriel soit comme une pratique se situant à l’intersection entre le social, le structurel et l’épistémique. Précisément, l’objectif de ce mémoire est de démontrer que, présentes sous plusieurs formes, les pratiques d’ignorances ont des ramifications concrètes sur plusieurs aspects de nos vies telles que nos interactions sociales, notre univers intellectuel et notre partage de connaissances. Se basant sur un cadre critique, sollicitant des écrits issus des études féministes, décoloniales et intersectionnelles, la visée majeure de ce projet est de démontrer la possibilité de considérer l’ignorance comme un élément clef de la production et du maintien d’injustices sociales. Par exemple, le rôle de l’ignorance quant à certaines formes de racisme et de sexisme tels l’incapacité à être considéré comme un individu pouvant produire des connaissances légitimes ou le refus, non fondé, de comprendre certains individus issus des groupes marginalisés comme égaux sur le plan social et épistémique. Accorder un rôle déterminant à l’ignorance permettra d’amener une meilleure compréhension de la persistance de certaines formes d’injustices sociales en rendant compte de leur nature abstraite et parfois difficile à saisir. Nous analyserons l’ignorance en termes sociaux et en relation aux vices épistémiques ce qui rendra compte de la systématicité de certaines actions sexistes ou racistes et permettra de comprendre plus clairement les mécanismes soutenant le maintien de ces inégalités. Avec ceci, nous tenterons de rendre compte du type de vice épistémique que constitue l’ignorance, c’est-à-dire le type de traits de caractère, d’attitudes, ou de manières de penser qui nuit à l’accessibilité de la connaissance. Cette approche permet de souligner le fait que l’ignorance n’est pas la même chose que l’erreur et qu’elle peut être durable et activement maintenue.

@article{girel_what_2023,
	title = {What {Exactly} is {Presupposed} by {Agnotology}? {The} {Challenge} of {Intentions}},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {0269-8595},
	shorttitle = {What {Exactly} is {Presupposed} by {Agnotology}?},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/02698595.2023.2257111},
	doi = {10.1080/02698595.2023.2257111},
	abstract = {The paper seeks to contribute to clarifying agnotology as an ‘epistemic strategy’, conceived as ‘epistemically damaging and hurt[ing] the production of knowledge’. My general claim is that the grammar of intentions ‘embedded’ in agnotological arguments is often not considered accurately. I use considerations from the philosophy of action as a theoretical framework to make more explicit what is implied in agnogenetic manoeuvres. Agnotology, as a ‘theory’ about epistemic states, in particular knowledge and ignorance, would be seriously incomplete without that component. The following can thus be read as a contribution to an analysis of the presuppositions of the strategic variant of Agnotology. My first claim is that the more common objections to the introduction of intentions are in no way definitive. My second, more specific, claim is that we need a room, in our conceptual toolbox, for ‘anti-epistemic intentions’, which play a key role in agnotological arguments.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-01-16},
	journal = {International Studies in the Philosophy of Science},
	author = {Girel, Mathias},
	month = jul,
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/02698595.2023.2257111},
	keywords = {Normatively inappropriate dissent, action (philosophy of), agnotology, intentions},
	pages = {229--246},
}

The paper seeks to contribute to clarifying agnotology as an ‘epistemic strategy’, conceived as ‘epistemically damaging and hurt[ing] the production of knowledge’. My general claim is that the grammar of intentions ‘embedded’ in agnotological arguments is often not considered accurately. I use considerations from the philosophy of action as a theoretical framework to make more explicit what is implied in agnogenetic manoeuvres. Agnotology, as a ‘theory’ about epistemic states, in particular knowledge and ignorance, would be seriously incomplete without that component. The following can thus be read as a contribution to an analysis of the presuppositions of the strategic variant of Agnotology. My first claim is that the more common objections to the introduction of intentions are in no way definitive. My second, more specific, claim is that we need a room, in our conceptual toolbox, for ‘anti-epistemic intentions’, which play a key role in agnotological arguments.

@article{faini_advertising_2023,
	title = {Advertising doubt in early modern {Italy}: {Doubt} and ignorance in early modern paratexts},
	issn = {0269-1213},
	shorttitle = {Advertising doubt in early modern {Italy}},
	doi = {10.1111/rest.12900},
	abstract = {Spelled in several different ways, the word ‘doubt’, usually in the plural ‘doubts’ (dubbi, dubitazioni) appears on the frontispiece of several works printed in Venice and elsewhere in Italy in the sixteenth century. Building on different traditions, ranging from the pseudo-Aristotelian Problemata to Medieval didactic literature, these texts, normally in the vernacular, address questions that the average reader may have on a variety of topics: from thermal baths to indulgences, from natural philosophy to duel. While usually the term ‘doubt’ means ‘question’, things can be sometimes less straightforward, especially when it comes to religious texts or works penned by unorthodox writers, as in the case of Ortensio Lando's Quattro libri di dubbi. This article will explore paratextual elements of works addressing doubts focusing on a variety of topics such as readership, definitions of doubt and its function, the role of these works in the dissemination of knowledge. © 2023 Society for Renaissance Studies and John Wiley \& Sons Ltd.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Renaissance Studies},
	author = {Faini, M.},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {doubt, ignorance, natural philosophy, paratexts, renaissance},
}

Spelled in several different ways, the word ‘doubt’, usually in the plural ‘doubts’ (dubbi, dubitazioni) appears on the frontispiece of several works printed in Venice and elsewhere in Italy in the sixteenth century. Building on different traditions, ranging from the pseudo-Aristotelian Problemata to Medieval didactic literature, these texts, normally in the vernacular, address questions that the average reader may have on a variety of topics: from thermal baths to indulgences, from natural philosophy to duel. While usually the term ‘doubt’ means ‘question’, things can be sometimes less straightforward, especially when it comes to religious texts or works penned by unorthodox writers, as in the case of Ortensio Lando's Quattro libri di dubbi. This article will explore paratextual elements of works addressing doubts focusing on a variety of topics such as readership, definitions of doubt and its function, the role of these works in the dissemination of knowledge. © 2023 Society for Renaissance Studies and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

@incollection{mcpartland_socratic_2023,
	title = {Socratic {Ignorance}},
	isbn = {978-1-350-18568-5},
	language = {English},
	booktitle = {The {Bloomsbury} {Handbook} of {Socrates}, {Second} {Edition}},
	author = {McPartland, K.},
	year = {2023},
	pages = {85--126},
}

@incollection{ruetsche_pragmatism_2023,
	title = {Pragmatism, {Perennialism}, and the {Physics} of {Ignorance}},
	isbn = {978-0-19-880545-8},
	abstract = {Investigating the foundations of quantum field theories, I have suggested that theory specification has a pragmatic dimension: strategies for equipping physical theories with content, if sensibly pursued, eventuate in contents indexed not only (or not just) to the way the world is, but also to our aims in using our theories and the circumstances we use them in. Here I assess the “fundamentalist” response, that the apparent appeal of pragmatizing content rests on transient artifacts of the present incomplete state of physics. Fundamental physics, the response continues, can be properly understood if only it’s understood as representing the way the world is. Insofar as none of the physics we have now is genuinely fundamental, we can’t directly assess this fundamentalist response. Undertaking an indirect assessment, I develop two reasons to predict that future scientific theories, including theories of “fundamental physics,” will continue to be best understood as possessing pragmatized content. © H. K. Andersen and Sandra D. Mitchell 2023.},
	language = {English},
	booktitle = {The {Pragmatist} {Challenge}: {Pragmatist} {Metaphysics} for {Philosophy} of {Science}},
	author = {Ruetsche, L.},
	year = {2023},
	doi = {10.1093/oso/9780198805458.003.0007},
	keywords = {fundamental, interpretation, pragmatism, quantum field theory, realism, renormalization group},
	pages = {180--208},
}

Investigating the foundations of quantum field theories, I have suggested that theory specification has a pragmatic dimension: strategies for equipping physical theories with content, if sensibly pursued, eventuate in contents indexed not only (or not just) to the way the world is, but also to our aims in using our theories and the circumstances we use them in. Here I assess the “fundamentalist” response, that the apparent appeal of pragmatizing content rests on transient artifacts of the present incomplete state of physics. Fundamental physics, the response continues, can be properly understood if only it’s understood as representing the way the world is. Insofar as none of the physics we have now is genuinely fundamental, we can’t directly assess this fundamentalist response. Undertaking an indirect assessment, I develop two reasons to predict that future scientific theories, including theories of “fundamental physics,” will continue to be best understood as possessing pragmatized content. © H. K. Andersen and Sandra D. Mitchell 2023.

@article{schulz_parity_2023,
	title = {Parity versus {Ignorance}},
	volume = {73},
	issn = {0031-8094},
	doi = {10.1093/pq/pqad038},
	abstract = {Why are hard decisions hard? According to the incomparabilists, hard choices are hard because the options cannot be compared. Proponents of parity hold that hard choices are hard because the options can be compared but only in terms of a fourth value relation - parity - in addition to the three standard relations: better, worse, and equally good. Others claim that hard choices are hard because it is vague (or indeterminate) how the options relate in terms of the three standard relations. Lastly, there is the epistemicist. For the epistemicist, hard choices are hard because one is irresolvably ignorant about how the options compare. In the debate about hard choices, epistemicism is often mentioned but rarely defended. The present paper is a contribution to closing this gap. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Scots Philosophical Association and the University of St Andrews.},
	language = {English},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Philosophical Quarterly},
	author = {Schulz, M.},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {epistemicism, hard choice, ignorance, incomparability, parity},
	pages = {1183--1204},
}

Why are hard decisions hard? According to the incomparabilists, hard choices are hard because the options cannot be compared. Proponents of parity hold that hard choices are hard because the options can be compared but only in terms of a fourth value relation - parity - in addition to the three standard relations: better, worse, and equally good. Others claim that hard choices are hard because it is vague (or indeterminate) how the options relate in terms of the three standard relations. Lastly, there is the epistemicist. For the epistemicist, hard choices are hard because one is irresolvably ignorant about how the options compare. In the debate about hard choices, epistemicism is often mentioned but rarely defended. The present paper is a contribution to closing this gap. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Scots Philosophical Association and the University of St Andrews.

@article{parra_systematic_2023,
	title = {Systematic literature review on agrochemicals impacts dormant eggs in temporary wetlands: an ocean of unknowingness},
	issn = {2340-8472},
	shorttitle = {Une revue systématique de la littérature sur les impacts des produits agrochimiques sur les œufs dormants dans les zones humides temporaires: un océan d'ignorance},
	doi = {10.17561/AT.22.6941},
	abstract = {Temporary wetlands are recognised biodiversity hotspots. Dormant egg banks, as part of their cryptic biodiversity, are responsible of wetlands resilience. Egg banks are also known to be sensitive indicators of anthropogenic disturbances. This study aims to assess the current state of research of agrochemical impact on dormant egg banks in temporary wetlands. The systematic literature review carried out has shown the small number of studies on this topic. This study provides evidence of commonality concerning negative impact effect on the organisms, reducing hatching success, dormant eggs production and emergence, or species richness, among others, which might weaken ecosystem stabilization mechanisms by reducing biodiversity. Our review also revealed a glaring lack of in situ and long-term studies for understanding ecosystem consequences of toxicants on temporary wetlands. These gaps in knowledge hamper our ability to design and implement evidence-based conservation and management programs but opens opportunities for new research lines. © Universidad de Jaén (España).},
	language = {English},
	number = {22},
	journal = {Agua y Territorio},
	author = {Parra, G.},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Egg bank, Recovery, Resilience, Systematic review, Temporary ponds},
	pages = {167--179},
}

Temporary wetlands are recognised biodiversity hotspots. Dormant egg banks, as part of their cryptic biodiversity, are responsible of wetlands resilience. Egg banks are also known to be sensitive indicators of anthropogenic disturbances. This study aims to assess the current state of research of agrochemical impact on dormant egg banks in temporary wetlands. The systematic literature review carried out has shown the small number of studies on this topic. This study provides evidence of commonality concerning negative impact effect on the organisms, reducing hatching success, dormant eggs production and emergence, or species richness, among others, which might weaken ecosystem stabilization mechanisms by reducing biodiversity. Our review also revealed a glaring lack of in situ and long-term studies for understanding ecosystem consequences of toxicants on temporary wetlands. These gaps in knowledge hamper our ability to design and implement evidence-based conservation and management programs but opens opportunities for new research lines. © Universidad de Jaén (España).

@article{farias_manufactured_2023,
	title = {Manufactured {Ignorance} and the {Violence} of {Not}-{Counting}: {The} {Experience} of {Censo} {Popular} of {Unhoused} {People} in {Buenos} {Aires}},
	issn = {0066-4812},
	shorttitle = {Manufactured {Ignorance} and the {Violence} of {Not}-{Counting}},
	doi = {10.1111/anti.12967},
	abstract = {While the unhoused population continues to increase in the context of a housing crisis in the city of Buenos Aires, the local government fails to produce accurate statistics about it. As a response to this, a coalition of grassroots organisations carried out the Popular Census of Unhoused People (PC) in 2017 and 2019 to challenge the numbers yielded by official surveys and demand appropriate responses from the Government of the City of Buenos Aires (GCBA). This paper works with different meanings of the verb “to count” to explore how the PC enacts a politics of counting focused on making visible and making count the unhoused population. The PC helps us to have a better understanding of the GCBA's concealment of the houselessness problem and the violence associated with it, while it brings into play other knowledges and lived experiences of the city for a different urban politics. © 2023 The Author. Antipode © 2023 Antipode Foundation Ltd.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Antipode},
	author = {Farías, M.},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Buenos Aires, Popular Census, counting, grassroots organisations, houselessness, urban politics},
}

While the unhoused population continues to increase in the context of a housing crisis in the city of Buenos Aires, the local government fails to produce accurate statistics about it. As a response to this, a coalition of grassroots organisations carried out the Popular Census of Unhoused People (PC) in 2017 and 2019 to challenge the numbers yielded by official surveys and demand appropriate responses from the Government of the City of Buenos Aires (GCBA). This paper works with different meanings of the verb “to count” to explore how the PC enacts a politics of counting focused on making visible and making count the unhoused population. The PC helps us to have a better understanding of the GCBA's concealment of the houselessness problem and the violence associated with it, while it brings into play other knowledges and lived experiences of the city for a different urban politics. © 2023 The Author. Antipode © 2023 Antipode Foundation Ltd.

@article{boguslav_creating_2023,
	title = {Creating an ignorance-base: {Exploring} known unknowns in the scientific literature},
	volume = {143},
	issn = {1532-0464},
	shorttitle = {Creating an ignorance-base},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jbi.2023.104405},
	abstract = {Background: Scientific discovery progresses by exploring new and uncharted territory. More specifically, it advances by a process of transforming unknown unknowns first into known unknowns, and then into knowns. Over the last few decades, researchers have developed many knowledge bases to capture and connect the knowns, which has enabled topic exploration and contextualization of experimental results. But recognizing the unknowns is also critical for finding the most pertinent questions and their answers. Prior work on known unknowns has sought to understand them, annotate them, and automate their identification. However, no knowledge-bases yet exist to capture these unknowns, and little work has focused on how scientists might use them to trace a given topic or experimental result in search of open questions and new avenues for exploration. We show here that a knowledge base of unknowns can be connected to ontologically grounded biomedical knowledge to accelerate research in the field of prenatal nutrition. Results: We present the first ignorance-base, a knowledge-base created by combining classifiers to recognize ignorance statements (statements of missing or incomplete knowledge that imply a goal for knowledge) and biomedical concepts over the prenatal nutrition literature. This knowledge-base places biomedical concepts mentioned in the literature in context with the ignorance statements authors have made about them. Using our system, researchers interested in the topic of vitamin D and prenatal health were able to uncover three new avenues for exploration (immune system, respiratory system, and brain development) by searching for concepts enriched in ignorance statements. These were buried among the many standard enriched concepts. Additionally, we used the ignorance-base to enrich concepts connected to a gene list associated with vitamin D and spontaneous preterm birth and found an emerging topic of study (brain development) in an implied field (neuroscience). The researchers could look to the field of neuroscience for potential answers to the ignorance statements. Conclusion: Our goal is to help students, researchers, funders, and publishers better understand the state of our collective scientific ignorance (known unknowns) in order to help accelerate research through the continued illumination of and focus on the known unknowns and their respective goals for scientific knowledge. © 2023 The Author(s)},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Informatics},
	author = {Boguslav, M.R. and Salem, N.M. and White, E.K. and Sullivan, K.J. and Bada, M. and Hernandez, T.L. and Leach, S.M. and Hunter, L.E.},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {1 Learned ignorance, Epistemology, Information extraction, Knowledge representation, Knowledge-base, Natural language processing, PRINTED (Fonds papier)},
}

Background: Scientific discovery progresses by exploring new and uncharted territory. More specifically, it advances by a process of transforming unknown unknowns first into known unknowns, and then into knowns. Over the last few decades, researchers have developed many knowledge bases to capture and connect the knowns, which has enabled topic exploration and contextualization of experimental results. But recognizing the unknowns is also critical for finding the most pertinent questions and their answers. Prior work on known unknowns has sought to understand them, annotate them, and automate their identification. However, no knowledge-bases yet exist to capture these unknowns, and little work has focused on how scientists might use them to trace a given topic or experimental result in search of open questions and new avenues for exploration. We show here that a knowledge base of unknowns can be connected to ontologically grounded biomedical knowledge to accelerate research in the field of prenatal nutrition. Results: We present the first ignorance-base, a knowledge-base created by combining classifiers to recognize ignorance statements (statements of missing or incomplete knowledge that imply a goal for knowledge) and biomedical concepts over the prenatal nutrition literature. This knowledge-base places biomedical concepts mentioned in the literature in context with the ignorance statements authors have made about them. Using our system, researchers interested in the topic of vitamin D and prenatal health were able to uncover three new avenues for exploration (immune system, respiratory system, and brain development) by searching for concepts enriched in ignorance statements. These were buried among the many standard enriched concepts. Additionally, we used the ignorance-base to enrich concepts connected to a gene list associated with vitamin D and spontaneous preterm birth and found an emerging topic of study (brain development) in an implied field (neuroscience). The researchers could look to the field of neuroscience for potential answers to the ignorance statements. Conclusion: Our goal is to help students, researchers, funders, and publishers better understand the state of our collective scientific ignorance (known unknowns) in order to help accelerate research through the continued illumination of and focus on the known unknowns and their respective goals for scientific knowledge. © 2023 The Author(s)

@book{ferry-danini_pilules_2023,
	title = {Pilules roses : de l'ignorance en médecine},
	isbn = {978-2-234-09126-9},
	abstract = {Vous en avez probablement au fond de votre trousse à pharmacie. Le Spasfon est l’un des médicaments les plus prescrits et vendus en France, en majorité aux femmes. Une pilule rose familière lorsque l’on souffre de règles douloureuses. Et pourtant, aucun essai clinique ne soutient son efficacité pour cette indication.

Juliette Ferry-Danini retourne aux origines du médicament, dans les années 1960. L’histoire du Spasfon n’est pas toute rose  : des malades empoisonnés à dessein, des données scientifiques défaillantes et le sexisme ont marqué son développement, construisant une situation d’ignorance scientifique qui perdure aujourd’hui.

Dans cet essai de philosophie féministe, l’autrice analyse les conséquences de cette ignorance en médecine et propose des outils essentiels pour redonner du pouvoir et de l’autonomie aux patientes et patients.},
	language = {French},
	publisher = {Stock},
	author = {Ferry-Danini, Juliette},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {PRINTED (Fonds papier)},
}

Vous en avez probablement au fond de votre trousse à pharmacie. Le Spasfon est l’un des médicaments les plus prescrits et vendus en France, en majorité aux femmes. Une pilule rose familière lorsque l’on souffre de règles douloureuses. Et pourtant, aucun essai clinique ne soutient son efficacité pour cette indication. Juliette Ferry-Danini retourne aux origines du médicament, dans les années 1960. L’histoire du Spasfon n’est pas toute rose : des malades empoisonnés à dessein, des données scientifiques défaillantes et le sexisme ont marqué son développement, construisant une situation d’ignorance scientifique qui perdure aujourd’hui. Dans cet essai de philosophie féministe, l’autrice analyse les conséquences de cette ignorance en médecine et propose des outils essentiels pour redonner du pouvoir et de l’autonomie aux patientes et patients.

@book{coudray_nitrites_2023,
	title = {Nitrites dans la charcuterie : le scandale: {L}'enquête choc pour tout savoir sur les charcuteries, les nitrites et le cancer},
	isbn = {979-10-339-1392-4},
	shorttitle = {Nitrites dans la charcuterie},
	abstract = {Nitrites dans le jambon et la charcuterie : le scandaleLe nouveau rapport de l'ANSES vient de confirmer la dangerosité des charcuteries traitées aux additifs nitrités qui sont reconnus comme «cancérogènes». Que fera l’Etat : interdiction totale des  nitrites, comme le veulent les ONG ? Ou bien «  baisse symbolique  », comme le veut la filière ? Nous ne sommes qu'au début de la bataille… Il serait absurde de réduire un aliment à sa dimension sanitaire. Le jambon blanc, c'est pour beaucoup de Français un aliment apprécié, attaché à l'enfance. On l'aime pour son goût et son côté pratique. De même, le saucisson et les rillettes, ne sont-ils pas synonymes de plaisirs et de convivialité  ? Guillaume Coudray, dans ce Livre Noir de la charcuterie, revient sur le scandale des  nitrites et nous donne des clefs pour choisir ce qu’on achète et décider de ce que nous mettons dans nos assiettes et dans celles de nos enfants.Auteur  :Guillaume Coudray est journaliste d'investigation, réalisateur de documentaires et l’auteur de Cochonneries, comment la charcuterie est devenue un poison ? (La Découverte, 2017). Son enquête sur la charcuterie industrielle a fait l’objet d'un Cash Investigation présenté par Élise Lucet sur France 2. Ses révélations sur le nitrite ont donné lieu à une mission à l'Assemblée Nationale afin de protéger les français des risques de cancer du côlon.},
	language = {Français},
	publisher = {HarperCollins},
	author = {Coudray, Guillaume},
	month = feb,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {PRINTED (Fonds papier)},
}

Nitrites dans le jambon et la charcuterie : le scandaleLe nouveau rapport de l'ANSES vient de confirmer la dangerosité des charcuteries traitées aux additifs nitrités qui sont reconnus comme «cancérogènes». Que fera l’Etat : interdiction totale des  nitrites, comme le veulent les ONG ? Ou bien «  baisse symbolique  », comme le veut la filière ? Nous ne sommes qu'au début de la bataille… Il serait absurde de réduire un aliment à sa dimension sanitaire. Le jambon blanc, c'est pour beaucoup de Français un aliment apprécié, attaché à l'enfance. On l'aime pour son goût et son côté pratique. De même, le saucisson et les rillettes, ne sont-ils pas synonymes de plaisirs et de convivialité  ? Guillaume Coudray, dans ce Livre Noir de la charcuterie, revient sur le scandale des  nitrites et nous donne des clefs pour choisir ce qu’on achète et décider de ce que nous mettons dans nos assiettes et dans celles de nos enfants.Auteur  :Guillaume Coudray est journaliste d'investigation, réalisateur de documentaires et l’auteur de Cochonneries, comment la charcuterie est devenue un poison ? (La Découverte, 2017). Son enquête sur la charcuterie industrielle a fait l’objet d'un Cash Investigation présenté par Élise Lucet sur France 2. Ses révélations sur le nitrite ont donné lieu à une mission à l'Assemblée Nationale afin de protéger les français des risques de cancer du côlon.

@book{sismondo_management_2023,
	address = {Paris},
	title = {Le management fantôme de la médecine : les mains invisibles de {Big} {Pharma}},
	url = {http://catalogue-editions.ens-lyon.fr/fr/livre/?GCOI=29021100357310},
	abstract = {Sismondo se propose de comprendre ce qui se passe au sein de la chaîne de production de données scientifique sur le médicament, depuis la conception de l'essai clinique jusqu’à la diffusion des résultats. Il met en évidence ce qu’il appelle la « gestion fantôme » de ce processus qui permet un contrôle très abouti de la science du médicament.},
	language = {FR},
	urldate = {2023-08-29},
	publisher = {ENS Éditions},
	author = {Sismondo, Sergio},
	translator = {Saïdi, Samantha},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {PRINTED (Fonds papier)},
}

Sismondo se propose de comprendre ce qui se passe au sein de la chaîne de production de données scientifique sur le médicament, depuis la conception de l'essai clinique jusqu’à la diffusion des résultats. Il met en évidence ce qu’il appelle la « gestion fantôme » de ce processus qui permet un contrôle très abouti de la science du médicament.

@book{le_marec__2023,
	title = {« {Fabriques} de l'ignorance », {Communication} \& langages, n°214,},
	isbn = {978-2-13-083471-7},
	url = {https://hal.science/hal-03987273},
	abstract = {Si la thématique des « fabriques de l’ignorance » touche de nombreux domaines, nous proposons ici de centrer l’analyse sur les pratiques actuelles de la recherche ainsi que sur les formes et les dynamiques communicationnelles et médiatiques qui conditionnent la visibilité de certains savoirs dans nos sociétés contemporaines. Ce dossier invite donc à penser divers processus, inscrits (et parfois masqués eux-mêmes) aussi bien dans nos pratiques de recherche et dans les objets que nous observons, que dans le tissu des médiations qui relient ou séparent les espaces sociaux de la production, de la mise en circulation, de la hiérarchisation, et du cadrage des productions issues des métiers de l’enquête. Comment, en effet, nos propres pratiques de recherche sont-elles parfois prises dans les points aveugles des objets ou des phénomènes qu'elles tentent d'observer ou de comprendre ? Et comment les médiatisations de controverses scientifiques ou politiques et sociales participent-elles à un effacement de certains enjeux, de certains savoirs, alors que paradoxalement les médias produisent des discours au nom d’une exigence informative, voire même d’une prétention à lutter contre l’ignorance ?},
	urldate = {2023-11-16},
	publisher = {PUF},
	editor = {Le Marec, Joëlle and Raymond, Lucie},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Issue: 214},
	keywords = {PRINTED (Fonds papier)},
}

Si la thématique des « fabriques de l’ignorance » touche de nombreux domaines, nous proposons ici de centrer l’analyse sur les pratiques actuelles de la recherche ainsi que sur les formes et les dynamiques communicationnelles et médiatiques qui conditionnent la visibilité de certains savoirs dans nos sociétés contemporaines. Ce dossier invite donc à penser divers processus, inscrits (et parfois masqués eux-mêmes) aussi bien dans nos pratiques de recherche et dans les objets que nous observons, que dans le tissu des médiations qui relient ou séparent les espaces sociaux de la production, de la mise en circulation, de la hiérarchisation, et du cadrage des productions issues des métiers de l’enquête. Comment, en effet, nos propres pratiques de recherche sont-elles parfois prises dans les points aveugles des objets ou des phénomènes qu'elles tentent d'observer ou de comprendre ? Et comment les médiatisations de controverses scientifiques ou politiques et sociales participent-elles à un effacement de certains enjeux, de certains savoirs, alors que paradoxalement les médias produisent des discours au nom d’une exigence informative, voire même d’une prétention à lutter contre l’ignorance ?